/?-A'    /yt    \i;/hcjr 


HISTORICAL    LIGHTS. 


TWO  VALUABLE   REFERENCE   BOOKS  BV 
THE  AUTHOR  OF  "HISTORICAL  LIGHTS." 


Cyclopedia  of  Classified  Dates. 

A  READY  REFERENCE  COMPENDIUM  OF  NOTABLE 
EVENTS  IN  THE  HISTORY  OF  ALL  COUNTRIES, 
FROM    B.C.    5004   TO    A.D.    1895.  .:•  .:*  .:•  .:• 

The  histories  of  about  120  countries  jire  digested,  and  the  events  of  ancient,  modem, 
and  recent  times,  dated,  and  all  geographically  classified,  and  both  chronologically 
and  topically  arranged.  The  work  is  the  result  of  several  years  of  diligent  labor  and 
re.search,  and  is  the  only  volume  in  existence  which  furnishes  an  epitome  of  the- 
history  of  every  country  down  to  1895. 

The  unique  feature  of  this  book  is  that  by  which  quick  reference  is  facilitated  and 
a  general  purview  with  the  notable  trend  of  history  is  observed  ;  namely,  the  classifica- 
tion of  the  events  of  the  civilized  world  under  seven  general  topics,  as  Army  and  Navy. 
Art,  Science  and  Nature,  Births  and  Deaths,  Church,  Letters,  Society,  and  State ;  and 
these  topics  are  always  arranged  on  two  opposite  pages.  All  the  dates  relate  to  the 
same  years,  or  parts  of  years,  and  all  the  dates  of  the  same  period  are  brought  together 
before  the  eye  at  once — an  arrangement  by  which  a  comparison  of  parallel  events 
in  any  department  of  history  may  be  readily  made,  and  the  side-lights  of  any  event 
examined  and  studied. 

The  student  of  Politics,  Science,  Religion,  and  Church  History,  Sociology,  Art,  Law, 
Medicine,  or  of  any  of  the  Professions  or  Industries  of  civilization,  or  of  the  known 
events  of  barbarous  peoples,  will  here  find  abundant  and  accessible  historical  data. 

Quarto,  1,300  pages.     Cloth,  Price  $10.00. 


Biblical  Lights  and   Side   Lights^ 

A  CYCLOPEDIA  OF  TEN  THOUSAND  ILLUSTRATIONS 
AND  THIRTY  THOUSAND  CROSS-REFERENCES,  CON- 
SISTING OF  FACT,  INCIDENT,  AND  REMARKABLE 
DECLARATIONS  TAKEN  FROM  THE  BIBLE.       .:•         .:• 

For  the  use  of  those  in  every  profession  who,  for  illustrative  purposes,  desire  ready 
access  to  the  numerous  incidents  and  striking  statements  contained  in  the  Bible — students, 
teachers,  public  speakers,  lawyers,  ministers,  and  others,  as  also  for  the  family  library. 

"  '  Biblical  Lights  and  Side  Lights  '  is  a  specially  useful  book.  It  ranks  nest  to  a  Concordance. 
.  .  .  Mr.  Little's  work  is  a  great  success."— i?e».  C  //.  Spurgeon. 

"We  have  never  seen  a  work  on  Bible  reference  so  thoroughly  systematized.  .  .  .  Admirably 
arranged.  TOPICS  AKE  TAKEN  FROM  THE  DEMANDS  OF  RELIGION,  PHILOSOPHY, 
SCIENCE,  ART,  SOCIAL  LIFE,  AND  POLITICS.  .  .  .  HAS  GREAT  VALUE  FOR  EDUCATED 
PERSONS  IN  EVERY  CALLING."— A^a^iowa^  Baptist,  Philadelphia. 

"Will  unquestionably  prove  a  mine  of  information  and  of  illustration."— <?6«ert;er,  N.  Y. 

Royal  8vo,  620  pp.     Price,  Cloth,  $4.00 ;  Library  Sheep,  $5.00. 


FUNK  &  WAGNALLS   COMPANY,  Publishers,,  30   Lafayette  Place,  NEV  YORK, 


HISTORICAL  LIGHTS: 


SIX    THOTJSAI^D    QnOTATIO^sTS 


FBOM 


STANDARD  HISTORIES  AND  BIOGRAPHIES, 


WITH  TWENTY  THOUSAND  CROSS-REFERENCES,  AND  A 

GENERAL  INDEX,  ALSO  AN  INDEX  OF 

PERSONAL  NAMES. 


THESE  EXTBACTS  CONSIST  CHIEFLY  OF  FACTS  AND  INCIDENTS.     THEY  ARE  DESIGNED  FOA 

THOSE  WHO  DESIRE  BEADY  ACCESS  TO  THE  EVENTS,  THE  LESSONS  AND  THE  PBEG- 

JEDENTS  OF  HISTOBY,  IN  THE PBEPABATION  OF  ADDRESSES,  ESSAYS  AND 

SEBMONS,    ALSO  IN  PLEADING   AT    THE  BAB,   IN  DISCUSSING 

POLITICAL  ISSUES,  AND  IN  WBITINO  FOR  THE  PBESS. 


COMPILED   BY 

10-  77S<0 


Eev.  CHARLES  E.  LITTLE, 
> « 

Author   of    "  Biblical  Lights  and  Side  Lights." 


Bxaanine  History,  for  it  is  Philosophy  teaching  by  Experience." — Cablti^. 


FUNK    &  WAGNALLS    COMPANY 

Toronto  London 

Naw  York 


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Botored,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  16S6,  bjr 

FUNK  &  WAGNALLS, 

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Printed  In  the  United  States. 


f^ 


PRE  FAO  E. 


Historical  statements  awaken  in  the  average  mind  an  interest  which  proves 
the  existence  of  a  hidden  element  in  them,  that  does  not  pertain  to  a  mere  record  of 
facts.  The  marvels  of  history,  and  its  prosy  facts  as  well,  not  only  attest  the  oneness 
of  human  nature  and  the  unity  of  human  experience,  but  they  also  forecast  a  shadowy 
premonition  of  coming  events.  This  thought  has  found  its  graceful  expression  in 
the  words  of  a  German  writer,  who  says  :  "  All  history  is  an  imprisoned  epic — nay, 
an  imprisoned  psalm  and  prophecy." 

While  historical  statements  address  our  curiosity  for  knowledge,  they  also 
stimulate  the  imagination  to  give  realistic  coloring  to  the  picture  presented  to  the 
mind.  Hence  it  is  that  historical  fields  will  ever  prove  chosen  grounds  for  reference 
and  illustration  by  those  who  address  the  public. 

This  volume  is  the  outgrowth  of  certain  lines  of  historical  readings,  originally 
designed  for  the  author's  personal  benefit,  and  to  aid  in  the  preparation  of  sermons 
and  addresses.  After  nearly  twenty-five  years  of  reading  and  brief  indexing  of 
interesting  facts  and  incidents,  a  mass  of  quotations  has  accumulated,  and  under 
the  natural  law  of  selection  this  volume  represents  the  ''survival  of  the  fittest.'' 

If  is  not  presumed  that  the  field  of  selection  is  exhausted,  or  that  omissions  haie 
not  been  made  of  numerous  interesting  statements.  Many  lengthy  selections  have 
been  excluded  by  the  plan  of  the  book,  which  permits  only  brief  extracts.  It  is 
merely  claimed  that  a  large  class  of  historical  facts  and  fancies  which  have  aided 
the  compiler  in  his  work  are  in  this  ready  reference  form  offered  by  the  publishers 
to  others  who  may  value  historical  allusions  and  quotations  in  addressing  the  public 
either  by  the  pen  or  the  voice.  This  collection  is  both  religious  and  secular  in  its 
character,  and  the  quotations  are  especially  fitting  the  needs  of  preachers,  pleaders 
in  court,  political  speakers,  essayists  in  schools,  and  writers  for  the  press. 

It  is  also  claimed  that  the  topical  arrangement  of  these  quotations,  and  the 
extensive  cross-reference  index,  and  the  index  of  personal  names  will  greatly  facilitate 
their  use  by  requiring  only  a  brief  search  to  find  them,  and  making  a  previous  rec- 
ollection of  the  passages  unnecessary.  In  this  way  they  may  supply  in  a  large 
measure  the  lack  of  a  ready  memory  to  those  who  are  unable  to  recall  historical 
facts  and  incidents,  or  have  forgotten  the  volume  in  which  they  may  be  found. 
They  may  be  equally  serviceable  to  those  who  have  but  little  opportunity  for 
historical  readings.  These  quotations  are  taken  from  standard  histories  and  biogra- 
phies, and  chiefly  relate  to  the  early  civilized  races  and  the  American  and  English 
peoples.  Those  taken  from  the  Holy  Scriptures  have  been  published  in  a  volume 
by  themselves,  entitled  "  Biblical  Lights  and  Side  Lights." 

It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  compiler  to  present  each  quotation  complete  in  itself, 
so  that  it  may  not  be  necessary  to  examine  the  authority  quoted  ;  yet  each  may  be 
verified  by  the  reader  and  the  connections  studied  by  following  the  reference  which 
concludes  each  article.  The  articles  quote  the  exact  words  of  the  various  authors, 
except  where  otherwise  expressed  by  brackets.  The  title,  catchword  and  compiler's 
addendum,  in  brackets,  will  usually  so  complete  the  meaning  of  the  quotation 
that  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  make  further  examination  of  the  historical  connec- 
tions. When  more  information  is  desired,  it  may  frequently  be  found  in  the  large 
cyclopaedias  by  those  who  have  not  at  hand  the  authorities  to  which  reference  is 
made. 

A  list  of  authorities  quoted  in  this  volume  may  be  found  on  another  page. 

Charles  E.  Little.    . 
East  Orange,  N.  J.,  November  3,  1885. 


387292 


INDEX  OF  AUTHORS. 


AUTHOKS.  Titles. 

ABBOTT,  JOHN  S.  C... History  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte* 

ARNOLD,  THOMAS Hannibal. 

BAKER,  SAMUEL  W In  the  Heart  of  Africa. 

BANCROFT,  GEO History  of  the  United  States.   6vola. 

BLAINE,  JAMES  Q Tiventy  Years  of  Congress,   Vol.  L 

BOSWELL,  JAMES lilfe  of  Samuel  Johnson,  l>.I»» 

BUNSEN Martin  Liuther. 

€ARLYLE,  THOMAS Robert  Burns. 

"  "         History  of  the  French  Revolatlon.  4  VOla 

"  '♦         Frederick  the  Great.    4  vols. 

"  " Croethe. 

CREASY Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the  "World, 

CUSTIS,  GEO.  W.  P Recollections   and   Private  memoirs  of 

W^asliington.    2  vols. 

DOWDEN,  PROP Southey. 

FARRAR,  CANON Early  Bays  of  Christianity. 

FORBES,  ARCHIBALD Chinese  Gordon. 

PROUDE,  JAMES  ANTHONY    Csesar. 

"  "  "  John  Bunyan. 

«1IBB0N,  EDWARD The    Decline    and     Fall    of    the   Romaa 

Fmpire.    6  vols. 

GREEN,  J.  R I^arger  History  of  the  English  People. 

FOWLER,  THOMAS liOcke. 

EEADLEY,  J.  T Life  and  Travels  of  General  Grant. 

HOOD,  PAXTON lilfe  of  Cromwell. 

BUTTON,  R,H Sir  Walter  Scott. 

IRVING,  WASHINGTON lilfe  of  Christopher  Columbus.    4volB. 

"  "  lilfe  of  Goldsmith. 

KNIGHT,  CHARLES The  Popular  History  of  England.    Svdbk 

LAMARTINE,  ALPHONSE  DE Oliver  Cromwell. 

"  "  " mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

''  «  u      Turkey. 

LESTER,  EDWARDS  C lilfe  of  Peter  Cooper. 

"  ••         " lilfe  of  Sam  Houston. 

MACAULAY,  THOMAS  BABETGTON History  of  Englan d.    2  vote. 

♦»  "  »  Life  of  Frederick  the  Great* 

"  ••  »»  William  Pitt. 

"  "  "  niilton. 

MICHELET,  JULES Joan  of  Arc. 

MORLEY,  JOHN Burke. 

MORRISON,  J.  C Gibbon. 

MULLER,MRS Life  of  George  Uliiller. 

MYERS,  J... Wordsw^orlh. 

NORTON,  FRANK  H... Life  of  Alexander  H.  Stepheaa* 

PABTON.  JAMES Brief  Biographies. 


INDEX    OF    AUTHORS. 


Brief  Biographies  include  the  following  names : 

Adams,  John.  Crockett,  David.  Hudson,  Henry.  Peel,  Sir  Eobert. 

Adams,  Mrs.  John.  D'Albuquerque,  Alphonse.      Irving,  Washington.  Peter  the  Great. 

Adams,  Samuel.  Davy,  Sir  Humphry.  Jackson,  Andrew.    His  Pizarro,  Francesco. 

Alfonso  I.  of  Portugal.  Decatur,  Death  of  Com.  Marriage.  Pocahontas. 

Aristotle.  De  Champiain,  Samuel.  Jefferson,  Thomas.  Poe,  Edgar  Allan. 

Ark  Wright,  Richard.  Dias,  Bartholomew.  Jefferson  at  Home,  Thos.  Quincy,  Josiah. 

Arnold,  Benedict  Douglas,  Stephen  A.  Jerome,  Chaancey.  Eothschild,  Maier. 

Audubon.  Drake,  Sir  Francis.  Jones,  Paul.  Eumford,  Count. 

Aurelius,  Marcus.  Faraday,  Michael.  Knox,  Henry.  Silliman,  Prof. 

Bismarck,  Prince.  Fitch,  Poor  John.  La  Fayette.  Shakespeare,  What  Is 

Bolivar.  Frobisher,  Sir  Martin,  Law,  John.  Known  of. 

Bryant,  Wm.  Cnllen.  Franklin,  Benjamin.  Lawrence,  James.  Sidney,  Algernon. 

Byron,  Early  Life  of  Lord.      Franklin,  Sir  John.  Louis  Philippe  in  the  U.  S.    Sparks,  Jared. 

Burr,  Aaron.  Fulton,  Robert.  Madison's     Married    Life,    Sutter,  John  A 

Cabot,  Sebastian.  Galileo.  Prest.  Virgil,  The  Poet. 

Cartier,  Jacques.  Garibaldi.  Magalhaens,  Fernando.  Voltaire  and  Catharine  ot 

Catos,  The  Two.  Goodyear,  Charles.  Mathew,  Father.  Russia. 

Charles  xn.  Gustavus  III.  Milton,  The  Poet.  Washington  at  Home. 

Colburn,  Zerah.  Hahnemann,  Doctor.  Morse,  Professor.  Washington,    Inauguration^ 

Copernicus,  Nicholas.  Hamilton,  Alexander.  Morton,  Dr.  W.  T.  G.  of. 

Confucius.  Hargreaves,  James.  Mott,  Dr.  Valentine.  Ward,  Artemns. 

Cook,  Captain.  Harvard,  John.  Newton,  Sir  Isaac.  Watt,  James, 

Cooper,  Fenimore.  Howard,  John.  Palmerston,  Lord.  Webster,  DanieL 

Cooper,  Peter.  Horace,  The  Poet.  Parry,  Sir  William.  Whitney,  Eli. 

Cortez,  Hernando.  Howe,  Ellas.  Pascal,  Blaise.  Tale,  Elihu. 

PATTISON,  MASK ITIllton. 

PLUTARCH ...Plutarcli's  LiTes^ 

Including  the  lives  of  the  following  persons: 

/Emilins,  Panloi.  Cato  the  Younger.  Gracchus,  Tiberius.  Philopoemen, 

Agesilaus.  Cicero.  Gracchus,  Cains.  Pyrrhus. 

Agis.  Cimon.  Lycurgus.  Phocion. 

Alcibiades.  Cleomenes.  Lysander.  Pompey. 

Alexander.  Coriolanus,  Cains  Marctna.  LucuUus.  Romulus. 

Antony.  Crassns,  Marcus.  Marius,  Caius.  Sertorius, 

Aratus.  Demosthenes.  Marcellns.  Solon. 

Aristides.  Demetrius.  Nicias.  Sylla. 

Artaxerxes.  Dion.  Numa.  Theseus. 

Brutus.  Enmenes.  Otho.  Themistocleft 

Caesar,  Julius.  Fabius  Maximns.  Publicola.  Tlmoleon. 

Camillus.  Flaminius,  Titus  Qnintius.  Pericles. 

Cato  the  Censor.  Qalba.  Pelopidas. 

RAYMOND,  HENRY  J Life  and  Public  Serrices  of  Abrabam  lilncoln. 

REIN,  WILLIAM I,lfe  of  martin  Lntber. 

RIDPATH,  JOHN  CLARK. Popular  History  of  tbe  United  States. 

ROLLIN,  CHARLES Ancient  History. 

SMILES,  SAMUEL. Brief  Biographies. 

Biographies  of  the  following  persons: 

Arnold,  Dr.  Combe,  Dr.  Andrew.  Hook,  Theodore.  Poe,  Edgar  Allan. 

Audubon,  John  James.  Disraeli,  Benjamin.  Hunt,  Leigh  Stephenson,  Robert 

Browning,  Elizabeth  B.  Gladstone,  Wm.  Ewart.  Lytton,  Sir  Edward  Bulwer. 

Carlyle,  Thomas.  Hawthorne,  NathanieL  Miller,  Hugh. 

SCHILLER,  JOHANN  C.  P.  VON History  of  tbe  Tblrty  Vears»  'War, 

SHAIRP,  PRINCIPAL , Burns. 

SMITH,  GODWIN Cowper. 

STEPHEN,  LESLIE Pope. 

STODDARD,  RICHARD  HENRY I.lfe  of  Wasblngton  Irrlme. 

SYMONDS,  J.  A .  Shelley. 

TROLLOPE,  ANTHONY Tbackeray. 

TYNDALL,  JOHN Count  Rumford. 

TYTLER,  ALEXANDER  P Universal  History. 

WARD,  A.  W €haucer. 


HISTOKICAL    LIGHTS. 


l.ABiJfDONMENT,  Inhuman.  Moslems.  The 
rapine  of  the  Carmathians  [a  fanatical  Turkish 
sect]  was  sanctified  by  their  aversion  to  the 
worship  of  Mecca ;  they  robbed  a  caravan  of 
pilgrims,  and  twenty  thousand  devout  Moslems 
were  abandoned  on  the  burning  sands  to  a  death 
of  hunger  and  thirst. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  53. 

2.  ABANDONMENT,  A  mortifying.  Bp.  T. 
HaZl.  The  infamous  Timothy  Hall,  who  had 
distinguished  himself  among  the  clergy  of  Lon- 
don by  reading  the  declaration  [issued  by  James 
II.  to  supplant  the  Protestant  faith],  was  re- 
warded with  the  bishopric  of  Oxford.  .  .  .  Hall 
came  to  his  see  ;  but  the  canons  of  his  cathedral 
refused  to  attend  his  installation  ;  the  university 
refused  to  create  him  a  doctor  ;  not  a  single  one 
of  the  academic  youth  applied  to  him  for  holy  or- 
ders ;  no  cap  was  touched  to  him ;  and  in  his 
palace  he  found  himself  alone. — Macaiilay's 
History  of  England,  ch.  9. 

3.  ABILITIES  misapplied.  Frederick  II.  and 
Voltaire.     [France  sent  Voltaire  to  negotiate  a 

difficult  alliance.  ]  The  negotiation  was  of  an  ex- 
traordinary description.  Nothing  can  be  conceiv- 
•ed  more  whimsical  than  the  conferences  which 
took  place  between  the  first  literary  man  and  the 
first  practical  man  of  the  age,  whom  a  strange 
weakness  had  induced  to  exchange  their  parts. 
The  great  poet  would  talk  of  nothing  but  treaties 
and  guaranties,  and  the  gi-eat  king  of  nothing 
but  metaphors  and  rhymes.  On  one  occasion 
Voltaire  put  into  his  Majesty's  hand  a  paper  on 
the  state  of  Europe,  and  received  it  back  with 
verses  scrawled  on  the  margin.  In  secret  they 
both  laughed  at  each  other.  Voltaire  did  not 
«pare  the  king's  poems ;  and  the  king  has  left 
on  record  his  opinion  of  Voltaire's  diplomacy. — 
Macaulay's  Frederick  the  Great,  p.  39. 

4.  ABILITIES,  Numerous.  Boman  Emp.  Jus- 
tinian. The  emperor  professed  himself  a  musi- 
cian and  architect,  a  poet  and  philosopher,  a 
lawyer  and  theologian  ;  and  if  he  failed  in  the 
enterprise  of  reconciling  the  Christian  sects,  the 
review  of  the  Roman  jurisprudence  is  a  noble 
monument  of  his  spirit  and  industry. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  43. 

5.  ABILITIES  overrated.  Pompey.  Unfortu- 
nately he  had  acquired  a  position  by  his  nega- 
tive virtues  which  was  above  his  natural  level, 
and  misled  him  into  overrating  his  capabilities. 
So  long  as  he  stood  by  Caesar  he  had  maintained 
liifi  honor  and  his  authority.     He  allowed  men  ; 


more  cunning  than  himself  to  play  upon  his 
vanity,  and  Pompey  fell — fell  amid  the  ruins  of 
a  Constitution  which  had  been  undermined  by 
the  villainies  of  its  representatives.  His  end 
was  piteous,  but  scarcely  tragic,  for  the  cause 
to  which  he  was  sacrificed  was  too  slightly  re- 
moved from  being  ignominious.  He  was  no 
Phoebus  Apollo  sinking  into  the  ocean,  sur- 
rounded with  glory.  He  was  not  even  a  brill- 
iant meteor.  He  was  a  weak,  good  man,  whom 
accident  had  thrust  into  a  place  to  which  he 
was  unequal ;  and  ignorant  of  himself,  and 
unwilling  to  part  with  his  imaginary  great- 
ness, he  was  flung  down  with  careless  cruelty  by 
the  forces  which  were  dividing  the  world.— 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  28. 

6.  ABILITIES  shown.  In  Youth.  When  Phi- 
lonicus,  the  Thessalian,  offered  the  horse  named 
Bucephalus  in  sale  to  Philip,  at  the  price  of 
thirteen  talents,  the  king,  with  the  prince  and 
many  others,  went  into  the  field  to  see  some 
trial  made  of  him.  The  horse  appeared  ex- 
tremely vicious  and  unmanageable,  and  was  so 
far  from  suffering  himself  to  be  mounted,  that 
he  would  not  bear  to  be  spoken  to,  but  turned 
fiercely  upon  all  the  grooms.  Philip  was  dis- 
pleased, and  bade  them  take  him  away.  But 
Alexander,  who  had  observed  him  well,  said, 
"What  a  horse  are  they  losing,  for  want  of 
skill  and  spirit  to  manage  him  !"  Philip  at  first 
took  no  notice  of  this ;  but,  upon  the  prince's 
often  repeating  the  same  expression,  and  show- 
ing great  uneasiness,  he  said,  "Young  man,  you 
find  fault  with  your  elders,  as  if  you  knew  more 
than  they,  or  could  manage  the  horse  better." 
"  And  I  certainly  could,"  answered  the  prince. 
"  If  you  should  not  be  able  to  ride  him,  what 
forfeiture  will  you  submit  to  for  your  rash- 
ness ?"  "I  will  pay  the  price  of  the  horse." 
Upon  this  all  the  company  laughed,  but  the 
king  and  prince  agreeing  as  to  the  forfeiture, 
Alexander  ran  to  the  horse,  and,  laying  hold  on 
the  bridle,  turned  him  to  the  sun  ;  for  he  had 
observed,  it  seems,  that  the  shadow  which  fell 
before  the  horse,  and  continually  moved  as  he 
moved,  greatly  disturbed  him.  While  his  fierce- 
ness and  fury  lasted,  he  kept  speaking  to  him 
softly  and  stroking  him  ;  after  which  he  gently 
let  fall  his  mantle,  leaped  lightly  upon  his  back, 
and  got  his  seat  very  safe.  Then,  without  pull- 
ing the  reins  too  hard,  or  using  either  whip  or 
spur,  he  set  him  a  going.  As  soon  as  he  per- 
ceived his  uneasiness  abated,  and  that  he  wanted 


LABILITIES— ABSTINENCE. 


only  to  run,  he  put  him  in  a  full  gallop,  and 
pushed  <l?iiii  ou  both  with  the  voice  siiid  spur. 
Philip  and  all  his  court  were  In  great  distress 
for  him  at  first,  and  a  profound  silence  took 
place.  But  when  the  prince  had  turned  him 
and  brought  him  straight  back,  they  all  received 
him  with  loud  acclamations,  except  his  father, 
who  wept  for  joy,  and,  kissing  him,  said,  "  Seek 
another  kingdom,  my  son,  that  may  be  worthy 
of  thy  abilities  ;  for  Macedonia  is  too  small  for 
thee." — Plutarch. 

7,  ABILITIES,  Useless.  John  Dryden.  Reign 
of  James  II.  The  help  of  Dryden  was  welcome 
to  those  Roman  Catholic  divines  who  were  pain- 
fully sustaining  a  conflict  against  all  that  was 
most  illustrious  in  the  Established  Church.  .  .  . 
The  first  service  which  he  was  required  to 
perform,  in  return  for  his  pension,  Avas  to  de- 
fend his  [Catholic]  Church  in  prose  against  Stil- 
lingfleet.  But  the  art  of  saying  things  well  is 
useless  to  a  man  who  has  nothing  to  say  ;  and 
this  was  Dryden's  case.  He  soon  found  him- 
self unequally  paired  with  an  antagonist  whose 
whole  life  had  been  one  long  training  for 
controversy.  The  veteran  gladiator  disarmed  the 
novice,  inflicted  a  few  contemptuous  scratches, 
and  turned  away  to  encounter  more  formidable 
combatants. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7. 

§.  ABNEGATION  of  Self.  Ma/rtin  LutJier. 
A.D.  1518.  [He  journeyed  on  foot  to  meet  the  pa- 
pal ambassador  at  Augsburg.]  "  My  thoughts," 
said  he  afterward,  "  on  the  journey  were  these  : 
Now  I  must  die  ;  and  often  did  I  remark.  What 
a  reproach  will  I  be  to  my  parents  !"  When  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Augsburg  Luther  was  over- 
come by  bodily  weariness.  Faint-hearted  friends 
had  often  warned  him  on  the  way  not  to  enter 
Augsburg.  But  in  reply  to  them  he  said,  "  In 
Augsburg,  even  in  the  midst  of  mine  enemies, 
Jesus  Christ  also  reigns.  May  Christ  live,  even 
if  Martin  should  die." — Rein's  Life  of  Lu- 
ther, ch.  5. 

9,  ABSENCE  condemned.  King  George  II. 
A.D.  1736.  People  of  all  ranks  were  indignant 
at  the  king's  long  stay  in  Germany  [during  all 
the  summer  and  autumn].  On  the  gate  of  St. 
James'  palace  this  notice  was  stuck  up  :  "  Lost  or 
strayed  out  of  this  house  a  man  who  has  left  a  wife 
and  six  children  on  the  parish.  Whoever  will 
give  any  tidings  of  him  to  the  church-wardens 
of  St.  James'  parish,  so  as  he  may  be  got  again, 
shall  receive  four  shillings  ana  sixpence  re- 
ward.— N.B.  This  reward  will  not  be  increased, 
nobody  judging  him  to  deserve  a  crown." — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  ch.  6. 

10.  ABSENCE,  Reasonable.  Trial  of  Charles 
II.  The  judges  assembled  in  the  vast  Gothic 
hall  of  Westminster,  the  palace  of  the  Commons. 
At  the  first  calling  over  of  the  list  of  members 
designed  to  compose  the  tribunal  [to  try  the 
king] ,  when  the  name  of  Fairfax  was  pronounced 
without  response,  a  voice  from  the  crowd  of 
spectators  cried  out,  "  He  has  too  much  sense  to 
be  here. "  When  the  act  of  accusation  against  the 
king  was  read,  in  the  name  of  the  people  of  Eng- 
land, the  same  voice  again  replied,  "Not  one 
tenth  of  them  !"  The  oflicer  commanding  the 
guard  ordered  the  soldiers  to  fire  upon  the  gal- 
lery from  whence  these  rebellious  words  proceed- 
ed, when  it  was  discovered  that  they  had  been 


uttered  by  Lady  Fairfax,  the  wife  of  the  lord- 
general. — Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  42. 

11.  ABSOLUTION  in  Advance.  Elevation  of 
Julius  II.  We  understand  from  Burcard,  that, 
it  was  at  this  time  an  established  custom  for 
every  new  pope,  immediately  after  his  election, 
and  as  the  first  act  of  his  apostolical  function,  to 
give  a  full  absolution  to  all  the  cardinals  of  all 
the  crimes  they  might  thereafter  commit  of  what- 
ever nature  and  degree. — Tytler's  Hist.  ,  vol. 
2,  ch.  14. 

12.  ABSOLUTION,  Costly.  Palmlogus  (Mi- 
chael), the  usurper  of  Constantinople,  was  ex- 
communicated from  the  Greek  Church  because 
of  cruelty.  [See  No.  1335.]  The  Christian  who- 
had  been  separated  from  God  and  the  Church 
became  an  object  of  horror  ;  and  in  a  turbulent 
and  fanatical  capital,  that  horror  might  arm  the 
hand  of  an  assassin  or  inflame  a  sedition  of  the 
people.  Palseologus  felt  his  danger,  confessed 
his  guilt,  and  deprecated  his  judge  ;  the  act  was 
irretrievable  ;  the  prize  [a  kingdom]  was  obtain- 
ed ;  and  the  most  rigorous  penance  which  he 
solicited  would  have  raised  the  sinner  to  the- 
reputation  of  a  saint.  The  unrelenting  patriarch 
[Arsenius]  refused  to  announce  any  means  of 
atonement  or  any  hopes  of  mercy  ;  and  conde- 
scended only  to  pronounce,  that  for  so  great  a 
crime,  great  indeed  must  be  the  satisfaction. 
"  Do  you  require,"  said  Michael,  "  that  I  should. 
abdicate  the  empire  ?"  and  at  these  words  he  of- 
fered or  seemed  to  offer  the  sword  of  state.  Ar- 
senius [the  patriarch]  eagerly  grasped  this  pledge 
of  sovereignty  ;  but  when  he  perceived  that  the 
emperor  was  unwilling  to  purchase  absolution  at 
so  dear  a  rate,  he  indignantly  escaped  to  his 
cell,  and  left  the  royal  sinner  kneeling  and 
weeping  at  the  door.  The  danger  and  scandal 
of  this  excommunication  subsisted  above  three 
years,  till  the  popular  clamor  was  assuaged  by 
time  and  repentance.  .  .  .  Arsenius  .  .  .  denied 
with  his  last  breath  the  pardon  which  was  im- 
plored.— Gibbon's  Rome,   ch.  62. 

13.  ABSOLUTION  desired.  Death  of  CharUs' 
II.  A.D.  1685.  [The  French  ambassador]  Baril- 
lon  hastened  to  the  bed-chamber  [of  Charles  II.], 
took  the  duke  [of  York]  aside,  and  delivered  the 
message  of  the  mistress  [of  Charles — the  Duch- 
ess of  Portsmouth,  who  entreated  that  a  priest  be 
called,  as  the  king  was  a  Catholic  at  heart] .  The 
conscience  of  James  [the  Duke  of  York]  smote 
him.  .  .  .  Several  schemes  were  discussed  and 
rejected.  At  last  the  duke  commanded  the 
crowd  to  stand  aloof,  went  to  the  bed  and 
stooped  down,  and  whispered  something  which 
none  of  the  spectators  could  hear,  but  which 
they  supposed  to  be  some  question  of  State. 
Charles  answered  in  an  audible  voice,  "Yes, 
yes,  with  all  my  heart. "  None  of  the  bystanders, 
except  the  French  ambassador,  guessed  that  the 
king  was  declaring  his  wish  to  be  admitted  into 
the  bosom  of  the  Church  of  Rome.  "Shall  I 
bring  a  priest  ?"  said  the  duke.  "Do,  brother," 
said  the  sick  man.  "For  God's  sake  do,  and 
lose  no  time.  But  no;  you  will  get  into  trouble." 
"  If  it  costs  me  my  life,"  said  the  duke,  "  I  will 
fetch  a  priest. "  [The  priest  was  secretly  brought 
and  the  king  absolved.] — Macaulay's  Hist,  of 
Eng.,  ch.  4. 

14.  ABSTINENCE,  Certainty  by.  Dr.  Sarrmel. 
Johnson,   a. d.  1778.     Talking  of  drinking  wine,. 


ABSTINENCE— ABUSE. 


he  said :  "  I  did  not  leave  off  wine  because  I 
could  not  bear  it.  I  have  drunk  three  bottles 
of  port  without  being  the  worse  for  it.  Univer- 
sity College  has  witnessed  this."  Boswell  : 
"  Why,  then,  sir,  did  you  leave  it  off  ?"  John- 
son :  "  Why,  sir,  because  it  is  so  much  better  for 
a  man  to  be  sure  that  he  is  never  to  be  intoxicat- 
ed, never  to  lose  the  power  over  himself.  I 
shall  not  begin  to  drink  wine  till  I  grow  old  and 
want  it."  BoswELL  :  "I  think,  sir,  you  once 
said  to  me  that  not  to  drink  wine  was  a  great 
deduction  from  life."  Johnson  :  "  It  is  a  dim- 
inution of  pleasure,  to  be  sure  ;  but  I  do  not  say 
a  diminution  of  happiness.  There  is  more  hap- 
piness in  being  rational." — BoswelIi's  Johnson, 
p.  366. 

15.  ABSTINENCE,  Limit  of.  Diverse.  Fodere 
states  that  some  workmen  buried  in  a  damp 
quarry  were  extricated  alive  after  a  period 
of  fourteen  days  ;  while  after  the  wreck  of  the 
Medusa,  the  sufferers  on  the  raft,  exposed  to  a 
high  temperature  and  constant  exertion,  at  the 
end  of  three  davs,  although  they  still  had  a 
small  quantity  of  wine,  were  so  famished  that 
they  commenced  devouring  the  dead  bodies  of 
their  companions.  Dr.  Willan  has  recorded  a 
case  in  which,  under  the  influence  of  religious 
delusion,  a  young  man  lived  sixty  days,  taking 
during  that  time  nothing  but  a  little  water  fla- 
vored with  orange  juice.  Dr.  M'Naughton,  of 
Albany,  gives  a  similar  instance,  during  which  a 
young  man  lived  fifty-four  days  on  water  alone. 
— Amekican  Cyc,  "  Abstinence." 

16.  ABSTINENCE,  Prudential.  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson,  a.d,  1776.  Finding  him  still  persevering 
in  his  abstinence  from  wine,  I  ventured  to  speak 
to  him  of  it.  Johnson  :  "  Sir,  I  have  no  objec- 
tion to  a  man's  drinking  wine,  if  he  can  do  it  in 
moderation.  I  found  myself  apt  to  go  to  excess 
in  it,  and  therefore,  after  having  been  for  some 
time  without  it,  on  account  of  illness,  I  thought 
it  better  not  to  return  to  it.  Every  man  is  to 
judge  for  himself,  according  to  the  effects  which 
he  experiences.  One  of  the  Fathers  tells  us  that 
he  found  fasting  made  him  so  peevish,  that  he 
did  not  practise  it." — Boswbll's  Johnson, 
p.  275. 

17.  ABSTINENCE,  Twofold.  Greek  Emp. 
Andronicus.  [Being  deposed  by  his  grandson] 
his  calamities  were  embittered  by  the  gradual 
extinction  of  sight ;  his  confinement  was  ren- 
dered each  day  more  rigorous  ;  and  during  the 
absence  and  sickness  of  his  grandson,  his  inhu- 
man keepers,  by  threats  of  instant  death,  com- 
pelled him  to  exchange  the  purple  for  the  mo- 
nastic habit  and  profession.  The  monk  Antony 
[as  he  was  now  called]  had  renounced  the  pomp 
of  the  world  ;  yet  he  had  occasion  for  a  coarse 
fur  in  the  winter  season,  and  as  wine  was  for- 
bidden by  his  confessor,  and  water  by  his  phy- 
sician, the  sherbet  of  Egypt  was  his  conxmon 
drink. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  63. 

18.  ABSTINENCE,  Unconscious.  The  Poet 
Shelley.  Mrs.  Shelley  used  to  send  him  some- 
thing to  eat  into  the  room  where  he  habitually 
studied  ;  but  the  plate  frequently  remained  un- 
touched for  hours  upon  a  bookshelf,  and  at  the 
end  of  the  day  he  might  be  heard  asking,  "  Mary, 
have  I  dined  ?" — Symonds's  Shelley,  ch.  4. 

19.  ABSTEACTION,  Art  of.  "Waistcoat  But- 
ton."   He  had  long  desired  to  get  above  a  school- 


fellow in  his  class,  who  defied  all  his  efforts,  till 
Scott  noticed  that  whenever  a  question  was 
asked  of  his  rival,  the  lad's  fingers  grasped  a 
particular  button  on  his  waistcoat,  while  his 
mind  went  in  search  of  the  answer.  Scott 
accordingly  anticipated  that  if  he  could  re- 
move this  button,  the  boy  would  be  thrown 
out,  and  so  it  proved.  The  button  was  cut 
off,  and  the  next  time  the  lad  was  questioned, 
his  fingers  being  unable  to  find  the  button,  and 
his  eyes  going  in  perplexed  search  after  his  fin- 
gers, he  stood  confounded,  and  Scott  mastered 
by  strategy  the  place  he  could  not  gain  by  mere 
industry.  "Often  in  after-life,"  said  Scott,  in 
narrating  the  manoeuvre  to  Rogers,  "has  the 
sight  of  him  smote  me  as  I  passed  by  him  ;  and 
often  have  I  resolved  to  make  him  some  repa- 
ration, but  it  ended  in  good  resolutions. — Hut- 
ton's  Life  of  Sir  W.  Scott,  ch.  1. 

20.  ABSTEACTION,  Blunders  by.  Sir  I.  New- 
ton. Several  anecdotes  are  preserved  of  his  ab- 
sence of  mind.  On  one  occasion,  when  he  was 
giving  a  dinner  to  some  friends,  he  left  the  table 
to  get  them  a  bottle  of  wine  ;  but  on  his  way  to 
the  cellar  he  fell  into  reflection,  forgot  his  errand 
and  his  company,  went  to  his  chamber,  put  on 
his  surplice,  and  proceeded  to  the  chapel. 
Sometimes  he  would  go  into  the  street  half 
dressed,  and,  on  discovering  his  condition,  runi 
back  in  great  haste,  much  abashed.  Often 
while  strolling  in  his  garden  he  would  sudden- 
ly stop,  and  then  run  rapidly  to  his  room,  and 
begin  to  write,  standing,  on  the  first  piece  of 
paper  that  presented  itself.  Intending  to  dine 
in  the  public  hall,  he  would  go  out  in  a  brown 
study,  take  the  wrong  turn,  walk  awhile,  and 
then  return  to  his  room,  having  totally  forgotten 
the  dinner . . .  Having  dismounted  from  his  horse 
to  lead  him  up  a  hill,  the  horse  slipped  his  head 
out  of  the  bridle  ;  but  Newton,  oblivious,  never 
discovered  it,  till,  on  reaching  a  toll-gate  at  the 
top  of  the  hill,  he  turned  to  remount,  he  per- 
ceived that  the  bridle  which  he  held  in  his  hand 
had  no  horse  attached  to  it.  His  secretary  re- 
cords that  his  forgetfulness  of  his  dinner  was  an 
excellent  thing  for  his  old  housekeeper,  who 
"  sometimes  found  both  dinner  and  supper 
scarcely  tasted  of,  which  the  old  woman  has 
very  pleasantly  and  mumpingly  gone  away 
with."  On  getting  out  of  bed  in  the  morning, 
he  has  been  observed  to  sit  on  his  bedside  foi 
hours,  without  dressing  himself,  utterly  ab. 
sorbed  in  thought. — Cyclopedia  of  Biogra- 
phy, p.  257. 

21.  ABSTRACTION,  Dangerous.  Archimedes. 
[When  the  Romans  captured  Syracuse]  Archi- 
medes was  in  his  study,  engaged  in  some  math- 
ematical researches ;  and  his  mind,  as  well  as 
his  eye,  was  so  intent  upon  his  diagram,  that  he 
neither  heard  the  tumultuous  noise  of  the  Ro- 
mans, nor  perceived  that  the  city  was  taken.  A 
soldier  suddenly  entered  his  room,  and  ordered 
him  to  follow  him  to  Marcellus  ;  and  Archime- 
des refusing  to  do  it,  until  he  had  finished  his 
problem,  and  brought  his  demonstration  to 
bear,  the  soldier,  in  a  passion,  drew  his  sword 
and  killed  him. — Plutarch. 

22.  ABUSE,  Absence  of.  Savages.  It  is  said 
of  the  Ainus  savages,  who  are  inhabitants  of 
the  North  Pacific,  that  they  ^ve  striking  proof 
of  their  amiability  of  disposition,  in  that  they 


ABUSE— ACCIDENT. 


have  no  words  of  abuse  in  their  language. — Am. 
Cyc,  "  Ainus," 

23.  ABUSE,  Personal.  Milton,  hy  Salmadus. 
If  any  one  thinks  that  classical  studies  of 
themselves  cultivate  the  taste  and  the  senti- 
ments, let  him  look  into  Salmasius's  Bespomio. 
There  he  will  see  the  first  scholar  of  his  age  not 
thinking  it  unbecoming  to  taunt  Milton  with  his 
blindness,  in  such  language  as  this  :  "  A  puppy, 
once  my  pretty  little  man,  now  blear-eyed,  or 
rather  a  blindling  ;  having  never  had  any  mental 
vision,  he  has  now  lost  his  bodily  sight ;  a  silly 
coxcomb,  fancying  himself  a  beauty  ;  an  unclean 
beast,  with  nothing  more  human  about  him  than 
his  guttering  eyelids  ;  the  fittest  doom  for  him 
would  be  to  hang  him  on  the  highest  gallows, 
and  set  his  head  on  the  Tower  of  London." 
These  are  some  of  the  incivilities,  not  by  any 
means  the  most  revolting,  but  such  as  I  dare  re- 
produce, of  this  literary  warfare. — Pattison's 
Milton,  ch.  9. 

24.  ABUSE,   Slanderous.     Na'poleon  I.      The 

English  press  teemed  with  .  .  .  abuse.  .  .  ,  He 
was  a  ,  .  .  demon  in  human  form.  He  was  a 
robber  and  a  miser,  plundering  the  treasuries  of 
nations  that  he  might  hoard  his  countless  mill- 
ions ;  and  he  was  also  a  profligate  and  a  spend- 
thrift, squandering  upon  his  lusts  the  wealth  of 
empires.  He  was  wallowing  in  licentiousness, 
his  camp  a  harem  of  pollution,  ridding  himself, 
by  poison,  of  his  concubines  ...  at  the  same 
time  he  was  physically  an  imbecile — a  monster 
whom  God  in  His  displeasure  had  deprived  of 
the  passions  and  powers  of  healthy  manhood. 
He  was  an  idol  whom  the  entranced  people  .  .  . 
worshipped.  .  .  .  He  was  also  a  sanguinary, 
heartless,  merciless  butcher. — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  9. 

25.  ABUSE,  Success  by.  Politics.  Some  pretty 
rough  politicians  used  to  find  the  way  to  Wash- 
ington from  the  Western  States,  fifty  or  sixty 
years  ago.  Matthew  Lyon  was  one  of  these, 
a  man  of  great  note  in  his  day.  Josiah  Quincy 
once  asked  him  how  he  obtained  an  election  to 
the  House  of  Representatives  so  soon  after  his 
emigration  to  Kentucky.  He  answered,  "By 
establishing  myself  at  a  cross-roads,  which 
everybody  in  the  district  passed  from  time  to 
time,  and  abusing  the  sitting  member." — Cyclo- 
pedia OP  Biography,  p.  756. 

26.  ACCESS,  Humble.  To  Bom.  Emp.  Diocle- 
tian. The  sumptuous  robes  of  Diocletian  and 
his  successors  were  of  silk  and  gold  ;  and  it  is 
remarked  with  indignation,  that  even  their  shoes 
were  studded  with  the  most  precious  gems. 
The  access  to  their  sacred  person  was  every  day 
rendered  more  diflftcult  by  the  institution  of  new 
forms  and  ceremonies.  ,  .  .  When  a  subject 
was  at  length  admitted  to  the  Imperial  presence, 
he  was  obliged,  whatever  might  be  his  rank,  to 
fall  prostrate  on  the  ground,  and  to  adore,  ac- 
cording to  the  Eastern  fashion,  the  divinity  of 
his  lord  and  master. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  13. 

27.  ACCIDENT,  Destiny  by.  Brawl,  puchy 
of  Bethlem  Gabor.]  An  unexpected  accident 
had  given  a  singular  turn  to  the  dispute  as  to 
the  succession  of  Juliers.  This  duchy  was  still 
ruled  conjointly  by  the  Electorate  House  of 
Brandenburg  and  the  Palatine  of  Neuburg  ; 
and  a  marriage  between  the  Prince  of  Neuburg 
and  a  Princess  of  Brandenburg  was  to  have  in- 


separably united  the  interests  of  the  two  houses. 
But  the  whole  scheme  was  upset  by  a  box  on 
the  ear,  which,  in  a  drunken  brawl,  the  Elector 
of  Brandenburg  unfortunately  inflicted  upon  his 
intended  son-in-law.  From  this  moment  the 
good  understanding  between  the  two  houses  was 
at  an  end.  The  Prince  of  Neuburg  embraced 
popery.  The  hand  of  a  princess  of  Bavaria  re- 
warded his  apostasy,  and  the  strong  support  of 
Bavaria  and  Spain  was  the  natural  result  of 
both.  To  secure  to  the  Palatine  the  exclusive 
possession  of  Juliers,  the  Spanish  troops  from 
the  Netherlands  were  marched  into  the  Palati- 
nate. To  rid  himself  of  these  guests,  the  Elector 
of  Brandenburg  called  the  Flemings  to  his  assist- 
ance, whom  he  sought  to  propitiate  by  embracing 
the  Calvinist  religion. — Thirty  Years'  War, 
§92. 

2§.  ACCIDENT,  Distress  by.  Henry  II.  of 
France.  [Henry's  daughter  Elizabeth  was  to  be 
married  to  Philip,  and  his  sister  Margaret  to  the 
Duke  of  Savoy.]  Magnificent  rejoicings  took 
place  at  Paris  during  the  summer  of  1559  in 
celebration  of  these  royal  nuptials.  Lists  were 
erected  in  front  of  the  palace  of  the  Tournelles, 
and  a  splendid  tournament  was  held,  at  which, 
on  the  27th  of  June,  the  king  himself,  supported 
by  the  Duke  of  Guise  and  two  other  princes, 
maintained  the  field  against  all  antagonists. 
Henry,  who  was  an  admirable  cavalier,  tri- 
urnphantly  carried  off  the  honors  of  the  day  ; 
but  toward  the  close  of  it,  having  unfortunately 
chosen  to  run  a  course  with  Montgomery,  cap- 
tain of  his  Scottish  guards,  the  lance  of  the  stout 
knight  shivered  in  the  encounter,  and  the  broken 
truncheon,  entering  the  king's  eye,  penetrated 
to  the  brain.  Henry  languished  eleven  days  in 
great  suffering,  and  expired  ...  in  the  forty-first 
year  of  his  age. — Students'  Hist,  of  France, 
ch.  15,  §  7. 

'^^  29,  ACCIDENT,  Eevolution by.  "Sicilian  Ves- 
pers." As  the  citizens  of  Palermo  flocked  to 
vespers  on  one  of  the  festivals  of  Easter  week, 
March  30, 1282,  a  French  soldier  grossly  insulted 
a  young  and  jeautiful  Sicilian  maiden  in  the 
presence  of  her  betrothed  husband  ;  the  latter  in- 
stantly drew  his  dagger  and  stabbed  the  offender 
to  the  heart.  This  was  the  signal  for  a  violent 
explosion  of  popular  fury  ;  cries  of  "  Death  to 
the  French  !"  resounded  on  all  sides  ;  upward  of 
two  hundred  were  cut  down  on  the  spot,  and 
the  massacre  was  continued  in  the  streets  of  Pa- 
lermo through  the  whole  night.  From  the  cap- 
ital the  insurrection  spread  to  Messina,  from 
Messina  to  the  other  towns  of  the  island  ;  every- 
where the  French  were  ruthlessly  butchered, 
without  distinction  of  age,  sex,  or  condition  ; 
the  total  number  of  the  slain  is  said  to  have  ex- 
ceeded eight  thousand.  Such  was  the  terrible 
catastrophe  of  the  "Sicilian  Vespers." — Stu- 
dents' Hist,  of  France,  ch.  9,  §  10. 

30.  ACCIDENT,  Saved  by.  Thomas  Paine. 
During  the  Reign  of  Terror  Thomas  Paine  was 
imprisoned,  but  was  saved  from  the  guillotine, 
apparently  by  an  accident.  The  door  of  his 
room  was  marked  for  the  executioner,  but  the 
sign  was  made  on  it  while  it  was  open  ;  and  at 
night,  when  the  terrible  messenger  usually  ar- 
rived, the  mark  was  on  the  inside,  and,  as  h« 
himself  says,  "  the  destroying  angel  passed  by." 
Stevens's  Methodism,  Book  7,  ch.  1. 


ACCIDENT— ACTIONS. 


31.  ACCIDENT,  Significant.  Norman  Duke 
William.  [Battle  of  Hastings.]  When  he  pre- 
pared to  arm  himself,  he  called  first  for  his  good 
hauberk,  and  a  man  brought  it  on  his  arm,  and 
placed  it  before  him  ;  but  in  putting  his  head  in, 
to  get  it  on,  he  unawares  turned  it  the  wrong 
way,  with  the  back  part  in  front.  He  soon 
changed  it  ;  but  when  he  saw  those  who  stood 
by  were  sorely  alarmed,  he  said,  "  I  have  seen 
many  a  man  who,  if  such  a  thing  had  happened 
to  hhn,  would  not  have  borne  arms,  or  entered 
the  field  the  same  day  ;  but  I  never  believed  in 
omens,  and  I  never  will.  I  trust  in  God,  for  He 
does  in  all  things  His  pleasure,  and  ordains  what 
is  to  come  to  pass  according  to  His  will.  I  have 
never  liked  fortune-tellers,  nor  believed  in  di- 
viners ;  but  I  commend  myself  to  Our  Lady. 
Let  not  this  mischance  give  you  trouble.  The 
hauberk  which  was  turned  wrong,  and  then  set 
right  by  me,  signifies  that  a  change  will  arise 
out  of  the  matter  which  we  are  now  stirring. 
You  shall  see  the  name  of  the  duke  changed  into 
king.  Yea,  a  king  shall  I  be,  who  hitherto  have 
been  but  duke."     [He  was  unharmed  in  battle.] 

-Decisive  Battles,  §  309. 

32.  ACCIDENT  utilized.  Son  of  All  A  fa- 
miliar story  is  related  of  the  benevolence  of  one 
of  the  sons  of  Ali.  In  serving  at  table,  a  slave 
had  inadvertently  dropped  a  dish  of  scalding 
broth  on  his  master ;  the  heedless  wretch  fell 
prostrate,  to  deprecate  his  punishment,  and  re- 
peated a  verse  of  the  Koran  :  "  Paradise  is  for 
those  who  command  their  anger  : " — "  I  am  not 
angry:" — "and  for  those  who  pardon  of- 
fences:"— "I  pardon  your  offence:" — "and 
for  those  who  return  good  for  evil :  " — "  I  give 
you  your  liberty,  and  four  hundred  pieces  of 
silver." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50. 

33. .      Norman   Invasion.      When 

Duke  William  himself  landed,  as  he  stepped  on 
the  shore  he  slipped,  and  fell  forward  upon  his 
two  hands.  Forthwith  all  raised  a  loud  cry  of 
distress.  "  An  evil  sign,"  said  they,  "  is  here." 
But  he  cried  out  lustily,  "  See,  my  lords,  by 
the  splendor  of  God,  I  have  taken  possession  of 
England  with  both  my  hands.  It  is  now  mine, 
and  what  is  mine  is  yours." — Decisive  Bat- 
tles, §  297. 

34.  ACCOMPLISHMENTS,  Worthy.  Themis- 
todes.  [The  prudent  Athenian  general]  was 
laughed  at,  in  company  where  free  scope  was 
given  to  raillery,  by  persons  who  passed  as 
more  accomplished  in  what  was  called  gentle 
breeding  ;  he  was  obliged  to  answer  them  with 
some  asperity  :  "  'Tis  true  I  never  learned  how 
to  tune  a  harp  or  play  upon  a  lute,  but  I  know 
how  to  raise  a  small  and  inconsiderable  city  to 
glory  and  greatness." — Plutarch. 

35.  ACKNOWLEDGMENT,  Slender.  Postage. 
The  only  acknowledgment  of  his  twenty-five 
years'  services  which  John  Adams  carried  with 
him  in  his  unwelcome  and  mortifying  retire- 
ment, was  the  privilege  which  had  been  granted 
to  Washington  on  his  withdrawal  from  the  pres- 
idency, and  after  his  death  to  his  widow,  and 
bestowed  likewise  upon  all  subsequent  ex-pres- 
idents and  their  widows,  of  receiving  his  letters 
free  of  postage  for  the  remainder  of  his  life. — 
Am.  Cyc,  "  ^oiin  Adams." 

36.  ACQUAINTANCE,  Brief.  Am.  Indians. 
The  English  [colonists]  received  a  friendly  wel- 


come .  .  .  on  the  island  of  Roanoke.  .  .  "The 
people  were  most  gentle  and  loving  and  faithful, 
void  of  all  guile  and  treason,  and  such  as  live 
after  the  manner  of  the  Golden  Age."  [They 
afterward  learned]  the  practice  of  inviting  men 
to  a  feast,  that  they  might  be  murdered  in  the 
hour  of  confidence. — Bancroft's  Hist,  ob^ 
U.  S.,  ch.  3. 

37.  ACQUAINTANCE,  Unwelcome.  Samuel 
JoJinson.  He  gave  us  an  entertaining  account 
of  Bet  Flint,  a  woman  of  the  town,  who,  with 
some  eccentric  talents  and  much  effrontery, 
forced  herself  upon  his  acquaintance.  "Bet 
(said  he)  wrote  her  own  life  in  verse,  which  she 
brought  to  me,  wishing  that  1  would  furnish 
her  with  a  preface  to  it.  (Laughing.)  I  used 
to  say  of  her,  that  she  was  generally  slut  and 
drunkard — occasionally,  whore  and  thief.  She 
had,  however,  genteel  lodgings,  a  spinnet  on 
which  she  played,  and  a  boy  that  walked  before 
her  chair." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  461. 

38.  ACEOSTIC,  Political.  Reign  of  Charles  IL 
It  happened  by  a  whimsical  coincidence  that,  ia 
1671,  the  cabinet  consisted  of  five  persons,  the 
initial  letters  of  whose  names  made  up  the  word 
Cabal :  Clifford,  Arlington,  Buckingham,  Ash- 
ley, and  Lauderdale. — Macaulay's  Hist,  of 
Eng.,  ch.  2. 

39.  ACTIVITY,  Roman.  Roman  Navy.  In 
the  first  Punic  war  the  republic  had  exerted 
such  incredible  diligence,  that  within  sixty  days 
after  the  first  stroke  of  the  axe  had  been  given 
in  the  forest  a  fleet  of  one  hundred  and  sixty 
galleys  proudly  rode  at  anchor  in  the  sea. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  3. 

40.  ACTION,  Decisive.  Colonel  Cordon.  [Lord 
George  Gordon  was  a  contemptible  demagogue, 
who  brought  a  clamorous  mob  of  sixty  thousand 
persons  to  the  House  of  Parliament ;  he  reported 
for  their  vengeance  the  names  of  the  members 
who  spoke  against  the  petition  in  their  behalf 
which  he  had  presented,  while  they  waited  in 
palace  yard  with  many  threatening  demonstra* 
tions.  His  crowd  twice  attempted  to  force  the 
doors.  Expostulation  with  the  fanatic  was  in 
vain.]  At  last.  Colonel  Gordon,  a  near  relative, 
went  up  to  him  and  said  :  "  My  Lord  George,  do 
you  intend  to  bring  your  rascally  adherents  into 
the  House  of  Commons  ?  If  you  do,  the  first 
man  of  them  that  enters — I  will  plunge  mv 
sword,  not  into  him,  but  into  your  body."  A 
party  of  horse-guards  at  length  arrived,  and  the 
rabble  went  home.  —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  26. 

41.  ACTIONS  speak.  Declaring  War.  [An- 
cus,  one  of  the  early  kings  of  Rome,]  created  a 
college  of  sacred  Heralds,  called  Fetiales,  whose 
business  it  was  to  demand  reparation  for  injuries 
in  a  regular  and  formal  manner,  and  in  case  of 
refusal  to  declare  war  by  hurling  a  spear  into 
the  enemy's  land. — Liddell's  Rome. 

42. .  "  Cutting  off  .  .  .  tallest  Pop- 
pies." The  only  Latin  town  that  defied  Tar- 
quin's  power  was  Gabii ;  and  Sextus,  the 
king's  youngest  son,  promised  to  win  this  place 
also  for  his  father.  So  he  fled  from  Rome 
and  presented  himself  at  Gabii ;  and  there 
he  made  complaints  of  his  father's  tyranny  and 
prayed  for  protection.  The  Gfibians  believed 
him,  and  took  him  into  their  city,  and  they 


ACTORS— ADMINISTRATION. 


trusted  him,  so  that  in  time  he  was  made  com- 
mander of  their  army.  Now,  his  father  suffered 
Mm  to  conquer  in  many  small  battles,  and  the 
Gabians  trusted  him  more  and  more.  Then 
lie  sent  privately  to  his  father,  and  asked  what 
he  should  do  to  make  the  Gabians  submit. 
Then  King  Tarquin  gave  no  ans\^er  to  the  mes- 
senger, but,  as  he  walked  up  and  down  his  gar- 
den, he  kept  cutting  off  the  heads  of  the  tallest 
poppies  with  his  staff.  At  last  the  messenger  was 
tired,  and  went  back  to  Sextus  and  told  him 
what  had  passed.  But  Sextus  understood  what 
his  father  meant,  and  he  began  to  accuse  falsely 
all  the  chief  men,  and  some  of  them  he  put  to 
death  and  some  he  banished.  So  at  last  the  city 
of  Gabii  was  left  defenceless,  and  Sextus  deliv- 
ered it  up  to  his  father. — Liddell's  Rome. 

43.  ACTORS  and  Actresses.  Origin  of.  This 
craft  dates  its  existence  back  to  some  centuries 
before  Christ.  The  earliest  mention  we  find  of 
it  in  history  is  in  the  time  of  Solon  in  Greece. 
It  was  then  attached  to  the  religious  rites,  and 
its  appliances  and  influences  used  to  clothe  with 
greater  solemnity  and  effect  the  sacred  celebra- 
tions of  the  Greeks.  So  high  a  place  had  the  pro- 
fession at  this  period,  that  actors  were  all  trained 
and  paid  at  the  expense  of  the  State.  .  .  .  From 
the  time  of  the  Caesars  the  stage  degenerated  rap- 
idly, from  being  disconnected  from  those  relig- 
ious rites  from  which  it  drew  its  chief  distinction, 
and  was  finally  lost  altogether  during  the  dark 
ages. — Am.  Cyc,  "Actors." 

44.  ACTOBS  dishonored.  Roman  Law.  The 
laws  of  Rome  expressly  prohibited  the  marriage 
of  a  senator  with  any  female  who  had  been  dis- 
honored by  a  servile  origin  or  theatrical  profes- 
sion.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  4. 

45.  ACTOBS,  Bespect  for.  Dr.  Samuel  John- 
son. Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  :  "  I  do  not  perceive 
why  the  profession  of  a  player  should  be  despis- 
ed ;  for  the  great  and  ultimate  end  of  all  the  em- 
ployments of  mankind  is  to  produce  amiisement. 
Garrick  produces  more  amusement  than  any- 
body." BoswELL  :  "You  say,  Dr.  Johnson, 
that  Garrick  exhibits  himself  for  a  shilling.  In 
this  respect  he  is  only  on  a  footing  with  a  lawyer, 
who  exhibits  himself  for  his  fee,  and  even  will 
maintain  any  nonsense  or  absurdity,  if  the  case  re- 
quire it.  Garrick  refuses  a  play  or  a  part  which 
he  does  not  like  ;  a  lawyer  never  refuses. "  John- 
son :  "Why,  sir,  what  does  this  prove?  only 
that  a  lawyer  is  worse.  Boswell  is  now  like 
Jack  in  '  The  Tale  of  a  Tub,'  who,  when  he  is 
puzzled  by  an  argument,  hangs  himself.  He 
thinks  I  shall  cut  him  down,  but  I'll  let  him 
hang"  (laughing  vociferously).  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds  :  "  Mr.  Boswell  thinks,  that  the  pro- 
fession of  a  lawyer  being  unquestionably  honor- 
able, if  he  can  show  the  profession  of  a  player  to 
be  more  honorable,  he  proves  his  argument. " — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  211. 

46.  ADDRESS,  Spectacular.  Antony.  [At  the 
funeral  of  Caesar,  when]  the  body  was  brought 
into  the  forum,  and  Antony  spoke  the  usual  fu- 
neral eulogium,  as  he  perceived  the  people  affect- 
ed by  his  speech,  he  endeavored  still  more  to 
work  upon  their  passions,  by  unfolding  the 
bloody  garment  of  Caesar,  showing  them  in  how 
many  places  it  was  pierced,  and  pointing  out  the 
number  of  his  woimds.  This  threw  everything 
into  confusion.     Some  called  aloud  to  kill  the 


murderers  ;  others,  as  was  formerly  done  in  the 
case  of  that  seditious  demagogue  Clodius,  snatch- 
ed the  benches  and  tables  from  the  neighboring 
shops,  and  erected  a  pile  for  the  body  of  Caesar, 
in  the  midst  of  consecrated  places  and  surround- 
ing temples.  As  soon  as  the  pile  was  in  flames, 
the  people,  crowding  from  all  parts,  snatched  the 
half-burned  brands,  and  ran  round  the  city  ta 
fire  the  houses  of  the  conspirators  ;  but  they  were 
on  their  guard  against  such  an  assault,  and  pre- 
vented the  effects. — Plutarch. 

47.  ADDBESS,  Successful.  Edward  IV.  While 
Warwick  was  winning  triumphs  on  battlefield 
after  battlefield  the  young  king  seemed  to  aban- 
don himself  to  a  voluptuous  indolence,  to  revels 
with  the  city  wives  of  London,  and  to  the  caresses 
of  mistresses  like  Jane  Shore.  Tall  in  stature 
and  of  singular  beauty,  his  winning  manners  and 
gay  carelessness  of  bearing  secured  Edward  a 
popularity  which  had  been  denied  to  nobler 
kings.  When  he  asked  a  rich  old  lady  for  ten 
pounds  toward  a  war  with  France,  she  answered, 
"For  thy  comely  face  thou  shalt  have  twenty." 
The  king  thanked  and  kissed  her,  and  the  old 
woman  made  her  twenty  forty. — Hist,  of  Eng. 
People,  §  497. 

48.  ADDBESS,  Theatrical.  Samuel  Johnson. 
His  unqualified  ridicule  of  rhetorical  gesture  or 
action  is  not,  surely,  a  test  of  truth  ;  yet  we  cannot 
help  admiring  how  well  it  is  adapted  to  produce 
the  effect  which  he  vplshed.  "  Neither  the 
judges  of  our  laws,  nor  the  representatives  of  our 
people,  would  be  much  affected  by  labored  ges- 
ticulations, or  believe  any  man  the  more  becaxise 
he  rolled  his  eyes,  or  puffed  his  cheeks,  or  spread 
abroad  his  arms,  or  stamped  the  ground,  or 
thumped  his  breast ;  or  turned  his  eyes  sometimes 
to  the  ceiling,  and  sometimes  to  the  floor." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  89. 

49.  ADDBESS,  Trickster's.  Edmund  Burke. 
It  was  in  the  December  of  1792  that  Burke  had 
enacted  that  famous  bit  of  melodrama  out  of 
place,  known  as  the  Dagger  Scene.  The  gov- 
ernment had  brought  in  an  Alien  Bill,  imposing 
certain  pains  and  restrictions  on  foreigners  com- 
ing to  this  country.  .  .  .  Burke  began  to  storm  as 
usual  against  murderous  atheists.  Then,  with- 
out due  preparation,  he  began  to  fumble  in  his 
bosom,  suddenly  drew  out  a  dagger,  and  with 
an  extravagant  gesture  threw  it  on  the  floor  of 
the  House,  crying  that  this  was  what  they  had 
to  expect  from  their  alliance  with  France.  The 
stroke  missed  its  mark,  and  there  was  a  general 
inclination  to  titter,  until  Burke,  collecting  him- 
self for  an  effort,  called  upon  them  with  a  ve- 
hemence to  which  his  listeners  could  not  choose 
but  respond,  to  keep  French  principles  from 
their  heads  and  French  daggers  from  their 
hearts  ;  to  preserve  all  their  blandishments  in  life, 
and  all  their  consolations  in  death  ;  all  the  bless- 
ings of  time,  and  all  the  hopes  of  eternity. — Mor- 
ley's  Burke,  ch.  9. 

50.  ADMINISTBATION,  Besponsibility  of. 
Reign  of  Gharles.  II.  To  the  royal  office  and 
royal  person  they  [the  commons]  loudly  and  sin- 
cerely professed  the  strongest  attachment.  But 
to  [Lord  Chancellor]  Clarendon  they  owed  no  al- 
legiance, and  they  fell  on  him  as  furiously  as  their 
predecessors  had  fallen  on  Strafford.  The  min- 
ister's virtues  and  vices  alike  contributed  to  his 
ruin.     He  was  the  ostensible  head  of  the  admin- 


ADMINISTRATION— ADORATION. 


istration,  and  was  therefore  held  responsible 
•€ven  for  those  acts  which  he  had  strongly,  but 
-vainly,  opposed  in  council. — Mac aulay's  Hist. 
OF  Eng.  ,  ch.  2. 

51.  ADMINISTRATION,  An  unfortunate.  Pres. 
Martin  Van  Buren's.  The  administration  of 
Yan  Buren  has  generally  been  reckoned  as  un- 
successful and  inglorious.  But  he  and  his  times 
were  unfortunate  rather  than  bad.  He  was  the 
victim  of  all  the  evils  which  followed  hard  upon 
the  relaxation  of  the  Jacksonian  methods  of  gov- 
ernment. He  had  neither  the  will  nor  the  dis- 
position to  rule  as  his  predecessor  [Andrew  Jack- 
son] had  done  ;  nor  were  the  people  and  their 
representatives  any  longer  in  the  humor  to  suffer 
that  sort  of  government.  The  period  was  un- 
heroic  ;  It  was  the  ebb-tide  between  the  belliger- 
ent excitements  of  1832  and  the  war  with  Mex- 
ico. The  financial  panic  added  opprobrium  to 
the  popular  estimate  of  imbecility  in  the  govern- 
ment. "  The  administration  of  Van  Buren,"  said 
a,  satirist,  "  is  like  a  parenthesis  ;  it  may  be  read 
in  a  low  tone  of  voice,  or  altogether  omitted, 
withoiit  injuring  the  sense  /"  But  the  satire  lacked 
•one  essential  quality — truth. — Hist.  U.  S.,  Rid- 
PATH,  ch.   55. 

52.  ADMINISTRATION  united.  A.  Lincoln. 
Judge  Baldwin,  of  California  .  .  .  solicited  a  pass 
outside  of  our  lines  to  see  a  brother  in  Virginia. 
[Being  refused  by  the  commanding  general  and 
Secretary  of  War]  .  .  .  finally  he  obtained  an  in- 
terview with  Mr.  Lincoln,  and  stated  his  case. 
"  Have  you  applied  to  General  Hallock  ?"  .  .  . 
*' Yes,  and  met  with  a  flat  refusal."  .  .  .  "Then 
you  must  see  Stanton."  .  .  .  "  I  have,  and  with 
the  same  result."  .  .  .  "Well,  then,"  said  Mr. 
Lincoln,  with  a  smile,  "  I  can  do  nothing  ;  for 
you  must  know  I  have  very  little  influence  with 
.this  Administration." — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p. 
748. 

53.  ADMIRATION  changed.  Martin  Luther. 
As  a  reverent  pilgrim  he  arrived  at  Rome, 
after  a  six  weeks'  journey.  Seeing  the  city  from 
afar,  he  fell  upon  the  earth  and  cried  out, "  Hail ! 
thou  sacred  Rome  !"  And  yet  he  found  many 
things  different  from  what  he  had  expected.  His 
•experience  there  made  a  lasting  impression  upon 
him.  "I  would  not  have  taken  one  hundred 
thousand  florins  not  to  have  seen  Rome.  Among 
"Other  coarse  talk,  I  heard  one  reading  mass,  and 
when  he  came  to  the  words  of  consecration,  he 
said,  '  Thou  art  bread  and  shalt  remain  bread, 
thou  art  wine  and  shalt  remain  wine.'  What 
was  I  to  think  of  this  ?  And,  moreover,  I  was 
disgusted  at  the  manner  in  which  they  could 
'  rattle  off '  a  mass  as  if  it  had  been  a  piece  of 

jugglery,  for  long  before  I  reached  the  Gospel 
lesson  my  neighbor  had  finished  his  mass  and 
cried  out  to  me,  '  Enough  !  enough  !  hurry  up 
■and  come  away,'  etc. !" — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  4. 

54.  ADMIRATION,  Objectionable.  Oliver  Gold- 
smith. In  the  summer  of  1762  he  was  one  of 
the  thousands  who  went  to  see  the  Cherokee 
•chiefs,  whom  he  mentions  in  one  of  his  writings. 
The  Indians  made  their  appearance  in  grand 
costume,  hideously  painted  and  besmeared.  In 
the  course  of  the  visit  Goldsmith  made  one  of 
the  chiefs  a  present,  who,  in  the  ecstasy  of  his 
gratitude,  gave  him  an  embrace  that  left  his 
lace  well  bedaubed  with  oil  and  red  ochre. — 
Irving's  Goldsmith,  ch.  13. 


55.  ADMIRATION,  Supreme.  Colonel  Cropper. 
This  worthy  veteran,  like  his  general  [Wash- 
ington], had  but  one  toast,  which  he  gave  every 
day  and  to  all  companies ;  it  was,  "  God  bless 
General  Washington." — Custis'  Washington, 
vol.  1,  ch.  2. 

56.  ADMONITION  disregarded.  General  St. 
Clair.  A.D.  1791.  General  St.  Clair,  with  an 
army  of  two  thousand  men,  set  out  from  Fort 
Washington  to  break  the  power  of  the  Miami  con- 
federacy. ...  In  what  is  now  Mercer  County, 
Ohio,  .  .  .  his  camp  was  suddenly  assailed  by 
more  than  two  thousand  warriors,  led  by  Little 
Turtle  and  several  American  renegades  who 
had  joined  the  Indians.  After  a  terrible  battle 
of  three  hours'  duration,  St.  Clair  was  complete- 
ly defeated,  with  a  loss  of  fully  one  half  of  his 
men.  .  .  .  The  news  of  the  disaster  spread  gloom 
throughout  the  land  .  .  .  the  government  was 
for  awhile  in  consternation.  For  once  the  be- 
nignant spirit  of  Washington  gave  way  to  wrath, 
"  Here,"  said  he,  "  in  a  tempest  of  indignation, 
"  Aere  in  this  very  room  .  .  .  I  said  to  him,  'You 
have  careful  instructions  from  the  Secretary  of 
War,  and  I  myself  will  add  one  word — beware 
OF  A  surprise  ! '  He  went  off  with  that  my  last 
warning  ringing  in  his  ears.  Yet  he  has  suffered 
that  army  to  be  cut  to  pieces,  hacked,  butchered, 
tomahawked  by  a  surprise — the  very  thing  I 
guarded  him  against  !  How  can  he  answer  to 
his  country  ?  The  blood  of  the  slain  is  upon 
him — the  curse  of  widows  and  orphans !" 
[After  a  period  of  silence  he  solemnly  added  :] 
"  I  looked  at  the  despatches  hastily,  and  did  not 
note  all  the  particulars.  General  St.  Clair  shall 
have  justice.  I  will  receive  him  without  dis- 
pleasure— lie  shall  have  full  justice." — Ridpath's 
Hist.  opU.  S.,  ch.  46. 

57.  ADOPTION  of  Captives.  American  Indians. 
Sometimes  a  captive  was  saved,  to  be  adopted 
in  place  of  a  warrior  who  had  fallen  .  .  .  the 
allegiance  and,  as  it  were,  the  identity  of  the 
captive  .  .  .  became  changed.  [His]  .  .  .  children 
and  ibtt  wife  .  .  .  left  at  home  are  to  be  blotted 
from  his  memory  ;  he  is  to  be  the  departed 
chieftain  resuscitated  ...  to  cherish  those 
whom  he  cherished  ;  to  hate  those  whom  he  hated 
.  .  .  the  foreigner  thus  adopted  is  esteemed  to 
stand  in  the  same  relations  of  consanguinity. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

5§,  ADOPTION  by  the  State.  Napoleon  I. 
[After  the  battle  of  Austerlitz.]  He  immediately 
adopted  all  the  children  of  those  [soldiers]  who 
had  fallen.  They  were  supported  and  educated 
at  the  expense  of  the  State.  They  all,  as  the 
children  of  the  emperor,  were  permitted  to  at- 
tach the  name  of  Napoleon  to  their  own. — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  31. 

59.  ADORATION,  Human.  Greek  Emperors. 
The  most  lofty  titles,  and  the  most  humble  post- 
ures, which  devotion  has  applied  to  the  Supreme 
Being,  have  been  prostituted  by  flattery  and  fear 
to  creatures  of  the  same  nature  with  ourselves. 
The  mode  of  adoration,  of  falling  prostrate  on  the 
ground,  and  kissing  the  feet  of  the  emperor, 
was  borrowed  by  Diocletian  from  Persian  servi- 
tude ;  but  it  was  continued  and  aggravated  till 
the  last  age  of  the  Greek  monarchy.  Excepting 
only  on  Sundays,  when  it  was  waived,  from  a 
motive  of  religious  pride,  this  humiliating  rev- 
erence was  exacted  from  all  who  entered  the 


ADULATION— ADULTERY. 


royal  presence,  from  the  princes  invested  with 
the  diadem  and  purple,  and  from  the  ambassa- 
dors who  represented  their  independent  sover- 
eigns, the  caliphs  of  Asia,  Egypt,  or  Spain,  the 
kings  of  France  and  Italy,  and  the  Latin  emper- 
ors of  ancient  Rome. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  63. 

60.  ADULATION,  Official.  Of  Charles  I.  The 
pleasant  words  with  which  the  Lord  Keeper 
Finch  opened  the  Parliament  [of  1640]  :  "His 
Majesty's  kingly  resolutions  are  seated  in  the 
ark  of  his  sacred  breast,  and  it  were  a  presump- 
tion of  too  high  a  nature  for  any  Uzzah  uncalled 
to  touch  it ;  yet  his  Majesty  is  now  pleased  to 
lay  by  the  shining  beams  of  majesty,  as  Phoebus 
did  to  Phaeton,  that  the  distance  between  sover- 
eignty and  subjection  should  not  bar  you  of  that 
filial  freedom  of  access  to  his  person  and  coun- 
sels." But  the  time  had  come  when  this  style 
of  language  was  no  longer  to  be  endured  by  the 
commons. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  16,  p.  203. 

61.  ADULATION  rebuked.  Of  James  I. 
[James  I. ,  dining  with  Bishops  Neile  and  An- 
drews, asked  their  opinion]  whether  he  might 
not  take  his  subjects'  money  without  the  fuss  of 
Parliament?  Neile  replied,  "God  forbid  you 
should  not,  for  you  are  the  breath  of  our  nos- 
trils." Andrews  hesitated  ;  but  the  king  insisted 
upon  an  answer  ;  he  said  :  "  Why,  then,  I  think 
your  Majesty  may  lawfully  take  my  brother 
Neile's  money,  for  he  offers  it." — Ejnight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23,  p.  364. 

62.  ADULATION,  Eidiculous.  Bed  Beard. 
When  Henry  VIII.  met  Francis  I.  on  the  Field 
of  the  Cloth  of  Gold  in  1520,  a  Venetian  observ- 
er described  the  beard  of  Henry  as  "being 
somewhat  red,  has  at  present  the  appearance  of 
being  gold." — Knight's  Hist,  op  Eng.,  ch.  17. 

63.  ADULTEEY  excused.  Mahomet's.  In  his 
adventures  with  Zeinib,  the  wife  of  Zeid,  and 
with  Mary,  an  Egyptian  captive,  the  amorous 
prophet  forgot  the  interest  of  his  reputation. 
At  the  house  of  Zeid,  his  freedman  and  adopted 
son,  he  beheld,  in  a  loose  undress,  the  beauty  of 
Zeinib,  and  burst  forth  into  an  ejaculation  of 
devotion  and  desire.  The  servile,  or  grateful, 
freedman  understood  the  hint,  and  yielded  with- 
out hesitation  to  the  love  of  his  benefactor. 
But  as  the  filial  relation  had  excited  some  doubt 
and  scandal,  the  angel  Gabriel  descended  from 
heaven  to  ratify  the  deed,  to  annul  the  adoption, 
and  gently  to  reprove  the  prophet  for  distrusting 
the  indulgence  of  his  God.  One  of  his  wives, 
Hafna,  surprised  him  on  her  own  bed,  in  the 
embraces  of  his  Egyptian  captive  ;  she  promised 
secrecy  and  forgiveness  ;  he  swore  that  he  would 
renounce  the  possession  of  Mary.  Both  parties 
forgot  their  engagements ;  and  Gabriel  again 
descended  with  a  chapter  of  the  Koran,  to  ab- 
solve him  from  his  oath,  and  to  exhort  him 
freely  to  enjoy  his  captives  and  concubines, 
without  listening  to  the  clamors  of  his  wives. 
In  a  solitary  retreat  of  thirty  days,  he  labored, 
alone  with  Mary,  to  fulfil  the  commands  of  the 
angel.  .  .  .  Perhaps  the  incontinence  of  Ma- 
homet may  be  palliated  by  the  tradition  of  his 
natural  or  preternatural  gift ;  he  imited  the  man- 
ly virtue  of  thirty  of  the  children  of  Adam  ;  and 
the  apostle  might  rival  the  thirteenth  labor  of 
the  Grecian  Hercules. — Gibbon's  Mahomet, 
p.  56. 


64.  ADULTERY,  Punishment  for.  BomanLaw. 
The  edge  of  the  Julian  law  was  sharpened  by 
the  incessant  diligence  of  the  emperors.  The 
licentious  commerce  of  the  sexes  may  be  toler- 
ated as  an  impulse  of  nature,  or  forbidden  as  a 
source  of  disorder  and  corruption ;  but  the 
fame,  the  fortunes,  the  family  of  the  husband, 
are  seriously  injured  by  the  adultery  of  the  wife. 
The  wisdom  of  Augustus,  after  curbing  the 
freedom  of  revenge,  applied  to  this  domestic  of- 
fence the  animadversion  of  the  laws ;  and  the 
guilty  parties,  after  the  payment  of  heavy  for- 
feitures and  fines,  were  condemned  to  long  or 
perpetual  exile  in  two  separate  islands. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  44. 

65.  ADULTERY,  Shameless.  Fifteenth  Centu- 
ry. Princes  set  the  example.  Charles  VII.  re- 
ceived Agnes  Sorel  as  a  present  from  his  wife's- 
mother,  the  old  Queen  of  Sicily ;  and  mother, 
wife,  and  mistress,  he  takes  them  all  with  him 
as  he  marches  along  the  Loire,  the  happiest  un- 
derstanding subsisting  between  the  three.  The 
English,  more  serious,  seek  love  in  marriage 
only.  Gloucester  marries  Jacqueline  ;  among 
Jacqueline's  ladies  his  regards  fall  on  one  equally 
lovely  and  witty,  and  he  marries  her  too.  But 
in  this  respect,  as  in  all  others,  France  and  Eng- 
land are  far  outstripped  by  Flanders,  by  the 
Count  of  Flanders,  by  the  great  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. The  legend  expressive  of  the  Low 
Countries  is  that  of  the  famous  countess  who^ 
brought  into  the  world  three  hundred  and  sixty- 
five  children.  The  princes  of  the  land,  without 
going  quite  so  far,  seem  at  the  least  to  endeavor 
to  approach  her.  A  Count  of  Cloves  has  sixty- 
three  bastards.  John  of  Burgundy,  Bishop  of 
Cambrai,  officiates  pontifically  with  his  thirty- 
six  bastards  and  sons  of  bastards  ministering 
with  him  at  the  altar.  Philippe-le-Bon  had 
only  sixteen  bastards,  but  he  had  no  fewer  than 
twenty-seven  wives,  three  lawful  ones  and  twen- 
ty-four mistresses. — Michelet's  Joan  op  Arc 
p.  26. 

66.  ADULTERY,  Vengeance  for.  John  XII. 
John  .  .  .  XII.  had  the  address  to  excite  an  insur- 
rection of  the  people,  who  dethroned  his  rival 
Leo  VIII. ,  and  reinstated  him  in  the  pontifical 
chair.  But  John  did  not  live  to  enjoy  his  tri- 
umph ;  three  days  after  his  reinstatement  he 
met  the  reward  of  his  crimes,  and  perished  by 
the  hand  of  an  indignant  husband,  who  detected 
him  in  the  arms  of  his  wife. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  4,  p.  101. 

67.  ADULTERY,  Victim  of.  Peredeus  a  Lom- 
bard Champion.  [Rosamond,  the  Queen  of 
Italy,  desired  his  assistance  in  a  plot  to  assassi- 
nate her  royal  husband,]  but  no  more  than  a 
promise  of  secrecy  could  be  drawn  from  the 
gallant  Peredeus,  and  the  mode  of  seduction 
employed  by  Rosamond  betrays  her  shameless 
insensibility  both  to  honor  and  love.  She  sup- 
plied the  place  of  one  of  her  female  attendants 
who  was  beloved  by  Peredeus,  and  contrived 
some  excuse  for  darkness  and  silence,  till  she 
could  inform  her  companion  that  he  had  enjoyed 
the  Queen  of  the  Lombards,  and  that  his  own 
death,  or  the  death  of  Alboin  [her  royal  hus- 
band] must  be  the  consequence  of  such  treason- 
able adultery.  In  this  alternative  he  chose 
rather  to  be  the  accomplice  than  the  victim  of 
Rosamond,  whose  undaunted  spirit  was  incapa- 


ADVANCE— ADVENTURE. 


» 


ble  of  fear  or  remorse. — Gibbon's  Decline  and 
Fall,  ch.  45. 

68.  ADVANCE  by  Battle.  Scott's  Campaign  in 
Mexico.  [In  1847]  Gen.  Twiggs,  in  command  of 
the  American  advance,  set  out  [from  Vera  Cruz] 
...  on  the  12th  of  the  month  [of  April], 
Twiggs  came  upon  Santa  Anna,  who,  with  an 
army  of  fifteen  thousand  men,  had  taken  pos- 
session of  the  heiglits  and  rocky  pass  of  Cerro 
Gordo.  The  position,  though  seemingly  im- 
pregnable, must  be  carried,  or  further  advance 
was  impossible.  On  the  morning  of  the  18th 
the  American  army  was  arranged  for  an  assault 
which,  according  to  the  rules  of  war,  promised 
only  disaster  and  ruin.  But  to  troops  of  the 
United  States  nothing  now  seemed  too  arduous, 
no  deed  too  full  of  peril.  Before  noonday 
every  position  of  the  Mexicans  had  been  success- 
fully stormed  and  themselves  driven  into  a  pre- 
cipitate rout.  Nearly  three  thousand  prisoners 
were  taken,  with  forty-three  pieces  of  bronze  ar- 
tillery, five  thousand  muskets,  and  accoutre- 
ments enough  to  supply  an  army.  The  American 
loss  amounted  to  four  hundred  and  thirty-one, 
that  of  the  enemy  fully  a  thousand.  Santa 
Anna  escaped  with  his  life,  but  left  behind  his 
private  papers  and  his  wooden  leg. — Ridpath's 
Hist,  of  U.  S.,  ch.  57. 

69.  ADVANCE,  Heroic.  Battle  of  Fontenoy. 
A.D.  1745.  William  of  Cumberland  formed  a 
column  of  fourteen  thousand  British  infantry, 
thirty  or  forty  abreast ;  and  with  measured 
tread,  regardless  of  every  obstacle,  undismayed 
by  the  cannonade  left  and  right,  which  mowed 
down  their  ranks,  this  terrible  column  strode  on 
through  the  enemy's  lines,  carrying  all  before 
them.  But  where  was  their  support  ?  A  col- 
umn of  infantry,  without  a  horse,  without  a 
gun,  now  reduced  probably  to  ten  thousand, 
could  not  win  a  battle  against  sixty  thousand, 
merely  through  the  supremacy  of  physical 
strength  and  moral  endurance.  Slowly  the  com- 
pact mass  moved  back,  still  facing  the  enemy. 
Its  ranks  were  not  broken,  not  a  man  fled. 

iLoss  about  six  thousand.] — Knight's  Hist,  of 
Cng.,  ch.  7. 

70.  ADVANCE,  Opportunity  for  an.  Gen.  Sher- 
man's March  to  the  Sea.  [Began  November 
14,  1864.]  His  army  of  veterans  numbered 
sixty  thousand  men.  Believing  that  Hood's 
army  would  be  destroyed  in  Tennessee,  and 
knowing  that  no  Confederate  force  could  with- 
stand him  in  front,  he  cut  his  communications 
with  the  North,  abandoned  his  base  of  supplies, 
and  struck  out  boldly  for  the  sea-coast,  more 
than  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles  away.  As 
had  been  foreseen,  the  Confederates  could  offer 
no  successful  resistance.  ...  On  the  10th  of  De- 
cember he  arrived  in  the  vicinity  of  Savannah 
...  he  had  lost  only  five  hundred  and  sixty 
men. — Ridpath's  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  ch.  66. 

n.  ADVANCE  or  suffer.  BattU  of  Gettysburg. 
I  remember  seeing  a  general  (Pettigrew,  I  think 
it  was)  come  up  to  him  [Confederate  General 
Longstreet]  and  report  that  ' '  he  was  unable  to 
bring  his  men  up  again"  [to  charge  the  Feder- 
als]. Longstreet  turned  upon  him  and  replied, 
with  some  sarcasm  :  ' '  Very  well ;  never  mind, 
then,  General ;  just  let  them  remain  where  they 
are  ;  the  enemy's  going  to  advance,  and  will  spare 
you  the  trouble."  [British  oflBicer's  diary,  quoted 


in.] — Pollard's  Second  Year  of  the  War, 
p.  354. 

72.  ADVENT  seasonable,  The.  Needed^-Bmdy . 
A  thorough  acquaintance  with  the  history  of  the 
world  and  the  state  of  mankind  at  the  time  of 
our  Saviour's  birth  has  led  the  wisest  and  most 
enlightened  inquirers  to  conclude  that  the  Al- 
mighty, having  designed  to  illuminate  the  world 
by  a  revelation,  there  was  no  period  at  which  it 
was  more  certainly  required  than  that  in  which 
it  was  actually  sent ;  nor  could  any  concurrence 
of  circumstances  have  been  more  favorable  for 
its  extensive  dissemination  than  that  which  took 
place  at  the  time  of  our  Saviour's  mission.  A 
great  part  of  the  known  world  was  at  this  time 
under  the  dominion  of  the  Romans,  and  subject 
to  all  those  grievances  which  are  the  inevitable 
result  of  a  system  of  arbitrary  power.  Yet  this- 
circumstance  of  the  union  of  so  many  nations, 
into  one  great  empire  was  of  considerable  ad- 
vantage for  the  propagation  and  advancement 
of  Christianity. — Tytler's  Universal  Hist.,. 
Book  5,  ch.  4. 

73.  ADVENTURE,  Courageous.  War  foi-  the 
Union.  The  control  of  Albemarle  Sound  had 
been  secured  by  a  daring  exploit  of  Lieutenant 
Gushing,  of  the  Federal  Navy.  These  waters 
were  commanded  by  a  tremendous  iron  ram 
called  the  Albemarle.  In  order  to  destroy  the 
dreaded  vessel,  a  number  of  daring  volunteers^ 
led  by  Gushing,  embarked  on  a  small  steamer, 
and  on  the  night  of  the  27th  of  October  [1864] 
entered  the  Roanoke.  The  ram  was  discovered 
lying  at  the  harbor  of  Plymouth.  Cautiously 
approaching,  the  lieutenant,  with  his  own 
hands,  sank  a  terrible  torpedo  under  the  con- 
federate ship,  exploded  it,  and  left  the  ram  in 
ruin.  The  adventure  cost  the  lives  or  capture 
of  all  of  Cushing's  party  except  himself  and 
one  other,  who  escaped. — Ridpath's  Hist,  of 
U.S.,  ch.  66. 

74.  ADVENTUEE,  Daring.  Napoleon  I.  [Hav- 
ing escaped  from  his  exile  at  Elba,  his  little 
army  arrived  near  Cannes.]  In  the  course  of  a 
few  hours  this  escort  of  six  hundred  men,  with 
two  or  three  small  pieces  of  cannon,  were  safely 
landed.  .  .  .  They  were  about  to  march  seven 
hundred  miles,  through  a  kingdom  containing 
thirty  millions  of  inhabitants,  to  capture  the 
strongest  capital  in  Europe.  .  .  .  An  army  of 
nearly  two  hundred  thousand  men,  under  Bour- 
bon leaders,  were  stationed  in  impregnable  for- 
tresses by  the  way. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.  , 
vol.  2,  ch.  24. 

75.  ADVENTURE,  Passion  for.  Conquest  of 
Florida.  Adventurers  assembled  as  volunteers, 
many  of  them  people  of  noble  birth  and  good 
estates.  Houses  and  vineyards,  lands  and  till- 
age, and  rows  of  olive  trees  in  the  Ajarrafe  of 
Seville  were  sold,  as  in  the  times  of  the  cru- 
sades, to  obtain  the  means  of  military  equip- 
ments. .  .  .  Many  .  .  .  who  had  sold  estates  for 
their  equipments  were  obliged  to  remain  be- 
hind.— Bancroft's  Hist,  op  U.  S.,  ch.  2. 

76.  ADVENTURE,  Primitive.  George  Wash^ 
ington.  [Washington's  return  from  a  confer- 
ence with  the  French  commander  St.  Pierre,  at 
Le  Bceuf,  near  Lake  Erie.  a.d.  1753.]  It  was 
now  the  dead  of  winter.  .  .  .  With  [Christopher] 
Gist  [the  guide]  as  his  sole  companion,  he  left  the 
river,  and  struck  into  the  woods.    It  was  one  of 


10 


ADVENTURE— ADVERSITY. 


? 


the  most  solitary  marches  ever  made  by  man. 
There,  in  the  desolate  wilderness,  was  the  future 
President  of  the  U.  S.  Clad  in  the  robe  of  an 
Indian,  with  gun  in  hand,  and  knapsack  strap- 
ped to  his  shoulders  ;  struggling  through  inter- 
minable snows  ;  sleeping  with  frozen  clothes  on 
a  bed  of  pine-brush ;  breaking  through  the 
treacherous  ice  of  rapid  streams  ;  guided  by  day 
by  a  pocket  compass,  and  at  night  by  the  North 
Star,  seen  at  intervals  through  the  leafless  trees  ; 
fired  at  by  a  prowling  savage  from  his  covert 
not  fifteen  steps  away  ;  thrown  from  a  raft  into 
the  rushing  Alleghany ;  escaping  to  an  island 
and  lodging  there  until  the  river  was  frozen 
over  ;  plunging  again  into  the  forest ;  reaching 
Gist's  settlement  and  then  the  Potomac — the 
strong-limbed  ambassador  came  back  without  a 
wound  or  scar  to  the  capital  of  Virginia. — Rid- 
fath's  Hist.  U.  S.,  ch.  30. 

77.  ADVENTUEE,  Spirit  of.  Sir  William  Par- 
ry. In  1817,  in  a  letter  to  an  intimate  friend, 
he  happened  to  write  a  good  deal  about  an  ex- 
pedition, then  much  talked  of,  for  exploring  the 
river  Congo,  in  Africa,  and  expressed  a  strong 
desire  to  make  one  of  the  party.  When  the  let- 
ter was  finished,  but  before  it  was  put  in  the 
post-office,  his  eye  fell  upon  a  paragraph  in  the 
newspaper,  stating  that  the  government  were 
about  to  send  vessels  in  quest  of  a  passage  round 
the  Northern  coast  of  North  America,  which 
would  shorten  the  voyage  from  England  to 
India  from  sixteen  thousand  miles  to  about  seven 
thousand.  Parry  reopened  his  letter,  and,  men- 
tioning the  paragraph,  concluded  a  short  post- 
script with  these  words  :  "  Hot  or  cold  is  all  one 
to  me — Africa  or  the  Pole."  His  correspondent 
showed  this  letter  to  a  friend,  who  was  the  man 
in  England  most  devoted  to  the  project  in  ques- 
tion— Mr.  Barrow,  secretary  to  the  admiralty. 
Within  a  week  from  that  time  Lieutenant  Parry 
was  thrown  into  an  ecstasy  of  astonishment  and 
delight  by  receiving  the  appointment  to  com- 
mand one  of  the  two  ships  preparing  for  the  en- 
terprise.— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  386. 

78.  ADVENTUBER,  A  bom.  Hernando  Cor- 
tez.  In  the  year  1502,  at  the  small  country  town 
of  Medellin,  in  Spain,  there  lived  an  idle,  disso- 
lute youth  of  seventeen,  who  was  the  torment 
of  his  parents  and  the  leader  of  all  the  mischief 
going  in  that  neighborhood.  .  .  .  Having  left 
the  college  of  Salamanca  without  permission, 
[he]  was  passing  his  time  in  love  intrigues  and 
dissipation,  regardless  of  the  remonstrances  of 
•his  father  and  mother.  When,  therefore,  he 
declared  his  intention  of  joining  an  expedition 
about  to  sail  for  America,  the  good  people  of 
Medellin,  especially  those  who  had  daughters, 
were  not  sorry  to  hear  it.  .  .  .  No  career  attract- 
ed him,  except  one  of  adventure  in  the  New 
World,  which  had  been  discovered  ten  years 
before. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  317. 

79.  ADVENTUBEBS  disappointed.  Tfieodoric 
tJie  Ostrogoth.  [He  attempted  the  conquest  of 
Italy.]  As  he  advanced  into  Thrace  [Theodo- 
ric]  found  an  inhospitable  solitude,  and  his 
Gothic  followers,  with  a  heavy  train  of  horses, 
of  mules,  and  of  wagons,  were  betrayed  by  their 
guides  among  the  rocks  and  precipices  of  Mount 
Sondis,  where  he  was  assaulted  by  the  arms  and 
invectives  of  [another]  Theodoric,  the  son  of 
Triarius.     From  a  neighboring  height  his  art- 


ful rival  harangued  the  camp  of  the  WaZamirs, 
and  branded  their  leader  with  the  opprobrious 
names  of  child,  of  madman,  of  perjured  traitor, 
the  enemy  of  his  blood  and  nation.  "  Are  you 
ignorant,"  exclaimed  the  son  of  Triarius,  "that 
it  is  the  constant  policy  of  the  Romans  to  destroy 
the  Goths  by  each  other's  swords  ?  Are  you  in- 
sensible that  the  victor  in  this  unnatural  contest 
will  be  exposed,  and  justly  exposed,  to  their  im- 
placable revenge  ?  Where  are  those  warriors, 
my  kinsmen  and  thy  own,  whose  widows  now 
lament  that  their  lives  were  sacrificed  to  thy  rash 
ambition  ?  Where  is  the  wealth  which  thy  sol- 
diers possessed  when  they  were  first  allured  from 
their  native  homes  to  enlist  under  thy  standard  ? 
Each  of  them  was  then  master  of  three  or  four 
horses ;  they  now  follow  thee  on  foot,  like 
slaves,  through  the  deserts  of  Thrace  ;  those  men 
who  were  tempted  by  the  hope  of  measuring 
gold  with  a  bushel,  those  brave  men  who  are  as 
free  and  as  noble  as  thyself."  A  language  so 
well  suited  to  the  temper  of  the  Goths  excited 
clamor  and  discontent ;  and  the  son  of  Theode- 
mir,  apprehensive  of  being  left  alone,  was  com- 
pelled to  embrace  his  brethren,  and  to  imitate 
the  example  of  Roman  perfidy.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  39. 

80.  ADVENTUBES,  Numerous.  Capt.  John 
Smith.  The  new  president,  though  not  thirty 
years  of  age,  was  a  veteran  in  every  kind  of 
valuable  human  experience.  Born  an  English- 
man ;  trained  as  a  soldier  in  the  wars  of  Holland; 
a  traveller  in  France,  Italy,  and  Egypt ;  again  a 
soldier  in  Hungary  ;  captured  by  the  Turks  and 
sold  as  a  slave  ;  sent  from  Constantinople  to 
a  prison  in  the  Crimea  ;  killing  a  taskmaster 
who  beat  him,  and  then  escaping  through  the 
woods  of  Russia  to  Western  Europe  ;  going  with 
an  army  of  adventurers  against  Morocco  ;  finally 
returning  to  England  and  joining  the  London 
Company  [afterward  rescuing  the  colony  in 
Virginia],  John  Smith  was  altogether  the  most 
noted  man  in  the  early  history  of  America. — 
Ridpath's  History  OF  U.  S.,  ch.  9. 

81.  ADVEBSITY,  Benefits  of.  Bunyan  in  Bed- 
foixlJail.  Bunyan's  confinement ,  .  .  was  other- 
wise of  inestimable  value  to  him.  It  gave  him 
leisure  to  read  and  refiect.  Though  he  preached 
often,  yet  there  must  have  been  intervals,  per- 
haps long  intervals,  of  compulsory  silence.  The 
excitement  of  perpetual  speech-making  is  fatal  to 
the  exercise  of  the  higher  qualities.  The  periods 
of  calm  enabled  him  to  discover  powers  in 
himself  of  which  he  might  otherwise  have  never 
known  the  existence.  Of  books  he  had  but 
few  ;  for  a  time  only  the  Bible  and  Fox's  "  Mar- 
tyrs. "  But  the  Bible  thoroughly  known  is  a  liter- 
ature of  itself — the  rarest  and  richest  in  all 
departments  of  thought  or  imagination  which 
exists. — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  6. 

82.  ADVEBSITY  deplored,  Sudden.  Cliarles 
of  Anjou.  [He  experienced  a  reversal  of  his 
good  fortune  by  the  revolt  in  Sicily.  ]  In  the  first 
agony  of  grief  and  devotion,  he  was  heard  to 
exclaim,  "  O  God  !  if  Thou  hast  decreed  to 
humble  me,  grant  me  at  least  a  gentle  and 
gradual  descent  from  the  pinnacle  of  greatness  !" 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  62. 

83.  ADVEBSITY,  Eminence  by.  A.  Lincoln. 
He  had  plenty  of  employment  as  a  surveyor,  and 
won  a  good  reputation  in  this  new  line  of  busi« 


ADVERSITY. 


11 


ness  ;  but  the  financial  crash  of  1837  destroyed 
his  business,  and  his  instruments  were  finally 
«old  under  a  sheriflE's  execution.  This  reverse 
again  threw  him  back  into  political  life,  and,  as 
the  best  preparation  for  it,  he  vigorously  pursued 
his  legal  studies.  [He  had  previously  failed  as 
a  country  store-keeper.  His  goods  were  bought 
on  credit.] — Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch.  1,  p.  26. 

§4.  ADVEBSITY,  Instructed  by.  Frederick  V. 
pElector  Palatine  of  the  Bohemians.]  Frederick 
was  seated  at  table  in  Prague,  while  his  army  was 
thus  cut  to  pieces.  ...  A  messenger  summoned 
Mm  from  table  to  show  him  from  the  walls  the 
whole  frightful  scene.  He  requested  a  cessa- 
::ion  of  hostilities  for  twenty-four  hours  for  de- 
iberation  ;  but  eight  was  all  the  Duke  of 
Bavaria  would  allow  him.  Frederick  availed 
himself  of  these  to  fly  by  night  from  the  capital, 
with  his  wife  and  the  chief  officers  of  his  army. 
This  flight  was  so  hurried  that  the  Prince  of 
Anhalt  left  behind  him  his  most  private  papers, 
and  Frederick  his  crown.  "  I  know  now  what 
I  am,"  said  this  unfortunate  prince  to  those  who 
endeavored  to  comfort  him  ;  "  there  are  virtues 
which  misfortune  only  can  teach  us,  and  it  is  in 
adversity  alone  that  princes  learn  to  know  them- 
selves."— Thirty  Years'  War,  §  138. 

§5.  ADVERSITY,  Lessons  of.  Siege  of  Borne  by 
the  Ooths.  In  the  last  months  of  the  siege  the 
people  were  exposed  to  the  miseries  of  scarcity, 
unwholesome  food,  and  contagious  disorders. 
Belisarius  saw  and  pitied  their  sufferings;  but  he 
had  foreseen,  and  he  watched  the  decay  of  their 
loyalty,  and  the  progress  of  their  discontent. 
Adversity  had  awakened  the  Romans  from  the 
dreams  of  grandeur  and  freedom,  and  taught 
them  the  humiliating  lesson,  that  it  was  of 
small  moment  to  their  real  happiness  whether 
the  name  of  their  master  was  derived  from  the 
Gothic  or  the  Latin  language. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  41. 

§6.  ADVERSITY,  Manhood  through.  Sir  Hum- 
phry Davy.  The  death  of  his  father,  an  in- 
telligent, speculative  man,  who  left  his  affairs 
in  great  disorder,  consigned  his  mother  to  a 
milliner's  shop,  and  changed  him  from  a  school- 
boy into  an  apothecary's  apprentice.  A  shade 
of  seriousness  gathered  over  him.  He  had  be- 
come a  man.  His  private  note-books  of  the  first 
two  years  of  his  apprenticeship  have  been  pre- 
served, and  they  show  us,  that  when  his  day's 
work  of  compounding  drugs  was  done,  and  in 
the  morning  before  it  begun,  he  was  a  hard 
student.  He  went  through  a  complete  course 
of  arithmetic,  algebra,  geometry,  and  trigonom- 
etry, besides  reading  the  metaphysical  works 
of  Locke,  Hartley,  Berkeley,  Hume,  Helvetius, 
Condorcet,  and  Reid.  He  also  learned  the 
French  language.  —  Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  302. 

§r.  ADVERSITY,  National.  Beign  of  Ed- 
ward III.  Only  fourteen  years  had  gone  by 
since  the  treaty  of  Bretigny  raised  England  to  a 
height  of  glory  such  as  it  had  never  known  be- 
fore. But  the  years  had  been  years  of  a  shame 
and  suffering  which  stung  the  people  to  mad- 
ness. Never  had  England  fallen  so  low.  Her 
conquests  were  lost,  her  shores  insulted,  her  com- 
merce swept  from  the  seas.  Within  she  was 
•drained  by  the  taxation  and  bloodshed  of  the 
■war.      Its  popularity  had  wholly  died  away. 


When  the  commons  where  asked  in  1354  whether 
they  would  assent  to  a  treaty  of  perpetual  peace 
if  they  might  have  it,  "the  said  commons  re- 
sponded all,  and  altogether,  '  Yes,  yes  ! '  "  The 
population  was  thinned  by  the  ravages  of  pesti- 
lence, for  till  1369,  which  saw  its  last  visitation, 
the  black  death  returned  again  and  again. — 
Hist,  op  Eng.  People,  §  356. 

88.  ADVERSITY  overruled.  Eli  Whitney. 
Eli  Whitney  was  a  young  Massachusetts  Yan- 
kee, who  had  come  to  Georgia  to  teach,  and, 
having  been  taken  sick,  had  been  invited  by 
this  hospitable  lady  to  reside  in  her  house  till 
he  should  recover.  He  was  the  son  of  a  poor 
farmer,  and  had  worked  his  way  through  college 
without  assistance — as  Yankee  boys  often  do. 
From  early  boyhood  he  had  exhibited  wonder- 
ful skill  in  mechanics,  and  in  college  he  used  to 
repair  the  philosophical  apparatus  with  remark- 
able nicety — to  the  great  admiration  of  pro- 
fessors and  students.     During  his  residence  with 

*Mrs.  Greene  he  had  made  for  her  an  ingenious 
tambour-frame,  on  a  new  principle,  as  well  as 
many  curious  toys  for  her  children.  Hence  her 
advice:  .  "Apply  to  my  young  friend,  Mr. 
Whitney ;  he  can  make  anything."  [He  there 
invented  the  cotton-gin  machine.] — Cyclopedia 
OF  Biog. ,  p.  160. 

89.  ADVERSITY  precedes  Success.  Timour 
the  Tartar.  [In  his  twenty -fifth  year  he  stood 
forth  as  the  deliverer  of  his  country.  ]  The  chiefs 
of  the  law  and  of  the  army  had  pledged  their 
salvation  to  support  him  with  their  lives  and 
fortunes  ;  but  in  the  hour  of  danger  they  were 
silent  and  afraid  ;  and,  after  waiting  seven  days 
on  the  hills  of  Samarcand,  he  retreated  to  the 
desert  with  only  sixty  horsemen.  The  fugitives 
were  overtaken  by  a  thousand  Getes,  whom  he 
repulsed  with  incredible  slaughter,  and  his 
enemies  were  forced  to  exclaim,  "  Timour  is  a 
wonderful  man  :  fortune  and  the  Divine  favor 
are  with  him."  But  in  this  bloody  action  his 
own  followers  were  reduced  to  ten,  a  number 
which  was  soon  diminished  by  the  desertion  of 
three  Carizmians.  He  wandered  in  the  desert 
with  his  wife,  seven  companions,  and  four 
horses  ;  and  sixty-two  days  was  he  plunged  in  a 
loathsome  dungeon,  from  whence  he  escaped  by 
his  own  courage  and  the  remorse  of  the  oppress- 
or. [Greatness  followed.] — Gibbon's  Rome. 
ch.  65. 

90.  ADVERSITY,  Struggle  with.  "An  old 
Struggler."  When  he  [Sir  Walter  Scott]  was  in 
Ireland  ...  a  poor  woman  who  had  offered  to 
sell  him  gooseberries,  but  whose  offer  had  not 
been  accepted,  remarked,  on  seeing  his  daughter 
give  some  pence  to  a  beggar,  that  they  might  as 
well  give  her  an  alms,  too,  as  she  was  "  an  old 
struggler. "  Sir  Walter  was  struck  with  the  ex- 
pression, and  said  that  it  deserved  to  become 
classical,  as  a  name  for  those  who  take  up  arms 
against  a  sea  of  troubles,  instead  of  yielding  to 
the  waves. — Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  15. 

91.  ADVERSITY  a  Tonic.  Sir  W.  Scott.  [He 
lost  a  great  property,  was  fearfully  in  debt,  and 
his  family  distressed.]  On  the  22d  he  says : 
"  I  feel  neither  dishonored  nor  broken  down  by 
the  bad,  now  truly  bad,  news  I  have  received. 
I  have  walked  my  last  in  the  domains  I  have 
planted — sat  the  last  time  in  the  halls  I  have 
built.    But  death  would  have  taken  them  from 


12 


ADVERSITY— ADVICE. 


me,  if  misfortune  had  spared  them.  My  poor 
people  whom  I  loved  so  well !  There  is  just 
another  die  to  turn  up  against  me  in  this  run  of 
ill-luck,  i.  e.,\i  I  should  break  my  magic  wand 
in  the  fall  from  this  elephant,  and  lose  my 
popularity  with  my  fortune.  Then  Woodstock 
and  BoTiey"  [his  life  of  Napoleon]  "  may  both  go 
to  the  paper-maker,  and  I  may  take  to  smoking 
cigars  and  drinking  grog,  or  turn  devotee  and 
intoxicate  the  brain  another  way."  He  adds 
that  when  he  sets  to  work  doggedly,  he  is  ex- 
actly the  same  man  he  ever  was,  "  neither  low- 
spirited  nor  distrait" — nay,  that  adversity  is  to 
him  "a  tonic  and  bracer."  [See  Nos.  92  and 
94.] — Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  15. 

92.  ADVERSITY,  Unaffected  by.  Sir  W.  Scott. 
[He  had  become  a  bankrupt  by  lavish  ex- 
penditures on  his  castle,  etc.]  The  heaviest 
blow  was,  I  think,  the  blow  to  his  pride.  Very 
early  he  begins  to  note  painfully  the  different 
way  in  which  different  friends  greet  him,  to 
remark  that  some  smile  as  if  to  say,  "think 
nothing  about  it,  my  lad,  it  is  quite  out  of  our 
thoughts  ;  "  that  others  adopt  an  affected  grav- 
ity, "  such  as  one  sees  and  despises  at  a  funeral," 
and  the  best-bred  "just  shook  hands  and  went 
on."  He  Avrites  to  Mr.  Morritt  with  a  proud 
indifference,  clearly  to  some  extent  simulated  : 
"My  womenkind  will  be  the  greater  suffer- 
ers, yet  even  they  look  cheerily ;  and,  for  my- 
self, the  blowing  off  of  my  hat  on  a  stormy 
day  has  given  me  more  uneasiness."  To  Lady 
Davy  he  writes  truly  enough:  "I  beg  my 
humblest  compliments  to  Sir  Humphry,  and 
tell  him.  111  Luck,  that  direful  chemist,  never 
put  into  his  crucible  a  more  indissoluble  piece 
of  stuff  than  your  affectionate  cousin  and  sin- 
cere well-wisher,  Walter  Scott."  [See  Nos.  91 
and  94.] — Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  15. 

93.  ADVERSITY  utilized.  Luther  hidden  in 
Wartburg  Castle.  Not  long  had  he  been  on  the 
burg  when  he  occupied  himself  with  the  trans- 
lation of  the  Scriptures,  as  well  as  with  other 
writings.  In  a  few  weeks  several  works  were 
ready  for  the  press.  A  treatise  "About  Con- 
fession, and  whether  the  Pope  is  entitled  to 
command  the  same,"  he  dedicated  to  his  par- 
ticular friend  and  firm  patron,  Francisco  von 
Sickingen.  Besides  commenting  upon  selected 
portions  of  Holy  Scripture  intended  to  instruct, 
comfort,  and  edify  Christian  people,  Luther 
sent  out  many  a  heavy  controversial  article  from 
the  Wartburg. — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  10. 

94.  ADVERSITY,  Victim  of.  Sir  W.  Scott. 
As  Scott  had  always  forestalled  his  in- 
come —  spending  the  purchase-money  of  his 
poems  and  novels  before  they  were  written — 
such  a  failure  as  this,  at  the  age  of  fifty-five, 
when  all  the  freshness  of  his  youth  was  gone 
out  of  him,  when  he  saw  his  son's  prospects 
blighted  as  well  as  his  own,  and  knew  perfectly 
that  James  Ballantyne,  unassisted  by  him, 
could  never  hope  to  pay  any  fraction  of  the 
debt  worth  mentioning,  would  have  been  para- 
lyzing, had  he  not  been  a  man  of  iron  nerve, 
and  of  a  pride  and  courage  hardly  ever  equalled. 
Domestic  calamity,  too,  was  not  far  off.  For 
two  years  he  had  been  watching  the  failure  of 
his  wife's  health  with  increasing  anxiety,  and 
as  calamities  seldom  come  single,  her  iUness 
took  a  most  serious  form  at  the  very  time  when 


the  blow  fell,  and  she  died  within  four  months 
of  the  failure.  Nay,  Scott  was  himself  unwell 
at  the  critical  moment,  and  was  taking  seda- 
tives which  discomposed  his  brain.  [See  Nos. 
91  and  92.] — Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  15. 

95.  ADVERSITY  in  War.  Spartans.  The 
Spartans  raised  two  considerable  armies,  and 
commenced  hostilities  by  entering  the  territory 
of  Phocis.  They  were  defeated ;  Lysander, 
one  of  their  generals,  being  killed  in  battle,  and 
Pausanias,  the  other,  condemned  to  death  for 
his  misconduct.  Much  about  the  same  time 
the  Persian  fleet  under  the  command  of  Conon 
vanquished  that  of  Sparta,  near  Cnidos,  a  city 
of  Caria.  This  defeat  deprived  the  Lacedaemo- 
nians of  the  command  of  the  sea.  Their  allies- 
took  the  opportunity  of  this  turn  of  affairs  to 
throw  off  their  yoke,  and  Sparta,  almost  in  a 
single  campaign,  saw  herself  without  allies, 
vdthout  power,  and  without  resources.  The 
reverse  of  fortune  experienced  by  this  republic 
was  truly  remarkable.  Twenty  years  had  not 
elapsed  since  she  was  absolute  mistress  of 
Greece,  and  held  the  whole  of  her  states  either 
as  tributaries  or  allies,  who  found  it  their  high- 
est interest  to  court  her  favor  and  protection. 
So  changed  was  her  present  situation,  that  the 
most  inconsiderable  of  the  states  of  Pelopon- 
nesus spurned  at  her  authority,  and  left  her 
singly  to  oppose  the  united  power  of  Persia  and 
the  league  of  Greece.  —  Universal  History, 
Tytler,  ch.  2,  Book  2. 

96.  ADVERTISEMENTS,  Sanctimonious.  Ridi- 
culed. Advertisements  in  magazines  announc- 
ing an  eligible  residence  in  a  neighborhood 
where  the  gospel  is  preached  in  three  places 
vdthin  half  a  mile ;  and  of  a  serious  man-ser- 
vant wanted  who  can  shave :  such  announce- 
ments as  these  were  new  and  strange  objects  of 
ridicule  in  1808. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  7. 

97.  ADVICE  disdained.  Braddock's  Defeat. 
A  select  force  of  five  hundred  men  was  thrown 
forward  to  open  the  roads  in  the  direction  of 
Fort  Du  Quesne.  .  .  .  The  army,  marching  in  a 
slender  column,  was  extended  for  four  miles- 
along  the  narrow  and  broken  road.  It  was  in 
vain  that  Washington  pointed  out  the  danger 
of  ambuscades  and  suggested  the  employment 
of  scouting-parties.  Braddock  was  self-willed, 
arrogant,  and  proud  ;  thoroughly  skilled  in  the 
tactics  of  European  warfare,  he  could  not  bear 
to  be  advised  by  an  inferior.  The  sagacious 
Franklin  had  advised  him  to  move  with  cau- 
tion ;  but  he  only  replied  that  it  was  impossible 
for  savages  to  make  any  impression  on  hia 
Majesty's  regulars.  Now,  when  Washington 
ventured  to  repeat  the  advice,  Braddock  flew 
into  a  passion,  strode  up  and  down  in  his  tent, 
and  said  that  it  was  high  times  when  Col. 
Buckskin  could  teach  a  British  general  how  to 
fight.  [The  army  was  surprised  and  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  the  French  and  Indians.  The 
general  was  severely  wounded,  and  the  troops, 
thrown  into  a  panic.  ]  ' '  What  shall  we  do  now, 
colonel?"  said  he  to  Washington.  .  .  .  "Retreat, 
sir — retreat  by  all  means." — Ridpath's  Hist. 
U.  S.,  ch.  31. 

9§.  ADVICE  ignored.  By  King  James  U. 
Clarendon  [the  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland] 
was  soon  informed,  by  a  concise  despatch  from 
Sunderland,  that  it  had  been  resolved  to  make 


ADVICE— AFFECTION. 


13 


without  delay  a  complete  change  in  both  the 
■civil  and  the  military  government  of  Ireland, 
^nd  to  bring  a  large  number  of  Roman  Catho- 
lics instantly  into  office.  His  Majesty,  it  was 
most  ungraciously  added,  had  taken  counsel  on 
these  matters  with  persons  more  competent  to 
advise  him  than  his  inexperienced  lord  lieuten- 
ant could  possibly  be. — Macaulay's  Hist,  of 
Eng.,  ch.  6. 

99.  ADVICE,  lU-timed.  A.  Liiicoln.  [Some 
Western  gentlemen  were  excited  about  the  com- 
missions and  omissions  of  the  Administration.] 
' '  Gentlemen,  suppose  all  the  property  you  were 
worth  was  in  gold,  and  you  had  put  it  in  the 
hands  of  Blondin  to  carry  across  the  Niagara 
River  on  a  rope,  would  you  shake  the  cable,  or 
ieep  shouting  to  him — 'Blondin,  stand  up  a 
Jittle  straighter — Blondin,  stoop  a  little  more — 
go  a  little  faster — lean  a  little  more  to  the  north 
— lean  a  little  more  to  the  south '  ?  No,  you 
would  hold  your  breath,  as  well  as  your  tongue. 

.  .  .  The  government  are  carrying  an  immense 
weight.  TJntold  treasures  are  in  their  hands. 
They  are  doing  the  very  best  they  can.  Don't 
badger  them." — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  752. 

100.  ADVICE,  Legacy  of.  By  Augustus  to 
the  Bomans.  On  the  death  of  that  emperor,  his 
testament  was  publicly  read  in  the  senate.  He 
bequeathed,  as  a  valuable  legacy  to  his  success- 
ors, the  advice  of  confining  the  empire  within 
those  limits  which  nature  seemed  to  have  placed 
as  its  permanent  bulwarks  and  boundaries  :  on 
the  west,  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  the  Rhine  and 
Danube  on  the  north ;  the  Euphrates  on  the 
east ;  and  toward  the  south,  the  sandy  deserts 
of  Arabia  and  Africa. .  .  .  Happily  for  the  repose 
of  mankind,  the  moderate  system  recommended 
by  the  wisdom  of  Augustus  was  adopted  by 
the  fears  and  vices  of  his  immediate  successors. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1. 

101.  ADVOCATE,  A  personal.  Mt  by  Proxy. 
f  An  old  legionary  asked  Augustus  to  assist  him 
m  a  cause  which  was  about  to  be  tried.  Au- 
.gustus  deputed  one  of  his  friends  to  speak  for 
the  veteran,  who,  however,  repudiated  the  vica- 
rious patron:]  "It  was  not  by  proxy  that  I 
fought  for  you  at  the  battle  of  Actium."  Au- 
gustus acknowledged  the  obligation,  and  pleaded 
the  cause  in  person. 

102.  .ffiSTHETICISM,  Brutality  of.  Qladiatcyrs. 
The  Lanistae,  whose  business  it  was  to  instruct 
these  gladiators  in  their  profession,  taught  them 
not  only  the  use  of  their  arms,  but  likewise  the 
most  graceful  postures  of  falling  and  the  finest 
attitudes  of  dying  in.  The  food  .  .  .  prescribed  to 
them  was  of  such  a  nature  as  to  enrich  and 
thicken  the  blood,  so  that  it  might  flow  more 
leisurely  through  their  wounds,  and  thus  the 
spectators  might  be  the  longer  gratified  with 
the  sight  of  their  agonies.  .  .  .  [They  took  the  fol- 
lowing oath:]  "We  swear  that  we  will  suffer 
ourselves  to  be  bound,  scourged,  burned,  or 
killed  by  the  sword,  or  whatever  Eumolpus  or- 
dains, and  thus,  like  freeborn  gladiators,  we  re- 
ligiously devote  both  our  soul  and  our  body  to 
our  master." — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  4. 

103.  iESTHETICISM,  Realistic.  Bomans.  [Ne- 
ro's reign.]  The  specific  atrocity  of  such  spec- 
tacles —  unknown  to  the  earlier  ages  which 
they  called  barbarous — was  due  to  the  cold- 


blooded selfishness,  the  hideous  realism  of  a  re- 
fined, delicate,  aesthetic  age.  To  please  these 
"  lisping  hawthorn-buds,"  these  debauched  and 
sanguinary  dandies.  Art,  forsooth,  must  know 
nothing  of  morality  ;  must  accept  and  rejoice 
in  a  "  healthy  animalism  ;"  must  estimate  life 
by  the  number  of  its  few  wildest  pulsations ; 
must  reckon  that  life  is  worthless  without  the 
most  thrilling  experiences  of  horror  or  delight ! 
Comedy  must  be  actual  shame,  and  tragedy 
genuine  bloodshed.  When  the  play  of  Af  ranius 
called  "The  Conflagration"  was  put  on  the 
stage,  a  house  must  be  really  burnt,  and  its  fur- 
niture really  plundered.  In  the  mime  called 
"Laureolus,"  an  actor  must  really  be  crucified 
and  mangled  by  a  bear,  and  really  fling  himself 
down  and  deluge  the  stage  with  blood.  When 
the  heroism  of  Mucius  Scajvola  was  represented, 
a  real  criminal  must  thrust  his  hand  without  a 
groan  into  the  flame,  and  stand  motionless  while 
it  is  being  burnt.  Prometheus  must  be  really 
chained  to  his  rock,  and  Dirce  in  very  fact  be 
tossed  and  gored  by  the  wild  bull ;  and  Orpheus 
be  torn  to  pieces  by  a  real  bear ;  and  Icarus 
must  really  fly,  even  though  he  fall  and  be 
dashed  to  death  ;  and  Hercules  must  ascend  the 
funeral  pyre,  and  there  be  veritably  burnt  alive  ; 
and  slaves  and  criminals  must  play  their  parts 
heroically  in  gold  and  purple  till,  the  flames  en- 
velop them.  It  was  the  ultimate  romance  of  a 
degraded  and  brutalized  society.  —  Farrar's 
Early  Days,  p.  40. 

104.  AFFECTION,  Conjugal.  Josephine.  [The 
night  following  the  execution  of  the  deed  of 
divorce,  Josephine  approached  with  hesitation 
the  bed  and  the  spouse  from  whence  she  had  been 
ejected.]  Forgetting  everything  in  the  fulness 
of  her  anguish,  she  threfvv  herself  upon  the  bed, 
clasped  Napoleon's  neck  in  her  arms,  and  ex- 
claiming, "  My  husband  !  my  husband  !"  sobbed 
as  though  her  heart  were  breaking.  The  impe- 
rial spirit  of  Napoleon  was  entirely  vanquished. 
He  also  wept  convulsively.  He  assured  Jose- 
phine of  his  love — of  his  ardent,  undying  love. 
tit  was  their  last  private  interview.] — Abbott's 
Tapoleon  B.  ,  vol.  2,  ch.  10. 

105. .  Andrew  Jackson.  The  peo- 
ple of  Nashville,  proud  of  the  success  of  their 
favorite,  resolved  to  celebrate  the  event  by 
a  great  banquet  on  the  22d  of  December,  the 
anniversary  of  the  day  on  which  the  general 
had  first  defeated  the  British  feelow  New- 
Orleans.  .  .  .  Six  days  before  the  day  appoint- 
ed for  the  celebration,  Mrs.  Jackson  .  .  .  sud- 
denly shrieked,  placed  her  hands  upon  her 
heart,  sunk  upon  a  chair.  .  .  .  For  the  space  of 
sixty  hours  she  suffered  extreme  agony.  .  .  . 
She  recovered  the  use  of  her  tongue  ...  to 
implore  .  .  .  her  exhausted  husband  to  recruit 
his  strength  for  the  banquet.  He  would  not 
leave  her,  but  lay  upon  the  sofa  and  slept  a 
little.  The  evening  of  the  22d  she  appear- 
ed so  much  better  that  the  general  consent- 
ed, after  much  persuasion,  to  sleep  in  the  next 
room.  When  he  had  been  gone  five  minutes  .  .  . 
Mrs.  Jackson  gave  a  loud,  inarticulate  cry, 
which  was  immediately  followed  by  the  death- 
rattle  in  her  throat.  All  night  long  he  sat  in 
the  room,  occasionally  looking  into  her  face, 
and  feeling  if  there  was  any  pulsation  in  her 
heart.    The  next  morning,  when  one  of  his 


14 


AFFECTION. 


friends  arrived  just  before  daylight,  he  was 
neariy  speechless  and  utteriy  inconsolable,  look- 
ing twenty  years  older.  There  was  no  banquet 
that  day  in  Nashville.  .  .  .  Andrew  Jackson 
was  never  the  same  man  again. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BioG.,  p.  539. 

106.  AFFECTION,  Destitute  of.  Fulk  the 
Black.  He  was  without  natural  affection.  In 
his  youth  he  burned  a  wife  at  the  stake,  and 
legend  told  how  he  led  her  to  her  doom  decked 
out  in  his  gayest  attire.  In  his  old  age  he  waged 
his  bitterest  war  against  his  son,  and  exacted 
from  him  when  vanquished  a  humiliation  which 
men  reserved  for  the  deadliest  of  their  foes. 
"You  are  conquered,  you  are  conquered!" 
shouted  the  old  man  in  fierce  exultation,  as 
Geoffry,  bridled  and  saddled  like  a  beast  of 
burden,  crawled  for  pardon  to  his  father's  feet. 
In  Fulk  first  appeared  that  low  type  of  supersti- 
tion which  startled  even  superstitious  ages  in 
the  early  Plantagenets.  Robber  as  he  was  of 
church  lands,  and  contemptuous  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal censures,  the  fear  of  the  end  of  the  world 
drove  Fulk  to  the  holy  sepulchre.  Barefoot 
and  with  the  strokes  of  the  scourge  falling  heav- 
ily on  his  shoulders,  the  count  had  himself 
dragged  by  a  halter  through  the  streets  of  Jeru- 
salem, and  courted  the  doom  of  martyrdom  by 
his  wild  outcries  of  penitence.  He  rewarded  the 
fidelity  of  Herbert  of  Le  Mans,  whose  aid  saved 
him  from  utter  ruin,  by  entrapping  him  into 
captivity  and  robbing  him  of  his  lands.  He  se- 
cured the  terrified  friendship  of  the  French  king 
by  despatching  twelve  assassins  to  cut  down  be- 
fore his  eyes  the  minister  who  had  troubled  it. 
Familiar  as  the  age  was  with  treason  and  rapine 
and  blood,  it  recoiled  from  the  cool  cynicism  of 
his  crimes,  and  believed  the  wrath  of  heaven  to 
have  been  revealed  against  the  union  of  the 
worst  forms  of  evil  in  Fulk  the  Black.  But 
neither  the  wrath  of  heaven  nor  the  curses  of 
men  broke  with  a  single  mishap  the  fifty  years 
of  his  success. — Hist,  op  Eng.  People,  §  123. 

107.  AFFECTION,  Display  of.  Conjugal.  [Ca- 
to  the  Censor]  expelled  Manlius,  a  senator, 
whom  the  general  opinion  had  marked  out  for 
Consul,  because  he  had  given  his  wife  a  kiss  in 
the  day-time,  in  the  sight  of  his  daughter. 
"  For  his  own  part,"  he  said,  "his  wife  never 
embraced  him  but  when  it  thundered  dread- 
fully," adding,  by  way  of  joke,  "That  he  was 
happy  when  Jupiter  pleased  to  thunder." — Plu- 
tarch. 

10§.  AFFECTION,  Enduring.  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton. The  beautiful  daughter  of  a  physician, 
who  resided  near  his  school,  won  his  boyish 
affections,  and  he  paid  court  to  her  by  making 
dolls  and  doll-furniture  for  her.  His  affection 
was  returned  by  the  young  lady,  and  nothing 
prevented  their  early  marriage  but  Newton's 
poverty.  .  .  .  When  at  length  he  was  in  better 
circumstances,  the  object  of  his  youthful  love 
was  married,  and  he  himself  was  wedded  to 
science.  Never,  however,  did  he  return  to  the 
home  of  his  fathers  without  visiting  the  lady  ; 
and  when  both  had  reached  fourscore  he  had 
the  pleasure  of  relieving  the  necessities  of  her 
old  age. — Parton's  Sir  I.  Newton,  p.  86. 

109.  AFFECTION,  Fickle.  Countess  of  Car- 
lisle. The  beautiful  Countess  of  Carlisle,  a  kind 
of  English  Cleopatra,  of  whom  Strafford  in  the 


season  of  his  greatness  had  been  the  favored 
lover,  used  every  effort  with  the  Parliament  to- 
obtain  the  life  of  the  man  whose  love  had  been 
her  pride.  The  fascinating  countess  failed  to- 
soften  their  hearts.  As  if  it  were  the  fate  of 
Strafford  to  suffer  at  the  same  time  the  loss  of 
both  love  and  friendship,  this  versatile  beauty, 
more  attached  to  the  power  than  the  persons  of 
her  admirers,  transferred  her  affections  quickly 
from  Strafford  to  Pym,  and  became  the  mis- 
tress of  the  murderer,  who  succeeded  to  the 
victim. — Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  14. 

110.  AFFECTION,  FiUal.  William  Cowper. 
When  Cowper  was  six  years  old  his  mother 
died  ;  and  seldom  has  a  child,  even  such  a  child, 
lost  more,  even  in  a  mother.  Fifty  years  after 
her  death  he  still  thinks  of  her,  he  says,  with 
love  and  tenderness  every  day.  Late  in  his  lif^ 
his  cousin,  Mrs.  Anne  Bodham,  recalled  herself 
to  his  remembrance  by  sending  him  his  mother's 
picture.  "Every  creature,"  he  writes,  "that 
has  any  affinity  to  my  mother  is  dear  to  me,  and 
you,  the  daughter  of  her  brother,  are  but  one 
remove  distant  from  her  ;  I  love  you,  therefore, 
and  love  you  much,  both  for  her  sake  and  for 
your  own." — Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  1. 

111. .  Sir  Walter  Scott.  His  ex- 
ecutors, in  lifting  up  his  desk,  the  evening 
after  his  burial,  found  "arranged  in  careful 
order  a  series  of  little  objects,  which  had 
obviously  been  so  placed  there  that  his  eye 
might  rest  on  them  every  morning  before  he 
began  his  tasks.  These  were  the  old-fashioned 
boxes  that  had  garnished  his  mother's  toilet, 
when  he,  a  sickly  child,  slept  in  her  dressing- 
room — the  silver  taper-stand,  which  the  young 
advocate  had  bought  for  her  with  his  first  five- 
guinea  fee ;  a  row  of  small  packets  inscribed 
with  her  hand,  and  containing  the  hair  of  those 
of  her  offspring  that  had  died  before  her  ;  his 
father's  snuff-box  and  etui-case ;  and  more 
things  of  the  sort." — Hutton's  Life  of  Scott, 
ch.  1. 

112, .     Caius  Ma/rcitcs  Coriolanus. 

Marcius  pursued  glory  because  the  acquisition 
of  it  delighted  his  mother.  For  when  she  was 
witness  to  the  applause  he  received,  when  she 
saw  him  crowned,  when  she  embraced  him  with 
tears  of  joy,  then  it  was  that  he  reckoned  him- 
self at  the  height  of  honor  and  felicity.  Epam- 
inondas  had  the  same  sentiments,  and  declared 
it  the  chief  happiness  of  his  life,  that  his  father 
and  mother  lived  to  see  the  generalship  he  ex- 
erted and  the  victory  he  won  at  Leuctra. — 
Plutarch. 

113. .  Sertorius  the  Roman  General. 

This  love  of  his  country  is  said  to  have  been  in 
some  measure  owing  to  the  attachment  he  had 
to  his  mother.  His  father  died  in  his  in- 
fancy, and  he  had  his  education  wholly  from 
her ;  consequently  his  affections  centred  in 
her.  His  Spanish  friends  wanted  to  constitute 
him  supreme  governor ;  but  having  informa- 
tion at  that  time  of  the  death  of  his  mother,  he 
gave  himself  up  to  the  most  alarming  grief. 
For  seven  whole  days  he  neither  gave  the  word, 
nor  would  be  seen  by  any  of  his  friends. — 
Plutarch. 

114. .  Alexander  the  Great.  [Olym- 

pias  was  his  mother.]  He  made  her  many 
magnificent  presents  ;  but  he  would  not  suffer 


AFFECTION. 


15 


her  busy  genius  to  exert  itself  in  State  affairs, 
or  in  the  least  to  control  the  proceedings 
of  government.  She  complained  of  this  as 
a  hardship,  and  he  bore  her  ill-humor  with 
great  mildness.  Antipater  once  wrote  him  a  long 
letter  full  of  heavy  complaints  against  her  ;  and 
when  he  had  read  it,  he  said,  "  Antipater  knows 
not  that  one  tear  of  a  mother  can  blot  out  a  thou- 
sand such  complaints." — Plutarch. 

115. .     Napoleon  I.     [During  the 

war  between  France  and  England  an  English 
prisoner  escaped,  and  reaching  the  coast  secretly 
prepared  a  fragile  skiff  of  the  bark  and  branches 
of  trees.  He  was  about  to  venture  the  Channel 
when  he  was  arrested.]  "Do  you  really  .in- 
tend," said  Napoleon,  "to  brave  the  terrors  of 
the  ocean  in  so  frail  a  skiff  T  "  If  you  will 
but  grant  me  permission,"  said  the  young  man, 
"  I  will  embark  immediately."  "  You  must 
doubtless,  then,  have  some  mistress  to  revisit." 
..."  I  wish,"  replied  the  noble  sailor,  "  to  see 
my  mother.  She  is  aged,  poor,  and  infirm." 
The  heart  of  Napoleon  was  touched.  "You 
shall  see  her,"  he  energetically  replied,  "and 
present  to  her  from  me  this  purse  of  gold.  She 
must  be  no  common  mother  who  can  have 
trained  up  so  affectionate  and  dutiful  a  son." 
.  .  .  Sent  in  a  cruiser  with  a  flag  of  truce. — 
Abbott's  Napolkon,  vol.  1,  ch.  26. 

116.  AFFECTION  of  Friendship.  A.Lincoln. 
A  few  days  before  the  President's  death  Secre- 
tary Stanton  tendered  his  resignation  of  the 
War  Department  .  .  .  saying  that  he  .  .  .  had 
accepted  the  position  to  hold  it  only  until  the 
war  should  end,  and  that  now  he  felt  his  work 
was  done.  Mr.  Lincoln  was  greatly  moved  by 
the  secretary's  words,  and  tearing  in  pieces  the 
paper  that  contained  the  resignation,  and  throw- 
ing his  arms  about  the  secretary,  he  said,  ' '  Stan- 
ton you  have  been  a  good  friend  and  a  faithful 
public  servant,  and  it  is  not  for  you  to  say  when 
you  will  be  no  longer  needed  here."  Several 
friends  of  both  parties  were  present,  and  there 
was  not  a  dry  eye  that  witnessed  the  scene. — 
Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  757. 

117.  AFFECTION,  Impartial.  Mr.  Dustin. 
a.d.  1697.  Seven  days  after  her  confinement 
Indian  prowlers  raised  their  shouts  near  the 
house  of  Hannah  Dustin,  of  Haverhill  [N.  H.]  ; 
her  husband  rode  home  from  the  field,  but  too 
late  to  provide  for  her  rescue.  He  must  fly, 
even  if  he  would  save  one  of  his  seven  children, 
who  had  hurried  before  him  into  the  forest. 
But,  from  the  cowering  flock,  how  could  a 
father  make  a  choice  ?  [Which  one  take  ? 
which  leave  to  the  Indians  ?]  With  gun  in 
hand  he  now  repels  the  assault,  now  cheers  on 
the  innocent  group  of  little  ones,  as  they  rustle 
through  the  dried  leaves  and  bushes,  till  all 
reach  a  shelter.  The  Indians  burned  his  home 
and  dashed  his  infant  against  a  tree.  [His  wife 
was  taken  into  captivity.] — Bancboft's  U.  8., 
ch.  21. 

11§.  AFFECTION  outraged,  Maternal.  Indian 
Wars.  [The  French  and  Indians  made  captives 
of  women  after  burning  the  settlement  of  Salmon 
Falls  in  1690.]  The  prisoners  were  laden  by  the 
victors  with  spoils  from  their  own  homes.  .  .  . 
Mehetabel  Godwin  would  linger  apart  in  the 
snow  to  lull  her  infant  to  sleep,  lest  its  cries 
should  provoke  the  savages  ;  angry  at  the  delay. 


her  [Indian]  master  struck  the  child  against  a 
tree,  and  hung  it  among  the  branches. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  21. 

119.  AFFECTION,  Parental,  Samuel  Wesley. 
[The  house  of  Rev.  Samuel  Wesley,  the  father 
of  John  Wesley,  was  fired  at  night  by  the  rab- 
ble, and  totally  consumed.]  The  family  barely 
escaped  with  their  night  garments  upon  them. 
Mrs.  Wesley  was  in  feeble  health ;  unable  to 
climb  with  the  rest  through  the  windows,  she 
was  thrice  beaten  back  from  the  front  door  by 
the  flames.  Committing  herself  to  God,  she  at 
last  waded  through  the  fire  to  the  street,  scorch- 
ing her  face  and  hands.  It  was  found  that  one 
child  was  missing.  The  father  attempted  to- 
pass  up  the  stairs  to  rescue  him,  but  the  consum- 
ing steps  could  not  bear  his  weight.  He  return- 
ed in  despair,  and,  kneeling  down  upon  the  earth,, 
resigned  to  God  the  soul  of  his  child.  Mean- 
while, the  latter  waking  from  his  sleep,  and 
finding  his  chamber  and  bed  on  fire,  flew  to  the 
window,  beneath  which  two  peasants  placed 
themselves,  one  on  the  shoulders  of  the  other, 
and  saved  him  at  the  moment  when  the  roof  fell 
in  and  crushed  the  chamber  to  the  ground. 
' '  Come,  neighbors, "  said  the  father,  as  he  received 
his  son,  "  let  us  kneel  down  and  give  thank& 
to  God  ;  He  has  given  me  all  my  eight  children  ; 
let  the  house  go,  I  am  rich  enough."  A  few 
moments  more  and  the  founder  of  Methodism 
would  have  been  lost  to -the  world. — Stevens's 
Methodism,  ch.  1,  p.  59. 

120. .  Lard  Strafford's  Trial.  "  My 

lords,  I  have  troubled  you  longer  than  I 
should  have  done,  were  it  not  for  the  inter- 
est of  these  dear  pledges  a  saint  in  heaven 
hath  left  me."  [Here  he  stooped,  letting  fall 
some  tears,  and  then  resumed.]  "  What  I  for- 
feit myself  is  nothing  ;  but  that  my  indiscretion 
should  extend  to  my  posterity  woundeth  me  to 
the  very  soul.  You  will  pardon  my  infirmity  -^ 
something  I  should  have  added,  but  am  not  able, 
therefore  let  it  pass.  And  now,  my  lords,  for 
myself  I  have  been,  by  the  blessing  of  Almighty 
God,  taught  the  afliictions  of  this  present  life 
are  not  to  be  compared  to  the  eternal  weight 
of  glory  which  shall  be  revealed  hereafter. 
And  so,  my  lords  ...  I  freely  submit  myself  to- 
your  judgment ;  and  whether  that  judgment  be 
for  life  or  death — '  Te  Deum  Laudamus  !' "  Sen- 
tence of  death  was  the  reply  to  this  eloquence 
and  virtue. — Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  12. 

121.  AFFECTION,  Strong.  William,  Prince  of 
Orange.  His  affection  was  as  impetuous  as  his 
wrath.  Where  he  loved,  he  loved  with  the  whole 
energy  of  his  strong  mind.  When  death  separated 
him  from  what  he  loved,  the  few  who  witnessed 
his  agonies  trembled  for  his  reason  and  his  life. 
To  a  very  small  circle  of  intimate  friends,  on 
whose  fidelity  and  secrecy  he  could  absolutely 
depend,  he  was  a  different  man  from  the  re- 
served and  stoical  William  whom  the  multitude 
supposed  to  be  destitute  of  human  feelings. 
— Macaulay's  Hist,  op  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  7. 

122.  AFFECTION,  Zeal  of.  John  Howard. 
Howard  was  in  the  south  of  Europe  when  first  his 
friends  ventured  to  inform  him  of  his  son's  con- 
dition. "  I  have  a  melancholy  letter,"  he  wrote, 
"  relative  to  my  unhappy  young  man.  It  is  in- 
deed a  bitter  affliction — a  son,  an  only  son  \" 
[A  dissipated  young  man.]    He  hurried  b«me. 


16 


AFFECTION&-AGE. 


The  first  five  hundred  miles  he  never  stopped, 
day  nor  night,  except  to  change  horses.  He 
reached  his  house  to  find  his  son  a  raving  mad- 
man, and  to  learn  that  his  physicians  had  little 
hope  of  his  restoration.  One  of  the  symptoms 
of  his  madness  was  a  most  violent  antipathy  to 
his  father,  vphich  banished  Howard  from  his 
home,  until  the  increasing  violence  of  the  mal- 
ady compelled  the  removal  of  the  patient  to  an 
asylum,  where  he  died  at  the  age  of  thirty -five. 
— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  72. 

123.  AFFECTIONS,  Blighted.  Emanuel  Swe- 
dmborg.  The  attachment  [of  Swedenborg  for 
Polheim's  daughter],  however,  was  not  mutual, 
and  the  lady  would  not  allow  herself  to  be  be- 
trothed. Her  father,  who  deeply  loved  Sweden- 
borg, caused  a  written  agreement  to  be  drawn 
up,  promising  his  daughter  at  some  future  day. 
This  document,  Emerentia,  from  filial  obedience, 
.signed  ;  but,  as  ladies  generally  do,  when  forced 
to  love  in  this  way,  took  to  sighs  and  sadness, 
which  so  affected  her  brother  with  sorrow,  that 
he  secretly  purloined  the  agreement  from  Swe- 
denborg. The  paper  was  soon  missed,  for  Swe- 
denborg read  it  over  frequently  ;  and  in  his  grief 
at  its  loss  besought  Polheim  to  replace  it  by  a  new 
one.  But  as  Swedenborg  now  discovered  the 
pain  which  he  gave  to  the  object  of  his  affections, 
lie  at  once  relinquished  all  claim  to  her  hand,  and 
left  her  father's  house.  It  was  his  last,  as  it  was 
his  first,  endeavor  after    marriage. — White's 

;SWEDENBORG,    ch.    3. 

124.  A0£,  Depraved.  Introducing  Ghristi- 
■anity.  The  epoch  which  witnessed  the  early 
growth  of  Christianity  was  an  epoch  of  which 
the  horror  and  the  degradation  have  rarely  been 
equalled,  and  perhaps  never  exceeded,  in  the  an- 
nals of  mankind.  .  .  .  Abundant  proof  s  of  the  ab- 
normal wickedness  which  accompanied  the  de- 
cadence of  ancient  civilization  .  .  .  are  stamped 
upon  its  coinage,  cut  on  its  gems,  painted  upon 
its  chamber-walls,  sown  broadcast  over  the 
pages  of  its  poets,  satirists,  and  historians.  "  Out 
of  thine  own  mouth  will  I  judge  thee,  thou  wick- 
ed servant !"  Is  there  any  age  which  stands  so 
instantly  condemned  by  the  bare  mention  of  its 
rulers  as  that  which  recalls  the  successive  names 
of  Tiberius,  Gaius,  Claudius,  Nero,  Galba,  Otho, 
and  Vitellius,  and  which  after  a  brief  gleam  of 
better  examples  under  Vespasian  and  Titus, 
•sank  at  last  under  the  hideous  tyranny  of  a  Domi- 
tian  ?  Is  there  any  age  of  which  the  evil  charac- 
teristics force  themselves  so  instantaneously  up- 
on the  mind  as  that  of  which  we  mainly  learn  the 
history  and  moral  condition  from  the  relics  of 
Pompeii  and  Herculaneum,  the  satires  of  Per- 
sius  and  Juvenal,  the  epigrams  of  Martial,  and 
the  terrible  records  of  Tacitus,  Suetonius,  and 
Dion  Cassius  ?  And  yet  even  beneath  this  lowest 
deep,  there  is  a  lower  deep  ;  for  not  even  on 
their  dark  pages  are  the  depths  of  Satan  so  shame- 
lessly laid  bare  to  human  gaze  as  they  are  in  the 
sordid  fictions  of  Petronius  and  of  Apuleius. — 
Parrar's  Early  Days,  ch.  1. 


125.  AGE  of  Greatness.  National.  It  is  this 
period,  from  the  middle  of  the  eighth  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  tenth  century,  which  is  to  be  account- 
ed the  most  flourishing  age  of  Arabian  magnifi- 
cence. While  Haroun  Alraschid  made  Bagdad 
the  seat  of  a  great  and  polished  empire,  and  cul- 
tivated the  arts  and  sciences  with  high  success. 


the  Moors  of  Cordova,  under  Abdalrahman  and 
his  successors,  vied  with  their  Asiatic  brethren 
in  the  same  honorable  pursuits,  and  were,  un- 
questionably, the  most  enlightened  of  the  States 
of  Europe  at  this  period.  The  empire  of  the 
Franks  indeed,  under  Charlemagne,  exhibited 
a  beautiful  picture  of  order,  sprung  from  confu- 
sion and  weakness,  but  terminating  with  the 
reign  of  this  illustrious  monarch,  and  leaving 
no  time  for  the  arts  introduced  by  him  to  make 
any  approach  to  perfection.  The  Moors  of 
Spain,  under  a  series  of  princes,  who  gave  every 
encouragement  to  genius  and  industry,  though 
fond  at  the  same  time  of  military  glory,  gained 
thp  reputation  of  superiority  both  in  arts  and 
arms  to  all  the  nations  of  the  West.  The  Moor- 
ish structures  in  Spain,  which  were  reared  dur- 
ing the  eighth,  ninth,  and  tenth  centuries,  many 
of  which  yet  remain,  convey  an  idea  of  opulence 
and  grandeur  which  almost  exceeds  belief.  The 
Mosque  of  Cordova,  begun  by  Abdalrahman  the 
First,  and  finished  about  the  year  800,  is  still  al- 
most entire. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  4. 

126.  AGE,  An  improved.  Evils  old.  The  more 
carefully  we  examine  the  history  of  the  past,  the 
more  reason  shall  we  find  to  dissent  from  those 
who  imagine  that  our  age  has  been  fruitful  of 
new  social  evils.  The  truth  is,  that  the  evils  are, 
with  scarcely  an  exception,  old.  That  which  is 
new  is  the  intelligence  which  discerns  them, 
and  the  humanity  which  remedies  them. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.  ,  vol.  1,  ch.  3. 

127.  AGE,  Men  for  the.  Oliver  Cromwell. 
Like  the  patron  saint  of  England,  St.  George  of 
Cappadocia — he  of  the  dragon — Cromwell  seems 
a  strangely  mythic  character.  In  an  age  when 
real  kings  were  dying  or  dead,  and  sham  kings 
were  flying  from  their  own  weakness  beneath  the 
outspread  shadowy  wings  of  Right  Divine — 
when,  out  of  the  sea  and  scenery  of  confusion, 
beasts  rose  and  reigned,  like  hydras,  seven-head- 
ed, seven-horned — when  every  man  sought  to  do 
what  was  right  in  his  own  eyes — when  the  prisons 
were  full  of  victims,  when  the  churches  were  full 
of  mummeries,  there  rose  a  wraith,  unexpected, 
unprecedented  in  the  history  of  the  nation,  per- 

'  haps  of  the  world,  and  said,  "  Well,  then,  you 
must  settle  your  account  with  me  !"  That  quaint, 
broad-hatted  majesty  of  our  old  folio  histories 
was,  without  a  doubt,  the  Pathfinder  of  his  na- 
tion in  that  age. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  1. 

12§.  AGE,  Memories  in.  Cato.  When  Cato  was 
drawing  near  the  close  of  his  life,  he  declared  to 
his  friends  that  the  greatest  comfort  of  his  old 
age,  and  that  which  gave  him  the  highest  satis- 
faction, was  the  pleasing  remembrance  of  the 
many  benefits  and  friendly  offices  he  had  done 
to  others.  To  see  them  easy  and  happy  by  Tils 
means  made  him  truly  so. 

120.  AGE,  Objections  to.  Seipio.  When  he 
was  yet  a  boy,  we  have  seen  him  a  Tribune  of 
the  Legions  at  the  age  of  twenty,  assisting  to 
rally  the  broken  remains  of  the  army  of  Cannae, 
and  barring  the  secession  of  the  young  nobles 
after  that  disastrous  day.  Three  years  after  we 
find  him  offering  himself  a  candidate  for  the 
Curule  ^dileship  ;  and,  when  it  was  objected 
that  he  was  yet  too  young  for  the  office, 
promptly  answering,  "If  the  people  vote  for 
me,  that  will  make  me  old  enough." — Liddell's 
Rome,  p.  352. 


AGE. 


ir 


130,  AGE  criticised,  OLD.  Dr.  Samuel  John- 
son. He  observed:  "  There  is  a  wicked  inclina- 
tion in  most  people  to  suppose  an  old  man 
decayed  in  his  intellects.  If  a  young  or  middle- 
aged  man,  when  leaving  a  company,  does  not 
recollect  where  he  laid  his  hat,  it  is  nothing  ; 
but  if  the  same  inattention  is  discovered  in  an 
old  man,  people  will  shrug  up  their  shoulders, 
and  say,  '  His  memory  is  going.'" — Boswell's 
Johnson,  Bond's  Ed.,  p.  486. 

131.  AGE,  Excitement  in  OLD.  Death  of  Pres. 
HanHson.  He  was  inaugurated  President  on 
the  4th  of  March,  1841 .  .  .  Daniel  Webster  .  .  . 
Secretary  of  State.  Everything  promised  well  for 
the  new  Whig  administration  ;  but  before  Con- 
gress could  convene,  the  venerable  President, 
bending  imder  the  weight  of  sixty-eight  years, 
fell  sick,  and  died  just  one  month  after  his  in- 
auguration.— RiDPATii's  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  ch.  56. 

132.  AGE  Health  in  OLD.  Dr.SamuelJohnson. 
One  of  the  company  mentioned  his  having  seen 
a  noble  person  driving  in  his  carriage,  and  look- 
ing exceedingly  well,  notwithstanding  his  great 
age.  Johnson  :  "  Ah,  sir,  that  is  nothing. 
Bacon  observes  that  a  stout,  healthy  old  man  is 
like  a  tower  undermined." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  517. 

133,  AGE,  Labor  in  OLD.  Martin  Luther. 
Luther  had  reached  his  sixty -third  year.  Fre- 
quent attacks  of  sickness  had  seriously  weakened 
his  bodily  frame.  Added  to  this  was  the  anxi- 
ety that  he  felt  on  account  of  the  course  of 
ecclesiastical  affairs,  so  that  at  times  a  weariness 
of  life  overcame  him.  Thus  he  writes  a  few 
months  before  his  death  :  "I,  an  aged,  used-up, 
idle,  tired,  and  unimpressive  man,  write  to  you. 
And  though  I  had  hoped  that  they  would  grant 
me,  decrepit  man  that  I  am,  a  little  rest,  I  am 
nevertheless  overwhelmed  with  writing  and 
speaking,  acting  and  performing,  as  if  I  had 
never  transacted,  written,  spoken,  or  done  any- 
thing."— Rein's  Luther,  ch.  25. 

134. .    Herschel.    Sir  William  Her- 

schel  was  still  pursuing  his  observations  at 
the  age  of  eighty.  .  .  .  He  discovered  the  planet 
Uranus  in  1781.  It  has  been  said  of  him,  that 
"  no  one  individual  ever  added  so  much  to  the 
facts  on  which  our  knowledge  of  the  solar  sys- 
tem is  founded." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  7, 
p.  129. 

135.  AGE,  Literature  in  OLD.  John  Milton. 
The  usual  explanation  of  the  frigidity  of  "  Para- 
dise Regained  "  is  the  suggestion  which  is  nearest 
at  hand — viz. ,  that  it  is  the  effect  of  age.  Like 
Ben  Jonson's  "  New  Inn,"  it  betrays  the  feeble- 
ness of  senility,  and  has  one  of  the  most  certain 
marks  of  that  stage  of  authorship,  the  attempt 
to  imitate  himself  in  those  points  in  which  he 
was  once  strong. — Pattison's  Milton,  ch.  13. 

136.  AGE,  Success  in  OLD.  Gasar.  As  a  gen- 
eral, Caesar  was  probably  no  less  inferior  to 
Pompey  than  Sylla  to  Marius.  Yet  his  suc- 
cesses in  war,  achieved  by  a  man  who,  in  his 
forty-ninth  year,  had  hardly  seen  a  camp,  add 
to  our  conviction  of  his  real  genius. — Liddell's 
Rome,  p.  702. 

137.  AGE,  Vigor  in  OLD.  Warrior.  Masi- 
nissa.  King  of  Numidia,  when  past  ninety  years 
of  age,  charged  like  a  boy  of  nineteen  at  the  head 


of  his  wild  horsemen  against  the  Carthaginians,, 
and  overcame  them. — Liddell's  Rome,  p.  482, 

13§.  .   John  Wesley.    John  Wesley 

was  eighty-six  years  old  before  he  became- 
conscious  of  the  infirmities  of  many  years. 
He  lived  till  he  was  eighty -eight  years  of  age. 
This  unusual  vigor  he  ascribed  to  the  blessing 
of  God,  wrought  chiefly  by  his  constant  exer- 
cise, his  early  rising,  and  his  habit  of  daily 
preaching  morning  and  evening.  .  .  .  Entering 
his  eightieth  year,  he  says  ...  he  travels  from 
four  to  five  thousand  miles  every  year  ;  has  a- 
perfect  command  of  sleep,  night  or  day,  when- 
ever he  needs  it ;  he  is  an  early  riser  at  a  fixed, 
hour.  ...  In  his  eighty -second  year  he  writes  : 
"It  is  now  eleven  years  since  I  felt  any  such 
thing  as  weariness."  .  .  .  His  associates  could 
not  at  this  time  perceive  in  him  any  signs  of  in- 
tellectual decay,  nor  can  the  critic  detect  it  in 
his  writings.  ...  He  records  beautiful  impres- 
sions of  nature  and  books  more  frequently  ;  he 
compares  and  criticises  Ariosto  and  Tasso  ;  he- 
indulges  occasionally  in  dramatic  reading  and 
criticism.  .  .  .  He  is  described  as  still  fresh  in 
color,  with  a  brilliant  eye  and  vivacious  spirits. 
...  He  was  careful  of  his  physical  habits  ;  his 
natural  constitution  was  feeble  ;  he  said  he  never 
felt  lowness  of  spirits  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour 
since  he  was  born,  and  before  his  seventieth, 
year  he  never  lost  a  night's  sleep.  He  preached 
forty -two  thousand  five  hundred  sermons. — 
Stevens'  Methodism,  Book  5,  ch.  12. 

139. .  Cato  the  Censor.  He  re- 
tained his  bodily  strength  to  a  very  great  age. 
When  he  was  past  eighty  years  he  called  one 
morning  upon  a  man  who  had  formerly  beert 
his  secretary,  and  asked  him  whether  he  hed 
yet  provided  a  husband  for  his  daughter.  "I 
have  not,"  was  the  reply  ;  "  nor  shall  I  without 
consulting  my  best  friend."  "Why,  then," 
said  Cato,  "  I  have  found  out  a  very  fit  husband 
for  her,  if  she  can  put  up  with  an  old  man  who, 
in  other  respects,  is  a  very  good  match  for  her." 
"I  leave  the  disposal  of  her,"  said  the  father, 
"entirely  to  you.  She  is  under  your  protec- 
tion, and  depends  wholly  upon  your  bounty." 
"  Then,"  said  Cato,  "  I  will  be  your  son-in-law." 
The  astonished  parent  gave  his  consent,  and 
Cato  announced  his  intention  to  his  son,  who- 
was  himself  a  married  man.  "Why,  what 
have  I  done,"  said  the  son,  "  that  I  should  have- 
a  mother-in-law  put  upon  me  ?"  "I  am  only 
desirous,"  replied  Cato,  "of  having  more  such 
sons  as  you,  and  leaving  more  such  citizens  to 
my  country."  By  this  wife,  who  was  little 
more  than  a  girl,  he  actually  had  a  son.  Who- 
himself  became  consul  of  Rome,  and  was  the- 
father  of  the  other  famous  Cato,  the  enemy  of 
Caesar. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  423. 

140. .     Lord  PaZmerston.     When 

he  was  past  seventy,  he  thought  no  more  of 
a  thirty-mile  gallop  of  an  afternoon  than  a 
New  York  merchant  does  of  walking  home 
from  Broad  Street  to  Union  Square.  Often, 
when  Parliament  was  expected  to  sit  late,  he 
would  dismiss  his  carriage,  and,  coming  out  of 
the  house  after  midnight,  would  walk  home 
alone,  a  distance  of  two  miles,  and  "do"  the 
distance  in  thirty  minutes.  There  never  was  a 
brisker  old  gentleman.  In  the  hunting  season 
I  he  usually  went  into  the  country,  where  h» 


18 


AGE— AGRARIANISM. 


would  follow  the  hounds  as  vigorously  and  as 
long  as  the  youngest  buck  of  them  all. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  Bigg.,  p.  500. 

141,  AGE,  Protected  by.  Aged  Solon.  Many  of 
his  friends  .  .  .  told  him  the  tyrant  would  cer- 
tainly put  him  to  death . . .  and  asked  him  what  he 
trusted  to,  that  he  went  such  imprudent  lengths  ; 
he  answered, ' '  To  old  age. "  However,  when  Pi- 
sistratus  had  fully  established  himself,  he  made 
his  court  to  Solon,  and  treated  him  with  so 
much  kindness  and  respect,  that  Solon  became, 
as  it  were,  his  counsellor,  and  gave  sanction  to 
many  of  his  proceedings. — Plutakch. 

142.  AGE,  A  remarkable.  Thirteenth  Century. 
[Here  we]  seek  the  origin  of  our  freedom,  our 
prosperity,  and  our  glory.  Then  it  was  that  the 
great  English  people  was  formed.  .  .  .  Then 
first  appeared  with  distinctness  that  Constitution 
which  has  ever  since,  through  all  changes,  pre- 
served its  identity ;  that  Constitution  of  which 
all  the  other  free  constitutions  in  the  world  are 
copies,  and  which,  in  spite  of  some  defects,  de- 
serves to  be  regarded  as  the  best  under  which 
any  great  society  has  ever  yet  existed  during 
many  ages.  Then  it  was  that  the  House  of 
Commons,  the  archetype  of  all  the  representa- 
tive assemblies  which  now  meet,  either  in  the 
Old  or  in  the  New  World,  held  its  first  sittings. 
Then  it  was  that  the  common  law  rose  to  the 
dignity  of  a  science,  and  rapidly  became  a  not 
unworthy  rival  of  the  imperial  jurisprudence. 
Then  it  was  that  the  courage  of  those  sailors 
who  manned  the  rude  barks  of  the  Cinque  Ports 
first  made  the  flag  of  England  terrible  on  the 
seas.  Then  it  was  that  the  most  ancient  col- 
leges which  still  exist  at  both  the  great  national 
seats  of  learning  were  founded.  Then  was 
formed  that  language,  less  musical,  indeed,  than 
the  languages  of  the  South,  but  in  force,  in 
richness,  in  aptitude  for  all  the  highest  pur- 
poses of  the  poet,  the  philosopher,  and  the 
orator,  inferior  to  that  of  Greece  alone.  Then, 
too,  appeared  the  first  faint  dawn  of  that  noble 
literature,  the  most  splendid  and  the  most 
4urable  of  the  many  glories  of  England. — Ma- 
caxjlay's  Hist,  of  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

143. .     Bef or  motion.     The  age  of 

Charles  V.  is  the  era  of  great  events  and  im- 
portant revolutions  in  the  history  of  Europe. 
It  is  the  era  of  the  Reformation  in  religion  in 
Germany,  in  the  northern  kingdoms  of  Den- 
mark and  Sweden,  and  in  Britain.  It  is  the 
era  of  the  discovery  of  America  ;  and,  lastly,  it 
is  the  period  of  the  highest  splendor  of  the  fine 
arts  in  Italy  and  in  the  south  of  Europe. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  20. 

144.  AGE,  Satisfactory.  Intimidated.  Cra- 
cow was  taken,  and  the  whole  country  gave  waj^ 
to  the  conqueror  [Charles  XII.]  The  perfidi- 
ous primate  [Cardinal  Rajouski],  in  an  assembly 
of  the  States  at  Warsaw,  now  openly  took  part 
against  the  king  [of  Poland],  his  master,  and  in 
the  year  1704  the  throne  of  Poland  was  declared 
vacant.  The  victorious  Charles  signified  to  the 
fitates  of  the  kingdom  his  desire  that  Stanislaus 
Leckzinski,  a  young  nobleman  of  Posnania, 
should  be  elected  king.  The  electors  made 
some  hesitation  on  account  of  his  youth.  "  If 
I  am  not  mistaken,"  said  Charles,  "he  is  as  old 
as  I  am"  [twenty  years].     It  is  almost  needless 


to  add  that  Leckzinski  was  elected  King  of 
Poland. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  35. 

145  AGED,  Blessing  of  the.  John  Howard. 
The  Pope  was  one  of  the  monarchs  with  whom 
he  conversed  on  this  great  subject.  He  was  re- 
ceived at  the  papal  palace  with  unusual  distinc- 
tion, and  he  was  dispensed  from  the  ceremony 
of  kissing  the  toe  of  the  pontiff.  When  he  was 
about  to  retire,  after  a  long  conversation  on  the 
prisons  of  Italy,  the  Pope  said  to  him,  laying 
his  hand  upon  his  very  Protestant  head:  "I 
know  you  Englishmen  do  not  mind  these  things, 
but  the  blessing  of  an  old  man  can  do  you  no 
harm." — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  58. 

146.  AGITATION,  Perils  of.  Great  Beforma- 
tion.  "  Luther's  teachings,"  writes  a  contempo- 
rary, "have  aroused  so  much  strife,  dissension, 
ana  disturbance  among  the  people,  that  there  is 
scarce  a  country  or  a  city,  a  village  or  a  family, 
that  has  not  been  divided  and  agitated  even  unto 
blowjs." — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  6. 

147.  AGITATION,  Perseverance  in.  AboUtiori- 
ists.  The  Abolitionists  were  a  proscribed  and 
persecuted  class,  denounced  with  unsparing  se- 
verity by  both  of  the  great  political  parties,  con- 
demned by  many  of  the  leading  churches,  libelled 
in  the  public  press,  and  maltreated  by  furious 
mobs.  In  no  part  of  the  country  did  they  con- 
stitute more  than  a  handful  of  the  population. 
.  .  .  They  were  largely  recruited  from  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends.  .  .  .  Caring  nothing  for  preju- 
dice, meeting  opprobrium  with  silence,  shaming 
the  authors  of  violence  by  meek  non-resistance, 
relying  on  moral  agencies  alone,  appealing  sim- 
ply to  the  reason  and  the  consdience  of  men, 
they  arrested  the  attention  of  the  nation  by  ar- 
raigning it  before  the  public  opinion  of  the 
world,  and  proclaiming  its  responsibility  to  the 
judgment  of  God. — Blaine's  Twenty  Years 
OF  Congress,  p.  23. 

14§.  AGONY  of  the  Cross.  Christ.  The  agony 
of  Christ  upon  the  cross,  dying  a  slow  death 
from  rabid  violence  among  the  Jews,  and  bar- 
barous wounds  inflicted  by  Roman  soldiers,  to 
drain  away  the  blood  of  life,  and  torture  all  the 
nerves  of  sense,  and  all  the  feelings  of  the  soul 
within  the  body,  is  the  highest  illustration  of 
the  meaning  of  the  word. — Am.  Cyc,  "Agony." 

149.  AGBABIANISM,  Difficulties  of.  Bomana. 
The  people  might  certainly  have  prevailed  in  ob- 
taining the  favorite  measure  of  an  agrarian  law. 
But  the  truth  is,  this  measure  was  nothing  more 
than  a  political  engine,  occasionally  employed 
by  the  popular  magistrates  for  exciting  commo- 
tions, and  weakening  the  power  of  the  patricians. 
It  was  a  measure  attended  necessarily  with 
so  much  difficulty  in  the  execution,  that  few 
even  of  the  people  themselves  had  a  sincere  de- 
sire of  seeing  it  accomplished.  The  extensive 
disorder  it  must  have  introduced  in  the  territo- 
rial possessions  of  the  citizens,  by  a  new  distribu- 
tion of  all  the  lands  acquired  by  conquest  to  the 
republic  since  the  time  of  Romulus — the  affec- 
tion which  even  the  poorest  feel  for  a  small  patri- 
monial inheritance,  the  place  of  their  nativity, 
and  the  repository  of  the  bones  of  their  forefa- 
thers— and  that  most  admirable  and  most  salutary 
persuasion  that  it  is  an  act  of  impiety  to  alter 
or  remove  ancient  landmarks — all  these  were 
strong  obstacles. — Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  3,  ch.5. 


AGGRESSION— AGRICULTURE. 


19 


150.  AGGRESSION,  Eequired.  Rornans.  [After 
the  recapture  of  Capua  by  Appius  Claudius  and 
Fulvius  Flaccus,]  when  the  Consuls  returned 
home,  they  were  refused  a  triumph.  No  Ro- 
man general,  it  was  said,  deserved  a  triumph  for 
merely  recovering  what  once  belonged  to  the 
Republic. — Liddell's  Rome,  p.  334. 

151.  AGBICTTLTUSE,  Ancient.  Bomans.  In 
the  early  times  of  Rome  the  work  of  the  farm 
was  the  only  kind  of  manual  labor  deemed  wor- 
thy of  a  free  citizen.  This  feeling  long  survived, 
as  may  be  seen  from  the  praise  bestowed  on 
agriculture  by  Cicero,  whose  enthusiasm  was 
caught  from  one  of  his  favorite  heroes,  old  Cato 
the  Censor.  The  taste  for  books  of  farming 
continued.  Varro  the  antiquarian,  a  ariend  of 
Cicero,  lias  left  an  excellent  treatise  on  the  sub- 
ject. A  little  later  came  the  famous  Georgics  of 
Virgil,  followed  at  no  long  interval  by  Pliny's 
notices,  and  then  by  the  elaborate  Dissertations 
of  Columella,  who  refers  to  a  great  number  of 
Roman  writers  on  the  same  subject.  It  is  man- 
ifest that  the  subject  of  agriculture  possessed  a 
strong  and  enduring  charm  for  the  Roman  mind. 
But,  from  the  times  of  the  Hannibalic  War, 
agriculture  lost  ground  in  Italy.  When  Cato 
was  asked  what  was  the  most  profitable  kind  of 
farming,  he  said,  "  Good  grazing."  What  next  ? 
"Tolerable  grazing."  What  next?  "Bad  graz- 
ing." What  next?  "Corn-growing."  Later 
writers,  with  one  accord,  deplored  the  dimin- 
ished productiveness  of  land. — Liddell's  Rome, 
p.  497. 

152.  AGBICULTTTBE,  Anti-monopoly  in.  Bo- 
mans. A  high  appreciation  of  agriculture  ap- 
pears to  have  been  a  fundamental  idea  among 
the  early  Romans.  A  tract  of  land  was  allot- 
ted to  every  citizen  by  the  State  itself,  and 
each  one  was  carefully  restricted  to  the  quantity 
granted.  It  was  said  by  the  orator  Cu- 
rius,  that  "he  was  not  to  be  counted  a  good 
citizen,  but  rather  a  dangerous  man  to  the 
State,  who  could  not  content  himself  with 
seven  acres  of  land."  The  Roman  acre  being 
about  one  sixth  less  than  ours,  the  law  actually 
limited  the  possession  to  about  six  acres.  As 
the  nation  became  more  powerful  and  extended 
its  dominions  by  conquest,  the  citizen  was  al- 
lowed to  hold  fifty  acres,  and  still  later  he  could 
be  the  holder  of  five  hundred. — Am.  Cyc, 
"  Agriculture." 

153.  AGEICULTURE,  Attractions  of.  The  Po- 
et Horace.  When  cloyed  with  the  pleasures  of 
the  imperial  city,  he  had  but  to  moimt  his  mule 
and  ride  fifteen  minutes,  to  reach  his  farm. 
His  land,  well  covered  with  forest,  and  lying 
on  both  sides  of  a  sparkling  river,  was  tilled  by 
five  free  families  and  eight  slaves,  and  produced 
grain,  wine,  and  olives.  It  abounded  in  pleasant, 
secluded  scenes,  fit  for  a  poet's  leisure  ;  and 
there,  too,  he  delighted  to  receive  his  friends 
from  Rome  ;  Mecsenas  himself  being  glad  to 
repose  there  from  the  toils  of  government.  To 
this  day,  Horace's  farm  is  continually  visited  by 
travellers  residing  in  Rome,  especially  by  Eng- 
lish and  Americans.  —  Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  , 
p.  376. 

154.  AGRICULTURE,  Burdens  of.  By  Ar- 
taxerxes,  King  of  the  Persians.  Several  of  his 
sayings  are  preserved.  One  of  them  in  partic- 
ular discovers  a  deep  insight  into  the  consti- 


tution of  government.  "  The  authority  of  the 
prince,"  said  Artaxerxes,  "must  be  defend- 
ed by  a  military  force  ;  that  force  can  only 
be  maintained  by  faxes ;  all  taxes  must,  at 
last,  fall  upon  agriculture  ;  and  agriculture  can 
never  flourish  except  under  the  protection  of 
justice  and  moderation." — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  8. 

155.  AGRICULTURE  burdened.  Bdgnof  Louis 
XVI.  The  progress  of  agriculture  was  still  bur- 
dened by  the  servitudes  of  the  soil.  Each 
little  farm  was  in  bondage  under  a  complicated 
system  of  irredeemable  dues,  to  roads  and 
canals  ;  to  the  bakehouse  and  the  brewery  of  the 
lord  of  the  manor ;  to  his  winepress  and  his 
mill ;  to  his  tolls  at  the  river,  the  market,  or  the 
fair  ;  to  groimd  rents  and  quit  rents,  and  fines 
on  alienation.  The  game  laws  let  in  the  wild 
beasts  and  birds  to  fatten  on  the  growth  of  the 
poor  man's  fields  ;  and  after  his  harvests  pro- 
vincial custom-houses  blocked  domestic  com- 
merce ;  the  export  of  corn,  and  even  its  free 
circulation  within  the  realm,  was  prohibited  ;  so 
that  one  province  might  waste  from  famine  and 
another  want  a  market. —  Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  7,  ch.  7. 

156-  AGRICULTURE  exalted.  "  Nmrer  Heav- 
en." The  great  employment  of  France  was 
the  tillage  of  land,  than  which  no  method  of 
gain  is  more  grateful  in  itself  or  more  worthy 
of  freemen,  or  more  happy  in  rendering  service 
to  the  whole  human  race.  No  occupation  is 
nearer  heaven. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  2. 

157.  AGRICULTURE  honored.  Cincinnatm, 
Dictator  of  Borne.  A  successor  was  chosen  to 
Valerius  in  the  consulate,  L.  Quintius  Cincinnat- 
us,  a  man  of  ^eat  resolution  and  intrepidity, 
who,  though  himself  so  indigent  as  to  cultivate 
with  his  own  hands  his  paternal  fields,  and  to 
be  called  from  the  plough  to  put  on  the  robe  of 
the  consul,  had  yet  the  high  spirit  of  an  ancient 
patrician,  which  was  ill-disposed  to  brook  the 
insolence  of  the  popular  magistrates  or  acquiesce 
in  the  daily  increasing  pretensions  of  the  in- 
ferior order. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  5. 

15§. .    Edmund  Burke.    [Edmund 

Burke]  was  an  agricultural  improver.  Young 
saw  him  experimenting  on  carrots  at  his  farm 
at  Beaconsfield,  and  says,  "Buckinghamshire 
will  be  much  indebted  to  the  attention  this 
manly  genius  gives  to  husbandry." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  ]. 

159.  AGRICULTURE,  Pursuit  of.  Noblest  Bo- 
mans. The  picture  of  the  Roman  people  dur- 
ing the  first  five  centuries  is  so  perfectly  dis- 
tinct, so  widely  different  from  what  we  find  it 
in  the  latter  ages  of  the  republic,  that  we  might 
at  first  be  induced  to  think  that  some  very  ex- 
traordinary causes  must  have  co-operated  to  pro- 
duce so  total  an  alteration.  Yet  the  transition 
was  easy  and  natural,  and  was  in  the  Roman 
people  the  necessary  and  inevitable  consequence 
of  that  rich  and  luxurious  situation  in  which 
the  virtuous  and  heroic  temper  of  the  earlier 
times  had  conduced  to  place  the  republic.  A 
spirit  of  temperance,  of  frugality,  and  of  indus- 
try must  be  the  characteristics  of  every  infant 
colony.  The  poverty  of  the  first  Romans,  the 
narrow  territory  to  which  they  were  limited, 
made  it  necessary  for  every  citizen  to  labor  for 


»0 


AGRIC  ULTURE— ALLIANCE. 


his  subsistence.  In  the  first  ages,  the  patricians, 
when  in  the  country,  forgot  all  the  distinctions 
of  rank,  and  toiled  daily  in  the  fields  like  the 
lowest  plebeian.  .  .  .  Cincinnatus  we  have  seen 
named  dictator  by  the  voice  of  his  country, 
while  at  the  plough.  M.  Curius,  after  expelling 
Pyrrhus  from  Italy,  retired  to  the  possession  of 
a  small  farm,  which  he  assiduously  cultivated. 
The  elder  Cato  was  fond  of  this  spot,  and  re- 
vered it  on  account  of  its  former  master.  It 
was  in  emulation  of  the  example  of  this  ancient 
Roman  that  Cato  betook  himself  to  agriculture. 
Scipio  Africanus  also,  after  the  conquest  of 
Hannibal  and  the  reduction  of  Carthage,  re- 
tired to  his  paternal  fields,  and  with  his  own 
hand  reared  and  grafted  his  fruit  trees. — Tyt- 
liER's  Hist.  ,  Book  4,  ch.  4. 

160.  AOBICULTUBE,  BeligiouB.  Persian  Mo- 
rality. To  cultivate  an  untilled  field,  to  plant 
fruit  trees,  to  destroy  noxious  animals,  to  bring 
water  to  a  dry  and  barren  land,  were  all  actions 
beneficial  to  mankind,  and  therefore  most  agree- 
able to  the  divinity,  who  vdlls  perpetually  the 
highest  happiness  of  his  creatures. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11. 

161.  AGRICULTURE,  Scientific.  Rdgn  of 
Charles  II.  Deeply  impressed  with  these  great 
truths,  the  professors  of  the  new  philosophy 
applied  themselves  to  their  task,  and  before  a 
quarter  of  a  century  had  expired  they  had  given 
ample  earnest  of  what  has  since  been  achieved. 
Already  a  reform  of  agriculture  had  been  com- 
menced. New  vegetables  were  cultivated. 
New  implements  of  husbandry  were  employed. 
New  manures  were  applied  to  the  soil.  Evelyn 
had,  under  the  formal  sanction  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, given  instruction  to  his  countrymen  in 
planting.  Temple,  in  his  intervals  of  leisure, 
had  tried  many  experiments  in  horticulture,  and 
had  proved  that  many  delicate  fruits,  the  natives 
of  more  favored  climates,  might,  with  the  help 
of  art,  be  grown  on  English  ground. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3. 

162.  AGRICULTURE,  Superiority  of.  Bomans. 
Many  of  the  early  laws  of  the  Romans  were  the 
necessary  result  of  their  situation.  Such,  for 
example,  was  that  law  which  confined  the  prac- 
tice of  all  mechanic  arts  to  the  slaves ;  for  all 
the  free  citizens  must  either  have  been  employed 
in  warfare  or  in  the  culture  of  their  fields. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  1. 

163.  AGRICULTURE,  Unsuccessful.  England 
in  A.D.  1890.  The  average  produce  of  wheat 
per  acre  was  less  than  six  bushels. — Knight's 
Hist,  op  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  30. 

164.  AGRICULTURISTS  crippled.  By  Theodo- 
ric.  [The  King  of  the  Goths.]  This  .  .  .  faith- 
ful servant  [of  the  Eastern  Empire]  was  suddenly 
converted  into  a  formidable  enemy,  who  spread 
the  flames  of  war  from  Constantinople  to  the 
Adriatic  ;  many  flourishing  cities  were  reduced 
to  ashes,  and  the  agriculture  of  Thrace  was  al- 
most extirpated  by  the  wanton  cruelty  of  the 
Goths,  who  deprived  their  captive  peasants  of 
the  right  hand  that  guided  the  plough. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  39,  p.  6. 

165.  ALARM,  Needless.  Pertinax,  Prefect  of 
Borne.  [Commodus,  the  Roman  tyrant,  had 
been  assassinated.  The  conspirators  sought 
noble  Pertinax  to  fill  the  vacant  throne.]     He 


now  remained  almost  alone  of  the  friends  and 
ministers  of  Marcus  ;  and  when,  at  a  late  hour 
of  the  night,  he  was  awakened  with  the  news 
that  the  chamberlain  and  the  prefect  were  at 
his  door,  he  received  them  with  intrepid  resig- 
nation, and  desired  they  would  execute  their 
master's  orders.  Instead  of  death,  they  offered 
him  the  throne  of  the  Roman  world.  During 
some  moments  he  distrusted  their  intentions  and 
assurances.  Convinced  at  length  of  the  death 
of  Commodus,  he  accepted  the  purple  with  a  sin- 
cere reluctance. — Gibbon's  Rome,  vol.  1,  ch.  4. 

166.  ALARM,  Religious.  Martin  Luther.  Al- 
ready, in  his  eighteenth  year,  he  surpassed  all 
his  fellow-students  in  knowledge  of  the  Latin 
classics,  and  in  power  of  composition  and  of  elo- 
quence. His  mind  took  more  and  more  a  deeply 
religious  turn  ;  but  it  was  not  till  he  had  been 
for  two  years  studying  at  Eisenach  that  he  dis- 
covered an  entire  Bible,  having  xmtil  then  only 
known  the  ecclesiastical  extracts  from  the  sacred 
volume,  and  the  history  of  Hannah  and  Samuel. 
He  now  determined  to  study  Greek  and  Hebrew, 
the  two  original  languages  of  the  Bible.  A 
dangerous  illness  brought  him  within  the  near 
prospect  of  death  ;  but  he  recovered,  and  prose- 
cuted his  study  of  philosophy  and  law,  and  tried 
hard  to  gain  inward  peace  by  a  pious  life  and 
the  greatest  strictness  in  all  external  observances. 
His  natural  cheerfulness  disappeared  ;  and  after 
experiencing  the  shock  of  the  death  of  one  of 
his  friends  by  assassination  in  the  summer  of 
1505,  and  soon  after  that  being  startled  by  a 
thunderbolt  striking  the  earth  by  his  side,  h& 
determined  to  give  up  the  world  and  retire  into 
the  convent  of  the  Augustinians  at  Erfurt. — 
Bunsen's  Luther,  p.  7. 

167.  ALIENS,  Expulsion  of.  Adams'  Admin- 
istration. Much  of  the  recent  legislation  of 
Congress  had  been  imwise  and  unpopular.  The 
alien  law,  by  which  the  President  was  authorized 
to  send  out  of  the  country  any  foreigners  whose 
presence  should  be  considered  prejudicial  to  the 
United  States,  was  specially  odious.  .  .  .  Parti- 
san excitement  ran  high. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch. 
47. 

16§.  ALLEGORIST,  The  best.  John  Banyan. 
The  "Pilgrim's  Progress"  was,  in  his  own  life- 
time, translated  into  several  foreign  languages. 
It  was,  however,  scarcely  known  to  the  learned 
and  polite,  and  had  been,  during  near  a  century, 
the  delight  of  pious  cottagers  and  artisans  before 
it  was  publicly  commended  by  any  man  of  high 
literary  eminence.  At  length  critics  conde- 
scended to  inquire  where  the  secret  of  so  wide 
and  so  durable  popularity  lay.  They  were  com- 
pelled to  own  that  the  ignorant  multitude  had 
judged  more  correctly  than  the  learned,  and 
that  the  despised  little  book  was  really  a  master- 
piece. Bunyan  is  indeed  as  decidedly  the  first 
of  allegorists,  as  Demosthenes  io  the  first  of 
orators,  or  Shakespeare  the  first  of  dramatists. 
Other  allegorists  have  shown  equal  ingenuity, 
but  no  other  allegorist  has  ever  been  able  to 
touch  the  heart  and  to  make  abstractions  ob- 
jects of  terror,  pity,  and  of  love.— Mac  aula  y's 
Hist,  op  Eng.,  ch.  7. 

169.  ALLIANCE,  Degrading.  Charles  11.  with 
Louis  XIV.  [Charles  sought  aid,  that  he  might 
be  independent  of  Parliament.]  Louis  promis- 
ed large  aid.     He  from  time  to  time  doled  out 


ALLIANCE— ALLY. 


21 


■such  aid  as  might  serve  to  keep  hope  alive,  and 
as  he  could  without  risk  or  inconvenience  spare. 
In  this  way,  at  an  expense  very  much  less  than 
that  which  he  incurred  in  building  and  decorat- 
ing Versailles  or  Marli,  he  succeeded  in  making 
England,  during  nearly  twenty  years,  almost  as 
insignificant  a  member  of  the  political  system 
©f  Europe  as  the  republic  of  San  Marino. — Ma- 
catjlay's  Hist,  of  Eng.,  ch.  2. 

irO.  ALLIANCE  demanded.  By  France  of 
JJ.  S.  [John  Adams  was  President.]  Adet, 
the  French  minister,  made  inflammatory  appeals 
to  the  people,  and  urged  the  government  to 
■conclude  a  treaty  with  France  against  Great 
Britain.  When  the  President  and  Congress 
«tood  firmly  on  the  doctrine  of  neutrality,  the 
French  Directory  grew  insolent,  and  began  to 
demand  an  alliance.  .  .  .  On  the  10th  of  March 
the  Directory  issued  instructions  to  French  men- 
of-war  to  assail  the  commerce  of  the  United 
.States.  .  .  .  American  minister  was  ordered  to 
leave  the  territory  of  France.  [War  followed.] 
— Ridpath's  Hist.  U.  S.,  ch.  47. 

171.  ALLIANCE,  A  just.  American  Indians. 
Friendly  relations  .  .  .  were  established  with 
the  Wampanoags.  Massasoit,  the  great  sachem 
of  the  nation,  was  invited  to  visit  the  settlement, 
and  came,  attended  by  a  few  of  his  warriors. 
The  pilgrims  received  them  with  as  much 
parade  and  ceremony  as  the  colony  could  pro- 
vide ;  Captain  Standish  ordered  out  his  sol- 
diers ,  .  .  then  and  there  was  ratified  the  first 
treaty  made  in  New  England.  The  terms  were 
few  and  simple.  There  should  be  peace  and 
friendship  ...  no  injury  should  be  done  by 
either  party.  All  offenders  should  be  given  up 
to  be  punished.  If  the  English  engaged  in  war, 
Massasoit  should  help  them ;  if  the  Wampa- 
noags were  attacked  unjustly,  the  English 
should  give  aid.  .  .  .  Mark  the  word  unjustly  ; 
it  contains  the  essence  of  Puritanism. — Rid- 
path's Hist,  of  U.  S.,  ch.  13. 

172-  ALLIANCE  of  Self-interes*.  ' 'We  give  Our- 
selves .  .  .  to  the  Romans."  Ca^aa  was  the  prin- 
eipal  city  of  Campania,  one  of  the  finest  and 
most  fertile  countries  of  Italy.  This  city,  then, 
was  extremely  opulent  and  luxurious.  The 
Samnites,  a  poor  but  warlike  people,  were  al- 
lured by  the  riches  of  their  neighbors,  and  in- 
vaded Campania.  The  inhabitants  of  Capua, 
after  some  feeble  attempts  to  resist  the  invaders, 
implored  aid  from  the  Romans.  The  Senate 
answered,  that  their  alliance  with  the  Samnites 
prevented  them  from  giving  anything  else  than 
their  compassion.  "  If,  then,"  said  the  Capuans, 
"you  will  not  defend  us,  you  will,  at  least,  de- 
fend yourselves  ;  and  from  this  moment  we  give 
ourselves,  our  cities,  our  fields,  and  our  gods  to 
the  Romans,  and  become  their  subjects."  The 
Senate  accepted  the  donation,  and  ordered  the 
Samnites  immediately  to  quit  their  territories. 
The  necessary  consequence  was  a  war.  .  .  . 
The  Samnites  were  glad  to  conclude  a  peace. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  ch.  7. 

173.  ALLIES,  Dangerous.  Turkish  Tribes. 
{Mahmud  encouraged  emigration  of  many 
tribes  within  his  territory.]  Mahmud  the  Gaz- 
nevide  was  admonished  of  his  error  by  a  chief 
of  the  race  of  Selijuk,  who  dwelt  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Bochara.  The  sultan  had  inquired  what 
«upply  of  men  he  could  furnish  for  military 


service.  "If  you  send,"  replied  Ismael,  "one 
of  these  arrows  into  our  camp,  fifty  thousand  of 
your  servants  will  mount  on  horseback. "  '  'And 
if  that  number,"  continued  Mahmud,  "  should 
not  be  sufl[icient  ?"  ' '  Send  this  second  arrow  to 
the  horde  of  Balik,  and  you  will  find  fifty  thou- 
sand more."  "But," said  the Gaznevide,  dissem- 
bling his  anxiety,  "if  I  should  stand  in  need  of 
the  whole  force  of  your  kindred  tribes  ?"  "  Des- 
patch my  bow,"  was  the  last  reply  of  Ismael ; 
' '  and  as  it  is  circulated  around,  the  summon* 
will  be  obeyed  by  two  hundred  thousand  horse." 
The  apprehension  of  such  formidable  friendship 
induced  Mahmud  to  transport  the  most  obnox- 
ious tribes  into  the  heart  of  Chorasan,  where 
they  would  be  separated  from  their  brethren  by 
the  river  Oxus,  and  enclosed  on  all  sides  by  the 
walls  of  obedient  cities. — Gibbon's  Rome,  vol.  6, 
ch.  63. 

174. .  Lions.  [Cassius  made  com- 
plaint against  Caesar  that]  the  lions  which  he 
had  procured  when  he  was  nominated  sedile, 
and  which  he  had  sent  to  Megara,  Caesar  had 
taken  and  converted  to  his  own  use,  having 
found  them  there  when  that  city  was  taken  by 
Calanus.  Those  lions,  it  is  said,  were  very 
fatal  to  the  inhabitants ;  for  as  soon  as  their 
city  was  taken,  they  opened  their  dens  and  un- 
chained them  in  the  streets,  that  they  might 
stop  the  irruption  of  the  enemy  ;  but  instead  of 
that  they  fell  upon  the  citizens,  and  tore  them 
in  such  a  manner  that  their  very  enemies  were 
struck  with  horror. — Plutarch. 

175.  ALLIES,  Invisible.  Mahomet's  Angels. 
[The  Koreish  had  one  hundred  horse  and  eight 
himdred  foot.]  "  O  God,"  he  exclaimed,  as 
the  numbers  of  the  Koreish  descended  from  the 
hills,  "  O  God,  if  these  are  destroyed,  by  whom 
wilt  Thou  be  worshipped  on  the  earth?  Courage, 
my  children  ;  close  your  ranks  ;  discharge  your 
arrows,  and  the  day  is  your  own."  At  these 
words  he  placed  himself,  with  Abubeker,  on  a 
throne  or  pulpit,  and  instantly  demanded  the 
succor  of  Gabriel  and  three  thousand  angels. 
His  eye  was  fixed  on  the  field  of  battle  ;  the 
Mussulmans  fainted  and  were  pressed  ;  in  that 
decisive  moment  the  prophet  started  from  his 
throne,  mounted  his  horse,  and  cast  a  handful  of 
sand  into  the  air  :  "  Let  their  faces  be  covered 
with  confusion."  Both  armies  heard  the  thunder 
of  his  voice  ;  their  fancy  beheld  the  angelic 
warriors ;  the  Koreish  trembled  and  fled ; 
seventy  of  the  bravest  were  slain  ;  and  seventy 
captives  adorned  the  first  victory  of  the  faithful. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50. 

176.  ALLIES  rejected.  Lafayette — Kalb.  Ju- 
ly, 1777.  Kalb  and  Lafayette  arriving  at  Phila- 
delphia .  .  .  met  a  rude  repulse.  When  it  was 
told  that  Lafayette  desired  no  more  than  leave 
to  risk  his  life  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  without 
pension  or  allowance.  Congress  gave  him  the 
rank  of  major-general ;  but  at  first  the  services  of 
Kalb,  the  ablest  European  officer  who  had  come 
over — master  of  English  and  familiar  with  the 
country — were  rejected. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  9,  ch.  23. 

177.  ALLY,  Volunteer.  Agrarian  Law.  [Pro- 
posed for  relief  of  the  poor  and  for  returned 
Roman  soldiers.  Large  tracts  belonging  to  the 
State  were  to  be  donated  J  Pompey  was  the  idol 
of  every  soldier  in  the  State,  and  at  Caesar's  in- 


22 


AMBITION. 


vitation  he  addressed  the  assembly.  He  spoke 
for  his  veterans.  He  spoke  for  the  poor  citizens. 
He  said  that  he  approved  the  law  to  the  last 
letter  of  it.  "  Will  you  then,"  asked  Caesar, 
•'  support  the  law  if  it  be  illegally  opposed  ?" 
"Since,"  replied  Pompey,  "you  counsel,  and 
you,  my  fellow-citizens,  ask  aid  of  me,  a  poor 
individual  without  office  and  without  author- 
ity, who  nevertheless  has  done  some  service 
to  the  State,  I  say  that  I  will  bear  the  shield 
if  others  draw  the  sword."  Applause  rang  out 
from  a  hundred  thousand  throats. — Froude's 
C^SAR,  ch.  13. 

17§.  AMBITION  vs.  Affection.  Napoleon  I. 
[Josephine  knew  that  many  were  urging  upon 
him  the  necessity  of  a  divorce  that  he  might 
have  an  heir,  and  thus  secure  the  future  of  the 
State.]  One  day  when  Napoleon  was  busy 
in  his  cabinet  Josephine  entered  softly  by  a 
side  door,  and  seating  herself  affectionately 
upon  his  knee,  and  passing  her  hand  gently 
through  his  hair,  said  to  him,  with  a  burst  of 
tenderness,  "  I  entreat  you,  my  love,  do  not  make 
yourself  king.  It  is  Lucien  who  urges  you  to 
It.  Do  not  listen  to  him."  Napoleon  smiled 
upon  her  kindly,  and  said,  "  Why,  my  poor  Jo- 
sephine, are  you  mad  ?"  .  .  .  She  knew  the  in- 
tensity of  her  husband's  love.  She  also  knew 
the  boundlessness  of  his  ambition. — Abbott's 
Napoleon  I.,  vol.  1,  ch,  24. 

179.  AMBITION,  Awakened.  Sir  I.  Newton. 
It  is  a  question  with  English  teachers  whether 
schoolboys  ought  or  ought  not  to  be  permitted 
to  settle  their  quarrels  by  a  fair  fight  with  fists. 
In  the  great  schools  of  Eton,  Westminster, 
Harrow,  and  others,  fighting  is  tacitly  allowed  ; 
but  in  the  smaller  schools,  especially  those  under 
the  charge  of  dissenters,  it  is  forbidden.  .  .  . 
The  greatness  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton  dates  from  a 
fight  which  he  had  with  one  of  his  schoolfellows 
when  he  was  thirteen  years  of  age.  At  that 
time,  according  to  his  own  confession,  he  was 
very  idle  at  school,  and  stood  last  in  the  lowest 
class  but  one.  One  morning,  as  he  was  going 
t3  school,  the  boy  who  was  first  in  the  same 
class  kicked  him  in  the  stomach  with  so  much 
violence  as  to  cause  him  severe  pain  during  the 
day.  When  the  school  was  dismissed,  he  chal- 
lenged the  boy  to  fight  him.  The  challenge 
being  accepted,  a  ring  was  formed  in  the  church- 
yard, the  usual  place  of  combat,  and  the  fight 
begun.  Newton,  a  weakly  boy  from  his  birth, 
was  inferior  to  his  antagonist  in  size  and 
strength  ;  but,  smarting  under  a  sense  of  the  in- 
dignity he  had  received,  he  fought  with  so  much 
spirit  and  resolution  as  to  compel  his  adversary 
to  cry.  Enough.  The  schoolmaster's  son,  who 
had  been  clapping  one  of  them  on  the  back  and 
winking  at  the  other,  to  urge  on  the  contest,  and 
who  acted  as  a  kind  of  umpire,  informed  the 
victor  that  it  was  necessary  to  crown  his  triumph 
by  rubbing  the  other  boy's  nose  against  the 
wall.  Li+tle  Newton  seized  him  by  the  ears, 
thrust  his  face  against  the  rough  side  of  the 
church,  and  walked  home  exulting  in  his  victory. 
The  next  morning,  however,  he  had  again 
the  mortification  of  seeing  his  enemy  at  the 
head  of  the  class,  while  he  occupied  his  usual 
place  at  the  foot.  He  began  to  reflect.  Could 
he  regard  himself  in  the  light  of  a  victor  while 
his  foe  lorded  it  over  him  in  the  schoolroom  ? 


The  applauding  shouts  of  his  schoolfellows  had 
been  grateful  to  his  ears,  but  his  enemy  enjoyed 
the  approval  of  the  teacher.  The  laurels  of  the 
playground  seemed  to  fade  in  comparison  with 
the  nobler  triumphs  of  the  mind.  The  result  of 
his  reflections  was,  that  he  determined  to  con- 
quer his  adversary  again  by  getting  to  the  head 
of  his  class. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  244. 

1§0.  AMBITION,  Cruelty  of.  .  Irene.  Con- 
stantine,  surnamed  Copronymus,  .  .  .  dying  left 
this  prince  [his  son  Leo],  then  nine  years  old,  to 
the  government  of  his  mother  Irene,  who  ruled 
the  empire  [of  the  East]  rather  as  a  sovereign 
than  as  a  regent.  She  was  an  able  woman,  and 
foresaw  the  danger  to  the  empire  from  the  am- 
bition and  power  of  Charlemagne.  To  avert  any 
hostile  purposes,  till  she  should  be  in  a  condition 
to  oppose  them  with  effect,  she  brought  about  a 
negotiation  for  the  marriage  of  her  son  with  the 
daughter  of  Charlemagne  ;  but  it  was  far  from 
her  intention  that  this  match  should  ever  be  ac- 
complished. Irene,  on  the  contrary,  was  too 
fond  of  power  herself  to  consent  to  anything 
that  might  deprive  her  of  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment. She  kept  the  young  Constantine  in  the 
most  absolute  dependence  and  submission  ;  and 
when  at  last  he  endeavored  to  assume  that 
dignity  which  belonged  to  him,  she,  on  pretence 
of  treasonable  designs,  threw  him  into  prison, 
deprived  him  of  his  eyes,  and  put  him  to  death. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3. 

1§1.  AMBITION  in  the  Church.  Schisms. 
Ambition  is  a  weed  of  quick  and  early  vegeta- 
tion in  the  vineyard  of  Christ.  Under  the  first 
Christian  princes  the  chair  of  St.  Peter  was 
disputed  by  the  votes,  the  venality,  the  violence, 
of  a  popular  election  ;  the  sanctuaries  of  Rome 
were  polluted  with  blood  ;  and  from  the  third 
to  the  twelfth  century  the  church  was  distracted 
by  the  mischief  of  frequent  schisms. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  69. 

182.  AMBITION  cursed.  Gen.  Praser.  a.d. 
1777.  [Gen.  Fraser,  one  of  Gen.  Burgoyne's 
major-generals,  fell  at  the  battle  of  Saratoga.] 
He  questioned  the  surgeon  eagerly  as  to  his 
wound,  and  when  he  found  that  he  must  go 
from  wife  and  children,  that  fame  and  pro- 
motion and  life  were  gliding  from  before  his 
eyes,  he  cried  out  in  his  agony  :  "  Damned  am- 
bition!"— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  24. 

1§3.  AMBITION,  Delusive.  Ito?nan  Emperor 
Maximus.  The  imprudent  Maximus  .  .  .  grati- 
fied his  resentment  and  ambition ;  he  saw  the 
bleeding  corpse  of  Valentinian  at  his  feet ;  and 
he  heard  himself  saluted  Emperor  by  the  unan- 
imous voice  of  the  Senate  and  people.  But  the 
day  of  his  inauguration  was  the  last  day  of  his 
happiness.  He  was  imprisoned  (such  is  the 
lively  expression  of  Sidonius)  in  the  palace ; 
and  after  passing  a  sleepless  night,  he  sighed 
that  he  had  attained  the  summit  of  his  wishes, 
and  aspired  only  to  descend  from  the  dangerous 
elevation.  Oppressed  by  the  weight  of  the 
diadem,  he  communicated  his  anxious  thoughts 
to  his  friend  and  quaestor  Fulgentius  ;  and  when 
he  looked  back  with  unavailing  regret  on  the 
secure  pleasures  of  his  former  life,  the  emperor 
exclaimed,  "O  fortunate  Damocles,  thy  reign 
began  and  ended  with  the  same  dinner ;"  a 
well-known  allusion.  .  .  .  The  reign  of  Maximus 
continued  about  three  months.     His  hours,  of 


AMBITION. 


23 


K 


which  he  had  lost  the  command,  were  disturbed 
by  remorse,  or  guilt,  or  terror,  and  his  throne 
was  shaken  by  the  seditions  of  the  soldiers,  the 
people,  and  the  confederate  barbarians. — Gib- 
POn's  Rome,  ch.  36. 

184.  AMBITION,  Destructive.  Assassination 
of  Julius  Caesar.  The  principal  thing  that  ex- 
cited the  public  hatred,  and  at  last  caused  his 
death,  was  his  passion  for  the  title  of  king.  It 
was  the  first  thing  that  gave  offence  to  the  mul- 
titude, and  it  afforded  his  inveterate  enemies  a 
very  plausible  plea. — Plutarch. 

1§5.  AMBITION,  Determination  of.  Alexan- 
der Hamilton.  His  mother,  while  he  was  yet  a 
child,  had  left  him  an  orphan  and  poor.  A 
father's  care  he  seems  never  to  have  known.  .  .  . 
When  a  clerk  in  his  native  West  India.]  .  .  . 
^o  a  friend  of  his  own  years  [he]  confessed  his 
ambition.  "I  would  willingly  risk  my  life," 
said  he,  ' '  though  not  my  character,  to  exalt  my 
station.  I  mean  to  prepare  the  way  for  futuri- 
ty ;  we  have  seen  such  schemes  successful  when 
the  projector  is  constant." — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  7,  ch.  6. 

186.  AMBITION  differs.  Alexander  the  Great 
and  Parmenio.  Darius  had  sent  a  second  em- 
bassy to  Alexander,  while  he  was  engaged  in 
the  siege  of  Tyre.  The  Persian  now  assumed  a 
humbler  tone.  He  offered  ten  thousand  talents 
for  the  ransom  of  his  mother  and  his  queen,  and 
he  agreed  to  give  Alexander  his  daughter  Statira 
in  marriage,  with  all  the  Asiatic  provinces  to 
the  westward  of  the  Euphrates  for  her  portion. 
When  these  terms  were  made  known  to  the 
Macedonian  officers,  Parmenio  could  not  help 
remarking,  that,  were  he  Alexander,  he  would 
not  hesitate  a  moment  to  accept  of  them.  "  And 
I,"  replied  the  king,  "might  think  so  too,  if  I 
were  Parmenio." — "Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch. 
4,  p.  186. 

187.  AMBITION,  Diverse.  Napoleon  I.— Peas- 
ant. [When  Napoleon  was  crossing  the  Alps 
with  his  army,  a  young  peasant  was  his 
guide,  and  unconscious  of  the  rank  of  his  com- 
panion. Napoleon]  drew  from  his  young  and 
artless  guide  the  secrets  of  his  heart.  The  young 
peasant  was  sincere  and  virtuous.  He  loved  a 
fair  maid  among  the  mountains.  She  loved  him. 
It  was  his  great  desire  to  have  her  for  his  own. 
He  was  poor,  and  had  neither  house  nor  land  to 
support  a  family.  Napoleon  struggling  .  .  . 
against  England  and  Austria  ...  to  meet  one 
hundred  and  tAventy  thousand  foes  .  .  .  [re- 
membered his  guide  and  gratified  his  ambition 
in  the  possession  of  a  home.] — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  19. 

188.  AMBITION,  Dream  of.  Count  de  Brog- 
He.  A.D.  1776.  While  Washington  was  toiling 
under  difficulties  without  [pecuniary]  reward, 
a  rival  in  Europe  aspired  to  his  place.  The 
Count  de  Broglie,  disclaiming  the  ambition 
of  becoming  the  sovereign  of  the  United  States, 
insinuated  his  willingness  to  be  for  a  period  of 
years  its  William  of  Orange,  provided  he  could 
be  assured  of  a  large  grant  of  money  before 
embarkation,  an  ample  revenue,  the  highest 
military  rank,  and  the  direction  of  foreign  rela- 
tions during  his  command,  and  a  princely  annu- 
ity for  life  after  his  return.  .  .  .  The  poverty  of 
the  new  republic  scattered  the  great  man's  short- 
lived dream. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  16. 


189.  AMBITION,  Envious.  Themistodes  ths 
Athenian  Statesman  and  General.  Themisto- 
des was  so  carried  away  with  the  love  of  glory, 
so  immoderately  desirous  of  distinguishing 
himself  by  some  great  action,  that,  though 
he  was  very  young  when  the  battle  of  Mara- 
thon was  fought,  and  when  the  generalship 
of  Miltiades  was  everywhere  extolled,  yet  even 
then  he  was  observed  to  keep  much  alone,  to  be 
very  pensive,  to  watch  whole  nights,  and  not  to 
attend  the  usual  entertainments.  When  he  was 
asked  the  reason  by  his  friends,  who  wondered 
at  the  change,  he  said, "  The  trophies  of  Miltiades 
would  not  suffer  him  to  sleep." — Plutarch. 

190.  AMBITION,  Failure  of.  Sir  W.  Scott. 
There  is  something  of  irony  in  such  a  result  of 
the  herculean  labors  of  Scott  to  found  and 
endow  a  new  branch  of  the  clan  of  Scott.  When 
fifteen  years  after  his  death  the  estate  was  at 
length  freed  from  debt,  all  his  own  children 
and  the  eldest  of  his  grandchildren  were  dead  ; 
and  now  forty-six  years  have  elapsed,  and  there 
only  remains  one  girl  of  his  descendants  to  bor- 
row his  name  and  live  in  the  halls  of  which  he 
was  so  proud.  And  yet  this,  and  this  only,  was 
wanting  to  give  something  of  the  grandeur  of 
tragedy  to  the  end  of  Scott's  great  enterprise. 
He  valued  his  works  little  compared  with  the 
house  and  lands  which  they  were  to  be  the 
means  of  gaining  for  his  descendants  ;  yet  every 
end  for  which  he  struggled  so  gallantly  is  all 
but  lost,  while  his  works  have  gained  more  of 
added  lustre  from  the  losing  battle  which  he 
fought  so  long,  than  they  could  ever  have  gain- 
ed from  his  success. — Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  17. 

191.  AMBITION,  Field  of.  Young  Knight. 
He  went  forth,  if  we  are  to  believe  literally  the 
chroniclers  of  those  ages,  with  the  determined 
purpose  of  provoking  to  combat  some  other 
knight  of  established  renown  ;  and  to  effect  this 
a  pretence  was  never  wanting.  He  had  only  to 
assert  boldly  that  the  lady  whom  it  was  his  hap- 
piness to  serve  and  obey  excelled  every  other 
female  in  beauty  and  in  virtue,  as  much  as  the 
moon  surpassed  the  stars  in  splendor,  and  to  in- 
sist upon  every  knight  he  met  making  the  same 
acknowledgment.  The  high  esteem  of  the  fe- 
male sex  we  have  before  remarked  to  have  been 
characteristic  of  the  Gothic  manners.— Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  10. 

192.  AMBITION,  Inhuman.  The  Triumviri. 
Octavius,  Mark  Antony,  and  Lepidus  held  a 
conference  in  a  small  island  in  the  middle  of  the 
river  Po.  They  agreed  that,  under  the  title  of 
Triumviri,  they  should  possess  themselves  of 
absolute  authority ;  and  they  made  a  partition 
on  the  spot  of  all  the  provinces,  and  divided  be- 
tween them  the  command  of  the  legions.  .  .  . 
The  Eastern  provinces  were  as  yet  possessed  by 
Brutus  and  the  other  conspirators,  against  whom 
it  was  determined  that  Antony  and  Octavius 
should  immediately  march  with  a  large  army. 
Before  entering,  however,  upon  this  expedition, 
it  was  resolved  to  clear  the  way  by  a  proscrip- 
tion of  all  that  were  obnoxious  to  any  one  of 
the  Triumviri ;  a  dreadful  resolution,  since  the 
firmest  friends  of  any  one  of  the  three  had  nec- 
essarily been  the  enemies  of  the  others.  What 
souls  must  these  men  have  possessed,  who  could 
advise  or  consent  to  so  horrible  a  scheme  !  Le- 
pidus agreed  to  sacrifice  his  brother  Paulus ; 


■34 


AMBITION. 


Antony  nis  uncle  Lucius  Caesar ;  Octavius  his 
iTuardian  Torranius  and  his  friend  Cicero.— 
Tytlkr's  Universal  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  2. 

193.  AMBITION,  Insensibility  of.  Surgeons. 
A  great  surgeon  is  frequently  tempted,  by  the 
mere  love  of  his  art,  to  perform  an  operation  not 
■«trictly  necessary.  Dr.  [Valentine]  Mott  held  this 
practice  in  abhorrence.  .  .  .  A  celebrated  Paris 
iiurgeon  asked  him  one  day  if  he  would  like  to  see 
iiim  perform  his  original  operation.  "  Nothing 
would  give  me  more  pleasure,"  replied  Dr.  Mott. 
The  Frenchman  mused  a  moment,  and  then 
«aid  :  "  However,  now  I  think  of  it,  there  is  no 
patient  in  the  hospital  who  has  that  malady. 
No  matter,  my  dear  friend,  there  is  a  poor  devil 
in  Ward  No.  — ,  who  is  of  no  use  to  himself  or 
anybody  else ;  and  if  you'll  come  to-morrow, 
I'll  operate  beautifully  on  him."  It  need  not  be 
:8aid  that  Dr.  Mott  declined  to  witness  the  perpe- 
tration of  a  crime  so  atrocious. —  Cyclopedia 
OF  Bigg.,  p.  531. 

194.  AMBITION,  Literary.  Milton.  It  was 
during  his  residence  in  Italy  that  his  literary 
ambition  was  born.  From  an  early  period  of 
Ms  youth  he  had  been  accustomed  to  write  Latin 
poems,  some  of  which  he  carried  to  Italy  and 
showed  to  his  learned  friends  there.  They  were 
.struck  with  wonder  that  a  man  from  distant 
England  should  have  attained  such  mastery  of 
the  Latin  language,  and  they  were  not  less  as- 
tonished that  a  Briton  should  be  so  excellent  a 
poet.  It  was  their  hearty  praise,  he  says  in  one 
of  his  letters,  that  first  suggested  to  him  the  idea 
of  devoting  his  life  to  literature.  Then  and 
there  it  was,  he  tells  us,  that  he  began  to  think 
that  "by  labor  and  intent  study"  he  might,  per- 
iaps,  produce  something  so  written  that  posterity 
-would  not  let  it  die.  A  great  Christian  poem 
was  the  object  to  which  he  aspired.  He  desired 
to  do  for  England  what  Homer  had  done  for 
Greece,  Virgil  for  Rome,  Dante  for  Italy,  and 
Camoens  for  Portugal.  It  was  in  Italy,  too,  that 
he  saw  those  religious  dramas,  representing  the 
temptation  of  Adam  and  Eve  and  its  conse- 
■quences,  which  are  supposed  to  have  given  him 
the  idea  of  his  "  Paradise  Lost."  —  Cyclopedia 
OF  BiOG.,  p.  168. 

195.  AMBITION,  Lofty.  Timour  or  Tamer- 
lane. The  conquest  and  monarchy  of  the  world 
Tvas  the  first  object  of  the  ambition  of  Timour. 
To  live  in  the  memory  and  esteem  of  future  ages 
-was  the  second  wish  of  his  magnanimous  spirit. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65. 

196.  AMBITION,  Maternal.  Mother  of  Emp. 
J!Tero.  On  the  accession  of  Claudius,  Agrippina 
was  restored  to  her  rank  and  fortune,  and  once 
more  imdertook  the  management  of  her  child. 
He  was,  as  we  see  from  his  early  busts,  a  child 
of  exquisite  beauty.  His  beauty  made  him 
An  object  of  special  pride  to  his  mother.  From 
this  time  forward  it  seems  to  have  been  her  one 
desire  to  elevate  the  boy  to  the  rank  of  Emperor. 
In  vain  did  the  astrologers  warn  her  that  his  eleva- 
tion involved  her  murder.  To  such  dark  hints  of 
the  future  she  had  but  one  reply  — ' '  Occidat  dum 
4mperet !"  "  Let  him  slay  me,  so  he  do  but  reign  !" 
[He  did  slay  her.]— Farrar's  Early  Days, 
ch.  2. 

197.  AMBITION  mortified.  Poet  SJielley.  "  I 
despair  of  rivalling  Lord  Byron,  as  well  I  may, 


and  there  is  no  other  with  whom  it  is  worth  con- 
tending." To  Oilier,  in  1820,  he  wrote:  "I 
doubt  whether  I  shall  write  more.  I  could  be 
content  either  with  the  hell  or  the  paradise  of 
poetry  ;  but  the  torments  of  its  purgatory  vex 
me,  without  exciting  my  powers  sufficiently  to 
put  an  end  to  the  vexation."  —  Symonds's 
Shelley,  ch.  6. 

198.  AMBITION,  National.  Continental  Prov- 
ince.  A  period  of  more  than  a  hundred  years 
followed,  during  which  the  chief  object  of  the 
English  was  to  establish,  by  force  of  arms,  a 
great  empire  on  the  Continent.  .  .  .  The 
effect  of  the  successes  of  Edward  III.  and  of 
Henry  V.  was  to  make  France,  for  a  time, 
a  province  of  England.  The  disdain  with 
which,  in  the  twelfth  century,  the  conquerors 
from  the  Continent  had  regarded  the  islanders, 
was  now  retorted  by  the  islanders  on  the  people 
of  the  Continent.  Every  yeoman  from  Kent  to 
Northumberland  valued  himself  as  one  of  a  race 
born  for  victory  and  dominion,  and  looked  down 
with  scorn  on  the  nation  before  which  his  ances- 
tors had  trembled.  ...  In  no  long  time  our  an- 
cestors altogether  lost  sight  of  the  onginal  ground 
of  quarrel.  They  began  to  consider  the  crown 
of  France  as  a  mere  appendage  to  the  crown  of 
England. —  Macaulay's  Hist,  of  Eng.,  ch.  1. 

199.  AMBITION,  Persistent.  CTiarlemagne. 
In  the  course  of  a  glorious  reign  of  forty-five 
years,  this  prince,  who,  in  more  respects  than  ai 
a  conqueror,  deserved  the  surname  of  Great,  ex- 
tended the  limits  of  his  empire  beyond  th« 
Danube,  subdued  Dacia,  Dalmatia,  and  Istria; 
conquered,  and  rendered  tributary  to  his  crown, 
all  the  barbarous  nations  as  far  as  the  Vistula  or 
Weser ;  made  himself  master  of  the  greatest 
part  of  Italy,  and  alarmed  the  fears  of  the  em- 
pire of  the  Saracens.  The  longest  of  his  wars 
was  that  with  the  Saxons.  It  was  thirty  years 
before  he  reduced  to  subjection  this  ferocious 
and  warlike  people.  The  motive  of  this  obsti- 
nate war,  on  the  part  of  Charlemagne,  against 
a  people  who  possessed  nothing  alluring  to  the 
avarice  of  a  conqueror,  was  ambition  alone ; 
unless  we  shall  suppose  that  the  ardor  for  mak- 
ing proselytes  had  its  weight  with  a  prince, 
whose  zeal  for  the  propagation  of  Christianity 
was  a  remarkable  feature  in  his  character — a 
zeal,  however,  which  carried  him  far  beyond 
the  bounds  which  humanity  ought  to  have  as- 
signed to  it.  Charlemagne  left  the  Saxons  but 
the  alternative  of  being  baptized  or  drowned  in 
the  Weser. —  Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3. 

200.  AMBITION  proclaimed.  Bobert  Ouisco/rd. 
After  this  inauguration  [as  duke]  Robert  styled 
himself,  "By  the  grace  of  God  and  St.  Peter, 
Duke  of  Apulia,  Calabria,  and  hereafter  of 
Sicily ;"  and  it  was  the  labor  of  twenty  years 
to  deserve  and  realize  these  lofty  appellations. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  56. 

201.  AMBITION  restrained.  Theodoric  the  Os- 
trogoth. The  life  of  Theodoric  represents  the 
rare  and  meritorious  example  of  a  barbarian, 
who  sheathed  his  sword  in  the  pride  of  victory 
and  the  vigor  of  his  age.  A  reign  of  three  and 
thirty  years  was  consecrated  to  the  duties  of 
civil  government,  and  the  hostilities  in  which 
he  was  sometimes  involved  were  speedily  ter- 
minated by  the  conduct  of  his  lieutenants,  th« 
discipline  of  his  troops,  the  arms  of  his  allies, 


AMBITION— AMEBIC  A . 


and  even  by  the  terror  of  his  name. —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  39. 


202.  AMBITION,  Sleepless.  Mahomet  II. 
[Fearing  the  bribes  of  his  enemies,  he  sent  for 
his  prime  vizier  at  midnight,  who  came  with 
much  alarm  to  learn  Mahomet's  anxiety  to  pos- 
sess Constantinople.]  "  Lala  "  (or  preceptor),  con- 
tinued the  sultan,  "  do  you  see  this  pillow  ?  All 
the  night,  in  my  agitation,  I  have  pulled  on  one 
side  or  the  other  ;  I  have  risen  from  my  bed,  again 
have  I  lain  down  ;  yet  sleep  has  not  visited  these 
weary  eyes.  Beware  of  the  gold  and  silver  of 
the  Romans  .  .  .  with  the  aid  of  God  and  the 
prayers  of  the  prophet,  we  shall  speedily  be- 
come masters  of  Constantinople." — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  68. 

203.  AMBITION,  Spurred.  General  Schuyler. 
A.D.  1777.  [Gen.  Gates  asked  Congress  to  ap- 
point himself  to  supersede  Schuyler  in  command 
at  Albany  and  Ticonderoga.]  His  uneasy  and 
ambitious  wife  let  her  voice  be  heard  :  "  If  you 
give  up  one  iota,  and  condescend  to  be  adjutant- 
general,  I  may  forgive  it,  but  never  will  forget 
it."  [He  was  unfit  for  either  position,  but 
gained  his  point.] — Bancroft's  IJ.  S.,  vol.  9, 
ch.  19. 

204.  AMBITION,  Subordinated.  Oliver  Crom- 
well.    Macaulay    .  .  .     says  :    ' '  The  ambition 

j  of  Oliver  was  of  no  vulgar  kind.  He  never 
seems  to  have  coveted  despotic  power.  He,  at 
first,  fought  sincerely  and  manfully  for  the 
Parliament,  and  never  deserted  it  till  it  had  de- 
serted its  duty.  But  even  when  thus  placed  by 
violence  at  the  head  of  affairs,  he  did  not  assume 
unlimited  power.  He  gave  the  country  a  con- 
stitution far  more  perfect  than  any  which  had, 
at  that  time,  been  known  to  the  world.  For 
himself,  he  demanded  indeed  the  first  place  in 
the  Commonwealth,  bat  with  powers  scarcely 
so  great  as  those  of  a  Dutch  stadtholder  or  an 
American  president.  He  gave  to  Parliament  a 
voice  in  the  appointment  of  ministers,  and  left 
it  to  the  whole  legislative  authority,  not  even 
reserving  to  himself  a  veto  on  its  enactments  ; 
and  he  did  not  require  that  the  chief  magistracy 
should  be  hereditary  in  his  family.  Thus  far, 
if  the  circumstances  of  the  time  and  the  oppor- 
tunities which  he  had  for  aggrandizing  himself 
be  fairly  considered,  he  will  not  lose  by  com- 
parison with  Washington  and  Bolivar. " — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  1. 

205.  AMBITION,  Unhappy.  Timour  the  Tar- 
tar. [The  nuptials  of  his  six  grandsons  were 
celebrated  for  two  months.]  The  historian 
of  Timour  may  remark,  that,  after  devoting 
fifty  years  to  the  attainment  of  empire,  the 
only  happy  period  of  his  life  were  the  two 
months  in  which  he  ceased  to  exercise  his 
power.  But  he  was  soon  awakened  to  the  cares 
of  government  and  war.  —  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  65. 

206.  AMBITION  unsatisfied.  Bomxin  Emper- 
or Severus.     The  ascent  to  greatness,  however 

■steep  and  dangerous,  may  entertain  an  active 
spirit  with  the  consciousness  and  exercise  of  its 
own  powers  ;  but  the  possession  of  a  throne  could 
never  yet  afford  a  lasting  satisfaction  to  an 
a^abitious  mind.  This  melancholy  truth  was 
fjlt  and  acknowledged  by  Severus.  Fortune 
nnd  merit  had,  from  an  humble  station,  elevated 
dim  to  the  first  place  among  mankind.     "He 


had  been  all  things,"  as  he  said  himself,  "  and 
all  was  of  little  value."  Distracted  with  the 
care,  not  of  acquiring,  but  of  preserving  an  em- 
pire, oppressed  with  age  and  infirmities,  careless 
of  fame,  and  satiated  with  power,  all  his  pros- 
pects of  life  were  closed.  The  desire  of  perpet- 
uating the  greatness  of  his  family  was  the  only 
remaining  wish  of  his  ambition  and  paternal 
tenderness. —  Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6. 

207.  AMBITION,  Unscrupulous.  Stephen  A. 
Douglas.  His  faults  were  great  and  lamentable. 
Like  so  many  other  public  men  who  spend 
their  winters  in  Washington,  he  lived  too  freely 
and  drank  too  much.  If  he  was  a  skilful  poli- 
tician, he  was  sometimes  an  unscrupulous  one, 
and  supported  measures  for  party  reasons  which 
he  ought  to  have  opposed  for  humane  and  patri- 
otic ones.  He  said  himself  that  President  Polk 
committed  the  gigantic  crime  of  "  precipitating 
the  country  into  the  Mexican  war  to  avoid  the 
ruin  of  the  Democratic  party,"  and  knowing 
this,  he  supported  him  in  it.  His  rapid  and  uni- 
form success  as  a  politician  inflamed  his  ambi- 
tion, and  he  made  push  after  push  for  the  Presi- 
dency, and  finally  permitted  his  party  to  be 
divided  rather  than  postpone  his  hopes.  He 
was  in  too  much  of  a  hurry  to  be  President.  -^ 
Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  201. 

20§.  AMBITION,  War  of.  "Seven  Years' War." 
[Frederick  the  Great  professed  friendship  and 
support  to  the  young  ruler  of  Austria.]  Yet  the 
King  of  Prussia,  the  "  Anti-Machiavel,"  had  al- 
ready fully  determined  to  commit  the  great 
crime  of  violating  his  plighted  faith,  of  robbing 
the  ally  whom  he  was  bound  to  defend,  and  of 
plunging  all  Europe  into  a  long,  bloody,  and 
desolating  war,  and  all  this  for  no  end  whatever 
except  that  he  might  extend  his  dominions  and 
see  his  name  in  the  gazettes.  He  determined  to 
assemble  a  great  army  with  speed  and  secrecy  to 
invade  Silesia  before  Maria  Theresa  should  be 
apprised  of  his  design,  and  to  add  that  rich  prov- 
ince to  his  kingdom.  ...  To  quote  his  own 
words  :  "  Ambition,  interest,  the  desire  of  mak- 
ing people  talk  about  me,  carried  the  day,  and  I 
decided  for  war."  —  Macaulay's  Frederick 
THE  Great,  p.  28. 

209,  AMERICA  for  Americans.  "Monroe 
Doctrine."  The  British  and  French  ministers 
proposed  to  the  American  Government  to  enter 
into  a  Tripartite  Treaty — so  called — in  which 
each  of  the  contracting  nations  was  to  disclaim 
then  and  forever  all  intention  of  possessing 
Cuba.  To  this  proposal  Mr.  [Alex.  H.]  Everett 
replied  in  one  of  the  most  masterly  State  papers 
on  record.  Great  Britain  and  France  were  in- 
formed .  .  .  that  the  Federal  Government  did 
not  recognize  in  any  European  power  the  right 
to  meddle  with  affairs  purely  American,  and 
that,  in  accordance  with  the  doctrine  set  forth 
l)y  President  Monroe,  any  such  interference 
would  be  resented  as  an  affront  to  the  sover- 
eignty  of  the  United  States. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  58. 

210.  AMEEICA,  Future  of.  Lafayette.  He 
received  the  order  of  the  king  [of  France]  to 
give  up  his  expedition  [in  aid  of  the  Americans] 
.  .  .  he  braved  the  order,  and  .  .  .  embarked 
for  America.  ...  To  his  young  wife  .  .  . 
he  wrote  on  board  the  Victory,  at  sea ; 
"  From  love  to  me  become  a  good  American  ; 


26 


AMERICA— AMUSEMENTS. 


the  welfare  of  America  is  closely  bound  up  with 
the  welfare  of  all  mankind ;  it  is  about  to  be- 
come the  safe  asylum  of  virtue,  tolerance, 
equality,  and  peaceful  liberty." — Bakckoft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  16. 

211.  AMEEICA,  Mission  of.  John  Adams. 
"I  always,"  said  John  Adams,  "consider  the 
settlement  of  America  with  reverence  and  won- 
der, as  the  opening  of  a  grand  scene  and  design 
in  Providence  for  the  illumination  of  the  igno- 
rant and  the  emancipation  of  the  slavish  part 
of  mankind  all  over  the  earth." — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  11. 

212.  AMERICA,  Prophecy  of.  Stormont  to 
George  III.  [In  a.d.  1775  he  predicted  if  the 
colonies  gained  independence  :]  They  might  con- 
quer both  your  islands  and  ours  ...  in  process 
of  time  advance  to  the  southern  continent  of 
America,  and  either  subdue  their  inhabitants,  or 
carry  them  along  with  them,  and  in  the  end  not 
leave  a  foot  of  that  hemisphere  in  the  possession 
of  an  European  power  .  .  .  being  remote  they 
are  not  the  less  sure. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  8, 
ch.  51. 

213.  AMERICA,  Transformation  in.  "Fountain 
of  ToutJi."  On  the  discovery  of  the  new  hemi- 
sphere, the  tradition  was  widely  spread  through- 
out the  old,  that  it  conceals  a  fountain  whose  ever- 
flowing  waters  have  power  to  reanimate  age  and 
restore  its  prime.  The  tradition  was  true  ;  but 
the  youth  to  be  renewed  was  the  youth  of  soci- 
ety ;  the  life  to  bloom  afresh  was  the  life  of  the 
race. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  13. 

214.  AMERICANS  despised.  Dr.  Samuel  John- 
son. He  had  recently  published  a  pamphlet,  en- 
titled ' '  Taxation  no  Tyranny  ;  an  Answer  to 
the  Resolutions  and  Address  of  the  American 
Congress."  ...  As  early  as  1769  ...  he  had 
said  of  them,  "  Sir,  they  are  a  race  of  convicts, 
and  ought  to  be  thankful  for  anything  we  al- 
low them  short  of  hanging. " — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  237. 

215.  AMERICANS  hated.  Dr.  Samvd  John- 
son. He  said  :  "I  am  willing  to  love  all  man- 
kind, except  an  American ;"  and  his  inflamma- 
ble corruption  bursting  into  horrid  fire,  he 
"breathed  out  threatenings  and  slaughter," 
calling  them,  "Rascals,  robbers,  pirates;"  and 
exclaiming,  he'd  ' '  burn  and  destroy  them. " 
Miss  Seward,  looking  to  him  with  mild  but 
steady  astonishment,  said  :  "  Sir,  this  is  an  in- 
stance that  we  are  always  most  violent  against 
those  whom  we  have  injured."  He  was  irritated 
still  more  by  this  delicate  and  keen  reproach. — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  380. 

216.  AMUSEMENT,  Captivated  by.  Louis  Phi- 
lippe.  [The  Duke  of  Orleans  travelled  in  the  Uni- 
ted States  incog.']  At  a  tavern  the  duke  remonstra- 
ted with  the  landlady  for  not  attending  to  their 
wants.  She  replied  that  there  was  a  show  in 
the  village,  the  first  show  ever  seen  in  that  coun- 
trj^  and  she  was  not  going  to  stay  at  home  her- 
self, nor  require  any  one  else  to  stay,  to  wait  on 
anybody  ;  not  she,  indeed  !  —  Cyclopedia  of 
Biog.,  p.  509. 

217.  AMUSEMENT,  Disappointed  in.  Monks. 
In  England  .  .  .  the  Gray  Friars  of  Francis  [ar- 
rived] in  1224.  They  had  hardly  landed  at  Dover 
before  they  made  straight  for  London  and  Ox- 
ford.  In  their  ignorance  of  the  road  the  first  two 


gi-ay  brothers  lost  their  way  in  the  woods  between 
Oxford  and  Baldon,  and,  fearful  of  night  and  of 
the  floods,  turned  aside  to  a  grange  of  the  monks 
of  Abingdon.  Their  ragged  clothes  and  foreign 
gestures,  as  they  prayed  for  hospitality,  led  the 
porter  to  take  them  for  jongleurs,  the  jesters  and 
jugglers  of  the  day,  and  the  news  of  this  break 
in  the  monotony  of  their  lives  brought  prior, 
sacrist,  and  cellarer  to  the  door  to  welcome  them 
and  witness  their  tricks.  The  disappointment 
was  too  much  for  the  temper  of  the  monks,  and 
the  brothers  were  kicked  roughly  from  the  gate 
to  find  their  night's  lodgings  under  a  tree. — 
Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  208. 

218.  AMUSEMENTS,  Brutal.  Broadsicords. 
During  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
all  ranks  gathered  to  see  "  a  trial  of  skill  between 
two  masters  of  the  noble  science  of  defence." 
The  fights  of  the  ring  have  been  brutalizing 
enough  ;  but  to  behold  two  men  cut  at  each 
other  with  broadswords,  till  one  was  disabled  by 
severe  wounds  on  the  forehead  and  the  leg,  was  a 
brutality  that  was  at  its  height  in  the  Augustan 
age. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  27. 

219.  AMUSEMENTS  of  Combat.  Boman  The- 
atre. Pompey  dedicated  a  new  theatre,  and 
delighted  the  mob  with  games  and  races.  Five 
hundred  lions  were  consumed  in  five  days 
of  combat.  As  a  special  novelty,  eighteen  ele- 
phants were  made  to  fight  with  soldiers  ;  and, 
as  a  yet  more  extraordinary  phenomenon,  the 
sanguinary  Roman  spectators  showed  signs  of 
compunction  at  their  sufferings.  The  poor 
beasts  were  quiet  and  harmless.  When 
wounded  with  the  lances  they  turned  aw^aj', 
threw  up  their  trunks,  and  trotted  round  the 
circus,  crying,  as  if  in  protest,  against  wanton 
cruelty.  The  story  went  that  they  were  half 
human  ;  that  they  had  been  seduced  on  board 
the  African  transports  by  a  promise  that  they 
should  not  be  ill-used,  and  they  were  supposed 
to  be  appealing  to  the  gods. — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  15. 

220.  AMUSEMENTS,  Degraded  by.  Bomam. 
The  drama,  even  in  Horace's  days,  had  degen- 
erated into  a  vehicle  for  the  exhibition  of  scen- 
ic splendor  or  ingenious  machinery.  Dignity, 
wit,  pathos,  were  no  longer  expected  on  the 
stage,  for  the  dramatist  was  eclipsed  by  the 
swordsman  or  the  rope-dancer.  The  actors 
who  absorbed  the  greatest  part  of  popular  favor 
were  pantomimists,  whose  insolent  prosperitj- 
was  generally  in  direct  proportion  to  the  infamy 
of  their  character.  And  while  the  shamelessness 
of  the  theatre  corrupted  the  pui-ity  of  all  classes 
from  the  earliest  age,  the  hearts  of  the  multitude 
were  made  hard  as  the  nether  millstone  with 
brutal  insensibility,  by  the  fury  of  the  circus, 
the  atrocities  of  the  amphitheatre,  and  the  cruel 
orgies  of  the  games.  Augustus,  in  the  docu- 
ment annexed  to  his  will,  mentioned  that  he 
had  exhibited  eight  thousand  gladiators  and 
three  thousand  five  hundred  and  ten  wild  beasts. 
— Farrar's  Early  Days,  ch.  1. 

221.  AMUSEMENTS,  DeUght  in.  Circus.  The 
most  lively  and  splendid  amusement  of  the  idle 
multitude  depended  on  the  frequent  exhibition 
or  public  games  and  spectacles.  The  piety  of 
Christian  princes  had  suppressed  the  inhuman 
combats  of  gladiators ;  but  the  Roman  people 
still  considered  the  circus  as  their  home,  their 


AMUSEMENTS— ANGEL. 


37 


^emple,  and  the  seat  of  the  republic.  The  im- 
patient crowd  rushed  at  the  dawn  of  day  to  se- 
cure their  places,  and  there  were  many  who 
passed  a  sleepless  and  anxious  night  in  the  ad- 
jacent porticos.  From  the  morning  to  the 
evening,  careless  of  the  sun,  or  of  the  rain,  the 
spectators,  who  sometimes  amounted  to  the  num- 
ber of  four  hundred  thousand,  remained  in 
eager  attention  ;  their  eyes  fixed  on  the  horses 
and  charioteers,  their  minds  agitated  with  hope 
and  fear,  for  the  success  of  the  colors  which,  they 
espoused  ;  and  the  happiness  of  Rome  appeared 
to  hang  on  the  event  of  a  race. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  31. 

222.  AMUSEMENTS  interdicted.  By  Puri- 
tam.  Public  amusements,  from  the  masques 
which  were  exhibited  at  the  mansions  of  the 
great  down  to  the  wrestling  matches  and  grin- 
ning matches  on  village  greens,  were  vigorously 
attacked.  One  ordinance  directed  that  all  the 
May-poles  in  England  should  forthwith  be  hewn 
down.  Another  proscribed  all  theatrical  di- 
versions. The  play-houses  were  to  be  disman- 
tled, the  spectators  fined,  the  actors  whipped  at 
the  cart's  tail.  Rope-dancing,  puppet-shows, 
bowls,  horseracing,  were  regarded  with  no 
friendly  eye.  But  bear-baiting,  then  a  favorite 
diversion  of  high  and  low,  was  the  abomination 
which  most  stirred  the  wrath  of  the  austere 
sectaries  .  .  .  not  because  it  gave  pain  to  the 
bear,  but  because  it  gave  pleasure  to  the  specta- 
tors. Indeed,  he  generally  contrived  to  enjoy 
the  double  pleasure  of  tormenting  both  the  spec- 
tators and  the  bear. — Mac aul ay's  Hist,  op 
Eng.,  ch.  11. 

223.  AMUSEMENTS,  Sanguinary.  Roman  Cir- 
cus. By  the  order  of  [the  emperor]  Probus,  a 
great  quantity  of  large  trees,  torn  up  by  the 
roots,  were  transplanted  into  the  midst  of  the 
circus.  The  spacious  and  shady  forest  was  im- 
mediately filled  with  a  thousand  ostriches,  a 
thousand  stags,  a  thousand  fallow  deer,  and  a 
thousand  wild  boars  ;  and  all  this  variety  of 
game  was  abandoned  to  the  riotous  impetuosity 
of  the  multitude.  The  tragedy  of  the  succeed- 
ing day  consisted  in  the  massacre  of  a  hundred 
lions,  an  equal  number  of  lionesses,  two  hun- 
dred leopards,  and  three  hundred  bears.  The 
collection  prepared  by  the  younger  Gordian  for 
his  triumph,  and  which  his  successor  exhibited 
in  the  secular  games,  was  less  remarkable  by 
the  number  than  by  the  singularity  of  the  ani- 
mals. Twenty  zebras  displayed  their  elegant 
forms  and  variegated  beauty  to  the  eyes  of  the 
Roman  people.  Ten  elks,  and  as  many  camel- 
opards,  the  loftiest  and  most  harmless  creat- 
ures that  wander  over  the  plains  of  Sar- 
matia  and  Ethiopia,  were  contrasted  with 
thirty  African  hyenas  and  ten  Indian  tigers,  the 
most  implacable  savages  of  the  torrid  zone. 
The  unoffending  strength  with  which  Nature 
has  endowed  the  greater  quadrupeds  was  ad- 
mired in  the  rhinoceros,  the  hippopotamus  of 
the  Nile,  and  a  majestic  troop  of  thirty-two  ele- 
phants .  .  .  and  properties  of  so  many  different 
species,  transported  from  every  part  of  the 
ancient  world  into  the  amphitheatre  of  Rome. 
But  this  accidental  benefit,  which  science  might 
[lerive  from  folly,  is  surely  insufficient  to  jus- 
tify such  a  wanton  abuse  of  the  public  riches. — 
G^IBBON'8  Rome,  ch.  12. 


224.  AMUSEMENTS,  Sunday.  Games.  [In 
1593,]  after  the  evening  service,  to  shoot  at  the 
baths,  to  play  at  football,  even  to  see  an  inter- 
lude, were  not  accounted  unqhristian  occupa- 
tions. Round  the  old  manor-house  the  lads 
and  lasses  of  the  village  would  have  their  Sun- 
day evening  games  of  barley-break  and  hand- 
ball, while  the  squire,  and  even  the  parson, 
would  look  approvingly  on. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  16,  p.  251. 

225.  ANCESTEY,  Humble.  Poet  Horace.  His 
father  was  a  Roman  slave,  who,  some  years 
before  Horace  was  born,  obtained  his  free- 
dom. "Everybody  has  a  fling  at  me,"  he 
says  in  one  of  his  satires  (the  sixth  of  book 
first),  "because  I  am  a  freedman's  son."  He 
owed  his  name  to  the  fact  that  his  father's 
master  belonged  to  the  Horatian  tribe. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BioG.,  p.  373. 

226.  ANCESTRY  ineffective.  Pnnce  Rupert. 
He  was  born  at  Prague,  in  1619  ;  his  father  had 
claimed  to  be,  and  had  got  himself  and  his  fair 
young  queen  crowned.  King  and  Queen  of  Bohe- 
mia, so  that  the  prince  was  born  with  all  the 
assumptions  of  royalty  around  him.  But  his 
genealogist  says,  "He  began  to  be  illustrious 
many  years  before  his  birth,  and  we  must  look 
back  into  history,  above  two  thousand  years,  to 
discover  the  first  rays  of  his  glory.  We  may 
consider,"  continues  the  writer,  "him  very 
great,  being  descended  from  the  two  most  illus- 
trious and  ancient  houses  of  Europe,  that  of 
England  and  Palatine  of  the  Rhine."  And  then 
the  writer  goes  on  to  trace  up  his  ancestry  to 
Attila,  Charlemagne,  and  so  down  through  a 
succession  of  Ruperts,  Louis,  Fredericks.  The 
facts  after  the  birth  of  Rupert  are  an  affecting 
satire  upon  all  this.  [He  was  headstrong  and 
imprudent.] — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  9. 

227.  ANCESTRY,  Unlike.  OrUans  Pnnces. 
These  Orleans  princes  became,  in  the  course  of 
four  or  five  generations,  immensely  rich — the 
richest  family  in  France,  if  not  in  Europe.  One 
Duke  of  Orleans  gave  away  in  charity  every 
year  a  quarter  of  a  million  francs  ;  two  others 
were  the  scandal  of  Christendom  for  extrava- 
gance and  debauchery,  and  still  their  estates  in- 
creased. It  happened,  curiously  enough,  that 
a  virtuous  Duke  of  Orleans  usually  had  a  very 
dissolute  son,  and  a  dissolute  duke  a  virtuous 
son,  so  that  what  one  squandered  the  next  heir 
made  up  by  economy.  Philippe,  brother  of 
Louis  XIV.,  was  tolerably  steady;  his  son, 
Philippe,  Regent  of  France,  was  one  of  the 
most  shameless  roues,  gluttons,  and  wine-bib- 
bers that  ever  lived  ;  Ms  son,  Louis,  was  a  down- 
right devotee  and  bigot ;  Ms  son,  Louis  Philippe, 
was  not  what  we  should  call  a  moral  man,  but 
he  was  very  moral  for  the  France  of  that  day, 
exceedingly  charitable,  and  a  most  liberal 
patron  of  art  and  literature ;  Ms  son,  Louis 
Philippe  Joseph,  was  that  notorious  debauchee 
and  pretended  democrat  who  figured  in  the 
first  years  of  the  French  Revolution  as  '  'Egalite. " 
— Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  504. 

228.  ANGEL,  Delivering.  Joan  of  Arc. 
When  it  was  day,  the  Maid  rode  in  solemn  pro- 
cession through  the  city,  clad  in  complete 
armor,  and  mounted  on  a  white  horse.  Dunois 
was  by  her  side,  and  all  the  bravest  knights  of 
her  army  and  of  the  garrison  followed  in  her 


28 


ANGER— ANIMALS. 


train.  The  whole  population  thronged  around 
her ;  and  men,  women,  and  children  strove  to 
touch  her  garments,  or  her  banner,  or  her 
charger.  They  poured  forth  blessings  on  her, 
whom  they  already  considered  their  deliverer. 
In  the  words  used  by  two  of  them  afterward  be- 
fore the  tribunal  which  reversed  the  sentence, 
but  could  not  restore  the  life  of  the  virgin- 
martyr  of  France,  "the  people  of  Orleans, 
when  they  first  saw  her  in  their  city,  thought 
that  it  was  an  angel  from  heaven  that  had  come 
down  to  save  them. "  Joan  spoke  gently  in  reply 
to  their  acclamations  and  addresses.  She  told 
them  to  fear  God,  and  trust  in  Him  for  safety 
from  the  fury  of  their  enemies. — Decisive 
Battles,  §  381. 

229.  AN6EE,  Symptom  of.  Napoleon  I.  [At 
St.  Helena  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  the  governor,  was 
very  offensive  to  him.  After  an  interview  Na- 
poleon said  :]  ' '  We  had  a  violent  scene.  I 
have  been  thrown  quite  out  of  temper.  .  .  . 
My  anger  must  have  been  powerfully  excited, 
for  I  felt  a  vibration  in  the  calf  of  my  left  leg. 
This  is  always  a  sure  sign  with  me,  and  I  have 
not  felt  it  for  a  long  time  before." — Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  31. 

230.  ANGUISH  prolonged.  Garibaldi.  Once 
in  South  America  .  .  .  being  taken  prisoner, 
he  was  cruelly  beaten  with  a  club,  then  hung  by 
his  hands  to  a  beam  for  two  hours,  during 
which  he  suffered  the  anguish  of  a  hundred 
deaths  ;  and  when  cut  down,  fell  helpless  to  the 
earth. — Cyc.  op  Biog.,  p.  495. 

231.  ANIMALS,  Allegorical.  John  Dry  den. 
He  composed,  with  unwonted  care  and  labor, 
his  celebrated  poem  on  the  points  in  dispute 
between  the  churches  of  Rome  and  England. 
The  Church  of  Rome  he  represented  under  the 
similitude  of  a  milk-white  hind,  ever  in  peril  of 
death,  yet  fated  not  to  die.  The  beasts  of  the 
field  were  bent  on  her  destruction.  The  quaking 
hare,  indeed,  observed  a  timorous  neutrality ; 
but  the  Socinian  fox,  the  Presbyterian  wolf,  the 
Independent  bear,  the  Anabaptist  boar,  glared 
fiercely  at  the  spotless  creature.  Yet  she  could 
venture  to  drink  with  them  at  the  common  water- 
ing-place under  the  protection  of  her  friend,  the 
kingly  lion.  The  Church  of  England  was  typi- 
fied by  the  panther,  spotted  indeed,  but  beauti- 
ful— too  beautiful  for  a  beast  of  prey.  The  hind 
and  the  panther,  equally  hated  by  the  ferocious 
population  of  the  forest,  conferred  apart  on 
their  common  danger.  They  then  proceeded  to 
discuss  the  points  on  which  they  differed,  and, 
while  wagging  their  tails  and  licking  their  jaws, 
hold  a  long  dialogue  touching  the  real  presence, 
the  authority  of  popes  and  councils,  the  penal 
laws,  the  Test  Act,  Oates's  perjuries,  Butler's 
unrequited  services  to  the  Cavalier  party,  Still- 
ingfleet's  pamphlets,  and  Burnet's  broad  shoul- 
ders and  fortunate  matrimonial  speculations. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  7. 

232.  ANIMALS  attracted.  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
[A  grand  company  of  guests  were  mounted  for 
an  expedition.]  "  The  order  of  march  had  been 
all  settled,  and  the  sociable  was  just  getting 
under  weigh,  when  the  Lady  Anne  broke  from 
the  line,  screaming  with  laughter,  and  ex- 
claimed,' Papa  !  papa  !  I  know  you  could  never 
think  of  going  without  your  pet.'  Scott  looked 
round,  and  I  rather  think  there  was  a  blush  as 


well  as  a  smile  upon  his  face,  when  he  perceived 
a  little  black  pig  frisking  about  his  pony,  and 
evidently  a  self -elected  addition  to  the  party  of 
the  day.  He  tried  to  look  stern,  and  cracked 
his  whip  at  the  creature,  but  was  in  a  moment 
obliged  to  join  in  the  general  cheers.  Poor 
piggy  .  ,  .  was  dragged  into  the  background. 
.  .  .  This  pig  had  taken,  nobody  could  tell 
how,  a  most  sentimental  attachment  to  Scott,  and 
was  constantly  urging  its  pretension  to  be  ad- 
mitted a  regular  member  of  his  tail,  along  with 
the  greyhounds  and  terriers  ;  but,  indeed,  I  re- 
member him  suffering  another  summer  under 
the  same  sort  of  pertinacity  on  the  part  of  an 
affectionate  hen.  I  leave  the  explanation  for 
philosophers." — Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  8. 

233.  ANIMALS  condemned.  Pet.  When  Caesar 
happened  to  see  some  strangers  at  Rome  carry- 
ing young  dogs  and  monkeys  in  their  arms,  and 
fondly  caressing  them,  he  asked,  "  Whether  the 
women  in  their  country  never  bore  any  chil- 
dren ?"  thus  reproving  with  a  proper  severity 
those  who  lavish  upon  brutes  that  natural  ten- 
derness which  is  due  only  to  mankind.  — 
Plutarch. 

234.  ANIMALS  honored.  Oeese.  Geese  were 
ever  after  had  in  honor  at  Rome,  and  a  flock  of 
them  always  kept  at  the  expense  of  the  public. 
A  golden  image  of  a  goose  was  erected  in  mem- 
ory of  them,  and  a  goose  every  year  [was]  carried 
in  triumph  upon  a  soft  litter,  finely  adorned. — 
Langhorne's  Notes. 

235. .     Dead.     In    the  battle  with 

Porus,  Bucephalus  received  several  wounds,  of 
which  he  died  some  time  after.  .  .  .  Alexander 
showed  as  much  regret  as  if  he  had  lost  a  faith- 
ful friend  and  companion.  He  esteemed  him, 
indeed,  as  such,  and  built  a  city  near  the  Hy- 
daspes,  in  the  place  where  he  was  buried,  which 
he  called,  after  him,  Bucephalia.  He  is  also 
reported  to  have  built  a  city  and  called  it  Peritas, 
in  memory  of  a  dog  of  that  name,  which  he  had 
brought  up  and  was  very  fond  of. — Plutarch. 

236.  ANIMALS,  Kespect  for.  Buddhists.  Ani- 
mal life  is  held  sacred,  and  a  Buddhist  temple 
looks  like  a  barnyard,  a  village  pound,  and  a 
church  combined.  Cows,  parrots,  monkeys, 
dogs,  beggars,  children,  priests,  sight-seers,  dev- 
otees— all  mingle  and  blend  on  a  footing  of 
friendliness,  the  animals  fearing  no  harm,  the 
men  meaning  none.  A  Buddhist  priest  will  not 
kill  an  animal.  .  .  .  Before  he  sits  on  the  ground 
he  will  carefully  brush  it,  lest  he  might  unwit- 
tingly crush  an  ant  or  a  worm. — Gen.  Grant's 
Travels,  p.  353. 

237. .   Superstition.    [The  folly  of 

the  crusaders  was  frequently  illustrated.]  Some 
counts  and  gentlemen,  at  the  head  of  three 
thousand  horse,  attended  the  motions  of  the 
multitude  to  partake  in  the  spoil ;  but  their 
genuine  leaders  .  .  .  were  a  goose  and  a  goat, 
who  were  carried  in  the  front,  and  to  whom 
these  worthy  Christians  ascribed  an  infusion  of 
the  divine  spirit. — Gibbon's  Rome,  vol.  5,  ch. 
58,  p.  553. 

23§.  ANIMALS,  Service  of.  Slieplierd's  Dog. 
Without  the  shepherd's  dog  the  mountainous 
land  in  England  would  not  be  worth  sixpence. 
[■The  dog  brings  the  sheep  from  heights  untrod- 
den by  the  foot  of  man]. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol. 
7,  ch.  2,  p.  33. 


ANIMOSITY— ANXIETY. 


29 


239.  ANIMOSITY,  Fraternal.  Caraealla  and 
Oeia.  Their  aversion,  confirmed  by  years,  and 
fomented  by  the  arts  of  their  interested  favor- 
ites, broke  out  in  childish  and  gradually  in  more 
serious  competitions ;  and,  at  length,  divided 
the  theatre,  the  circus,  and  the  court  into  two 
factions,  actuated  by  the  hopes  and  fears  of  their 
respective  leaders.  The  prudent  emperor  [Sev- 
erus]  endeavored,  by  every  expedient  of  advice 
and  authority,  to  allay  this  growing  animosity. 
The  unhappy  discord  of  his  sons  clouded  all  his 
prospects,  and  threatened  to  overturn  a  throne 
raised  with  so  much  labor,  cemented  with  so 
mucli  blood,  and  guarded  with  every  defence  of 
arms  and  treasure.  With  an  impartial  hand  he 
maintained  between  them  an  exact  balance  of 
favor,  conferred  on  both  the  rank  of  Augustus, 
with  the  revered  name  of  Antoninus ;  and  for 
the  first  time  the  Roman  world  beheld  three 
emperors.  Yet  even  this  equal  conduct  served 
only  to  inflame  the  contest,  while  the  fierce 
Caraealla  asserted  the  right  of  primogeniture, 
and  the  milder  Geta  courted  the  affections  of 
the  people  and  the  soldiers.  In  the  anguish  of 
a  disappointed  father,  Severus  foretold  that  the 
weaker  of  his  sons  would  fall  a  sacrifice  to  the 
stronger  ;  who,  in  his  turn,  would  be  ruined  by 
his  own  vices.  [See  more  at  No.  1096.  It  was 
a  true  prophecy.  He  was  assassinated.] — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  6. 

240.  ANIMOSITY  of  Ignorance.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  It  was  very  seldom  that  the  coun- 
try gentleman  caught  glimpses  of  the  great 
world,  and  what  he  saw  of  it  tended  rather  to 
confuse  than  to  enlighten  his  understanding. 
His  opinions  respecting  religion,  government, 
foreign  countries,  and  former  times,  having  been 
derived,  not  from  study,  from  observation,  or 
from  conversation  with  enlightened  companions, 
but  from  such  traditions  as  were  current  in  his 
own  small  circle,  were  the  opinions  of  a  child. 
He  adhered  to  tliem,  however,  with  the  obsti- 
nacy which  is  generally  found  in  ignorant  men 
accustomed  to  be  fed  with  flattery.  His  ani- 
mosities were  numerous  and  bitter.  He  hated 
Frenchmen  and  Italians,  Scotchmen  and  Irish- 
men, papists  and  Presbyterians,  Independents 
Rnd  Baptists,  Quakers  and  Jews.  Toward 
London  and  Londoners  he  felt  an  aversion  which 
more  than  once  produced  important  political 
effects. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3. 

241.  ANIMOSITY,  Uiureasonable.  Anti-Cath- 
olic. [At  the  funeral  of  Godfrey,  a  Protestant 
magistrate  in  1678,  there  was  great  excitement, 
as  the  Catholics  were  supposed  to  have  murder- 
ed him  to  suppress  further  inquiry  concerning 
the  Popish  plot  against  the  life  of  the  king.]  The 
crowd  was  prodigious,  and  so  heated  that  any- 
thing called  Popish,  were  it  called  cat  or  dog, 
had  probably  gone  to  pieces  in  a  moment. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  4,  ch.  20,  p.  334.     . 

242.  ANNOUNCEMENT,  AppalUng.  RieJmrd 
III.  But  if  he  hated  the  queen'*  kindred 
Hastings  was  as  loyal  as  the  Woodvilles  them- 
selves to  the  children  of  Edward  IV. ;  and  the 
next  step  of  the  two  dukes  was  to  remove 
tins  obstacle.  Little  more  than  a  month  had 
passed  after  the  overthrow  of  the  "Woodvilles 
when  Richard  suddenly  entered  the  coun- 
cil-chamber and  charged  Hastings  with  sorcery 
and  attempts  upon  his  life.     As  he  dashed  his 


hand  upon  the  table  the  room  filled  with  sol- 
diery. "I  will  not  dine,"  said  the  duke,  turn- 
ing to  the  minister,  "  till  they  have  brought  me 
your  head."  Hastings  was  hurried  to  executiou 
in  the  courtyard  of  the  Tower,  his  fellow-coun- 
sellors thrown  into  prison,  and  the  last  check  on 
Richard's  ambition  was  removed. — Hist,  of 
Eng.  People,  §  490. 

243.  ANTIPATHY  of  Race.  Ireland.  Thougu 
not  persecuted  as  a  Roman  Catholic,  he  was  op- 
pressed as  an  Irishman.  In  his  country,  the 
same  line  of  demarkation  which  separated  re- 
ligions separated  races  ;  and  he  was  of  the  con- 
quered, the  subjugated,  the  degraded  race.  On 
the  same  soil  dwelt  two  populations,  locally  in- 
termixed, morally  and  politically  sundered. 
The  difference  of  religion  was  by  no  means  the 
only  difference,  and  was,  perhaps,  not  even  the 
chief  difference  which  existed  between  them. 
They  sprang  from  different  stocks.  They  spoke 
different  languages.  They  had  different  nation- 
al characters  as  strongly  opposed  as  any  two 
national  characters  in  Europe.  They  were  in 
widely  different  stages  of  civilization.  There 
could,  therefore,  be  little  sympathy  between 
them ;  and  centuries  of  calamities  and  wrongs 
had  generated  a  strong  antipathy. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6. 

244.  ANTIQUITY,  Pride  in.  Athenians.  This 
respectable  people  was  not  free  from  the  com- 
mon vanity  of  nations,  of  attributing  to  itself  a 
measure  of  antiquity  far  beyond  all  bounds  of 
probability.  The  Athenians  .  .  .  seemed  to 
claim  for  their  own  nation  an  antiquity  coeval 
with  the  formation  of  the  earth  ;  which  was  just 
as  allowable  as  the  boast  of  the  Arcadians,  that 
they  were  .  .  .  older  than  the  moon. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  6. 

245.  ANXIETY,  Consuming.  Marlborough. 
[Duke  of  Marlborough,  after  the  glorious  results 
of  the  campaign  of  1704,  was  eager  for  its  re- 
newal the  next  year  ;  but  receiving  a  cold  sup- 
port and  obstinate  counsels  from  his  allies,  he 
was  unable  to  do  anything,  while  the  French  had 
every  opportunity  to  organize  success.  He 
wrote  :]  I  have  for  these  last  ten  days  been  so 
troubled  by  the  many  disappointments  I  have 
had,  that  I  think  if  it  were  possible  to  vex  me 
so  for  a  fortnight  longer,  it  would  make  an  end 
of  me.  In  short,  I  am  weary  of  my  life. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  20. 

246.  ANXIETY,  Parental.  Bobert  Burns's 
Father.  For  the  old  man,  his  long  struggle  with 
scanty  means,  barren  soil,  and  bad  seasons,  was 
now  near  its  close.  Consumption  had  set  in.  Early 
in  1734,  when  his  last  hour  drew  on,  the  father 
said  that  there  was  one  of  his  children  of  whose 
future  he  could  not  think  without  fear.  Robert, 
who  was  in  the  room,  came  up  to  his  bedside 
and  asked,  "  '^>  father,  is  it  me  you  mean  ?" 
The  old  man  said  it  was.  Robert  turned  to  the 
window,  with  tears  streaming  down  his  cheeks, 
and  his  bosom  swelling,  from  the  restraint  he 
put  on  himself,  almost  to  bursting.  The  father 
had  early  perceived  the  genius  that  was  in  his 
boy,  and  even  in  Mount  Oliphant  days  had  said 
to  his  wife,  "  Whoever  lives  to  see  it,  something 
extraordinary  will  come  from  that  boy."  He 
had  lived  to  see  and  admire  his  son's  earliest  po- 
etic efforts.     But  he  had  also  noted  the  strong 


30 


ANXIETY— APPARITION. 


passions,  with  tte  weak  will,  which  might  drive 
him  on  the  shoals  of  life. — Shaikp's  Burns, 
ch.  1. 

247.  ANXIETY  of  Responsibility.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  [Hon.  Schuyler  Colfax.]  "  One  morning 
I  found  him  looking  more  than  usually  pale  and 
worn,  and  inquired  the  reason.  He  replied,  with 
the  bad  news  he  had  received  at  a  late  hour  the 
previous  night,  which  had  not  yet  been  given  to 
the  press — he  had  not  closed  his  eyes  nor  break- 
fasted ;  and  with  an  expression  I  shall  never 
forget,  he  exclaimed,  '  How  willingly  would  I 
exchange  places  to-day  with  the  soldier  who 
sleeps  on  the  ground  in  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac !' " — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  727. 

248.  APOLOGY,  Degrading.  Beigii  of  James 
II.  [He  had  illegally  forced  upon  the  fellows  of 
Magdalene  College  a  Roman  Catholic  Pres. ,  for 
whom  they  refused  to  vote,  but  whom  they  de- 
cided to  recognize  as  president  de facto.]  While 
the  fellows,  bitterly  annoyed  by  the  public  cen- 
sure, were  regretting  the  modified  submission 
which  they  had  consented  to  make,  they  learned 
that  this  submission  was  by  no  means  satisfac- 
tory to  the  king.  It  was  not  enough,  he  said, 
that  they  offered  to  obey  the  Bishop  of  Oxford 
[the  candidate]  as  president  in  fact.  They 
must  distinctly  admit  the  commission,  and  all 
that  had  been  done  under  it,  to  be  legal ;  they 
must  acknowledge  that  they  had  acted  unduti- 
fully  ;  they  must  declare  themselves  penitent ; 
they  must  promise  to  behave  better  in  future, 
must  implore  his  Majesty's  pardon,  and  lay 
themselves  at  his  feet.  Two  fellows,  of  whom 
the  king  had  no  complaint  to  make,  Charnock 
and  Smith,  were  excused  from  the  obligation 
of  making  these  degrading  apologies.  Even 
James  never  committed  a  grosser  error.  The 
fellows,  already  angry  with  themselves  for 
having  conceded  so  much,  and  galled  by  the 
censure  of  the  world,  eagerly  caught  at  the  op- 
portunity which  was  now  offered  them  of  re- 
gaining the  public  esteem.  With  one  voice 
they  declared  that  they  would  never  ask  pardon 
for  being  in  the  right,  or  admit  that  the  visita- 
tion of  their  college  and  the  deprivation  of  their 
president  had  been  legal. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  8. 

249.  APOLOGY,  Htuniliating.  Innocent  X. 
The  French  ambassador  [for  Louis  XIV.] 
having  been  insulted  by  some  of  the  Pope's 
Corsican  guard.  Innocent  X.  was  compelled  to 
offer  an  apology,  to  disband  his  guard,  and  to 
erect  an  obelisk  at  Rome  with  an  inscription  re- 
cording the  offence  and  its  punishment. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  21,  §  93,  p.  429. 

250.  APOLOGY,  Ironical.  Goths.  The  va- 
cant fortifications  of  the  river  were  instantly 
occupied  by  these  barbarians ;  their  standards 
were  planted  on  the  walls  of  Sirmium  and  Bel- 
grade ;  and  the  ironical  tone  of  their  apology 
aggravated  this  insult  on  the  majesty  of  the 
empire.  "  So  extensive,  O  Caesar,  are  your 
dominions,  so  numerous  are  your  cities,  that 
you  are  continually  seeking  for  nations  to 
whom,  either  in  peace  or  war,  you  may  relin- 
quish these  useless  possessions.  The  Gepidae  are 
your  brave  and  faithful  allies  ;  and  if  they  have 
anticipated  your  gifts,  they  have  shown  a  just 
confidence  in  your  bounty." — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  62. 


251.  APOSTASY,  Open.  Bomanus.  After  Ca- 
led  [the  leader  of  the  Mohammedans]  had  im- 
posed the  terms  of  servitude  and  tribute,  the 
apostate  or  convert  avowed  in  the  assembly  of 
the  people  his  meritorious  treason  :  "  I  renounce 
your  society,"  said  Romanus,  "both  in  this 
world  and  the  world  to  come.  And  I  deny  Him 
that  was  crucified,  and  whosoever  worships  Him 
And  I  choose  God  for  my  Lord,  Islam  for  my 
faith,  Mecca  for  my  temple,  the  Moslems  for  my 
brethren,  and  Mahomet  for  vaj  prophet  ;  who 
was  sent  to  lead  us  into  the  right  way,  and  to 
exalt  the  true  religion  in  spite  of  those  who  join 
partners  with  God." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  51. 

252.  APOSTASY,  Primitive.  Persecution.  In 
every  persecution  there  were  great  numbers  of 
unworthy  Christians  who  publicly  disowned  or 
renounced  the  faith  which  they  had  professed  ; 
and  who  confirmed  the  sincerity  of  their  adju- 
ration by  the  legal  acts  of  burning  incense  or  of 
offering  sacrifices.  Some  of  these  apostates  had 
yielded  on  the  first  menace  or  exhortation  of  the 
magistrate,  while  the  patience  of  others  had 
been  subdued  by  the  length  and  repetition  of 
tortures.  The  affrighted  countenances  of  some 
betrayed  their  inward  remorse,  while  others  ad- 
vanced with  confidence  and  alacrity  to  the 
altars  of  the  gods.  But  the  disguise  which  fear 
had  imposed  subsisted  no  longer  than  the 
present  danger.  As  soon  as  the  severity  of  the 
persecution  was  abated,  the  doors  of  the 
churches  were  assailed  by  the  returning  multi- 
tude of  penitents,  who  detested  their  idolatrous 
submission,  and  who  solicited  with  equal  ar- 
dor, but  with  various  success,  their  readmission 
into  the  society  of  Christians. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  16. 

253.  APOSTATES  forgiven.  Primitive  Church. 
The  gates  of  reconciliation  and  of  heaven  were 
seldom  shut  against  the  returning  penitent ; 
but  a  severe  and  solemn  form  of  discipline  was 
instituted,  which,  while  it  served  to  expiate  his 
crime,  might  powerfully  deter  the  spectators 
from  the  imitation  of  his  example.  Hum- 
bled by  a  public  confession,  emaciated  by 
fasting,  and  clothed  in  sackcloth,  the  penitent 
lay  prostrate  at  the  door  of  the  assembly,  im- 
ploring with  tears  the  pardon  of  his  offences, 
and  soliciting  the  prayers  of  the  faithfiil.  If 
the  fault  was  of  a  very  heinous  nature,  whole 
years  of  penance  were  esteemed  an  inadequate 
satisfaction  to  the  divine  justice ;  and  it  was 
always  by  slow  and  painful  gradations  that  the 
sinner,  the  heretic,  or  the  apostate  was  read- 
mitted into  the  bosom  of  the  church. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  15. 

254.  APPARITION,  False.  "  Three  Knights." 
[The  Crusaders  were  besieged  by  the  Turks 
in  Antioch.  B^  a  ruse  the  "Holy  Lance" 
had  just  been  discovered.]  The  influence  of 
his  relic  or  trophy  was  felt  by  the  servants, 
and  perhaps  by  the  enemies,  of  Christ ;  and 
its  potent  energy  was  heightened  by  an  acci- 
dent, a  stratagem,  or  a  rumor,  of  a  miraculous 
complexion.  Three  knights,  in  white  garments 
and  resplendent  arms,  either  issued,  or  seemed 
to  issue,  from  the  hills  ;  the  voice  of  Adhemar, 
the  Pope's  legate,  proclaimed  them  as  the  mar- 
tyrs St.  George,  St.  Theodore,  and  St.  Maurice  ; 
the  tumult  of  battle  allowed  no  time  for  doubt 
or  scrutiny ;  and  the  welcome  apparition  daz 


APPARITION— APPEARANCES. 


31 


zled  the  eyes  or  the  imagination  of  a  fanatic 
army. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58. 

255.  APPAEITION,  Fancied.  Theseus.  [The 
A.thenians  honored]  Theseus  as  a  demi-god,  in- 
duced to  it  as  well  by  other  reasons,  as  because, 
when  they  were  fighting  the  Medes  at  Marathon, 
a  considerable  part  of  the  army  thought  they 
saw  the  apparition  of  Theseus  completely  armed 
and  bearing  down  before  them  upon  the  barba- 
rians.— Plutarch's  Lives. 

256.  APPARITIONS,  Belief  in.  Samuel  John- 
son. Of  apparitions,  he  observed:  "A  total 
disbelief  of  them  is  adverse  to  the  opinion  of 
the  existence  of  the  soul  between  death  and 
the  last  day ;  the  question  simply  is,  whether 
departed  spirits  ever  have  the  power  of  making 
themselves  perceptible  to  us  ;  a  man  who  thinks 
he  has  seen  an  apparition  can  only  be  convinced 
himself ;  his  authority  will  not  convince 
another  ;  and  his  conviction,  if  rational,  must  be 
founded  on  being  told  something  which  cannot 
be  known  but  by  supernatural  means."  He 
mentioned  a  thing  as  not  unf  requent,  of  which  I 
had  never  heard  before — being  called — that  is, 
hearing  one's  name  pronounced  by  the  voice  of 
a  known  person  at  a  great  distance,  far  beyond 
the  possibility  of  being  reached  by  any  sound 
uttered  by  human  organs.  ' '  An  acquaintance, 
on  whose  veracity  I  can  depend,  told  me,  that 
Avalking  home  one  evening  to  Kilmarnock,  he 
heard  himself  called  from  a  wood  by  the  voice 
of  a  brother  who  had  gone  to  ximerica  ;  and  the 
next  packet  brought  accounts  of  that  brother's 
death."  Macbean  asserted  that  this  inexplicable 
calling  was  a  thing  very  well  known.  Dr. 
Johnson  said,  that  one  day  at  Oxford,  as  he 
was  turning  the  key  of  his  chamber,  he  heard 
his  mother  distinctly  call — Sam.  She  was  then 
at  Lichfield  ;  but  nothing  ensued. — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  459. 

257.  APPEAL,  The  only.  At  Augsburg.  The 
cardinal  threatened  Avith  ban  and  interdict, 
and  dismissed  Luther,  saying,  "  Go,  and  do 
not  show  your  face  again  to  me,  unless  it  be 
to  recant."  Thus  was  Luther  sent  away  by  the 
cardinal,  who  is  said  to  have  added  this  remark  : 
"  I  will  not  confer  with  this  beast  again,  for  it 
has  deep  eyes  and  wonderful  speculations  in  its 
head."  .  .  .  The  latter  remained  silent,  even 
after  Luther  had  written  again  in  a  humble 
spirit  asking  forgiveness  for  his  exhibited  vio- 
lence, promising  to  remain  silent  if  his  oppo- 
nents would  do  the  same,  and  professing  him- 
self as  willing  to  recant,  provided  he  were  bet- 
ter instructed.  But  although  he  made  all  these 
concessions,  he  received  no  answer.  And  after 
he  had  drawn  up  another  declaration,  appealing 
from  "  the  badly  informed  Pope  to  the  better- 
to-be-instructed  Pope,"  he  sent  it  to  Cajetan, 
and  nailed  a  copy  of  it  to  the  door  of  the 
cathedral.  He  then  left  the  city  on  the  20th  of 
October. — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  5. 

25§.  APPEARANCES,  Deceptive.  Deformity. 
[Philopoemen,  called  the  last  of  the  Greeks,  was 
mistaken  by]  his  hostess  at  Megara,  owing  to 
his  easiness  of  behavior  and  the  simplicity  of 
his  garb.  She  having  word  brought  that  the 
general  of  the  Achseans  was  coming  to  her  house, 
was  in  great  care  and  hurry  to  provide  his 
supper,  her  husband  happening  to  be  out  of  the 
way.     In  the  mean  time  Philopoemen  came,  and. 


as  his  habit  was  ordinary,  she  took  him  for  one 
of  his  own  servants,  or  for  a  harbinger,  and  de- 
sired him  to  assist  her  in  the  business  of  the 
kitchen.  He  presently  threw  off  his  cloak,  and 
began  to  cleave  some  wood  ;  when  the  master  of 
the  house  returning,  and  seeing  him  so  employed, 
said,  "  What  is  the  meaning  of  this,  Philopce- 
men  ?"  He  replied  in  broad  Doric,  "  I  am  pay- 
ing the  fine  of  my  deformity." — Plutarch. 

259. .  Miser.  A  man  of  the  name 

of  Guyot  lived  and  died  in  the  town  of  Mar- 
seilles, in  France.  He  amassed  a  large  for- 
tune by  laborious  industry  and  severe  habits 
of  abstinence  and  privation.  His  neighbors 
considered  him  a  miser,  and  thought  that  he  was 
hoarding  up  money  from  mean  and  avaricious 
motives.  The  populace  pursued  him,  whenever 
he  appeared,  with  hootings  and  execrations,  and 
the  boys  sometimes  threw  stones  at  him.  He  at 
length  died,  and  in  his  will  were  found  the  fol- 
lowing words  :  "  Having  observed  from  my 
infancy  that  the  poor  of  Marseilles  are  ill  sup- 
plied with  water,  which  can  only  be  purchased 
at  a  great  price,  I  have  cheerfully  labored  the 
whole  of  my  life  to  procure  for  them  this  great 
blessing  ;  and  I  direct  that  the  whole  of  my 
property  shall  be  laid  out  in  building  an  aque- 
duct for  their  use." 

260.  APPEARANCES  displeasing.  Oliver  Crom- 
%cell.  His  gait  was  clownish,  his  dress  ill-made 
and  slovenly,  his  manners  coarse  and  abrupt, 
and  face  such  as  men  look  on  with  a  vague  feel- 
ing of  admiration  and  dislike  !  The  features 
cut,  as  it  were,  out  of  a  piece  of  gnarled  and 
knotty  oak  ;  the  nose  large  and  red  ;  the  cheeks 
coarse,  warted,  wrinkled,  and  sallow  ;  the  eye- 
brows huge  and  shaggy,  but,  glistening  from  be- 
neath them,  eyes  full  of  depth  and  meaning,  and, 
when  turned  to  the  gaze,  pierced  through  and 
through  the  gazer  ;  above  these,  again,  a  noble 
forehead,  whence,  on  either  side,  an  open  flow  of 
hair  "round  from  his  parted  forelock  manly 
hangs,"  clustering  ;  and  over  all,  and  pervading 
all,  that  undefinable  aspect  of  greatness,  alluded 
to  by  the  poet  Dryden  when  he  spoke  of  the  face 
of  Cromwell  as  one  that 

.  .  .  .  "  did  imprint  an  awe. 
And  naturally  all  souls  to  his  did  bow. 
As  wands  of  divination  downward  draw, 
And  point  to  beds  where  sovereign  gold  doth 
grow. " 

— Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  4. 

261.  APPEARANCES,  False.  SamuelJohnson. 

Dr.  Adams  told  me  that  Johnson,  while  he 
was  at  Pembroke  College,  "was  careless  and 
loved  by  all  about  him  ;  was  a  gay  and  frolic- 
some fellow,  and  passed  there  the  happiest  pait 
of  his  life."  .  .  .  The  truth  is,  that  he  was  then 
distressed  by  poverty  and  irritated  by  disease. 
When  I  mentioned  to  him  this  account,  as  given 
me  by  Dr.  Adams,  he  said  :  "Ah,  sir,  I  was 
mad  and  violent.  It  was  bitterness  which  they 
mistook  for  frolic.  I  was  miserably  poor,  and 
I  thought  to  fight  my  way  by  my  literature  and 
my  wit ;  so  I  disregarded  all  power  and  all 
authority." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  14. 

262.  APPEARANCES,  Misjudged.  Oliver  Crom- 
well. "  It  was  in  November,  1640,"  says  a 
royalist  spectator  [Sir  Philip  Warwick],  "thatl 
.  .  .  beheld  on  entering  the  house  a  person  speak- 
ing.    I  knew  him  not ;  he  was  dressed  in  the 


32 


APPEARANCES— APPLAUSE. 


most  ordinary  manner,  in  a  plain  cloth  suit 
which  appeared  to  have  been  cut  by  some 
village  tailor.  His  linen,  too,  was  coarse  and 
soiled.  I  recollect  also  observing  a  speck  or  two 
of  blood  upon  his  little  band,  which  was  not 
much  larger  than  his  collar.  His  hat  was  with- 
out a  hatband  ;  his  stature  was  of  a  good  size  ; 
his  sword  stuck  close  to  his  side  ;  his  counte- 
nance swollen  and  reddish  ;  his  voice  sharp  and 
untunable  ;  and  his  eloquence  full  of  fervor,  for 
the  subject-matter  would  not  bear  much  of 
reason,  it  being  in  behalf  of  a  libeller  in  the 
hands  of  the  executioner.  I  must  avow  that  the 
attention  bestowed  by  the  assembly  on  the  dis- 
course of  this  gentleman  has  much  diminished 
my  respect  for  the  House  of  Commons." — 
Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  23. 

263.  APPEAEANCES,  Suspicions.  "Lean." 
Caesar  had  some  suspicion  of  Cassius,  and  he 
even  said  one  day  to  his  friends,  "What  think 
you  of  Cassius  ?  I  do  not  like  his  pale  looks." 
Another  time,  when  Antony  and  Dolabella  were 
accused  of  some  designs  against  his  person  and 
government,  he  said,  "  I  have  no  apprehensions 
from  those  fat  and  sleek  men  ;  I  rather  fear  the 
pale  and  lean  ones"  —  meaning  Cassius  and 
Brutus.  — Plutarch. 

264.  APPEABANCES,  Unpromising.  Bishop 
Oeorge.  [Philip  Cox,  one  of  the  early  Metho- 
dist itinerants,  found  a  young  man,  named 
George,  and  brought  him  to  Bishop  Asbury,] 
and  said,  "I  have  brought  you  a  boy,  and  if 
you  have  anything  for  him  to  do  you  may  set 
him  at  work."  Asbury  looked  at  the  youth  for 
some  time,  and  stroking  the  young  man's  Tiair 
said  :  "  Why,  he  is  a  beardless  boy,  and  can  do 
nothing."  The  next  day  Asbury  appointed  him 
to  a  circuit  [and  the  boy  became  an  eminent 
Bishop  in  his  denomination]. — Stevens'  M.  E. 
Church,  vol.  2,  p.  71. 

265.  APPETITE,  Fastidious.  Antony.  Philo- 
tas  .  .  .  being  acquainted  with  one  of  Antony's 
cooks,  he  was  invited  to  see  the  preparations  for 
supper.  When  he  came  into  the  kitchen,  beside 
an  infinite  variety  of  other  provisions,  he  ob- 
served eight  wild  boars  roasting  whole,  and  ex- 
pressed his  surprise  at  the  number  of  the  com- 
pany for  whom  this  enormous  provision  must 
have  been  made.  The  cook  laughed,  and  said 
that  the  company  did  not  exceed  twelve,  but 
that,  as  every  dish  was  to  be  roasted  to  a  single 
turn,  and  as  Antony  was  uncertain  as  to  the  time 
when  he  would  sup,  particularly  if  an  extraor- 
dinary bottle  or  an  extraordinary  vein  of  con- 
versation was  going  round,  it  was  necessary  to 
have  a  succession  of  suppers. — Plutarch. 

266.  APPETITE,  Perils  of.  Cato  the  Censor. 
When  the  Romans  were  clamoring,  at  a  time  of 
scarcity,  for  a  distribution  of  corn  at  the  public 
expense,  he  began  a  speech  in  opposition  to  it 
thus  :  "  It  is  hard,  fellow-citizens,  to  address  the 
stomach,  because  it  has  no  ears. "  Rebuking  the 
Romans  for  their  luxury,  he  said  :  "  It  is  difficult 
to  save  a  city  from  ruin  where  a  fish  brings  a 
higher  price  than  an  ox."  Pointing  to  a  man  who 
had  squandered  an  estate  near  the  sea,  he  pretend- 
ed to  admire  him,  saying  :  "  What  the  sea  could 
not  swallow  without  great  difficulty,  this  man 
has  gulped  down  with  perfect  ease." — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BiOG.,  p.  421. 


267.  APPETITE,  Protest  of.  Erasmus  said, 
"  All  the  world  is  agreed  among  us  in  commend- 
ing his"  [Luther's]  ' '  moral  character.  He  hath 
given  us  good  advice  on  certain  points ;  and 
God  grant  that  his  success  may  be  equal  to  the 
liberty  which  he  hath  taken.  Luther  hath  com- 
mitted two  unpardonable  crimes :  he  hath 
touched  the  Pope  upon  the  crown,  and  the  monks 
upon  the  belly." — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  26. 

26§.  APPETITE,  Ruled  by.  Epicure.  When 
an  epicure  desired  to  be  admitted  into  Cato's 
friendship,  he  said,  "  He  could  not  live  with  a 
man  whose  palate  had  quicker  sensations  than 
his  heart." — Plutarch. 

269.  APPETITES,  Indulgence  of.  Flemish 
Gentry.  Under  these  forms  of  chivalry,  awk- 
wardly imitated  from  romances,  the  history 
of  Flanders  at  this  period  is  nevertheless  one 
fiery,  joyous,  brutal,  bacchanalian  revel.  Under 
color  of  tournays,  feats  of  arms,  and  feasts  of  the 
Round  Table,  there  is  one  wild  whirl  of  light  and 
common  gallantries,  low  intrigues,  and  intermin- 
able junketings.  The  true  device  of  the  epoch  is 
that  presumptuously  taken  by  the  sire  de  Ter- 
nantatthe  lists  of  Arras  :  "  Que  jaie  de  ims  desirs 
assouvissance,  et  jamais  d' autre  bien,"  "  Let  my 
desires  be  satisfied,  I  wish  no  other  good." — 
Michelet's  Joan  op  Arc,  p.  27. 

270.  APPLAUSE,  Ancient.  Germans.  It  was 
the  practice  to  signify  by  a  hollow  murmur 
their  dislike  of  such  timid  counsels.  But  when- 
ever a  more  popular  orator  proposed  to  vindicate 
the  meanest  citizen  from  either  foreign  or  do- 
mestic injury,  whenever  he  called  upon  his 
fellow-countr3anen  to  assert  the  national  honor, 
or  to  pursue  some  enterprise  full  of  danger 
and  glory,  a  loud  clashing  of  shields  and 
spears  express  the  eager  applause  of  the  as- 
sembly. For  the  Germans  always  met  in  arms, 
and  it  was  constantly  to  be  dreaded,  lest  an  ir- 
regular multitude,  inflamed  Avith  faction  and 
strong  liquors,  should  use  those  arms  to  enforce, 
as  well  as  to  declare,  their  furious  resolves. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  9. 

271.  APPLAUSE,  Consequence  of.  Samuel  Johti- 
son.  "  '  The  applause  of  a  single  human  being  is 
of  great  consequence.'  This  he  said  to  me  with 
great  earnestness  of  manner,  very  near  the  time 
of  his  decease,  on  occasion  of  having  desired  me 
to  read  a  letter  addressed  to  him  from  some  per- 
son in  the  North  of  England  ...  as  I  thought 
being  particular  upon  it  might  fatigue  him,  it 
being  of  great  length,  I  only  told  him  in  general 
that  it  was  highly  in  his  praise  ;  and  then  he 
expressed  himself  as  above." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  439. 

272.  APPLAUSE,  Indifference  to.  Napoleon  I. 
[Returning  in  a  coach  from  his  successful  wars 
with  Italy  and  Austria.]  Illuminations,  proces- 
sions, bonfires,  the  ringing  of  bells,  the  explo- 
sions of  artillery,  the  huzzas  of  the  people  .  .  . 
accompanied  him  all  the  way.  ...  He  but  slight- 
ly regarded  the  applause  of  the  populace.  "  It 
must  be  delightful,"  said  Bourrienne,  "to  be 
greeted  with  such  demonstrations  of  enthusiastic 
admiration."  "  Bah  !"  Napoleon  replied,  "  this 
same  unthinking  crowd,  under  a  slight  change 
of  circumstances,  would  follow  me  just  as  eager- 
ly to  the  scaffold."  — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.. 
vol.  1,  ch.  9. 


k 


APPLICATION— ARCHITECTURE. 


33 


273.  APPLICATION  neglected.  Magnetic  Nee- 
dle. The  property  of  the  magnetic  needle,  in 
turning  constantly  to  the  Northern  Pole,  was 
known  in  Europe  as  early  as  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury ;  but  it  was  not  till  above  a  century  after 
that  any  one  attempted  to  apply  it  to  the  pur- 
poses of  navigation.  That  most  ancient  nation, 
the  Chinese,  are,  indeed,  said  to  have  known 
the  property  of  the  magnet  for  a  thousand  years 
befoi'e  us  ;  yet  it  is  believed  that  till  our  seven- 
teenth century,  when  European  example  had 
reached  them,  they  had  never  thought  of  using 
it  in  sailing.  The  English,  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward III.,  are  said  to  have  first  employed  the 
compass  in  their  ships,  but  the  world  owed  to  the 
Portuguese  the  first  great  experiments  of  the 
value  of  this  invention  in  the  advancement  of 
navigation. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  18. 

274.  APPOINTMENT,  Embarrassment  by. 
Minister  Adams.  There  was  excitement  in  the 
great  world  of  London  on  the  1st  of  June,  1785  ; 
for  on  that  day  a  minister  representing  the  Uni- 
ted States  was  to  be  presented,  for  the  first  time, 
to  a  king  of  England.  And  who  should  that 
minister  be  but  John  Adams,  the  man  who  had 
taken  the  lead  in  urging  on  the  revolted  colonies 
to  declare  themselves  an  independent  nation  !  . .  . 
In  a  few  minutes  the  Secretary  of  State  came  to 
conduct  him  to  the  king.  The  royal  closet  was 
merely  an  ordinary  parlor.  The  king  was  seated 
in  an  arm-chair  at  the  end  opposite  the  door — a 
portly  gentleman,  with  a  red  face,  white  eye- 
brows, and  white  hair,  wearing  upon  his  breast 
the  star  indicative  of  his  rank.  Upon  entering 
the  room,  Mr.  Adams  bowed  low  to  the  king ; 
then,  advancing  to  the  middle  of  the  room,  he 
bowed  a  second  time  ;  and,  upon  reaching  the 
immediate  presence  of  the  king,  he  made  a  third 
deep  reverence.  This  was  the  prescribed  custom 
of  the  Court  at  that  day.  The  only  persons  present 
at  the  interview  were  the  king,  Mr.  Adams,  and 
the  Secretary  of  State,  all  of  whom  were  visibly 
embarrassed.  It  was,  indeed,  a  scene  without  a 
parallel  in  the  whole  history  of  diplomacy.  Mr. 
Adams  was  the  least  moved  of  them  all,  though 
he  afterward  confessed  that  he  was  much  agi- 
tated, and  spoke  with  a  voice  that  was  sometimes 
tremulous. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  181. 

275.  APPOINTMENT,  Humiliating.  Crnar. 
For  the  moment  they  [the  opposing  Senators] 
appeared  to  have  thought  that  with  Bibulus's 
help  they  might  defy  Csesar  and  reduce  his  office 
to  a  nullity.  Immediately  on  the  elections  of 
the  consuls,  it  was  usual  to  determine  the  prov- 
inces to  which  they  were  to  be  appointed  when 
their  consulate  should  expire.  The  regulation 
lay  with  the  Senate,  and,  either  in  mere  spleen 
or  to  prevent  Caesar  from  having  the  command 
of  an  army,  they  allotted  him  the  department  of 
the  "  Woods  and  Forests."  A  very  few  weeks 
had  to  pass  before  they  discovered  that  they  had 
to  do  with  a  man  who  was  not  to  be  turned  aside 
so  slightingly. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  12. 

276.  APPOINTMENT,  Partisan.  Polk's  Ad- 
ministration. The  Administration  had  obviously 
endeavored  from  the  first  to  create  a  Democratic 
hero  out  of  the  [Mexican]  war.  Authorized  to 
appoint  a  large  number  of  officers  in  the  in- 
creased military  force  raised  directly  by  the 
United  States,  an  unjust  discrimination  was 
made  in  favor  of  Democrats.  .  .  .    Not  one 


"Whig  was  included  [among  the  ten  major  and 
brigadier  generals.  The  heroes  of  the  war  were 
Generals  Taylor  and  Scott,  both  of  whom  were 
Whigs]. — Blaine's  Twenty  Years  of  Con- 
gress, p.  75. 

277.  APPEECIATION,  Defective.  Louis  XVI. 
The  Assembly  sent  a  deputation  to  the  king  to 
request  him  to  dismiss  the  troops  ;  this  Louis  de- 
clined, but  offered,  if  the  members  felt  alarmed, 
to  transfer  their  sittings  to  Soissons,  and  to  pro- 
ceed himself  to  Compiegne.  When  the  Duke  de 
Liancourt  came  to  announce  to  him  the  fall  of  the 
Bastile,  the  king  exclaimed,  "  This  is  a  revolt !" 
"  Sire,"  replied  the  duke,  "  it  is  a.  Bevolution." — 
Students'  France,  ch.  26,  §  2,  p  531. 

278.  APPRECIATION,  Without.  Cain.  The 
various  transactions  of  peace  and  war  had  intro- 
duced some  Roman  coins  (chiefly  silver)  among 
the  borderers  of  the  Rhine  and  Danube ;  but 
the  more  distant  tribes  were  absolutely  unac- 
quainted with  the  use  of  money,  carried  on 
their  confined  traffic  by  the  exchange  of  com- 
modities, and  prized  their  rude  earthen  vessels 
as  of  equal  value  with  the  silver  vases,  the  pres- 
ents of  Rome  to  their  princes  and  ambassadors. 
To  a  mind  capable  of  reflection,  such  leading 
facts  convey  more  instruction  than  a  tedious 
detail  of  subordinate  circumstances. — Gibbon, 
vol.  1,  p.  260. 

279.  AEBITRATION  rejected.  Napoleon  I. 
[When  the  bitter  and  terrible  war  opened  be- 
tween France  and  England,  a.d.  1803,]  Alex- 
ander of  Russia  entered  a  remonstrance  against 
again  kindling  the  horrid  flames  of  war  through- 
out Europe,  and  offered  his  mediation.  Napo- 
leon promptly  replied:  "  I  am  ready  to  refer  the 
question  to  the  arbitration  of  the  Emperor 
Alexander,  and  will  pledge  myself  by  a  bond  to 
submit  to  the  award,  whatever  it  may  be." 
England  declined  the  pacific  offer. — Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  26. 

2§0.  ARCHITECT,  A  great  EngUsh.  Christo- 
pher  Wren.  Wren  was  the  first  Englishman 
who  for  centuries  could  put  in  a  claim  that 
could  not  be  gainsaid  to  the  title  of  architect, 
as,  later,  Hogarth  was  the  first  to  prove  that  an 
Englishman  might  become  a  great  painter.  .  .  . 
[St.  Paul's  was  thirty -five  years  in  construction, 
by  Wren,  who  was  paid  £200  a  year. ]  It  occupies 
the  very  first  rank  of  architectural  works  of 
modern  times.  [See  more  at  No.  289.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  29,  p.  451. 

281.  ARCHITECTURE,  Beauty  in.  Ionic.  As 
the  beautiful  is  more  congenial  to  some  tastes 
than  the  sublime,  the  lightness  and  elegance 
of  the  Ionic  order  will,  perhaps,  find  more 
admirers  than  the  chastened  severity  of  the 
Doric.  The  latter  has  been  compared  to  the 
robust  and  muscular  proportions  of  a  man. 
while  the  former  has  been  likened  to  the  finer, 
more  slender,  and  delicate  proportions  of  a  wom- 
an. Yet  the  character  of  this  order  is  likewise 
simplicity,  wlrich  is  as  essential  a  requisite  to 
true  beauty  as  it  is  to  grandeur  and  sublimity. 
But  the  simplicity  of  beauty  is  not  inconsistent 
with  that  degree  of  ornament  which  would  dero- 
gate from  the  simplicity  of  the  sublime.  .  .  . 
Of  this  order  were  .  .  .  the  temple  of  Apollo 
at  Miletus,  that  of  the  Delphic  oracle,  and  the 
superb  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  _  classed 


34 


ARCHITECTURE. 


among  the  wonders  of  the  world. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  7. 

282.  AECHITECTURE,  Composite.  Novelty. 
The  Composite  order,  likewise  of  Italian  extrac- 
tion, was  unknown  in  the  age  of  the  perfection 
of  Greek  architecture.  Vitruvius  makes  no 
mention  of  it.  It  seems  to  have  been  the  pro- 
duction of  some  conceited  artist,  who  wanted  to 
strike  out  something  new  in  that  way,  or  to 
evince  his  superiority  to  the  ancient  masters ; 
but  it  serves  only  to  show  that  the  Greeks  had 
exhausted  all  the  principles  of  united  grandeur 
and  beauty  in  the  three  orders  before  mention- 
ed, and  to  prove  that  it  is  not  possible  to  frame 
a  new  order  unless  by  combining  and  slightly 
varying  the  old. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  7. 

2§3.  ARCHITECTUKE,  Defective.  Egyptian. 
It  must  be  allowed  that  those  monuments 
which  remain  to  us  of  the  works  of  art  among 
the  Egyptians,  though  venerable  on  account  of 
their  antiquity,  and  sometimes  exhibiting  a 
grand  and  sublime  appearance  from  their  im- 
mensity, are  extremely  defective  in  beauty  and 
elegance.  How  infinitely  inferior,  in  point  of 
taste,  are  the  pyramids,  the  obelisks,  the  sphinx 
and  colossal  statues,  the  pillars  of  Luxor,  to  the 
simplest  remains  of  the  ancient  temples  in 
Greece  !  In  architecture,  one  of  the  most  ob- 
vious inventions,  and  one  of  the  greatest  im- 
provements, both  in  point  of  utility  and  beauty, 
the  construction  of  an  arch,  was  quite  unknown 
to  the  Egyptians.  This  defect  gives  an  awk- 
ward and  heavy  appearance  to  their  buildings, 
and  must  have  occasioned. a  vast  expense  of 
labor,  which  might  otherwise  have  been  spared. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4. 

2§4.  ARCHITECTUEE,  Excellence  of.  Greeks. 
The  Greeks  are  universally  acknowledged  as 
the  parents  of  architecture,  or  at  least  of  that 
peculiar  style  of  which  all  after  ages  have  con- 
fessed the  superior  excellence.  ,The  Grecian 
architecture  consisted  of  three  different  manners, 
or  what  artists  have  termed  the  three  distinct  or- 
ders :  the  Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corinthian.  The  Do- 
ric was  probably  the  first  regular  order  among 
the  Greeks.  It  has  a  masculine  grandeur,  and  a 
superior  air  of  strength  to  both  the  others.  It 
is,  therefore,  the  best  adapted  to  works  where 
magnitude  and  sublimity  are  the  principal  ob- 
jects. Some  of  the  most  ancient  temples  of 
Greece  were  of  this  order,  particularly  that  of 
Theseus  at  Athens,  built  .  .  .  four  hundred  and 
eighty-one  years  before  the  Christian  era. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  7. 

285.  ABCHITECTTJEE,  Gilded.  Roman  Cap- 
itol. The  profusion  of  Catulus,  the  first  who 
gilt  the  [bronze]  roof  of  the  Capitol,  was  not 
universally  approved  ;  but  it  was  far  exceeded 
by  the  emperor's,  and  the  external  gilding  of  the 
temple  cost  Domitian  12,000  talents  (£2,400,000). 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  36. 

286.  AECHITECTUEE  improved.  Roman.  It 
is  natural  to  suppose  that  the  greatest  number, 
as  well  as  the  most  considerable  of  the  Roman 
edifices,  were  raised  by  the  emperors,  who  pos- 
sessed so  unbounded  a  command  both  of  men 
and  money.  Augustus  was  accustomed  to 
boast  that  he  had  found  his  capital  of  brick,  and 
that  he  had  left  it  of  marble. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  3. 


287.  AECHITECTUEE,  Instruction  by.  Ruins. 
Travellers  to  whom  Livy  and  Sallust  were 
unintelligible  might  gain  from  the  Roman  aque- 
ducts and  temples  some  faint  notion  of 
Roman  history.  The  dome  of  Agrippa,  still 
glittering  with  bronze  —  the  mausoleum  of 
Adrian,  not  yet  deprived  of  its  columns  and 
statues — the  Flavian  amphitheatre,  not  yet  de- 
graded into  a  quarry,  told  to  the  Mercian  and 
Northumbrian  pilgrims  some  part  of  the  story  of 
that  great  civilized  world  which  had  passed 
away.  The  islanders  returned,  with  awe  deeply 
impressed  on  their  half -opened  minds,  and  told 
the  wondering  inhabitants  of  the  hovels  of 
London  and  York  that,  near  the  grave  of  Saint 
Peter,  a  mighty  race,  now  extinct,  had  piled  up 
buildings  which  would  never  be  dissolved  till 
the  judgment  day. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1. 

288.  AECHITECTUEE,  Magnificent.  Temj)le 
of  Hercules.  The  magnificence  of  the  temple 
of  Hercules  at  Tyre  is  celebrated  by  Herod- 
otus, who  saw  it,  and  who  was  particularly 
struck  with  two  columns,  one  of  molten  gold 
and  the  other  of  emerald,  which  in  the  night- 
time shone  vdth  great  splendor.  The  latter  was 
probably  of  colored  glass.  ...  M.  Coquet 
conjectures,  with  some  plausibility,  that  the 
column  was  hollow,  and  was  lighted  by  a  lamp 
put  within  it.  —  Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  6. 

289.  AECHITECTUEE,  Opportunity  in.  Lon- 
don Fire.  It  is  not  very  easy  to  explain  why 
the  nation  which  was  so  far  before  its  neigh- 
bors in  science  should  in  art  have  been  far 
behind  them  all ;  yet  such  was  the  fact.  It  is 
true  that  in  architecture — an  art  which  is  half  a 
science  ;  an  art  in  which  none  but  a  geometrician 
can  excel ;  an  art  which  has  no  standard  of  grace 
but  what  is  directly  or  indirectly  dependent  on 
utility ;  an  art  of  which  the  creations  derive  a 
part,  at  least,  of  their  majesty  from  mere  bulk 
— our  country  could  boast  of  one  truly  great 
man,  Christopher  Wren  ;  and  the  fire  which  laid 
London  in  ruins  had  given  him  an  opportunity, 
unprecedented  in  modern  history,  of  displaying 
his  powers.  The  austere  beauty  of  the  Athe- 
nian portico,  the  gloomy  sublimity  of  the  Gothic 
arcade,  he  was,  like  almost  all  his  contempora- 
ries, incapable  of  emulating,  and,  perhaps,  in- 
capable of  appreciating ;  but  no  man,  born  on 
our  side  of  the  Alps,  has  imitated  with  so  much 
success  the  magnificence  of  the  palace-like 
churches  of  Italy.  Even  the  superb  Louis  has 
left  to  posterity  no  work  which  can  bear  a  com- 
parison vrlth  St.  Paul's. — Macaulay's  Eng.. 
ch.  3. 

290.  AECHITECTUEE,  Preservation  of.  Goth- 
ic. The  Gothic  kings,  so  injuriously  accused 
of  the  ruin  of  antiquity,  were  anxious  to  pre- 
serve the  monuments  of  the  nation  whom  they 
had  subdued.  The  royal  edicts  were  framed 
to  prevent  the  abuses,  the  neglect,  or  the  dep- 
redations of  the  citizens  themselves  ;  and  a  pro- 
fessed architect,  the  annual  sum  of  two  hun- 
dred pounds  of  gold,  twenty-five  thousand  tiles, 
and  the  receipt  of  customs  from  the  Lucrine 
port,  were  assigned  for  the  ordinary  repairs  of 
the  walls  and  public  edifices. — Gilbon's  Rome, 
ch.  39. 

291.  AECHITECTUEE,  Prophecy  in.  Coliseum. 
Reduced  to  its  naked  majesty,  the  Flavian  am 


ARCHITECTURE— ARDOR. 


35 


I 


pbitlieatre  was  contemplated  with  awe  and  ad- 
miration by  the  pilgrims  of  the  North  ;  and 
their  rude  enthusiasm  broke  forth  in  a  sub- 
lime proverbial  expression,  which  is  recorded  in 
the  eighth  century,  in  the  fragments  of  the  Ven- 
erable Bede  :  "  As  long  as  the  Coliseum  stands, 
Rome  shall  stand  ;  when  the  Coliseum  falls, 
Rome  will  fall ;  when  Rome  falls,  the  world 
Avill  fall."  —  Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  61. 

292.  AKCHITECTURE,  Religion  in.  Diverse. 
Islamism  sprang  up  from  the  soil,  like  all  relig- 
ions newly  accepted,  with  its  peculiar  architect- 
ure ;  the  modes  of  architecture  are  the  daughters 
of  religions.  It  would  seem  that  every  other  idea 
but  that  of  God  is  insufficient  to  move  those 
masses  of  stone  whereby  men  indite  the  name  of 
their  God  upon  the  soil.  The  Indians,  the 
Egyptians,  the  Greeks,  the  Romans,  the  Goths, 
the  Byzantines,  created  all  of  them  architectures 
according  with  the  genius  of  their  sacred  creeds. 
Some  of  them,  pantheism  which  adores  the  whole 
and  prays  in  open  air  ;  others,  the  secret  doctrines 
which  bury  truths  beneath  the  pyramids  to 
hide  them  from  the  people  ;  others  still,  the  fanci- 
ful theogonies  that  multiply  gods  by  all  the  ex- 
travagances of  the  imagination,  and  create  Olym- 
puses  peopled  with  statues  in  their  Parthenons  ; 
a  fourth  creed  selects  caverns  of  rocks  and 
subterraneous  vaults  in  cities,  to  adore  the  arisen 
from  the  tomb  ;  a  fifth,  the  cupola's  simple  form, 
flooded  with  daylight,  to  turn  the  idols  pale  and 
comment  the  word  of  the  inspired  of  Allah. 
The  traces  of  these  different  divine  ideas,  ef- 
faced by  each  other,  often  superimposed  upon 
one  another,  is  nowhere  on  earth  to  be  better 
read  than  in  the  provinces  of  the  Ottoman  em- 
pire. From  the  pyramid  of  Egypt  to  the  ruins 
of  Ephesus  or  of  Athens — from  the  ruins  of  the 
Parthenon  along  to  the  catacombs  of  Jerusalem — 
from  the  massive  domes  of  Saint  Sophia  of  Con- 
stantinople to  the  mosques  of  Broussa  and  of 
Adrianople,  we  read  in  their  edifices  the  genius 
of  the  different  religions  that  have  disputed 
with  each  other  the  dominion  of  the  earth. — 
Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  244. 

293.  AECHITECTXIEE,  Roman.  Tuscan.  The 
Tuscan  order  is  of  Italian  origin.  .  .  .  The  Etrus- 
can architecture  appears  to  be  nearly  allied  to 
the  Grecian,  but  to  possess  an  inferior  degree 
of  elegance.  The  more  ancient  buildings  of 
Rome  were  probably  of  this  specie  of  architect- 
ure, though  the  proper  Greek  orders  came 
afterwards  to  be  in  more  general  estimation. 
A  respect,  however,  for  antiquity  prevented  the 
Romans  from  ever  entirely  abandoning  the  Tus- 
can mode.  The  Trajan  pillar  is  of  this  order  of  ar- 
chitecture. This  magnificent  column  has  braved 
the  injuries  of  time,  and  is  entire  at  the  present 
day.  Its  excellence  consists  less  in  the  form  and 
proportions  of  the  pillar  than  in  the  beau- 
tiful sculpture  which  decorates  it.  Of  this  fine 
sculpture,  which  represents  the  victories  of 
Trajan  over  the  Dacians,  a  very  adequate  idea 
may  be  formed  from  the  engravings  of  the  "  Col- 
umna  Trajana"  by  Bartoli. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  7. 

294.  ARCHITECTURE,  Simplicity  in.  Dm-ic. 
One  observation  may  here  be  made  which  is  ap- 
plicable to  all  the  works  of  taste.  The  charac- 
ter of  sublimity  is  chaste  and  simple.  In  the 
arts  dependent  on  design,  if  the  artist  aim  at 


this  character,  he  must  disregard  all  trivial  dec- 
orations, nor  must  the  eye  be  distracted  by  a 
multiplicity  of  parts.  In  architecture  there 
must  be  few  divisions  of  the  principal  members 
of  the  building,  and  the  parts  must  be  large 
and  of  ample  relief ;  there  must  be  a  modesty 
of  decoration,  contemning  all  minuteness  of  orna- 
ment, which  distracts  the  eye,  that  ought  to  be 
filled  with  the  general  mass  and  with  the  propor- 
tions of  the  greater  parts  to  each  other.  In  this 
respect  the  Doric  is  confessedly  superior  to  all 
the  other  orders  of  architecture,  as  it  unites 
strength  and  majesty  with  a  becoming  simplic- 
ity, and  the  utmost  symmetry  of  proportions. 
— 'Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  7. 

295.  ARCHITECTURE,  Stupendous.  Chinese 
Wall.  Among  the  most  remarkable  of  the  works 
of  architecture  in  China  is  the  great  wall  built  to 
protect  the  empire  against  the  inroads  of  the  Tar- 
tars. It  extends  five  hundred  leagues,  and  is  forty- 
five  feet  in  height  and  eighteen  in  thickness — a 
most  singular  monument  both  of  human  industry 
and  of  human  folly.  The  Tartars,  against  whom 
it  was  meant  as  a  defence,  found  China  equally 
accessible  as  before  its  formation.  They  were 
not  at  pains  to  attack  and  make  a  breach  in  this 
rampart,  which,  from  the  impossibility  of  de- 
fending such  a  stretch  of  fortification,  must  have 
been  exceedingly  easy  ;  they  had  only  to  travel 
a  little  to  the  eastward,  to  about  forty  degrees  of 
latitude,  where  China  was  totally  defenceless. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  24. 

296.  ARCHITECTURE,  Sublime,  Gothic.  The 
effect  produced  by  the  Gothic  architecture  is 
not  to  be  accounted  for  on  the  same  principle 
of  conformity  to  the  rules  of  symmetry  or  har- 
mony, in  the  proportions  observed  between  the 
several  parts  ;  but  depends  on  a  certain  idea  of 
vastness,  gloominess,  and  solemnity,  which  we 
know  to  be  powerful  ingredients  in  the  sublime. 
.  .  .  The  Cathedral  of  Milan  is  one  of  the 
noblest  structures  in  the  world.  ...  Its  column 
is  of  a  magnitude  that  nobly  fills  the  eye  ;  the 
sudden  elevation  of  the  arch  has  something  bold 
and  aspiring ;  and  while  we  contemplate  the 
great  and  sti'iking  members  of  the  building,  the 
minuteness  of  ornament  on  its  parts  is  but  tran- 
siently remarked,  or  noticed  only  as  a  superficial 
decoration,  which  detracts  nothing  from  the 
grand  effect  of  the  whole  mass. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  7. 

297.  ARDOR,  A  Soldier's.  Battle  of  Crecy. 
The  English  bowmen  and  men-at-arms  held  their 
ground  stoutly,  while  the  Welshmen  stabbed  the 
French  horses  in  the  melee  and  brought  knight 
after  knight  to  the  ground.  Soon  the  French 
host  was  wavering  in  a  fatal  confusion.  "  You 
are  my  vassals,  my  friends,"  cried  the  blind 
John  of  Bohemia  to  the  German  nobles  around 
him  ;  "I  pray  and  beseech  you  to  lead  me  so  far 
into  the  fight  that  I  may  strike  one  good  blow 
with  this  sword  of  mine  !"  Linking  their  bridles 
together,  the  little  company  plunged  into  the 
thick  of  the  combat  to  fall  as  their  fellows  were 
falling.  The  battle  went  steadily  against  the 
French.  At  last  Philip  himself  hurried  from 
the  field,  and  the  defeat  became  a  rout.  Twelve 
hundred  knights  and  thirty  thousand  footmen — 
a  number  equal  to  the  whole  English  force — lay 
dead  upon  the  ground. — Hist,  op  Eng.  People, 
8  329. 


36 


ARGUMENT— ARM  Y . 


29§.  ARGUMENT,  Possible.  SUaling.  Sir, 
there  is  nothing  for  which  you  may  not  muster 
up  more  plausible  arguments  than  those  which 
are  urged  against  wealth  and  other  external  ad- 
vantages. Why,  now,  there  is  stealing  ;  why 
should  it  be  thought  a  crime  ?  When  we  con- 
sider by  what  unjust  methods  property  has  been 
often  acquired,  and  that  what  was  unjustly  got 
it  must  be  unjust  to  keep,  where  is  the  harm  in 
one  man's  taking  the  property  of  another  from 
him  ?  Besides,  sir,  when  we  consider  the  bad 
use  that  many  people  make  of  their  property, 
and  how  much  better  use  the  thief  may  make  of 
it,  it  may  be  defended  as  a  very  allowable  prac- 
tice. Yet,  sir,  the  experience  of  mankind  has 
discovered  stealing  to  be  so  very  bad  a  thing, 
that  they  make  no  scruple  to  hang  a  man  for 
it. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  123. 

299.  ARGUMENT,  The  reserve.  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson.  [Worsted  in  debate,]  he  had  recourse 
to  the  device  which  Goldsmith  imputed  to  him 
in  the  witty  words  of  one  of  Gibber's  comedies  : 
"  There  is  no  arguing  with  Johnson  ;  for  when 
his  pistol  misses  fire,  he  knocks  you  down  with 
the  butt  end  of  it." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  167. 

300.  ARGUMENT,  Useless.  Reign  of  James 
II.  [James  commanded  the  clergy  to  read  his 
proclamation,  which  aimed  at  the  overthrow  of 
the  Protestant  faith.]  The  London  clergy,  then 
universally  acknowledged  to  be  the  flower  of 
their  profession,  held  a  meeting.  Fifteen  doc- 
tors of  divinity  were  present.  .  .  .  The  general 
feeling  of  the  assembly  seemed  to  be  that  it  was, 
on  the  Avhole,  advisable  to  obey  the  order  in 
council.  The  dispute  began  to  wax  warm,  and 
might  have  produced  fatal  consequences,  if  it 
had  not  been  bi'ought  to  a  close  by  the  firmness 
and  wisdom  of  Doctor  Edward  Fowler,  vicar  of 
St.  Giles's,  Cripplegate,  one  of  a  small  but  re- 
markable class  of  divines  who  united  that  love 
of  civil  liberty  which  belonged  to  the  school  of 
Calvin  with  the  theology  of  the  school  of  Ar- 
minius.  Standing  up.  Fowler  spoke  thus  :  "I 
must  be  plain.  The  question  is  so  simple  that 
argument  can  throw  no  new  light  on  it,  and  can 
only  beget  heat.  Let  every  man  say  Yes  or  No. 
But  I  cannot  consent  to  be  bound  by  the  vote  of 
the  majority.  I  shall  be  sorry  to  cause  a  breach 
of  unity.  But  this  declaration  I  cannot  in  con- 
science read."  Tillotson,  Patrick,  Sherlock, 
and  Stillingfleet  declared  that  they  were  of  the 
same  mind.  The  majority  yielded  to  the  author- 
ity of  a  minority  so  respectable.  A  resolution 
by  which  all  present  pledged  themselves  to  one 
another  not  to  read  the  declaration  was  then 
drawn  up.  Patrick  was  the  first  to  set  his  hand 
to  it ;  Fowler  was  the  second.  The  paper  was 
sent  round  the  city,  and  was  speedily  subscribed 
by  eighty-five  incumbents. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  8. 

301.  ARISTOCRACY  in  Battle.  Boman.  The 
battle  of  Pharsalia  .  .  .  acquired  a  special 
place  in  history,  because  it  was  a  battle  fought 
by  the  Roman  aristocracy  in  their  own  persons 
in  defence  of  their  own  supremacy.  Senators  and 
the  sons  of  senators,  the  heirs  of  the  names  and 
fortunes  of  the  ancient  Roman  families,  the 
leaders  of  society  in  Roman  saloons,  and  the 
chiefs  of  the  political  party  of  the  optimates  in 
the  Curia  and  Forum,  were  here  present  on  the 


field  ;  representatives  in  person  and  in  principle 
of  the  traditions  of  Sylla  brought  face  to  face 
with  the  representative  of  Marius.  .  .  ,  Here  were 
the  haughty  Patrician  Guard,  who  had  drawn 
their  swords  on  him  in  the  senate-house,  young 
lords  whose  theory  of  life  was  to  lounge  through 
it  in  patrician  insouciance.  -  The  other  great 
actions  were  fought  by  the  ignoble  multitude 
whose  deaths  were  of  less  significance.  The 
plains  of  Pharsalia  were  watered  by  the  precious 
blood  of  the  elect  of  the  earth.  The  battle 
there  marked  an  epoch  like  no  other  in  the 
history  of  the  world.  .  .  .  Pompey  had  forty- 
seven  thousand  Roman  infantry,  not  includ- 
ing his  allies,  and  seven  thousand  cavalry. 
Caesar  had  but  twenty-two  thousand,  and  of 
horse  only  a  thousand.  [He  won  the  victory.] 
—  Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  22. 

302.  ARISTOCRACY,  Expense  of.  Boman. 
All  these  provincial  generals  were  therefore 
dukes  ;  but  no  more  than  ten  among  them  were 
dignified  with  the  rank  of  counts  or  companions, 
a  title  of  honor,  or  rather  of  favor,  which  had 
t-een  recently  invented  in  the  court  of  Con- 
stantine.  A  gold  belt  was  the  ensign  which 
distinguished  the  office  of  the  counts  and  dukes  ; 
and  besides  their  pay,  they  received  a  liberal 
allowance,  sufficient  to  maintain  one  hundred 
and  ninety  servants,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty- 
eight  horses. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  17. 

303.  ARISTOCRACY,  Reaction  for.  Puritans. 
The  Puritan  austerity  drove  to  the  king's  faction 
all  who  made  pleasure  their  business,  who  af- 
fected gallantry,  splendor  of  dress,  or  taste  in 
the  lighter  arts.  With  these  went  all  who  live 
by  amusing  the  leisure  of  others,  from  the 
painter  and  comic  poet  down  to  the  rope-dancer 
and  the  Merry  Andrew  ;  for  these  artists  well 
knew  that  they  might  thrive  under  a  superb  and 
luxurious  despotism,  but  must  starve  under  the 
rigid  rule  of  the  precisians. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  1. 

304.  ARISTOCRACY,  Ruin  of.  Greeks.  The 
narrow  policy  of  preserving,  without  any  for- 
eign mixture,  the  pure  blood  of  the  ancient  citi- 
zens, had  checked  the  fortune  and  hastened  the 
ruin  of  Athens  and  Sparta.  The  aspiring  genius 
of  Rome  sacrificed  vanity  to  ambition,  and 
deemed  it  more  prudent,  as  well  as  honorable, 
to  adopt  virtue  and  merit  for  her  own  whereso- 
ever they  were  found,  among  slaves  or  strangers, 
enemies  or  barbarians.  During  the  most  flour- 
ishing era  of  the  Athenian  commonwealth,  the 
number  of  citizens  gradually  decreased  from 
about  thirty  to  twenty-one  thousand.  If,  on 
the  contrary,  we  study  the  growth  of  the  Roman 
republic,  we  may  discover  that,  notwithstanding 
the  incessant  demands  of  wars  and  colonies,  the 
citizens,  who,  in  the  first  census  of  Servius 
TuUius,  amounted  to  no  more  than  eighty-three 
thousand,  were  multiplied,  before  the  com- 
mencement of  the  social  war,  to  the  number  of 
four  hundred  and  sixty-three  thousand  men, 
able  to  bear  arms  in  the  service  of  their  country, 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  2. 

305.  ARMY,  Dangerous.  Standing.  By  a 
dangerous  exception  to  the  ancient  maxims,  he 
[Augustus]  was  authorized  to  preserve  his  mili- 
tary command,  supported  by  a  numerous  body 
of  guards,  even  in  time  of  peace,  and  in  the 
heart  of  the  capital.     His  command,   indeed, 


ARMY. 


37 


\ 


was  confined  to  those  citizens  who  were  engaged 
in  the  service  by  the  military  oath ;  but  such 
was  the  propensity  of  the  Romans  to  servitude, 
that  the  oath  was  voluntarily  taken  by  the  mag- 
istrates, the  senators,  and  the  equestrian  order, 
till  the  homage  of  flattery  was  insensibly  con- 
verted into  an  annual  and  solemn  protestation 
of  fidelity. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  3. 

306.  ARMY  disgusted.  Ja7nes  V.  The  Eng- 
lish army,  after  an  inroad  upon  Scotland,  being 
obliged,  from  scarcity  of  provisions,  to  retire 
again  beyond  the  borders,  an  obvious  advan- 
tage was  oifered  to  the  Scots,  who,  by  pursuing 
them,  might  have  cut  them  off  in  their  retreat. 
James  gave  his  orders  for  that  purpose,  but  the 
disaffected  barons  sternly  and  obstinately  refused 
to  advance  one  step  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
kingdom.  Stung  to  the  heart  with  this  affront, 
James,  in  a  transport  of  rage  and  indignation, 
instantly  disbanded  his  army,  and  returned  ab- 
ruptly to  his  capital.  From  that  moment  his 
temper  and  disposition  underwent  a  total  change. 
One  measure  more  was  wanting  on  the  part  of 
the  nobility  to  complete  their  base  revenge  and 
to  drive  their  sovereign  to  frenzy  and  despair. 
His  ministers  had  again  prevailed  on  some  of 
the  nobles  to  assemble  their  followers,  and  to 
attempt  an  inroad  on  the  western  border ;  but 
the  chief  command  was  given  to  one  of  the 
king's  favorites,  who  was  to  them  particularly 
obnoxious.  So  great  was  their  resentment,  that 
a  general  mutiny  instantly  took  place,  and  a 
resolution  was  formed  unparalleled  in  history. 
The  Scottish  army,  consisting  of  ten  thousand 
men,  surrendered  themselves  prisoners  to  a  body 
of  five  hundred  of  the  English  without  attempt- 
ing to  strike  a  blow.  On  the  news  of  this  dis- 
graceful event  the  spirit  of  James  totally  sunk 
under  the  tumult  of  contending  passions,  and, 
overcome  with  melancholy  and  despair,  he  died 
of  a  broken  heart  in  the  thirty-third  year  of  his 
age. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  15. 

307.  ARMY,  A  Great.  Napoleon's.  The  num- 
bers of  the  confederated  army  which,  on  the 
24th  and  25tli  of  June,  passed  the  Niemen,  the 
boundary  of  the  Russian  Empire,  have  been 
variously  stated.  The  lowest  estimate  places 
them  at  half  a  million  of  men.  A  detailed  re- 
turn, extant  in  the  French  war-office,  gives  the 
numbers  as,  651,358  infantry,  cavalry,  artillery, 
and  engineers  ;  187,121  horses,  and  1372  pieces 
of  ordnance.  ...  Of  four  hundred  thousand 
Frenchmen  who  crossed  the  Niemen  in  May  .  .  . 
not  twenty  thousand  had  returned  to  Vistula. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  30,  p.  558. 

30§.  ARMY,  A  great.  Mogul.  Our  Euro- 
pean battles,  says  a  philosophic  writer,  are  petty 
skirmishes,  if  compared  to  the  numbers  that 
have  fought  and  fallen  in  the  fields  of  Asia. 
Seven  hundred  thousand  Moguls  and  Tartars 
are  said  to  have  marched  under  the  standard  of 
Zingis  and  his  four  sons.  In  the  vast  plains  that 
extend  to  the  north  of  the  Sihon  or  Jaxartes, 
they  were  encountered  by  four  hundred  thou- 
sand soldiers  of  the  sultan  ;  and  in  the  first  battle, 
which  was  suspended  by  the  night,  one  hundred 
and  sixty  thousand  Carizmians  were  slain. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  64. 

309.  ARMY,  A  great.  Tartars.  [The  reign 
of  Timour  the  Tartar  was  but  a]  succession  of 
campaigns  which  made  subject  to  him,  with 


Kharism,  Kaptschak,  Georgia,  Hindostan,  Per- 
sia, Irak,  Syria,  and  Asia  Minor,  two  hundred 
additional  millions  of  subjects.  Instead  of  the 
forty  thousand  soldiers  of  Alexander,  the  army 
of  Timour  had  eight  hundred  thousand  fighting 
men,  and  a  million  of  slaves  who  dried  up  the 
earth  on  their  route.  The  magnificence  of  this 
nomade  court  equalled  the  multitude  of  the  com- 
batants. Never  did  Europe  see  this  number, 
this  Asiatic  parade,  either  in  the  migration  of 
Attila,  or  those  of  the  Arabs,  or  the  campaigns 
of  Moscow,  where  a  modern  conqueror  led  so 
many  brave  men  to  conflagration  and  the  frosts. 
— Lamabtine's  Turkey,  p.  308. 

3tO.  ARMY,  An  industrious.  Roman.  When 
[Emperor]  Probus  commanded  in  Egypt,  he  ex- 
ecuted many  considerable  works  for  the  splendor 
and  benefit  of  that  rich  country.  The  naviga- 
tion of  the  Nile,  so  important  to  Rome  itself,  was 
improved ;  and  temples,  buildings,  porticos, 
and  palaces  were  constructed  by  the  hands  of 
the  soldiers,  who  acted  by  turns  as  architects,  as 
engineers,  and  as  husbandmen.  It  was  reported  of 
Hannibal,  that,  in  order  to  preserve  his  troops 
from  the  dangerous  temptations  of  idleness,  he 
had  obliged  them  to  form  large  plantations  of 
olive  trees  along  the  coast  of  Africa.  From  a 
similar  principle,  Probus  exercised  his  legions  in 
covering  with  rich  vineyards  the  hills  of  Gaul 
and  Pannonia.  [He  was  afterward  killed  by  re- 
volting soldiers.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12. 

311.  ARMY  purified.  Cromwell's.  The  Earl 
of  Essex,  Lord  Fairfax,  Waller,  Hampden,  and 
Falkland,  fought,  yielded,  or  died,  some  for 
their  prince,  and  others  for  their  country  and 
their  faith  ;  Cromwell  alone  never  sustained  a  de- 
feat. Elevated  by  the  Parliament  to  the  rank  of 
general,  he  strengthened  his  own  division  by 
weeding  and  purifying  it.  He  cared  little  for 
numbers,  provided  his  ranks  were  filled  with  fa- 
natics. By  sanctifying  thus  the  cause,  end,  and 
motives  of  the  war,  he  raised  his  soldiers  above 
common  humanity,  and  prepared  them  to  per- 
form impossibilities.  The  historians  of  both 
sides  agree  in  allowing  that  this  religious  enthu- 
siasm inspired  by  Cromwell  in  the  minds  of  his 
troops  transformed  a  body  of  factionaries  into 
an  army  of  saints.  Victory  invariably  attended 
his  encounters  with  the  king's  forces. — Lamar- 
tine's  Cromwell,  p.  31. 

312.  ARMY,  A  sectarian.  James  II.  [Tyr- 
connel,  a  Roman  Catholic,  was  appointed  com- 
mander of  the  troops  in  Ireland  preparatory  to 
the  social  and  religious  revolution.]  The  ranks 
were  completely  broken  up  and  recomposed. 
Four  or  five  hundred  soldiers  were  turned  out  of 
a  single  regiment  chiefly  on  the  ground  that  they 
were  below  the  proper  stature  ;  yet  the  most  un- 
practised eye  at  once  perceived  that  they  were 
taller  and  better-made  men  than  their  successors, 
whose  wild  and  squalid  appearance  disgusted 
the  beholders.  Orders  were  given  to  the  new 
officers  that  no  man  of  the  Protestant  religion 
was  to  be  suffered  to  enlist.  The  recruiting 
parties,  instead  of  beating  their,  drums  for  vol- 
unteers at  fairs  and  markets,  as  had  been  the  old 
practice,  repaired  to  places  to  which  the  Roman 
Catholics  were  in  the  habit  of  making  pilgrim- 
ages for  purposes  of  devotion.  In  a  few  weeks 
the  general  had  introduced  more  than  two  thou- 
sand natives  into  the  ranks,  and  the  people .  .  .  af- 


38 


ARMY— ARROGANCE. 


firmed  that  by  Christmas  day  not  a  man  of  Eng- 
lish race  would  be  left  in  the  whole  army. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  6. 

313.  ARMY,  A  small.  Massachusetts.  For  a 
while  the  colonists  were  apprehensive  of  the  Ind- 
ians. In  February  [1631]  Miles  Standish  was 
sent  out  with  his  soldiers  to  gather  information 
of  the  numbers  and  disposition  of  the  natives. 
The  army  of  New  England  consisted  of  six  men 
besides  the  general.  [The  Indians  had  been  dec- 
imated by  pestilence.] — Rldpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  13. 

314.  ABMT,  Strong.  Boman.  The  regular 
force  of  the  empire  had  once  amounted  to  six 
hundred  and  forty-five  thousand  men  ;  it  was  re- 
duced, in  the  time  of  Justinian,  to  one  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  ;  and  this  number,  large  as  it 
may  seen,  was  thinly  scattered  over  the  sea  and 
land — in  Spain  and  Italy,  in  Africa  and  Egypt, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  the  coast  of  the 
Euxine,  and  the  frontiers  of  Persia. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  42. 

315.  AHMY  subverted,  The.  James  II.  [Sum- 
moned to  enforce  submission  to  Roman  Cath- 
olic innovations,]  the  king  was  resolved  not 
to  yield.  He  formed  a  camp  on  Hounslow 
Heath,  and  collected  there,  within  a  circumfer- 
ence of  about  two  miles  and  a  half,  fourteen 
battalions  of  foot  and  thirty-two  squadrons  of 
horse,  amounting  to  thirteen  thousand  fighting 
men.  Twenty-six  pieces  of  artillery,  and  many 
wains  laden  with  arms  and  ammunition,  were 
dragged  from  the  Tower  through  the  city  to 
Hounslow.  The  Londoners  saw  this  great  force 
assembled  in  their  neighborhood  with  a  terror 
which  familiarity  soon  diminished.  A  visit  to 
Hounslow  became  their  favorite  amusement  on 
holidays.  The  camp  presented  the  appearance 
of  a  vast  fair.  Mingled  with  the  musketeers  and 
dragoons,  a  multitude  of  fine  gentlemen  and 
ladies  from  Soho  Square,  sharpers  and  painted 
women  from  Whitefriars,  invalids  in  sedans, 
monks  in  hoods  and  gowns,  lackeys  in  rich  liv- 
eries, peddlers,  orange  girls,  mischievous  appren- 
tices, and  gaping  clowns,  were  constantly  pass- 
ing and  repassing  through  the  long  lanes  of 
tents.  .  .  .  The  king,  as  was  amply  proved  two 
years  later,  had  greatly  miscalculated  [when  he 
was  a  fugitive  from  England].  He  had  forgotten 
that  vicinity  operates  in  more  ways  than  one.  He 
had  hoped  that  his  army  would  overawe  London; 
but  the  result  of  his  policy  was,  that  the  feelings 
and  opinions  of  London  took  complete  possession 
of  his  army. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6. 

316.  ARMY,  Support  of  the.  Gharles  II. 
The  only  army  which  the  law  recognized  was 
the  militia.  That  force  had  been  remodelled  by 
two  acts  of  Parliament  passed  shortly  after  the 
Restoration.  Every  man  who  possessed  five 
hundred  pounds  a  year  derived  from  land,  or 
six  thousand  pounds  of  personal  estate,  was 
bound  to  provide,  equip,  and  pay,  at  his  own 
charge,  one  horseman.  Every  man  who  had  fifty 
pounds  a  year  derived  from  land,  or  six  hundred 
pounds  of  personal  estate,  was  charged,  in  like 
manner,  with  one  pikeman  or  musketeer. 
Smaller  proprietors  were  joined  together  in  a 
kind  of  society,  for  which  our  language  does  not 
afford  a  special  name,  but  which  an  Athenian 
would  have  called  a  Synteleia  ;  and  each  society 
was  required  to  furnish,  according  to  its  means, 
a  horse  soldier  or  a  foot  soldier.     The  whole 


number  .  .  .  was  popularly  estimated  at  a  hun- 
dred and  thirty  thousand  men. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  3. 

317.  ARMY,  Test  in  the.  James  II.  [The 
king  resolved  to  oppress  the  Protestants  in  Ire- 
land and  promote  Roman  Catholicism.]  Many 
officers  of  the  army  were  arbitrarily  deprived  of 
their  commissions  and  of  their  bread.  It  was  to 
no  purpose  that  the  lord-lieutenant  pleaded  the 
cause  of  some  whom  he  knew  to  be  good  sol- 
diers and  loyal  subjects.  Among  them  were  old 
Cavaliers,  who  had  fought  bravely  for  monarchy, 
and  who  bore  the  marks  of  honorable  wounds. 
Their  places  were  supplied  by  men  who  had  no 
recommendation  but  their  religion.  Of  the  new 
captains  and  lieutenants,  it  was  said,  some  had 
been  cowherds,  some  footmen,  some  noted  ma- 
rauders ;  some  had  been  so  used  to  wear  brogues 
that  they  stumbled  and  shuffled  about  strangely 
in  their  military  jack-boots.  Not  a  few  of  the 
officers  who  were  discarded  took  refuge  in  the 
Dutch  service,  and  enjoyed  four  years  later  the 
pleasure  of  driving  their  successors  before  them 
in  ignominious  rout  through  the  waters  of  the 
Boyne. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6. 

318.  ARREST,  Undeserved.  John  Bunyan. 
He  was  the  first  Nonconformist  who  had  been 
marked  for  arrest.  If  he  flinched  after  he  had 
been  singled  out  by  name,  the  whole  body  of  his 
congregation  would  be  discouraged.  Go  to 
church  he  would  not,  or  promise  to  go  to 
church  ;  but  he  was  willing  to  suffer  whatever 
punishment  the  law  might  order.  Thus,  at  the 
time  and  place  which  had  been  agreed  on,  he 
was  in  the  room  at  Samsell,  with  his  Bible  in 
his  hand,  and  was  about  to  begin  his  address, 
when  the  constables  entered  and  arrested  him. 
He  made  no  resistance.  He  desired  only  to  be 
allowed  to  say  a  few  words,  which  the  constables 
permitted. — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  5. 

319.  ARROGANCE  answered.  Charles  V. 
When  France  was  invaded  by  Charles  V.,  he 
inquired  of  a  prisoner,  how  many  days  Paris 
might  be  distant  from  the  frontier.  "Perhaps 
twelve,  but  they  will  be  days  of  battle ;"  .  such 
was  the  gallant  answer  which  checked  the  ar- 
rogance of  that  ambitious  prince.  —  Glbbon's 
Rome,  ch.  30. 

320.  ARROGANCE,  Childish.  Xerxes.  The  im- 
patience of  Xerxes  could  not  brook  the  delay 
that  would  have  attended  the  transportation  of 
this  immense  body  of  land  forces  in  his  fleet 
across  the  ^gean,  which  is  a  very  dangerous 
navigation,  or  even  by  the  narrower  sea  of  the 
Hellespont.  He  ordered  a  bridge  of  boats  to  be 
constructed  between  Sestos  and  Abydos,  a  dis- 
tance of  seven  furlongs  (seven  eighths  of  a  mile). 
This  structure  was  no  sooner  completed  than  it 
was  demolished  by  a  tempest.  In  revenge  of 
this  insult  to  his  power,  the  directors  of  the  work 
were  beheaded,  and  the  outrageous  element  itself 
was  punished,  by  throwing  into  it  a  pair  of  iron 
fetters,  and  bestowing  three  hundred  lashes  upon 
the  water. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  1. 

321.  ARROGANCE,  Insulting.  Attila.  [The 
Roman  Emperor  Marcian  refused  the  tribute  de- 
manded.] He  threatened  to  chastise  the  rash 
successor  of  Theodosius  ;  but  he  hesitated  wheth- 
er he  should  first  direct  his  invincible  arms 
against    the   Eastern  or    the  Western  empire. 


ARROGANCE— ART. 


39 


While  mankind  awaited  his  decision  with  awful 
suspense,  he  sent  an  equal  defiance  to  the  courts 
of  Ravenna  and  Constantinople  ;  and  his  minis- 
ters saluted  the  two  emperors  with  the  same 
haughty  declaration.  "Attila,  my  lord,  and 
thy  lord,  commands  thee  to  provide  a  palace  for 
his  immediate  reception."  —  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  35. 

322.  AEEOGANCE,  Lofty.  Attila.  When  At- 
tila  first  gave  audience  to  the  Roman  ambas- 
sadors on  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  his  tent  was 
encompassed  with  a  formidable  guard.  The 
monarch  himself  was  seated  in  a  wooden  chair. 
His  stern  countenance,  angry  gestures,  and  im- 
patient tone  astonished  the  firmness  of  Maximin. 
.  .  .  The  barbarian  an'ogantly  declared,  that  he 
apprehended  only  the  disgrace  of  contending 
with  his  fugitive  slaves,  since  he  despised 
their  impotent  efforts  to  defend  the  provinces 
which  Theodosius  had  intrusted  to  their  arms  : 
"  For  what  fortress"  (added  Attila),  "  what  city, 
in  the  wide  extent  of  the  Roman  empire,  can 
hope  to  exist,  secure  and  impregnable,  if  it  is 
our  pleasure  that  it  should  be  erased  from  the 
earth  ?" — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  34. 

323.  AEEOGANCE,  National.  England.  The 
conduct  of  Great  Britain  toward  the  United 
States  became  as  arrogant  as  that  of  France  was 
impudent.  In  November  of  1793  George  III.  is- 
sued secret  instructions  to  British  privateers  to 
seize  aU  neutral  vessels  that  might  be  found 
trading  in  the  West  Indies.     The  United  States 

.  had  no  notification  of  this  high-handed  measure  ; 
and  American  commerce  to  the  value  of  many 
millions  of  dollars  was  swept  from  the  sea,  by 
a  process  differing  in  nothing  from  highway 
robbery.  But  for  the  temperate  spirit  of  the 
government  the  country  would  have  been  at  once 
plunged  into  war.  [Redress  was  demanded,  and 
a  treaty  signed.] — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  47. 

324.  AESON,  Destruction  by.  Ghosroes.  Af- 
ter the  reduction  of  Galilee  and  the  region  be- 
yond the  Jordan,  whose  resistance  appears  to 
have  delayed  the  fate  of  the  capital,  Jerusalem 
itself  was  taken  by  assault.  The  sepulchre  of 
Christ  and  the  stately  churches  of  Helena  and 
Constantine  were  consumed,  or  at  least  dam- 

;  aged,  by  the  flames ;  the  devout  offerings  of 
three  hundred  years  were  rifled  in  one  sacrile- 
gious day ;  the  Patriarch  Zachariah  and  the 
triie  cross  were  transported  into  Persia  ;  and  the 
massacre  of  ninety  thousand  Christians  is  im- 

^     puted  to  the  Jews  and  Arabs,  who  swelled  the 

!     disorder  of  the  Persian  march. — Gibbon's  Rome, 

\    ch.  46. 

325.  AET,  Age  of  Fine.  Greece.  The  arts 
broke  out  at  once  with  prodigious  lustre  at 
Athens,  under  the  luxurious  administration  of 
Pericles.  In  architecture  and  sculpture,  Phidias 
at  that  time  distinguished  himself  by  such  supe- 

)  rior  ability,  that  his  works  were  regarded  as  won- 
ders by  the  ancients,  as  long  as  any  knowledge  or 
I  taste  remained  among  them.  His  brother  Panae- 
;  us  ...  is  himself  distinguished  as  the  artist  who 
painted  the  famous  picture  in  the  Pcecile  at  Ath- 
ens, representing  the  battle  of  Marathon,  which 
is  described  by  Pausanias  and  Pliny  as  so  perfect 
a  picture,  that  it  presented  striking  portraits  of 
the  leaders  on  both  sides.  It  was  from  the  de- 
signs of  Phidias  that  many  of  the  noblest  build- 
ings of  Athens  were  reared  ;  and  from  the  exam- 


ple of  these,  a  just  and  excellent  taste  in  archi- 
tecture soon  diffused  itself  over  all  Greece. 
Phidias  had  many  disciples  ;  and  after  his  time 
arose  a  succession  of  eminent  architects,  sculpt- 
ors, and  painters,  who  maintained  those  sister 
arts  in  high  perfection  for  above  a  century,  till 
after  the  death  of  Alexander  the  Great.  This, 
therefore,  may  be  termed  the  golden  age  of  the 
arts  in  Greece  ;  while  in  those  departments  the 
contemporary  nations  were  yet  in  the  rudest  ig- 
norance.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  7. 

326.  AET,  Conquest  by.  Gcesar.  By  the  vic- 
tory over  the  Nervii  the  Belgian  confederacy 
was  almost  extinguished.  The  German  Adua- 
tuci  remained  only  to  be  brought  to  submission. 
They  had  been  on  their  way  to  join  their  country- 
men ;  they  were  too  late  for  the  battle,  and  re- 
turned and  shut  themselves  up  in  Namur,  the 
strongest  position  in  the  Low  Countries.  Caesar, 
after  a  short  rest,  pushed  on  and  came  under 
their  walls.  The  Aduatuci  were  a  race  of  giants, 
and  were  at  first  defiant.  When  they  saw  the 
Romans'  siege-towers  in  preparation,  they  could 
not  believe  that  men  so  small  could  move  such 
vast  machines.  When  the  towers  began  to 
approach,  they  lost  heart  and  sued  for  terms. — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  14. 

327.  AET  corrupted.  Roman,  Art  was  partly 
corrupted  by  the  fondness  for  glare,  expensive- 
ness,  and  size,  and  partly  sank  into  miserable 
triviality,  or  immoral  prettinesses,  such  as  those 
which  decorated  the  walls  of  Pompeii  in  the  first 
century,  and  the  Pare  aux  Cerfs  in  the  eighteenth. 
Greek  statues  of  the  days  of  Phidias  were  ruth- 
lessly decapitated,  that  their  heads  might  be  re- 
placed by  the  scowling  or  imbecile  features  of  a 
Gains  or  a  Claudius.  Nero,  professing  to  be  a 
connoisseur,  thought  that  he  improved  the  Alex- 
ander of  Lysimachus  by  gilding  it  from  head  to 
foot. — Farrar's  Early  Days,  p.  5. 

32§.  AET,  Deformity  in.  Ghinese.  The  Chi- 
nese have  long  practised  the  art  of  painting ; 
yet,  instead  of  a  liberal  art,  it  has  ever  been  with 
them  a  mere  mechanic  drudgery.  Their  paint- 
ings, with  a  splendor  of  coloring,  and  the  most 
minute  accuracy  of  pencilling,  have  neither 
grace,  beauty,  nor  justness  of  proportion.  They 
have  not  the  smallest  notion  of  perspective.  In- 
stead of  a  gracefulness  of  attitude,  the  taste  of 
the  Chinese  painter  delights  itself  with  the  ex- 
pression of  distortion  and  deformity.  Let  us 
here  remark  the  contrast  between  these  Asiatics 
and  the  Grecian  artists.  In  the  images  of  the 
gods,  which  it  is  to  be  presumed  men  would  al- 
ways choose  to  picture  according  to  their  most 
exalted  ideas  of  beauty  and  majesty,  the  Greeks 
have  given  a  character  and  expression  noble 
almost  beyond  imagination.  The  idols  of  the 
Chinese  are  deformed,  hideous,  and  disgusting 
beyond  measure.  —  Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  5, 
ch.  24. 

329.  AET,  Destruction  of.  Nero.  If  Nero 
was  indeed  guilty,  then  the  act  of  a  wretched 
buffoon,  mad  with  the  diseased  sensibility  of  a 
depraved  nature,  has  robbed  the  world  of  works 
of  art,  and  memorials,  and  records,  priceless 
and  irrecoverable.  We  can  rather  imagine  than 
describe  the  anguish  with  which  the  Romans, 
bitterly  conscious  of  their  own  degeneracy,  con- 
templated the  destruction  of  the  relics  of  their 
national  glory  in  the  days  when  Rome  was  free. 


40 


ART. 


What  could  ever  replace  for  them  or  their  chil- 
dren such  monmnents  as  the  Temple  of  Luna, 
built  by  Servius  TuUius  ;  and  the  Ara  Maxima, 
which  the^Arcadian  Evander  had  reared  to  Her- 
cules ;  and  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  built 
in  accordance  with  the  vow  of  Romulus ;  and 
the  little  humble  palace  of  Numa  ;  and  the  shrine 
of  Vesta  with  the  Penates  of  the  Roman  people 
and  the  spoils  of  conquered  kings  ?  What  struc- 
tural magnificence  could  atone  for  the  loss  of 
memorials  which  the  song  of  Virgil  and  of  Hor- 
ace had  rendered  still  more  dear  ?  The  city 
might  rise  more  regular  from  its  ashes,  and  with 
broader  streets,  but  its  artificial  uniformity  was 
a  questionable  boon.  Old  men  declared  that  the 
new  streets  were  far  less  healthy,  in  consequence 
of  their  more  scorching  glare,  and  they  muttered 
among  themselves  that  many  an  object  of  na- 
tional interest  had  been  wantonly  sacrificed  to 
gratify  the  womanish  freak  of  a  miserable  actor. 
■ — Fabrar's  Early  Days,  p.  31. 

330. .     Puritans.    The  Parliament 

resolved  that  all  pictures  in  the  royal  collection 
which  contained  representations  of  Jesus  or  of 
the  Virgin  Mother  should  be  burned.  Sculp- 
ture fared  as  ill  as  painting.  Nymphs  and 
Graces,  the  work  of  Ionian  chisels,  were  deliv- 
ered over  to  Puritan  stonemasons  to  be  made 
decent. — Macatjlay's  Eng.,  ch.  2. 

331. .     Buin  of  Paganism.     We 

Lave  seen  how  the  rising  city  was  adorned  by 
the  vanity  and  despotism  of  the  Imperial  foun- 
der ;  in  the  ruins  of  paganism,  some  gods  and 
heroes  were  saved  from  the  axe  of  supersti- 
tion ;  and  the  forum  and  hippodrome  were  dig- 
nified with  the  relics  of  a  better  a^e.  Several  of 
these  are  described  by  Nicetas  m  a  florid  and 
affected  style  ;  and  from  his  descriptions  I  shall 
select  some  interesting  particulars :  1.  .  .  .  vic- 
torious charioteers.  ...  2.  The  sphinx,  river- 
horse  and  crocodile.  ...  3.  The  she-wolf 
suckling  Romulus  and  Remus.  ...  4.  An  ea- 
gle holding  and  tearing  a  serpent.  ...  5.  An 
ass  and  his  driver.  ...  6.  An  equestrian  sta- 
tue. .  .  .  Bellerophon  and  Pegasus.  ...  7.  A 
brass  obelisk.  ...  8.  The  Phrygian  shep- 
herd presenting  to  Venus  the  prize  of  beauty, 
the  apple  of  discord.  ...  9.  The  statue  of 
Helen.  ...  10.  The  manly  form  of  Hercules. 
...  11.  Statue  of  Juno.  ...  12.  Another 
colossus  of  Pallas  or  Minerva. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  61. 

332.  AKT  destructive  to  Life.  Earthquake. 
In  the  disasters  occasioned  by  earthquakes,  the 
architect  becomes  the  enemy  of  mankind.  The 
hut  of  a  savage  or  the  tent  of  an  Arab  may  be 
thrown  down  without  injurv  to  the  inhabitant ; 
and  the  Peruvians  had  reason  to  deride  the  folly 
of  their  Spanish  conquerors,  who  with  so  much 
cost  and  labor  erected  their  own  sepulchres. 
The  rich  ma  rbles  of  a  patrician  are  dashed  on  his 
own  head  ;  a  whole  people  is  buried  under  the 
ruins  of  public  and  private  edifices,  and  the  con- 
flagration is  kindled  and  propagated  by  the  in- 
numerable fires  which  are  necessary  for  the  sub- 
sistence and  manufactures  of  a  great  city. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  43. 

333.  ART,  Educated  in.  Romans.  Whatever 
were  their  [the  Etruscans]  attainments  in  the 
fine  arts  in  those  remote  ages,  their  successors, 
the  Romans,  inherited  none  of  that  knowledge 


from  them  ;  for  at  the  period  of  the  conquest  of 
Greece,  the  Romans  had  not  a  tincture  of  taste 
in  those  arts,  till  they  caught  the  infection  from 
the  precious  spoils  which  the  sole  love  of  plun- 
der then  imported  into  Italy.  .  .  .  Even  when 
time  had  brought  the  arts  to  the  highest  perfec- 
tion they  ever  attained  among  the  Romans,  this 
people  never  ceased  to  acknowledge  the  high  su- 
periority of  the  Greeks,  of  which  we  have  this  con- 
vincing proof,  that  when  the  Roman  authors  cele- 
brate any  exquisite  production  of  art,  it  is  ever  the 
work  of  a  Phidias,  Praxiteles,  Lysippus,  Glycon, 
Zeuxis,  Apelles,  Parrhasius,  or,  in  fine,  of  some 
artist  who  adorned  that  splendid  period,  and  not 
of  those  who  had  worked  at  Rome,  or  who  had 
lived  nearer  to  their  own  times  than  the  age  of 
Alexander  the  Great. — Tytleb's  Hist.,  Book  2, 
ch.  7. 

334.  ABT,  Low  estimate  of.  Samuel  Johnson, 
Johnson  expressed  his  disapprobation  of  orna- 
mental architecture,  such  as  magnificent  columns 
supporting  a  portico,  or  expensive  pilasters  sup- 
porting merely  their  own  capitals,  "  because  it 
consumes  labor  disproportionate  to  its  utility." 
For  the  same  reason  he  satirized  statuary. 
"Painting,"  said  he,  "consumes  labor  not  dis- 
proportionate to  its  effect ;  but  a  fellow  will 
hack  half  a  year  at  a  block  of  marble,  to  make 
something  in  stone  that  hardly  resembles  a  man. 
The  value  of  statuary  is  owing  to  its  difficulty. 
You  would  not  value  the  finest  head  cut  upon  a 
carrot."  Here  he  seemed  to  me  to  be  strangely 
deficient  in  taste  ;  for,  surely,  statuary  is  a  noble 
art  of  imitation. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  276. 

335.  AUT,  Frivolous.  Palace  of  Constantino- 
ple. The  long  series  of  the  apartments  was  adapt- 
ed to  the  seasons,  and  decorated  with  marble 
and  porphyry  ;  with  painting,  sculpture,  and  mo- 
saics ;  with  a  profusion  of  gold,  silver,  and 
precious  stones.  His  [Theophilus]  fanciful  mag- 
nificence employed  the  skill  and  patience  of  such 
artists  as  the  times  could  afford  ;  but  the  taste  of 
Athens  would  have  despised  their  frivolous  and 
costly  labors  ;  a  golden  tree,  with  its  leaves  and 
branches,  which  sheltered  a  multitude  of  birds 
warbling  their  artificial  notes,  and  two  lions  of 
massy  gold,  and  of  natural  size,  who  looked  and 
roared  like  their  brethren  of  the  forest. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  53,  p.  351. 

336.  ABT,  Inspiration  in.  Italians.  What 
treasures  may  we  suppose  yet  remain  in  Greece 
and  .  .  .  Italy  !  To  the  discovery  of  some  of 
those  remnants  of  ancient  art  has  been  attributed 
the  revival  of  painting  and  sculpture,  after  their 
total  extinction  during  the  Middle  Ages.  This, 
at  least,  is  certain:  that,  till  Michael  Angelo  and 
Raphael,  feeling  the  beauties  of  the  antique, 
began  to  emulate  their  noble  manner,  and  intro- 
duced into  their  works,  the  one  a  grandeur,  and 
the  other  a  beauty,  unknown  to  the  age  in  which 
they  lived,  the  manner  of  their  predecessors  had 
been  harsh,  constrained,  and  utterly  deficient  in 
grace. — Ty-^ler's  Hist.  ,  Book  2,  ch.  7. 

337.  AET,  Origin  of.  Necessity.  We  may 
presume,  with  some  reason,  that  in  the  early 
ages  the  priests  were  among  the  first  who  culti- 
vated the  sciences.  The  useful  arts  are  the  im- 
mediate offspring  of  necessity  ;  and  in  the  infancy 
of  society  every  individual,  according  as  he  feels 
his  wants,  is  put  to  the  necessity  of  exercising 
his  talents  in  some  rude  contrivances  to  supply 


ART. 


41 


them.  The  skill  to  construct  instruments  for 
the  capture  or  destruction  of  animals,  or  for  of- 
fence and  defence  in  war,  is  found  among  the 
most  barbarous  nations.  The  rude  arts  of  form- 
ing a  clothi ag  for  the  body,  and  the  constructions 
of  huts  for  shelter  against  the  inclemencies  of  the 
air,  form  among  such  nations  the  occupation  of 
every  individual  of  the  tribe  or  community,  and 
even  of  both  sexes. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1, 
ch.  3. 

33§. .  Egyptians.  It  is  highly  pro- 
bable, too,  that  from  this  people,  as  from  a 
focus  of  illumination,  most  of  the  European  na- 
tions have,  by  the  natural  progress  of  knowledge, 
received  a  great  part  of  their  instruction  both  in 
the  arts  and  in  the  sciences.  The  Egyptians  in- 
structed and  enlightened  the  Greeks  ;  the  Greeks 
performed  the  same  beneficial  office  to  the  Ro- 
mans, who,  in  their  turn  instructing  the  nations 
whom  they  conquered  or  colonized,  have  trans- 
mitted the  rudiments  of  that  knowledge  which 
the  industry  and  the  genius  of  the  moderns  are 
continually  extending  and  advancing  to  perfec- 
tion.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  7. 

339.  ART,  Periods  in.  Affinity  in.  After  the 
defeat  of  Xerxes  the  Greeks,  secure  for  some 
time  from  foreign  invaders,  and  in  full  possession 
of  their  liberty,  achieved  with  distinguished 
glory,  may  certainly  be  considered  as  at  the  sum- 
mit of  their  grandeur  as  a  nation.  They  main- 
tained for  a  considerable  time  their  power  and 
independence,  and  distinguished  themselves  dur- 
ing that  period  by  an  universality  of  genius 
unknown  to  other  ages  and  nations.  The  fine 
arts  bear  a  near  affinity  to  each  other  ;  and  it  has 
seldom  been  known  in  any  age  which  produced 
or  encouraged  artists  in  one  department,  that 
there  were  wanting  others  who  displayed  similar 
excellence  in  the  rest.  Of  this,  both  ancient  and 
modern  history  affords  ample  proof,  in  the  ages 
of  Pericles,  of  Leo  X.,  and  of  Louis  XIV. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  7. 

340.  ART,  Periods  of.  Roman.  In  the  period 
of  ancient  history,  we  have  seen  that  remarkable 
splendor  to  which  the  fine  arts  arose  in  the  age  of 
Pericles.  In  modern  times  the  age  of  Leo  X.  is 
an  era  equally  distinguished.  The  art  of  paint- 
ing lay  long  'buried  in  the  west,  under  the  ruins 
of  the  Roman  Empire.  It  declined  in  the  latter 
ages,  with  the  universal  decay  of  taste  and  genius, 
and  needed  not  an  irruption  of  the  Goths  to  lay 
it  in  the  dust.  The  Ostrogoths,  who  subdued 
Italy,  that  people  who  were  barbarians  only  in 
name,  had  they  found  it  in  splendor,  would  have 
industriously  cherished  and  preserved  it,  as  they 
did  every  monument  of  ancient  grandeur  or  of 
beauty  ;  but  painting  and  sculpture  were  never 
high  among  the  ancient  Romans  ;  and  that  the 
taste  and  genius  for  the  imitative  arts  underwent 
a  regular  and  natural  decay,  we  have  the  strong- 
est proof  in  examining  the  series  of  the  coins  of 
the  lower  empire. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  22. 

341.  ART,  Pleasures  of.  PrefetTed.  A  very 
fashionable  baronet  [Sir  Michael  Le  Fleming] 
in  the  brilliant  world,  who,  on  his  attention 
being  called  to  the  fragrance  of  a  May  evening 
in  the  country,  observed  :  "This  may  be  very 
well ;  but,  for  my  part,  I  prefer  the  smell  of  a 
flambeau  at  the  playhouse." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  127. 


342.  ART  protected.  By  Climate.  It  seems 
peculiar  to  the  climate  of  Egypt,  that  time  ap- 
pears scarcely  to  make  any  sensible  impression 
on  those  monuments  of  human  industry.  The 
cause  is  plausibly  assigned  by  De  Maillet,  in  his 
"Description  de  I'Egypte."  Rain  and  frost, 
says  that  author,  which  in  other  countries  are 
the  destroyers  of  all  the  works  of  art  which  are 
exposed  to  the  air,  are  utterly  unknown  in  Egypt. 
The  structures  of  that  country,  its  pyramids  and 
its  obelisks,  can  sustain  no  injury  unless  from 
the  sun  and  wind,  which  have  scarce  any  sensi- 
ble effect  in  wasting  or  corroding  their  materials. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4. 

343.  ART,  Protected  by.  Syracuse.  Marcel- 
lus  .  .  .  besieged  Syracuse.  .  .  .  The  genius  of 
a  single  man  [Archimedes]  was  found  sufficient 
to  withstand  for  a  great  length  of  time  the  ut- 
most efforts  of  an  enemy  hj  sea  and  land.  .  .  . 
The  city  was  twenty-two  miles  in  compass.  .  .  . 
Marcellus  caused  eight  galleys  to  be  joined  to- 
gether laterally  by  iron  chains,  and  on  their 
surface,  as  a  foundation,  an  immense  tower  was 
erected,  whose  height  overtopped  the  walls  of 
the  city.  This  huge  machine,  which  Marcellus 
called  his  Sambuca,  or  Dulcimer,  was  slowly 
advancing,  rowed  by  a  great  number  of  men, 
when  Archimedes  discharged  from  one  of  his  en- 
gines a  stone  of  twelve  hundred  and  fifty  pounds 
weight,  then  a  second,  and  immediately  after- 
ward a  third,  with  a  direction  so  sure  as  to  batter 
the  galleys  and  the  tower  to  pieces  in  a  few  min- 
utes. An  immense  artillery  of  darts,  stones,  burn- 
ing torches,  and  every  material  of  annoyance,  was 
incessantly  launched  upon  the  besiegers  from 
every  quarter  of  the  walls  ;  while  the  machines 
from  which  they  issued  were  altogether  beyond 
their  reach,  and  even  out  of  their  sight.  It  was 
of  no  avail  whether  they  made  their  attack  from 
a  distance  or  close  to  the  walls.  If  within  the 
shot  of  a  bow,  the  engines  of  Archimedes  assailed 
the  galleys  with  stones  of  such  weight  as  entirely 
to  demolish  them  ;  if  they  approached  the  walls, 
they  were  seized  by  cranes  and  grappling-irons, 
suspended  in  the  air,  and  suddenly  let  fall  with 
a  force  that  sunk  them.  Taking  advantage  of  a 
meridian  sun,  and  concentrating  the  rays  by  a 
combination  of  polished  metal,  this  wonderful 
engineer  burnt  the  vessels  of  the  enemy  at  a  fur- 
long's distance,  thus  .  .  .  making  even  the  fire 
of  heaven  obedient  to  his  commands. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  3,  ch  9. 

344.  ART,  Revival  of.  Italy.  The  fine  arts 
are  said  to  have  been  revived  in  Italy  by  artists 
from  Greece  ;  and  it  seems  highly  probable  that 
in  that  country,  which  had  been  eminently  dis- 
tinguished by  their  splendor  and  perfection,  the 
taste  should  have  been  less  entirely  lost  than  in 
any  other.  The  most  common  notion  is,  that, 
about  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century,  Cimabue, 
a  Florentine,  observing  the  works  of  two  Grecian 
artists,  who  had  been  sent  for  to  paint  one  of  the 
churches  at  Florence,  began  to  attempt  some- 
thing of  the  same  kind,  and  soon  conceived  that 
it  would  not  be  difficult  to  surpass  such  rude 
performances.  His  works  were  the  admiration 
of  his  time  ;  he  had  his  scholars  and  his  imitat- 
ors ;  among  these  were  Ghiotto,  Gaddi,  Tasi 
Cavallini,  and  Stephano  Florentino ;  and  the 
number  of  artists  continued  so  to  increase,  that 
an  academy  for  painting  was  instituted  at  Flor- 


42 


ART. 


ence  in  the  jear  1350.  Still,  however,  the  art 
was  extremely  low,  and  the  artists,  with  great 
industry,  seem  to  have  had  no  spark  of  genius. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  22. 

345. .  Fifteenth  Century.  The  suc- 
cessors of  Cimabue  and  of  Ghiotto  seem  all  to 
have  painted  in  one  manner.  Their  works  are 
distinguished  by  a  hard  and  rigid  outline,  sharp 
angles  of  the  limbs,  and  stiff  folds  in  the  drapery  ; 
a  contour,  in  short,  in  which  there  is  not  the 
smallest  grace  or  elegance.  Such,  with  little 
Tariation  or  improvement,  was  the  manner  of 
painting  for  above  two  centuries.  The  best 
artists  valued  themselves  on  the  most  scrupulous 
and  servile  imitation  of  nature,  without  any 
capacity  of  distinguishing  her  beauties  and  de- 
formities. In  painting  a  head,  it  was  the  highest 
pitch  of  excellence  that  all  the  wrinkles  of  the 
skin  should  be  most  distinctly  marked,  and  that 
the  spectator  should  be  able  to  count  every  hair 
on  the  beard.  Such  was  the  state  of  painting 
till  toward  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
■when  all  at  once,  as  if  by  some  supernatural  in- 
fluence, it  attained  at  a  single  step  to  the  summit 
of  perfection.  Nothing  can  more  clearly  demon- 
strate that  the  splendor  to  which  the  fine  arts 
all  at  once  attained,  at  the  period  of  which,  we 
now  speak,  was  owing  entirely  to  natural  genius, 
and  not  to  accidental  causes,  than  this  circum- 
stance, that  though  many  remains  of  the  finest 
sculpture  of  the  ancients  existed,  and  were  known 
in  Italy  for  some  centuries  preceding  this  era,  it 
was  not  till  this  time  that  they  began  to  serve  as 
models  of  imitation. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
en.  22. 

346.  AUT,  Schools  of.  Three.  These  three 
— the  Florentine,  the  Roman,  and  the  Venetian — 
are  the  chief  of  the  Italian  schools  of  painting. 
The  Florentine  is  distinguished  by  grandeur  and 
sublimity,  and  great  excellence  of  design  ;  but  a 
want  of  grace,  of  beauty  of  coloring,  and  skill 
in  the  chiaro-oscuro.  The  character  of  the  Roman 
is  equal  excellence  of  design,  a  grandeur,  tem- 
pered with  moderation  and  simplicity,  a  high 
degree  of  grace  and  elegance,  and  a  superior 
knowledge,  though  not  an  excellence  in  coloring. 
The  characteristic  of  the  Venetian  is  the  perfec- 
tion of  coloring  and  the  utmost  force  of  the 
chiaro-oscuro,  with  an  inferiority  in  every  other 
particular. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  22. 

347.  AUT,  Superiority  in.  Masters.  Michael 
Angelo  was  so  smitten  with  the  beauties  of  the 
antique,  that  he  occupied  himself  in  drawing 
numberless  sketches  of  a  mutilated  trunk  of  a 
statue  of  Hercules,  still  to  be  seen  at  Rome,  and 
from  him  called  the  'Torso  of  Michael  Angelo. 
Raphael,  whose  works  have  entitled  him  to  the 
same  epithet  which  the  Greeks  bestowed  on 
Apelles,  The  Divine — Raphael  confessed  the  ex- 
cellence of  the  antique  by  borrowing  from  it 
many  of  his  noblest  airs  and  attitudes  ;  and  his 
enemies  (for  merit  will  ever  have  its  enemies) 
have  asserted,  that  of  those  gems  and  basso-re- 
lievos which  he  had  been  at  pains  to  collect  and 
copy,  he  had  destroyed  not  a  few,  in  order  that 
the  beauties  he  had  thence  borrowed  might  pass 
for  his  own.  The  practice  of  those  artists,  whose 
names  are  the  first  among  the  moderns,  affords 
sufficient  argument  of  the  superiority  of  the  an- 
cients. Their  works  remain  the  highest  models 
Qf  the  art ;  and  we  who,  in  the  imitation  of  the 


human  figure,  have  nor  nature,  as  they  had,  con. 
stantly  before  our  eyes  undisguised,  and  in  hei 
most  graceful  and  sublimest  aspects,  can  find  no 
means  so  short  and  so  sure  to  attain  *o  excellence 
as  by  imitating  the  antique. — Tytier's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  7. 

34§. .    Raphael.    His  invention  and 

composition  are  admirable,  his  attitudes  grand 
and  sublime,  his  female  figures  in  the  highest 
degree  beautiful.  He  understood  the  anatomy 
of  the  human  figure  as  well  as  Michael  Angelo, 
but  he  never  offends  by  a  harsh  delineation  of 
the  muscles.  His  skill  in  the  chiaro-oscuro,  or 
in  the  effect  of  light  and  shade,  is  beyond  that 
of  Michael  Angelo,  and  his  coloring  very  far 
superior  to  him.  In  the  action  of  his  figures 
there  is  nothing  violent  and  constrained,  but  all 
is  moderate,  simple,  and  gracefully  majestic. 
Many  painters  there  are,  excellent  in  different 
departments,  and  several  that,  in  one  single  de- 
partment, may  be  found  to  exceed  even  Raphael  \ 
but  in  that  supreme  excellence  which  consists  ic 
the  union  of  all  the  various  merits  of  the  art,  hf) 
stands  unrivalled,  and  far  removed  from  ali 
competition.  In  representing  female  beauty^ 
Raphael  has  gone  beyond  every  other  artist,  ana 
even  beyond  the  antique  itself.  In  his  Madon- 
nas, in  his  St.  Cecilia,  and  in  his  Galatea,  imagi- 
nation cannot  reach  a  finer  conformation  of 
features.  In  painting  the  Galatea,  he  says  him- 
self, in  one  of  his  letters,  that,  unable  to  find 
among  the  most  beautiful  women  that  excellence 
which  he  aimed  at,  he  made  use  of  a  certain 
divine  form  or  idea,  which  presented  itself  tc» 
his  imagination.  In  his  portraits  he  seems  tG 
have  confined  himself  to  the  perfect  imitation  of 
nature,  without  desire  to  raise  or  embellish,  but 
without  that  minute  and  servile  accuracy  whicB 
distinguishes  the  works  in  that  style  of  some  of 
the  Flemish  masters.  The  union  of  all  these  excel- 
lences, which  has  placed  Raphael  at  the  head  of 
all  the  painters  that  ever  the  world  produced, 
was  attained  by  a  youth  who  never  reached  the 
middle  period  of  life.  Raphael  died  at  the  age 
of  thirty-seven.  What  may  we  suppose  he  would 
have  been  had  he  lived  to  the  age  of  Titian  or 
Leonardo  da  Vinci  2 — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2, 
ch.  7. 

349.  ART,  Treasures  of.  Napoleon  I.  [The 
victorious]  Napoleon  .  .  .  demanded  twenty  of 
the  choicest  pictures  of  the  duke  [of  Parma]  to 
be  sent  to  the  Museum  of  Paris.  To  save  one  of 
these  works  of  art — the  celebrated  picture  of  St. 
Jerome — the  duke  offered  two  hundred  thousand 
dollars.  Napoleon  declined  the  money,  stating- 
to  the  army, ' '  The  sum  which  he  offers  will  soon 
be  spent ;  but  the  possession  of  such  a  master- 
piece at  Paris  will  adorn  that  capital  for  ages, 
and  give  birth  to  similar  exertions  of  genius."— 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

350.  ART,  Value  of.  Cannon.  This  epoch 
was  signalized  by  one  of  the  most  important  dis- 
coveries that  has  ever  been  made — the  invention 
of  artillery.  Some  pieces  of  cannon,  which,  it 
is  said,  Edward  had  placed  in  the  front  of  his 
army,  contributed  much  to  throw  the  enemy  into 
confusion,  and  to  give  victory  to  the  English. 
This  invention,  apparently  a  most  destructive 
one,  has  certainly,  upon  the  whole,  proved  bene- 
ficial to  society.  Nations  are  more  upon  a 
level,  aa  less  depends  upon  frantic  exertions  of 


ARTISANS— ASCETICS. 


43 


coiirage  ;  and,  consequently,  from  a  considera- 
tion of  an  equality  of  strength,  the  peace  of 
kingdoms  is  better  preserved.  The  victory  of 
Cressy  [a.d.  1346]  was  followed  by  the  siege 
and  reduction  of  Calais. — Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book 
6,  ch.  13. 

351.  ARTISANS,  Capture  of.  Silk-weavers. 
Two  cities  of  Spain,  Alnieria  and  Lisbon,  were 
famous  for  the  manufacture  ...  of  silk.  It  was 
first  introduced  into  Sicily  by  the  Normans  ;  and 
this  emigration  of  trade  distinguishes  the  victory 
of  Roger  from  the  uniform  and  fruitless  hostili- 
ties of  every  age.  After  the  sack  of  Corinth, 
Athens,  and  Thebes,  his  lieutenant  embarked 
with  a  captive  train  of  weavers  and  artificers  of 
both  sexes,  a  trophy  glorious  to  their  master, 
and  disgraceful  to  the  Greek  emperor.  The 
King  of  Sicily  was  not  insensible  of  the  value  of 
the  present. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  53. 

352.  ARTISANS,  Wages  of.  England.  The 
remuneration  of  workmen  employed  in  manu- 
factures has  always  been  higher  than  that  of  the 
tillers  of  the  soil.  In  the  year  1680  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Commons  remarked  that  the 
high  wages  paid  in  this  country  made  it  impos- 
sible for  our  textures  to  maintain  a  competition 
with  the  produce  of  the  Indian  looms.  An 
English  mechanic,  he  said,  instead  of  slaving 
like  a  native  of  Bengal  for  a  piece  of  copper,  ex- 
acted a  shilling  a  day.  Other  evidence  is  extant, 
which  proves  that  a  shilling  a  day  was  the  pay 
to  which  the  English  manufacturer  then  thought 
himself  entitled,  but  that  he  was  often  forced  to 
work  for  less. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3. 

353.  ARTISANS,  Ancient.  Wa/t:  A  tradition 
has  prevailed  that  the  Roman  fleet  was  reduced 
to  ashes  in  the  port  of  Syracuse,  by  the  burning- 
glasses  of  Archimedes  [see  No.  342]  ;  and  it  is 
asserted  that  a  similar  expedient  was  employed 
by  Proclus  to  destroy  the  Gothic  vessels  in  the 
harbor  of  Constantinople,  and  to  protect  his 
benefactor  Anastasius  against  the  bold  enterprise 
of  Vitalian.  A  machine  was  fixed  on  the  walls 
of  the  city,  consisting  of  a  hexagon  mirror  of 
polished  brass,  with  many  smaller  and  movable 
polygons  to  receive  and  reflect  the  rays  of  the 
meridian  sun ;  and  a  consuming  flame  was 
darted  to  the  distance,  perhaps,  of  two  hundred 
feet.  .  .  .  Proclus  applied  sulphur  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Gothic  fleet ;  in  a  modern  imagination, 
the  name  of  sulphur  is  instantly  connected  with 
the  suspicion  of  gunpowder,  and  that  suspicion 
is  propagated  by  the  secret  arts  of  his  disciple  ^ 
Anthemius. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  40. 

354.  ARTS  encouraged.  Constantine.  [Con- 
stantine  the  Great]  discovered  that  in  the  de- 
cline of  the  arts  the  skill  as  well  as  numbers  of 
his  architects  bore  a  very  unequal  proportion  to 
the  greatness  of  his  designs  [in  the  building  of 
Constantinople].  The  magistrates  of  the  most 
distant  provinces  were  therefore  directed  to  in- 
stitute schools,  to  appoint  professors,  and,  by  the 
hopes  of  rewards  and  privileges,  to  engage  in  the 
study  and  practice  of  architecture  a  sufficient 
number  of  ingenious  youths  who  had  received  a 
liberal  education. — Gibbon's  Rome,  vol.  2, 
ch.  17,  p.  95. 

355.  ARTS,  Obsolete.  By  Inventions.  The 
endowment  in  1626  of  a  free-school  at  Great 
Marlow,  to  teach  twenty-four  girls  to  knit,  spin. 


and  make  bone-lace,  had  become  a  provision, 
for  the  continuance  of  obsolete  arts,  and  unprofit- 
able labor  [early  in  the  eighteenth  century]. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  2,  p.  20. 

356.  ARTS,  Subsidized.  Martin  Luther.  [For 
religion.]  In  the  year  1524  there  appeared  in 
Wittenberg  the  first  German  hymn-book,  con- 
sisting of  eight  hymns,  among  them  the  one  be- 
ginning, "  Now,  rejoice,  ye  Christian  people." 
In  the  preface  he  remarks  :  "I  am  not  of  the 
opinion  that  all  the  arts  should  be  suppressed  by 
the  gospel,  and  should  perish,  as  several  high 
ecclesiastics  maintain  ;  but  I  would  rather  that 
all  the  arts,  especially  music,  should  be  enlisted 
in  the  service  of  Him  who  has  created  them  and 
bestowed  them  upon  us."  And  he  was  forced 
to  view  with  deep  regret  the  arts  and  sciences 
endangered  by  those  intemperate  fanatics  who, 
in  their  false  zeal,  would  have  destroyed  all  the 
external  decoration  of  the  churches. — Rein's 
Luther,  ch.  13. 

357.  ASCETICISM,  Exercise  of.  Asiatics.  The 
opinion  and  practice  of  the  monasteries  of 
Mount  Athos  will  be  best  represented  in  the 
words  of  an  abbot,  who  flourished  in  the  elev- 
enth century.  "  When  thou  art  alone  in  thy 
cell,"  says  the  ascetic  teacher,  "  shut  thy  door, 
and  seat  thyself  in  a  corner ;  raise  thy  mind 
above  all  things  vain  and  transitory  ;  recline  thy 
beard  and  chin  on  thy  breast ;  turn  thy  eyes  and 
thy  thoughts  towards  the  middle  of  thy  belly,  the 
region  of  the  navel ;  and  search  the  place  of  the 
heart,  the  seat  of  the  soul.  At  first,  all  will  be 
dark  and  comfortless  ;  but  if  you  persevere  day 
and  night,  you  will  feel  an  ineffable  joy  ;  and 
no  sooner  has  the  soul  discovered  the  place  of 
the  heart  than  it  is  involved  in  a  mystic  and 
ethereal  light."  This  light,  the  production  of  a 
distempered  fancy,  the  creature  of  an  empty 
stomach  and  an  empty  brain,  was  adored  by  the 
Quietists  as  the  pure  and  perfect  essence  of  God 
Himself. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  42. 

35§.  ASCETICISM,  Escape  from.  Jo7m  Wesley. 
[John  Wesley  before  his  conversion  was  anxious- 
ly seeking  rest  for  his  soul,  and]  proposed  to 
himself  a  solitary  life  in  the  "  Yorkshire  dales  ;" 
"it  is  the  decided  temper  of  his  soul."  His 
wise  mother  interposes,  admonishing  him  pro- 
phetically, "that  God  had  better  work  for  him 
to  do."  He  travels  some  miles  to  consult  "a 
serious  man."  "The  Bible  knows  nothing  of 
a  solitary  region,"  says  this  good  man,  and 
Wesley  turns  about  his  face  toward  that  great 
career  which  was  to  make  his  history  a  part 
of  the  history  of  his  country  and  of  the  world. — 
Stevens'  M.  E.  Church,  vol.  1,  p.  32. 

359.  ASCETICS,  Early.  Boman.  Prosperity 
and  peace  introduced  the  distinction  of  the  vul- 
gar and  the  Ascetic  Chnstians.  The  loose  and 
imperfect  practise  of  religion  satisfied  the  con- 
science of  the  multitude.  The  prince  or  magis- 
trate, the  soldier  or  merchant,  reconciled  their 
fervent  zeal  and  implicit  faith  with  the  exer- 
cise of  their  profession,  the  pursuit  of  their  in- 
terest, and  the  indulgence  of  their  passions  ;  but 
the  Ascetics,  who  obeyed  and  abused  the  rigid 
precepts  of  the  gospel,  were  inspired  by  the 
savage  enthusiasm  which  represents  man  as  a 
criminal  and  God  as  a  tyrant.  They  seriously 
renounced  the  business  and  the  pleasures  of  the 
age  ;  abjured  the  use  of  wine,  of  flesh,  and  of 


44 


ASSASSINATION. 


marriage  ;  chastised  their  body,  mortified  their 
affections,  and  embraced  a  life  of  misery,  as  the 
price  of  eternal  happiness.  In  the  reign  of  Con- 
stantine  the  Ascetics  fled  from  a  profane  and  de- 
generate world  to  perpetual  solitude  or  relig- 
ious society. — Gibbon's  Rome,  cli.  37. 

360.  ASSASSINATION  attempted.  Louis  Phi- 
lippe. In  1835  Louis  Philippe  and  his  three 
sons  and  a  splendid  suite  of  military  officers  were 
riding  through  the  line  of  the  National  Guard, 
drawn  up  on  the  Boulevard  du  Temple,  when 
an  explosion  resembling  a  discharge  of  musket- 
ry took  place  from  the  window  of  a  house  over- 
looking the  road.  Fourteen  persons  were 
killed  on  the  spot.  A  shower  of  bullets  had 
been  discharged  by  a  machine  consisting  of 
twenty-five  barrels,  which,  arranged  side  by 
side  horizontally  upon  a  frame,  could  be  fired  at 
once  by  a  train  of  gunpowder.  The  king  w^as 
unhurt.  [The  Corsican  who  attempted  this 
wholesale  massacre  was  wounded  by  the  burst- 
ing of  one  of  the  barrels,  and  arrested.]  Another 
attempt  was  made  on  the  life  of  Louis  Philippe 
in  1836  by  a  man  by  the  name  of  Alibaud,  who 
fired  into  the  king's  carriage,  the  queen  and  his 
sister  being  with  him.  A  third  attempt  was 
made  in  the  same  year  by  another  desperado 
named  Meunier.  .  .  .  There  is  nothing  more  re- 
markable than  the  extraordinary  escapes  of  Louis 
Philippe,  as  if  he  bore  a  charmed  life. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  21,  p.  374. 

361. .     Queen  Victoria.    [In  1840, 

the  year  of  her  marriage,  she  was  riding  up  Con- 
stitution Hill  in  an  open  carriage,  with  Prince 
Albert,  when  a  pistol  was  fired  at  them,  and  in 
about  half  a  minute  there  was  a  discharge  of  a 
second  pistol.  Neither  of  the  royal  couple  were 
injured,]  The  youth  named  Oxford,  who  had 
committed  this  atrocious  crime,  was  a  barman 
at  a  public  house. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  24. 

362. .     Qtieen    Victoria.      On  the 

30th  of  May  [1842]  John  Francis,  a  young  man 
ander  twenty  years  of  age,  fired  a  pistol  at  the 
qiieen  as  she  was  coming  down  Constitution 
Hill,  in  a  barouche  and  four,  accompanied  by 
Prince  Albert.  Her  Majesty,  thinking  of  others 
rather  than  herself,  desired  that  none  of  the 
ladies  in  waiting  should  accompany  her  in  her 
ride,  which  she  would  not  forego  for  ambiguous 
threats  that  had  reached  the  ears  of  the  police. 
Francis  was  found  guilty  of  high  treason,  and 
received  the  usual  capital  sentence,  which  was 
commuted  into  transportation  for  life.  On  the 
3d  of  July  a  deformed  youth,  named  John  Will- 
iam Bean,  presented  a  pistol  at  her  Majesty,  but 
being  seized  by  a  bystander,  was  prevented'  from 
firing  it.  [This  was  the  third  attempt  within  two 
years.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  27,  p.  497. 

363.  ASSASSINATION,  Conspiracy  for.  Brit- 
ish Cabinet.  [In  1820  twenty -four  persons  en- 
tered into  a  conspiracy  to  assassinate  all  the 
members  of  the  British  Cabinet  while  at  a  Cabi- 
net dinner.  Hand  grenades  were  to  be  thrown 
under  the  table,  and  any  who  escaped  from 
them  were  to  be  despatched  with  the  sword. 
The  plot  was  betrayed,  and  five  of  its  members 
arrested  and  executed.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8, 
ch.  9,  p.  161. 

364.  ASSASSINATION,  Deliverance  by.  Renri/ 
Til    of  France.     This  cruel  and  dissolute  ty- 


rant continued  to  reign  for  fifteen  years.  His 
kingdom  was  at  length  delivered  from  him  by 
the  hand  of  a  fanatic  enthusiast.  Jacques  Clem- 
ent, a  Jacobin  monk,  actuated  by  the  belief 
that  he  was  doing  an  act  of  consummate  piety, 
insinuated  himself  into  the  palace,  and  stabbed 
the  king  with  a  knife  in  the  belly.  The  assassin 
was  put  to  death  on  the  spot  by  the  king's 
guards,  and  Henry  died  in  a  few  days  of  the 
wound. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  27. 

365.  ASSASSINATION,  Escape  from.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  [On  the  22d  of  February  he  reached 
Harrisburg,  on  his  way  to  Washington,  where 
he  was  to  be  inaugurated.]  The  next  morning 
the  whole  country  was  surprised  to  learn  that  he 
had  arrived  in  Washington  twelve  hours  sooner 
than  he  had  originally  intended  ...  a  small 
gang  of  assassins,  under  the  leadership  of  an 
Italian  who  assumed  the  name  of  Orsini,  had 
arranged  to  take  his  life  during  his  passage 
through  Baltimore. — Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch. 
5,  p.  158. 

366.  ASSASSINATION,  Fear  of.  Cromwell. 
Cromwell  had  himself  thought  for  some  years 
that  he  should  perish  by  assassination.  He  wore 
a  cuirass  under  his  clothes,  and  carried  defen- 
sive arms  within  reach  of  his  hand.  He  never 
slept  long  in  the  same  room  in  the  palace,  con- 
tinually changing  his  bedchamber,  to  mislead 
domestic  treason  and  military  plots.  A  despot, 
he  suffered  the  pimishment  of  tyranny.  The 
unseen  weight  of  the  hatred  which  he  had  accu- 
mulated weighed  upon  his  imagination  and  dis- 
turbed his  sleep.  The  least  murmuring  in  the 
army  appeared  to  him  like  the  presage  of  a  re- 
bellion against  his  power.  Sometimes  he  pun- 
ished, sometimes  he  caressed  those  of  his  lieu- 
tenants whom  he  suspected  would  re  volt. — Lam- 
artine's  Cromwell,  p.  67. 

367.  ASSASSINATION,  General.  Ireland.  The 
Irish  Roman  Catholics  had  judged  these  tur- 
bulent times  a  fit  season  for  asserting  the  in- 
dependency of  their  country,  and  shaking  off 
the  English  yoke.  From  a  detestable  abuse  of 
the  two  best  of  motives,  religion  and  liberty, 
they  were  incited  to  one  of  the  most  horrible  at- 
tempts recorded  in  the  annals  of  history.  They 
conspired  to  assassinate,  in  one  day,  all  the 
Protestants  in  Ireland,  and  the  design  was  hardly 
surmised  in  England  till  above  forty  thousand 
had  been  put  to  the  sword. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  19. 

368.  ASSASSINATION,  Justified.  Philip  of 
Greece.  While  engaged  in  celebrating  a  mag- 
nificent festival  on  the  marriage  of  his  daughter 
Cleopatra  with  the  King  of  Epirus,  and  walking 
in  solemn  procession  to  the  temple,  he  was  struck 
to  the  heart  with  a  dagger  by  Pausanias,  a 
noble  youth  who  had  been  brutally  injured  by 
Attalus,  the  brother-in-law  of  Philip,  and  to 
whom  that  prince  had  refused  to  do  justice. 
Philip  had  in  the  latter  period  of  his  reign  de- 
graded himself  by  some  strong  acts  of  tyranny, 
the  fruit  of  an  uncontrolled  indulgence  of  vi- 
cious appetites. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  4. 

369.  ASSASSINATION,  Patriotic.  Cmar.  Bru- 
tus had  been  proclaimed  Praetor  of  the  city, 
with  the  promise  of  the  Consulship.  But  the 
discontented  remnants  of  the  Senatorial  party 
assailed  him  with  constant   reproaches.      The 


ASSASSINATION— ASSASSINS. 


45 


name  of  Brutus,  dear  to  all  Roman  patriots, 
was  made  a  rebuke  to  him.  "  His  ancestor  ex- 
pelled the  Tarquins  ;  could  he  sit  quietly  under 
a  king's  rule  ?"  At  the  foot  of  the  statue  of 
that  ancestor,  or  on  his  own  praetorian  tribunal, 
notes  were  placed  containing  phrases  such  as 
these:  "Thou  art  not  Brutus:  would  thou 
wert."  "Brutus,  thou  sleepest."  "Awake,  Bru- 
tus." Gradually  he  was  brought  to  think  that 
it  was  his  duty  as  a  patriot  to  put  an  end  to 
Caesar's  rule,  even  by  taking  his  life.  —  Lid- 
dell's  Rome,  p.  700. 

SrO.  ASSASSINATION,  Peril  of.  Cromwell. 
"  Tetistlmr  strength  labor  and  sorrow ;"  i\i\s, 
after  all,  must  be  said  even  of  this  great  and 
most  successful  man.  Our  conception  of  him 
is  such  that  we  can  well  believe  he  longed  to  be 
at  rest.  It  was  an  amazing  work,  that  in  which 
he  was  the  actor  ;  but  with  what  toil  and  endu- 
rance and  sleepless  energy  had  he  to  travail  day 
and  night !  The  honor  of  knighthood  and  £500 
a  year  forever  was  offered  by  a  proclamation, 
by  Charles  Stuart,  from  his  vile  and  filthy 
court  in  Paris,  to  any  one  who  would  take  the 
life  of  the  Protector  ;  and  there  were  many  in 
England  who  longed  to  see  the  mighty  monarch 
dethroned.  In  his  palace  chambers  lived  his 
noble  mother,  nearly  ninety,  now  trembling  at 
every  sound,  lest  it  be  some  ill  to  her  noble  and 
royal  son. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  17. 

371.  ASSASSINATION,  Eemarkable.  Cmar. 
Antony,  who  was  in  attendance,  was  detained, 
as  had  been  arranged,  by  Trebonius.  Caesar  en- 
tered, and  took  his  seat.  His  presence  awed 
men,  in  spite  of  themselves,  and  the  conspira- 
tors had  determined  to  act  at  once,  lest  they 
sliould  lose  courage  to  act  at  all.  He  was  famil- 
iar and  easy  of  access.  They  gathered  round 
him.  He  knew  them  all.  There  was  not  one 
from  whom  he  had  not  a  right  to  expect  some 
sort  of  gratitude,  and  the  movement  suggested 
no  suspicion.  One  had  a  story  to  tell  him  ;  an- 
other some  favor  to  ask.  TuUius  Cimber, 
whom  he  had  just  made  governor  of  Bithynia, 
then  came  close  to  him,  with  some  request  which 
he  was  unwilling  to  grant.  Cimber  caught  his 
gown,  as  if  in  entreaty,  and  dragged  it  from  his 
shoulders.  Cassius,  who  was  standing  behind, 
stabbed  him  in  the  throat.  He  started  up  with 
a  cry,  and  caught  Cassius's  arm.  Another  pon- 
iard entered  his  breast,  giving  a  mortal  wound. 
He  looked  round,  and  seeing  not  one  friendly 
face,  but  only  a  ring  of  daggers  pointing  at  him, 
he  drew  his  gown  over  his  head,  gathered  the 
folds  about  him  that  he  might  fall  decently,  and 
sank  down  without  uttering  another  word. — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  26. 

372.  ASSASSINS,  Hatred  of.  Cmar's.  An- 
tony, as  Consul,  rose  to  pronounce  the  fu- 
neral oration.  He  ran  through  the  chief  acts 
of  Caesar's  life,  recited  his  will,  and  then  spoke 
of  the  death  which  had  rewarded  him.  To 
make  this  more  vividly  present  to  the  excit- 
able Italians,  he  displayed  a  waxen  image  mark- 
ed with  the  three-and-twenty  wounds,  and  pro- 
duced the  very  robe  which  he  had  worn  all 
rent  and  blood-stained.  Soul-stirring  dirges 
added  to  the  solemn  horror  of  the  scene.  .  .  . 
That  impression  was  instantaneous.  The  Sena- 
tor friends  of  the  Liberators  who  had  attend- 
ed the  ceremony  looked  on  in  moody  silence. 


Soon  the  menacing  gestures  of  the  crowd  make 
them  look  to  their  safety.  They  fled  ;  and  the 
multitude  insisted  on  burning  the  body,  as  they 
had  burnt  the  body  of  Clodius,  in  the  sacred 
precincts  of  the  Forum.  Some  of  the  veterans 
who  attended  the  funeral  set  fire  to  the  bier  ; 
benches  and  firewood  heaped  round  it  soon  made 
a  sufficient  pile.  From  the  blazing  pyre  the 
crowd  rushed,  eager  for  vengeance,  to  the 
houses  of  the  conspirators.  But  all  had  fled 
betimes.  One  poor  wretch  fell  a  victim  to  the 
fury  of  the  mob — Helvius  Cinna,  a  poet  who 
had  devoted  his  art  to  the  service  of  the  Dic- 
tator. He  was  mistaken  for  L.  Cornelius  Cinna 
the  Praetor,  and  torn  to  pieces  before  the  mis- 
take could  be  explained. — Liddell's  Rome, 
p.  707. 

373.  ASSASSINS,  Infamous.  Booth's  Conspir- 
acy. Three  days  after  the  evacuation  of  Rich- 
mond by  Lee's  army  the  President  visited  thai 
city,  conferred  with  the  authorities,  and  then  re 
turned  to  Washington.  On  the  evening  of  th« 
14th  of  April  he  attended  Ford's  Theatre  witll 
his  wife  and  a  party  of  friends.  As  the  plaj 
drew  near  its  close  a  disreputable  actor,  named 
John  Wilkes  Booth,  stole  unnoticed  into  the 
President's  box,  levelled  a  pistol  at  his  head,  and 
shot  him  through  the  brain.  Mr.  Lincoln  fell 
forward  in  his  seat,  was  Ijorne  from  the  building, 
lingered  in  an  unconscious  state  until  the  fol- 
lowing morning,  and  died.  It  was  the  greatest 
tragedy  of  modern  times — the  most  wicked,  atro- 
cious, and  diabolical  murder  known  in  American 
history.  ...  At  the  same  hour  another  murder- 
er, named  Lewis  Payne  Powell,  burst  into  the 
bed-chamber  of  Secretary  Seward,  sprang  upon 
the  couch  of  the  sick  man,  stabbed  him  nigh 
unto  death,  and  made  his  escape  into  the  night. 
.  .  .  On  the  26th  of  April  Booth  was  found  .  .  . 
refusing  to  surrender,  he  was  shot.  .  ,  .  Powell 
was  caught,  convicted,  and  hanged.  His  fellow- 
conspirators,  David  E.  Herrold  and  George  A. 
Atzerott,  together  with  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Surratt,  at 
whose  house  the  plot  was  formed,  were  also  con- 
demned and  executed.  Michael  O'Laughlin,  Dr. 
Samuel  A.  Mudd,  and  Samuel  Arnold  were  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  life,  and  Edward 
Spangler  for  a  term  of  six  years. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  66. 

374.  ASSASSINS,  Eeligious.  Persia.  The  ex- 
tirpation of  the  Assassins  or  Ismaelians  of  Per- 
sia may  be  considered  as  a  service  to  mankind. 
Among  the  hills  to  the  south  of  the  Caspian 
these  odious  sectaries  had  reigned  with  impunity 
above  a  hundred  and  sixty  years.  .  .  .  With 
the  fanaticism  of  the  Koran,  the  Ismaelians  had 
blended  the  Indian  transmigration  and  the  vis- 
ions of  their  own  prophets  ;  and  it  was  their  first 
duty  to  devote  their  souls  and  bodies  in  blind 
obedience  to  the  vicar  of  God.  The  daggers  of 
his  missionaries  were  felt  both  in  the  East  and 
West ;  the  Christians  and  the  Moslems  enumer- 
ate and  persons  multiply  the  illustrious  victims 
that  were  sacrificed  to  the  zeal,  avarice,  or  re- 
sentment of  the  old  man  (as  he  was  corruptly 
styled)  of  tlie  mountain.  But  these  daggers,  his 
only  arms,  were  broken  by  the  sword  of  Hola- 
gou,  and  not  a  vestige  is  left  of  the  enemies  of 
mankind,  except  the  word  assassin,  which,  in 
the  most  odious  sense,  has  been  adopted  in  the 
languages  of  Europe. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  64. 


46 


ASSEMBLIES— ASSUMPTION. 


375.  ASSEMBLIES      interdicted,      Beligious. 

England.  [During  the  reign  of  Cliarles  II. ,  in 
1664,  Parliament  enacted]  tiiat  if  five  or  more 
persons  besides  the  household  were  present  at 
any  assembly,  under  color  or  pretence  of  any  ex- 
ercise of  religion,  in  other  manner  than  is  allow- 
ed by  the  Liturgy  or  practice  of  the  Church  of 
England,  every  person  so  present  should  be  lia- 
Dle  to  certain  fines,  imprisonment,  or  transporta- 
tion. [Some  dared  not  pray  in  their  families 
when  several  visitors  were  present,  or  even  ask 
grace  at  the  table.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch. 
16,  p.  267. 

376.  ASSESSMENTS,  Political.  Bom.  Emp. 
Maxentius.  The  wealth  of  Rome  supplied  an  in- 
exhaustible fund  for  his  vain  and  prodigal  expen- 
ses, and  the  ministers  of  his  revenue  were  skilled 
in  the  arts  of  rapine.  It  was  under  his  reign 
that  the  method  of  exacting  a  free  gift  from  the 
senators  was  first  invented  ;  and  as  the  sum  was 
insensibly  increased,  the  pretences  of  levying  jt 
— a  victory,  a  birth,  a  marriage,  or  an  imperial 
consulship — were  proportionably  multiplied. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  14. 

377.  ASSISTANCE,  Energetic.  Pompey.  Bib- 
ulus  opposed  Caesar,  and  Cato  prepared  to  sup- 
port Bibulus  in  the  most  strenuous  manner ; 
when  Caesar  placed  Pompey  by  him  upon  the  tri- 
bunal, and  asked  him,  before  the  whole  assem- 
bly, "Whether  he  approved  his  laws?"  and 
upon  his  answering  in  the  afiirmative,  he  put  this 
further  question  :  "  Then,  if  any  one  shall  with 
violence  oppose  these  laws,  will  you  come  to  the 
assistance  of  the  people  ?"  Pompey  answered, 
"I  will  certainly  come  ;  and  against  those  that 
threaten  to  take  the  sword,  I  will  bring  both 
sword  and  buckler." — Plutarch. 

37§.  ASSOCIATES,  Dangerous.  JoJm  How- 
ard's Son.  The  immediate  cause  of  the  ruin  of 
young  Howard  was  the  servant  who  accompa- 
nied his  father  on  his  philanthropic  journeys. 
This  servant,  by  his  assiduous  attention  to  his 
master,  had  won  his  complete  confidence,  and  he 
was  the  constant  playmate  of  his  son  during  his 
vacations.  The  two  young  fellows  were  equally 
averse  to  Howard's  precise  and  rigid  ways,  and 
combined  their  ingenuity  in  evading  the  rules 
of  his  house.  The  servant  early  initiated  the 
lad  into  the  low  vices  of  London,  and  accom- 
panied him  on  many  a  midnight  prowl.  The 
youth  took  to  vicious  pleasures  with  fatal  readi- 
ness, and  he  was  ruined  past  remedy  before  his 
father  suspected  that  he  had  gone  astray.  Dis- 
eases contracted  in  the  lowest  dens  of  infamy 
were  treated  with  remedies  so  powerful  as  to  im- 
pair his  constitution  and  plant  within  him  the 
seeds  of  insanity.  His  college  career  Avas  one  of 
wild  riot  and  debauchery.  [He  died  while 
young.] — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  71. 

379.  ASSOCIATES,  Impure.  Sir  I.  Newton. 
His  most  intimate  friend  at  the  university  was  a 
foreign  chemist  of  much  note  and  skill.  Newton 
enjoyed  his  conversation  exceedingly,  until  one 
day  the  Italian  told  him  a  "  loose  story  of  a  nun," 
which  so  much  offended  his  sense  of  decency  that 
he  would  never  associate  with  him  again. — Par- 
ton's  Newton,  p.  89. 

380.  ASSOCIATES,  Influence  of.  PeUr  the 
Oreat.  An  acquaintance  with  a  young  foreigner 
of  the  name  of  Le  Fort,  by  birth  a  Swiss  and  a 


man  of  penetrating  genius,  infused  those  first 
ideas  of  improvement  into  the  mind  of  the  czar, 
and  gave  birth  to  a  variety  of  designs  for  the  cul- 
tivation and  refinement  of  his  people.  The  first 
objects  of  his  attention  were  the  army  and  the  ma- 
rine.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  35. 

381.  ASSOCIATION,  Guild  of.  England,  1314- 
1216.  The  merchant-guild  was  the  outcome  of  a 
tendency  to  closer  association,  which  found  sup- 
port in  those  principles  of  mutual  aid  and  mutual 
restraint  that  lay  at  the  base  of  our  old  institutions. 
Guilds  or  clubs  for  religious,  charitable,  or  social 
purpose  were  common  throughout  the  country, 
and  especially  common  in  boroughs,  where  men 
clustered  more  thickly  together.  Each  formed 
a  sort  of  artificial  family.  An  oath  of  mutual 
fidelity  among  its  members  was  substituted  for  the 
tie  of  bliwd,  while  the  guild-feast,  held  once  a 
month  ill  the  common  hall,  replaced  the  gather- 
ing of  the  kinsfolk  round  their  family  hearth. 
But  within  this  new  family  the  aim  of  the  guild 
was  to  establish  a  mutual  responsibility  as  close 
as  that  of  the  old.  "  Let  all  share  the  same  lot," 
ran  its  law  ;  "  if  any  misdo,  let  all  bear  it."  A 
member  could  look  for  aid  from  his  guild-broth- 
ers in  atoning  for  guilt  incurred  by  mishap. 
He  could  call  on  them  for  assistance  in  case  of  vio- 
lence or  wrong.  If  falsely  accused, thej^  appear- 
ed in  court  as  his  compurgators ;  if  poor,  they 
supported,  and  when  dead,  they  buried  him.  On 
the  other  hand,  he  was  responsible  to  them,  as 
they  Avere  to  the  State,  for  order  and  obedience  to 
the  laws.  A  Avrong  of  brother  against  brother  was 
also  a  wrong  against  the  general  body  of  the 
guild,  and  was  punished  by  fine  or  in  the  last 
resort  by  an  expulsion,  which  left  the  offender 
a  "lawless"  man  and  an  outcast. — Hist.  Eng. 
People,  §  169. 

382.  ASSOCIATION,  Beneficial.  Marcus  Au 
relius.  ' '  The  wisest  of  the  pagans. "  He  waa 
not  born  heir  to  the  imperial  throne,  but  was  the 
son  of  private  persons  of  patrician  rank,  who 
were  related  to  the  Emperor  Adrian.  His  father 
dying  when  he  was  only  a  child,  he  was  adopted 
by  his  grandfather,  and  this  brought  him  into 
nearer  intimacy  with  the  emperor,  who  became 
warmly  attached  to  him,  greatly  admiring  his 
good-nature,  his  docility,  and  his  artless  candor. 
His  early  education  appears  to  have  been  conduct- 
ed with  equal  care  and  wisdom.  "  To  the  gods," 
he  says,  "I  am  indebted  for  having  had  good 
grandfathers,  good  parents,  a  good  sister,  good 
teachers,  good  associates,  good  kinsmen  and 
friends — nearly  everything  good." — Cyclope- 
dia ofBiog.,  p.  541. 

383.  ASSOCIATIONS,  Protective.  Anglo-Sax- 
ons. Many  of  the  inferior  rank  of  citizens  en- 
tered into  associations,  and  subscribed  a  bond, 
obliging  themselves  to  be  faithful  to  each  other 
in  all  cases  of  danger  to  any  one  of  the  confed- 
erates ;  to  protect  his  person,  to  revenge  his 
wrongs,  to  pay  the  fines  Avhich  he  might  incur 
through  accident,  and  to  contribute  to  his  funer- 
al charges.  This  last  practice,  as  well  as  the 
connection  of  client  and  patron,  are  strong  proof 
of  the  imperfection  of  laws,  and  of  a  Aveak  ad- 
ministration. Only  to  remedy  such  evils  would 
men  have  recurred  to  these  connections  and  as- 
sociations.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  6. 

384.  ASSUMPTION,  Boastful.  Disabul  tlie 
Turk.     If  I  condescend  to  march  against  those 


ASTROLOGY— AUDACITY. 


contemptible  slaves  [the  Romans],  they  will 
tremble  at  the  sound  of  our  whips  ;  they  will  be 
trampled,  like  a  nest  of  ants,  under  the  feet  of 
my  innumerable  cavalry.  .  .  .  From  the  rising  to 
the  setting  sun,  the  earth  is  my  inheritance.  .  .  . 
The  pride  of  the  great  khan  survived  his  resent- 
ment ;  and  when  he  announced  an  important 
conquest  to  his  friend  the  Emperor  Maurice,  he 
styled  himself  the  master  of  the  seven  races,  and 
the  lord  of  the  seven  climates  of  the  world. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  42. 

385.  ASTROLOGY,  Regard  for.  Omem.  The 
vices  which  degrade  the  moral  character  of 
the  Romans  are  mixed  with  a  puerile  super- 
stition that  disgraces  their  understanding.  They 
listen  with  confidence  to  the  predictions  of  ha- 
ruspices,  who  pretend  to  read,  in  the  entrails  of 
victims,  the  signs  of  future  greatness  and  pros- 
perity ;  and  there  are  many  who  do  not  presume 
either  to  bathe,  or  to  dine,  or  to  appear  in  pub- 
lic, till  they  have  diligently  consulted,  according 
to  the  rules  of  astrology,  the  situation  of  Mer- 
cury and  the  aspect  of  the  moon. —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  31. 

386.  ASTRONOMY,  Anticipations  in.  B.C.  640. 
Thales  made  some  bold  and  fortunate  conjec- 
tures in  the  science  of  astronomy.  He  conjec- 
tured the  earth  to  be  a  sphere,  and  that  it  re- 
volved round  the  sun.  He  believed  the  fixed 
stars  to  be  so  many  suns  encircled  with  other 
planets  like  our  earth ;  he  believed  the  moon's 
light  to  be  a  refiection  of  the  sun's  from  a  solid 
surface ;  and  if  we  may  trust  the  testimony  of 
ancient  authors,  he  was  able  to  calculate  eclipses, 
and  actually  predicted  that  famous  eclipse  of 
the  sun  six  hundred  and  one  years  before  the 
birth  of  Christ,  which  separated  the  armies  of 
the  Medes  and  Lydians  at  the  moment  of  an  en- 
gagement.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  9. 

387.  ASYLUM  of  Refuge.  Rome.  As  soon 
as  the  foundation  of  the  city  was  laid,  they 
opened  a  place  of  refuge  for  fugitives,  which 
they  called  the  Temple  of  the  A.syl8ean  god. 
Here  they  received  all  that  came,  and  would  neith- 
er deliver  up  the  slave  to  his  master,  the  debtor  to 
his  creditor,  nor  the  murderer  to  the  magistrate, 
declaring  that  they  were  directed  by  the  oracle 
of  Apollo  to  preserve  the  asylum  from  all  viola- 
tion. Thus  the  city  was  soon  peopled. — Plu- 
tarch. 

388.  ATHLETE,  Remarkable.  Thradan.  The 
Emperor  Severus  .  .  .  halted  in  Thrace  to  cele- 
brate, with  military  games,  the  birthday  of  his 
younger  son,  Geta.  The  country  flocked  in 
crowds  to  behold  their  sovereign,  and  a  young 
barbarian  of  gigantic  stature  earnestly  solicited, 
in  his  rude  dialect,  that  he  might  be  allowed  to 
contend  for  the  prize  of  wrestling.  .  .  .  He  was 
matched  with  the  stoutest  followers  of  the  camp, 
sixteen  of  whom  he  successively  laid  on  the 
ground.  His  victory  was  rewarded  by  some 
trifling  gifts,  and  a  permission  to  enlist  in  the 
troops. ...  As  soon  as  he  perceived  that  he  had  at- 
tracted the  emperor's  notice,  he  instantly  ran  up 
to  his  horse,  and  followed  him  on  foot,  without 
the  least  appearance  of  fatigue,  in  a  long  and 
rapid  career.  "Thracian,"  said  Severus,  with 
astonishment,  ' '  art  thou  disposed  to  wrestle  af- 
ter thy  race?"  "Most  willingly,  sir,"  replied 
the  unwearied  youth ;  and,  almost  in  a  breath. 


overthrew  seven  of  the  strongest  soldiers  in  the 
army.  A  gold  collar  was  the  prize  of  his  match- 
less vigor  and  activity,  and  he  was  immediately 
appointed  to  serve  in  the  horse-guards  who 
always  attended  on  the  person  of  the  sovereign. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  7. 

389.  ATHLETE,  Royal.  Henry  II.  of  Finance. 
Henry  II.  ascended  the  throne  in  the  twenty- 
ninth  year  of  his  age  .  .  .  his  sole  accomplishment 
consisted  in  a  remarkable  expertness  in  bodily 
exercises. — Students'  France,  ch.  15,  §  1. 

390.  ATTACK,  Inconsiderate.  Crusaders.  God- 
frey of  Bouillon  erected  his  standard  on  the  first 
swell  of  Mount  Calvary  ;  to  the  left,  as  far  as 
St.  Stephen's  gate,  the  line  of  attack  was  contin- 
ued by  Tancred  and  the  two  Roberts ;  and 
Count  Raymond  established  his  quarters  from 
the  citadel  to  the  foot  of  Mount  Sion,  which  was 
no  longer  included  within  the  precincts  of  the 
city.  On  the  fifth  day  the  Crusaders  made  a 
general  assault,  in  the  fanatic  hope  of  battering 
down  the  walls  without  engines,  and  of  scaling 
them  without  ladders.  By  the  dint  of  brutal 
force  they  burst  the  first  barrier;  but  they  were 
driven  back  with  shame  and  slaughter  to  the 
camp. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58. 

391 .  ATTACK,  Unexpected.  Fi'om  above.  [At 
the  battle  of  Hastings]  the  Norman  allies  with 
their  bows  shot  quickly  upon  the  English  ;  but 
they  covered  themselves  with  their  shields.  .  .  . 
Then  the  Normans  determined  to  shoot  their 
arrows  upward  into  the  air,  so  that  they  might 
fall  on  their  enemies'  heads,  and  strike  their 
faces.  The  archers  adopted  this  scheme  .  .  .  and 
the  arrows,  in  falling,  struck  their  heads  and 
faces,  and  put  out  the  eyes  of  many ;  and  all 
feared  to  open  their  eyes,  or  leave  their  faces  un- 
guarded. The  arrows  now  flew  thicker  than  rain. 
.  .  .  Then  it  was  that  an  arrow,  that  had  thus  shot 
upward,  struck  Harold  above  his  right  eye,  and 
put  it  out.  In  his  agony  he  drew  the  arrow  and 
threw  it  away,  breaking  it  with  his  hands  ;  and 
the  pain  to  his  head  was  so  great  that  he  leaned 
upon  his  shield. — Decisive  Battles,  §  330. 

392.  AUDACITY,  Brazen.     Catiline.    We  are 

astonished  when  we  read  that  animated  oration 
of  Cicero  [denouncing  the  conspiracy  of  Cati- 
line], the  first  against  Catiline  ;  and  know  that  the 
traitor  had  the  audacity  to  sit  in  the  Senate-house 
while  it  was  delivered,  and  while  every  man  of 
worth  or  regard  for  character  deserted  the  bench 
on  which  he  sat,  and  left  him  a  spectacle  to  the 
whole  assembly. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4, 
ch.  1. 

393.  AUDACITY,  Deceived  by.  Napoleon  I. 
A.D.  1796.  [In  the  Italian  campaign  Napoleon 
suddenly  found  himself  and  one  thousand  sol- 
diers in  the  presence  of  a  detached  body  of  four 
thousand  Austrians.  A  blindfolded  flag  of  truce 
demanded  immediate  surrender.  Na])oleon 
mounted  his  staff.  The  bandage  was  removed.] 
"What  means  this  insult?"  exclaimed  Napo- 
leon, in  tones  of  affected  indignation.  "  Have 
you  the  insolence  to  bring  a  summons  of  sur- 
render to  the  French  commander-in-chief,  in  the 
middle  of  his  Army  !  Say  to  those  who  sent  you 
that  in  less  than  five  minutes  they  lay  down 
their  arms,  or  every  man  shall  be  put  to  death." 
The  bewildered  officer  stammered  out  an  apol- 
ogy.   "  Go  !"  said  Napoleon,  sternly.  .  .  .  'The 


48 


AUDACITY— AUSTERITY, 


Austrians  threw  down  their  arms  ,  .  .  missed 
making  [Napoleon]  prisoner. — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon L,  vol.  1,  ch.  6. 

394.  AUDACITY  of  Desperation.  Florida  Ind- 
ians. [Jackson's  administration  proposed  to 
remove  them  from  their  Florida  homes  to  a  res- 
ervation beyond  the  Mississippi.]  Osceola,  with  a 
band  of  warriors,  prowling  around  Fort  King, 
on  the  Ocklawaha,  surrounded  a  storehouse 
where  General  Thompson  was  dining  with  a 
company  of  friends.  The  savages  poured  in  a 
murderous  fire,  and  then  rushed  forward  and 
scalped  the  dead  before  the  garrison  of  the  fort, 
only  two  hundred  and  fifty  yards  away,  could 
bring  assistance.  Thompson's  body  was  pierced 
by  fifteen  balls,  and  four  of  his  nine  compan- 
ions were  killed. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  53. 

395.  AUGUEY,  Book  of.  Chinese.  The  oldest 
and  most  respectable  in  point  of  authority  is  the 
book  or  table  of  Yking.  This  Yking,  which 
has  been  held  as  a  mysterious  receptacle  of  the 
most  profound  knowledge,  and  is  on  that  account 
allowed  in  China  to  be  consulted  only  by  the 
sect  of  the  learned,  is  now  known  to  be  nothing 
else  than  a  superstitious  and  childish  device  for 
fortune-telling  or  divination.  It  is  a  table  on 
which  there  are  sixty-four  marks  or  lines,  one 
half  short,  and  the  other  half  long,  placed  at  reg- 
ular intervals.  The  person  who  consults  the 
Yking  for  divining  some  future  event  takes  a 
number  of  small  pieces  of  rod,  and,  throwing 
them  down  at  random,  observes  carefully  how 
their  accidental  position  corresponds  to  the 
marKs  on  the  table,  from  which,  according  to 
certain  established  rules,  he  predicts  either  good 
or  bad  fortune.  These  rules,  it  is  said,  were 
laid  down  by  the  great  Confucius,  the  chief  of 
the  Chinese  philosophers — a  circumstance  which 
does  not  tend  to  increase  his  reputation.  The 
Jesuit  missionaries,  Avho  could  not  root  out  these 
prejudices,  thought  it  their  best  policy  to  turn 
them  to  advantage ;  and  in  endeavoring  to 
propagate  the  doctrines  of  Christianity,  they 
pretended  that  Confucius  had  actually  predicted 
the  coming  of  the  Messiah  by  this  table  of  the 
Yking. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  24. 

396.  AUGURY,  Building  ty.  City  of  Rome. 
While  [Romulus  and  Remus]  were  intent  upon 
building,  a  dispute  soon  arose  about  the  place. 
Romulus  having  built  a  square,  which  he  called 
Rome,  would  have  the  city  there ;  but  Remus 
marked  out  a  more  secure  situation  on  Mount 
Aventine,  which,  from  him,  was  called  Remo- 
nium.  .  .  .  The  dispute  was  referred  to  the  deci- 
sion of  augury;  and  for  this  purpose  they  sat  down 
in  the  open  air,  when  Remus,  as  they  tell  us, 
saw  six  vultures,  and  Romulus  twice  as  many. 
.  .  .  Hence  the  Romans,  in  their  divination  by 
the  flight  of  birds,  chiefly  regard  the  vulture ; 
though  Herodotus  of  Pontus  relates,  that  Her- 
cules used  to  rejoice  when  a  vulture  appeared 
to  him  when  he  was  going  upon  any  great  action. 
This  was,  probably,  because  it  is  a  creature  the 
least  mischievous  of  any,  pernicious  neither  to 
corn,  plants,  nor  cattle.  It  only  feeds  upon  dead 
carcasses  ;  but  neither  kills  nor  preys  upon  any- 
thing that  has  life.  As  for  birds,  it  does  not 
touch  them,  even  when  dead,  because  they  are 
of  its  own  nature  ;  while  eagles,  owls,  and  hawks 
tear  and  kill  their  own  kind.  —  Plutarch's 
Lives. 


397.  AUSTEEITY,  Example  of.  Younger  Cato. 
Cato  saw  that  a  great  reformation  was  want- 
ing in  the  manners  and  customs  of  his  coun- 
try, and  for  that  reason  he  determined  to  go 
contrary  to  the  corrupt  fashions  which  then 
obtained.  He  observed  that  the  richest  and 
most  lively  purple  was  the  thing  most  worn, 
and  therefore  he  went  in  black.  Nay,  he  often 
appeared  in  public  after  dinner  barefooted  and 
without  his  gown.  Not  that  he  affected  to  be 
talked  of  for  that  singularity  ;  but  he  did  it  by 
way  of  learning  to  be  ashamed  of  nothing  but 
what  was  really  shameful,  and  not  to  regard 
what  depended  only  on  the  estimation  of  the 
world. — Plutarch. 

39§.  AUSTERITY,  Monkish.  In  Egypt.  Every 
sensation  that  is  offensive  to  man  was  thought 
acceptable  to  God  ;  and  the  angelic  rule  of  Ta- 
benne  condemned  the  salutary  custom  of  bath- 
ing the  limbs  in  water  and  of  anointing  them 
with  oil.  The  austere  monks  slept  on  the  ground, 
on  a  hard  mat  or  a  rough  blanket ;  and  the 
same  bundle  of  palm-leaves  served  them  as  a 
seat  in  the  day  and  a  pillow  in  the  night.  Their 
original  cells  were  low,  narrow  huts,  built  of  the 
slightest  materials,  [a.d.  370.] — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  37,  p.  531. 

399.  AUSTERITY  vs.  Profligacy.  Stuarts 
Restored.  Many,  too,  who  had  been  disgusted 
by  the  austerity  and  hypocrisy  of  the  Pharisees 
of  the  Commonwealth,  began  to  be  still  more 
disgusted  by  the  open  profligacy  of  the  court 
and  of  the  Cavaliers,  and  were  disposed  to 
doubt  whether  the  sullen  preciseness  of  Praise 
God  Barebones  might  not  be  preferable  to  the 
outrageous  profaneness  and  licentiousness  of 
the  Buckinghams  and  Sedleys.  Even  immoral 
men,  who  were  not  utterly  destitute  of  sense  and 
public  spirit,  complained  that  the  government 
treated  the  most  serious  matters  as  trifles,  and 
made  trifles  its  serious  business. — Mac  aula  y's 
Eng.,  ch.  3. 

400.  AUSTERITY,  Religious.  Rev.  John  New- 
ton. [William  Cowper  advised  with  him.]  New- 
ton would  not  have  sanctioned  any  poetry 
which  had  not  a  distinctly  religious  object,  and 
he  received  an  assurance  from  the  poet  that  the 
lively  passages  were  introduced  only  as  honey  on 
the  rim  of  the  medicinal  cup,  to  commend  its 
healing  contents  to  the  lips  of  a  giddy  world. 
The  Rev.  John  Newton  must  have  been  exceed- 
ingly austere  if  he  thought  that  the  quantity  of 
honey  used  was  excessive. — Smith's  Cowper. 
ch.  4. 

401.  ■  .      Priscillianists.     [Reign  of 

Theodosius  the  Great.]  If  the  Priscillianists 
violated  the  laws  of  nature,  it  was  not  by  the 
licentiousness,  but  by  the  austerity,  of  their  lives. 
They  absolutely  condemned  the  use  of  the  mar- 
riage-bed ;  and  the  peace  of  families  was  often 
disturbed  by  indiscreet  separations.  They  en- 
joyed, or  recommended,  a  total  abstinence  from 
all  animal  food ;  and  their  continual  prayers, 
fasts,  and  vigils  inculcated  a  rule  of  strict  and 
perfect  devotion.  The  speculative  tenets  of 
the  sect  concerning  the  person  of  Christ  and 
the  nature  of  the  human  soul  were  derived  from 
the  Gnostic  and  Manichaean  system.  .  .  .  The  ob- 
scure disciples  of  Priscillian  suffered,  languished, 
and  gradually  disappeared ;  his  tenets  were  re- 


AUSTERITY— AUTHORITY. 


49 


i'ected  by  the  clergy  and  people. — Gibbon's 
loME,  ch.  27. 

402. ,     Monks,      a.d.  370.      They 

wrapped  their  heads  in  a  cowl,  to  escape  the 
sight  of  profane  objects ;  their  legs  and  feet 
were  naked,  except  in  the  extreme  cold  of 
winter ;  and  their  slow  and  feeble  steps  were 
supported  by  a  long  staff.  The  aspect  of  a 
genuine  anchoret  was  horrid  and  disgusting  ; 
every  sensation  that  is  offensive  to  man  was 
thought  acceptable  to  God  ;  and  the  angelic  rule 
of  Tabenne  condemned  the  salutary  custom  of 
bathing  the  limbs  in  water.  .  .  .  They  slept  on  the 
ground,  on  a  hard  mat  or  a  rough  blanket.  .  .  , 
Their  original  cells  were  low,  narrow  huts.  .  .  . 
Pleasure  and  guilt  were  synonymous  terms. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  37. 

403.  AUTHOR,  Humiliated.  Frederick  the 
Great.  He  had  sent  a  large  quantity  of  verses  to 
Voltaire,  and  requested  that  they  might  be  re- 
turned with  remarks  and  correction.  "  See,"  ex- 
claimed Voltaire,  "  what  a  quantity  of  his  dirty 
linen  the  king  has  sent  me  to  wash  !"  Talebearers 
were  not  wanting  to  carry  the  sarcasm  to  the 
royal  ear,  and  Frederick  was  much  incensed. — 
Macaulay's  Frederick  the  Great,  p.  6. 

404.  AUTHOR,  Rapid.  Samuel  Johnson.  The 
rapidity  with  which  this  work  was  composed 
is  a  wonderful  circumstance.  Johnson  has 
been  heard  to  say  :  "I  wrote  forty-eight  of  the 
printed  octavo  pages  of  the  Life  of  Savage  at  a 
sitting ;  but  then  I  sat  up  all  night." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  41. 

405.  AUTHOR,  The  unnoticed.  SamuelJolm- 
son.  He  said  he  expected  to  be  attacked  on  ac- 
count of  his  "  Lives  of  the  Poets."  "However," 
said  he,  "I  would  rather  be  attacked  than  unno- 
ticed. For  the  worst  thing  you  can  do  to  an  au- 
thor is  to  be  silent  as  to  his  works.  An  assault 
upon  a  town  is  a  bad  thing,  but  starving  it  is 
still  worse  ;  an  assault  may  be  unsuccessful — you 
may  have  more  men  killed  than  you  kill — but  if 


you  starve  the  town,  you  are  sure  of  victory." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  407. 

406.  AUTHORITY,  Absolute.  Military.  Ex- 
perience has  fully  proved  that  in  war  every 
operation,  from  the  greatest  to  the  smallest, 
ought  to  be  under  the  absolute  direction  of  one 
mind,  and  that  every  subordinate  agent,  in  his 
degree,  ought  to  obey  implicitly,  strenuously, 
and  with  the  show  of  cheerfulness,  orders  which 
he  disapproves,  or  of  which  the  reasons  are  kept 
secret  from  him.  Representative  assemblies, 
public  discussions,  and  all  the  other  checks  by 
which,  in  civil  affairs,  rulers  are  restrained  from 
abusing  power,  are  out  of  place  in  a  camp. 
Machiavel  justly  imputed  many  of  the  disasters 
of  Venice  and  Florence  to  the  jealousy  which  led 
those  republics  to  interfere  with  every  act  of 
their  generals.  The  Dutch  practice  of  sending 
to  an  army  deputies,  without  whose  consent  no 
great  blow  could  be  struck,  was  almost  equally 
pernicious.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5. 

407. .  Early  Romans.  The  chil- 
dren imbibed  from  their  infancy  the  highest 
veneration  for  their  parents,  who,  from  the  ex- 
tent of  the  paternal  power  among  the  Romans, 
had  an  unlimited  authority  over  their  wives, 
their  offspring,  and  their  slaves.  It  is  far  from 
natural  to  the  human  mind  that  the  possession  of 
power  and  authority  should  form  a  tyrannical  dis- 


position. Where  that  authority,  indeed,  has  been 
usurped  by  violence,  its  possessor  may,  perhaps, 
be  tempted  to  maintain  it  by  tyranny  ;  but 
where  it  is  either  a  right  dictated  by  nature,  or 
the  easy  effect  of  circumstances  and  situation, 
the  very  consciousness  of  authority  is  apt  to  in- 
spire a  beneficence  and  humanity  in  the  manner 
of  exercising  it.  Thus  we  find  the  ancient 
Romans,  although  absolute  sovereigns  in  their 
families,  with  the  jus  vitce  et  necis,  the  right  of 
life  and  death  over  their  children  and  their 
slaves,  were  yet  excellent  husbands,  kind  and 
affectionate  parents,  humane  and  indulgent 
masters.  Nor  was  it  until  luxury  had  corrupted 
the  virtuous  simplicity  of  the  ancient  manners, 
that  this  paternal  authority,  degenerating  into 
tyrannical  abuses,  required  to  be  abridged  in  its 
power  and  restrained  in  its  exercise  by  the  en- 
actment of  laws.  By  an  apparent  coatradiction 
so  long  as  the  paternal  authority  was  absolute, 
the  slaves  and  children  were  happy ;  when  it 
became  weakened  and  abridged,  then  it  was 
that  its  terrors  were,  from  the  excessive  corrup- 
tion of  manners,  most  severely  felt. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  13. 

40§. .     Turks.     It  is  a  part  of  the 

policy  of  the  empire  that  «,  certain  number  of 
young  men  should  be  educated  in  the  seraglio,  out 
of  whom  the  sultan  chooses  his  principal  officers. 
But  what  is  a  very  extraordinary  piece  of  policy, 
if  we  may  believe  Rycaut,  it  is  necessary  that 
these  youths  should  be  of  Christian  parents.  .  .  . 
He  says  that  the  Christian  slaves,  strangers  in  the 
empire,  will  necessarily  have  fewer  connections 
or  dependents  on  their  interest,  and  be  the  better 
disposed  to  an  absolute  submission  to  the  will  of 
their  master.  One  thing  is  certain,  it  is  a  funda- 
mental maxim  of  the  Turkish  polity,  that  the 
servants  of  the  prince  should  be  such  as  he  can 
entirely  command,  and  can  at  any  time  destroy 
without  danger  to  himself. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  5,  ch.  13. 

409.  AUTHORITY  acknowledged.    Franks  in 
Gaul.     The  king  had  no  more  than  a   single 
suffrage,  equally  with  the  meanest  soldier  ;  and 
it  was  only  when  actually  in  the  field,  or  when 
it  was  necessary  to  enforce  military  discipline, 
that  he  ventured  to  exercise  anything  like  author- 
ity.   This  is  strongly  exemplified  in  a  story  which 
is  recorded  of  Clovis  I.     After  the  battle  of  Sois- 
sons,  a  large  vessel  of  silver  was  part  of  the 
booty  ;  Clovis,  being  informed  that  it  had  been 
carried  off  from  the  church  of  Rheims,  asked  per- 
mission of  the  army  to  take  it,  that  he  might  re- 
store it  to  the  church.     A  soldier,  standing  by, 
struck  the  vessel  with  his  battle-axe,  and  with 
great  rudeness  desired  the  king  to  rest  satisfied 
with  the  share  that  should  fall  to  his  lot,     Clovis 
durst  not,  at  the  time,  resent  this  insolence,  for 
all  were  then  upon  an  equal  footing  ;   but  he 
knew  the  privilege  which  he  had  when  military 
discipline  was  to  be  enforced,  and  took  advantage 
of  it ;  for  some  time  afterward  observing  the 
same  soldier  to  be  negligent  in  the  care  of  his 
arms,  he  called  him  out  of  his  rank,  and  charging 
him  with  his  offence,  cut  him  down  with  hi& 
battle-axe.     There  was  not  a  murmur  heard,  for 
Clovis  had  not  exceeded  the  limits  of  his  author- 
ity.—Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  2. 

410.  AUTHORITY  assumed.    Cromwell.    [His 
dissolution  of  Parliament.]    The  President,  wor- 


50 


AUTHORITY. 


thy  of  his  office  by  his  courage,  commanded  him 
[Cromwell]  to  be  silent.  Wentworth,  one  of  the 
most  illustrious  and  influential  of  the  extreme 
party  by  his  personal  character,  demanded  that 
he  should  be  called  to  order.  "  This  language," 
said  he,  "is  as  extraordinary  as  criminal  in  the 
/nouth  of  a  [Cromwell]  man  who  yesterday  pos- 
sessed our  entire  confidence,  whom  we  have  hon- 
ored with  the  highest  functions  of  the  republic  !  of 
a  man  who — "  Cromwell  would  not  suffer  him  to 
conclude.  "  Go  to  !  go  to  !"  exclaimed  he  in  a 
voice  of  thunder  ; ' '  we  have  had  enough  of  words 
like  these.  It  is  time  to  put  an  end  to  all  this,  and 
to  silence  these  babblers  !"  Then,  advancing  to 
the  middle  of  the  hall,  and  placing  his  hat  on  his 
head  with  a  gesture  of  defiance,  he  stamped  upon 
the  floor,  and  cried  aloud,  "  You  are  no  longer  a 
Parliament !  You  shall  not  sit  here  a  single  hour 
longer  !  Make  room  for  better  men  than  your- 
selves !"  At  these  words  Harrison,  instructed 
by  a  glance  from  the  general,  disappeared,  and 
returned  in  a  moment  after  at  the  head  of  thirty 
soldiers,  veterans  of  the  long  civil  wars,  who  sur- 
rounded Cromwell  with  their  naked  weapons. 
These  men,  hired  by  the  Parliament,  hesitated 
not  at  the  command  of  their  leader  to  turn  their 
arms  against  those  who  had  placed  them  in  their 
hands,  and  furnished  another  example,  following 
the  Rubicon  of  Caesar,  to  prove  the  incompatibil- 
ity of  freedom  with  standing  armies.  "  Misera- 
ble wretches  !"  resumed  Cromwell,  as  if  violence 
without  insult  was  insufficient  for  his  anger, 
"  you  call  yourselves  a  Parliament !  You  ! — no, 
you  are  nothing  but  a  mass  of  tipplers  and  liber- 
tines !  Thou,"  he  continued,  pointing  with  his 
finger  to  the  most  notorious  profligates  in  the  as- 
sembly, as  they  passed  him  in  their  endeavors  to 
escape  from  the  hall,  ' '  thou  art  a  drunkard  ! 
Tliou  art  an  adulterer  !  And  thou  art  a  hireling, 
paid  for  thy  speeches  !  You  are  all  scandalous 
sinners,  who  bring  shame  on  the  gospel  !  And 
you  fancied  yourselves  a  fitting  Parliament  for 
God's  people  !  No,  no,  begone  !  let  me  hear  no 
more  of  you  !  The  Lord  rejects  you  !"  During 
these  apostrophes  the  members,  forced  by  the 
soldiers,  were  driven  or  dragged  from  the  haU. 
— Lamabtine's  Cromwell,  p.  61. 

411.  AUTHORITY,  Dependence  on.  Unwise. 
[John  Howard's  only  son  became  a  dissolute 
man.]  [See  No.  378.]  Howard  was  exceeding- 
ly particular  with  regard  to  the  diet  of  the  boy, 
and  careful  to  inure  him  to  hardship.  This,  too, 
was  an  excellent  thing,  but  he  did  not  carry  it 
out  wisely.  He  purposely  forbore  all  explana- 
tion of  his  rules  and  denials.  He  never  thought 
it  right  to  say  to  the  child,  ' '  My  son,  these  pears 
will  make  you  sick  if  you  eat  many  of  them, 
or  eat  them  at  improper  times."  He  merely 
said,  "Jack,  never  touch  a  pear  unless  I  give 
it  to  you."  If  the  boy  yielded  to  the  temptation 
afforded  by  a  garden  full  of  fruit,  he  would  place 
him  in  a  seat  and  command  him  not  to  stir  or 
speak  until  he  should  give  him  permission.  Such 
was  his  ascendency  over  the  child,  that  once 
when  he  had  given  him  such  an  order  and  had 
forgotten  all  about  it,  he  found  the  child,  four 
hours  after,  in  the  precise  spot  where  he  had 
placed  him,  fast  asleep. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  69. 

412.  AUTHORITY  by  Gentleness.  Joan  of 
Arc.     For  this  great  force  to  act  with  efficiency. 


the  one  essential  and  indispensable  requisite, 
unity  of  action,  was  wanting.  Had  skill  and 
intelligence  sufficed  to  impart  it,  the  want  would 
have  been  supplied  by  Dunois ;  but  there  was 
something  more  required — authority,  and  more 
than  royal  authority,  too,  for  the  king's  captains 
were  little  in  the  habit  of  obeying  the  king  ;  to 
subject  these  savage,  untamable  spirits,  God's 
authority  was  called  for.  Now,  the  God  of  this 
age  was  the  Virgin  much  more  than  Christ :  and 
it  behooved  that  the  Virgin  should  descend  upon 
earth,  be  a  popular  Virgin,  young,  beauteous, 
gentle,  bold.  ...  It  was  at  once  a  risible  and  a 
touching  sight  to  see  the  sudden  conversion  of 
the  old  Armagnac  brigands.  They  did  not  reform 
by  halves.  [General]  La  Hire  durst  no  longer 
swear ;  and  the  Pucelle  [Joan]  took  compassion 
on  the  violence  he  did  himself,  and  allowed  him 
to  swear ' '  by  his  baton. "  The  devils  found  them- 
selves all  of  a  sudden  turned  into  little  saints. — 
Michelet's  Joan  op  Arc,  p.  13. 

413.  AUTHORITY,  Imprudence  "writh.  Charles 
I.  The  Commons  found  a  considerable  opposi- 
tion to  the  extreme  violence  of  their  measures 
from  the  House  of  Peers.  .  .  ,  The  Commons 
framed  an  impeachment  of  the  whole  bench  of 
bishops,  as  endeavoring  to  subvert  the  constitu- 
tion of  Parliament,  and  they  were  all  committed 
to  custody.  These  measures  had  the  effect  for 
which,  it  is  presumable,  they  were  intended. 
The  patience  of  Charles  was  eiatirely  exhaiisted, 
and  he  was  impelled  to  a  violent  exertion  of  au- 
thority. The  attorney-general,  by  the  king's 
command,  impeached  five  members  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  among  whom  were  John  Hamp- 
den, Pym,  and  Holies,  the  chiefs  of  the  popular 
party.  A  sergeant  being  sent,  without  effect,  to 
demand  them  of  the  Commons,  the  king,  to  the 
surprise  of  everybody,  went  in  person  to  the 
House  to  seize  them.  They  had  notice  of  his  in- 
tention, and  had  withdrawn.  The  Commons 
justly  proclaimed  this  attempt  a  breach  of  priv- 
ilege. The  streets  re-echoed  with  the  clamors  of 
the  populace,  and  a  general  insurrection  was 
prognosticated.  The  king  acknowledged  his  er- 
ror by  a  humiliating  message  to  the  House  ;  but 
the  submission  was  as  ineffectual  as  the  violence 
had  been  imprudent. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  29. 

414.  AUTHORITY,  Necessary.  Military.  [The 
Scots  invited  the  return  of  Charles  II.,  and 
were  defeated  by  the  army  of  Cromwell.]  It 
certainly  does  appear  that  David  Leslie,  the  com- 
mander of  the  Scots  at  Dunbar,  found  his  hands 
tied  by  a  committee  ;  and  any  kind  of  battle  any- 
where may  be  lost,  but,  probably,  no  battle  of  any 
kind  was  ever  gained  by  a  committee.  The 
English  army  reached  Dunbar.  .  .  .  the  1st  of 
September,  1650. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  12. 

415.  AUTHORITY,  Personal.  American  Ind- 
ians. The  Indian  chief  has  no  crown.  .  .  .  The 
bounds  of  his  authority  float  with  the  current 
opinion  of  the  tribe  ;  he  is  not  so  much  obeyed 
as  followed  with  the  alacrity  of  free  volition ; 
and  therefore  the  extent  of  his  power  depends 
on  his  personal  character. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

416.  AUTHORITY,  Popular.  Charles  I.  [Dur- 
ing the  agitation  which  resulted  in  the  over- 
throw of  the  king  and  the  establishment  of  the 


AUTHORITY— AUTOCRAT. 


51 


Commonwealth]  the  insolence  of  several  mem- 
bers of  the  House  of  Commons,  which  burst 
forth  in  evident  violation  of  his  dignity  and 
royal  prerogative,  left  him  no  choice  between 
the  shameful  abandonment  of  his  title  as  king  or 
an  energetic  vindication  of  his  rights.  He  went 
down  himself  to  the  House,  to  cause  the  arrest  of 
those  members  who  were  guilty  of  high  treason, 
and  called  upon  the  president  to  point  them  out. 
"  Sire,"  replied  he,  kneeling,  "  in  the  place  that 
I  occupy  I  have  only  eyes  to  see  and  a  tongue  to 
speak  according  to  the  will  of  the  house  I  serve. 
I  therefore  humbly  crave  your  Majesty's  pardon 
for  venturing  to  disobey  you."  Charles,  humil- 
iated, retired  with  his  guards. — Lamartine's 
Cromwell,  p.  27. 

417.  AUTHOEITY,  Supreme.  Joan  of  Arc. 
The  two  authorities,  the  paternal  and  the  celes- 
tial, enjoined  her  two  opposite  commands.  The 
one  ordered  her  to  remain  obscure,  modest,  and 
laboring  ;  the  other  to  set  out  and  save  the  king- 
dom. The  angel  bade  her  arm  herself.  Her 
father,  rough  and  honest  peasant  as  he  was,  swore 
that,  rather  than  his  daughter  should  go  away 
with  men-at-arms,  he  would  drown  her  with  his 
own  hands.  One  or  other,  disobey  she  must.  Be- 
yond a  doubt  this  was  the  greatest  battle  she  was 
called  upon  to  fight ;  those  against  the  English 
were  play  in  comparison. — Michelet's  Joan  of 
Arc,  p.  6. 

41  §.  AUTHORSHIP,  Anxieties  of.  Samuel 
Johnmn.  My  book  [the  dictionary]  is  now 
coming  in  himinis  oras.  What  will  be  its  fate  I 
know  not,  nor  think  much,  because  thinking  is 
to  no  purpose.  It  must  stand  the  censure  of  the 
great  vulgar  and  the  small ;  of  those  that  under- 
stand it,  and  that  understand  it  not.  But  in  all 
this,  I  suffer  not  alone ;  every  writer  has  the 
same  difficulties,  and,  perhaps,  every  writer  talks 
of  them  more  than  he  thinks. — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  75. 

419.  ATJTHOBSHIF imputed.  Posthumous 
Fragments  of  Margaret  Nicholson.  Hogg  found 
him  one  day  busily  engaged  in  correcting  proofs 
of  some  original  poems.  Shelley  asked  his 
friend  what  he  thought  of  them,  and  Hogg  an- 
swered that  it  might  be  possible  by  a  little  altera- 
tion to  turn  them  into  capital  burlesques.  This 
idea  took  the  young  poet's  fancy ;  and  the 
friends  between  them  soon  effected  a  metamor- 
phosis in  Shelley's  serious  verses,  by  which  they 
became  unmistakably  ridiculous.  Having  achiev- 
ed their  purpose,  they  now  bethought  them  of 
the  proper  means  of  publication.  Upon  whom 
should  the  poems,  a  medley  of  tyrannicide  and 
revolutionary  raving,  be  fathered  ?  Peg  Nich- 
olson, a  mad  washerwoman,  had  recently  at- 
tempted George  the  Third's  life  with  a  carving- 
knife.  No  more  fitting  author  could  be  found. 
They  w-ould  give  their  pamphlet  to  the  world  as 
her  work,  edited  by  an  admiring  nephew.  The 
printer  appreciated  the  joke  no  less  than  the 
authors  of  it.  He  provided  splendid  paper  and 
magnificent  type  ;  and  before  long  the  book  of 
nonsense  was  in  the  hands  of  Oxford  readers. 
It  sold  for  the  high  price  of  half  a  crown  a 
copy  ;  and,  what  is  hardly  credible,  the  gowns- 
men received  it  as  a  genuine  production.  "It 
was  indeed  a  kind  of  fashion  to  be  seen  reading 
it  in  public,  as  a  mark  of  nice  discernment,  of 
a  delicate  and  fastidious  taste  in  poetry,  and  the 


best   criterion  of  a  choice  spirit." — Symonds' 
Shelley,  ch.  2. 

420.  AUTHORSHIP,  Originality  in.  Thomas 
Jefferson.  From  the  fulness  of  his  own  mind, 
without  consulting  one  single  book,  Jefferson 
[thirty-three  years  old]  drafted  the  Declaration 
[of  American  Independence] ,  submitted  it  sepa- 
rately to  Franklin  and  to  John  Adams,  accept- 
ed from  each  of  them  one  or  two  verbal,  unim- 
portant corrections  ...  on  the  twenty-eighth 
of  June  reported  it  to  Congress. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  8,  ch.  70. 

421.  AUTHORSHIP,  ftualified.  TJie  Stamp 
Act.  Who  was  the  author  of  the  American  stamp 
tax  ?  At  a  later  day  Jenkinson  [first  Secretarj' 
of  the  Treasury]  assured  the  House  of  Commons 
that,  '•'  if  the  Stamp  Act  was  a  good  measure,  the 
merit  was  not  due  to  Grenville  ;  if  it  was  a  bad 
one,  the  ill  policy  did  not  belong  to  him  ;"  but 
he  never  confessed  to  the  House  where  the 
blame  or  the  merit  could  rest  more  justly.  In 
his  late  old  age  he  delighted  to  converse  freely 
.  .  .  save  only  on  the  one  subject  of  the  con- 
test with  America.  [George  Grenville]  brought 
this  scheme  into  form. — Bancroft's  tJ.  S.,  vol. 
5,  ch.  8. 

422.  AUTHORSHIP,  Reward  of.  John  Milton. 
The  agreement,  still  preserved  in  the  National 
Museum,  between  the  author,  "John  Milton, 
gent,  of  the  one  parte,  and  Samuel  Symons, 
printer,  of  the  other  parte,"  is  among  the  curios- 
ities of  our  literary  history.  The  curiosity  con- 
sists not  so  much  in  the  illustrious  name  append- 
ed (not  in  autograph)  to  the  deed,  as  in  the  con- 
trast between  the  present  fame  of  the  book  and 
the  waste-paper  price  at  which  the  copyright  is 
being  valued.  The  author  received  £5  down  ; 
was  to  receive  a  second  £5  when  the  first  edition 
should  be  sold  ;  a  third  £5  when  the  second  ;  a 
fourth  £5  when  the  third  edition  should  be 
gone.  Milton  lived  to  receive  the  second  £5, 
and  no  more — £10,  in  all,  for  "  Paradise  Lost."  I 
cannot  bring  myself  to  join  in  the  lamentations 
of  the  biographers  over  this  bargain.  Surely,  it 
is  better  so ;  better  to  know  that  the  noblest 
monument  of  English  letters  had  no  money 
value,  than  to  think  of  it  as  having  been  paid 
for  at  a  pound  the  line. —  Pattison's  Milton, 
ch.  12. 

423.  AUTOCRAT,  Military.  Pompey.  When 
Ponipey  commanded  in  the  East,  he  rewarded 
his  soldiers  and  allies,  dethroned  princes,  divided 
kingdoms,  founded  colonies,  and  distributed  the 
treasures  of  Mithridates.  On  his  return  to 
Rome  he  obtained,  by  a  single  act  of  the  Senate 
and  people,  the  universal  ratification  of  all  his 
proceedings.  Such  was  the  power  over  the 
soldiers  and  over  the  enemies  of  Rome,  which 
was  either  granted  to  or  assumed  by  the  gener- 
als of  the  republic.  They  were,  at  the  same 
time,  the  governors,  or  rather  monarchs,  of  the 
conquered  provinces,  united  the  civil  with  the 
military  character,  administered  justice  as  well 
as  the  finances,  and  exercised  both  the  executive 
and  legislative  power  of  the  State. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  3. 

424.  AUTOCRAT,  Royal.  Henry  VIII.  From 
1515  to  1523  no  Parliament  was  summoned. 
Henry  [VIII.]  and  his  great  minister  [Cardinal 
WolseyJ  governed  the  kingdom  at  their  sole 
will. —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  17.  p.  275. 


52 


AVARICE. 


425.  AVAEICE  acquired.  Samuel  Johnson. 
It  was  observed,  that  avarice  was  inherent  in 
some  dispositions.  Johnson:  "No  man  was 
born  a  miser,  because  no  man  was  born  to  pos- 
session. Every  man  is  born  cupidus — desirous 
of  getting ;  but  not  avartis — desirous  of  keep- 
ing." BoswELL  :  "  I  have  heard  old  Mr.  Sher- 
idan maintain,  with  much  ingenuity,  that  a 
complete  miser  is  a  happy  man — a  miser  who 
gives  himself  wholly  to  the  one  passion  of  sav- 
ing." Johnson  :  "  That  is  flying  in  the  face  of 
all  the  world,  who  have  called  an  avaricious 
man  a  miser,  because  he  is  miserable.  No,  sir  ; 
a  man  who  both  spends  and  saves  money  is  the 
happiest  man,  because  he  has  both  enjoyments." 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  390. 

426.  AVAEICE  of  the  Clergy.  Fifteenth  Cen- 
tury, [a.  d.  1450-1485.  The  Church  had  shut 
the  mouths  of  the  boldest  complainants.]  The 
abbeys  might  more  and  more  appropriate  the 
revenues  that  ought  to  be  the  reward  of  the 
parish-priest ;  the  bishop  might  neglect  his  sa- 
cred functions,  to  add  to  his  revenues  the  fees 
of  the  great  offices  of  State,  and,  like  Cardinal 
Beaufort,  procure  laws  to  be  made  against  com- 
mercial freedom,  and  then  receive  large  sums  for 
licenses  to  violate  them.  Great  spiritual  lords 
might  band  themselves  with  great  temporal  lords 
to  withdraw  the  funds  of  hospitals  from  their 
proper  uses,  and  leave  the  old,  the  lazar,  the  lu- 
natic, and  the  pregnant  woman,  for  whose  benefit 
those  hospitals  were  endowed,  to  perish  at  their 
utmost  need. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  8, 
p.  124. 

427.  AVARICE,  Contempt  for.  Bufinus.  [This 
Roman  prefect  was  assassinated.]  His  avarice, 
which  seems  to  have  prevailed  in  his  corrupt 
mind  over  every  other  sentiment,  attracted  the 
wealth  of  the  East,  by  the  various  arts  of  par- 
tial and  general  extortion,  oppressive  taxes,  scan- 
dalous bribery,  immoderate  fines,  unjust  confis- 
cations, forced  or  fictitious  testaments,  by  which 
the  tyrant  despoiled  of  their  lawful  inheritance 
the  children  of  strangers  or  enemies ;  and  the 
public  sale  of  justice,  as  well  as  of  favor, 
which  he  instituted  in  the  palace  of  Constan- 
tinople. .  .  .  His  mangled  body  was  abandoned 
to  the  brutal  fury  of  the  populace  of  either 
sex,  who  hastened  in  crowds,  from  every  quarter 
of  the  city,  to  trample  on  the  remains  of  the 
haughty  minister,  at  whose  frown  they  had  so 
lately  trembled.  His  right  hand  was  cut  off 
and  carried  through  the  streets  of  Constantino- 
ple, in  cruel  mockery,  to  extort  contributions  for 
the  avaricious  tyrant,  whose  head  was  publicly 
exposed,  borne  aloft  on  the  point  of  a  long 
lance. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  29. 

42§.  AVARICE,  Corrupted  by.  Romans.  When 
the  passion  of  avarice  had,  as  at  this  time,  per- 
vaded all  the  ranks  of  the  State,  it  is  not  won- 
derful that  the  public  measures  should  be  in  the 
greatest  degree  mean  and  disgraceful.  The  am- 
bition of  conquest  was  now  little  else  than  the 
desire  of  rapine  and  plunder.  If  the  allies  of 
the  State  were  opulent,  the  Romans  considered 
their  wealth  as  a  sufficient  reason  for  dissolving 
all  treaties  between  them,  and  holding  them  as  a 
lawful  object  of  conquest.  Thus  the  kingdoms 
of  Numidia,  of  Pergamus,  of  Cappadocia,  of 
Bithynia,  separate  sovereignties  bound  to  the 
allegiance  of  the  Romans  by  the  most  solemn 


treaties,  were  invaded  as  if  they  had  been  ancient 
and  natural  enemies,  and  reduced  to  the  condi- 
tion of  conquered  provinces.  The  Senate  made 
a  kind  of  traffic  of  thrones  and  governments, 
selling  them  openly  to  the  highest  bidder. 
[Plunder  was  the  motive  for  war,  and  pretexts 
were  invented.]  The  Romans  engaging  along 
with  the  Acarnanians  against  the  people  of 
^tolia,  had  no  other  excuse  to  allege  for  their 
interference  in  this  quarrel,  than  that  the  Acar- 
nanians had  performed  a  signal  act  of  friendship 
to  their  ancestors  about  a  thousand  years  before 
— which  was,  that  they  had  joined  the  other 
Grecian  States  in  sending  troops  to  the  siege  of 
Troy  ! — T ytlek's  Hist.  ,  Book  4,  ch.  6. 

429.  AVARICE,  Criminal.  London.  [In  1837 
the  master-tailors  w^ere  the  most  notorious  for 
carelessness  and  avarice  of  all  London  em- 
ployers. Some  of  them]  would  huddle  sixty 
or  eighty  workmen  close  together,  nearly  knee 
to  knee,  in  a  room  fifty  feet  by  twenty  feet 
broad,  lighted  from  above,  where  the  tempera- 
ture in  summer  was  thirty  degrees  higher  than 
the  temperature  outside.  Young  men  from  the 
country  fainted  when  they  were  first  confined  in 
such  a  life-destroying  prison  ;  the  maturer  ones 
sustained  themselves  by  gin  till  they  perished 
of  consumption,  or  typhus,  or  delirium  tremens. 
.  .  .  The  overworked  class  of  milliners  and 
dressmakers  employed  in  the  larger  workshops 
of  London,  ill-ventilated,  and  rendered  doubly 
injurious  by  the  constant  habit  of  night-work — 
this  class  of  young  women  was  being  constantly 
renewed,  more  than  one  half  dying  of  lung  dis- 
eases before  they  had  attained  the  average  age  of 
twenty -eight. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  22, 
p.  392. 

430.  AVARICE,  Deception  of.  Henry  VII. 
In  October,  1491  [Henry  VIII.],  proclaimed  his 
intention  of  punishing  the  French  king.  .  .  . 
Employing  the  pretence  of  war  for  extorting 
money  under  the  system  of  "Benevolences"  .  .  . 
he  obtained  a  large  grant  from  his  faithful 
Lords  and  Commons,  and  procured  several  laws 
to  be  passed  which  gave  encouragement  to  the 
prosecution  of  a  war,  which  had  become  a  na- 
tional object.  But  having  got  the  money,  and 
encouraged  many  knights  and  nobles  in  raising 
men,  he  still  delayed  any  active  measures  of 
hostility,  through  the  spring,  summer,  and  au- 
tumn of  1492.  At  length,  in  October,  he  landed 
at  Calais  with  a  well-appointed  army.  ,  .  . 
But  for  three  months  previous  to  this  costly 
parade  the  wily  king  had  been  negotiating  a 
peace  with  Charles  of  France ;  and  it  appears 
in  the  highest  degree  probable  that  the  treaty 
was  actually  signed  when  the  English  forces 
landed. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  13,  p.  218. 

431.  AVARICE,  Demands  of.  Henry  VII. 
In  March,  1496,  he  granted  letters-patent  to 
John  Cabot  and  his  two  sons,  to  sail  at  their  own 
cost  and  charges,  with  five  ships,  for  the  discov> 
ery  of  new  countries,  upon  condition  that  the 
king  should  have  a  fifth  of  the  profits.  [In  1497 
he  gave  £10]  to  him  that  found  the  new  isle  of 
Newfoundland. — Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  2,  ch.  15, 
p.  236. 

432.  AVARICE,  Glory  in.  Cato  the  Censor. 
In  his  old  age  he  became  exceedingly  avaricious, 
and  gained  a  large  fortune  by  methods  which 
were  legal,  but  not  very  honorable.     He  even 


AVARICE— AWKWARDNESS. 


53 


uttered  this  sentiment :  "  That  man  truly  won- 
derful and  godlike,  and  fit  to  be  registered  in  the 
lists  of  glory,  is  he  by  whose  account-books  it 
shall  appear,  after  his  death,  that  he  had  more 
than  doubled  what  he  had  received  from  his 
ancestors." — Cyclopedia  op  Biogbaphy,  p.433. 
433.  AVAEICE,  Official.    Jolmof  Cappadocia. 

[When  the  Roman  general  Belisarius  went  from 
:!onstantinople  to  the  re-conquest  of  Carthage 
from  the  Vandals,]  the  troops  were  safelj'^  disem- 
barked on  the  Messinian  coast,  to  repos^  them- 
selves for  awhile  after  the  fatigues  of  the  sea.  In 
this  place  they  experienced  how  avarice  invested 
with  authority  may  sport  with  the  lives  of 
thousands  which  are  bravely  exposed  for  the 
public  service.  According  to  military  practice, 
the  bread  or  biscuit  of  the  Romans  was  twice 
prepared  in  the  oven,  and  the  diminution  of  one 
fourth  was  cheerfully  allowed  for  the  loss  of 
weight.  To  gain  this  miserable  profit,  and  to 
save  the  expense  of  wood,  the  prefect,  John  of 
Cappadocia,  had  given  orders  that  the  flour 
should  be  slightly  baked  by  the  same  fire  which 
warmed  the  baths  of  Constantinople  ;  and  when 
the  sacks  were  opened,  a  soft  and  mouldy  paste 
was  distributed  to  the  army.  Such  unwholesome 
food,  assisted  by  the  heat  of  the  climate  and 
season,  soon  produced  an  epidemical  disease, 
which  swept  away  five  hundred  soldiers. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  41,  p.  122. 

434.  AVABICE  punished.  Crassus.  The 
Parthians  having  conquered  the  Roman  general 
Crassus,  who  i^ivaded  their  country,  the  Par- 
thian king  is  said  to  have  poured  into  his  mouth 
melted  gold,  saying,  ' '  Now  be  satiated  with  what 
thou  covetedst  through  life." 

435.  AVARICE,  Eoyal.  Eenrff  VIII.  [A 
sum  of  £1500  had  been  seen  in  the  accounts  of 
Cardinal  Wolsey.  The  dying  man  had  been 
pressed  to  account  for  the  money.  He  said  he 
had  borrowed  it  to  distribute  among  his  ser- 
vants, and  for  his  "burial,  and  had  placed  it  in  the 
hands  of  an  honest  man.]  The  chief  business  of 
this  magnanimous  king,  with  Cavendish,  was  to 
obtain  the  knowledge  where  this  treasure  was 
hidden ;  and  Cavendish  told  him.  "  Well 
then,"  quoth  the  king,  "  let  me  alone,  and  keep 
this  gear  secret  between  yourself  and  me,  and 
let  no  man  be  privy  thereof."  He  had  broken 
the  great  heart  of  his  faithful  servant ;  but  he 
thought  only  of  the  contents  of  the  money-bags,  to 
be  appropriated  to  jewels  for  Lady  Anne  and  to 
wagers  with  Domingo.— Knight  s  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  20. 

436. .    William  tJie  Conqueror.   One 

great  end  he  never  lost  sight  of,  whether  he 
worked  by  clemency  or  terror — the  plunder  of 
the  land.  "He  had  fallen  into  avarice,  and 
greediness  he  loved  withal."  .  .  .  It  is  a  fearful 
and  a  disgusting  history, — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  14,  p.  191. 

437. .     George  II.     The  unkingly 

passion  of  avarice  was  predominant  in  his  most 
trivial  disbursements. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  4,  p.  59. 

43§.  AVARICE,  Ruled  by.  Rom.  Emp.  Cmrntno- 
dus.  Avarice  was  the  reigning  passion  of  his 
soul  and  the  great  principle  of  his  adminis- 
tration. The  rank  of  Consul,  of  Patrician,  of 
Senator,  was  exposed   to   public  sale ;    and  it 


would  have  been  considered  aa  disaffection  if 
any  one  had  refused  to  purchase  these  empty 
and  disgraceful  honors  with  the  greatest  part  of 
his  fortune.  In  the  lucrative  provincial  em- 
ployments the  minister  shared  with  the  govern- 
or the  spoils  of  the  people.  The  execution  of 
the  laws  was  venal  and  arbitrary.  A  wealthy 
criminal  might  obtain,  not  only  the  reversal  of 
the  sentence  by  which  he  was  justly  condemned, 
but  might  likewise  inflict  whatever  punishment 
he  pleased  on  the  accuser,  the  witnesses,  and 
the  judge. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  4. 

439.  AVAEICE,  Shameful.  Beign  of  Jam£S  II. 
The  property  both  of  the  rebels  [under  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth]  who  had  suffered  death, 
and  of  those  more  unfortunate  men  who  were 
withering  under  the  tropical  sun  [by  banish- 
ment], was  fought  for  and  torn  in  pieces  by  a 
crowd  of  greedy  informers.  By  law,  a  subject 
attainted  of  treason  forfeits  all  his  substance ; 
and  this  law  was  enforced  after  the  Bloody 
Assizes  with  a  rigor  at  once  cruel  and  ludicrous. 
The  broken-hearted  widows  and  destitute  or- 
phans of  the  laboring  men  whose  corpses  hung 
at  the  cross-roads  were  called  upon  by  the 
agents  of  the  Treasury  to  explain  what  had  bv. 
come  of  a  basket,  of  a  goose,  of  a  flitch  of  bacon, 
of  a  keg  of  cider,  of  a  sack  of  beans,  of  a  truss 
of  hay. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  5. 

440.  AVARICE,  Supremacy  of.  Confederates. 
It  is  a  subject  of  extraordinary  remark,  that 
the  struggle  for  our  independence  should  have 
been  attended  by  the  ignoble  circumstances 
of  a  commercial  speculation  in  the  South  un- 
paralleled in  its  heartlessness  and  selfish  greed. 
Wa,r  invariably  excites  avarice  and  speculation  ; 
it  is  the  active  promoter  of  rapid  fortunes  and 
corrupt  commercial  practices.  .  .  .  [This,]  the 
only  serious  blot  which  defaced  our  struggle 
for  independence,  was,  at  least  to  some  extent, 
the  creature  of  circumstances ;  and  that  is  lost 
...  in  the  lustre  of  arms  and  virtues  shed  on 
the  South  in  the  most  sublime  trials  of  the  war. 
— Pollard's  Second  Year  of  the  War, 
ch.  9,  p.  237. 

441.  AWE,  Effect  of.  Persian  King.  Sa- 
por ...  as  he  passed  under  the  walls  of  Amida, 
resolved  to  try  whether  the  majesty  of  his  pres- 
ence would  not  awe  the  garrison  into  immediate 
submission.  The  sacrilegious  insult  of  a  random 
dart,  which  glanced  against  the  royal  tiara,  con- 
vinced him  of  his  error.  —  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  19. 

442.  AWE,  Silence  of.  Battle  of  the  Nile. 
[At  the  battle  of  the  Nile  the  I'Orient,  of  one 
hundred  and  twenty  guns,  after  burning  an  hour, 
blew  up.]  When  the  explosion  came,  there 
was  an  awful  silence.  For  ten  minutes  not  a 
gun  was  fired  on  either  side.  The  instinct  of 
self-preservation,  as  well  as  the  sudden  awe  on 
this  sublime  event,  produced  this  pause  in  the 
battle. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  20. 

443.  AWKWARDNESS  and  AgiUty.  The  Poet 
Shelley.  Hogg  gives  some  details  ...  of  Shel- 
ley's personal  appearance.  .  .  .  "There  were 
many  striking  contrasts  in  the  character  and 
behavior  of  Shelley — of  the  clumsy  with  the 
graceful.  He  would  stumble  in  stepping  across 
the  floor  of  a  drawing-room ;  he  would  trip 
himself  up  on  a  smooth-shaven  grass-plot,  and 


64 


BACHELORS— BANKERS. 


he  would  tumble  in  the  most  inconceivable 
manner  in  ascending  the  commodious,  facile, 
and  well-carpeted  staircase  of  an  elegant  man- 
sion, so  as  to  bruise  his  nose  or  his  lips  on 
the  upper  steps,  or  to  tread  upon  his  hands, 
and  even  occasionally  to  disturb  the  compo- 
sure of  a  well-bred  footman ;  on  the  contrary, 
he  would  often  glide  without  collision  through 
a  crowded  assembly,  tread  with  unerring  dex- 
terity a  most  intricate  path,  or  securely  and 
rapidly  tread  the  most  arduous  and  uncertain 
ways." — Symonds'  Shelley,  ch.  2. 

444.  BACHELORS  discarded.  French  Revolu- 
tion. A.D.  1794.  The  National  Convention  now 
prepared  another  constitution  for  the  adoption 
of  the  people  of  France.  .  .  ,  The  legislative 
powers  were  committed  to  two  bodies,  as  in  the 
United  States.  The  first,  corresponding  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  was  to  be  called  the 
Council  of  the  Ancients.  It  was  to  consist  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  members,  each  of  whom  was 
to  be  at  least  forty  years  of  age,  and  a  married 
man  or  widower.  An  unmarried  man  was  not 
considered  worthy  of  a  post  of  such  responsibil- 
ity in  the  service  of  the  State. — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3. 

445.  BACHELOBS  forced  to  marry.  Bmne. 
[Camillus  was  called  the  second  founder  of 
Rome.  He  was  for  a  time  censor,  an  office  of 
great  dignity.]  There  is  upon  record  a  very 
laudable  act  of  his,  that  took  place  during  his 
office.  As  the  wars  had  made  many  widows, 
he  obliged  such  of  the  men  as  lived  single, 
partly  by  persuasion,  and  partly  by  threatening 
them  with  fines,  to  marry  those  widows. — Plu- 
tarch. 

446.  BACHELORS  punished.  Sparta.  [Lycur- 
gus  the  lawgiver.]  To  encourage  marriage, 
some  marks  of  infamy  were  set  upon  those  that 
continiied  bachelors.  For  they  were  not  per- 
mitted to  see  the  exercises  of  the  naked  virgins  ; 
and  the  magistrates  commanded  them  to  march 
naked  round  the  market-place  in  the  winter,  and 
to  sing  a  song  composed  against  themselves, 
which  expressed  how  justly  they  were  punished 
for  their  disobedience  to  the  laws.  They  were 
also  deprived  of  that  honor  and  respect  which 
the  younger  people  paid  to  the  old  .  .  .  [Note.] 
The  time  of  marriage  was  fixed  ;  and  if  a  man 
did  not  marry  when  he  was  of  full  age,  he  was 
liable  to  a  prosecution,  as  were  such  also  who 
married  above  or  below  themselves.  Such  as 
had  three  children  had  great  immunities ;  and 
those  that  had  four  were  free  from  all  taxes. 
Virgins  were  married  without  portions,  because 
neither  want  should  hinder  a  man,  nor  riches  in- 
duce him,  to  marry  contrary  to  his  inclinations. 
— Plutarch's  Lives. 

447.  BALDNESS,  Illustrated  by.  Emp.  Cams. 
His  ambassadors  entered  the  camp  about  simset, 
at  the  time  when  the  troops  were  satisfying  their 
hunger  with  a  frugal  repast.  The  Persians  ex- 
pressed their  desire  of  being  introduced  to  the 
presence  of  the  Roman  emperor.  They  were  at 
length  conducted  to  a  soldier,  who  was  seated 
on  the  grass.  A  piece  of  stale  bacon  and  a  few 
hard  peas  composed  his  supper.  A  coarse  wool- 
len garment  of  purple  was  the  only  circumstance 
that  announced  his  dignity.  The  conference 
was  conducted  with  the  same  disregard  of 
•courtly  elegance.    Cams,  taking  off  a  cap  which 


he  wore  to  conceal  his  baldness,  assured  the  am 
bassadors  that,  unless  their  master  acknowledged 
the  superiority  of  Rome,  he  would  speedilj^  ren- 
der Persia  as  naked  of  trees  as  his  own  head 
was  destitute  of  hair. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12. 

44§.  BANISHMENT,  Inhuman.  Arcadia.  In 
a  campaign  of  less  than  a  month,  and  with  a 
loss  of  only  twenty  men,  the  English  had  made 
themselves  masters  of  the  whole  country  east  of 
the  St.  Croix.  The  war  in  Arcadia  was  at  an 
end  ;  but  what  should  be  done  with  the  people  ? 
The  French  inhabitants  still  outnumbered  the 
English,  three  to  one.  Governor  Lawrence  and 
Admiral  Boscawen,  in  conference  with  the  chief- 
justice  of  the  province,  settled  upon  the  atro- 
cious measure  of  driving  the  people  into  banish- 
ment. The  first  movement  was  to  demand  an 
oath  of  allegiance,  which  was  so  framed  that  the 
French,  as  honest  Catholics,  could  not  take  it. 
.  .  .  The  next  step  on  the  part  of  the  English 
was  to  accuse  the  French  of  treason,  and  to  de- 
mand the  surrender  of  all  their  firearms  and 
boats.  To  this  measure  the  broken-hearted  peo- 
ple also  submitted.  They  even  offered  to  take  the 
oath,  but  Lawrence  declared  that,  having  once 
refused,  they  must  now  take  the  consequences. 
The  British  vessels  were  made  readj^  and  the 
work  of  forcible  embarkation  began.  The 
country  around  the  isthmus  was  covered  with 
peaceful  hamlets.  These  were  now  laid  waste, 
and  the  people  driven  into  the  larger  towns  on 
the  coast.  Others  were  induced  by  artifice  and 
treachery  to  put  themselves  in  the  power  of  the 
English.  Wherever  a  sufficient*  number  of  the 
French  could  be  gotten  together  they  were  driven 
on  shipboard.  They  were  allowed  to  take  their 
wives  and  children  and  as  much  property  as 
would  not  be  inconvenient  on  the  vessels.  The 
estates  of  the  province  were  confiscated,  and 
what  could  not  be  appropriated  was  given  to  the 
flames.  The  wails  of  thousands  of  bleeding 
hearts  were  wafted  to  heaven  with  the  smoke  of 
burning  homes.  At  the  village  of  Grand  Pre 
[Nova  Scotia]  four  hundred  and  eighteen  men 
were  called  together  and  shut  up  in  a  church. 
Then  came  the  wives  and  children,  the  old  men 
and  the  mothers,  the  sick  and  the  infirm,  to  share 
the  common  fate.  The  whole  company  num- 
bered more  than  nineteen  hundred  souls.  The 
poor  creatures  were  driven  down  to  the  shore, 
forced  into  the  boats  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet, 
and  carried  to  the  vessels  in  the  bay.  As  the 
moaning  fugitives  cast  a  last  look  at  their  pleas- 
ant town,  a  column  of  black  smoke  floating 
seaward  told  the  story  of  desolation.  More 
than  three  thousand  of  the  hapless  Arcadians 
were  carried  away  by  the  British  squadron 
and  scattered,  helpless,  half-starved,  and  dj^ing, 
among  the  English  colonies.  The  history  of 
civilized  nations  furnishes  no  parallel  to  this 
wanton,  wicked  destruction  of  an  inoffensive 
colony. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  32. 

449.  BANKERS  plunder.  Jews.  The  share 
taken  by  the  Jews  in  the  business  of  banking 
was  one  strong  cause  why  it  continued  so  long  to 
be  in  disesteem.  To  trade  in  money  was  consid- 
ered as  little  else  than  to  cheat,  and  accordingly  we 
find  that  many  of  the  princes  of  Europe  looked 
upon  the  fortunes  amassed  by  the  Jews  as  a  sort 
of  lawful  plunder,  and  made  no  scruple  to  de- 
spoil them  of  their  property  whenever  a  public 


BANKERS— BATHS. 


55 


emergency  required  a  speedy  supply  of  money. 
Thus,  in  England,  King  John  imprisoned  the 
Jews,  in  order  to  force  a  discovery  of  their 
wealth ;  and  many  of  these  unfortunate  wretches, 
who  would  not  reveal  their  treasures,  were  pun- 
ished with  the  loss  of  their  eyes.  But  these  griev- 
ances, which  would  seem  apparently  calculated 
to  repress  the  spirit  of  commerce,  contributed  in 
this  instance  very  materially  to  its  advancement. 
To  guard  against  these  tyrannical  depredations 
made  on  their  property,  the  Jews  invented  bills 
of  exchange  ;  and  commerce  became  by  this 
means  capable  of  eluding  violence  and  of  main- 
taining everywhere  its  ground  ;  for  merchants 
could  now  convert  their  effects  into  paper,  and 
thus  easily  transport  them  wherever  they  thought 
proper. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  17. 

450.  BANKERS,  Prejudiced  against.  Italian 
Merchants.  [Called  Lombards  in  various  cities 
of  Europe.]  These  Lombards  not  only  acted  as 
merchants  for  the  importation  and  exchange  of 
commodities,  but  as  bankers  or  money -dealers  ; 
though  in  this  last  branch  of  business  they  found 
a  heavy  restraint  in  the  ideas  of  the  times.  The 
canon  law,  proceeding  upon  a  strict  interpreta- 
tion of  those  passages  of  Scripture  which  con- 
demn the  taking  of  usury,  was  adverse  to  the 
custom  of  demanding  even  the  most  moderate 
interest  for  the  use  of  money  ;  and  hence  the 
banking  trade  of  these  Lombard  merchants,  who 
very  naturally  thought  themselves  entitled  to  a 
premium  for  the  loan  of  their  money,  fell  under 
the  censure  of  the  church,  and  began  to  be 
deemed  unlawful.  They  were  obliged,  there- 
fore, to  carry  on  their  business  as  bankers  to 
great  disadvantage.  Their  bargains  were  neces- 
sarily kept  private,  and  consequently  their  exac- 
tions, being  arbitrary,  were  often  most  exorbi- 
tant and  fraudulent. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  17. 

451.  BANKRUPTCY  predicted.  QreatBHtain. 
Lord  Lyttelton,  in  1739  ;  Lord  Bolingbroke, 
in  1745  ;  David  Hume,  in  1761  ;  Adam  Smith, 
in  1776 ;  Dr.  Price,  in  1777  ;  Lord  Stair,  in 
1783  ;  each  honestly  believed  that  England  was 
fast  approaching  the  condition  of  inevitable  bank- 
ruptcy. In  1784  Marshall  Conway  wrote  :  "  The 
sums  spent  in  losing  America  are  a  blow  we  shall 
never  recover." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  1, 
p.  2. 

452.  BANQUET,  Extravagant.  Court  of  Rus- 
sia. [Napoleon's  ambassador  arrived  from 
France.]  Every  day  brought  new  fetes  ...  I 
will  mention  one.  ...  At  a  supper  given  after  a 
ball  at  the  Embassy,  a  plate  of  five  pears  cost 
five  hundred  and  fifty  dollars.  On  another  occa- 
sion cherries,  which  had  been  purchased  at  the 
price  of  eighty  cents,  were  served  as  abundantly 
as  though  they  had  cost  not  more  than  twenty 
cents  the  pound.  [Such  was  the  competition  in 
extravagance  between  the  two  courts.  Napoleon 
said  when  he  heard  of  it :]  "  Such  extravagances 
are  only  to  be  expected  of  madmen  or  fools." — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  2. 

453.  BAPTISM  procrastinated.  Converts. 
Among  the  proselytes  of  Christianity,  there  were 
many  who  judged  it  imprudent  to  precipitate  a 
salutary  rite,  which  could  not  be  repeated ;  to 
throw  away  an  inestimable  privilege,  which 
could  never  be  recovered.  By  the  delay  of  their 
baptism,  they  could  venture  freely  to  indulge 


their  passions  in  the  enjoyments  of  this  world, 
while  they  still  retained  in  their  own  hands  the 
means  of  a  sure  and  easy  absolution. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  20. 

454.  BAPTIST,  Pioneer.  Boger  Williams.  Ro- 
ger "Williams  belonged  to  that  most  radical 
body  of  dissenters  called  Anabaptists.  By  them 
the  validity  of  infant  baptism  was  denied.  Wil- 
liams himself  had  been  baptized  in  infancy,  but 
his  views  in  regard  to  the  value  of  the  ceremony 
had  undergone  a  change  during  his  ministrj'-  in 
Salem.  Now  that  he  had  freed  himself  from  all 
foreign  authority  both  of  Church  and  State,  he 
conceived  it  to  behis  duty  to  receive  a  second  bap- 
tism. But  who  should  perform  the  ceremony  ? 
Ezekiel  HoUiman,  a  layman,  was  selected  for  the 
sacred  duty.  Williams  meekly  received  the  rite  at 
the  hands  of  his  friend,  and  then  in  turn  baptized 
him  and  ten  other  exiles  of  the  colony.  Such 
was  the  organization  of  the  first  Baptist  church 
in  America. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  22. 

455.  BARBARITY  to  Animals.  Horses.  [In 
the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,]  wonderful 
as  it  may  appear,  the  "barbarous  custom"  of 
ploughing,  harrowing,  drawing,  and  working 
with  horses  by  the  tail  was  not  exploded  at 
Castlebar  and  other  places. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  7,  ch.  2,  p.  32. 

456.  BARBERS,  Surgical.  England.  [In  1547 
the  surgeons  separated  from  the  barber-sur- 
geons.] The  barber-surgeons  shaved,  and  drew 
teeth,  and  bled,  and  attempted  cures.  ...  In 
1540  the  two  companies  were  united  by  statute. 
—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  29,  p.  498. 

457.  BARGAIN,  Foolish.  St.  Thomas  Indian. 
[Columbus'  first  voyage.]  On  one  occasion  an 
Indian  gave  half  a  handful  of  gold-dust  in  ex- 
change for  one  of  these  toys,  and  no  sooner  was 
he  in  possession  of  it  than  he  bounded  away  to 
the  woods,  looking  often  behind  him,  fearing 
the  Spaniards  might  repent  of  having  parted  so 
cheaply  with  such  an  inestimable  jewel. — Irv- 
ing's  Columbus,  Book  4,  ch.  9. 

45§.  BASENESS,  Matrimonial.  Henry  VIII. 
[Henry  VIII.  married  Jane  Seymour  the  next 
day  after  the  official  murder  of  Anne  Boleyn. 
He  looked  upon  matrimony  as  an  indifferent  of- 
ficial act  which  his  duty  required  at  the  moment. 
This  is  the  apology  of  the  political  philosopher.] 
— Knight's  England,  vol.  2,  ch.  23,  p.  878. 

459.  BATHS,  Common.  Roman.  Following 
the  Romans  through  the  ordinary  occvipations  of 
the  day,  it  was  customary  for  them  to  go  from 
the  porticos  or  the  theatre  to  take  the  bath. 
Water,  which  in  the  more  frugal  days  of  the 
republic  was  used  only  for  the  necessary  purposes 
of  life,  was  not  brought  to  Rome  by  aqueducts 
till  the  441st  year  of  the  city.  .  .  .  It  soon  became 
one  of  the  chief  articles  of  luxury,  to  supply  as 
well  the  public  as  the  private  baths,  and  many 
aqueducts  were  accordingly  built  and  public  res- 
ervoirs and  fountains  reared  in  every  quarter  of 
the  city.  This  luxury  increased  to  such  a  degree 
that,  under  Augustus,  there  were  seven  hundred 
basins,  a  hundred  and  five  fountains,  and  a  hun- 
dred and  thirty  public  reservoirs,  all  adorned  in 
the  most  sumptuous  manner,  with  columns, 
statues,  and  basso-relievos.  To  superintend  these 
became  an  office  of  considerable  dignity  and 
emolument,  and  under  the  emperors  was  filled 


56 


BATHS— BATTLE. 


mostly  by  men  of  the  first  rank. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  4. 

460.  BATHS,  Magnificent.  Rrnian.  The  stu- 
pendous aqueducts,  so  justly  celebrated  by  the 
praises  of  Augustus  himself,  replenished  the 
Thermae,,  or  baths,  which  had  been  constructed 
in  every  part  of  the  city,  with  imperial  magnifi- 
cence. The  baths  of  Antoninus  Caracalla,  which 
were  open,  at  stated  hours,  for  the  indiscriminate 
service  of  the  senators  and  the  people,  contained 
above  sixteen  hundred  seats  of  marble,  and  more 
than  three  thousand  were  reckoned  in  the  baths 
of  Diocletian.  The  walls  of  the  lofty  apartments 
were  covered  with  curious  mosaics,  that  imitated 
the  art  of  the  pencil  in  the  elegance  of  design 
and  the  variety  of  colors.  The  Egyptian  granite 
was  beautifully  incrusted  with  the  precious  green 
marble  of  Numidia  ;  the  perpetual  stream  of  hot 
water  was  poured  into  the  capacious  basins, 
through  so  many  wide  mouths  of  bright  and 
massy  silver ;  and  the  meanest  Roman  could 
purchase,  with  a  small  copper  coin,  the  daily  en- 
joyment of  a  scene  of  pomp  and  luxury  which 
might  excite  the  envy  of  the  kings  of  Asia. 
From  these  stately  palaces  issued  a  swarm  of 
dirty  and  ragged  plebeians,  without  shoes  and 
without  a  mantle,  who  loitered  away  whole  days 
in  the  street  or  Forum  to  hear  news  and  to  hold 
disputes  ;  who  dissipated,  in  extravagant  gaming, 
the  miserable  pittance  of  their  wives  and  chil- 
dren, and  spent  the  hours  of  the  night  in  obscure 
taverns  and  brothels,  in  the  indulgence  of  gross 
and  vulgar  sensuality. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31, 
p.  262. 

461.  BATTLE,  Bloodless.  In  Armor.  [In  1119 
the  battle  of  Noyon,  or  Brenneville,  was  fought 
in  France.]  The  battle  was  not  a  sanguinary 
one,  and  was  remarkable  for  the  comparative 
safety  with  which  the  horsemen  in  complete  har- 
ness encountered  each  other.  Ordericus  says  : 
"  In  the  battle  between  the  two  kings,  in  which 
nearly  nine  hundred  knights  were  engaged,  I 
have  ascertained  that  only  three  were  slain.  This 
arose  from  their  being  entirely  covered  with 
steel  armor,  and  mutually  sparing  each  other 
for  the  fear  of  God  and  out  of  regard  for  the 
fraternity  of  arms. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch. 
17,  p.  241. 

462. .  Fort  Sumter.  [After  a  vig- 
orous bombardment  for  two  days  by  the  Confed- 
erates, the  barracks  took  fire.]  Major  Anderson 
agreed  to  an  unconditional  surrender  ...  on 
leaving  the  fort  he  was  permitted  to  salute  his 
flag  with  fifty  guns,  the  performance  of  which 
was  attended  with  the  melancholy  occurrence  of 
mortal  injuries  to  four  of  his  men  by  the  burst- 
ing of  two  cannon.  There  was  no  other  life  lost 
in  the  whole  affair.  ...  It  was  estimated  two 
thousand  shots  had  been  fired  in  all .  .  .  yet  not 
a  life  had  been  lost  nor  a  limb  injured. — Pol- 
lard's First  Year  op  the  War,  ch.  2,  p.  55. 

463.  BATTLE,  Bloody.  Battle  of  Towton. 
When  Margaret  [of  Anjou],  who  had  now  set 
her  husband  at  liberty,  prepared  to  enter  London 
in  triumph,  she  found  the  gates  of  the  city  shut 
against  her.  Young  Edward,  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  Duke  of  York,  had  begun  to  repair  the 
losses  of  his  party.  London  had  declared  in  his 
favor,  and  proclaimed  him  king  by  the  title  of 
Edward  IV.  Margaret  of  Anjou,  whose  great- 
ness of  soul  was  superior  to  all  of  her  misfort- 


unes, retreated  to  the  north  of  England,  where 
she  found  means  to  assemble  an  army  of  60,000 
men.  Warwick  met  her  at  the  head  of  40,000, 
at  Towton,  on  the  borders  of  Yorkshire.  An 
engagement  ensued — one  of  the  bloodiest  and 
most  desperate  that  is  recorded  in  the  English 
history.  Thirty-six  thousand  men  were  left  dead 
upon  the  field ;  Warwick  gained  a  complete 
victory,  by  which  the  young  Edward  was  fixed 
upon  the  throne,  and  the  vanquished  Margaret, 
with  her  husband  [Henry  VI.]  and  infant  son, 
took  refuge  in  Flanders. — Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book 
6,  ch.  14,  p.  225. 

464.  BATTLE,  Cry  in.  Battle  of  Naseby.  If 
any  field  could  have  been  won  by  passion  alone, 
Rupert  would  have  won  not  only  Naseby,  but 
many  another  field  ;  but  we  know  that,  as  pas- 
sion is  one  of  the  most  frail  elements  of  our  na- 
ture, so  Rupert  was  one  of  the  most  frail  of  men. 
At  the  head  of  his  Cavaliers,  in  white  sash  and 
plume,  he  indeed  flamed  in  brilliant  gallantry 
over  the  field,  shouting,  "Queen  Mary  !  Queen 
Mary !"  while  the  more  rough,  unknightly  sol- 
diers thundered,  "  God  is  with  us  !  God  is  with 
us!"  . .  .  "God  is  with  us  !"  struck  like  light  over 
his  soldiers'  hearts,  like  lightning  over  his  ene- 
mies. What  was  there  in  the  poor  cry,  "  Queen 
Mary  !"  (and  such  a  Mary  !)  to  kindle  feelings 
like  that ! — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  10. 

465.  BATTLE,  Decisive.  Battle  of  GJmronea. 
The  Macedonian  army  amounted  to  30,000  foot 
and  2000  horse  ;  that  of  the  Athenians  and  their 
allies  was  nearly  equal  in  number.  The  left  wing 
of  the  Macedonians  was  commanded  by  the 
young  Alexander,  and  it  was  his  fortune  to  be 
opposed  by  that  body  of  the  Thebans  called 
the  sacred  band ;  the  courage  of  the  combatants 
on  both  side  was,  therefore,  inflamed  by  a  high 
principle  of  honor.  The  attack  of  Alexander 
was  impetuous  beyond  all  description,  but  was 
sustained  with  the  most  determined  bravery  on 
the  part  of  the  Thebans ;  and  had  the  courage 
and  conduct  of  their  allies  given  them  an  ad- 
equate support,  the  fortune  of  the  day  would 
probably  have  been  fatal  to  the  Macedonians; 
but,  unaided  by  the  timely  co-operation  of  the 
main  body  of  the  Greeks,  the  sacred  band  were 
left  alone  to  sustain  this  desperate  assault,  and 
they  fought  till  the  whole  of  these  noble  The- 
bans lay  dead  upon  the  field.  The  Athenians, 
however,  on  their  part,  had  made  a  most  vig- 
orous attack  on  the  centre  of  the  Macedonian 
army,  and  broke  and  put  to  flight  a  great  body 
of  the  enemy.  Philip,  at  the  head  of  his  for- 
midable phalanx,  was  not  engaged  in  the  fight, 
but  coolly  withheld  his  attack  till  he  saw  the 
Greeks  pursuing  their  success  against  the  cen- 
tre with  a  tumultuous  impetuosity.  He  then 
charged  them  in  the  rear  with  the  whole  strength 
and  solidity  of  his  phalanx  opposed  to  their 
deranged  and  disorderly  battalions.  The  aspect 
of  affairs  was  now  quite  changed,  and  the  Gre- 
cian army,  after  a  desperate  conflict,  was  broken 
and  entirely  put  to  flight.  . .  .  This  decisive  en- 
gagement, which,  in  its  immediate  consequences, 
put  an  end  to  the  liberties  of  Greece,  was  fought 
in  the  year  338  before  Christ. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  3. 

466.  BATTLE,  Disparity  in.  Battle  of  Arbela. 
Alexander  .  .  .  passing  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates 
without  opposition,  came  up  with  the  Persian 


BATTLE. 


57 


monarch  [Darius]  at  the  head  of  700,000  men, 
near  to  the  village  of  Arbela  .  .  the  Macedonian 
army  did  not  exceed  40,000  men.  It  was  toward 
the  close  of  the  day  when  they  came  in  sight  of 
the  prodigious  host  of  the  Persians,  which  ex- 
tended over  an  immense  plain  to  the  utmost  dis- 
tance that  the  eye  could  reach.  Even  some  of 
Alexander's  bravest  officers  were  appalled  with 
this  sight.  .  .  .  The  attack  was  made  at  day- 
break with  an  ardor  and  impetuosity  on  the  part 
of  the  Greeks  which,  in  the  first  onset,  threw  the 
foremost  ranks  of  the  Persian  army  back  in  con- 
fusion upon  the  main  body,  and  completely  re- 
strained and  rendered  ineffectual  its  operations. 
Disorder,  once  begun,  was  propagated  like  an 
electrical  shock  through  the  whole  mass,  and 
the  decisive  victory  was  purchased  [with  a  loss 
not  exceeding  1200  Macedonians.  The  Persian 
loss  was  estimated  at  300,000] . —  Tytler's  Hist.  , 
Book  2,  ch.  4. 

467.  BATTLE,  A  Famous.  Maratlwn.  The 
Spartans  delayed  to  march,  from  an  absurd  su- 
perstition of  beginning  no  enterprise  till  after 
the  full  moon.  The  Athenians,  therefore,  may 
be  said  to  have  stood  alone  to  repel  this  torrent. 
The  amount  of  their  whole  army  was  only  10,000 
men ;  the  army  of  the  Persians  [under  Darius] 
■consisted  of  100,000  foot  and  10,000  horse— a 
vast  inequality.  Miltiades  drew  up  his  little  army 
at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  which  covered  both  the 
flanks,  and  frustrated  all  attempts  to  surround 
him.  They  knew  the  alternative  was  victory  or 
death,  and  that  all  depended  on  a  vigorous  effort 
to  be  made  in  one  moment ;  for  a  lengthened 
conflict  was  sure  destruction.  The  Greeks,  there- 
fore, laying  aside  all  missile  weapons,  trusted 
•everything  to  the  sword.  At  the  word  of  com- 
mand, instead  of  the  usual  discharge  of  javelins, 
they  rushed  at  once  upon  the  enemy  with  the 
most  desperate  impetuosity.  The  disorder  of  the 
Persians,  from  this  furious  and  unexpected  as- 
sault, was  instantly  perceived  by  Miltiades,  and 
improved  to  their  destruction  by  a  charge  made 
by  both  the  Avings  of  the  Athenian  army,  in 
which  with  great  judgment  he  had  placed  the 
best  of  his  troops.  The  army  of  the  Persians 
was  broken  in  a  moment ;  their  immense  num- 
bers increased  their  confusion,  and  the  whole 
were  put  to  flight.  A  great  carnage  ensued.  Six 
thousand  three  hundred  were  left  dead  on  the 
field  of  Marathon.  The  Athenians,  in  this  day 
of  glory,  lost  only  190  men.  The  Spartans  came 
the  day  after  the  battle  to  witness  the  triumph 
of  their  rival  State. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3, 
ch.  1. 

46§. .  Mantinea.     The  Spartan 

troops  had  been  suddenly  called  off  from  Man- 
tinea  to  defend  their  city.  Epaminondas  now 
attempted,  by  a  rapid  march,  to  surprise  and 
seize  Mantinea ;  but  in  the  mean  time  its  gar- 
rison had  been  re-enforced  by  an  Athenian  army, 
which  met  the  Thebans  in  front,  on  their  ap- 
proach to  the  town,  while  the  Spartans,  aware 
of  their  design,  were  following  close  upon  their 
rear.  An  engagement  now  ensued,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  in  the  Grecian  history.  The 
army  of  the  Thebans  amounted  to  30,000  foot 
and  8000  horse  ;  that  of  the  Lacedaemonians  and 
their  allies  to  20,000  foot  and  2000  horse.  The 
battle  was  fought  with  the  most  desperate  cour- 
a^ge  on  both  sides.  [The  Thebans  were  victorious, 


but  were  undone  by  the  death  of  Epaminondas, 
whom  ancient  historians  ranked]  .  .  .  among  the 
greatest  heroes  and  most  illustrious  characters 
of  antiquity. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3. 

469.  BATTLE,  A  great.  Austerlitz.  [On  De- 
cember 2d,  1805,  between  nearly  100,000  French 
under  Bonaparte  and  quite  as  many  Austrians 
and  Russians  under  their  emperors.  It  has  been 
considered  Bonaparte's  most  glorious  victory. 
He  took  40,000  prisoners,  and  the  allies  left  from 
12,000  to  15,000  on  the  field.]— Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  7,  ch.  25,  p.  450. 

470. .     Battle  of  Cressy.     [Edward 

III.,  King  of  England,  claimed  the  vacant 
throne  of  France  by  inheritance  in  right  of  his 
mother,  the  sister  of  Charles  the  Fair.]  Ed- 
ward, landing  in  France  with  the  chief  of  the 
nobility  of  England,  and  his  son,  called,  from 
the  color  of  his  armor,  the  Black  Prince,  then  a 
youth  of  fifteen  years  of  age,  ran  a  career  of  the 
most  glorious  exploits.  The  opulent  city  of 
Caen  in  Normandy  was  taken  and  plundered,  and 
the  English  were  extending  their  depredations 
almost  to  the  gat^s  of  Paris,  when  Philip  ap- 
peared in  their  front  with  an  army  of  100,000 
men  .  .  .  the  English  archers  began  the  engage- 
ment, which  throwing  that  wing  of  the  French 
to  whom  they  were  opposed  into  the  utmost  con- 
fusion, the  Prince  of  Wales,  taking  advantage  of 
their  dismay,  attacked  them  with  irresistible  im- 
petuosity.  The  king,  who  commanded  a  body 
of  reserve,  was  determined  to  allow  his  intrepid 
son  the  honor  of  the  day  ;  he  kept  aloof  from  the 
fight,  which  was  maintained  on  both  sides  with 
the  most  desperate  courage.  [The  French  were 
defeated.]  Thirty  thousand  were  left  dead  on 
the  spot.  Among  these  were  John,  King  of  Bo- 
hemia ;  Ralph,  Duke  of  Lorraine,  and  a  great 
part  of  the  nobility  of  France. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  12. 

471. .    Agincourt.    On  pretence  of 

recovering  the  ancient  patrimony  of  the  crown 
of  England,  Henry  [IV.]  made  a  descent  on 
Normandy  with  an  army  of  50,000  men.  He  took 
the  tower  of  Harfleur,  and  carried  devastation 
into  the  country.  A  contagious  distemper  ar- 
rested his  progress  and  destroyed  three  fourths  of 
his  army,  and  in  this  deplorable  condition,  with 
about  9000  effective  troops,  he  was  met  by  the 
Constable  D'Albret,  at  the  head  of  60,000  men. 
In  this  situation  a  retreat  was  attempted  by  the 
English,  but  they  were  harassed  by  the  enemy, 
and  compelled  to  come  to  an  engagement  on  the 
plain  of  Agincourt  On  that  day  the  English 
arms  obtained  a  signal  triumph.  The  French 
were  so  confident  of  success,  that  they  made  a 
proposal  to  the  English  about  surrendering,  and 
began  to  treat  for  the  ransom  of  their  prisoners. 
Henry  observed  in  their  immense  army  the  re- 
missness and  relaxation  which  commonly  attend 
a  great  superiority  of  numbers.  He  led  on  his 
little  band  to  meet  them  in  order  of  battle.  The 
French  stood  for  a  considerable  space  of  time, 
and  beheld  this  feeble  foe  with  indignation  and 
contempt.  "  Come  on,  my  friends,"  said  Henry  ; 
"  since  they  scorn  to  attack  us,  it  is  ours  to  show 
them  the  example.  Come  on,  and  the  blessed 
Trinity  be  our  protection."  ,  .  .  The  French 
were  broken,  dispersed,  and  entirely  cut  to 
pieces.  The  number  of  the  slain  amounted  to 
10,000,  and  14,000  were  taken  prisoners.  The  loss 


58 


BATTLE. 


of  the  English  in  the  victory  of  Agincourt  is  said 
not  to  have  exceeded  40  men — a  fact  bordering 
•upon  the  incredible. — Tytler'sHist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  13. 

472. .  Blenheim,  a.d.  1704.  Fifty- 
six  thousand  Allies  under  the  Duke  of  Maribor- 
ough  and  Prince  Eugene,  and  60,000  French 
and  Bavarians  under  Marshal  Tallard,  aided  by 
his  fellow-general  Marsin.  The  Allies  won  the 
battle,  taking  12,000  prisoners.  They  lost  11,000 
killed  and  wounded.  Total  loss  of  French  and 
Bavarians,  in  killed,  wounded,  prisoners,  and 
deserters,  40,000. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch. 
18,  p.  285. 

473. .  Jena.  [On  the  14th  of  Oc- 
tober, 1806,  250,000  men  were  engaged,  with  700 
pieces  of  cannon.  Bonaparte  defeated  the  Prus- 
sians, 20,000  being  killed  or  wounded  and  above 
30,000  taken  prisoners.  Their  king,  Frederick 
"William  III.,  fled  from  the  field.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  27. 

474. .    Leuthen.    [Frederick  II.  of 

Prussia,  with  30,000  men,  attacked  80,000  Aus- 
trians.]  The  Austrians  fought  bravely,  but 
the  genius  of  the  Prussian  leader  gave  him  a 
mighty  victory,  which  Napoleon  said  was  of 
itself  suflScient  to  place  Frederick  in  the  rank 
of  the  greatest  generals.  [Fought  at  Leuthen, 
1757. J— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  15,  p.  231. 

475. .    Navarino.  [The  British, 

French,  and  Russian  fleets  met  the  Turkish  and 
Egyptian  fleets  in  the  port  of  Navarino,  and 
after  four  hours'  battle  one  half  of  the  120  men- 
of-war  and  transports  were  sunk,  burnt,  or 
driven  on  shore.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch. 
12,  p.  227. 

476. .     TTie  Nile.      [Battle  of  the 

Nile,  fought  on  August  1,  1798.  The  number 
of  the  ships  in  the  two  fleets  was  nearly  equal. 
The  French  lost  the  battle  ;  nine  sail  of  the  ling 
were  taken  and  two  burned.  Only  two  French 
line-of -battle  ships  and  two  frigates  escaped.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  20,  p.  357. 

477, .  Eossbach.    [Frederick  II.  of 

Prussia,  with  22,000  men,  at  Rossbach  met 
40,000  French  and  20,000  Germans.]  Never 
was  victory  more  complete.  The  French  and 
the  Imperial  troops  vied  with  each  other  in  the 
swiftness  of  their  flight.  They  left  7000  pris- 
oners, guns,  colors,  baggage — all  that  could 
manifest  the  extent  of  their  humiliation. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  15,  p.  230. 

47§. .   Trafalgar.  [Under  Admiral 

Lord  Nelson  was  a  British  fleet  of  twenty-seven 
ships-of-the-line  and  four  frigates.  The  French 
and  Spaniards  had  opposed  to  him  thirty -three 
ships-of-the-line  and  seven  frigates,  twenty  of 
which  struck  their  colors.  Nelson  was  killed 
in  the  battle.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  25. 

479. .     At  TJlm.     On  the  20th  of 

October  [1805]  30,000  [Austrians],  with  60 
pieces  of  cannon,  marched  out  of  the  fortress 
and  laid  down  their  arms  [to  Bonaparte]. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  7.  ch.  25. 

480. -.  Ylttona.   [Fought  by  20,000 

Spanish  and  70,000  British  and  Portuguese 
under  the  Duke  of  Wellington  against  the 
French.  Wellington  described  the  result  in  his 
despatches.]  I  have  taken  from  them  151  pieces 
of  cannon,  415  wagons  of  ammunition,  all  their 


baggage,  provisions,  cattle,  treasure,  etc.,  and 
a  considerable  number  of  prisoners. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  31,  p.  562. 

481. .    Wagram.   [Between  300,000 

and  400,000  troops  engaged  on  the  6th  of  July, 
1809.  Twenty-four  thousand  Austrians  and 
18,000  French  are  said  to  have  been  killed  and 
wounded.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  29, 
p.  516. 

482. .   WaUrloo.    [Fought  June  18, 

1815 ;  about  150,000  men,  nearly  equally  di- 
vided, were  in  the  two  armies.  Wellington 
commanded  the  Allies  and  gave  Napoleon  his 
final  defeat.  The  Allies  lost  24,679.  The  French 
lost  18,500  killed  or  wounded,  and  7800  prisoners, 
—  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  2,  p.  37. 

483.  BATTLE,  Ineffective.  Island  No.  10.  The 

bombardment  .  .  .  commenced  on  the  15th  of 
March  [1862]  .  .  .  General  Beauregard  tele- 
graphed to  the  War  Department  at  Richmond 
...  on  the  1st  of  April  .  .  .  that  the  bombard- 
ment had  continued  for  fifteen  days,  in  which 
time  the  enemy  had  thrown  3000  shells,  ex- 
pending about  100,000  pounds  of  powder,  with 
the  result  on  our  side  of  one  man  killed  and  none 
seriously  wounded  .  .  .  that  our  batteries  were 
intact. — Pollard's  First  Year  of  the  War, 
ch.  12,  p.  291. 

484.  BATTLE,  Preparation  for.  Battle  of  Hast- . 
ings.  The  13th  of  October  was  occupied  in 
these  negotiations,  and  at  night  the  duke  [Will- 
iam] announced  to  his  men  the  next  day  would 
be  the  day  of  battle.  That  night  is  said  to  have 
been  passed  by  the  two  armies  in  very  different 
manners.  The  Saxon  soldiers  spent  it  in  jovial- 
ity, singing  their  national  songs  and  draining 
huge  horns  of  ale  and  wine  around  their  camp- 
fires.  The  Normans,  when  they  had  looked  to 
their  arms  and  horses,  confessed  themselves  to 
the  priests,  with  whom  their  camp  was  thronged, 
and  received  the  sacrament  by  thousands  at  a 
time.  On  Saturday,  the  14th  of  October,  was 
fought  the  great  battle.  [The  English  were  de- 
feated.]— Decisive  Battles,  §  306. 

485.  BATTLE,  Eeligion  in.  Siege  of  Damas- 
cus. At  the  principal  gate,  in  the  sight  of  both 
armies,  a  lofty  crucifix  was  erected  ;  the  bishop, 
with  his  clergy,  accompanied  the  march,  and 
laid  the  volume  of  the  New  Testament  before 
the  image  of  Jesus  ;  and  the  contending  parties 
were  scandalized  or  edified  by  a  prayer  that  the 
Son  of  God  would  defend  His  servants  and  vin- 
dicate His  truth.  The  battle  raged  with  incessant 
fury.  [The  city  was  taken.] — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  51. 

486.  BATTLE,  Terrific.  Mobile  Bay.  In  the 
beginning  of  August,  1864,  Admiral  Farragut 
bore  down  with  a  powerful  squadron  upon  the 
defences  of  Mobile.  The  entrance  to  the  harbor 
of  this  city  was  commanded  on  the  left  by  Fort 
Gaines  and  on  the  right  by  Fort  Morgan.  The 
harbor  was  defended  by  a  Confederate  fleet  and 
the  monster  iron-clad  ram  Tennessee.  On  the 
5th  of  August  Farragut  prepared  for  battle,  and 
ran  past  the  forts  into  the  harbor.  In  order  to 
direct  the  movements  of  his  vessels,  the  brave- 
old  admiral  mounted  to*  the  maintop  of  his  flag- 
ship, the  Hartford,  lashed  himself  to  the  rigging, 
and  from  that  high  perch  gave  his  commands- 
during  the  battle.      One  of  the  Union  ships. 


BATTLE— BEGGAR. 


5D 


struck  a  torpedo  and  went  to  the  bottom.  The 
rest  attacked  and  dispersed  the  Confederate 
squadron  ;  but  just  as  the  bay  seemed  won,  the 
terrible  Tennessee  came  down  at  full  speed  to 
strike  and  sink  the  Hartford.  The  latter  avoid- 
ed the  blow ;  and  then  followed  one  of  the  fierc- 
est attacks  of  the  war.  The  iron-clads  closed 
around  their  black  antagonist,  and  battered  her 
with  their  beaks  and  fifteen-inch  bolts  of  iron 
until  she  surrendered.  Two  days  afterward 
Fort  Gaines  was  taken,  and  on  the  23d  of  the 
month  Fort  Morgan  was  obliged  to  capitulate. — 
RiDPATii's  U.  S.,  ch.  66. 

4§7.  BATTLE,  A  useless.  New  Orleans.  [The 
battle  of  New  Orleans  was  fought  after  the  treaty 
of  peace  had  been  signed  at  Ghent,  the  news 
of  which  arrived  soon  after.] — Knight's  Eng- 
land, vol.  8,  ch.  1. 

488.  BATTLEFIELD, Fruitful.  "Blood-fatten- 
ed." [The  battlefield  where  Marius  destroyed 
the  Teutones  was  enriched  with  the  blood  of 
the  barbarians.]  The  Massilians  walled  in  their 
vineyards  with  the  bones  they  found  in  the 
field ;  and  .  .  .  the  rain  which  fell  the  winter 
following,  soaking  in  the  moisture  of  the  putre- 
fied bodies,  the  ground  was  so  enriched  by  it, 
that  it  produced  the  next  season  a  prodigious 
crop.  Thus  the  opinion  of  Archilochus  is  con- 
firmed, thai  fields  are  fattened  with  blood. — Plu- 
tarch's Marius. 

489.  BATTLES,  Decisive.  Fifteen.  [Mara- 
thon, Syracuse,  Arbela,  Metaurus,  victory  of 
Arminius  over  the  Roman  legions  under  Varus, 
Chalons,  Tours,  Hastings,  Orleans,  defeat  of 
the  Spanish  Annada,  Blenheim,  Pultowa,  Sar- 
atoga, Valmy,  Waterloo.] — See  Creasy's  Fif- 
teen Dec.  Battles. 

490.  BEARD,  A  significant.  Walter  Scott. 
About  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century  lived 
Sir  Walter's  great-grandfather,  Walter  Scott,  gen- 
erally known  in  Teviotdale  by  the  surname 
of  Beardie,  because  he  would  never  cut  his  beard 
after  the  banishment  of  the  Stuarts,  and  who 
took  arms  in  their  cause  and  lost  by  his  intrigues 
on  their  behalf  almost  all  that  he  had,  besides 
running  the  greatest  risk  of  being  hanged  as  a 
traitor. — Hutton's  Life  of  Scott,  ch.  1. 

491.  BEARDS,  Characteristic.  Lombards.  In- 
stead of  asserting  the  rights  of  a  sovereign  for 
the  protection  of  his  subjects,  the  emperor  invit- 
ed a  strange  people  to  invade  and  possess  the 
Roman  provinces  between  the  Danube  and  the 
Alps ;  and  the  ambition  of  the  Gepidae  was 
checked  by  the  rising  power  and  fame  of  the 
Lombards.  This  corrupt  appellation  had  been 
diffused  in  the  thirteenth  century  by  the  mer- 
chants and  bankers,  the  Italian  posterity  of  these 
savage  warriors  ;  but  the  original  name  of  Lango- 
bards  is  expressive  only  of  the  peculiar  length 
Wid  fashion  of  their  beards. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
Ch.  43. 

492.  BEAUTY,  Common.  Jeanne.  The  county 
T  of  Flanders  was  .  ,  .  annexed  to  the  crown  of 
;  France.     A  few  months  later  Philip  [IV.]  and 

his  consort,  attended  by  a  brilliant  court,  made  a 
sumptuous  progress  through  the  chief  cities  of 
the  conquered  province.  The  Flemings  .  .  .  wel- 
i  comed  their  new  sovereign  with  lively  demon- 
!  strations  of  joy.  .  .  .An  entertainment  given  at 
I  Bruges  was  especially  distinguished  by  the  ra- 
i  diant  beauty  and  rich  attire  of  the  female  nobil- 


ity :  "I  thought  I  was  the  only  queen  here," 
exclaimed  the  envious  Jeanne  of  Navarre  ;  "but 
I  find  myself  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  queens.  "■ 
— Students'  France,  ch.  9,  §  14,  p.  181. 

493.  BEAUTY,  Personal.  MaJiomet.  Accord- 
ing to  the  tradition  of  his  companions,  Mahomet 
was  distinguished  by  the  beauty  of  his  person, 
an  outward  gift  which  is  seldom  despised,  except 
by  those  to  whom  it  has  been  refused.  Before 
he  spoke,  the  orator  engaged  on  his  side  the  af- 
fections of  a  public  or  private  audience.  They 
applauded  his  commanding  presence,  his  majes- 
tic aspect,  his  piercing  eye,  his  gracious  smile, 
his  flowing  beard,  his  countenance  that  painted 
every  sensation  of  the  soul,  and  his  gestures  that 
enforced  each  expression  of  the  tongue. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  50. 

494.  BEAUTY,  Promoted  by.  George  VilUers. 
[The  first  introduction  of  George  Villiers  to 
James  I.  was  purely  from  the  beauty  of  his  person. 
The  history  of  England  to  the  end  of  this  reign 
is  in  great  part  the  personal  history  of  George 
Villiers,  the  adventurer.]  First  the  cup-bearer  ; 
in  a  few  weeks  knighted  ;  without  any  other 
qualification  he  was  at  the  same  time  made  Gen- 
tleman of  the  Bedchamber  and  Knight  of  the 
Order  of  the  Garter  ;  and  in  a  short  time  he  was 
made  a  baron,  a  viscount,  an  earl,  a  marquis,  and 
became  Lord  High- Admiral  of  England,  Lord 
Warden  of  the  Cinque  ports,  Master  of  the  Horse, 
and  entirely  disposed  of  all  the  graces  of  the 
king,  in  conferring  all  the  honors  and  all  the 
offices  of  three  kingdoms,  without  a  rival. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23,  p.  364. 

495.  BEAUTY,  Self-asserted.  Sylla.  Lucul- 
lus  tells  us  when  Sylla  was  sent  at  the  head  of  an 
army  against  the  confederates,  the  earth  opened 
on  a  sudden  near  Laverna;  and  ...  a  vast  quantity 
of  fire  and  a  flame.  .  .  shot  up  to  the  heavens. 
The  soothsayers  being  consulted  upon  it,  made 
answer, ' '  That  a  person  of  courage  and  superior 
beauty  should  take  the  reins  of  government  into 
his  hands  and  suppress  the  tumults  with  which 
Rome  was  then  agitated."  Sylla  says  he  was 
the  man ;  for  his  locks  of  gold  were  sufficient 
proof  of  his  beauty,  and  that  he  needed  not  hes- 
itate after  so  many  great  actions  to  avow  him- 
self a  man  of  courage. — Plutarch's  Sylla. 

496.  BEER,  Antiquity  of.  Germans.  Strong 
beer,  a  liquor  extracted  with  very  little  art  from 
wheat  or  barley,  and  corrupted  (as  it  is  strongly 
expressed  by  Tacitus)  into  a  certain  semblance  of 
wine,  was  sufficient  for  the  gross  purposes  of 
German  debauchery.  But  those  who  had  tasted 
the  rich  wines  of  Italy,  and  afterward  of  Gaul, 
sighed  for  that  more  delicious  species  of  intoxi- 
cation.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  9. 

497.  BEGGAR,  An  honorable.  Martin  Luilier. 
His  relatives,  one  of  whom  was  sexton  of  the 
church  of  St.  Nicholas,  were  probably  not  in  tlie 
position  to  assist  him  for  any  great  length  of 
time.  He  was  therefore  obliged,  as  a  charity 
scholar,  to  appeal  to  the  common  sympathy  of 
all  men,  as  he  had  already  done  in  Magdeburg. 
In  later  years  he  himself  says  :  "  Do  not  despises 
the  boys  that  go  from  house  to  house  asking; 
bread  for  the  sake  of  God  and  singing  the  '  bread- 
choinis.'  I  also  was  one  of  those  'bread-colts,* 
and  begged  bread  at  the  doors,  especially  in  Eise- 
nach, that  dear  city." — Rein's  Luther,  eh.  2. 


60 


BEGGAR— BEGINNING. 


49§.  BEGGAE,  A  literary.  Reignof  Charles  II. 
The  recompense  which  the  wits  of  that  age  could 
obtain  from  the  public  was  so  small,  that  they 
were  under  the  necessity  of  eking  out  their  in- 
comes by  levying  contributions  on  the  great. 
Every  rich  and  good-natured  lord  was  pestered 
by  authors  with  a  mendicancy  so  importunate, 
and  a  flattery  so  abject,  as  may  in  our  time  seem 
incredible.  The  patron  to  whom  a  work  was  in- 
scribed was  expected  to  reward  the  writer  with  a 
purse  of  gold.  The  fee  paid  for  the  dedication 
of  a  book  was  often  much  larger  than  the  sum 
which  any  bookseller  would  give  for  the  copy- 
right. Books  were  therefore  often  printed  merely 
that  they  might  be  dedicated.  This  traffic  in 
praise  completed  the  degradation  of  the  literary 
character.  Adulation  pushed  to  the  verge, 
sometimes  of  nonsense,  and  sometimes  of  impie- 
ty, was  not  thought  to  disgrace  a  poet.  Inde- 
pendence, veracity,  self-respect,  were  things  not 
expected  by  the  world  from  him.  In  truth,  he 
was  in  morals  something  between  a  pander  and 
a  beggar. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3. 

499.  BEGGARS,  Malicious.  EnglaTid.  [In 
1545  the  wandering  beggars  cut  off  the  ears  of 
people,  burnt  frames  of  timber  prepared  for  the 
erection  of  a  building,  cut  the  heads  of  ponds 
and  conduits  ;  burnt  carts  laden  with  charcoal  ; 
set  fire  to  heaps  of  felled  wood  ;  barked  apple 
and  pear  trees,  and  cut  out  the  tongues  of  cattle.] 
— Knight's  Exg.,  vol.  3,  ch.  28,  p.  471. 

500.  BEGGASS,  Professional.  Monks.  In  the 
first  century  of  their  institution,  the  infidel  Zo- 
simus  has  maliciously  observed,  that,  for  the 
benefit  of  the  poor,  the  Christian  monks  had  re- 
duced a  great  part  of  mankind  to  a  state  of 
beggary. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  37. 

501.  BEGGARS  punished.  Whipped.  [Those 
who  solicited  alms  without  license  were  to  be 
whipped  and  set  in  the  stocks.]  But  if  any 
person  being  whole  in  body  and  able  to  labor 
was  found  begging,  every  such  idle  person  was 
to  be  whipped  at  the  end  of  a  cart,  and  enjoined 
to  return  to  the  place  where  he  was  born,  or 
where  he  last  dwelt  for  three  years,  and  there  put 
himself  to  labor  as  a  true  man  oweth  to  do. 
He  was  to  beg  his  way  home  ;  but  if  he  wan- 
dered from  the  prescribed  way,  or  exceeded  the 
prescribed  times  in  his  perilous  journey,  he  was 
in  every  place  to  be  taken  and  whipped. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  21,  p.  342. 

502. .     Slavery.     [From   1384    to 

1531]  vagabonds  were  put  in  the  stocks.  Then 
the  whip  was  added  to  the  stocks.  In  1536  the 
>vhip  was  a  mild  punishment,  to  which  mutila- 
tion and  death  were  supplemented.  But  even 
the  cart's  tail,  the  butcher's  knife,  and  the  hang- 
iman's  noose  inspired  no  adequate  dread.  ...  In 
1545  .  .  .  itisprovided  that  every  man  or  woman, 
not  being  prevented  from  work  by  old  age,  lame- 
ness, or  disease,  who  shall  be  found  loitering  or 
•wandering,  and  not  seeking  work  during  three 
days,  or  who  shall  leave  work  when  engaged, 
may  be  lawfully  apprehended  and  be  brought 
before  two  justices  of  the  peace  ;  who,  upon  con- 
fession, or  the  proof  of  two  witnesses,  shall  im- 
mediately cause  the  said  loiterer  to  be  marked 
with  a  hot  iron  in  the  breast,  the  mark  of  V,  and 
adjudge  the  said  person,  living  so  idly,  to  be  his 
slave.  The  presentor,  as  he  is  called,  is  to  have 
and  hold  the  slave  for  two  years;  and,  only 


giving  him  bread  and  water  and  refuse  food,  to 
"cause  the  said  slave  to  work,  by  beating,  chain- 
ing, or  otherwise."  [If  he  runs  away,  after  con- 
viction, he  shall  be  branded  on  the  forehead  or 
ball  of  the  cheek  with  a  hot  iron,  making  an  S  ; 
he  is  then  to  be  a  slave  for  life.  If  he  runs  away 
the  second  time,  he  is  to  suffer  death  as  a  felon. 
Infant  beggars  may  be  bound  to  the  service  of 
any  person  who  will  take  them — the  males  till 
they  are  twenty-four  and  the  females  till  they 
are  twenty  years  old.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  28,  p.  470. 

503.  BEGGARS,  Scheme  for.  Count  Rumford. 
Bavaria  was  then  infested  with  beggars,  vaga- 
bonds, and  thieves,  native  and  foreign.  These 
mendicant  tramps  were  in  the  main  stout, 
healthy,  and  able-bodied  fellows,  who  found  a 
life  of  thievish  indolence  pleasanter  than  a  life 
of  honest  work.  "  These  detestable  vermin  had 
recourse  to  the  most  diabolical  arts  and  the 
most  horrid  crimes  in  the  prosecution  of  their 
infamous  trade."  They  robbed,  they  stole,  maim- 
ed and  exposed  little  children,  so  as  to  extract 
money  from  the  tender-hearted.  All  this  must 
be  put  an  end  to.  Four  regiments  of  cavalry 
were  so  cantoned  that  every  village  had  its  pa- 
trol. This  disposition  of  the  cavalry  was  ante- 
cedent to  seizing,  as  a  beginning,  all  the  beggars 
in  the  capital.  [At  Munich  he  established  a 
pauper  workhouse,  well  ordered,  clean,  and  gave 
instruction  and  encouragement.  It  paid  expenses, 
and  relieved  the  government  and  helped  the 
poor.] — Tynd all's  Count  Rumford. 

504.  BEGINNING,  Discouragement  at  the. 
Pilgrims.  On  Monday,  the  lltli  of  December — 
old  style  1620 — the  Pilgrim  Fathers  landed  at  the 
Rock  of  Plymouth.  It  was  now  the  dead  of 
winter.  There  was  an  incessant  storm  of  sleet 
and  snow,  and  the  houseless  immigrants,  already 
enfeebled  by  their  sufferings,  fell  a-dying  of 
hunger,  cold,  and  exposure.  After  a  few  days 
spent  in  explorations  about  the  coast,  a  site  was 
selected  near  the  first  landing,  some  trees  were 
felled,  the  snowdrifts  were  cleared  away,  and  on 
the  9th  of  January  the  heroic  toilers  began  to 
build  New  Plymouth.  Every  man  took  on  him- 
self the  work  of  making  his  own  house  ;  but  thej 
ravages  of  disease  grew  daily  worse,  strong  ar 
fell  powerless,  lung  fevers  and  consumptior 
wasted  every  family.  At  one  time  only  sevei 
men  were  able  to  work  on  the  sheds  which  wer 
building  for  shelter  from  the  storms  ;  and  if 
early  spring  had  not  brought  relief,  the  colon) 
must  have  perished  to  a  man. — Ridpath's  U.  S.^ 
ch.  7. 

505.  BEGINNING,  A  pious.  Reformation.  The 
theses  of  Dr.  Martin  Luther  were  read  all  ove^ 
Germany.  Numerous  strangers  who  attende 
the  anniversary  festival  of  consecration  at  Wit 
tenberg,  in  order  that  they  might  adore  the  manj 
relics  and  other  sacred  treasures  of  the  churcl 
carried  the  news  with  them  to  their  homes.  Uf 
to  this  time  no  one  had  been  willing  to  bell  the" 
cat !  Great  as  was  the  discontent  at  the  shame- 
less proceedings  of  the  traders  in  indulgences, 
equally  great  was  the  fear  of  opposing  the  Pope 
and  the  Church.  But  Luther  said  :  "  Whoever 
will  begin  anything  good,  let  him  see  to  it  that 
he  begin  and  venture  it  in  reliance  upon  the 
favor  of  God,  and  never  upon  human  comforter 
assistance ;  let  him  not  fear  any  man — no,  not 


BEGINNING— BENEFACTORS. 


61 


the  whole  world  ?"  Everywhere  Luther's  theses 
found  prepared  ground.  Everywhere  they  were 
spoken  of,  and  with  anxious  concern  was  he  re- 

farded  who  had  ventured  upon  so  bold  a  step  ! 
'hus  the  name  of  the  fearless  Augustinian  monk 
passed  rapidly  from  nation  to  nation,  and  many 
an  inquiry  was  heard  about  the  antecedents  and 
the  experiences  of  the  man  who  had  presumed 
to  take  issue  with  the  Pope  and  his  adherents. 
— Rein's  Luther,  ch.  1. 

506.  BEGINNING,  A  small.  American  Bewlu- 
tion.  A  Stamp  Act  to  raise  £60,000  produced 
a  war  that  cost  £100,000,000.  .  .  .  "What  mighty 
contests  rise  from  trivial  things  !"  —  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  16,  p.  271. 

507. .  Bomans.  [A  revolution  from 

a  blow.]  Amid  the  ruins  of  Italy  the  famous  Ma- 
rozia  invited  one  of  the  usurpers  to  assume  the 
character  of  her  third  husband  ;  and  Hugh,  King 
of  Burgundy,  was  introduced  by  her  faction 
into  the  mole  of  Hadrian  or  castle  of  St.  Angelo, 
which  commands  the  principal  bridge  and  en- 
trance of  Rome.  Her  son  by  the  first  marriage, 
Alberic,  was  compelled  to  attend  at  the  nuptial 
banquet ;  but  his  reluctant  and  ungraceful  service 
was  chastised  with  a  blow  by  his  new  father.  The 
blow  was  productive  of  a  revolution.  "  Ro- 
mans," exclaimed  the  youth,  "once  you  were 
the  masters  of  the  world,  and  these  Burgundians 
the  most  abject  of  your  slaves.  They  now 
reign,  these  voracious  and  brutal  savages,  and 
my  injury  is  the  commencement  of  your  servi- 
tude." The  alarum  bell  rang  to  arms  in  every 
quarter  of  the  city  ;  the  Burgundians  retreated 
with  haste  and  shame  ;  Marozia  was  imprisoned 
by  her  victorious  son,  and  his  brother,  Pope 
John  XI.,  was  reduced  to  the  exercise  of  his 
spiritual  functions. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  49. 

50§. .     War.     [The  Duke  of  Guise 

left]  his  chateau  of  Joinville  with  a  retinue  of 
two  hundred  well-armed  gentlemen  ;  the  duke 
halted,  on  the  1st  of  March,  1562,  at  the  little 
town  of  Vassy  in  Champagne,  where,  the  day 
being  Sunday,  the  Protestants  were  assembled 
for  divine  service.  The  duke's  attendants,  by 
his  orders,  interrupted  and  tried  to  stop  the  he- 
retical worship ;  the  sectaries  resisted,  and  a 
fierce  brawl  ensued.  The  duke,  followed  by  his 
officers,  hurried  to  the  spot,  and  was  assailed  by 
a  shower  of  stones,  one  of  which  struck  him  on 
the  cheek.  His  enraged  soldiers  now  fired  upon 
the  unarmed  multitude  ;  the  carnage  was  fearful ; 
60  persons  were  slain  outright,  and  upward  of 
200  more  grievously  wounded.  Such  was  the 
"massacre  of  Vassy,"  which,  whether  premedi- 
tated or  accidental,  was  the  first  act  of  the  civil 
and  religious  wars  of  France. — Students" 
France,  ch.  16,  §  5,  p.  334. 

509.  BELLS,  Impressive.  Napoleon  I.  One 
day  when  this  matter  [of  religion]  was  under 
earnest  discussion  in  the  council  of  State,  Na- 
poleon said  :  "  Last  evening  I  was  walking  alone 
in  the  woods,  amid  the  solitude  of  nature.  The 
tones  of  a  distant  church  bell  fell  upon  my  ear. 
Involuntarily  I  felt  deep  emotions — so  powerful 
is  the  influence  of  early  habits  and  associations. 
I  said  to  myself.  If  I  feel  thus,  what  must  be  the 
influence  of  such  impressions  upon  the  popular 
mind  ?  Let  your  philosophers  answer  that  if 
they  can.  It  is  absolutely  indispensable  to  have 
a  religion  for  the  people."  ,  ,  ,     Says  Bourri- 


enne,  "I  have  been  twenty  times  witness  to  the 
singular  effect  which  the  sound  of  a  bell  had  on 
Napoleon." — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  23. 

510.  BELLS  substituted.  Human  Voice.  [Ma- 
homet established]  the  usage  which  subsists 
still,  of  calling  the  faithful  to  prayer  by  a  signal 
which  unites  the  people,  at  the  same  hours,  in 
the  same  aspiration.  It  was  first  proposed  him 
to  employ  the  trumpet  which  used  to  call  the 
Jews  to  the  temple  ;  then  the  creaker  that  convok 
ed  the  Christians  before  the  invention  of  bells. 
He  preferred,  after  long  hesitations,  the  human 
voice,  that  living  signal,  that  appeal  from  soul 
to  soul,  which  gives  to  sounds  the  accent  of  in- 
telligence and  piety.  He  instituted  the  muezzin, 
who  are  servitors  of  the  mosque,  selected  for  the 
amplitude  and  sonority  of  their  voice,  to  mount 
the  summit  of  the  minarets  and  chant  from  on 
high  upon  city  and  upon  country  the  hour  of 
prayer. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  104. 

511.  BENEFACTOR,  Praise  of.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. Their  masters  fled  upon  the  approach  of 
our  soldiers,  and  this  gave  the  slaves  a  conception 
of  a  power  greater  than  their  masters  exercised. 
This  power  they  called  "  Massa  Linkum."  Col- 
onel McKaye  said  ...  on  a  certain  day,  when 
there  was  quite  a  large  gathering  of  the  people 
[in  their  praise  house],  considerable  confusion 
was  created  by  different  persons  attempting  to 
tell  who  and  what  "  Massa  Linkum"  was.  .  .  . 
"  Brederin,"  said  he  [their  white-haired  leader], 
"you  don't  know  nosen'  what  you'se  talkin* 
'bout.  Now,  you  just  listen  to  me.  Massa  Lin- 
kum, he  eberywhar.  He  know  eberyt'ing." 
Then  solemnly  looking  up,  he  added  :  "He  walk 
de  earf  like  de  Lord!"  .  .  .  Mr.  Lincoln  was 
very  much  affected  by  this  account.  He  did 
not  smile,  as  another  might  have  done,  but  got  up 
from  his  chair  and  walked  in  silence  two  or  three 
times  across  the  floor.  As  he  resumed  his  seat, 
he  said,  very  impressively  :  "  It  is  a  momentous 
thing  to  be  the  instrument,  under  Providence,  of 
the  liberation  of  a  race." — Raymond's  Lincoln, 
p.  734. 

512.  BENEFACTOES  opposed.  James  Har- 
greaves.  [The  inventor  of  the  cotton  carding 
machine.]  A  man  was  about  to  be  executed  at 
Cork  for  stealing.  On  the  appointed  day  the 
weavers,  who  were  short  of  work,  and  attribut- 
ed the  hard  times  to  cotton,  gathered  about  the 
gallows,  and  dressed  both  the  criminal  and  the 
executioner  in  cotton  cloth,  to  mark  their  con- 
tempt and  abhorrence  of  it,  and  to  make  the 
wearing  of  it  disgraceful.  "The  criminal,  sym- 
pathizing with  the  object,  delivered  the  folloAv- 
ing  address  just  before  being  turned  off  :  "  Give 
ear,  O  good  people,  to  the  words  of  a  dy- 
ing sinner.  I  confess  I  have  been  guilty  of 
what  necessity  compelled  me  to  commit ;  which 
starving  condition  I  was  in,  I  am  well  assured, 
was  occasioned  by  the  scarcity  of  money,  that 
has  proceeded  from  the  great  discouragement  of 
our  woollen  manufactures.  Therefore,  good 
Christians,  consider  that,  if  you  go  on  to  suppress 
your  own  goods  by  wearing  such  cottons  as  I  am 
now  clothed  in.  you  will  bring  your  country  in- 
to misery  which  will  consequently  swarm  with 
such  unhappy  malefactors  as  your  present  object 
is,  and  the  blood  of  every  miserable  felon  that 
will  hang  after  this  warning  will  lay  at  your 


62 


BENEVOLENCE. 


door."    [Legislation  followed  unfriendly  to  cot- 
ton-weaving.]— Cyclopedia  OP  Biog.,  p.  704. 

513.  BENEVOLENCE,  Access  by.  John  How- 
ard. After  attempting  in  vain  to  gain  access  to 
other  prisons  in  Paris,  he  was  so  fortunate  as  to 
discover  an  ancient  royal  decree,  which  directed 
jailers  to  admit  to  prisons  under  their  charge  all 
persons  desirous  of  giving  alms  to  prisoners,  and 
to  permit  them  to  give  their  alms  into  the  pris- 
oners' own  hands.  Armed  with  this  decree,  he 
obtained  access  to  all  the  prisons  of  Paris,  except 
the  impenetrable  Bastile. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog- 
BAPHY,  p.  48. 

514.  BENEVOLENCE,  Beauty  of.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  Hon.  Thaddeus  Stevens  called  with  an 
elderly  lady  in  great  trouble,  whose  son  had  been 
in  the  army,  but  for  some  offence  had  been  court- 
martialed  and  sentenced  either  to  death  or  im- 
prisonment. .  .  .  After  a  full  hearing,  the  Pres- 
ident .  .  .  proceeded  to  execute  the  paper  [grant- 
ing pardon].  The  gratitude  of  the  mother  was 
too  deep  for  expression,  save  by  her  tears,  and 
not  a  word  was  said  between  her  and  Mr.  Stevens 
until  they  were  half  way  down  the  stairs  .  .  . 
when  she  suddenly  broke  forth  in  an  excited 
manner  with  the  words, ' '  I  knew  it  was  a  copper- 
head lie  !"  "  What  do  you  refer  to,  madam  ?" 
asked  Mr.  Stevens.  "Why,  they  told  me  he 
was  an  ugly-looking  man,"  she  replied,  with  vehe- 
mence. "  He  is  the  handsomest  man  I  ever  saw 
in  my  life  !" — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  738. 

515.  BENEVOLENCE,  Blessing  on.  Oswald. 
[The  Northumbrian  king.]  For  after-times  the 
memory  of  Oswald's  greatness  was  lost  in  the 
memory  of  his  piety.  "By  reason  of  his  con- 
stant habit  of  praying  or  giving  thanks  to  the 
Lord,  he  was  wont  wherever  he  sat  to  hold  his 
hands  upturned  on  his  knees."  As  he  feasted 
with  Bishop  Aidan  by  his  side,  the  thegn  or  no- 
ble of  his  war-band,  whom  he  had  sent  to  give 
alms  to  the  poor  at  his  gate,  told  him  of  a  mul- 
titude that  still  waited  fasting  without.  The 
king  at  once  bade  the  untasted  meat  before  him 
to  be  carried  to  the  poor,  and  his  silver  dish  be 
parted  piecemeal  among  them.  Aidan  seized  the 
royal  hand  and  blessed  it.  "  May  this  hand,"  he 
cried,  "never  grow  old." — Hist,  op  Eng.  Peo- 
ple, §  50. 

516.  BENEVOLENCE  a  Business.  John  How- 
ard. From  1773  to  1776  Howard's  chief  employ- 
ment was  to  pursue  his  investigations  into  the 
conditions  of  the  prisons  of  Great  Britain.  In 
the  course  of  those  three  years  he  personally  and 
most  thoroughly  inspected  every  prison  in  the 
three  kingdoms  that  offered  any  peculiarity.  He 
travelled  ten  thousand  miles  at  his  own  expense, 
and  delivered  from  prison  a  large  number  of 
poor  debtors  by  paying  their  debts.  Wherever  he 
went  he  brought  some  alleviation  to  the  lot  of  the 
prisoners  by  gifts  of  money,  bread,  meat,  or  tea, 
and  by  remonstrating  with  jailers,  surgeons, 
chaplains,  and  magistrates.  Several  prisons  un- 
derwent a  complete  renovation  and  reforma- 
tion solely  in  consequence  of  his  conversations 
with  county  magistrates  and  circuit  judges. — Cy- 
clopedia OP  BioG. ,  p.  45. 

517.  BENEVOLENCE,  Christian.  Beign  of 
James  II.  [The  Duke  of  Monmouth  was  defeat- 
ed and  his  adherents  imprisoned.]  The  jails  of 
Somersetshire  and  Dorsetshire  were  filled  with 


thousands  of  captives.  The  chief  friend  and 
protector  of  these  unhappy  men  in  their  extrem- 
ity was  one  who  abhorred  their  religious  and 
political  opinions,  one  whose  order  they  hated, 
and  to  whom  they  had  done  unprovoked  wrong, 
Bishop  Ken.  That  good  prelate  used  all  his  in- 
fluence to  soften  the  jailers,  and  retrenched  from 
his  own  episcopal  state  that  he  might  be  able  to 
make  some  addition  to  the  coarse  and  scanty  fare 
of  those  who  had  defaced  his  beloved  cathedral. 
His  conduct  on  this  occasion  was  of  a  piece  with 
his  whole  life.  His  intellect  was  indeed  dark- 
ened by  many  superstitions  and  prejudices ;  but 
his  moral  character,  when  impartially  reviewed, 
sustains  a  comparison  with  any  in  ecclesiastical 
history,  and  seems  to  approach  as  near  as  human 
infirmity  permits  to  the  ideal  perfection  of  Chris- 
tian virtue. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5. 

518.  BENEVOLENCE,  Conscientious.  JohnWes- 
ley.  It  is  estimated  that  he  gave  awaj^  in  the 
course  of  his  life  more  than  $150,000.  [Princi- 
pally the  income  from  his  literary  works.  When 
the  Commissioners  of  Excise  wrote  him,]  "  We 
cannot  doubt  that  you  have  plate,  for  which 
3^ou  have  hitherto  neglected  to  make  an  entry," 
his  laconic  reply  was,  "  I  have  two  silver  tea- 
spoons at  London,  and  two  at  Bristol ;  this  is  all 
the  plate  which  I  have  at  i^resent,  and  I  shall 
not  buy  any  more  while  so  many  around  me 
Avant  bread." — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1, 
p.  267. 

519. .  Mary  Fletcher.  [The  wid- 
ow of  Rev.  John  Fletcher  was  as  economical  as 
she  was  benevolent.  Her  expenses  never  amount- 
ed to  £5  a  year.  During  the  last  year  of  her 
life  a  friend  who  made  up  her  accounts  reports,] 
that  her  whole  expenditure,  on  her  own  apparel, 
amounted  to  19s.  M.  Her  "poor  account"  for 
the  same  year  amounted  to  nearly  £182. — Ste- 
vens' Methodism,  vol.  3,  p.  228. 

520.  .     Lady  Huntingdon.     Lady 

Huntingdon  .  .  .  gave  away,  for  religious  pur- 
poses, more  than  $500,000.  She  sold  all  her 
jewels,  and  by  the  proceeds  erected  chapels  for 
the  poor.  She  relinquished  her  aristocratic 
equipage,  her  expensive  residences  and  liveried 
servants,  that  her  means  of  usefulness  might  be 
more  ample.  She  purchased  theatres,  halls, 
and  dilapidated  chapels  in  London,  Bristol,  and 
Dublin,  and  fitted  them  up  for  public  worship. 
New  chapels  were  erected  by  her  aid  in  many 
places  in  England,  Wales,  and  Ireland. — Ste- 
vens' Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  168. 

521.  BENEVOLENCE,  Disinterested.  Samuel 
Johnson.  A  literary  lady,  of  large  fortune,  was 
mentioned  as  one  who  did  good  to  many,  but  by 
no  means  " by  stealth  ;"  and  instead  of  "blush- 
ing to  find  it  fame,"  acted  evidently  from  vanity. 
Johnson  :  "  I  have  seen  no  beings  who  do  as 
much  good  from  benevolence  as  she  does  from 
whatever  motive.  If  there  are  such  under  the 
earth,  or  in  the  clouds,  I  wish  they  would  come 
up,  or  come  down.  .  ,  .  No,  sir  ;  to  act  from  pure 
benevolence  is  not  possible  for  finite  beings. 
Human  benevolence  is  mingled  with  vanity,  in- 
terest, or  some  other  motive."  —  Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  301. 

522.  BENEVOLENCE  displayed.  Carthagin- 
ians. The  Bishop  of  Carthage,  from  a  society 
less  opulent  than  that  of  Rome,  collected  100,000 
sesterces  (aboye  £850  sterling)  on  a  sudden  call 


BENEVOLENCE. 


€3 


of  charity  to  redeem  the  brethren  of  Numidia, 
who  had  been  carried  away  captives  by  the  bar- 
barians of  the  desert.  About  a  hundred  years  be- 
fore the  reign  of  Decius,  the  Roman  church 
had  received,  in  a  single  donation,  the  sum  of 
200,000  sesterces  from  a  stranger  of  Pontus, 
who  proposed  to  fix  liis  residence  in  the  capital. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  15. 

523.  BENEVOLENCE,  Enforced.  By  Fine. 
[James  I.  sought  financial  relief  by  a  "Benevo- 
lence," as  it  was  called — the  solicitation  of  gifts.] 
Mr.  Oliver  St.  John  declined  to  contribute,  and 
wrote  a  letter  setting  forth  his  reasons  for  re- 
fusal. He  was  brought  into  the  Star-Chamber, 
and  fined  in  the  sum  of  £5000. — Knight's  Eng.  , 
vol.  3,  ch.  23,  p.  363. 

524.  BENEVOLENCE,  Example  of.  Malumet. 
He  laid  up  no  treasure  ;  he  distributed  the  whole 
produce  of  the  tithe,  which  he  established  upon 
general  property  and  the  spoils  of  war,  between 
his  soldiers  and  the  poor.  He  had  made,  for  his 
own  part,  a  vow  of  poverty.  He  gave  all  that 
he  received  to  the  hands  and  hearts  of  the  poor, 
to  keep  for  him,  as  depositaries,  charged  to  give 
all  back  in  heaven.  The  appurtenances  of  his 
house,  the  porticos  adjacent  to  the  mosque,  the 
courts  of  the  edifice,  were  one  vast  hospital, 
where  the  poor,  the  widows,  the  orphans,  the  in- 
firm, could  be  seen  waiting  for  nourishment  or 
medicine.  They  were  called  the  ' '  guests  of  the 
bench,"  because  they  passed  their  life  seated  or 
lying  on  the  benches  of  the  prophet's  house. 
Every  night  the  prophet  visited  them,  comforted 
them,  clad  them,  fed  them  with  his  barley  bread 
and  dates.  He  brought  daily  a  certain  number 
of  them  into  the  house,  to  take  their  repast  with 
him.  He  distributed  the  others,  as  guests  of  God, 
among  the  wealthiest  of  his  disciples. — Lamar- 
tine's  Turkey,  p.  152. 

525.  BENEVOLENCE,  Excessive.  Sewing  Girl. 
George  Miiller  then  prayed  for  a  house,  for  suit- 
able helpers  to  instruct  and  take  care  of  the 
children,   and  that    £1000    sterling    might   be 

f'ven  him.  On  the  very  next  day,  December 
,  1835,  the  first  donation  was  received — namely, 
1«. — from  a  poor  missionary  then  visiting  at  his 
house.  ...  A  few  days  afterward  a  poor 
young  woman,  who  earned  about  4s.  weekly  by 
her  needlework,  contributed  £100,  but  her  dona- 
tion was  courteously  declined.  When  sent  for 
and  spoken  to  on  the  subject,  she  stated  that 
this  money  was  part  of  a  little  property  recently 
left  her  by  her  grandfather,  who  had  died  ;  and 
that,  feeling  deeply  interested  in  the  contemplated 
Orphan  Work,  it  was  her  desire  to  give  this  £100 
toward  the  Orphan  Fund  ;  but  Mr.  Miiller  still 
refused  to  accept  the  contribution.  "You  are 
weak  and  sickly,"  said  he,  "  and  may  need  this 
money  for  yourself.  I  fear  you  have  acted  hasti- 
ly, and  may  regret  the  step  hereafter. "  Her  reply, 
however,  was,  "  I  have  well  weighed  the  matter  ; 
the  Lord  Jesus  freely  shed  His  precious  blood 
for  me,  a  poor,  lost  sinner,  and  shall  I  not  in  re- 
turn show  my  love  and  gratitude  to  Him  by 
S'ving  Him  this  little  sum  ?  Rather  than  this 
rphan  Work  should  not  come  to  pass,  I  would 
give  every  penny  I  possess  toward  it."  After 
reasoning  further  with  her  on  the  subject,  and 
finding  she  was  thoroughly  decided,  he  at  length 
reluctantly  accepted  the  £100. — Life  of  George 
MtJLLEU,  p.  27. 


526.  BENEVOLENCE  by  Faith.  George  Miiller. 
[In  his  Orphan  Work.  ]  He  began  with  one  day- 
school,  but  on  May  26,  1882,  we  had  seventy-two, 
of  which  thirteen  were  in  Spain,  attended  by  near- 
ly one  thousand  Catholic  children  ;  one  was  in 
Italy,  five  were  in  the  East  Indies,  six  in  Demerara 
and  Essequibo,  and  the  others  were  scattered 
throughout  England  and  Wales.  He  began  with 
one  Sunday-school  ;  on  May  26, 1882,  there  were 
thirty-eight  connected  with  the  institution.  One 
adult  school  only  was  founded  at  its  commence- 
ment, but  on  May  26,  1882,  there  were  six. 
There  were  then  also  in  all  the  various  schools 
nine  thousand  six  hundred  and  seventy-one 
pupils,  and  from  the  formation  of  the  institu- 
tion up  to  that  time,  eighty-eight  thousand  one 
hundred  and  nineteen  children  or  grown-up 
persons  have  been  taught  in  these  one  hundred 
and  sixteen  schools.  All  of  them  were  estab- 
lished simply  through  the  instrumentality  of 
prayer  and  faith ;  and  though  the  annual  ex- 
penditure connected  with  them  has  for  many 
years  been  £9500,  no  one  has  ever  been  asked 
to  contribute  toward  their  support,  and  every 
shilling  continues  to  be  obtained  in  the  same 
manner. — Life  op  George  Muller,  p.  24. 

527.  BENEVOLENCE,  Forced.  Altars  of  the 
GhurcJies.  [When  the  Duke  of  Guise  captured 
Calais  from  the  English,  he  made  a  proclamation, 
charging  the  inhabitants,  in  the  name  of  the 
French  king,  that]  all  and  every  person  that  were 
inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Calais,  having  about 
them  any  money,  plate,  or  jewels  to  the  value  of 
one  groat,  to  bring  the  same  forthwith,  to  lay 
down  upon  the  high  altars  of  the  churches,  upon 
pain  of  death  ;  bearing  them  in  hand  also  that 
they  should  be  searched.  By  reason  of  which 
proclamation  there  was  made  a  great  and  sorrow- 
ful offertory. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  7,  p. 
104. 

52§.  BENEVOLENCE,  Frustrated.  James  II. 
The  king  was  bitterly  mortified  by  the  large 
amount  of  the  collection  [for  the  persecuted 
Huguenots]  which  had  been  made  in  obedience 
to  his  own  call.  He  knew,  he  said,  what  all 
this  liberality  meant.  It  was  mere  Whiggish 
spite  to  himself  and  his  religion.  He  had  al- 
ready resolved  that  the  money  should  be  of  no 
use  to  those  whom  the  donors  wished  to  benefit. 
.  .  .  The  refugees  were  zealous  for  the  Calvinistic 
discipline  and  worship.  James  therefore  gave 
orders  that  none  should  receive  a  crust  of  bread 
or  a  basket  of  coals  who  did  not  first  take  the 
sacrament  according  to  the  Anglican  ritual.  It 
is  strange  that  this  inhospitable  act  should  have 
been  devised  by  a  prince  who  affected  to  con- 
sider the  Test  Act  as  an  outrage  on  the  rights  of 
conscience  ;  for  however  unreasonable  it  may  be 
to  establish  a  sacramental  test  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  whether  men  are  fit  for  civil  or 
military  office,  it  is  surely  much  more  unreason- 
able to  establish  a  sacramental  test  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  whether  in  extreme  distress 
they  are  fit  objects  of  charity. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6. 

529.  BENEVOLENCE,  Generous.  Cimon.  [An 
Athenian  general  and  statesman.]  Cimon.  .  .had 
acquired  a  great  fortune,  and  what  he  had  gained 
gloriously  in  the  war  from  the  enemy  he  laid  out 
with  as  much  reputation  upon  his  fellow-citizens. 
He  ordered  the  fences  of  his  fields  and  gardens  to 


64 


BENEVOLENCE. 


be  thrown  down,  that  strangers,  as  well  as  his 
own  countrymen,  might  freely  partake  of  his 
fruit.  He  had  a  supper  provided  at  his  house 
every  day,  in  which  the  dishes  were  plain,  but 
sufficient  for  a  multitude  of  guests.  Every  poor 
citizen  repaired  to  it  at  pleasure,  and  had  his  diet 
without  care  or  trouble  ;  by  which  means  he  was 
enabled  to  give  proper  attention  to  public  affairs. 
Aristotle,  indeed,  says  this  supper  was  not  pro- 
vided for  all  the  citizens  in  geij^ral,  but  only  for 
those  of  his  own  tribe,  which  was  that  of  Lacia. 
When  he  walked  out  he  used  to  have  a  retinue 
of  young  men,  well  clothed  ;  and  if  he  happened 
to  meet  an  aged  citizen  in  a  mean  dress,  he  or- 
dered some  one  of  them  to  change  clothes  with 
him.  This  was  great  and  noble.  But  beside  this, 
the  same  attendants  carried  with  them  a  quantity 
of  money  ;  and  when  they  met  in  the  market-place 
with  any  necessitous  person  of  tolerable  appear- 
ance, they  took  care  to  slip  some  pieces  into  his 
hand  as  privately  as  possible. — Plutarch. 

530.  BENEVOLENCE,  Genuine.  Br.  Wilson. 
The  benevolent  Dr.  Wilson  once  discovered  a 
clergyman  at  Bath  who,  he  was  informed,  was 
sick,  poor,  and  had  a  numerous  family.  In  the 
evening  he  gave  a  friend  £50,  requesting  him 
to  deliver  it  in  the  most  delicate  manner,  and 
as  from  an  unknown  person.  The  friend  said, 
"I  will  wait  upon  him  early  in  the  morning." 
"You  will  oblige  me,  sir,  by  calling  directly. 
Think  of  what  importance  a  good  night's  rest 
may  be  to  that  poor  man." 

531, .   CatherineWilkinson.  In  1832, 

when  the  cholera  first  appeared  in  England,  there 
was  a  poor  woman  named  Catherine  Wilkinson, 
who  was  so  impressed  with  the  necessity  of 
cleanliness  as  a  preventive  to  the  disease,  that 
she  encouraged  her  neighbors  to  come  to  her 
comparatively  better  house,  which  comprised  a 
kitchen,  a  parlor,  three  small  bed-chambers,  and 
a  yard,  for  the  purpose  of  washing  and  drying 
their  clothes.  The  good  that  was  manifest  in- 
duced some  benevolent  persons  to  aid  her  in  ex- 
tending her  operations.  The  large  amount  of 
washing  done  in  one  week  in  a  cellar,  under  the 
superintendence  of  this  excellent  woman,  repre- 
sented the  amount  of  disease  and  discomfort  kept 
down  by  her  energetic  desire  to  do  good  with- 
out pecuniary  reward.  Such  was  the  origin  of 
public  baths  and  wash-houses,  which  Catherine 
Wilkinson  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  matured 
in  Liverpool  in  1846,  in  a  large  establishment 
under  the  corporation,  to  the  superintendence  of 
which  she  and  her  husband  were  appointed. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  22,  p.  393. 

532.  BENEVOLENCE,  Incorporated  for.  Colony 
of  Georgia.  [James  Oglethorpe  planned  the  col- 
ony as  an  asylum  for  the  poor,  for  imprisoned 
debtors,  and  for  persecuted  Protestants.  ]  A  char- 
ter ..  .  placed  it,  for  twenty-one  years,  under  the 
guardianship  of  a  corporation,  "  in  trust  for  the 
poor."  The  common  seal  of  the  corporation, 
having  on  one  side  a  group  of  silk- worms  at  their 
toils,  with  the  motto,  Non  sibi,  sed  aliis — ' '  Not  for 
themselves,  but  for  others" — expressed  the  disin- 
terested purpose  of  the  patrons. — Bancroft's 
U.  8.,  vol.  3,  ch.  24. 

533.  BENEVOLENCE  iiyurious.  Constantino- 
ple. [Constantine  the  Great  encouraged  emigra- 
tion to  Constantinople  by  his  great  liberality.] 
The  frequent  and  regular  distributions  of  wine 


and  oil,  of  corn  or  bread,  of  money  or  provisions, 
had  almost  exempted  the  poorest  citizen  of  Rome 
from  the  necessity  of  labor.  The  magnificence 
of  the  first  Caesars  was  in  some  measure  imitated 
by  the  founder  of  Constantinople  ;  but  his  liber- 
ality, however  it  might  excite  the  applause  of 
the  people,  has  incurred  the  censure  of  posterity. 
The  annual  tribute  of  corn  imposed  upon  Egypt 
was  applied  to  feed  a  lazy  and  insolent  people. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  17. 

534.  BENEVOLENCE  insulted.  Ah  rah  am 
Lincoln.  [A  cashiered  officer  was  permitted  to 
visit  Mr.  Lincoln  twice  to  argue  a  defence.  By 
his  own  showing  he  proved  the  justice  of  his 
punishment.  He  took  much  precious  time  at 
each  interview.  He  forced  his  way  the  third 
time  before  the  President,  and  went  over  the  same 
argument.  Mr.  Lincoln  made  no  reply.]  Turn- 
ing very  abruptly,  he  said:  "Well,  Mr.  Presi- 
dent, I  see  that  you  are  fully  determined  not  to 
do  me  justice."  This  was  too  aggravating  for 
Mr.  Lincoln.  Manifesting,  however,  no  more 
feeling  than  that  indicated  by  a  slight  compres- 
sion of  the  lips,  he  very  quietly  arose,  .  .  .  and 
then  suddenly  seizing  the  defunct  officer  by  the 
coat-collar,  he  marched  him  forcibly  to  the  door, 
saying,  as  he  ejected  him,  ..."  Sir,  I  give  you 
fair  warning  never  to  show  yourself  in  this  room 
again.  I  can  bear  censure,  but  not  insult  !" — 
Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  743. 

535.  BENEVOLENCE  an  Investment.  Spin- 
Tiers.  [Samuel  Crompton  endeavored  to  conceal 
his  secret  after  inventing  the  "mule,"  which 
afterward  revolutionized  the  manufacture  of 
cotton.  But  his  superior  yarn  awakened  sus- 
picion. Manufacturers  sought  admission  to  his 
house  ;  they  climbed  up  to  the  windows  to  look 
in.  So  great  was  his  embarrassment,  that  he  was 
obliged  to  destroy  the  machine  or  give  it  to  the 
public]  The  manufacturers  made  a  subscrip- 
tion "as  a  reward  for  his  improvement  in  spin- 
ning." .  .  .  The  whole  sum  subscribed  was 
£67,  6«.  M.  The  list  is  curiously  interesting,  as 
containing  among  the  half-guinea  subscribers 
the  names  of  many  Bolton  firms  now  of  great 
wealth  and  eminence  as  mule-spinners,  whose 
colossal  fortunes  may  be  said  to  have  been 
based  upon  this  singularly  small  investment. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  7,  ch.  3. 

536.  BENEVOLENCE,  Joy  of.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. One  night  Schuyler  Colfax  left  all  other 
business  to  ask  him  to  respite  the  son  of  a  con- 
stituent who  was  sentenced  to  be  shot  .  .  .  for 

\  desertion.  He  heard  the  story,  though  he  was 
wearied  out  with  incessant  calls,  .  .  .  and  then 
replied:  "Some  of  our  generals  complain  that 
I  impair  discipline  and  subordination  in  the  army 
by  my  pardons  and  respites  ;  but  it  makes  me 
rested  after  a  hard  day's  work,  if  I  can  find 
some  good  excuse  for  saving  a  man's  life,  and  I 
go  to  bed  happy  as  I  think  how  joyous  the 
signing  of  my  name  will  make  him  and  his 
family  and  his  friends."  And  with  a  happy 
smile  beaming  over  that  care-furrowed  face,  he 
signed  the  name  that  saved  that  life. — Ray- 
mond's Lincoln,  p.  741. 

537.    .      Michael   Faraday. 

When  Faraday  began  to  be  famous  in  Eng- 
land as  a  chemist,  he  was  frequently  applied 
to  by  men  of  business  to  analyze  substances  and 
perform  other  operations  in  what  is  called  com- 


BENEVOLENCE. 


65 


» 


mercial  chemistry.  This  kind  of  business  in- 
creased to  sucli  an  extent  that  an  immense  fort- 
une was  within  his  reach,  and  he  found  that  he 
must  choose  between  getting  money  and  investi- 
gating science.  Having  no  children,  and  being 
l)lessed  with  a  wife  who  sympathized  with  his 
pursuits,  it  was  not  difficult  for  him  to  choose  the 
nobler  part.  "This  son  of  a  blacksmith,"  says 
his  friend  Tyndall,  "and  apprenticed  to  a  book- 
binder, had  to  decide  between  a  fortune  of 
£150,000  on  the  one  side,  and  his  undowered 
science  on  the  other.  He  chose  the  latter,  and 
died  a  poor  man.  But  his  was  the  glory  of 
holding  aloft  among  the  nations  the  scientific 
name  of  England  for  a  period  of  thirty  years." 
And  this  glory  he  enjoyed  ;  but  far  dearer  to 
him  was  the  love  which  his  success  in  extending 
the  area  of  knowledge  brought  him.  ' '  Tyndall," 
said  he  once,  taking  his  friend  by  the  hand — the 
hand  that  had  just  written  a  review  of  Faraday's 
works — "  Tyndall,  the  sweetest  reward  of  my 
work  is  the  sympathy  and  good- will  which  it  has 
caused  to  flow  in  upon  me  from  all  quarters  of  the 
world."  Of  all  the  sons  of  men,  those  who  ben- 
efit mankind  most  and  get  from  mankind  least 
(that  is,  considering  the  services  they  render),  are 
genuine  men  of  science.  The  salary  attached  to 
this  professorship  of  chemistry,  made  forever 
illustrious  by  Faraday's  having  held  it,  was  £80  a 
year,  the  use  of  three  rooms,  with  fuel  and  can- 
dles enough  to  warm  and  light  them. — Cyclope- 
dia OF  Bigg.  ,  p.  765. 

5-1§.  BENEVOLENCE,  Large.  Far  Huguenots. 
[James  II.  had  announced  that  a  collection  would 
be  taken  in  every  church  in  the  kingdom  for  the 
persecuted  Huguenots.  It  was  designed  for 
political  ends.]  It  had  been  expected  that,  ac- 
cording to  the  practice  usual  on  such  occasions, 
the  people  would  be  exhorted  to  liberality  from 
the  pulpits.  But  James  was  determined  not  to 
tolerate  declamations  against  his  religion  and  his 
ally.  The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  was  there- 
fore commanded  to  inform  the  clergy  that  they 
must  merely  read  the  brief,  and  must  not  pre- 
sume to  preach  on  the  sufferings  of  the  French 
Protestants.  Nevertheless,  the  contributions 
were  so  large,  that,  after  all  deductions,  the  sum 
of  £40,000  was  paid  into  the  chamber  at  London. 
Perhaps  none  of  the  munificent  subscriptions  of 
our  own  age  has  borne  so  great  a  proportion  to 
the  means  of  the  nation.  [James  frustrated  its 
application.  See  No.  527.1 — Mac aul ay's  Eng., 
eh.  6. 

539.  BENEVOLENCE,  Ministerial.  Thrnnas 
Coke.  [Rev.  Thomas  Coke,  LL.D.,  the  first 
Bishop  of  the  Methodist  Church,  won  the  title  of 
the  "Foreign  Minister  of  Methodism."  He 
crossed  the  Atlantic  eighteen  times,  defraying 
himself  the  expenses.  He  represented]  in  his 
own  person,  down  to  his  death,  the  whole  mis- 
sionary operations  of  Methodism,  as  their  offi- 
cial and  sole  director,  lavishing  upon  them  his 
affluent  fortune,  and  giving  more  money  to  re- 
ligion than  any  other  Methodist,  if  not  any  other 
Protestant,  of  his  times.  Dying  at  last  a  veteran 
of  nearly  seventy  years,  a  missionary  himself, 
on  his  way  to  the  East,  he  was  buried  beneath 
the  waters  of  the  Indian  Ocean.  —  Stevens' 
M.  E.  Ch.,  vol.  2,  p.  154. 

540.  BENEVOLENCE  misconstmed.  Dr.  Bate- 
man.    When  Oates,  after  his  scourging,  was  car- 


ried into  Newgate  insensible,  and,  as  all  thought, 
in  the  last  agony,  ...  he  had  been  bled,  and 
his  wounds  had  been  dressed  by  Bateman. 
This  was  an  offence  not  to  be  forgiven.  Bate- 
man was  arrested  and  indicted.  The  witnesses 
against  him  were  men  of  infamous  character — 
men,  too,  who  were  swearing  away  their  own 
lives.  None  of  them  had  yet  got  his  pardon ; 
and  it  was  a  popular  saying,  that  they  fished 
for  prey,  like  tame  cormorants,  with  ropes  round 
their  necks.  The  prisoner,  stupefied  by  illness, 
was  unable  to  articulate  or  to  understand  what 
passed.  His  son  and  daughter  stood  by  him  at 
the  bar.  They  read  as  well  as  they  could  some 
notes  which  he  had  set  down,  and  examined  his 
witnesses.  It  was  to  little  purpose.  He  was 
convicted,  hanged,  and  quartered. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  5. 

541.  BENEVOLENCE,  Power  of.  John  How- 
ard. No  man,  perhaps,  has  ever  had  such  power 
over  criminals  as  John  Howard.  There  was  a 
terrible  rebellion  in  one  of  the  London  prisons, 
when  two  hundred  ruffians,  driven  mad  by  cru- 
elty, were  gathered  in  the  prison-yard,  threaten- 
ing death  to  any  man  who  should  approach  them. 
Howard  insisted  on  going  in  among  them,  and 
did  so,  in  spite  of  the  advice  of  the  jailers  and 
the  entreaties  of  his  friends.  His  very  appear- 
ance disarmed  them,  and  they  listened  to  his 
quiet  and  reasonable  remonstrances  in  respectful 
silence.  He  listened  patiently  in  his  turn  to  a  re- 
cital of  their  grievances,  after  which  he  pointed 
out  the  folly  of  their  attempting  to  resist  the  au- 
thorities, advised  them  at  once  to  submit,  and 
promised  to  make  their  complaints  known.  They 
took  his  advice  at  length,  and  went  peacefully 
to  their  cells. — Cyclopedia  op  Bigg.,  p.  57. 

542.  BENEVOLENCE,  Premature.  Goldsmith's 
Father.  We  were  told  that  universal  benevo- 
lence was  what  first  cemented  society  ;  we  were 
taught  to  consider  all  the  wants  of  mankind  as 
our  own  ;  to  regard  the  human  face  divine  with 
affection  and  esteem ;  he  wound  us  up  to  be 
mere  machines  of  pity,  and  rendered  us  incapa- 
ble of  withstanding  the  slightest  impulse  made 
either  by  real  or  fictitious  distress.  In  a  word, 
we  were  perfectly  instructed  in  the  art  of  giving 
away  thousands  before  we  were  taught  the  nec- 
essary qualifications  of  getting  a  farthing. — Ir- 
ving's  Goldsmith,  ch.  2. 

543.  BENEVOLENCE,  Pure.  Goldsmith.  He 
was  engaged  to  breakfast  with  a  college  inmate 
one  day,  but  failed  to  make  his  appearance.  His 
friend  repaired  to  his  room,  knocked  at  the  door, 
and  was  bidden  to  enter.  To  his  surprise  he 
found  Goldsmith  in  his  bed,  immersed  to  his 
chin  in  feathers.  A  serio-comic  story  explained 
the  circumstance.  In  the  course  of  the  preced- 
ing evening's  stroll  he  had  met  with  a  woman 
w^th  five  children  who  implored  his  charity. 
Her  husband  was  in  the  hospital ;  she  was  just 
from  the  country,  a  stranger,  and  destitute, 
without  food  or  shelter  for  her  helpless  offspring. 
This  was  too  much  for  the  kind  heart  of  Gold- 
smith. He  was  almost  as  poor  as  herself,  it  is 
true,  and  had  no  money  in  his  pocket ;  but  he 
brought  her  to  the  college  gate,  gave  her  the 
blankets  from  his  bed  to  cover  her  little  brood, 
and  part  of  his  clothes  he  gave  for  her  to  sell  and 
purchase  food  ;  and,  finding  himself  cold  during 
the  night,  had  cut  open  his  bed  and  buried  him- 


66 


BENEVOLENCE. 


self  among  the  feathers. — Irving's  Goldsmith, 
ch.  2. 

544.  BENEVOLENCE,  Religious.  Mahomet. 
The  charity  of  the  Mohammedans  descends  to  the 
animal  creation ;  and  the  Koran  repeatedly  in- 
culcates, not  as  a  merit,  but  as  a  strict  and  indis- 
pensable duty,  the  relief  of  the  indigent  and  un 
fortunate.  Mahomet,  perhaps,  is  the  only  law- 
giver who  has  defined  the  precise  measure  of 
charity  ;  the  standard  may  vary  with  the  degree 
and  nature  of  property,  as  it  consists  either  in 
money,  in  corn  or  cattle,  in  fi-uits  or  merchan- 
dise ;  but  the  Mussulman  does  not  accomplish 
the  law  unless  he  bestows  a  tenth  of  his  revenue  ; 
and  if  his  conscience  accuses  him  of  fraud  or  ex- 
tortion, the  tenth,  under  the  idea  of  restitution, 
is  enlarged  to  &  fifth.  Benevolence  is  the  foun- 
dation of  justice,  since  we  are  forbid  to  injure 
those  whom  we  are  bound  to  assist. — Gibbon's 
Mahomet,  p.  28. 

545.  .     Bishop  Acacms.     [Roman 

history  mentions]  the  charity  of  a  bishop,  Aca- 
cius  of  Amlda,  whose  name  might  have  digni- 
fied the  saintly  calendar,  shall  not  be  lost  in  ob- 
livion. Boldly  declaring  that  vases  of  gold  and 
silver  are  useless  to  a  God  who  neither  eats  nor 
drinks,  the  generous  prelate  sold  the  plate  of  the 
church  of  Amida  ;  employed  the  price  in  the  re- 
demption of  seven  thousand  Persian  captives ; 
supplied  their  wants  with  affectionate  liberality  ; 
and  dismissed  them  to  their  native  country,  to 
inform  their  king  of  the  true  spirit  of  the  relig- 
ion which  he  persecuted.  —  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  33. 

546.  .  Lady  Huntingdon.    One  day 

at  court  the  then  Prince  of  Wales  asked  Lady 
Charlotte  E ,  "  Where  is  my  Lady  Hunting- 
don, that  she  is  so  seldom  here?"  The  lady  of 
fashion  replied,  with  a  sneer,  "  I  suppose  pray- 
ing with  her  beggars."  The  prince  shook  his 
head,  and  said  :  "  Lady  Charlotte,  when  I  am  dy- 
ing I  think  I  shall  be  happy  to  seize  the  skirt  of 
Lady  Huntingdon's  mantle,  to  carry  me  up  with 
her  to  heaven." 

547.  BENEVOLENCE,  Eoyal.  Emp.  Trajan. 
He  was  liberal  in  his  donations  to  the  people,  but 
they  were  not,  like  those  of  other  emperors,  the 
mean  bribes  of  a  despot ;  they  were  the  largesses 
of  a  beneficent  prince,  for  the  support  of  the 
wretched  and  indigent.  The  children  of  the 
poor  were  educated  at  his  expense,  and  it  was 
computed  that  two  millions  of  destitute  persons 
were  maintained  from  his  private  purse.  These 
charges  were  supplied  by  a  well-ordered  economy 
in  his  own  fortune,  and  a  regular  administration 
of  the  public  finances.  He  lived  himself  always 
with  ancient  simplicity,  and  he  enriched  the  State 
by  a  careful  attention  to  the  minutest  articles  of 
public  expenditure.  Under  this  excellent  mode 
of  government  everything  enjoyed  its  due  con- 
sideration.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1. 

54§.  BENEVOLENCE,  Self-sacrificing.  John 
Howard.  [Being  sent  for,]  he  was  determined 
to  go.  The  rain  was  falling  in  torrents — a  cold 
December  rain — and  the  wind  was  blowing  a 
gale.  As  he  could  not,  without  much  delay,  pro- 
cure a  vehicle,  he  mounted  an  old  dray  horse  and 
rode  the  twenty -four  miles  through  the  tempest. 
He  arrived  to  iind  his  patient  dying  [of  hospital 
■^ver].    He  tried,  however,  some  powerful  medi- 


cines upon  her,  with  a  view  to  excite  perspira- 
tion ;  and,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  they  were 
producing  the  wished-f or  effect,  he  lifted  the  bed- 
clothes and  felt  of  her  arm.  As  he  did  so,  the 
effluvia  from  her  body  was  so  offensive  that  he 
could  scarcely  endure  it.  She  died  soon  after, 
and  he  returned  to  Cherson.  Three  days  latei 
he  was  seized  with  the  same  fever.  The  exhaus- 
tion of  his  long  and  painful  ride,  and  the  shock 
to  his  feelings  at  finding  his  patient  in  the  agonies 
of  death,  had  rendered  his  system  liable  to  the 
contagion,  which  had  struck  him,  as  he  believed, 
at  the  moment  of  his  lifting  the  bedclothes. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Biography,  p.  76. 

549.  BENEVOLENCE,  Systematic.  John  Wes- 
ley. When  his  own  income  was  but  £30  a  year, 
he  gave  away  £2  ;  when  it  was  £60,  he  still  con- 
fined his  expenses  to  £28,  and  gave  away  £32  ; 
when  it  reached  £120,  he  kept  himself  to  his  old 
allowance,  and  gave  away  £92.  The  last  inser- 
tion in  his  private  journal,  written  with  a  trem- 
bling hand,  reads  thus  :  "  For  upward  of  eighty- 
six  years  I  have  kept  my  accounts  exactly  ;  I  will 
not  attempt  it  any  longer,  being  satisfied  with  the 
continual  conviction  that  I  save  all  I  can,  and 
give  all  I  can — that  is,  all  I  have." — Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  268. 

550.  BENEVOLENCE  a  Test.  "  Giving— liv- 
ing." A  poor  Christian  woman  living  at  some 
distance  from  Bristol,  a  cripple,  who  began  by 
giving  one  penny  per  week  out  of  her  little  earn- 
ings to  the  work  on  Ashley  Down,  was  so  blessed 
and  prospered  by  the  Lord,  that  in  time  she  was 
able  to  afford  a  weekly  contribution  of  six  shil- 
lings for  the  orphans.  Upon  one  occasion  her 
gift  was  wrapped  up  in  a  little  piece  of  paper,  in- 
side which  these  words  were  written  :  "  Oive  ; 
give  ;  give  ;  be  ever  giving.  If  you  are  living,  you 
will  be  giving.  Tlwse  who  are  not  gimng  are  noi. 
living." — Life  of  George  Muller,  p.  43. 

551.  BENEVOLENCE,  Treasure  of.  Epitapii, 
The  epitaph  of  Edward,  surnamed,  from  his 
misfortune,  the  blind,  from  his  virtues,  the  good,. 
earl,  inculcates  with  much  ingenuity  a  morai 
sentence,  which  may,  however,  be  abused  by 
thoughtless  generosity.  After  a  grateful  com- 
memoration of  the  fifty -five  years  of  union  and ; 
happiness  which  he  enjoyed  with  Mabel  his  wife, , 
the  good  earl  thus  speaks  from  the  tomb  : 

"  What  we  gave,  we  have  ; 
What  we  spent,  we  had  ; 
What  we  left,  we  lost." 

— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  61. 

552.  BENEVOLENCE,  Unwise.  Legacy.  [Ala 
dy  writes:]  "Mrs.  Williams  was  blind  beforJ 
she  was  acquainted  with  Dr.  Johnson.  She  hm 
many  resources,  though  none  very  great.  Wit! 
the  Miss  Wilkinsons  she  generally  passed  a  par 
of  the  year,  and  received  from  them  presents,  anc 
from  the  first  who  died  a  legacy  of  clothes  anc 
money.  The  last  of  them,  Mrs.  Jane,  left  her  ai 
annual  rent  ;  but  from  the  blundering  manner  o^ 
the  will,  I  fear  she  never  reaped  the  benefit  of  it 
That  lady  left  money  to  erect  an  hospital  for  an^ 
cient  maids  ;  but  the  number  she  had  allotted  " 
ing  too  great  for  the  donation,  the  Doctor  [JohnJ 
son]  said  it  would  be  better  to  expunge  the  woro 
maintain,  and  put  in  to  starve  such  a  number  o| 
old  maids.  They  asked  him,  What  name  shouk 
be  given  it  ?  He  replied,  '  Let  it  be  called  Jenny'^ 
Whim ' — the  name  of  a  well-known  tavern  ne 


BENEVOLENCE— BETROTHMENT. 


67 


Chelsea,  in  former  days." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  128. 

553. .     Creating  Poverty.    Thomas 

Firmin,  a  London  citizen,  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ing advocates  of  the  popular  schemes  of  that  day 
[1698],  "for  setting  the  poor  to  work  " — that  is, 
by  providing  the  labor  out  of  a  common  public 
stock,  which  could  not  be  provided  by  commer- 
cial enterprise,  and  thus  increasing  production 
without  reference  to  the  demand  of  the  consum- 
ers, or  making  more  poor  by  underselling  the 
producers  who  were  previously  in  the  market. — 
Knight's  Bng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  13,  p.  205. 

554.  BEQUESTS  for  Spiritual  Benefits.  Eccle- 
siastical, [a. D.  1450-1485.]  The  wills  of  the  pe- 
riod afford  unquestionable  evidence  of  the  con- 
stant presence  of  the  spiritual  adviser.  .  .  .  Mon- 
eys bequeathed  to  the  high  altar  of  the  abbey  or 
parish-church  ;  requiems  to  be  said,  in  rich  vest- 
ments appropriated  for  the  special  purpose,  with 
a  yearly  reward  to  the  priests  ;  a  newly  painted 
image  of  "  Our  Lady,"  to  be  set  up,  with  a  taper 
ever  burning  ;  the  chimes  in  the  steeple  to  be  re- 
paired ;  a  priest  to  have  a  house  to  dwell  in,  and 
at  every  meal  to  repeat  the  name  of  the  testator, 
that  they  that  hear  it  may  say,  "  God  have  mercy 
on  his  soul,"  which  greatly  may  relieve  him. 
...  It  was  this  undoubted  confidence  in  the 
prayers  of  the  priesthood  that  made  the  church 
so  rich  and  powerful. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  8,  p.  126. 

555.  BEEEAVEMENT,  Comfort  in.  Cromwell. 
During  the  periods  between  the  paroxysms  of 
the  fever,  he  occupied  the  time  with  listening  to 
passages  from  the  sacred  volume,  or  by  a  re- 
signed or  despairing  reference  to  the  death  of 
his  daughter.  "Read  to  me,"  he  said  to  his 
wife  in  one  of  those  intervals,  "the  Epistle  of 
St.  Paul  to  the  Philippians."  She  read  these 
words  :  "I  know  both  how  to  be  abased,  and  I 
know  how  to  abound :  everywhere  and  in  all 
things  I  am  instructed  both  to  be  full  and  to  be 
hungry,  both  to  abound  and  to  suffer  need.  I 
can  do  all  things  through  Christ,  which  strength- 
eneth  me."  The  reader  paused.  "That  verse," 
said  Cromwell,  "once  saved  my  life  when  the 
death  of  my  eldest  born,  the  infant  Oliver, 
pierced  my  heart  like  the  sharp  blade  of  a  pon- 
iard."— Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  77. 

556.  BEEEAVEMENT,  Depression  by.  SoutTiey. 
[His  son  Herbert  died  when  nine  years  old.] 
From  his  early  discipline  in  the  stoical  philoso- 
phy some  help  now  was  gained  ;  from  his  active 
and  elastic  mind  the  gain  was  more  ;  but  these 
tvould  have  been  insufficient  to  support  him 
without  a  heartfelt  and  ever-present  faith  that 
what  he  had  lost  was  not  lost  forever.  A  great 
change  had  indeed  come  upon  him.  He  set  his 
house  in  order,  and  made  arrangements  as  if  his 
own  death  were  at  hand.  He  resolved  not  to  be 
unhappy,  but  the  joyousness  of  his  disposition 
had  received  its  death-wound  ;  he  felt  as  if  he 
had  passed  at  once  from  boyhood  to  the  decline 
of  life.  He  tried  dutifully  to  make  head  against 
his  depression,  but  at  times  with  poor  success. 
— Dowden's  Soutiiey,  ch.  6. 

557.  BEEEAVEMENT,  Distress  of.  AbraJutm 
Lincoln.  In  the  spring  of  1862  the  President 
spent  several  days  at  Fortress  Monroe,  awaiting 
military  operations  on  the  Peninsula.  .  .  .  His 
favorite  diversion  was  reading  Shakespeare.  .  .  . 


One  day  .  .  .  opening  to  King  John,  he  read  from 
the  third  act  the  passage  in  which  Constance  be- 
wails her  imprisoned  boy.  ...  Mr.  Lincoln  said  : 
' '  Colonel,  did  you  ever  dream  of  a  lost  friend,  and 
feel  that  you  were  holding  sweet  communion 
with  that  friend,  and  yet  have  a  sad  conscious- 
ness that  it  was  not  a  reality  ?  Just  so  I  dream 
of  my  boy  Willie."  Overcome  with  emotion, 
he  dropped  his  head  on  the  table  and  sobbed 
aloud. — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  756. 

55§.  BEEEAVEMENT,  Fictitious.  Queen 
Anne.  [When  Queen  Anne  lost  her  husband, 
Mrs.  Freeman  wrote :]  her  love  to  the  prince 
seemed,  in  the  eyes  of  the  world,  to  be  prodig- 
iously great ;  and  great  as  was  the  passion  of  her 
grief,  her  stomach  was  greater,  for  that  very 
day  he  died  she  ate  three  very  large  and  hearty 
meals.  [She  spent  much  of  her  time  in  retire- 
ment in  the  room  where  he  loved  to  sit,  but  it 
was  afterward  discovered  that  it  was  owing 
to  the  convenience  which  it  gave  to  court  in- 
triguers to  reach  her  by  the  back  stairs.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  22,  p.  339. 

559.  BEEEAVEMENT,  Forgetting.  Cares, 
After  dinner  Dr.  Johnson  wrote  a  letter  to  Mrs. 
Thrale,  on  the  death  of  her  son.  I  said  it  would 
be  very  distressing  to  Thrale,  but  she  would  soon 
forget  it,  as  she  had  so  many  things  to  think  of. 
Johnson  :  "  No,  sir  ;  Thrale  will  forget  it  first. 
She  has  many  things  that  she  may  think  of.  He 
has  many  things  that  he  must  think  of."  This 
was  a  very  just  remark  upon  the  different  effects 
of  those  light  pursuits  which  occupy  a  vacant 
and  easy  mind,  and  those  serious  engagements, 
which  arrest  attention  and  keep  us  from  brood- 
ing over  grief. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  286. 

560.  BEEEAVEMENT,  Memory  of.  Poet 
Wordsworth.  "Referring  once,"  says  his  friend 
Mr.  Aubrey  de  Vere,  ' '  to  two  young  children 
of  his  who  had  died  about /or^y  years  previous- 
ly, he  described  the  details  of  their  illnesses  with 
an  exactness  and  an  impetuosity  of  troubled  ex- 
citement such  as  might  have  been  expected  if 
the  bereavement  had  taken  place  but  a  few  week* 
before.  The  lapse  of  time  seemed  to  have  left 
the  sorrow  submerged  indeed,  but  still  in  all  its 
first  freshness. — Myer's  Wordsworth,  ch.  8. 

561.  BEEEAVEMENT,  Tears  of.  Daniel  Web- 
ster. In  due  time  a  daughter  was  born  to  them, 
the  little  Grace  Webster  who  was  so  wonderfully 
precocious  and  agreeable.  Unhappily,  she  in- 
herited her  mother's  delicate  constitution,  and 
she  died  in  childhood.  Three  times  in  his  life, 
it  is  said,  Daniel  Webster  wept  convulsively. 
One  of  these  occasions  was  when  he  laid  upon 
the  bed  this  darling  girl,  who  had  died  in  his 
arms,  and  turned  away  from  the  sight  of  her 
lifeless  body. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  465. 

562.  BEEEAVEMENT,  Weakness  in.  James 
Watt.  [His  wife  died  when  he  was  absent  from 
home.]  She  had  struggled  with  him  through 
poverty ;  had  often  cheered  his  fainting  spirit 
when  borne  down  by  doubt,  perplexity,  and  dis- 
appointment ;  and  often  afterward  he  paused 
on  the  threshold  of  his  house,  unable  to  summon 
courage  to  enter  the  room  where  he  was  never 
more  to  meet  "the  comfort  of  his  life." — Smiles* 
Brief  Biographies,  p.  38. 

563.  BETEOTHMENT,  Early.  First  Robert 
Peel.      William  Yates'  eldest  child  was  a  girl. 


68 


BIBLE. 


named  Ellen,  and  she  very  soon  became  an  es- 
pecial favorite  with  the  young  lodger.  On  re- 
turning from  his  hard  day's  work,  he  would 
take  the  little  girl  upon  his  knee,  and  say  to  her : 
"  Nelly,  thou  bonny  little  dear,  wilt  be  piy  wife  ?" 
to  which  the  child  would  readily  answer,  "  Yes," 
as  any  child  would  do.  "Then  I'll  wait  for 
thee,  Nelly  ;  I'll  wed  thee,  and  none  else."  And 
Robert  Peel  did  wait.  As  the  girl  grew  in 
beauty  toward  womanhood,  his  determination 
to  wait  for  her  was  strengthened  ;  and  after  the 
lapse  of  ten  years — years  of  close  application 
to  business  and  rapidly -increasing  prosperity — 
Robert  Peel  married  Ellen  Yates  when  she  had 
completed  her  seventeenth  year. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BioG.,  p.  716. 

564.  BIBLE,  Adaptation  of  the.  Colonial  Con- 
gress. A.D.  1774.  [New  Englanders  present] 
believed  that  a  rude  soldiery  were  then  .  .  . 
taking  the  lives  of  their  friends.  When  the 
psalm  for  the  [second]  day  was  read,  it  seemed 
as  if  Heaven  itself  was  uttering  its  oracle.  ' '  O 
Lord,  fight  Thou  against  them  that  fight  against 
me  !  Let  them  that  imagine  mischief  for  me,  be 
as  dust  before  the  wind.  Lord,  who  is  like  unto 
TKee,  who  deliverest  the  poor  from  him  that  is  too 
strong  for  him  ?  Lord,  how  long  wilt  Thou 
look  on  ?  Awake,  and  stand  up  to  judge  my 
quarrel ;  avenge  Thou  my  cause,  my  God  and 
my  Lord.  And  as  for  my  tongue,  it  shall  be 
talking  of  Thy  righteousness  and  of  Thy  praise  all 
the  day  long."  After  this  the  [Episcopal  minis- 
ter, Rev.  Duche]  unexpectedly  burst  into  an  ex- 
tempore prayer  for  America,  for  Congress,  for 
Massachusetts,  and  especially  for  Boston,  with 
the  earnestness  of  the  best  divines  of  New  Eng- 
land.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  \o\.  7,  ch.  11. 

565.  BIBLE,  Comfort  from  the.  Burning  of 
Deer  field,  Mass.  a.  d.  1704.  On  the  last  night  in 
February  ...  at  the  approach  of  morning  the  un- 
faithful sentinels  retired  .  .  .  [the  French  and  Ind- 
ians soon  followed  within  the  palisades] .  The  vil- 
lage was  burnt .  . .  but  few  escaped  :  forty -seven 
were  killed  ;  one  hundred  and  twelve,  including 
the  minister  and  his  family,  were  made  captives. 
One  hour  after  sunrise  the  party  began  its  re- 
turn to  Canada.  But  who  would  know  the  hor- 
rors of  that  winter  march  through  the  wilder- 
ness ?  Two  men  starved  to  death.  Did  a  young 
child  weep  from  fatigue,  or  a  feeble  woman  tot- 
ter from  anguish  under  the  burden  of  her  own 
offspring,  the  tomahawk  stilled  complaint,  or 
the  helpless  infant  was  cast  out  upon  the  snow. 
Eunice  Williams,  the  wife  of  the  minister,  had  not 
forgotten  her  Bible  ;  and  when  they  rested  by  the 
wayside,  or  at  night  made  their  couch  of  branches 
of  evergreen  strewn  on  the  snow,  the  savages  al- 
lowed her  to  read  it.  Having  but  recently  re- 
covered from  confinement,  her  strength  failed 
.  .  .  she  commended  her  five  captive  children, 
tinder  God,  to  their  father's  care  ;  and  then  one 
blow  from  a  tomahawk  ended  her  sorrows. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  21. 

566.  BIBLE,  DiflEusion  of  the.  Tyndale.  Tyn- 
dale  passed  from  Oxford  to  Cambridge  to  feel  the 
full  impulse  given  by  the  appearance  there  of 
the  New  Testament  of  Erasmus.  From  that 
moment  one  thought  was  at  his  heart.  He  "  per- 
ceived \>Y  experience  how  that  it  was  impossible 
to  establish  the  lay  people  in  any  truth  except  the 
Scripture  were  plainly  laid  before  their  eyes  in 


their  mother  tongue."  "  If  God  spare  my  life," 
he  said  to  a  learned  controversialist,  ' '  ere  many 
years  I  will  cause  a  boy  that  driveth  the  plough 
shall  know  more  of  the  Scripture  than  thou 
dost."  But  he  was  a  man  of  forty  before  his 
dream  became  fact  ...  it  was  soon  needful 
to  quit  England  if  his  purpose  was  to  hold.  "  I 
understood  at  the  last  not  only  that  there  was  no 
room  in  my  Lord  of  London's  palace  to  translate 
the  New  Testament,  but  also  that  there  was  no 
place  to  do  it  in  all  England. — Hist,  of  Eng. 
People,  §  543. 

567.  BIBLE,  Discoveries  in  the.  Martin  Luther. 
Although  he  had  been  a  jovial  young  fellow,  he 
began  his  studies  in  the  morning  with  a  heart- 
felt prayer  and  by  attending  a  church  service. 
He  also  spent  considerable  of  his  time  in  the 
library  of  the  university.  Here,  on  one  occasion, 
he  found  a  Latin  Bible,  a  book  that  he  had  never 
seen  until  his  twentieth  year.  Greatly  astonish- 
ed, he  noticed  that  there  were  many  more  texts, 
epistles,  and  gospels  than  he  had  read  in  the 
pericopes  of  the  church  or  heard  explained  in 
the  pulpit.  And  as  he  turned  over  the  pages  of 
the  Old  Testament,  his  attention  was  arrested  by 
the  story  of  Samuel  and  Hannah,  which  he  hur- 
riedly read  with  great  joy. — Rein's  Ltjther, 
p.  28. 

568.  BIBLE  displaced.  By  Gloves.  [At  the 
solemn  entry  of  Philip  and  Mary  into  London, 
in  1554,  shortly  after  their  marriage,]  among 
other  decorations  of  the  public  places,  the  con- 
duit in  Grace  Church  Street  was  painted  with 
devices  of  the  nine  worthies,  and  of  Henry  VIII. 
[the  father  of  the  queen]  and  Edward  VI. 
Henry  was  represented  with  a  Bible  in  his  hand, 
on  which  was  written  Verbum  Dei.  The  Bishop 
of  Winchester,  noting  the  book  in  Henry  VIII's 
hand,  shortly  afterward  called  the  painter  before 
him,  and  with  vile  words,  calling  him  traitor, 
asked  why,  and  who  bade  him  describe  King 
Henry  with  a  book  in  his  hand,  as  is  aforesaid, 
threatening  him  therefore  to  go  to  the  Fleet. 
The  painter  humbly  apologized,  and  said  he 
thought  he  had  done  well.  "Nay,"  said  the 
bishop, "  it  is  against  the  queen's  Catholic  proceed- 
ings." And  so  he  painted  him  shortly  after,  in- 
stead of  the  book  of  Verbum  Dei,  to  have  in  his 
hands  a  new  pair  of  gloves. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol. 
8,  ch.  5,  p.  75. 

569.  BIBLE  douhted.  John  Bunyan.  [Be- 
fore his  conversion]  Bunyan  was  hardly  dealt 
with.  "  Whole  floods  of  blasphemies,"  he  says, 
' '  against  God,  Christ,  and  the  Scriptures,  were 
poured  upon  my  spirit ;  questions  against  the  very 
being  of  God  and  of  His  only  beloved  Son,  as 
whether  there  was  in  truth  a  God  or  Christ  or 
no,  and  whether  the  Holy  Scriptures  were  not 
rather  a  fable  and  cunning  story  than  the  holy 
and  pure  Word  of  God."  "  How  can  you  tell," 
the  tempter  whispered,  ' '  but  that  the  Turks  have 
as  good  a  Scripture  to  prove  their  Mahomet  the 
Saviour,  as  we  have  to  prove  our  Jesus  is  ?  Could 
I  think  that  so  many  tens  of  thousands,  in  so 
many  countries  and  kingdoms,  should  be  with- 
out the  knowledge  of  the  right  way  to  heaven — 
if  there  were  indeed  a  heaven — and  that  we  who 
lie  in  a  corner  of  the  earth  should  alone  be  blessed 
therewith  ?  Every  one  doth  think  his  own  re- 
ligion the  rightest — both  Jews,  Moors,  and  Pa- 
gans ;  and  how  if  all  our  faith,  and  Christ,  and 


BIBLE. 


69 


Scripture  should   be  but   '  a  think  so '  too  ?" — 
Fkoude's  Bunyan,  ch.  3. 

570.  BIBLE,  The  first.  Eliot's.  About  half 
a  century  after  King  James'  translation  of  the 
Bible  Massachusetts  gave  it,  through  Eliot,  to  her 
Indians — the  first  Bible  printed  in  America. — 
Stevens'  M.  E.  Ch.,  vol.  1,  p.  21. 

571.  BIBLE,  The  best  Gift.  Coronation. 
[When  Queen  Elizabeth  made  her  coronation 
progress,  a  great  display  was  made  by  the  people.] 
When  she  espied  a  pageant  at  the  Little  Conduit 
...  a  rest  was  made,  and  a  Bible  in  English, 
richly  covered,  was  let  down  unto  her,  by  a  silk 
lace,  from  a  child  that  represented  Truth.  With 
both  her  hands  she  received  it ;  then  she  kissed 
it,  afterward  applied  it  to  her  breast ;  and  lastly . 
held  it  up,  thanking  the  city  especially  for  that 
gift,  and  promising  to  be  adiligeiit  reader  thereof . 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  8,  p.  111. 

572.  BIBLE,  Imperilled  by  the.  Richard 
Hunne.  [In  1515  Richard  Hunne  was  brought  be- 
fore the  Bishop  of  London,  charged  with  heresy. 
He]  was  terrified  into  an  admission  of  some  of 
the  crimes  of  which  he  was  accused,  one  of  which 
was  that  he  had  in  his  possession  the  epistles  and 
gospels  in  English,  and  "  Wycliife's  damnable 
works."  He  was  sent  back  to  prison,  and  two 
days  after  was  found  hanging  in  his  cell.  A  cor- 
oner's inquest  charged  the  bishop's  chancellor 
and  other  officers  with  murder,  but  it  was  main- 
tained by  them  that  the  heretic  had  committed 
suicide.  The  bishop  and  clergy  had  the  incred- 
ible folly  to  begin  a  new  process  of  heresy  against 
the  dead  body,  which  was  adjudged  guilty,  and, 
according  to  the  sentence,  burnt  in  Smithfield. 
—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  17,  p.  277. 

573.  BIBLE,  An  incendiary.  Reign  of  James 
II.  The  clergy  were  strictly  charged  not  to  re- 
flect on  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  in  their 
discourses.  The  chancellor  took  on  himself  to 
send  the  macers  of  the  Privy  Council  round  to 
the  few  printers  and  booksellers  who  could  then 
be  found  in  Edinburgh,  charging  them  not  to 
publish  any  work  without  his  license.  It  was 
well  understood  that  this  order  was  intended  to 
prevent  the  circulation  of  Protestant  treatises. 
One  honest  stationer  told  the  messengers  that  he 
had  in  his  shop  a  book  which  reflected,  in  very 
coarse  terms,  on  popery,  and  begged  to  know 
whether  he  might  sell  it.  They  asked  to  see  it, 
and  he  showed  them  a  copy  of  the  Bible. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  6. 

574.  BIBLE  indestructible.  Persecution.  The 
philosophers  .  ,  .  had  diligently  studied  the  na- 
ture and  genius  of  the  Christian  religion  ;  and  as 
they  were  not  ignorant  that  the  speculative  doc- 
trines of  the  faith  were  supposed  to  be  contained 
in  the  writings  of  the  prophets,  of  the  evangelists, 
and  of  the  apostles,  they  most  probably  suggested 
the  order  that  the  bishops  and  presbyters  should 
deliver  all  their  sacred  books  into  the  hands  of 
the  magistrates,  who  were  commanded,  under 
the  severest  penalties,  to  bum  them  in  a  public 
and  solemn  manner.  By  the  same  edict  the  prop- 
erty of  the  church  was  at  once  confiscated,  and 
the  several  parts  of  which  it  might  consist  were 
either  sold  to  the  highest  bidder,  united  to  the 
Imperial  domain,  bestowed  on  the  cities  and  cor- 
porations, or  granted  to  the  solicitations  of  rapa- 
cious   courtiers.  .  .  .  The    Christians,    though 


they  cheerfully  resigned  the  ornaments  of  their 
churches,  resolved  not  to  intermpt  their  religious, 
assemblies  nor  to  deliver  their  sacred  books  ta 
the  flames. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16. 

575.  BIBLE,  Influence  of  the.  Cromwell.  A 
great  man  is  ever  the  personification  of  the  spirit 
which  breathes  from  time  to  time  upon  his  age 
and  country.  The  inspiration  of  Scripture  pre- 
dominated, in  1600,  over  the  three  kingdoms. 
Cromwell,  more  imbued  than  any  other  with  this, 
sentiment,  was  neither  a  politician  nor  an  ambi- 
tious conqueror,  nor  an  Octavius,  nor  a  C«esar. 
He  was  a  Judge  of  the  Old  Testament ;  a  sectariant 
of  the  greater  power  in  proportion  as  he  was  more 
superstitious,  more  strict  and  narrow  in  his  doc- 
trines, and  more  fanatical.  If  his  genius  had 
surpassed  his  epoch  he  would  have  exercised  less 
influence  over  the  existing  generation.  His  na- 
ture was  less  elevated  than  the  part  assigned 
to  him  ;  his  religious  bias  constituted  the  half  of 
his  fortune. — Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  80. 

576.  BIBLE,  Monopoly  in  the.  British  Monop- 
oly. Where  was  there  a  house  in  the  colonies 
that  did  not  cherish,  and  did  not  possess,  the 
English  Bible  ?  And  yet  to  print  that  Bible  in 
British  America  was  prohibited  as  a  piracy,  and 
the  Bible,  except  in  the  native  savage  districts, 
was  never  printed  there  till  the  land  became 
free. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  12. 

577.  BIBLE  omitted.  Coronation  of  James 
II.  James  had  ordered  Sancroft  to  abridge  the 
ritual.  The  reason  publicly  assigned  was  that 
the  day  was  too  short  for  all  that  was  to  be 
done  ;  but  whoever  examines  the  changes  which 
were  made  will  see  that  the  real  object  was  to 
remove  some  things  highly  offensive  to  the  relig- 
ious feelings  of  a  zealous  Roman  Catholic.  .  .  . 
The  ceremony  of  presenting  the  sovereign  with 
a  richly-bound  copy  of  the  English  Bible,  and 
of  exhorting  him  to  prize  above  all  earthly 
treasures  a  volume  which  he  had  been  taught  to 
regard  as  adulterated  with  false  doctrine,  was 
omitted. — Mac  aula  y's  Eng.,  ch.  4. 

578.  BIBLE,  A  people's.  Wycliffe.  With  the 
tacit  approval  of  the  primate  of  a  church  which, 
from  the  time  of  Wycliffe,  had  held  the  transla- 
tion and  reading  of  the  Bible  in  the  common 
tongue  to  be  heresy  and  a  crime  punishable  with, 
fire,  Erasmus  boldly  avowed  his  wish  for  a 
Bible  open  and  intelligible  to  all.  "  I  wish  that 
even  the  weakest  woman  might  read  the  gospels 
and  the  epistles  of  St.  Paul.  I  wish  that  they 
were  translated  into  all  languages,  so  as  to  be 
read  and  understood  not  only  by  Scots  and 
Irishmen,  but  even  by  Saracens  and  Turks.  But 
the  first  step  to  their  bein^  read  is  to  make  thera 
intelligible  to  the  reader.  I  long  for  the  day  whea 
the  husbandman  shall  sing  portions  of  them  to 
himself  as  he  follows  the  plough ;  when  the 
weaver  shall  hum  them  to  the  tune  of  his  shut- 
tle ;  when  the  traveller  shall  while  away  with 
their  stories  the  weariness  of  his  journey." — 
Hist,  op  Eng.  People,  §  518. 

579.  BIBLE,  Prohibition  of  the.  England. 
In  1543  an  act  was  passed  which  limited  the 
reading  of  the  Bible  and  the  New  Testament  ia 
the  English  tongue  to  noblemen  and  gentlemen, 
and  forbade  the  reading  of  the  same  to  "the 
lower  sort"  —  to  artificers,  prentices,  journey- 
men, serving-men,  husbandmen,  and  laborers. 


TO 


BIB-LE— BiGOTKT. 


and  to  women,  under  pain  of  imprisonment. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  cli.  27,  p.  445. 

5§0. .  Necessary.  [Puerile  objec- 
tions, in  1547.]  There  was  a  Cambridge  friar, 
just  before  the  suppression  of  the  monasteries, 
who  denounced  the  reading  of  the  Bible  by  the 
vulgar;  for  the  baker,  he  said,  who  found  it 
written  that  a  little  leaven  would  corrupt  the 
whole  lump,  would  give  us  bad  bread  ;  and  the 
ploughman  would  be  afraid  to  labor,  when  he 
learned  that  if  he  looked  back  from  his  plough 
he  were  unfit  for  the  kingdom  of  heaven. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  29,  p.  493. 

5§1.  BIBLE,  Protected  by  the.  John  Knox. 
The  young  queen  [Mary],  feeling  the  necessity 
of  securing  the  good-will  of  such  a  man,  suc- 
ceeded in  attracting  him  to  the  palace.  He  ap- 
peared in  his  Calvinistic  dress,  a  short  cloak 
thrown  over  his  shoulder,  the  Bible  under 
his  arm.  "Satan,"  said  he,  "cannot  prevail 
against  a  man  whose  left  hand  bears  a  light 
to  illumine  his  right,  when  he  searches  the  Holy 
Scriptures  in  the  hours  of  night."  —  Lamak- 
tine's  Mary  Stuart,  ch.  7. 

5§2.  BIBLE,  Searching  the  "  Bible  Moths." 
There  was  wild  enthusiasm  enough  in  some  of 
the  followers  of  Whitefield  and  Wesley,  .  .  . 
but  these  earnest  men  left  a  mark.  .  .  .  The 
obscure  young  students  .  .  .  were  first  called 
"  Sacramentarians,"  then  "  Bible  Moths,"  and 
finally  "Methodists." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  7. 

5§3.  BIBLE,  Three  Senses  in.  Swedenborg. 
The  Word  does  not  belong  to  men  alone,  but  is 
the  possession  likewise  of  the  angels  of  heaven, 
to  whom  it  wears  different  forms,  according  to 
their  love  and  intelligence.  In  general  it  may 
be  said  to  have  three  senses  or  meanings :  First, 
a  celestial  sense,  apprehended  by  the  celestial  or 
highest  angels  ;  secondly,  a  spiritual  sense,  ap- 
prehended by  a  lower  range  of  angelic  minds, 
the  spiritual  ;  and  thirdly,  a  natural  sense,  with 
which  we  are  all  familiar,  written  down  to  the 
comprehension  of  the  lowest,  most  worldly,  and 
sensual  of  men — the  Jews. — White's  Sweden- 
borg, p.  80. 

584.  BIBLE  stimulates.  Heti.  Samuel  John- 
son. [Being  a  victim  to  the  persecution  of 
James  .II.  against  Protestants  he  was  sentenced 
to  be  flogged  for  publishing  a  tract  against  the 
overthrow  of  Protestantism  by  the  use  of  the 
army.  He  suffered  with  most  courageous  en- 
durance.] His  biographer  says  :  "He  observed 
afterward  to  one  of  his  most  intimate  friends, 
that  this  text  of  Scripture,  which  came  sudden- 
ly into  his  mind,  '  He  endured  the  cross,  and 
despised  the  shame,'  so  much  animated  and  sup- 
ported him  in  his  bitter  journey  that  he  could 
Jiave  sung  a  psalm  while  the  executioner  was 
doing  his  office,  with  as  much  composure  and 
(Cheerfulness  as  ever  he  had  done  in  the  church  ; 
though,  at  the  same  time,  he  had  a  quick  sense  of 
«every  stripe  which  was  given  him,  with  a  whip 
of  nine  cords  knotted,  to  the  number  of  three 
hundred  and  seventeen." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol. 
4,  ch.  25,  p.  411. 

5§5.  BIBLE  and  Superstition,  The.  Carolina 
Indians.  The  Indians  revered  the  volume  rath- 
er than  its  doctrines  ;  and,  with  a  fond  supersti- 
tion, they  embraced  the  book,  kissed  it,  and  held 


it  to  their  breasts  and  heads,  as  if  it  had  been  an 
amulet.  ...  As  the  colonists  .  .  .  had  no 
women  with  them,  there  were  some  among  the 
Indians  who  imagined  the  English  were  not 
born  of  woman,  and  therefore  not  mortal ;  that 
they  were  men  of  an  old  generation  risen  to  im- 
mortality.— Bancroft's  Hist,  of  U.  8.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  3. 

5§6.  BIBLE-READING  forbidden.  England. 
[In  1547,  in  the]  "Act  for  the  advancement  of 
religion,"  there  was  a  special  clause  against  per- 
sons not  duly  appointed  reading  the  Bible  aloud 
in  any  church.  The  man  who  sought  to  know 
the  truth  might  muse  over  the  chained  volume, 
but  he  was  not  to  read  any  portion  of  it  to  the 
less  instructed  bystanders.  Noblemen  and  gen- 
tlemen might  read  the  Bible  aloud  to  their  fami- 
lies. Ladies  might  only  read  it  privately,  and  so 
also  might  merchants.  The  qualified  permission 
to  read  the  Scriptures  [was]  .  .  .  extended  to  all 
but  artificers,  prentices,  journeymen,  and  serv- 
ing-men.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  29,  p.  492. 

5  §7.  BIGOTEY  disclaimed.  Prayer.  In  the 
Continental  Congress,  Mr.  Jay,  a  member  from 
New  York,  spoke  against  opening  the  proceed- 
ings with  prayer,  on  the  ground  that  as  there 
were  in  that  body  Episcopalians,  Quakers,  Ana- 
baptists, Presbyterians,  and  Congregationalists, 
they  would  hardly  be  able  to  join  in  the  same 
act  of  worship.  Thereupon  Mr.  Samuel  Adams, 
a  strict  Congregationalist,  arose  and  said  he  was 
no  bigot,  and  could  hear  a  prayer  from  a  gentle- 
man of  piety  and  virtue  who  was,  at  the  same 
time,  a  friend  to  his  country.  He  then  moved 
that  Mr.  Duche,  an  Episcopalian  clergyman,  read 
prayers  to  the  Congress.  The  motion  was  car- 
ried, and  the  prayers  were  read. — Am.  Cyc, 
"Samuel  Adams." 

588.  BIGOTEY,  Papal.  Pius  V.  [He  had  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  inquisitor.]  A  more 
furious  bigot  never  sat  on  the  papal  throne  ;  and 
his  bigotry  was  more  terrible  from  the  circum- 
stance that  it  was  conscientious.  When  he  sent 
a  force  to  the  aid  of  the  French  Catholics,  he  told 
their  leader  ' '  to  take  no  Huguenot  prisoner,  but 
instantly  to  kill  every  one  that  fell  into  his  hands." 
When  the  savage  Duke  of  Alva  was  butchering 
without  remorse  in  the  Netherlands,  the  Holy 
Father  sent  him  a  consecrated  hat  and  sword, 
in  admiration  of  his  Christian  proceedings. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  11,  p.  167. 

589.  BIGOTEY,  Protestant.  Mary  Stuart. 
[The  evening  before  her  execution  Mary  Stu- 
art, Queen  of  Scots,  desired  the  presence  of  her 
priest  and  almoner  ;  but  she  was  refused,  and 
was  informed  that  in  the  place  of  her  confessor 
she  might  have  the  spiritual  assistance  of  the 
Dean  of  Peterborough.  She  necessarily  de- 
clined.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  13,  p.  201. 

590.  BIGOTEY,  Puritanic.  In  Prayer.  [When 
the  body  of  Cliarles  I.  was  deposited  in  the  vault 
for  burial,  the  governor  of  St.  George's  Castle] 
forbade  the  church-service  to  be  performed, 
through  his  bigoted  resolve  that,  the  Common 
Prayer  having  been  put  down,  he  would  not 
suffer  it  to  be  read  in  the  garrison  where  he 
commanded. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  8. 
p.  115. 

591 .  BIGOTEY,  Strange.  Pilgrims.  At  a  ses- 
sion of  the  general  court  of  the  colony  [of  Mas 


BIRTH— BISHOPS. 


71 


sachusetts],  held  in  1631,  a  law  was  passed  re- 
stricting the  right  of  suffrage.  It  was  enacted 
that  none  but  members  of  the  church  should  be 
permitted  to  vote  at  the  colonial  elections.  The 
choice  of  governor,  deputy-governor,  and  assist- 
ant councillors  was  thus  placed  in  the  hands  of 
a  small  minority.  Nearly  three  fourths  of  the 
people  were  excluded  from  exercising  the  rights 
of  freemen.  Taxes  were  levied  for  the  support 
of  the  gospel ;  oaths  of  obedience  to  the  magis- 
trates were  required  ;  attendance  upon  public 
worship  was  enforced  by  law  ;  none  but  church- 
members  were  eligible  to  officers  of  trust.  It  is 
,  strange  that  the  very  men  that  had  so  recently, 
through  perils  by  sea  and  land,  escaped  with 
only  their  lives  to  find  religious  freedom  in 
another  continent,  should  have  begun  their  ca- 
reer with  intolerance  and  proscription.  The 
only  excuse  that  can  be  found  for  the  gross  in- 
consistency and  injustice  of  such  legislation  is, 
that  bigotry  was  the  vice  of  the  age  rather  than 
of  the  Puritans. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  eh.  13. 

592.  BIETH,  Accident  of.  Bonaparte.  [Born] 
on  the  15th  of  August,  1769  .  .  .  [at  Ajaccio, 
Corsica,  recently  won  to  France  by  arms].  Had 
the  young  Napoleon  seen  the  light  two  months 
earlier,  he  would  have  been  by  birth  an  Italian, 
Dot  a  Frenchman. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

593.  BIRTH  concealed.  Abraham.  The  Ish- 
maelite  Arabs  .  .  .  call  in  their  books  their 
father  Abraham  El  Klialil- Allah,  or  the  friend  of 
God.  His  father  Azor,  say  they,  was  one  of  the 
lireat  vassals  of  Nimrod,  a  sort  of  fabulous  Ju- 
] liter  of  the  Babylonian  Olympus.  Nimrod, 
frightened  by  a  prophecy  which  announced  to 
him  the  birth  of  an  infant  superior  to  other  men 
and  to  himself,  forbade  all  intercourse  between 
the  sexes  in  his  dominions.  Abraham  was  born 
through  a  breach  of  this  order.  His  parents, 
to  elude  the  anger  of  Nimrod,  concealed  his 
birth.  They  had  him  hid  and  nursed  in  a  cav- 
ern outside  the  cit}^ — Lamartine's  Turkey. 

594.  BIRTH,  Humble.  Gabrini.  In  a  quar- 
ter of  the  city  [Rome]  which  was  inhabited  only 
by  mechanics  and  Jews,  the  marriage  of  an  inn- 
keeper and  a  washerwoman  produced  the  future 
deliverer  of  Rome.  From  such  parents  Nicholas 
Rienzi  Gabrini  could  inherit  neither  dignity  nor 
fortune ;  and  the  gift  of  a  liberal  education, 
"Which  they  painfully  bestowed,  was  the  cause 
of  his  glory  and  untimely  end. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
«h.  73,  p.  471. 

595.  .  Bom.  Emp.  Diocletian.     As 

the  reign  of  Diocletian  was  more  illustrious 
than  that  of  any  of  his  predecessors,  so  was  his 
tirth  more  abject  and  obscure.  The  strong 
-claims  of  merit  and  of  violence  had  frequently 
JBuperseded  the  ideal  prerogatives  of  nobility  ; 
but  a  distinct  line  of  separation  was  hitherto 
preserved  between  the  free  and  the  servile  part 
of  mankind.  The  parents  of  Diocletian  had 
been  slaves  in  the  house  of  Anulinus,  a  Roman 
•senator,  nor  was  he  himself  disinguished  by  any 
other  name  than  that  which  he  derived  from  a 
«mall  town  in  Dalmatia,  from  whence  his  moth- 
er deduced  her  origin. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  13. 

596.  BIRTH,  Superior  to.  Burns.  Born  in 
«n  age  the  most  prosaic  Britain  had  yet  seen, 
and  in  a  condition  the  most  advantageous,  where 
Ais  mind,  if  it  accomplished  aiight,  must  accom- 


plish it  under  the  pressure  of  continual  bodily 
toil — nay,  of  penury  and  desponding  apprehen- 
sion of  the  worst  evils — and  with  no  furtherance 
but  such  knowledge  as  dwells  in  a  poor  man's 
hut,  and  the  rhymes  of  a  Ferguson  or  Ramsay 
for  his  standard  of  beauty,  he  sinks  not  under 
all  these  impediments.  Through  the  fogs  and 
darkness  of  that  obscure  region,  his  eagle  eye 
discerns  the  true  relations  of  the  world  and  hu- 
man life  ;  he  grows  into  intellectual  strength,  and 
trains  himself  into  intellectual  expertness.  Im- 
pelled by  the  irrepressible  movement  of  his  in- 
ward spirit,  he  struggles  forward  into  the  gen- 
eral view,  and  with  haughty  modesty  lays  down 
before  us,  as  the  fruit  of  his  labor,  a  gift  which 
Time  has  now  pronounced  imperishable. — Car- 
lyle's  Burns,  p.  15. 

597.  BIRTH,  A  welcome.  "The  King  of 
Borne."  [Napoleon's  second  wife  gave  birth  to 
a  boy  March  20, 1811.]  If  the  child  were  a  prin- 
cess, twenty-one  guns  were  to  be  fired ;  if  a 
prince,  one  hundred.  At  six  o'clock  in  the 
morning  ...  all  Paris  was  aroused  by  the  deep 
booming  of  [cannon].  .  .  .  Every  window  was 
thrown  open.  Every  ear  was  on  the  alert.  .  .  . 
Vast  throngs  stood  motionless  to  count  the 
tidings,  which  those  explosions  were  thundering 
in  their  ears.  .  . .  The  twenty-first  gun  was  fired. 
The  interest  was  now  intense  beyond  conception. 
For  a  moment  the  gunners  delayed  the  next  dis- 
charge, and  Paris  stood  waiting  in  breathless 
suspense.  The  heavy  loaded  guns  then,  with 
redoubled  voice,  pealed  forth  the  announcement. 
From  the  entire  city  one  universal  roar  of  ac- 
clamation rose,  and  blended  with  their  thun- 
ders. .  .  .  Who  could  then  have  imagined .  .  . 
that  this  child,  the  object  of  a  nation's  love  and 
expectation,  would  linger  through  a  few  short 
years  of  neglect  and  sorrow,  and  then  sink  into 
a  forgotten  grave  ? — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  2,  ch.  11. 

598.  BISHOP  corrupted.  Theododus.  InA.D. 
389  the  archiepiscopal  throne  of  Alexandria 
was  filled  by  Theodosius,  the  perpetual  enemy 
of  virtue — a  bold,  bad  man,  whose  hands  were 
alternately  polluted  with  gold  and  blood.  .  .  . 
When  a  sentence  of  destruction  against  the  idols 
of  Alexandria  was  pronounced,  the  Christians 
sent  up  a  shout  of  joy.  .  .  ,  Theophilus  pro- 
ceeded to  demolish  the  temple  of  Serapis,  with- 
out any  other  difficulties  than  those  which  he 
found  in  the  weight  and  solidity  of  the  ma- 
terials ;  but  these  obstacles  proved  so  insuper- 
able, that  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  founda- 
tions, and  to  content  himself  with  reducing  the 
edifice  itself  to  a  heap  of  rubbish,  a  part  of 
which  was  soon  afterward  cleared  away,  to  make 
room  for  a  church  erected  in  honor  of  the  Chris- 
tian martyrs.  The  valuable  library  of  Alexandria 
was  pillaged  or  destroyed ;  and  nearly  twenty 
years  afterward  the  appearance  of  the  empty 
shelves  excited  the  regret  and  indignation  of 
every  spectator,  whose  mind  was  not  totally 
darkened  by  religious  prejudice.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  28. 

599.  BISHOPS,  Honored.  Oermans.  The  an- 
cient Germans  had  the  highest  veneration  for 
their  priests.  It  was,  therefore,  natural  for  the 
Franks,  after  their  conversion,  to  preserve  the 
same  reverence  for  the  ministers  of  their  new  re- 
ligion.    We  find  that  the  bishops  held  the  first 


72 


BLESSING— BLOT. 


place  in  the  national  assemblies.  They  were  em- 
ployed under  Clotarius  I.  to  correct  the  Salic  and 
Kiparian  laws,  and  they  had  a  sort  of  superinten- 
dence over  the  judicial  tribunals.  In  the  absence 
of  the  king,  it  was  competent  to  appeal  to  the 
bishops  from  the  sentences  of  the  dukes  and 
counts. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  2. 

600.  BLESSING,  A  diabolical.  Martin  Luther. 
After  this  interview  [with  the  fanatic  Karlstadt] 
Luther  continued  on  his  journey  ...  to  Orla- 
milnde,  headquarters  of  Karlstadt.  But  he  ac- 
complished nothing  here  ;  he  narrowly  escaped 
bodily  violence.  He  himself  narrates  this  ex- 
perience :  "  When  I  reached  Orlamiinde  I  soon 
discovered  what  kind  of  seed  Karlstadt  had  sown; 
for  I  was  greeted  with  such  a  blessing  as  this  : 
'  Depart  in  the  name  of  a  thousand  devils,  and 
may  you  break  your  neck  before  you  leave  the 
city  ! '  " — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  14. 

601.  BLESSING  disdained.  Eeign  of  James  II. 
[Seven  bishops  had  been  imprisoned  because  they 
refused  to  aid  the  king  in  the  overthrow  of  the 
Protestant  faith.]  Loud  acclamations  were 
raised.  The  steeples  of  the  churches  sent  forth 
joyous  peals.  The  bishops  found  it  difficult  to 
escape  from  the  importunate  crowd  of  their  well- 
wishers.  Lloyd  was  detained  in  Palace  Yard  by 
admirers  who  struggled  to  touch  his  hands  and  to 
kiss  the  skirt  of  his  robe,  till  Clarendon,  with 
some  difficulty,  rescued  him  and  conveyed  him 
home  by  a  by-path.  Cartwright,  it  is  said,  was 
so  unwise  as  to  mingle  with  the  crowd.  Some 
person  who  saw  his  episcopal  habit  asked  and  re- 
ceived his  blessing.  A  bystander  cried  out, 
"  Do  you  know  who  blessed  you  ?"  "  Surely," 
said  he  who  had  just  been  honored  by  the  bene- 
diction, "  it  was  one  of  the  seven."  "  No,"  said 
the  other,  "  it  is  the  popish  Bishop  of  Chester." 
"Popish  dog,"  cried  the  enraged  Protestant, 
"  take  your  blessing  back  again." — Mac  aula  y's 
Eng.,  ch.  8. 

602.  BLESSING,  A  disguised.  American  Revo- 
lution. During  his  retreat  across  New  Jersey, 
Washington  had  sent  repeated  despatches  to 
General  Lee,  in  command  of  the  detachment 
at  North  Castle,  to  join  the  main  army  as  soon 
as  possible.  Lee  was  a  prf)ud,  insubordinate  man, 
and  virtually  disobeyed  his  orders.  Marching 
leisurely  into  New  Jersey,  he  reached  Morris- 
town.  Here  he  tarried,  and  took  up  his  quarters 
at  an  inn  at  Baskingridge.  On  the  13lh  of 
December  a  squad  of  British  cavalry  dashed  up 
to  the  tavern,  seized  Lee,  and  hurried  him  off  to 
New  York.  General  Sullivan,  who  had  recently 
been  exchanged,  now  took  command  of  Lee's 
division,  and  hastened  to  join  Washington. — 
Ridpath'sU.  S.,  ch.  39. 

603.  BLINDNESS,  Disqualified  by.  Persia. 
The  crown  of  Persia  is  herediUiry,  with  the  ex- 
clusion of  females  from  the  succession  ;  but  the 
sons  of  a  daughter  are  allowed  to  inherit  the  sover- 
eignty. By  the  laws  of  Persia  the  blind  are  ex- 
cluded from  the  throne.  Hence  it  is  a  customary 
policy  of  the  reigning  prince  to  put  out  the  eyes 
of  all  those  of  the  blood  ro3'al  of  whom  he  has 
any  jealousy. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  23. 

604.  BLINDNESS  by  Study.  John  Milton. 
His  eyesight,  though  quick,  as  he  was  a  profi- 
cient with  the  rapier,  had  never  been  strong. 
His    constant   headaches,  his   late   study,  and 


(thinks  Phillips)  his  perpetual  tampering  with 
physic  to  preserve  his  sight,  concurred  to  bring 
the  calamity  upon  him.  It  had  been  steadily 
coming  on  for  a  dozen  years  before,  and  about 
1650  the  sight  of  the  left  eye  was  gone.  He  was 
warned  by  his  doctor  that  if  he  persisted  in  using 
the  remaining  eye  for  book- work,  he  would  lose 
that  too.  "  The  choice  lay  before  me,"  Milton 
writes  in  the  "  Second  Defence,"  "between  dere- 
liction of  a  supreme  duty  and  loss  of  eyesight ;  in 
such  a  case  I  could  not  listen  to  the  physician,  not 
if  ^sculapius  himself  had  spoken  from  his  sanc- 
tuary ;  I  could  not  but  obey  that  inward  monitor, 
I  know  not  what,  that  spake  to  me  from  heaven." 
— Milton,  by  M.  Pattison,  ch.  9. 

605.  BLOCKADE  by  Chains.  Mahomet  IL  He 
laid  siege  to  Constantinople  .  .  .  while  the  indo- 
lent Greeks  made  a  very  feeble  preparation  for 
defence,  trusting  to  an  immense  barricade  of 
strong  chains,  which  blocked  up  the  entry  to 
the  port,  and  prevented  all  access  to  the  enemy's- 
ships.  The  genius  of  Mahomet  very  soon  over- 
came this  obstacle.  He  laid  a  channel  of  smooth 
planks  for  the  length  of  six  miles,  resembling 
the  frames  which  are  constructed  for  the  launch- 
ing of  ships.  In  one  night's  time  he  drew  eighty 
galleys  out  of  the  water  upon  these  planks,  and 
next  morning,  to  the  utter  astonishment  of  the 
besieged,  an  entire  fleet  descended  at  once  into- 
the  bosom  of  their  harbor.  .  .  .  Constantine,  the 
emperor,  was  killed  in  the  assault,  and  Mahomet 
immediately  converted  his  palace  into  a  seraglio, 
and  the  splendid  church  of  Santa  Sophia  into  a 
Mohammedan  mosque.  Thus  ended  the  empire 
of  the  East,  in  the  year  1453,  eleven  hundred  and 
twenty-three  years  from  the  building  of  Con- 
stantinople by  Constantine  the  Great. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  13. 

606.  BLOCKADE  of  Death.  By  Coesar.  [Thirty 
thousand  soldiers  had  fallen.]  Munda  was  at 
once  blockaded,  the  inclosing  wall — savage  evi 
dence  of  the  temper  of  the  conquerors — being 
built  of  dead  bodies  pinned  together  with  lances, 
and  on  the  top  of  it  a  fringe  of  heads  on  swords' 
points  with  the  faces  turned  toward  the  town. — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  25. 

607.  BLOT,  Shameful.  William  Penn.  [Young 
girls,  by  order  of  their  schoolmistress,  had  pre- 
sented a  standard  to  the  rebel  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth.] The  queen's  maids  of  honor  asked  the 
royal  permission  to  wring  money  out  of  the 
parents  of  the  poor  children,  and  the  permission 
was  granted.  .  .  .  The  maids  of  honor  would  not 
endure  delay  ;  they  were  determined  to  prosecute 
to  outlawry,  unless  a  reasonable  sum  were  forth- 
coming ;  and  by  a  reasonable  sum  was  meant 
£7000.  Warre  excused  himself  from  taking 
any  part  in  a  transaction  so  scandalous.  The 
maids  of  honor  then  requested  William  Penn 
to  act  for  them,  and  Penn  accepted  the  com 
mission  ;  yet  it  should  seem  that  a  little  of  the 
pertinacious  scrupulosity  which  he  had  often 
sliown  about  taking  off  his  hat  would  not  have 
been  altogether  out  of  place  on  this  occasion.  He 
probably  silenced  the  remonstrances  of  his  con- 
science by  repeating  to  himself  that  none  of  tlie 
money  which  he  extorted  would  go  into  his  own 
pocket ;  that  if  he  refused  to  be  the  agent  of  the 
ladies,  they  would  find  agents  less  humane  ;  that 
by  complying  he  should  increase  his  influence  at 
the  court,  and  that  his  influence  at  the  court  had 


BLOT— BOLDNESS. 


7S 


already  enabled  him,  and  might  still  enable 
him,  to  render  great  services  to  his  oppressed 
brethren.  [More  at  No.  839.] — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  5. 

60§.  BLOT  of  the  Times.  Cmar.  The  Gauls 
paid  the  expenses  of  their  conquest  in  the  prison- 
ers taken  in  battle,  who  were  sold  to  the  slave 
merchants  ;  and  this  is  the  real  blot  on  Caesar's 
career.  But  the  blot  was  not  personally  upon 
Csesar,  but  upon  the  age  in  which  he  lived. 
The  great  Pomponius  Atticus  himself  was  a 
dealer  in  human  chattels.  That  prisoners  of 
war  should  be  sold  as  slaves  was  the  law  of  the 
time,  accepted  alike  by  victors  and  vanquished  ; 
and  the  crowds  of  libertini  who  assisted  at 
Caesar's  funeral  proved  that  he  was  not  regarded 
as  the  enemy  of  these  unfortunates,  but  as  their 
special  friend. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  18. 

609.  BLUNDER  by  Inattention.  Goldsmith. 
Lord  Clare  and  the  Duke  of  Northumberland 
had  houses  next  to  each  other,  of  similar  archi- 
tecture. Returning  home  one  morning  from  an 
early  walk.  Goldsmith,  in  one  of  his  frequent 
fits  of  absence,  mistook  the  house,  and  walked 
up  into  the  duke's  dining-room,  where  he  and 
the  duchess  were  about  to  sit  down  to  breakfast. 
Goldsmith,  still  supposing  himself  in  the  house 
of  Lord  Clare,  and  that  they  were  visitors,  made 
them  an  easy  salutation,  being  acquainted  with 
them,  and  threw  himself  on  a  sofa  in  the  loung- 
ing manner  of  a  man  perfectly  at  home.  The 
duke  and  duchess  soon  perceived  his  mistake, 
and,  while  they  smiled  internally,  endeavored, 
with  the  considerateness  of  well-bred  people,  to 
prevent  any  awkward  embarrassment. —  Irv- 
ing's  Goldsmith,  ch.  30. 

610.  BOARD,  Prayers  exchanged  for.  Napoleon 
I.  The  French  emigrant  priests  were  quite  a 
burden  on  the  convents  of  Italy,  where  they 
had  taken  refuge  [from  Jacobin  fury],  and  the 
Italian  priests  were  quite  ready,  upon  the  arrival 
of  the  French  army,  to  drive  them  away,  on  the 
pretext  that  by  harboring  the  emigrants  they 
should  draw  upon  themselves  the  vengeance  of 
the  Republican  army.  Napoleon  issued  a  decree 
commanding  the  convents  to  .  .  .  furnish  them 
everything  necessary  for  their  support  and  com- 
fort. In  .  .  .a  vein  of  latent  humor,  he  en- 
joined that  the  French  priests  should  make  re- 
muneration for  this  hospitality  in  prayers  and 
masses  at  the  regular  market-price. —  Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  7. 

611.  BOASTING  of  Pride.  Bajazet  I.  In  the 
battle  of  Nicopolis,  Bajazet  [the  Turk]  defeated  a 
confederate  army  of  a  hundred  thousand  Chris- 
tians, who  had  proudly  boasted  that  if  the 
sky  should  fall,  they  could  uphold  it  on  their 
lances.  The  far  greater  part  were  slain  or  driven 
into  the  Danube ;  and  Sigismond,  escaping  to 
Constantinople  by  the  river  and  the  Black  Sea, 
returned  after  a  long  circuit  to  his  exhausted 
kingdom.  In  the  pride  of  victory,  Bajazet  threat- 
ened that  he  would  besiege  Buda ;  that  he 
would  subdue  the  adjacent  countries  of  Ger- 
many and  Italy  ;  and  that  he  would  feed  his 
horse  with  a  bushel  of  oats  on  the  altar  of  St. 
Peter  at  Rome.  His  progress  was  checked,  not 
by  the  miraculous  interposition  of  the  apostle, 
not  by  a  crusade  of  the  Christian  powers,  but  by 
a  long  and  painful  fit  of  the  gout.  The  disorders 
of  the  moral  are  sometimes  corrected  by  those 


of  the  physical  world  ;  and  an  acrimonious 
humor  falling  on  a  single  fibre  of  one  man  may 
prevent  or  suspend  the  misery  of  nations. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  51. 

612.  BOASTING,  Ridiculous.  Inventor.  Once, 
when  checking  my  boasting  too  frequently  of 
myself  in  company,  he  said  to  me  :  "Boswell, 
you  often  vaunt  so  much  as  to  provoke  ridicule. 
You  put  me  in  mind  of  a  man  who  was  standing 
in  the  kitchen  of  an  inn  with  his  back  to  the  fire, 
and  thus  accosted  the  person  next  him  :  '  Do  you 
know,  sir,  who  I  am  ?  '  '  No,  sir,'  said  the  other, 
'  I  have  not  that  advantage.'  '  Sir,'  said  he,  '  I 
am  the  great  Twalmley,  who  invented  the  New 
Floodgate  Iron.' "  [Note.]  It  was  neither  more 
nor  less  than  a  kind  of  box-iron  for  smoothing 
linen. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  489. 

613.  BOASTING,  Senseless.  New  York.  a.d. 
1765.  "I  will  cram  the  stamps  down  their 
throats  with  the  end  of  my  sword,"  cried  the 
braggart  James,  major  of  artillery,  as  he  busied 
himself  with  bringing  into  the  fort  more  field- 
pieces,  as  well  as  powder,  shot,  and  shells.  "  If 
they  attempt  to  rise,  I,"  he  gave  out,  "  will  drive 
them  all  out  of  town  for  a  pack  of  rascals,  with 
four  and  twenty  men." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol. 
5,  ch.  17. 

614.  BOASTING,  Vain.  Perdans.  The  Mir- 
ranes  of  Persia  advanced,  with  40,000  of  her  best 
troops,  to  raze  the  fortifications  of  Dara,  and 
signified  the  day  and  the  hour  on  which  the 
citizens  should  prepare  a  bath  for  his  refresh- 
ment, after  the  toils  of  victory.  He  encountered 
an  adversary  equal  to  himself,  by  the  new  title 
of  General  of  the  East ;  his  superior  in  the 
science  of  war,  but  much  inferior  in  the  number 
and  quality  of  his  troops,  which  amounted  only 
to  25,000  Romans  and  strangers  relaxed  in  their 
discipline,  and  humbled  by  recent  disasters. 
On  the  level  plain  of  Dara  the  standard  of  Persia 
fell ;  the  immortals  fled,  the  infantry  threw  away 
their  bucklers,  and  8000  of  the  vanquished  fell 
before  the  Roman  swords  [under  Belisarius]  oa 
the  field  of  battle. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  41. 

615.  BODY,  Crippled.  Timour  the  Tartar. 
The  fame  of  Timour  has  pervaded  the  East  and 
West — his  posterity  is  still  invested  with  the  im- 
perial  title — and  the  admiration  of  his  subjects, 
who  revered  him  almost  as  a  deity,  may  be  jus- 
tified in  some  degree  by  the  praise  or  confession 
of  his  bitterest  enemies.  Although  he  was  lame 
of  a  hand  and  foot,  his  form  and  stature  were 
not  unworthy  of  his  rank ;  and  his  vigorous 
health,  so  essential  to  himself  and  to  the  world, 
was  corroborated  by  temperance  and  exercise.— 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65. 

616.  BODY,  Perfect.  American  Indians.  How 
rare  is  it  to  find  the  red-man  squint-eyed,  oi 
with  a  diseased  spine,  halt  or  blind,  or  with  any 
deficiency  or  excess  in  the  organs  !  .  .  .  The 
most  refined  nation  is  most  liable  to  produce 
varieties,  and  to  degenerate. — Bancroft's  Hist. 
U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

617.  BOLDNESS,  Verbal.  Goldsmith.  Gold- 
smith one  day  brought  to  the  club  a  printed 
ode,  which  he,  with  others,  had  been  hearing 
read  by  its  author  in  a  public  room,  at  the  rate 
of  five  shillings  each  for  admission.  One  of  the 
company  having  read  it  aloud,  Dr.  Johnson 
said  :  "  Bolder  words  and  more  timorous  mean- 


74 


BOMBAST— BOOKS. 


ing,  I  think,   never  were  brought  together." — 
Boswsll's  Johnson,  p.  433. 

618.  BOMBAST  rebuked.  "Jupiter."  Mene- 
crates,  the  physician,  having  succeeded  in  some 
desperate  cases,  got  the  surname  of  Jupiter. 
And  he  was  so  vain  of  the  appellation,  that  he 
made  use  of  it  in  a  letter  to  the  king.  "Mene- 
crates  Jupiter  to  King  Agesilaus,  health."  His 
answer  began  thus  :  ' '  King  Agesilaus  to  Mene- 
crates,  his  senses." — Plutarch. 

619.  BOMBAST,  Ridiculous.  James  I.  [James 
told  his  disobedient  Parliament :]  My  integrity  is 
like  the  whiteness  of  my  robe,  my  purity  like  the 
metal  of  gold  in  my  crown,  my  firmness  and 
clearness  like  the  precious  stones  I  wear,  and 
my  affections  natural,  like  the  redness  of  my 
heart. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23,  p.  364. 

620.  BONDS  inflated.  Louis  XIV.  The  king 
wished  to  give  one  more  of  his  grand  festivals  at 
Versailles,  and  ordered  his  Minister  of  Finance 
to  provide  the  money — 4,000,000  francs.  The 
treasury  was  empty,  and  the  credit  of  the  gov- 
ernment was  gone.  A  royal  bond  of  100  francs 
was  worth  35  francs.  One  day  when  the  minis- 
ter was  pacing  his  antechamber,  considering  how 
he  should  raise  the  sum  required,  he  perceived, 
through  an  open  door,  two  of  his  servants  look- 
ing over  the  papers  on  his  desk.  An  idea  darted 
into  his  mind.  He  drew  up  the  scheme  of  a 
grand  lottery,  which  he  pretended  was  designed 
to  pay  off  a  certain  description  of  bonds.  This 
scheme,  half  written  out,  he  left  upon  his  desk, 
and  remained  absent  for  a  considerable  time.  His 
two  lackeys  were,  as  he  supposed,  employed  by 
stock-jobbers  to  discover  the  intentions  of  the 
government  with  regard  to  the  issue  and  redemp- 
tion of  its  bonds.  They  did  their  work,  and  at 
once  the  bonds  began  to  rise  in  price,  and  went 
up  in  a  few  days  from  thirty-five  to  eighty-five. 
When  they  had  reached  the  price  last  named,  and 
were  in  active  demand,  the  minister  issued  and 
slipped  upon  the  market  new  bonds  enough  to 
furnish  him  with  the  needful  4,000,000  francs. 
The  trick  was  soon-  discovered,  and  the  bonds 
dropped  to  twenty -eight. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog. 
p.  465. 

621.  BOOK,  A  great  Gift.  Petrarch.  [The 
first  of  Latin  scholars  in  his  day.]  The  mani- 
fold avocations  of  Petrarch,  love  and  friendship, 
his  various  correspondence  and  frequent  jour- 
neys, the  Roman  laurel,  and  his  elaborate  com- 
positions in  prose  and  verse,  in  Latin  and  Ital- 
ian, diverted  him  from  a  foreign  idiom  ;  and  as 
he  advanced  in  life,  the  attainment  of  the  Greek 
language  was  the  object  of  his  wishes  rather  than 
of  his  hopes.  When  he  was  about  fifty  years  of 
age,  a  Byzantine  ambassador,  his  friend,  and  a 
master  of  both  tongues,  presented  him  with  a 
copy  of  Homer  ;  and  the  answer  of  Petrarch  is 
at  once  expressive  of  his  eloquence,  gratitude, 
and  regret.  After  celebrating  the  generosity  of 
the  donor,  and  the  value  of  a  gift  more  precious 
in  his  estimation  than  gold  or  rubies,  he  thus 
proceeds :  "  Your  present  of  the  genuine  and 
original  text  of  the  divine  poet,  the  fountain  of 
all  invention,  is  worthy  of  yourself  and  Of  me ; 
you  have  fulfilled  your  promise,  and  satisfied  my 
desires.  Yet  your  liberality  is  still  imperfect ; 
with  Homer  you  should  have  given  me  yourself 
— a  guide  who  could  lead  me  into  the  fields  of 
light,  and  disclose  to  my  wondering  eyes  the 


specious  miracles  of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey.  But, 
alas  !  Homer  is  dumb,  or  I  am  deaf  ;  nor  is  it  in 
my  power  to  enjoy  the  beauty  which  I  possess. 
I  have  seated  him  by  the  side  of  Plato,  the  prince 
of  poets  near  the  prince  of  philosophers  ;  and  I 
glory  in  the  sight  of  my  illustrious  guests. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  66. 

622.  BOOK,  Undelivered.  Samuel  Johnson.  He 
this  year  resumed  his  scheme  of  giving  an  edition 
of  Shakespeare  with  notes.  He  issued  proposals 
of  considerable  length,  .  .  .  but  his  indolence 
prevented  him  from  pursuing  it  with  that  dili- 
gence which  alone  can  collect  those  scattered 
facts,  that  genius,  however  acute,  penetrating, 
and  luminous,  cannot  discover  by  its  own  force. 
.  .  .  Yet  nine  years  elapsed  before  it  saw  the 
light.  His  throes  in  bringing  it  forth  had  been 
severe  and  remittent ;  and  at  last  we  may  almost 
conclude  that  the  Caesarean  operation  was  per- 
formed by  the  knife  of  Churchill,  whose  upbraid- 
ing satire,  I  dare  say,  made  Johnson's  friends 
urge  him  to  despatch. 

"  He  for  subscribers  baits  his  hook. 
And  takes  your  cash  ;  but  where's  the  book  ? 
No  matter  where  ;  wise  fear,  you  know. 
Forbids  the  robbing  of  a  foe  ; 
But  what,  to  serve  our  private  ends. 
Forbids  the  cheating  of  our  friends  ?" 

— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  85. 

623.  BOOKS  burned.  By  Hangman.  [Dur- 
ing the  reign  of  James  II.  and  William  III.]  se- 
ditious, treasonable,  and  unlicensed  books  and 
pamphlets  [were  burned  by  the  hangman  at 
Charing  Cross,  by  order  of  Parliament]. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  10,  p.  158. 

624.  BOOKS,  Dearth  of.  England.  An  es- 
quire passed  among  his  neighbors  for  a  great 
scholar  if  Hudibras  and  Baker's  Chronicle,  Tarl- 
ton's  Jests  and  the  Seven  Champions  of  Christen- 
dom lay  in  his  hall  window  among  the  fishing- 
rods  and  fowling-pieces.  No  circulating  library, 
no  book  society  then  existed  even  in  the  capital ; 
but  in  the  capital  those  students  who  could  not 
afford  to  purchase  largely  had  a  resource.  The 
shops  of  the  great  booksellers,  near  Saint  Paul's 
Churchyard,  were  crowded  every  day  and  all 
day  long  with  readers,  and  a  known  customer 
was  often  permitted  to  carry  a  volume  home. 
.  ,  .  As  to  the  lady  of  the  manor  and  her 
daughters,  their  literary  stores  generally  con- 
sisted of  a  prayer-book  and  a  receipt-book.  .  .  . 
But  during  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  the  culture  of  the  female  mind  seems 
to  have  been  almost  entirely  neglected.  If  a 
damsel  had  the  least  smattering  of  literature, 
she  was  regarded  as  a  prodigy. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  3. 

625.  BOOKS,  Divine.  Zendavesta.  To  the  first 
Zoroaster  is  attributed  the  composition  of  the 
"  Zendavesta,"  a  collection  of  books  which  he 
pretended,  like  the  Roman  Numa,  to  have  re- 
ceived from  heaven.  These  books  he  presented 
to  his  sovereign  Gustashp,  the  King  of  Bactriana; 
and  confirmed  their  authority,  and  his  own  di- 
vine mission,  by  performing,  as  is  said,  some 
very  extraordinary  miracles.  Gustashp  became 
a  convert,  and  abjured,  along  Avith  the  greater 
part  of  his  subjects,  the  worship  of  the  stars, 
represented  by  several  idols,  which  was  then  the 
prevalent  religion  of  those  countries,  and  was 


BOOKS— BOY, 


75 


termed  Sabaism. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1, 
ch.  11. 

626.  BOOKS,  Enchanted  by.  Washington  Ir- 
•mng.  From  his  eleventh  year  he  was  passionate- 
ly fond  of  reading  voyages  and  travels,  a  little 
library  of  which  was  within  his  reach  ;  and  he 
used  to  secrete  candles  to  enable  him  to  read 
these  transporting  works  in  bed.  The  perusal  of 
such  books  gave  him  a  strong  desire  to  go  to  sea, 
and  at  fourteen  he  had  almost  made  up  his  mind 
to  run  away  and  be  a  sailor.  But  there  was  a 
difficulty  in  the  way.  He  had  a  particular  aver- 
sion to  salt  pork,  which  he  endeavored  to  over- 
come by  eating  it  at  every  opportunity.  He  also 
endeavored  to  accustom  himself  to  a  hard  bed  by 
sleeping  on  the  floor  of  his  room.  Fortunately 
for  the  infant  literature  of  his  country,  the  pork 
grew  more  disgusting  instead  of  less,  and  the  hard 
floor  became  harder,  until  he  gave  up  his  pur- 
pose of  trying  a  sailor's  life. — Cyclopedia  op 
BiOG.,  p.  719. 

627.  BOOKS,  Forbidden.  Beign  of  Elizabeth. 
"Whereas  divers  books,"  ran  a  royal  proclama- 
tion, "filled  with  heresy,  sedition,  and  treason, 
lave  of  late  and  be  daily  brought  into  the  realm 
out  of  foreign  countries  and  places  beyond  seas, 
and  some  also  covertly  printed  within  this  realm 
and  cast  abroad  in  sundry  parts  thereof,  where- 
"by  not  only  God  is  dishonored  but  also  encour- 
agement is  given  to  disobey  lawful  princes  and 
governors,"  any  person  possessing  such  books 

;  "shall  be  reported  and  taken  for  a  rebel,  and 
shall  without  delay  be  executed  for  that  offence 

\  according  to  the  order  of  martial  law." — Hist. 
OF  Eng.  People,  §  686. 

628.  BOOKS,  Passion  for.  Dr.  Harvey.  [The 
famous  Dr.  Harvey  was  attending  physician  to 
Charles  I.  During  the  fight  at  Edgehill,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  Revolution,  he  withdrew 
under  a  hedge,  took  a  book  out  of  his  pocket 
and  began  to  read  ;  but  he  had  not  read  long  be- 
fore a  bullet  grazed  the  ground  near  him,  and 
■caused  him  to  remove.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  1,  p.  6. 

629.  BOOKS,  Publication  of.     Restricted.     [In 
,  1662]  the  number  of  master  printers  in  London 

"was  limited  to  twenty  ;  no  books  were  allowed 
to  be  printed  out  of  London,  except  at  the  two 
universities  and  at  York ;  and  all  unlicensed 
books  were  to  be  seized,  and  the  publisher  pun- 
ished with  heavy  penalties. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  4,  ch.  17. 

630.  BOOKS  rejected.  By  Publishers.  Milton 
could  with  difficulty  find  a  publisher  for  his 
"  Paradise  Lost ;"  Crabbe's  "  Library"  and  other 
poems  were  refused  by  Dodsley,  Beckett,  and 
other  London  publishers,  though  Mr.  Murray 
many  years  after  purchased  the  copyright  of 
them  for  £3000.  Keats  could  only  get  a  pub- 
lisher by  the  aid  of  his  friends.  ..."  Robinson 
Orusoe  "  was  refused  by  one  publisher  after  an- 
other, and  at  last  sold  to  an  obscure  bookseller 
for  a  trifle.  .  .  .  Bui wer's  "  Pelham"  was  at  first 
rejected.  .  .  .  The  "  Vestiges  of  Creation "  was 
repeatedly  refused.  Thackeray's  "  Vanity  Fair  " 
was  rejected  by  a  magazine.  "Mary  Burton" 
and  "  Jane  Eyre"  went  the  round  of  the  trade. 
Howard  offered  his  "Book  of  the  Seasons"  to 
successive  publishers.  .  .  .  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  " 
could  scarcely  find  a  publisher  in  London. — 
•Smiles'  Brief  Biographies,  p.  506. 


631.  BOOKS,  BeUgious.  Samuel  Johnson.  I 
fell  into  an  inattention  to  religion,  or  an  indiffer- 
ence about  it,  in  my  ninth  year.  The  church  at 
Lichfield,  in  which  we  had  a  seat,  wanted  repa- 
ration, so  I  was  to  go  and  find  a  seat  in  other 
churches  ;  and  having  bad  eyes,  and  being  awk- 
ward about  this,  I  used  to  go  and  read  in  the 
fields  on  Sunday.  This  habit  continued  till  my 
fourteenth  year,  and  still  I  find  a  great  reluc- 
tance to  go  to  church.  I  then  became  a  sort  of 
lax  talker  against  religion,  for  I  did  not  much 
think  against  it ;  and  this  lasted  till  I  went  to  Ox- 
ford, where  it  would  not  be  suffered.  When  at 
Oxford  I  took  up  Law's  "  Serious  Call  to  a  Holy 
Life,"  expecting  to  find  it  a  dull  book  (as  such 
books  generally  are),  and  perhaps  to  laugh  at  it. 
But  I  found  Law  quite  an  overmatch  for  me ; 
and  this  was  the  first  occasion  of  my  thinking  in 
earnest  of  religion,  after  I  became  capable  of 
rational  inquiry. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  13. 

632.  BOOKS,  Scarcity  of.  Age  of  Charlemagne. 
The  low  state  of  literature  may  be  figured  from 
the  extreme  scarcity  of  books,  the  subjects  on 
which  they  were  written,  and  the  very  high  es- 
timation which  was  put  upon  them  by  those 
who  possessed  them.  The  gift  of  a  trifling  man- 
uscript to  a  monastery  of  the  life  of  a  saint  was 
sufficient  to  entitle  the  donor  to  the  perpetual 
prayers  of  the  brotherhood,  and  a  mass  to  be  cele- 
brated forever  for  the  salvation  of  his  soul.  A 
complete  copy  of  the  sacred  Scriptures  given  to 
a  city  or  State  was  esteemed  a  princely  donation. 
The  reputation  of  learning  was  then  acquired  at 
a  very  easy  rate.  Extracts  from  the  different 
works  of  the  Fathers  literally  transcribed,  and 
often  patched  together  without  order  or  connec- 
tion, compose  the  valuable  works  of  those  lumi- 
naries and  instructors  of  the  age ;  nothing  was 
more  common  than  those  commentaries,  called 
"  Catenae,"  which  were  illustrations  of  some  of 
the  books  of  Scripture,  by  borrowing  sentences 
successively  from  half  a  dozen  of  the  Fathers, 
making  each  to  illustrate  a  verse  in  his  turn. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3. 

633.  BOOTY,  Division  of.  Tr(^anWar.  The 
troops  had  no  regular  pay  ;  they  served  at  their 
own  charges  alone.  The  levies  were  made  by  a 
general  law  obliging  each  family  to  furnish  a 
soldier,  under  a  certain  penalty.  The  only  rec- 
ompense for  the  service  of  individuals  was  their 
rated  share  of  the  booty,  for  none  were  al- 
lowed to  plunder  for  themselves  ;  everything  was 
brought  into  a  common  stock,  and  the  division 
was  made  by  the  chiefs,  who  had  a  larger  pro- 
portion for  their  share. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
1,  ch.  8. 

634.  BOY,  An  enchanted.  David  Crockett.  [At 
Baltimore  he  saw  a  ship  for  the  first  time.]  As 
he  stood  on  the  dock,  gazing  at  the  ship  with  open 
eyes  and  mouth,  bewildered  at  the  sight,  one  of 
the  sailors  accosted  him  and  asked  him  if  he 
would  not  like  to  go  to  Liverpool.  Forgetting 
his  engagement  with  the  wagoner,  he  joyfully 
consented,  and  rushed  off  to  the  wagon  to  get 
his  clothes,  although  ten  minutes  before  he  did 
not  know  that  there  was  such  a  thing  as  a  ship 
in  the  world.  The  wagoner  positively  refused 
to  let  him  go.  Watching  his  chance,  however, 
he  bundled  up  his  clothes  and  started  for  the 
wharf  ;  but  it  so  chanced  that,  in  turning  the  cor- 
ner of  a  crowded  street,  he  came  full  upon  his 


76 


BOY— BRAVERY. 


master, who  collared  him  and  brought  him  back. 
—Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  664. 

635.  BOY,  A  precocious.  Themistocles.  [The- 
mistocles,  the  prudent  general,]  when  a  boy, 
was  full  of  spirit  and  fire,  quick  of  appre- 
hension, naturally  inclined  to  bold  attempts,  and 
likely  to  make  a  great  statesman.  His  hours  of 
leisure  and  vacation  he  spent,  not,  like  other  boys, 
in  idleness  and  play  ;  but  he  was  always  invent- 
ing and  composing  declamations,  the  subjects  of 
which  were  either  the  impeachment  or  defence 
of  some  of  his  school-fellows  ;  so  that  his  master 
would  often  say:  "Boy,  you  will  be  nothing 
common  or  indifferent ;  you  will  either  be  a 
blessing  or  a  curse  to  the  community." — Plu- 
tarch. 

036. .    The  New  England  Courant. 

A.D.  1721.  Benjamin  [Frankhn]  ...  a  boy  of 
fifteen  who  wrote  pieces  for  its  humble  columns, 
worked  in  composing  the  types,  as  well  as  in 
printing  off  the  sheets,  and  himself,  as  car- 
rier, distributed  the  papers  to  customers. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23. 

637.  BOY,  A  reformed.  David  Crockett.  [He 
ran  away  from  home,  and  after  two  years'  ab- 
sence he  returned  on  a  winter  eve.  He  had  a 
joyful  welcome.]  He  now  set  at  work  in  earnest 
to  assist  his  old  father,  to  whom  he  had  not  given 
much  help  or  comfort  hitherto.  By  six  months' 
hard  work  he  paid  one  of  his  father's  debts, 
which  had  caused  the  old  man  much  anxiety. 
Then  he  worked  six  months  more  to  cancel  a 
note  of  $30  which  his  father  had  given,  and 
brought  it  to  his  father  as  a  present.  Next  he 
went  to  work  for  sundry  other  months,  until  he 
had  provided  himself  with  a  supply  of  decent 
clothes.  He  was  now  nearly  twenty  years  of  age, 
and  being  much  mortified  with  his  inability  to 
read  or  write,  he  made  a  bargain  with  a  Quaker 
schoolmaster,  agreeing  to  work  two  days  on  the 
Quaker's  farm  for  every  three  that  he  attended 
his  school.  He  picked  up  knowledge  rapidly, 
and  after  six  months  of  this  arrangement  he 
could  read,  write,  and  cipher  sufiiciently  well  for 
the  ordinary  purposes  of  life  on  the  frontier. — 
Cyclopedia  op  Biog.  ,  p.  665. 

63§.  BOY,  Runaway.  Benjamin  Franklin. 
A.  D.  1 723.  Vexed  with  the  arbitrary  proceedings 
of  the  [Massachusetts]  assembly  [which  required 
his  brother's  paper  to  be  supervised]  .  .  .  indig- 
nant also  at  the  tyranny  of  a  brother  who,  as  a 
passionate  master,  often  beat  his  apprentice  .  .  . 
but  seventeen  years  old,  sailed  clandestinely  for 
New  York  ;  and,  finding  there  no  employment, 
crossed  to  Amboy  ;  went  on  foot  to  the  Dela- 
ware ;  for  want  of  a  wind  rowed  in  a  boat  from 
Burlington  to  Philadelphia  ;  and  bearing  the 
marks  of  his  labor  at  the  oar,  weary,  hungry, 
having  ...  a  single  dollar  .  .  .  the  nmaway 
apprentice — greatest  of  the  sons  of  New  England 
of  that  generation  .  .  .  stepped  on  shore  to  seek 
food,  occupation,  shelter,  and  fortune. — Ban- 
cropt's  XJ.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23. 

639.  BOY,  A  "  scientific."  Bobert  Stephenson. 
Occasionally  Robert  experimented  .  .  .  upon 
the  cows  in  Wigham's  enclosure,  which  he  elec- 
trified by  means  of  his  electric  kite,  making  them 
run  about  the  field  with  their  tails  on  end. — 
Smiles'  Brief  Biographies,  p.  57. 

640.  BOYHOOD,  Dull.  Oliver  Goldsmith.  Ol- 
iver's   education   began  when   he    was  about 


three  years  old — that  is  to  say,  he  was  g'athered 
under  the  wings  of  one  of  those  good  old  motner- 
ly  dames,  found  in  every  village,  who  cluck 
together  the  whole  callow  brood  of  the  neighbor- 
hood, to  teach  them  their  letters  and  keep  them 
out  of  harm's  way.  .  .  .  Apparently  he  did  not 
much  profit  by  it,  for  she  confessed  he  was  one 
of  the  dullest  boys  she  had  ever  dealt  with,  in- 
somuch that  she  had  sometimes  doubted  whether 
it  was  possible  to  make  anything  of  him  :  a 
common  case  with  imaginative  children,  who 
are  apt  to  be  beguiled  from  the  dry  abstraction* 
of  elementary  study  by  the  picturings  of  the 
fancy. — Irving's  Goldsmith,  p.  15. 

641.  BOYHOOD,  Humble.  Pizarro.  In  for- 
mer times  the  farmers  of  Spain  let  their  pigs, 
roam  in  large  droves  in  the  forests,  attended  by 
a  boy,  who  kept  them  from  wandering  too  far, 
and  drove  them  at  night  to  an  enclosure  near 
home.  Pizarro,  the  conqueror  of  Peru,  was  one 
of  these  pig-tenders  when  Columbus  discovered 
America  in  1492.  He  was  then  seventeen  year* 
of  age — a  rude,  tough,  wilful  lad,  ignorant  of 
everything  except  the  manners  and  customs  of 
the  animals  he  drove.  To  his  dying  day  he 
could  not  write  his  name  or  read  a  sentence.  .  .  . 
Here  was  a  strange  piece  of  timber  to  make  a 
conqueror  of — a  swineherd,  an  illegitimate  son, 
ignorant,  living  in  a  secluded  region,  and  re- 
garded by  his  own  father  as  the  meanest  of  his 
servants. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  323. 

642.  BOYHOOD,  Ingenuity  in.  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton. His  favorite  playthings  were  little  saws, 
hammers,  chisels,  and  hatchets,  with  which  he 
made  many  curious  and  ingenious  machines. 
There  was  a  windmill  in  course  of  erection  near 
his  home.  He  watched  the  workmen  with  the 
greatest  interest,  and  constructed  a  small  model 
of  the  mill,  which,  one  of  his  friends  said,  was 
"  as  clean  and  curious  a  piece  of  workmanship 
as  the  original."  He  was  dissatisfied,  however, 
with  his  mill,  because  it  would  not  work  when 
there  was  no  wind  ;  and  therefore  he  added  to 
it  a  contrivance  by  which  it  could  be  kept  in 
motion  by  a  mouse.  He  made  a  water-clock, 
the  motive-power  of  which  was  the  dropping  of 
water  on  a  wheel.  ...  He  constructed  also  a 
four-wheeled  carriage,  propelled  by  the  person 
sitting  in  it.  To  amuse  his  schoolfellows,  he 
made  very  ingenious  kites,  to  the  tails  of  which 
he  attached  lanterns  of  crimpled  paper,  which, 
being  lighted  by  a  candle,  and  sent  up  in  the 
evening,  alarmed  the  rustics  of  the  parish.  Ob- 
serving the  shadows  of  the  sun,  he  marked  the 
hours  and  half  hours  by  driving  in  pegs  on  the 
side  of  the  house,  and  at  length  perfected  the 
sun-dial  which  is  still  shown. — Parton's  New- 
ton, p.  75. 

643.  BRAVERY  in  Battle.  Persians.  [When 
the  Romans  besieged  and  captured  Petra  they 
were  met  by  valiant  men.]  Of  the  Persian  gar- 
rison, 700  perished  in  the  siege,  2300  survived  to 
defend  the  breach.  One  thousand  and  seventy 
were  destroyed  with  fire  and  sword  in  the  last 
assault ;  and  if  730  were  made  prisoners,  only  18 
among  them  were  found  without  the  marks 
of  honorable  wounds.  The  remaining  500  es- 
caped into  the  citadel,  which  they  maintained 
without  any  hopes  of  relief,  rejecting  the  fairest 
terms  of  capitulation  and  service,  till  they  were 
lost  in  the  flames.  They  died  in  obedience  to  the 


BRAVERY. 


7t 


<x)mmands  of  their  prince. 
cli.  42. 


Gibbon's  Rome, 


644.    .      20,000  against    400,000. 

(When  the  french  and  Venetian  crusaders  had 
taken  the  suburbs  of  Constantinople,  their  zeal 
was  fired  for  greater  heroism.]  By  these  daring 
Achievements,  a  remnant  of  20,000  Latins  solicit- 
ed the  license  of  besieging  a  capital  which  con- 
tained above  400,000  inhabitants,  able,  though 
not  willing,  to  bear  arms  in  defence  of  their  coun- 
try.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  60. 

645.  BEAVEEY,  Brilliant.  PaulJones.  [At 
"Whitehaven  the  harbor  contained  300  vessels.] 
At  daybreak,  with  two  boats  and  thirty-one 
men,  he  landed  on  a  wharf  of  the  town,  pro- 
vided with  a  lantern  and  two  tar-barrels.  He 
went  alone  to  a  fort  defending  the  town,  and, 
finding  it  deserted,  climbed  over  the  wall,  and 
spiked  every  gun,  without  alarming  the  gar- 
rison, who  were  all  asleep  in  the  guard-house 
near  by.  Then  he  surrounded  the  guard-house, 
and  took  every  man  prisoner.  Next,  he  sprang 
into  the  only  other  fort  remaining,  and  spiked 
its  guns.  All  this,  which  was  the  work  of  ten 
minutes,  was  accomplished  without  noise  and 
without  resistance.  The  ships  being  then  at 
his  mercy,  he  made  a  bonfire  in  the  steerage  of 
one  of  them,  which  blazed  up  through  the 
hatchway,  while  Jones  and  his  men  stood  by, 
pistol  in  hand,  to  keep  off  the  people,  whom  the 
flames  had  alarmed,  and  who  now  came  run- 
ning down  to  the  shore  in  hundreds.  To  the 
forts  !  was  the  cry.  But  the  forts  were  harm- 
less. When  the  fire  had  made  such  headway 
that  the  destruction  of  the  whole  fleet  seemed 
certain.  Captain  Jones  gave  the  order  to  embark. 
He  was  the  last  to  take  his  place  in  the  boat. 
He  moved  off  leisurely  from  the  shore,  and  re- 
gained his  ship  without  the  loss  of  a  man.  The 
people,  however,  succeeded  in  confining  the  fire 
to  two  or  three  ships.  But  the  whole  coast  was 
panic-stricken.  Every  able-bodied  man  joined 
the  companies  of  patrolmen.  It  was  many  a 
month  before  the  inhabitants  of  that  shore  went 
to  sleep  at  night  without  a  certain  dread  of  Paul 
Jones. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  335. 

646.  BRAVERY  in  Death,  Colonel  Frank  Mc- 
Cullough.  [This  Confederate  guerrilla  was  capt- 
ured in  Missouri  by  the  Union  army.]  A  court- 
martial  was  held,  and  he  was  sentenced  to  be 
shot.  .  .  .  He  received  the  information  of  his  fate 
with  perfect  composure,  but  protested  against  it. 
Leaning  against  the  fence,  he  wrote  a  few  lines 
to  his  wife.  These,  with  his  watch,  he  delivered 
to  the  officer  to  be  given  to  her.  Upon  the  way 
to  his  execution,  he  requested  the  privilege  to 
^ve  the  command  to  fire,  which  was  granted. 
All  being  ready,  he  said  :  "  What  I  have  done, 
I  have  done  as  a  principle  of  right.  Aim  at  the 
heart.  Fire  !" — Pollard's  Second  Year  of 
THE  War,  ch.  6,  p.  173. 

647.  BRAVERY,  Example   of.     Napoleon  I. 

!In  the  terrible  reverses  which  followed  Napo- 
eon,  he  met  the  Allies  at  Arcis.]  A  live  shell 
having  fallen  in  front  of  one  of  his  young  bat- 
talions, which  recoiled  and  wavered  in  expecta- 
tion of  an  explosion.  Napoleon,  to  reassure  them, 
spurred  his  charger  toward  the  instrument  of  de- 
struction, made  him  smell  the  burning  match, 
waited  unshaken  for  the  explosion,  and  was 
blown  up.  Rolling  in  the  dust  with  his  mutilated 


steed,  and  rising  without  a  wound  amid  the  plau- 
dits of  his  soldiers,  he  calmly  called  for  another 
horse,  and  continued  to  brave  the  grape-shot,  and 
to  fly  into  the  thickest  of  the  battle. — Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  20. 

64§.  BRAVERY,  Exploit  of.  Bridge  of  Lodi. 
A.D.  1796.  Lannes  was  the  first  to  cross,  and 
Napoleon  the  second.  Lannes,  in  utter  reck- 
lessness and  desperation,  spurred  his  maddened 
horse  into  the  very  midst  of  the  Austrian  ranks, 
an4  grasped  a  banner.  At  that  moment  his  horse 
fell  dead  bendath  him,  and  half  a  dozen  swords 
glittered  above  his  head.  With  herculean 
strength  and  agility,  he  extricated  himself  from 
the  fallen  steed,  leaped  upon  the  horse  of  an 
Austrian  officer  behind  the  rider,  plunged  his 
sword  through  the  body  of  the  officer,  and  hurled 
him  from  his  saddle  ;  taking  his  seat  he  fought 
his  way  back  to  his  followers,  having  slain  in 
the  melee  six  of  the  Austrians  with  his  own 
hand.  .  .  .  Napoleon  promoted  Lannes  on  the 
spot. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

649.  BRAVERY,  Fearless.  William  II.  In 
1099  William  was  hunting  in  the  New  Forest, 
when  he  received  a  message  that  Helie  had  de- 
feated the  Normans  and  surprised  the  city  of 
Mans.  Without  drawing  bit  he  galloped  to  the 
coast,  and  jumped  into  a  vessel  lying  at  anchor. 
The  day  was  stormy,  and  the  sailors  were  unwill- 
ing to  embark.  "  Sail  instantly  !"  cried  the  bold 
man  ;  "kings  are  never  drowned."  .  .  .  He  was 
soon  at  the  head  of  his  troops. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  16,  p.  230. 

650. .  Colonel  Moultrie,    a.d.  1776. 

[The  British,  under  Admiral  Lord  Howe,  were 
preparing  to  bombard  the  battery  on  Sullivan's 
Island  in  Charleston  harbor,  afterward  called 
Fort  Moultrie.  Ten  guns  against  one.]  Captain 
Lemprier  [said  to  the  commander  :]  "  Well,  col- 
onel, what  do  you  think  of  it  now  ?"  "  We  shall 
l?eat  them,"  said  Moultrie.  "  The  men-of-war," 
rejoined  the  captain,  "will  knock  your  fort 
down  in  half  an  hour."  "  Then,"  said  Moultrie, 
"  we  will  lie  behind  the  ruins  and  prevent  their 
men  from  landing."  [He  drove  the  British 
away  with  a  loss  of  only  eleven  men.] — Ban- 
croft's U.  S. ,  vol.  8,  ch.  66. 

651.  BRAVERY,  Heroic.  Robert  Demreux. 
[At  the  taking  of  Cadiz  by  the  English  in  1596, 
for  a  time  the  result  seemed  doubtful ;  but  at  the 
critical  moment  the  Earl  of  Essex  threw  his  own 
standard  over  the  wall.  To  save  the  honor  of 
the  ensign,  each  soldier  tried  to  be  first  in  follow- 
ing it  by  leaping  down  from  the  wall,  sword  in 
hand.  The  town  was  taken  by  their  valor.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  17,  p.  266. 

652. .  Richard  Grenville.  [In  1593 

Vice- Admiral  Richard  Grenville,  with  great  odds 
against  him,  fought  the  Indian  fleet  of  Spain  from 
three  in  the  afternoon  to  daybreak  the  next 
morning.  He]  was  three  times  wounded  during 
the  action,  in  which  he  again  and  again  repulsed 
the  enemy,  who  constantly  assailed  him  with 
fresh  vessels.  At  length  the  good  ship  lay  upon 
the  waters  like  a  log.  Her  captain  proposed  t« 
blow  her  up  rather  than  surrender  ;  but  the  ma- 
jority of  the  crew  compelled  him  to  yield  him- 
self a  prisoner.  He  died  in  a  few  days,  and  his 
last  Words  were  :  "Here  die  I,  Richard  Gren- 
ville, with  a  joyful  and  quiet  mind;  for  that 


78 


BRAVERY— BRIBERY. 


I  have  ended  my  life  as  a  true  soldier  ought  to 
do,  fighting  for  his  country,  queen,  religion,  and 
honor." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  17,  p.  261. 

653.  BRAVERY,  Pre-eminence  by.  Joan  of 
Arc.  Joan  of  Arc,  "  an  enthusiast  herself,  she 
filled  a  dispirited  soldiery  and  a  despairing  peo- 
ple with  enthusiasm.  The  great  secret  of  her 
success  was  the  boldness  of  her  attacks,  when 
military  science  reposed  upon  its  cautious  strat- 
egy."— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  6,  p.  87. 

654.  BRAVERY,  Query  of.  LacedcBmonians. 
lii  was  remarked  by]  one  of  their  ancient  kings  : 
' '  The  Lacedaemonians  seldom  inquired  the  num- 
ber of  their  enemies,  but  the  place  where  they 
could  be  found." — Plutarch's  Cleomenes. 

655.  BRAVERY  rewarded.  Paradise.  [Dur- 
ing a  fierce  battle  with  the  Khoreishites]  Ma- 
homet was  seized  with  a  sudden  fainting  which 
deprived  him  of  his  senses.  He  soon  recovered 
from  the  swoon  with  a  face  all  radiant  with  hope. 
"  I  have  seen  the  Spirit  of  God,"  said  he,  "with 
his  war-horse  behind  him.  He  was  preparing  to 
combat  on  our  side.  Whoever  shall  have  fought 
brately  to-day  and  died  of  wounds  received  in 
front  will  enjoy  Paradise." — Lamartine's  Tur- 
key, p.  108. 

656.  BRAVERY,  Youthfol.  Eeign  of  James 
II.  One  of  the  proscribed  Covenanters,  over- 
come by  sickness,  had  found  shelter  in  the 
house  of  a  respectable  widow,  and  had  died 
there.  The  corpse  was  discovered  by  the  laird 
of  Westerhall,  a  petty  tyrant.  .  .  .  This  man 
pulled  down  the  house  of  the  poor  woman,  car- 
ried away  her  furniture,  and,  leaving  her  and 
her  younger  children  to  wander  in  the  fields, 
dragged  her  son  Andrew,  who  was  still  a  lad, 
before  Claverhouse,  who  happened  to  be  march- 
ing through  that  part  of  the  country.  Claver- 
house was  that  day  strangely  lenient.  .  .  But  Wes- 
terhall was  eager  to  signalize  his  loyalty,  and  ex- 
torted a  sullen  consent.  The  guns  were  loaded, 
and  the  youth  was  told  to  pull  his  bonnet  over 
his  face.  He  refused,  and  stood  confronting  his 
murderers  with  the  Bible  in  his  hand.  "  I  can 
look  you  in  the  face,"  he  said  ;  "I  have  done 
nothing  of  which  I  need  be  ashamed.  But  how 
■will  you  look  in  that  day  when  you  shall  be 
judged  by  what  is  written  in  this  book  ?"  He 
fell  dead,  and  was  buried  in  the  moor. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  4. 

657.  BREAD,  Public  Provision  of.  Bomans. 
[During  the  decline  of  the  Roman  Empire,]  for 
the  convenience  of  the  lazy  plebeians,  the 
monthly  distributions  of  corn  were  converted 
into  a  daily  allowance  of  bread  ;  a  great  number 
of  ovens  were  constructed  and  maintained  at  the 
public  expense  ;  and  at  the  appointed  hour  each 
citizen,  who  was  furnished  with  a  ticket,  as- 
cended the  flight  of  steps,  which  had  been  as- 
signed to  his  peculiar  quarter  or  division,  and 
received,  either  as  a  gift  or  at  a  very  low  price, 
a  loaf  of  bread  of  the  weight  of  three  pounds, 
for  the  use  of  his  family. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  31. 

65§.  BREAB  Question,  The.  Precedence  to. 
[During  the  French  Revolution  hundreds  of 
market-women,  attended  by  an  armed  mob  of 
men,  went  to  Versailles,  to  demand  bread  of  the 
National  Assembly,  there  being  a  great  destitu- 
tion in  Paris.     They  entered  the  hall.]     There 


was  a  discussion  upon  the  criminal  laws.  A  fish- 
woman  cried  out,  "  Stop  that  babbler  ;  that  is 
not  the  question  ;  the  question  is  about  bread." 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  9,  p.  179. 

659.  BREVITY,  Famous.  Julius  Cmar.  In 
the  account  he  gave  Amintius,  one  of  his  friends 
in  Rome,  of  the  rapidity  and  despatch  with 
which  he  gained  his  victory,  he  made  use  only 
of  three  words,  "  I  came,  I  saw,  I  conquered." 
Their  having  all  the  same  form  and  terminatioa 
in  the  Roman  language  adds  grace  to  their  con- 
ciseness.— Plutarch's  C^sar. 

660.  BRIBERY,  Contemned.  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton. The  duties  of  his  office  were  performed  by 
him  [in  the  royal  mint]  with  signal  ability  and  pu- 
rity. He  was  offered  on  one  occasion  a  bonus  of 
£6000  for  a  contract  for  the  coinage  of  the  cop- 
per money.  Sir  Isaac  refused  the  offer  on  the 
ground  that  it  was  a  bribe  in  disguise.  The 
agent  argued  the  matter  with  him  without  effect, 
and  said,  at  length,  that  the  offer  came  from  "  a 
great  duchess."  The  philosopher  roughly  replied, 
"I  desire  you  to  tell  the  lady  that  if  she  was 
here  herself,  and  had  made  me  this  offer,  I  would 
have  desired  her  to  go  out  of  my  house  ;  and  so 
I  desire  you,  or  you  shall  be  turned  out." — Paiv 
ton's  Newton,  p.  85. 

661.  BRIBERY  in  Court.  For  a  HeaHng. 
[The  Magna  Charta]  put  an  end  to  that  enor- 
mous corruption  by  which  justice  was  sold,  not 
by  mere  personal  bribery  of  corrupt  ministers 
of  the  Crown,  but  by  bribing  the  Crown  through 
their  hands.  The  rolls  of  the  Exchequer  present 
constant  evidence  of  sums  of  money  received  by 
the  king  to  procure  a  hearing  in  his  courts. — 
Knight,  vol.  1,  ch.  24,  p.  349. 

662.  BRIBERY,  Disguised.  England.  [Ve- 
nality was  never  carried  farther.  Mr.  Hallani 
says  :]  "  The  sale  of  seats  in  Parliament,  like  any 
other  transferable  property,  is  never  mentioned 
in  any  book  that  I  remember  to  have  seen  of  aa 
earlier  date  than  1760."  Bribery  in  the  approved 
form  of  selling  a  pair  of  jack-boots  for  30  guin- 
eas, and  a  pair  of  wash-leather  breeches  for  £50, 
was  notorious  enough  to  be  laughed  at  by  Foote. 
Dr.  Johnson  held  that  "  if  he  were  a  gentleman 
of  landed  property,  he  would  turn  out  all  his  ten- 
ants who  did  not  vote  for  the  candidate  whom 
he  supported." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  16, 
p.  247. 

663.  BRIBERY,  Legislative.  £nQQOforaVote, 
[In  the  Irish  Parliament,  in  1800,  there  was  a 
great  contest  in  bribery.  Lord  Castlereagh 
writes  to  the  Duke  of  Portland  :]  We  have  un- 
doubted proofs,  though  not  such  as  we  can  dis- 
close, that  they  are  enabled  to  offer  as  high  as. 
£5000  for  an  individual  vote,  and  I  lament  to 
state  that  there  are  individuals  remaining 
among  us  that  are  likely  to  yield  to  this  temp- 
tation.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  21,  p.  378. 

664. .  Commons.  [In  1643  Ed- 
mund Waller,  once  a  famous  poet  and  member 
of  Parliament,  was  arrested  as  a  conspirator 
in  a  plot  to  bring  the  king's  troops  into  the 
capital  during  the  civil  war.  Aubrey  says  :]  He 
had  much  ado  to  save  his  life  ;  and  in  order 
to  do  it  sold  his  estate  in  Bedfordshire,  worth 
£1300  per  annum,  to  Dr.  Wright,  for  £10,000 
(much  under  value),  which  was  procured  in 
twenty-four  hours'  time,  or  else  he  had  been 


BRIBERY. 


79 


hanged.  With  this  money  he  bribed  the  House, 
which  was  the  first  time  a  House  of  Commons 
was  ever  bribed. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  1. 

665. .  Scotch  Parliament.  [In  1712 

Lord  Oxford  said]  the  Scotch  lords  were  grown 
so  extravagant  in  their  demands,  that  it  was 
high  time  to  let  them  see  they  were  not  so 
much  wanted  as  they  imagined,  for  they  were 
now  come  to  expect  a  reward  for  every  vote 
they  gave. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  24, 
p.  380. 

666. .     Necessary.     [In  1690]  Sir 

John  Trevor,  being  a  Tory  in  principle,  under- 
took to  manage  that  party,  provided  he  was  fur- 
nished with  such  sums  of  money  as  might  pur- 
chase some  votes  ;  and  by  him  began  the  practice 
of  buying  off  men.  The  king  [William  III.] 
said  he  hated  the  practice  as  much  as  any  man 
could  do  ;  but  he  saw  it  was  not  possible,  consid- 
ering the  corruption  of  the  age,  to  avoid  it,  un- 
less he  would  endanger  the  whole. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  7,  p.  102. 

667. .     DuTce  of  Newcastle.     [The 

Duke  of  Newcastle,  one  of  the  chief  advisers  of 
George  II.  in  1747,]  was  the  most  adroit  and  ex- 
perienced trafficker  for  seats  in  the  House  of 
Commons.  He  bought  boroughs  with  a  profuse 
employment  of  his  own  wealth,  that  made  his 
family  power  almost  irresistible.  He  bought 
members  with  the  secret-service^tnoney.  He 
cajoled  ;  he  promised  ;  and  if  wheedling  and  ly- 
ing were  in  vain,  he  freely  paid.  This  was  New- 
castle's peculiar  talent.  He  hugged  the  dirty 
work  to  his  bosom  as  if  it  were  the  great  glory 
of  his  life.  He  would  share  with  no  man  the 
distinction  of  bribing  for  votes.  —  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  12,  p.  178. 

66§.  BEIBERY  of  the  Needy.     For  Emperor-. 

fin  1519,  when  the  electors  of  Germany  voted 
or  an  emperor  in  place  of  Maximilian,  de- 
ceased, Henry  VIII.  of  England,  Francis  I. 
of  France,  and  Charles  of  Spain  were  all  ambi- 
tious candidates  for  the  vacant  throne.]  Each 
of  these  monarchs  had  bribed  the  needy  electoral 
princes  to  an  enormous  extent.  The  skilful 
management  of  Charles  secured  his  unanimous 
election. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  17,  p.  231. 
669.  BKIBEEY,  Occasion  for.  Small  Pay. 
The  comptroller  of  the  mint  [who  was  a  priest] 
was  usually  a  jobber  of  the  rankest  character. 
And  all  the  civil-ofiicers  were  underpaid  in  their 
salaries.  They  all  looked  to  grants  and  leases 
for  their  reward  ;  and  they  all  lived  upon  some- 
thing even  better  than  expectancy,  for  they  all 
were  bribed.  The  secondary  oflaces  were  openly 
bought.  There  was  small  pay,  but  large  pecu- 
lation. It  was  in  vain  that  Latimer  cried  out  to 
the  young  King  Edward,  "  Such  as  be  meet  to 
bear  office,  seek  them  out ;  hire  them  ;  give  them 
competent  and  liberal  fees,  that  they  shall  not 
need  to  take  any  bribes."  .  .  ,  The  high  places 
of  the  law  were  those  in  which  the  bribe  was 
most  regularly  administered.  When  Bacon  fell 
in  the  next  half  century,  for  receiving  bribes,  he 
followed  the  most  approved  precedents,  accord- 
ing to  which  chancellors  and  chief -justices  be- 
fore him  maintained  their  state  and  ennobled 
their  posterity.  .  .  .  The  bribery  of  juries  was 
so  common,  that  a  man-killer  with  rich  friends 
could  escape  for  a  crown  properly  administered 
to   each  quest-monger ;  for  so  the  vendor  of  a 


verdict  was  called,     [a.d.    1547.]  —  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  28,  p.  462, 

670.  BEIBERY,  Papal.  Alexander  VI.  Ap 
plication  was  made  to  the  Pope  for  a  divorce  [of 
Charles  XII.  from  Jeanne  his  wife]  ;  and  Alex- 
ander, who  was  not  a  man  to  hesitate  at  any  in- 
famy, provided  he  obtained  his  price,  readily 
agreed  to  pronounce  the  desired  sentence  in  re- 
turn for  certain  honors  and  rewards  to  be  con- 
ferred upon  his  son  Caesar  Borgia. — Students' 
France,  ch.  13,  §  1,  p.  283, 

671.  BEIBEEY,  Perilous.  Athenians.  The  sa- 
cred war  had  now  lasted  about  ten  years  ;  and 
every  campaign  had  given  a  fresh  acquisition  of 
power  to  the  daring  and  the  politic  Macedonian. 
The  Athenians,  finding  no  advantage  on  their 
part,  and  heartily  tired  of  hostilities,  which  gave 
too  much  interruption  to  their  favorite  ease 
and  luxurious  enjoyments,  sent  ambassadors  to 
Philip  with  instructions  to  negotiate  a  general 
peace.  But  he  bribed  the  ambassadors,  spun 
out  the  negotiations,  and  in  the  mean  time  pro- 
ceeded in  the  most  vigorous  prosecution  of  the 
war.  This  conduct  might  have  opened  the  eyes 
of  the  Athenians,  had  not  their  corrupted  ora- 
tors, the  pensioners  of  Philip,  labored  assidu- 
ously to  foster  their  blind  security,  .  ,  ,  Philip 
poured  down  like  a  torrent  and  carried  all  be- 
fore him.  ,  .  .  Philip  became  the  arbiter  of 
Greece. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3, 

672.  BEIBEEY,  Eeproach  of.  Demosthenes. 
Harpalus  had  the  charge  of  Alexander's  treas- 
ure  in  Babylon,  and,  flattering  himself  that  he 
would  never  return  from  his  Indian  expedition, 
he  gave  into  all  manner  of  crimes  and  excesses. 
At  last,  when  he  found  that  Alexander  was 
really  returning,  and  that  he  took  a  severe  ac- 
count of  such  people  as  himself,  he  thought  prop- 
er to  march  off,  with  5000  talents  and  6000  men, 
into  Attica,  [Note.]  ,  .  ,  As  he  applied  to  the 
people  of  Athens  for  shelter,  and  desired  protec- 
tion .  .  .  most  of  the  orators  had  an  eye  upon  the 
gold,  and  supported  his  application  with  all  their 
interest.  Demosthenes  at  first  advised  them  to  or- 
der Harpalus  off  immediately,  and  to  be  particu- 
larly careful  not  to  involve  the  city  in  war  again, 
without  any  just  or  necessary  cause.  Yet  a  few 
days  after,  when  they  were  taking  an  account 
of  the  treasure,  Harpalus,  perceiving  that  De- 
mosthenes was  mucli  pleased  with  one  of  the 
king's  cups,  and  stood  admiring  the  workman- 
ship and  fashion,  desired  him  to  take  it  in  his. 
hand,  and  feel  the  weight  of  the  gold.  Demos- 
thenes being  surprised  at  the  weight,  and  asking 
Harpalus  how  much  it  might  bring,  he  smiled, 
and  said,  "It  will  bring  you  twenty  talents," 
And  as  soon  as  it  was  night,  he  sent  him  the 
cup  with  that  sum.  For  Harpalus  knew  well 
enough  how  to  distinguish  a  man's  passion  for 
gold  by  his  pleasure  at  the  sight  and  the  keen 
looks  he  cast  upon  it.  Demosthenes  could  not  re- 
sist the  temptation  .  , ,  he  received  the  money  ,  ,  , 
and  went  over  to  the  interest  of  Harpalus.  Next 
day  he  came  into  the  assembly  with  a  quantity 
of  wool  and  bandages  about  his  neck  ;  and  when 
the  people  called  upon  him  to  get  up  and  speak, 
he  made  signs  that  he  had  lost  his  voice.  Upoa 
which  some  that  were  by  said,  "  it  was  no  com- 
mon hoarseness  that  he  got  in  the  night ;  it  was 
a  hoarseness  occasioned  by  swallowing  gold  and 
silver."    Afterward,  when  all  the  people  were 


80 


BRIBERY— BUILDING. 


appraised  of  his  taking  the  bribe,  and  he  wanted 
to  speak  in  his  own  defence,  they  would  not 
suffer  him,  but  raised  a  clamor,  and  expressed 
their  indignation.  At  the  same  time  somebody 
or  other  stood  up  and  said  sneeringly,  "Will 
you  not  listen  to  the  man  with  the  cup  ?" — Plu- 
tarch. 

673.  BRIBERY  resented.  SUphen  A.  Douglas. 
His  career  in  Congress  presents  a  strange  mixt- 
ure of  good  and  evil.  I  believe  that  he  was 
an  incorruptible  man,  though  no  one  ever  had 
more  or  better  chances  to  gain  money  unlaw- 
fully. Once  when  he  was  confined  to  his  room 
by  an  abscess,  he  was  waited  upon  by  a  million- 
aire, who  offered  to  give  him  a  deed  for  two 
and  a  half  million  acres  of  land,  now  worth 
$20,000,000,  if  he  would  merely  give  up  a  cer- 
tain document.  "I  jumped  for  my  crutches," 
Douglas  used  to  say  in  telling  the  story  ;  "he 
ran  from  the  room,  and  I  gave  him  a  parting 
blow  upon  the  head." — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  200. 

674.  BRIBERY,  Royal.  Charles  II.  The  long 
prorogation  of  the  Parliament  in  November, 
1675,  was  a  specific  arrangement  between 
Charles  [II.]  and  Louis  [XIV.],  for  which  the 
tmworthy  King  of  England  received  500,000 
crowns  [from  the  King  of  France.]  —  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  20. 

675.  BRIBERY,  Seeming.  Bdgnof  Charles  II. 
[Louis  XIV.  sent  corruption  money  to  England.] 
The  most  upright  member  of  the  country  party, 
William,  Lord  Russell,  son  of  the  Earl  of  Bed- 
ford, did  not  scruple  to  concert  with  a  foreign 
mission  schemes  for  embarrassing  his  own  sover- 
eign. This  was  the  whole  extent  of  Russell's 
offence.  His  principles  and  his  fortune  alike 
raised  him  above  all  temptations  of  a  sordid 
kind  ;  but  there  is  too  much  reason  to  believe 
that  some  of  his  associates  were  less  scrupulous. 
It  would  be  unjust  to  impute  to  them  the  ex- 
treme wickedness  of  taking  bribes  to  injure  their 
country.  On  the  contrary,  they  meant  to  serve 
her  ;  but  it  is  impossible  to  deny  that  they  were 
mean  and  indelicate  enough  to  let  a  foreign 
prince  pay  them  for  serving  her. — Macaulay's 
Ekg.,  ch.  2. 

676.  BRIBES  rejected.  Samuel  Adams. 
"  Why,"  asked  one  of  the  English  Tories  of  the 
Tory  governor  of  Massachusetts — "why  hath 
not  Mr.  Adams  been  taken  off  from  his  opposi- 
tion by  an  olBce  ?  "  To  which  the  governor  re- 
plied :  "Such  is  the  obstinacy  and  inflexible 
disposition  of  the  man,  that  he  never  would  be 
conciliated  by  any  office  whatever."  This  was 
indeed  the  truth.  His  daughter,  who  long  sur- 
vived him,  and  with  whom  living  persons  have 
conversed,  used  to  say  that  her  father  once 
refused  a  pension  from  the  British  Govern- 
ment of  £2000  a  year.  Once,  when  a  se- 
cret messenger  from  General  Gage  threatened 
him  with  a  trial  for  treason  if  he  persisted  in 
his  opposition  to  the  government,  and  promised 
him  honors  and  wealth  if  he  would  desist, 
Adams  rose  to  his  feet,  and  gave  him  this  an- 
swer :  "  Sir,  I  trust  I  have  long  since  made  my 
peace  with  the  King  of  kings.  No  personal 
consideration  shall  induce  me  to  abandon  the 
righteous  cause  of  my  country.  Tell  Governor 
Ckge  it  is  the  advice  of  Samuel  Adams  to  him 


no  longer  to  insult  the  feelings  of  an  exasper- 
ated people." — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  236. 

677.  BROTHERHOOD  acknowledged.  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  hold  the  bonds  of  brother- 
hood so  dear,  that  a  brother  commonly  pays  the 
debt  of  a  deceased  brother,  and  assumes  his  re- 
venge and  his  perils.  There  are  no  beggars 
among  them,  no  fatherless  children  unprovided 
for.  The  families  that  dwell  together,  hunt  to- 
gether, roam  together,  fight  together,  constitute 
a  tribe. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

67§.  BROTHERS,  Division  between.  Romulus 
and  Remus.  [In  the  founding  of  Rome  the]  two 
brothers  first  differed  about  the  place  where 
their  new  city  was  to  be  built,  and  referring  the 
matter  to  their  grandfather,  he  advised  them  to 
have  it  decided  by  augury.  In  this  augury 
Romulus  imposed  upon  Remus  ;  and  when  the 
former  prevailed  that  the  city  should  be  built 
upon  Mount  Palatine,  the  builders,  being  divided 
into  two  companies,  were  no  better  than  two 
factions.  At  last,  Remus,  in  contempt,  leaped 
over  the  work,  and  said,  "Just  so  will  the 
enemy  leap  over  it  !"  whereupon  Celer  gave  him 
a  deadly  blow,  and  answered,  "  In  this  manner 
will  our  citizens  repulse  the  enemy."  Some 
say  that  Romulus  was  so  aflBicted  at  the  death 
of  his  brother,  that  he  would  have  laid  violent 
hands  upon  himself  if  he  had  not  been  pre- 
vented.— Plutarch's  Romlxus. 

679.  BRUTALITY  of  Persecutors.  Dr.  Row- 
land Taylor.  [At  the  stake]  he  would  hare 
spoken  to  them,  but  the  guard  thrust  a  tip- 
staff into  his  mouth.  As  they  were  piling  the 
fagots,  a  brutal  man  cast  a  fagot  at  him,  which 
wounded  him  so  that  the  blood  ran  down  his 
face.  "O  friend,"  said  he,  "I  have  harm 
enough  ;  what  need  that  ?"  Let  us  draw  a  veil 
over  his  sufferings,  and  see  only  the  poor  wom- 
an [his  wife]  who  knelt  at  the  stake  to  join  in 
his  prayers,  and  would  not  be  driven  away. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  6. 

680.  BRUTES,  Immortality  of.  Samuel  John- 
son. An  essay,  written  by  Mr.  Deane,  a  divine 
of  the  Church  of  England,  maintaining  the 
future  life  of  brutes,  by  an  explication  of  cer- 
tain parts  of  the  Scriptures,  was  mentioned,  and 
the  doctrine  insisted  on  by  a  gentleman  who 
seemed  fond  of  curious  speculation.  .  .  .  When 
the  poor  speculatist,  with  a  serious  metaphysi- 
cal pensive  face,  addressed  him,  "But  real- 
ly, sir,  when  we  see  a  very  sensible  dog,  we 
don't  know  what  to  think  of  him."  Johnson, 
rolling  with  joy  at  the  thought  which  beamed 
in  his  eye,  turned  quickly  round,  and  replied, 
' '  True,  sir  ;  and  when  we  see  a  very  foolish 
fellow,  we  don't  know  what  to  think  of  him." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  155. 

681.  BUILDING,  Colossal.  Colosseum.  The 
amphitheatre  of  Titus,  which  so  well  deserved 
the  epithet  of  colossal,  .  .  .  was  a  building  of  an 
elliptic  figure,  five  hundred  and  sixty -four  feet 
in  length,  and  four  hundred  and  sixty-seven  in 
breadth,  founded  on  fourscore  arches,  and  rising, 
with  four  successive  orders  of  architecture,  to  the 
height  of  one  hundred  and  forty  feet.  The  out- 
side of  the  edifice  was  incrusted  with  marble, 
and  decorated  with  statues.  The  slopes  of  the 
vast  concave  which  formed  the  inside  were  filled 
and  surrounded  with  sixty  or  eighty  rows  of 


BUILDING— BURIAL. 


81 


seats  of  marble  likewise,  covered  with  cushions, 
and  capable  of  receiving  with  ease  about  four- 
score thousand  spectators.  Sixty-four  mmitories 
(for  by  that  name  the  doors  were  very  aptly  dis- 
tinguished) poured  forth  the  immense  multitude  ; 
and  the  entrances,  passages,  and  staircases  were 
contrived  with  such  exquisite  skill,  that  each 
person,  whether  of  the  senatorial,  the  equestrian, 
or  the  plebeian  order,arrived  at  his  destined  place 
without  trouble  or  confusion.  Nothing  was 
omitted  which,  in  any  respect,  could  be  subser- 
vient to  the  convenience  and  pleasure  of  the 
spectators.  They  were  protected  from  the  sun 
and  rain  by  an  ample  canopy,  occasionally 
drawn  over  their  heads.  The  air  was  continu- 
ally refreshed  by  the  playing  of  fountains,  and 
profusely  impregnated  by  the  grateful  scent 
of  aromatics.  In  the  centre  of  the  edifice  the 
arena,  or  stage,  was  strewed  with  the  finest  sand, 
and  successively  assumed  the  most  different 
forms.  At  one  moment  it  seemed  to  rise  out  of 
the  earth,  like  the  garden  of  the  Hesperides, 
and  was  afterward  broken  into  the  rocks  and 
caverns  of  Thrace.  The  subterraneous  pipes 
conveyed  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  water  ;  and 
what  had  just  before  appeared  a  level  plain 
might  be  suddenly  converted  into  a  wide  lake 
covered  with  armed  vessels  and  replenished  with 
monsters  of  the  deep.  [Furniture  of  silver,  and 
of  gold,  and  of  amber.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
12. 

6§2.  BUILDING  opposed.  Reign  of  James  II. 
[During  the  Duke  of  5lonmouth's  rebellion  in  the 
West]  the  commons  authorized  the  king  to  raise 
an  extraordinary  sum  of  £400,000  for  his  present 
necessities.  .  .  .  The  scheme  of  taxing  houses 
lately  built  in  the  capital  was  revived  and  strenu- 
ously supported  by  the  country  gentlemen.  It 
was  resolved,  not  only  that  such  houses  should 
be  taxed,  but  that  a  bill  should  be  brought  in  pro- 
hibiting the  laying  of  any  new  foundations  with- 
in the  bills  of  mortality.  The  resolution,  how- 
ever, was  not  carried  into  eif ect.  Powerful  men 
who  had  land  in  the  suburbs,  and  who  hoped  to 
see  new  streets  and  squares  rise  on  their  estates, 
exerted  all  their  influence  against  the  project. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5. 


6§3.  BUILDING,  Ruined  by.  Marcus 
Crassus  observed  how  liable  the  city  was  to  fires, 
and  how  frequently  houses  fell  down  ;  which 
misfortunes  were  owing  to  the  weight  of  the 
buildings,  and  their  standing  so  close  together. 
In  consequence  of  this,  he  provided  himself  with 
slaves  who  were  carpenters  and  masons,  and 
went  on  collecting  them  until  he  had  upward  of 
five  hundred.  Then  he  made  it  his  business  to 
buy  houses  that  were  on  fire,  and  others  that 
joined  upon  them  ;  and  he  commonly  had  them 
at  a  low  price,  by  reason  of  the  fears  and  distress 
the  owners  were  in  about  the  event.  Hence,  in 
time,  he  became  master  of  a  great  part  of  Rome. 
But  though  he  had  so  many  workmen,  he  built 
no  more  for  himself  than  one  house  in  which  he 
lived.  For  he  used  to  say,  "That  those  who 
love  building  will  soon  ruin  themselves,  and 
need  no  other  enemies." — Plutarch's  Crasscs. 

684.  BURIAL,  Companions  in.  White  Huns. 
Gorgo,  which,  under  the  appellation  of  Carizme, 
has  since  enjoyed  a  temporary  splendor,  was  the 
residence  of  the  king,  who  exercised  a  legal 
authority  over  an  obedient  people.  .  .  .  The  only 


vestige  of  their  ancient  barbarism  was  the  cus- 
tom which  obliged  all  the  companions,  perhaps 
to  the  number  of  twenty,  who  had  shared  the  lib- 
erality of  a  wealthy  lord,  to  be  buried  alive  in 
the  same  grave. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26. 

6§5.  BURIAL  questioned.  CromtoelVs.  They 
give  him  a  magnificent  funeral  in  the  old  Abbey, 
where  they  had  buried  Blake  and  the  Protector's 
mother.  But  when  Charles  Stuart  returned,  the 
bodies  were  taken  up  and  buried  at  Tyburn, 
the  head  of  Cromwell  exposed  over  Westminster 
Hall.  The  dastards  and  the  fools  !  But,  after 
all,  it  is  not  certain  that  the  body  buried  in  the 
Abbey  was  his  body.  In  a  rare  old  volume  we 
have — one  hundred  and  sixty  years  old — it  is  con- 
fidently asserted,  on  the  authority  of  the  nurse 
of  Cromwell,  that  he  was  privately  buried  by 
night  in  the  Thames,  in  order  to  avert  the  in- 
dignities which  it  was  foreseen  would  be 
wreaked  on  his  body  ;  and  this  by  his  own  direc- 
tion. Other  rumors  assign  another  spot  to  hig 
burial.  Ah  well  !  it  matters  little.  We  know 
where  his  work  is,  and  how  far  that  is  buried. 
We  see  him  standing  there,  ushering  in  a  new 
race  of  English  kings. — Hood's  Cromwell,  p. 
227. 

686.  BURIAL,  Respect  by.  Battlejkld.  Nicias 
happened  to  leave  the  bodies  of  two  of  his  men, 
who  wei'e  missed  in  carrying  off  the  dead.  But 
as  soon  as  he  knew  it,  he  stopped  his  course,  and 
sent  a  herald  to  the  enemy,  to  ask  leave  to  take 
away  those  bodies.  This  he  did,  though  there 
was  a  law  and  custom  subsisting  by  which 
those  who  desire  a  treaty  for  carrying  off  the 
dead  give  up  the  victory,  and  are  not  at  liberty 
to  erect  a  trophy.  And,  indeed,  those  who  are 
so  far  masters  of  the  field,  that  the  enemy  can- 
not bury  their  dead  without  permission,  appear 
to  be  conquerors,  because  no  man  would  ask 
that  as  a  favor  which  he  could  command. 
Nicias,  however,  chose  rather  to  lose  his  laurels 
than  to  leave  two  of  his  countrymen  unburied. 
— Plutarch. 

687.  BURIAL,  Secreted.  Alaric.  The  fero- 
cious character  of  the  barbarians  [who  invaded 
Italy]  was  displayed  in  the  funeral  of  a  hero 
whose  valor  and  fortune  they  celebrated  with 
mournful  applause.  By  the  labor  of  a  captive 
multitude,  they  forcibly  diverted  the  course  of 
the  Busentinus,  a  small  river  that  washes  the 
walls  of  Consentia.  The  royal  sepluchre,  adorn- 
ed with  the  splendid  spoils  and  trophies  of  Rome, 
was  constructed  in  the  vacant  bed  ;  the  waters 
were  then  restored  to  their  natural  channel ;  and 
the  secret  spot  where  the  remains  of  Alaric  had 
been  deposited  was  forever  concealed  by  the  in- 
human massacre  of  the  prisoners  who  had  been 
employed  to  execute  the  work.  —  Gibbon'^ 
Rome,  ch.  33. 

688.  BURIAL,  A  Tyrant's.  Attila.  [He  died 
suddenly,  from  the  bursting  of  an  artery.]  His 
body  was  solemnly  exposed  in  the  midst  of  the 
plain,  under  a  silken  pavilion  ;  and  the  chosen 
squadrons  of  the  Huns,  wheeling  round  in  meas- 
ured evolutions,  chanted  a  funeral  song  to  the 
memory  of  a  hero,  glorious  in  his  life,  invincible 
in  his  death,  the  father  of  his  people,  the  scourge 
of  his  enemies,  and  the  terror  of  the  world.  Ac- 
cording to  their  national  custom,  the  barbarians 
cut  off  a  part  of  their  hair,  gashed  their  faces 
with  unseemly  wounds,  and  bewailed  their  va- 


82 


BUSINESS— CALMNESS. 


liant  leader  as  he  deserved,  not  with  the  tears 
of  women,  but  with  tlie  blood  of  warriors.  The 
remains  of  Attila  were  enclosed  within  three 
coffins — of  gold,  of  silver,  and  of  iron — and 
privately  buried  in  the  night ;  the  spoils  of  na- 
tions were  thrown  into  his  grave  ;  the  captives 
who  had  opened  the  ground  were  inhumanly 
massacred ;  and  the  same  Huns,  who  had  in- 
dulged such  excessive  grief,  feasted,  with  disso- 
lute and  intemperate  mirth,  about  the  recent 
sepulchre  of  their  king. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
35. 

689.  BUSINESS  detested.  James  Watt.  He 
was  timid  and  reserved  ...  he  hated  higgling, 
and  declared  that  he  would  rather  "face  a 
loaded  cannon  than  settle  an  account  or  make  a 
bargain." — Smiles'  Brief  Biographies,  p.  33. 

690.  BUSINESS,  Joys  of.  Chauncey  Jerome. 
[The  famous  brass  clockmaker  was  made  al- 
most dizzy,  early  in  his  career,]  by  an  order  from 
South  Carolina  for  twelve  clocks.  When  he 
finished  his  clocks  and  was  conveying  them  to 
the  appointed  place  in  a  farmer's  wagon,  he  was 
perfectly  bewildered  at  the  idea  of  having  so  im- 
mense a  sum  as  $144  all  at  once,  and  all  his  own. 
He  could  not  believe  that  such  good  fortune  was 
in  store  for  him.  He  thought  something  would 
be  sure  to  happen  to  prevent  his  receiving  the 
money.  But  no  ;  his  customer  was  ready,  and 
slowly  counted  out  the  sum  in  silver,  and  the 
clockmaker  took  it  with  trembling  hands,  and 
carried  it  home,  dreading  lest  some  robbers 
might  have  heard  of  his  vast  wealth,  and  were 
in  ambush  to  rob  and  murder  him. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BiOG.,  p.  213. 

691.  BUSINESS,  Nobility  in.  England.  In  an 
age  of  loose  morality  among  the  higher  classes, 
Burnet  writes,  in  1708  :  "  As  for  the  men  of  trade 
and  business,  they  are,  generally  speaking,  the 
best  body  in  the  nation — generous,  sober,  chari- 
table."— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  3,  p.  41. 

692.  BUSINESS  prevented.  Boycotting.  Bos- 
ton Patriots,  a.d.  1769.  The  people  of  Boston 
.  .  .  were  impatient  that  a  son  of  [Tory  Govern- 
or] Bernard,  two  sons  of  [Lieutenant-Governor] 
Hutchinson,  and  about  five  others  would  not  ac- 
cede to  the  agreement  [not  to  import  tea  while  it 
was  taxed].  At  a  great  public  meeting  of  mer- 
chants in  Faneuil  Hall,  ...  as  the  best  means  of 
■coercion  it  was  voted  not  to  purchase  anything 
of  the  recusants  ;  subscription  papers  to  that  ef- 
fect were  carried  round  from  house  to  house,  and 
everybody  complied. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  42. 

693.  CALAMITIES  combined.  Reign  of  Charles 
II.  London  suffered  two  great  disasters,  such 
as  never,  in  so  short  a  time,  befell  one  city.  A 
pestilence,  surpassing  in  horror  any  that  during 
three  centuries  had  visited  the  island,  swept 
away,  in  six  months,  more  than  a  hundred  thou- 
sand human  beings  ;  and  scarcely  had  the  dead- 
cart  ceased  to  go  its  rounds,  when  a  fire,  such  as 
had  not  been  known  in  Europe  since  the  confla- 
^ation  of  Rome  under  Nero,  laid  in  ruins  the 
whole  city,  from  the  Tower  to  the  Temple,  and 
from  the  river  to  the  purlieus  of  Smithfleld. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2. 

694.  CALAMITIES  desired.  Pagans.  After 
the  fall  of  Serapis  [by  the  attack  of  the  Chris- 
tians, in  which  the  dismembered  image  was  drag- 


ged through  the  streets  of  Alexandria]  some 
hopes  were  entertained  by  the  pagans  that  the 
indignation  of  the  gods  would  be  expressed  by 
the  refusal  of  the  Nile's  annual  inundation  ;  but 
the  waters  began  to  swell  with  most  unusual  ra- 
pidity. They  now  comforted  themselves  with  the 
thought  that  the  same  indignation  was  to  be  ex- 
pressed by  a  deluge  ;  but  were  mortified  to  find 
at  last  that  the  inundation  brought  with  it  no 
other  than  its  usual  salutary  and  fertilizing  ef- 
fects.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  4. 

695.  CALAMITIES,  Effect  of.  National.  Eng- 
land was  now  involved  in  a  war  both  with  France 
and  Holland.  After  several  desperate  but  inde- 
cisive engagements,  England  began  to  perceive 
that  this  war  promised  nothing  but  expense  and 
bloodshed.  A  plague  which  was  then  raging  in 
London  consumed  above  a  hundred  thousand  of 
its  inhabitants  ;  a  most  dreadful  fire,  happening 
almost  at  the  same  time,  had  reduced  almost  the 
whole  of  the  city  to  ashes  ;  and  amid  so  many 
calamities  it  was  not  wonderful  that  the  warlike 
ardor  of  the  nation  should  be  considerably  abat- 
ed. A  negotiation  was  carried  on  at  Breda,  and  a 
peace  was  concluded  between  the  belligerent 
powers  in  1667.  By  the  treaty  of  Breda,  New 
York  was  secured  to  the  English,  the  Isle  of 
Polerone,  in  the  East  Indies,  to  the  Dutch,  and 
Acadia,  in  North  America,  to  the  French. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  30. 

696.  CALENDAR  corrected.  Julius  Qesar. 
One  remarkable  and  durable  reform  was  under- 
taken and  carried  through  amid  the  jests  of  Cice- 
ro and  the  other  wits  of  the  time — the  revision 
of  the  Roman  calendar.  The  distribution  of  the 
year  had  been  governed  hitherto  by  the  motions 
of  the  moon.  The  twelve  annual  moons  had 
fixed  at  twelve  the  number  of  the  months,  and 
the  number  of  days  required  to  bring  the  lunar 
year  into  correspondence  with  the  solar  had  been 
supplied  by  iiTegular  intercalations,  at  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Sacred  College.  But  the  Sacred  Col- 
lege during  the  last  distracted  century  had  neg- 
lected their  office.  The  lunar  year  was  no w  si  xty- 
five  days  in  advance  of  the  sun.  The  so-called 
winter  was  really  the  autumn,  the  spring  the 
winter.  The  summer  solstice  fell  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  legal  September. — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  25. 

697. .  Pager  Bacon.  [The  distin- 
guished Franciscan  monk.]  He  observed  an  er- 
ror in  the  calendar  with  regard  to  the  duration 
of  the  solar  year,  which  had  been  increasing  from 
the  time  that  it  was  regulated  by  Julius  Ca?sar. 
He  proposed  a  plan  for  the  correction  of  this  er- 
ror to  Pope  Clement  IV.,  and  has  treated  of  it 
at  large  in  the  fourth  book  of  his  "  Opus  Ma  jus." 
Dr.  Jebb,  his  editor  and  commentator,  is  of  opin- 
ion that  this  was  one  of  the  noblest  discoveries 
ever  made  by  the  human  mind.  In  his  optical 
works  he  has  very  plainly  described  the  construc- 
tion and  use  of  telescopic  glasses,  an  invention 
which  Galileo,  four  hundred  years  afterward,  at- 
tributed to  himself. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  16. 

69§.  CALMNESS,  Christian.  John  Wesley. 
[When  the  mob  were  pulling  down  the  house  of 
his  lay  preacher,  John  Nelson,  in  the  town  of 
Bristol,  he  and  his  companions  approached  it 
singing  hymns,  and  the  mob  fled  before  them.] 
Some  of  his  finest  lyrics  were  composed  during 


CALMNESS— CANON. 


83 


the  tumults  so  frequently  experienced.  He 
often  recited  and  sometimes  sung  them  among 
the  raging  crowds.  Four  of  them  were  written 
"  to  be  sung  in  a  tumult,"  and  one  was  ' '  a  prayer 
for  the  first  martyr." — Stevens'  Methodism, 
vol.  1,  p.  203. 

699.  CALMNESS  of  Discipline.  Napoleon  I. 
[His  enemies  exploded  a  barrel  of  powder  in  the 
streets  of  Paris,  hoping  to  destroy  him.  But  his 
carriage  had  just  passed  it.]  The  carriage  rock- 
ed as  on  the  billows  of  the  sea,  and  the  windows 
were  shattered  to  fragments.  .  ,  .  "Ha!"  said 
he,  with  perfect  composure,  "  we  are  blown  up." 
One  of  his  companions,  greatly  terrified,  thrust 
iis  head  through  the  demolished  window  and 
called  loudly  for  the  driver  to  stop.  "  No,  no  !" 
said  Napoleon;  "drive  on."  .  .  .  More  than 
tjiirty  of  these  conspiracies  were  detected  by  the 
police. — Abbott's  NAPOLEOisr  B.,  vol.  1,  ch. 
21. 

700.  CALMNESS,  Exasperating.  Socrates.  The 
populace,  whom  their  demagogues  had  strongly 
prejudiced  against  this  great  and  good  man, 
were  affected  by  his  defence,  and  showed  marks 
of  a  favorable  disposition ;  when  Anytus  and 
several  others,  men  of  high  consideration  in  the 
republic,  now  openly  stood  forth  and  joined  the 
party  of  his  accusers.  The  weak  and  inconstant 
rabble  were  drawn  along  by  their  influence,  and 
a  majority  of  thirty  suffrages  declared  Socrates 
guilty.  The  punishment  was  still  undetermined, 
and  he  himself  had  the  right  of  choosing  it.  ' '  It 
is  my  choice,"  said  he,  "  that  since  my  past  life 
has  been  employed  in  the  service  of  the  public, 
that  public  should  for  the  future  be  at  the  charge 
of  my  support."  This  tranquillity  of  mind, 
which  could  sport  with  the  danger  of  his  situa- 
tion, served  only  to  exasperate  his  judges. — Tyt- 
m:r's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  2,  p.  156. 

701.  CALUMNY,  Instigated.  Maximus  Fa- 
bius.  [When  he  was  defending  the  Romans 
against  the  Carthaginian  general.]  Hannibal, 
to  incense  the  Romans  against  him,  when  he 
came  to  his  lands,  ordered  them  to  be  spared, 
and  set  a  guard  upon  them  to  prevent  the  com- 
mitting of  the  least  injury  there,  while  he  was 
ravaging  all  the  country  around  him,  and  laying 
it  waste  with  fire.  An  account  of  these  things 
being  brought  to  Rome,  heavy  complaints  were 
made  thereupon.  The  tribunes  alleged  many 
articles  of  accusation  against  him,  before  the 
people. — Plutarch's  Fabius. 

702.  CALUMNY,  Opposition  by.  Charles  Wes- 
ley. Mobs  destroyed  the  houses  and  injured 
the  persons  of  early  Methodists  in  Cork.  .  .  . 
Twenty-eight  depositions  were  presented  to  the 

f^and  jury  at  the  assizes  against  these  disgrace- 
ul  proceedings,  but  they  were  all  thrown  out, 
and  the  jury  made  a  "  remarkable  presentment," 
which  still  stands  on  the  city  records,  and  which 
■declares  that  "  we  find  and  present  Charles  Wes- 
ley to  be  a  person  of  ill-fame,  a  vagabond,  and  a 
■common  disturber  of  his  Majesty's  peace,  and 
we  pray  that  he  may  be  transported." — Ste- 
vens' Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  282. 

703.  CANDIDATE,  A  dead.  Daniel  Webster. 
It  is  stated  as  a  fact  that  many  persons  in  Geor- 

f'a,  and  including  Robert  Toombs  and  Alexander 
.  Stephens,  showed  their  respect  for  the  great 
expounder  of  the  Constitution  by  voting  for  him 


after  he  was   dead. — Norton's  Life  of   Ste 
PHENS,  p.  12. 

704.  CANDIDATE,  A  dignified.  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson. As  Mr.  Jefferson  then  held  the  office  of 
vice-president,  he  presided  daily  over  the  Senate, 
and  thus  lived  in  the  midst  of  the  strife  and  in- 
trigue. Coming  out  of  the  Senate  chamber  one 
day,  he  was  stopped  by  Gouverneur  Morris,  a 
leader  of  the  Federalists,  who  began  to  converse 
with  him  on  the  alarming  state  of  things  around 
them.  "The  reasons,"  said  Morris,  "why  the 
minority  of  the  States  are  so  opposed  to  your  be- 
ing elected  is  this :  they  apprehend  that,  first, 
you  will  turn  all  Federalists  out  of  office  ;  sec- 
ondly, put  down  the  navy  ;  thirdly,  wipe  off  the 
public  debt.  Now,  you  only  need  to  declare,  or 
authorize  your  friends  to  declare,  that  you  will 
not  take  these  steps,  and  instantly  the  event  of 
the  election  will  be  fixed."  Mr.  Jefferson  re- 
plied .  .  .  that  he  should  leave  the  world  to  judge 
of  the  course  he  meant  to  pursue  by  that  which 
he  had  pursued  hitherto,  believing  it  to  be  his 
duty  to  be  passive  and  silent  during  the  present 
scene.  "I  shall  certainly,"  continued  Mr.  Jef- 
ferson, "  make  no  terms  ;  I  shall  never  go  into  the 
office  of  President  by  capitulation,  nor  with  my 
hands  tied  by  any  conditions  which  would  hin- 
der me  from  pursuing  the  measures  which  I  deem 
for  the  public  good." — Cyclopedia  op  Bigg., 
p.  351. 

705.  CANDOB,  Christian.  Discussion.  [At  the 
first  Wesleyan  Conference]  it  was  asked.  Should 
they  be  fearful  of  thoroughly  debating  every 
question  which  might  arise?  "What  are  we 
afraid  of  ?  Of  overturning  our  first  principles  ? 
If  they  are  false,  the  sooner  they  are  overturned 
the  better.  If  they  are  true  they  will  bear  the 
strictest  examination.  Let  us  all  pray  for  a  will- 
ingness to  receive  light  to  know  every  doctrine, 
whether  it  be  of  God." — Stevens'  Methodism, 
vol.  1,  p.  212. 

706.  CANNIBALISM,  Christian.  Crusaders. 
They  consumed,  with  heedless  prodigality,  their 
stores  of  water  and  provision  ;  their  numbers  ex- 
hausted the  inland  countrv ;  the  sea  was  remote, 
the  Greeks  were  unfriendly,  and  the  Christians 
of  every  sect  fled  before  the  voracious  and  cruel 
rapine  of  their  brethren.  In  the  dire  necessity 
of  famine  they  sometimes  roasted  and  devoured 
the  flesh  of  their  infant  or  adult  captives.  Among 
the  Turks  and  Saracens  the  idolaters  of  Europe 
were  rendered  more  odious  by  the  name  and  rep- 
utation of  cannibals  ;  the  spies,  who  introduced 
themselves  into  the  kitchen  of  Bohemond,  were 
shown  several  human  bodies  turning  on  spits. — ■ 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58. 

707.  CANON,  A  great.  Urban  the  Founder. 
[Cast  for  Mahomet  II. ,  in  siege  of  Constantino- 
ple.] A  foundry  was  established  at  Adriano- 
ple  ;  the  metal  was  prepared  ;  and  at  the  end  of 
three  months  Urban  produced  a  piece  of  brass 
ordnance  of  stupendous  and  almost  incredible 
magnitude  ;  a  measure  of  twelve  palms  is  assign- 
ed to  the  bore ;  and  the  stone  bullet  weighed 
above  six  hundred  pounds.  A  vacant  place 
before  the  new  palace  was  chosen  for  the  first 
experiment ;  but  to  prevent  the  sudden  and 
mischievous  effects  of  astonishment  and  f ear^  a 
proclamation  was  issued,  that  the  cannon  would 
be  discharged  the  ensuing  day.  The  explosion 
was  felt  or  heard  in  a  circuit  of  a  hundred  fur- 


84 


CANT— CAPTIVITY. 


longs  ;  the  ball,  by  the  force  of  gunpowder,  was 
driven  above  a  mile  ;  and  on  the  spot  where  it 
fell,  it  buried  itself  a  fathom  deep  in  the  ground. 
For  the  conveyance  of  this  destructive  engine,  a 
frame  or  carriage  of  thirty  wagons  was  linked 
together  and  drawn  along  by  a  team  of  sixty 
oxen ;  two  hundred  men  on  both  sides  were  sta- 
tioned to  poise  and  support  the  rolling  weight ; 
two  hundred  and  fifty  workmen  marched 
before  to  smooth  the  way  and  repair  the 
bridges  ;  and  near  two  months  were  employed 
in  a  laborious  journey  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
miles.  .  .  .  We  may  discern  the  infancy  of  the 
new  science.  Under  a  master  who  counted  the 
moments,  the  great  cannon  could  be  loaded  and 
fired  no  more  than  seven  times  in  one  day.  The 
heated  metal  unfortunately  burst ;  several  work- 
men were  destroyed ;  and  the  skill  of  an  artist 
was  admired  who  bethought  himself  of  prevent- 
ing the  danger  and  the  accident  by  pouring  oil, 
after  each  explosion,  into  the  mouth  of  the  can- 
non.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  68. 

70§,  CANT,  Political.  Samuel  Johnson.  Bos- 
well  :  "  Perhaps,  sir,  I  should  be  the  less  happy 
for  being  in  Parliament.  I  never  would  sell 
my  vote,  and  I  should  be  vexed  if  things  went 
wrong."  Johnson  :"  That's  cant,  sir.  It  would 
not  vex  you  more  in  the  house  than  in  the  gal- 
lery ;  public  affairs  vex  no  man." .  .  .  Boswell  : 
"  1  declare,  sir,  upon  my  honor,  I  did  imagine  I 
Was  vexed,  and  took  a  prido  in  it ;  but  it  was,  per- 
haps, cant ;  for  I  own  I  neither  eat  less  nor 
slept  less."  Johnson:  "  My  dear  friend,  clear 
your  mind  of  cant.  You  may  talk  as  other  peo- 
ple do  ;  you  may  say  to  a  man,  '  Sir,  I  am  your 
most  humble  servant.'  You  are  not  his  most 
humble  servant.  You  may  say,  '  These  are  bad 
times  ;  it  is  a  melancholy  thing  to  be  reserved 
to  such  times. '  You  don't  mind  the  times.  You 
tell  a  man, '  I  am  sorry  you  had  such  bad  weather 
the  last  day  of  your  journey,  and  were  so  much 
wet.'  You  don't  care  sixpence  whether  he  is 
wet  or  dry.  You  may  talk  in  this  manner  ;  it 
is  a  mode  of  talking  in  society  ;  but  don't  think 
foolishly." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  498. 

709.  CAPITAL,  Conservative.  Cicero.  [Caesar 
had  been  superseded  by  the  appointment  of 
Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  the  most  inveterate  and 
envenomed  of  his  enemies,  by  the  Senate.]  A 
day  later,  before  the  final  vote  had  been  taken, 
he  thought  still  that  the  Senate  was  willing  to 
let  Caesar  keep  his  province,  if  he  would  dissolve 
his  army.  The  moneyed  interests,  the  peasant 
landholders,  were  all  on  Caesar's  side  ;  they 
cared  not  even  if  monarchy  came,  so  that  they 
might  have  peace. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  20. 

TIO.  CAPITAL  a  Crime.  Jews.  [In  1290  King 
Edward  I.,]  by  an  arbitrary  exercise  of  power, 
destroyed  the  gi'eat  money  capitalists  of  the 
time.  The  Jews  throughout  England  were  all 
seized  on  one  day,  upon  a  charge  of  clipping 
the  coin ;  and  ...  of  both  sexes,  there  were 
hanged  in  London  two  hundred  and  eighty, 
and  a  very  great  multitude  in  other  cities  of 
England.  Some  Christians  were  involved  in 
the  accusation  ;  and  for  most  of  them  the  king 
received  ransom. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch. 
26,  p.  386. 

711.  CAPITAL,  Spiritual.  Indulgences.  The 
following  circumstances  led  to  the  tratfic  in  in- 
dulgences.    The  Roman  Catholic  Church  main- 


tained that  the  saints,  during  their  life  on  earth, 
had  accumulated  a  treasury  of  merit  because  of 
their  good  work  ;  that  they  had  done  more  good 
than  they  were  obliged  to  do.  This  surplus 
might  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  sinful  men  who 
had  accomplished  less  good  than  was  needed  for 
their  salvation.  The  Pope  claimed  that  he  had 
received  authority  from  God  to  draw  from  this 
reservoir  of  merit,  and  to  apply  it  to  those  who 
had  shown  themselves  worthy  by  their  sorrow 
and  repentance.  But  soon  sorrow  and  repentance 
were  dispensed  with,  and  matters  were  satisfac- 
torily arranged  by  the  use  of  money.  Thus  arose 
the  so-called  traflSc  in  indulgences,  which  proved 
to  be  a  source  of  great  revenue  to  the  popes. 
This  was  the  case  under  Leo  X.,  who  at  this 
time  occupied  the  papal  chair. — Rein's  Luther, 
ch.  1. 

712.  CAPITALISTS,  Extortionate.  Jews.  The 
capitalist  was  the  Jew  ;  but  his  mode  of  deal- 
ing suited  only  unthrifty  abbots  and  plundering 
barons ;  for  when  the  borrower  came  into  the 
gripe  of  the  Israelite,  bond  was  heaped  upon 
bond,  so  that  we  have  a  record  how  a  debt  of 
£200  became,  with  accumulated  interest,  £880  in 
four  years.  [a.d.  1194.] — Knight's  Eng. ,  vol. 
1,  ch.  22,  p.  326. 

713.  CAPITALISTS,  Nation  of.  Jews.  There 
used  to  be  a  conundrum  current  in  Europe, 
which  was  something  like  this  :  "  What  is  the 
difference  between  ancient  and  modern  times  ? 
Answer  :  In  ancient  times,  all  the  Jews  had  one 
king ;  in  modern  times,  all  the  kings  have  one 
Jew."  The  Jew  referred  to  in  this  conundrum 
was  Meyer  Anselm  Rothschild,  the  founder  of 
the  great  banking-house  so  famous  throughout 
the  world. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  564. 

714.  CAPTIVES,  Inhumanity  to.  Mexican 
Emp.  He  was  treated  at  first  with  humanity, 
and  every  persuasive  made  use  of  to  prompt 
him  to  make  a  discovery  of  the  place  where  it 
was  supposed  he  had  concealed  his  treasures  ; 
but  in  vain.  It  was  next  tried  what  torture 
might  produce,  and  by  the  command  of  one  of 
the  Spanish  captains,  the  monarch,  together 
with  some  of  his  chief  ofiicers,  were  stretched 
naked  upon  burning  coals.  While  Guatimozin 
bore  the  extremity  of  torment  with  more  than 
human  fortitude,  one  of  his  fellow-sufferers,  of 
weaker  constitution,  turned  his  eyes  upon  hi% 
prince  and  uttered  a  cry  of  anguish  :  "Think- 
est  thou,"  said  Guatimozin,  "that  I  am  laitt 
upon  a  bed  of  roses  ?"  Silenced  by  this  reproof, 
the  sufferer  stifled  his  complaints,  and  expireii 
in  an  act  of  obedience  to  his  sovereign.  To  tht 
honor  of  Cortez,  he  was  ignorant  of  this  act  of 
shocking  inhumanity. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Boots 
6,  ch.  21. 

715.  CAPTIVITY,  Chosen,  Napoleon's  Friends. 
[At  St.  Helena.]  The  household  now  consisted 
of  the  emperor.  General  Bertrand,  wife,  and 
three  children ;  Count  Montholon,  wife,  and 
two  children  ;  Count  Las  Casas  and  son  ;  General 
Gourgaud,  and  Dr.  O'Meara.  There  were  also 
four  servants  of  the  chamber,  three  grooms,  and 
four  servants  of  the  table.  These  had  all  fol- 
lowed the  emperor  to  his  dreaiy  prison  from 
their  love  of  his  person.  [Others  wept  because 
denied  the  opportunity  to  follow  him  by  the 
British  Government.    His  friends  were  treated  as 


CAPTURE— CASTE. 


85 


prisoners  as  well  as  himself.] — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  31. 

716.  CAPTUEE,  An  important.  City  of  Wash- 
ington. The  British  advanced  on  Washington 
[in  1814]. .  .  .  The  President,  the  Cabinet  officers, 
and  the  people  betook  themselves  to  flight,  and 
[General]  Ross  marched  unopposed  into  the  city. 
He  had  been  ordered  by  his  superiors  to  use  the 
torch,  and  the  work  of  destruction  was  accord- 
ingly begun.  All  the  public  buildings  except 
the  Patent  Office  were  burned.  The  beautiful 
but  unfinished  Capitol  and  the  President's  house 
were  left  a  mass  of  blackened  ruins.  Many  pri- 
vate edifices  were  also  destroyed.  [Note.]  An  ex- 
cuse for  this  outrageous  barbarism  was  found  in 
the  previous  conduct  of  the  Americans,  who  .  . . 
at  Toronto  .  .  .  had  behaved  but  little  better. — 
Ridpath's  Hist.,  ch.  51. 

717.  CAEELESSNESS,  Censure  of.  Samuel 
JoJinson.  Though  he  used  to  censure  careless- 
ness with  great  vehemence,  he  owned  that  he 
once,  to  avoid  the  trouble  of  locking  up  five 
guineas,  hid  them,  he  forgot  where,  so  that  he 
could  not  find  them.  —  Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  435. 

718.  CAEELESSNESS,  Habitual.  Goldsmith. 
{He  went  to  Edinburgh  to  study  medicine.] 
Having  taken  lodgings  at  haphazard,  he  left 
his  trunk  there,  containing  k\\  his  worldly  ef- 
fects, and  sallied  forth  to  see  the  town.  After 
sauntering  about  the  streets  until  a  late  hour,  he 
thought  of  returning  home,  when,  to  his  confu- 
sion, he  found  he  had  not  acquainted  himself 
with  the  name  either  of  his  landlady  or  of  the 
street  in  which  she  lived.  Fortunately,  in  the 
height  of  his  whimsical  perplexity,  he  met  the 
cawdy  or  porter  who  had  carried  his  trunk,  and 
who  now  served  him  as  a  guide.  —  Irving's 

CrOLDSMITII,  p.  37. 

719.  CASTE,  Absence  of.  Irish  Kings.  [In 
1394  Sir  Henry  Cristall  was  sent  by  Richard  II. 
to  attend  on  the  Irish  kings,  who  submitted  them- 
selves to  him.]  It  was  Richard's  wish  that  in 
manners  and  apparel  they  should  conform  to 
the  usages  of  England.  It  was  his  purpose  to 
create  them  knights  ;  but  they  were  wedded  to 
their  ancient  customs.  They  would  sit  at  the 
same  table  as  their  minstrels  and  servants,  eating 
out  of  the  same  dish  and  drinking  out  of  the 
same  cup. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  2,  p.  27. 

720.  CASTE,  Anglo-Saxon.  Germany.  The 
Saxons  were  divided,  as  all  the  other  German 
nations,  into  three  ranks  of  men — the  noble,  the 
free,  and  the  slaves.  The  nobles  were  called 
thanes,  and  these  were  of  two  kinds — the  king's 
thanes  and  the  lesser  thanes.  The  latter  seem  to 
have  been  dependent  on  the  former,  and  to  have 
received  lands,  for  which  they  either  paid  rent 
or  military  services.  There  were  two  laws  of 
the  Anglo-Saxons  which  breathe  a  spirit  very 
different  from  what  one  would  naturally  expect 
from  the  character  of  the  age,  when  the  distinc- 
tion of  superior  and  inferior  is  commonly  very 
strongly  marked.  One  of  the  laws  of  Athelstan 
declared,  that  a  merchant  who  had  made  three 

.     long  sea  voyages  on  his  own  account  was  enti- 

\    tied  to  the  quality  of  thane  ;  and  another  declared 

that  a  ceorle,  or  husbandman,  who  had  been 

able  to  purchase  five  hides  of  land,  or  five 

plough-gates,  and  who  had  a  chapel,  a  kitchen. 


a  hall,  and  a  bell,  was  entitled  to  the  same  rank. 
The  freemen  of  the  lower  rank,  who  were  de- 
nominated ceorles,  cultivated  the  farms  of  the 
thanes  for  which  they  paid  rent,  and  they  ap- 
pear to  have  been  removable  at  the  pleasure  of 
the  thane.  The  lowest  and  most  numerous  of 
the  orders  was  that  of  the  slaves  or  villains  ;  of 
these  slaves  there  were  two  kinds — the  household 
slaves,  and  those  employed  in  the  cultivation  of 
the  lands  ;  of  the  latter  species  are  the  serfs, 
which  we  find  at  this  day  in  Poland,  in  Russia, 
and  in  others  of  the  northern  states.  A  master 
had  not,  among  the  Anglo-Saxons,  an  unlimited 
power  over  his  slaves.  He  was  fined  for  the 
murder  of  a  slave,  and  if  he  mutilated  one,  the 
slave  recovered  his  liberty.  The  laws  of  Edgar 
inform  us  that  slavery  was  the  lot  of  all  prison- 
ers taken  in  war. — 'Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  6. 

72D.  CASTE,  Barbarian.  Gauls.  It  should  seem 
that  very  many  of  those  institutions,  referred  by 
an  easy  solution  to  the  feudal  system,  are  derived 
from  the  Celtic  barbarians.  When  Caesar  sub- 
dued the  Gauls,  that  great  nation  was  already 
divided  into  three  orders  of  men — the  clergj^ 
the  nobility,  and  the  common  people.  The  first 
governed  by  superstition,  the  second  by  arms  ; 
but  the  third  and  last  was  not  of  any  weight  or 
account  in  their  public  councils.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  13. 

722.  CASTE  of  Birth.  Italians.  Till  the  privi- 
leges of  Romans  had  been  progressively  extended 
to  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  empire,  an  important 
distinction  was  preserved  between  Italy  and  the 
provinces.  The  former  was  esteemed  the  centre 
of  public  unity  and  the  firm  basis  of  the  con- 
stitution. Italy  claimed  the  birth,  or  at  least  the 
residence,  of  the  emperors  and  the  Senate.  The 
estates  of  the  Italians  were  exempt  from  taxes, 
their  persons  from  the  arbitrary  jurisdiction  of 
governors.  Their  municipal  corporations,  formed 
after  the  perfect  model  of  the  capital,  were  in- 
trusted, under  the  immediate  eye  of  the  supreme 
power,  with  the  execution  of  the  laws.  From 
the  foot  of  the  Alps  to  the  extremity  of  Calabria, 
all  the  natives  of  Italy  were  born  citizens  of 
Rome. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  2. 

723.  CASTE,  English.  Jealousy.  The  rise  of 
the  commonalty  was  always  regarded  with  ex- 
treme jealousy  by  the  born  great.  The  servile 
literature  before  the  days  of  the  Revolution 
echoed  this  sentiment.  —  Knight's  England, 
vol.  5,  ch.  6,  p.  49. 

724.  CASTE,  Hostility  to.  Louis  Philippe.  [In 
1795  he  travelled  incognito,  with  two  other 
princes,  in  the  United  States.]  At  Winchester,  in 
the  Valley  of  the  Shenandoah,  a  democratic  inn- 
keeper turned  them  out  of  his  house  because  (one 
of  them  being  sick)  they  asked  the  privilege  of 
eating  by  themselves.  "If  you  are  too  good," 
roared  this  despotic  democrat,  "to  eat  at  the 
same  table  with  my  other  guests,  you  are  too  good 
to  eat  in  my  house.  Begone  !"  Despite  the  in- 
stant apology  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  the  land- 
lord insisted  on  their  going,  and  they  were  com- 
pelled to  seek  other  quarters. — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  509. 

725.  CASTE  in  Judgment.  Queen  Mizaheth. 
[When  Elizabeth  was  remonstrating  in  behalf 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  she  charged  her  am- 


86 


CASTE— CATHOLICS. 


bassadors  to  insist  that  subjects  were  not  to  be 
judges  of  a  sovereign  ;]  it  was  contrary  to  Script- 
ure and  unreasonable,  that  the  foot  should  judge 
the  head. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  10,  p.  151. 

726.  CASTE,  National.  French.  [William  I.,] 
the  Conqueror,  and  his  descendants  to  the  fourth 
generation  were  not  Englishmen  ;  most  of  them 
were  born  in  France ;  they  spent  the  greater 
part  of  their  time  in  France ;  their  ordinary 
speech  was  French  ;  almost  every  high  office  in 
their  gift  was  filled  by  a  Frenchman  ;  every  ac- 
quisition which  they  made  on  the  Continent  es- 
tranged them  more  and  more  from  the  popula- 
tion of  our  island.  One  of  the  ablest  among 
them,  indeed,  attempted  to  win  the  hearts  of 
his  English  subjects  by  espousing  an  English 
princess  ;  but  by  many  of  his  barons  this  mar- 
riage was  regarded  as  a  marriage  between  a 
white  planter  and  a  quadroon  girl  would  now 
be  regarded  in  Virginia.  In  history  he  is  known 
by  the  honorable  surname  of  Beauclerc  ;  but  in 
his  own  time  his  own  countrymen  called  him 
by  a  Saxon  nickname,  in  contemptuous  allusion 
to  his  Saxon  connection. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  1. 

727. .     English.     [Reign  of  James 

II.]  No  man  of  English  blood  then  regarded 
the  aboi-iginal  Irish  as  his  countrymen.  They 
did  not  belong  to  our  branch  of  the  great  hu- 
man family.  They  were  distinguished  from 
us  by  more  than  one  moral  and  intellectual  pecu- 
liarity, which  the  difference  of  situation  and  of 
education,  great  as  that  difference  was,  did  not 
seem  altogether  to  explain.  They  had  an  aspect 
of  their  own,  a  mother  tongue  of  their  own. 
When  they  talked  English  their  pronunciation 
was  ludicrous  ;  theirphraseology  was  grotesque, 
as  is  always  the  phraseology  of  those  who  think 
in  one  language  and  express  their  thoughts  in 
another.  They  were  therefore  foreigners,  and  of 
all  foreigners  they  were  the  most  hated  and 
despised — the  most  hated,  for  they  had,  during 
five  centuries,  always  been  our  enemies ;  the 
most  despised,  for  they  were  our  vanquished, 
enslaved,  and  despoiled  enemies.  The  English- 
man cornpared  with  pride  his  own  fields  with 
the  desolate  bogs,  whence  the  rapparees  issued 
forth  to  rob  and  murder  ;  and  his  own  dwelling 
with  the  hovels  where  the  peasants  and  the 
hogs  of  Shannon  wallowed  in  filth  together. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  9. 

72§.  CASTE  in  Parliment.  WorsUd  Stockings. 
[In  1645  there  were]  certain  mean  sort  of  people 
m  the  House,  whom,  to  distinguish  them  from 
the  more  honorable  gentlemen,  they  called 
Worsted-stocking  men. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  4. 

729.  CASTE,  Prejudice  of.  Parliament.  [At 
the  second  session  of  Parliament,  under  the  pro- 
tectorate of  Cromwell,  only  one  of  the  peers  who 
had  accepted  the  writ  of  summons  took  his 
seat.  The  Earl  of  Warwick  could  not  be  per- 
suaded to  sit  with  Colonel  Hewson  and  Colonel 
Pride — the  one  had  been  a  shoemaker,  and  the 
other  a  drayman.]  —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  13. 

730.  CASUISTRY,  Difficult.  Missionary  to  the 
Indians.  [John]  Eliot  preached  against  polyg- 
amy._  "  Suppose  a  man,  before  he  knew  God," 
inquired  a  convert,  "  hath  had  two  wives — the 
first  childless, the  second  bearing  him  many  sweet 


children,  whom  he  exceedingly  loves  ;  which  of 
these  is  he  to  put  away  ?" — Banckopt's  U.  S.^ 
ch.  2,  vol.  2. 

731.  CATASTROPHE,  An  appalling.  Eartlh- 
quake.  November  1,  1755,  the  people  of  Lis- 
bon were  alarmed  by  that  awful  rumbling- 
beneath  the  earth  which,  as  they  well  knew, 
usually  preceded  an  earthquake.  Before  they 
couM  escape  from  their  houses  the  shock  came, 
which  overthrew  the  greater  part  of  the  city^ 
and  buried  thousands  of  persons  in  its  ruins. 
The  sea  retired,  leaving  the  bottom  of  the  har- 
bor bare,  but  immediately  returned  in  a  fearful 
wave  fifty  feet  high,  overwhelming  everything- 
in  its  course.  The  inhabitants  who  could  get 
clear  of  the  ruins  rushed  in  thousands  to  a  mag- 
nificent marble  wharf,  just  completed,  which 
seemed  to  offer  a  place  of  safety.  This  massive 
structure,  densely  covered  with  men,  women, 
and  children,  suddenly  sunk,  bearing  with  it  to 
unknown  depths  the  entire  multitude.  Not  a 
creature  escaped  ;  not  a  human  body  rose  again 
to  the  surface  ;  not  a  fragment  of  anything  that 
was  on  the  wharf  was  ever  again  seen  by  human 
eye  ;  and  when,  by  and  by,  the  water  was- 
sounded  over  the  place  where  it  had  stood,  the 
depth  was  found  to  be  six  hundred  feet.  Within 
the  space  of  six  minutes  sixty  thousand  persons, 
are  supposed  to  have  perished  ;  and  those  who 
survived  were  so  encompassed  about  with  hor- 
ror, that  they  might  well  have  envied  those 
whom  the  sea  had  submerged  or  the  falling 
houses  crushed. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  30. 

732.  CATHOLICS,  Disfranchised.  Maryland- 
ers.  A.D.  1681.  The  prelates  [in  England]  de- 
manded ...  an  establishment  to  be  main- 
tained at  the  common  expense  of  the  province. 
Lord  Baltimore  resisted.  The  Roman  Catholic 
was  inflexible  in  his  regard  for  freedom  of  wor- 
ship. The  opposition  to  Lord  Baltimore  as  a 
feudal  sovereign  easily  united  with  Protestant 
bigotry  .  .  .  the  English  ministry  soon  issued 
an  order,  that  officers  of  government  in  Maryland 
should  be  exclusively  intrusted  to  Protestants. 
Roman  Catholics  were  disfranchised  in  the 
province  which  they  had  planted. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  14. 

733.  CATHOLICS,  Justice  to.  English.  [Dr. 
Arnold  plead  for  it,  saying  :]  It  is  the  direct  duty 
of  every  Englishman  to  support  the  claims  of 
the  Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland,  even  at  the 
hazard  of  injuring  the  Protestant  establishment — 
because  those  claims  cannot  be  rejected  without 
great  injustice — and  it  is  a  want  of  faith  in  God 
and  an  unholy  zeal  to  think  that  he  can  le 
served  by  injustice,  or  to  guard  against  contin- 
gent evil  by  committing  certain  sin. — Knight  s 
Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  13. 

734.  CATHOLICS,  Prejudice  against.  Cath- 
olic Relief  Bill.  [In  1829  it  was  passed  by  Par- 
liament. ]  It  would  admit  a  Roman  Catholic  to 
Parliament  upon  taking  an  oath,  in  place  of  the 
old  oath  of  supremacy,  that  he  would  support 
the  existing  institutions  of  the  State,  and  not  in- 
jure those  of  the  Church.  It  would  admit  a 
Roman  Catholic  to  all  the  greatest  offices  of  gov- 
ernment, with  the  exception  of  Regent,  Lord 
Chancellor  of  England,  and  Lord  Chancellor  and 
Viceroy  of  Ireland.  All  corporate  offices  and 
municipal  privileges,  all  that  pertained  to  the 
administration  of  justice,   would   be  open  to 


CATHOLICISM— CAVIL. 


87 


Roman  Catholics.  From  all  offices  connected 
with  the  Church,  with  its  universities  and 
schools,  and  from  Church  patronage,  they  would 
be  necessarily  excluded.  Commands  in  the 
army  and  navy  had  been  open  to  them  before 
this  measure.  Connected  with  the  Bill  of  Re- 
lief there  were  securities  and  restrictions  pro- 
posed.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  13,  p.  239. 

735.  CATHOLICISM,  Benefits  of.  England. 
It  is  difficult  to  say  whether  England  owes  more 
to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  or  to  the  Refor- 
mation. For  the  amalgamation  of  races  and 
for  the  abolition  of  villanage  she  is  chiefly  in- 
debted to  the  influence  which  the  priesthood,  in 
the  middle  ages,  exercised  over  the  laity.  For 
political  and  intellectual  freedom,  and  for  all 
the  blessings  which  political  and  intellectual 
freedom  have  brought  in  their  train,  she  is 
chiefly  indebted  to  the  great  rebellion  of  the 
laity  against  the  priesthood.  From  the  time 
when  the  barbal'ians  overran  the  Western  Em- 
pire to  the  time  of  the  revival  of  letters,  the 
influence  of  the  Church  of  Rome  had  been 
generally  favorable  to  science,  to  civilization, 
and  to  good  government ;  but  during  the  last 
three  centuries,  to  stunt  the  growth  of  the  hu- 
man mind  has  been  her  chief  object.  Through- 
out Christendom,  whatever  advance  has  been 
made  in  knowledge,  in  freedom,  in  wealth,  and 
in  the  arts  of  life,  has  been  made  in  spite  of  her, 
and  has  everywhere  been  in  inverse  proportion 
to  her  power.  The  loveliest  and  most  fertile 
provinces  of  Europe  have,  under  her  rule,  been 
sunk  in  poverty,  in  political  servitude,  and  in 
intellectual  torpor,  while  Protestant  countries, 
once  proverbial  for  sterility  and  barbarism,  have 
been  turned  by  skill  and  industry  into  gardens, 
and  can  boast  of  a  long  list  of  heroes  and  states- 
men, philosophers  and  poets.  Whoever,  knowing 
what  Italy  and  Scotland  naturally  are,  and  what, 
four  hundred  years  ago,  they  actually  were,  shall 
now  compare  the  country  round  Rome  with  the 
country  round  Edinburgh,  will  be  able  to  form 
some  judgment  as  to  the  tendency  of  papal  dom- 
ination. The  descent  of  Spain,  once  the  first 
among  monarchies,  to  the  lowest  depths  of  deg- 
radation ;  the  elevation  of  Holland,  in  spiie  of 
many  natural  disadvantages,  to  a  position  such 
as  no  commonwealth  so  small  has  ever  reached, 
teach  the  same  lesson.  Whoever  passes  in  Ger- 
many from  a  Roman  Catholic  to  a  Protestant 
principality,  in  Switzerland  from  a  Roman 
Catholic  to  a  Protestant  canton,  in  Ireland  from 
a  Roman  Catholic  to  a  Protestant  country,  finds 
that  he  has  passed  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  grade 
of  civilization.  On  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic 
the  same  law  prevails.  The  Protestants  of  the 
United  States  have  left  far  behind  them  the 
Roman  Catholics  of  Mexico,  Peru,  and  Brazil. 
The  Roman  Catholics  of  Lower  Canada  remain 
inert,  while  the  whole  continent  round  them  is 
in  a  ferment  with  Protestant  activity  and  enter- 
prise. The  French  have  doubtless  shown  an 
energy  and  an  intelligence  which,  even  when 
misdirected,  have  justly  entitled  them  to  be 
called  a  great  people.  But  this  apparent  excep- 
tion, when  examined,  will  be  found  to  confirm 
the  rule  ;  for  in  no  country  that  is  called  Roman 
Catholic  has  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  dur- 
ing several  generations,  possessed  so  little  au- 
thority as  in  France. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1. 


736.  CATHOLICISM,  Wisdom  of.  Broad  Plans. 
In  the  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century  the 
French  began  to  push  their  way  westward  and 
southward  ;  first  along  the  shores  of  the  great 
lakes,  then  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Wabash, 
the  Illinois,  the  Wisconsin,  and  the  St.  Croix, 
then  down  these  streams  to  the  Mississippi,  and 
theiS  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  purpose  of  the 
French,  as  manifested  in  these  movements,  was 
no  less  than  to  divide  the  American  continent 
and  to  take  the  larger  portion,  to  possess  the 
land  for  France  and  Catholicism.  For  it  was 
the  work  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  30. 

737.  CAUSE  and  Effect.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Of  Dr.  Hurd,  Bishop  of  Worcester,  Johnson 
said  to  a  friend  :  "  Hurd,  sir,  is  one  of  a  set  of 
men  who  account  for  everything  systematically  ; 
for  instance,  it  has  been  a  fashion  to  wear  scar- 
let breeches  ;  these  men  would  tell  you,  that  ac- 
cording to  causes  and  effects,  no  other  wear 
could  at  that  time  have  been  chosen."  He,  how- 
ever, said  of  him  at  another  time  to  the  same 
gentleman  :  "Hurd,  sir,  is  a  man  whose  acquaint- 
ance is  a  valuable  acquisition."  —  Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  488. 

738.  CAUTION  needful.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
"  Well,  you  see,"  said  Mr.  Lincoln  [to  a  visitor 
who  introduced  the  subject  of  emancipation], 
"  we've  got  to  be  very  cautious  how  we  manage 
the  negro  question.  If  we're  not,  we  shall  be 
like  the  barber  out  in  Illinois,  who  was  shaving 
a  fellow  with  a  hatchet  face  and  lantern  jaws 
like  mine.  The  barber  stuck  his  finger  in  his 
customer's  mouth  to  make  his  cheek  stick  out ; 
but  while  shaving  away  he  cut  through  the  fel- 
low's cheek  and  cut  off  his  own  finger  !  If  we 
are  not  very  careful  we  shall  do  as  the  barber 
did." — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  752. 

739.  CAVALEY,  Formidable.  Elephants.  An 
ambassador  from  the  Emperor  Zeno  accompanied 
the  rash  and  unfortunate  Perozes  in  his  expedi- 
tion against  the  Nepthalities,  or  white  Huns, 
whose  conquests  had  been  stretched  from  the 
Caspian  to  the  heart  of  India,  whose  throne  was 
enriched  with  emeralds,  and  whose  cavalry  was 
supported  by  a  line  of  two  thousand  elephants. 
The  Persians  were  twice  circumvented  in  a  situa- 
tion which  made  valor  useless  and  flight  impossi- 
ble ;  and  the  double  victory  of  the  Huns  was 
achieved  by  military  stratagem.  They  dismiss- 
ed their  royal  captive  after  he  had  submitted  to 
adore  the  majesty  of  a  barbarian. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  40. 

740.  CAVIL  answered.  Heign  of  James  II. 
[Session  of  the  former  members  of  the  House  of 
Commons.]  Sir  Robert  Sawyer  declared  that 
he  could  not  conceive  how  it  was  possible  for  the 
prince  to  administer  the  government  without 
some  distinguishing  title,  such  as  Regent  or  Pro- 
tector. Old  Maynard,  who,  as  a  lawyer,  had  no 
equal,  and  who  was  also  a  politician  versed  in 
the  tactics  of  revolutions,  was  at  no  pains  to  con- 
ceal his  disdain  for  so  puerile  an  objection,  taken 
at  a  moment  when  union  and  promptitude  were 
of  the  highest  importance.  "  We  shall  sit  here 
very  long,"  he  said,  "  if  we  sit  till  Sir  Robert  can 
conceive  how  such  a  thing  is  possible  ;"  and  the 
assembly  thought  the  answer  as  good  as  the  cavil 
deserved. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  10. 


88 


CELEBRATED— CENSOR. 


741.  CELEBRATED,  Marriage.  Orandsonsof 
Timour.  The  marriage  of  six  of  tlie  emperor's 
grandsons  was  esteemed  an  act  of  religion  as  well 
as  of  paternal  tenderness  ;  and  the  pomp  of  the 
ancient  caliphs  was  revived  in  their  nuptials. 
They  were  celebrated  in  the  gardens  of  Cani- 
ghul,  decorated  with  innumerable  tents  and  pa- 
vilions, Avhich  displayed  the  luxury  of  a  great 
city  and  the  spoils  of  a  victorious  camp.  Whole 
forests  were  cut  down  to  supply  fuel  for  the 
kitchens  ;  the  plain  was  spread  with  pyramids  of 
meat,  and  vases  of  every  liquor,  to  which  thou- 
sands of  guests  were  courteously  invited ;  the 
orders  of  the  state  and  the  nations  of  the  earth 
were  marshalled  at  the  roj'al  banquet ;  nor  were 
the  ambassadors  of  Europe  (says  the  haughty 
Persian)  excluded  from  the  feast ;  since  even  the 
casses,  the  smallest  of  fish,  find  their  place  in  the 
ocean.  The  public  joy  was  testified  by  illumi- 
nation and  masquerades  ;  the  trades  of  Samar- 
cand  passed  in  review  ;  and  every  trade  was  emu- 
lous to  execute  some  quaint  device,  some  marvel- 
lous pageant,  with  the  materials  of  their  peculiar 
art.  After  the  marriage  contracts  had  been  rati- 
fied by  the  cadhis,  the  bridegrooms  and  their 
brides  retired  to  the  nuptial  chambers :  nine 
times,  according  to  the  Asiatic  fashion,  they  were 
dressed  and  undressed  ;  and  at  each  change  of 
apparel  pearls  and  rubies  were  showered  on 
their  heads,  and  contemptuously  abandoned  to 
their  attendants.  A  general  indulgence  was  pro- 
claimed :  every  law  was  relaxed,  every  pleasure 
was  allowed  j  the  people  was  free,  the  sovereign 
was  idle. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65. 

742.  CELEBEATION,  Municipal.  Constanti- 
nople. As  often  as  the  birthday  of  the  city  re- 
turned, the  statue  of  Constantine,  framed  by  his 
order,  of  gilt  wood,  and  bearing  in  his  right 
hand  a  small  image  of  the  genius  of  the  place, 
was  erected  on  a  triumphal  car.  The  guards, 
carrying  white  tapers,  and  clothed  in  their  rich- 
est apparel,  accompanied  the  solemn  procession 
as  it  moved  through  the  Hippodrome.  When  it 
was  opposite  to  the  throne  of  the  reigning  empe- 
ror, he  rose  from  his  seat,  and  with  grateful  rev- 
erence adored  the  memory  of  his  predecessor. 
At  the  festival  of  the  dedication,  an  edict,  engrav- 
ed on  a  column  of  marble,  bestowed  the  title  of 
Second  or  New  Rome  on  the  city  of  Constan- 
tine.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  17. 

743.  CELEBBATION,  National.  Centennial. 
As  the  Centennial  of  American  Independence 
drew  near,  the  people  made  ready  to  celebrate 
the  great  event  with  appropriate  ceremonies,  .  .  . 
but  the  development  of  the  project  was  discour- 
aged for  a  while  with  considerable  opposition 
and  much  lukewarmness.  The  whole  scheme 
was  a  vision  of  enthusiasm,  a  Quixotical  dream, 
said  the  critics  and  objectors.  No  such  an  en- 
terprise could  be  carried  through  except  under 
the  patronage  of  the  government,  and  the  gov- 
ernment had  no  right  to  make  appropriations 
merely  to  preserve  an  old  reminiscence.  We 
had  had  enough  of  the  Fourth  of  July  already. 
Besides — said  the  wits  and  caricaturists — the 
other  nations  would  present  a  ludicrous  figure 
in  helping  us  to  celebrate  an  anniversary  of  a  re- 
bellion that  they  had  tried  to  crush  a  hundred 
years  ago.  Victoria  was  expected — so  said  they — 
to  send  over  commissioners  to  heap  contumely 
and  contempt  on  the  grave  of  her  grandfather  ! 


No  nation  of  Europe  would  consent  to  its  own 
stultification  by  joining  in  the  jubilees  of  Repub- 
licanism. Besides  all  this  cavilling,  it  was  fore- 
seen that  Philadelphia  would  quite  certainly  be 
selected  as  the  scene  of  the  proposed  display,  and 
on  that  account  a  good  deal  of  local  jealousy  was 
excited  in  the  other  principal  cities  of  the  Union. 
— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  58. 

744.  CELIBACY  of  Clergy.  Britain,  tenth  Cen- 
tury.  The  celibacy  of  the  clergy  was  the  lead- 
ing .principle  to  be  contended  for  in  making  the 
Church  Romish  instead  of  national.  Although 
the  strict  canons  of  the  Anglo-Church  did  not 
recognize  a  married  priesthood,  the  law  of  celi- 
bacy had  never  been  rigidly  enforced,  especially 
among  the  parochial  clergy.  Their  marriages 
were  discountenanced ;  they  Avere  admonished 
or  threatened.  But  the  law  of  nature  was  trium- 
phant over  the  decrees  of  councils  ;  and  the  Eng- 
lish priests  were  not  forced  into  those  immorali- 
ties which  were  the  result  of  this  ordinance  in 
other  countries.  Mr.  Kemble  says  :  "  We  have 
an  almost  unbroken  chain  of  evidence  to  show 
that,  in  spite  of  the  exhortations  of  the  bishops 
and  the  legislation  of  the  witans,  those  at  last  of 
the  clergy  who  were  not  bound  to  a  coenobitical 
order  did  contract  marriage,  and  openly  avow 
the  families  Avhich  were  its  issue." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  9. 

745.  CEMETERY,  Saddest.  London  Tower. 
The  head  and  body  were  placed  in  a  coffin  cov- 
ered with  black  velvet,  and  were  laid  privately 
under  the  communion-table  of  St.  Peter's  Chapel 
in  the  Tower.  W^ithin  four  years  the  pavement 
of  that  chancel  was  again  disturbed,  and  hard 
by  the  remains  of  Monmouth  were  laid  the  re- 
mains of  Jeffreys.  In  truth,  there  is  no  sadder 
spot  on  the  earth  than  that  little  cemetery.  Death 
is  there  associated,  not,  as  in  Westminster  Abbey 
and  Saint  Paul's,  with  genius  and  virtue,  with 
public  veneration  and  with  imperishable  re- 
nown ;  not,  as  in  our  humblest  churches  and 
churchyards,  with  everj'thing  that  is  most  en- 
dearing in  social  and  domestic  charities,  but 
with  whatever  is  darkest  in  human  nature  and  in 
human  destiny,  with  the  savage  triumph  of  im- 
placable enemies,  with  the  inconstancy,  the  in- 
gratitude, the  cowardice  of  friends,  with  all  the 
miseries  of  fallen  greatness  and  of  blighted  fame. 
Thither  have  been  carried,  through  successive 
ages,  by  the  rude  hands  of  jailers,  without  one 
mourner  following,  the  bleeding  relics  of  men 
who  had  been  the  captains  of  armies,  the  leaders 
of  parties,  the  oracles  of  senates,  and  the  orna- 
ments of  courts. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5. 

746.  CENSOR,  Official.  Boman.  [Words  of 
the  Emperor  Decius.]  As  soon  as  the  decree  of 
the  Senate  was  transmitted  to  the  emperor,  he 
assembled  a  great  council  in  his  camp,  and  be- 
fore the  investiture  of  the  censor-elect  he  ap- 
prised him  of  the  difficulty  and  importance  of 
his  great  office.  "Happy  Valerian,"  said  the 
prince  to  his  distinguished  subject,  ' '  happy  in 
the  general  approbation  of  the  Senate  and  of  the 
Roman  republic  !  Accept  the  censorship  of  man- 
kind, and  judge  of  our  manners.  You  will  se- 
lect those  who  deserve  to  continue  members  of 
the  Senate  ;  you  will  restore  the  equestrian  order 
to  its  ancient  splendor ;  you  will  improve  the 
revenue,  yet  moderate  the  public  burdens.  You 
will  distinguish  into  regular  classes  the  various 


CENSOR— CHALLENGE. 


89 


and  infinite  multitude  of  citizens,  and  accurate- 
ly view  the  military  strength,  the  wealth,  the 
virtue,  and  the  resources  of  Rome.  Your  deci- 
sions shall  obtain  the  force  of  laws.  The  army, 
the  palace,  the  ministers  of  justice,  and  the  great 
officers  of  the  empire  are  all  subject  to  your  tri- 
bunal. None  are  exempted,  excepting  only  the 
ordinary  consuls,  the  prefect  of  the  city,  the 
king  of  the  sacrifices,  and  (as  long  as  she  pre- 
serves her  chastity  inviolate)  the  eldest  of  the 
vestal  virgins.  Even  these  few,  who  may  not 
dread  the  severity,  will  anxiously  solicit  the  es- 
teem of  the  Roman  censor." — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  10. 

747. .    Roman.    Livy  remarks,  they 

kept  in  dependence  both  the  Senate  and  peo- 
ple. They  possessed  a  constitutional  power 
of  degrading  such  as  had  manifested  any  irreg- 
ularity of  conduct,  and  depriving  them  of  the 
rank  and  office  which  they  held  in  the  State. 
It  was  not  an  authority  which  extended  to  the 
punishment  of  those  ordinary  crimes  and  delicts 
which  fall  under  the  penal  laws  of  a  State.  But 
there  are  offences  which,  in  point  of  example, 
are  worse  than  crimes,  and  more  pernicious  in 
their  consequences.  It  is  not  the  breach  of  ex- 
press laws  that  can  ever  be  of  general  bad  effect, 
or  tend  to  the  destruction  of  a  government ;  but 
it  is  that  silent  and  unpunishable  corruption  of 
manners  which,  undermining  private  and  pub- 
lic virtue,  weakens  and  destroys  those  springs  to 
which  the  best-ordered  constitution  owes  its  sup- 
port. The  counteracting  this  latent  principle  of 
decay  was  the  most  useful  part  of  the  office  of 
the  censors.  If  any  citizen  had  imprudently 
contracted  large  debts  ;  if  he  had  consumed  his 
fortune  in  extravagance,  or  in  living  beyond  his 
income  ;  if  he  had  been  negligent  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  his  lands — nay,  if,  being  in  good  circum- 
stances and  able  to  maintain  a  family,  he  had 
declined,  without  just  cause,  to  marry — all  these 
offences  attracted  the  notice  of  the  censors,  who 
liad  various  modes  of  inflicting  a  penalty.  The 
kxost  usual,  and  not  the  least  impressive,  was  a 
public  denunciation  of  the  offender  as  an  object 
of  disapprobation — ignominia  Twtabant.  It  did 
not  amount  to  a  mark  of  infamy,  but  punished 
aalely  by  inflicting  the  shame  or  a  public  repri- 
mand. A  penalty,  however,  of  this  kind  is  not 
fitted  to  operate  on  all  dispositions,  and,  accord- 
ingly, the  censors  had  it  in  their  power  to  employ 
means  more  generally  effectual.  They  could  de- 
cade a  senator  from  his  dignity  and  strike  his 
name  out  of  the  roll.  They  could  deprive  a 
knight  of  his  rank  by  taking  from  him  the  horse 
which  was  maintained  for  him  at  the  public  ex- 
pen.se,  and  was  the  essential  mark  of  his  station. 
A  citizen  might  be  punished  by  degrading  him 
irom  his  tribe  to  an  inferior  one,  or  doubling  his 
proportion  of  the  public  taxes. — Tytlek's  Hist.  , 
Book  3,  ch.  6. 

74§.  CENSUBE  resented.  Dionydus.  The  phi- 
losopher Plato  had  been  invited  to  Syracuse  by 
Dionysius  the  elder  .  .  .  Dionysius  .  .  .  being 
offended  with  the  freedom  which  the  philosopher 
used  in  censuring  whatever  he  disapproved  in  the 
maxims  and  government  of  the  tyrant,  the  latter 
ordered  him  to  be  sold  as  a  slave  in  the  public 
market.  His  disciples  paid  the  price  of  five 
minae  for  their  master,  and  sent  him  safe  back  to 
■Greece. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  8. 


749.  CENSUEE,  Unmoved  by.  Pres.  Jackson. 
[He  vetoed  the  bill  to  recharter  the  Bank  of  the 
United  States,  and]  ordered  the  accumulated 
funds,  amounting  to  about  ten  millions,  to  be  dis- 
tributed among  certain  State  banks.  .  .  .  He 
had  no  warrant  of  law  ...  he  was  denounced 
.  .  .  arbitrary,  dangerous.  In  the  Senate  a  pow- 
erful coalition,  headed  by  Calhoun,  Clay,  and 
Webster,  was  formed  against  the  President.  .  .  . 
A  resolution  censuring  his  conduct  was  .  .  .  car- 
ried ;  but  a  similar  proposition  failed  in  the  House 
of  Representatives.  There  was  a  general  cry  of 
indignation,  and  it  seemed  as  if  the  President 
would  be  overwhelmed  ;  but  the  President,  ever 
as  fearless  as  he  was  self-willed  and  stubborn, 
held  on  his  course  unmoved  by  the  clamor.  The 
resolution  of  censure  stood  upon  the  journal  of 
the  Senate  for  four  years,  and  was  then  expung- 
ed.— Ridpath's  U.  S.  ,  ch.  54. 

750.  CEREMONY,  Comedy  of.  Court.  Port- 
land, the  ambassador  for  William  III., 1698,  made 
his  public  entry  into  Paris  on  the  9th  of  March. 
He  disputes  with  "the  conductor  of  ambassa- 
dors" about  matters  of  etiquette.  "  In  my  case," 
he  says,  "  difficulties  have  been  raised  on  every 
conceivable  point ;  and  as  I  do  not  understand 
the  ceremonial  I  am  embarrassed  by  them,  and 
can  only  meet  them  with  obstinacy,  which  is  here 
rather  indispensable."  Comedy  cannot  imagine 
a  richer  scene  than  the  burly  Dutchman  refusing 
to  come  from  the  top  of  his  staircase  to  meet  the 
representative  of  the  Duchess  of  Burgundy,  who 
refused  to  go  more  tiian  half  way  up,  "  messen- 
gers passing  backward  and  forward  between  us. " 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  13,  p.  308. 

751.  CEREMONY,  Dislike  for.  Napoleon  I. 
[He  had  been  crowned  emperor  with  gorgeous 
display  and  gracd  ceremony.]  He  hastened  to 
his  room,  and  exclaimed  impatiently  to  an  attend- 
ant as  he  entered,  "  Off  !  off  with  these  confound- 
ed trappings  !"  He  threw  the  mantle  into  one 
corner  of  the  room,  the  gorgeous  robe  into  anoth- 
er, and  thus  violently  disencumbering  himself,  de- 
clared that  hours  of  such  mortal  tediousness  he 
had  never  passed  before. — Abbott's  Napoleon 
B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  28. 

752.  CEREMONY,  Slaves  of.  Royalty.  In  the 
Byzantine  palace  the  emperor  was  the  first  slave 
oi  the  ceremonies  which  he  imposed,  and  the  rig- 
id forms  which  regulated  each  word  and  gesture 
besieged  him  in  the  palace,  and  violated  the  lei- 
sure of  his  rural  solitude. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
53. 

753.  CHALLENGE,  A  dangerous.  Invasion  of 
Pennsylvania.  At  Chambersburg .  .  .  one  female 
had  seen  fit  to  adorn  her  ample  bosom  with  a 
huge  Yankee  flag,  and  she  stood  at  the  door  of 
her  house,  her  countenance  expressing  the  great- 
est contempt  for  the  barefooted  Rebs ;  several 
companies  passed  her  without  taking  any  notice  ; 
but  at  length  a  Texan  gravely  remarked,  "  Take 
care,  madam,  for  Hood's  boys  [from  Texas, 
Alabama,  and  Arkansas]  are  great  at  storming 
breastworks  when  the  Yankee  color  is  on  them." 
After  this  speech  the  patriotic  lady  beat  a  pre- 
cipitate retreat. — Pollard's  Second  Year  of 
THE  War,  p.  337. 

754.  CHALLENGE,  Offered.  RemluUonary 
War.  [In  Florida  British  troopers]  summoned 
the  fort  at  Sunbury  to  surrender.     But  whea 


90 


CHALLENGE— CHARACTER. 


Colonel  Mackintosli  answered,  "  Come  and  take 
it,"  they  retreated. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  10, 
ch.  13. 

755.  CHALLENGE,  Political.  Lincoln — Doug- 
las. A.D.  1858.  Both  spoke  in  Springfield  on 
the  same  day,  but  before  different  audiences  .  .  . 
Mr.  Lincoln  addressed  a  letter  to  Mr.  [S.  A.] 
Douglas,  challenging  him  to  a  series  of  debates 
during  the  campaign.  The  challenge  was  ac- 
cepted, and  arrangements  were  at  once  made  for 
the  meetings.  Seven  joint  debates  were  held  . . . 
[and  they]  raised  the  greatest  excitement  through- 
out the  State. — Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch.  3, 
p.  42. 

T56.  CHALLENGE,  EoyaL  Maria  Theresa. 
[Frederick  II.  declared  war.  Her  father  had 
recently  died.]  In  the  midst  of  distress  and 
peril  she  had  given  birth  to  a  son,  afterward 
the  Emperor  Joseph  II.  Scarcely  had  she 
risen  from  her  couch  when  she  hastened  to 
Pressburg.  There,  in  the  sight  of  an  innu- 
merable multitude,  she  was  crowned  with  the 
crown  and  robed  with  the  robe  of  St.  Stephen. 
No  spectator  could  refrain  his  tears  when  the 
beautiful  young  mother,  still  weak  from  child- 
bearing,  rode,  after  the  fashion  of  her  fathers, 
up  the  Mount  of  Defiance,  unsheathed  the  ancient 
sword  of  state,  shook  it  toward  north  and  south, 
east  and  west,  and,  with  a  glow  on  her  pale 
face,  challenged  the  four  corners  of  the  world 
to  dispute  her  rights  and  those  of  her  boy. — 
Macaulay's  Frederick  the  Great,  p.  35. 

757.  CHALLENGE,  Unaccepted.  Aleanus  Com- 
nenus.  [Greek  emperor — time  of  the  crusades.] 
High  on  his  throne,  the  emperor  sat  mute  and 
immovable ;  his  Majesty  was  adored  by  the 
Latin  princes,  and  they  submitted  to  kiss  either 
his  feet  or  his  knees — an  indignity  which  their 
own  writers  are  ashamed  to  confess  and  unable 
to  deny. . . .  But  a  French  baron  (he  is  supposed  to 
be  Robert  of  Paris)  presumed  to  ascend  the 
throne,  and  to  place  himself  by  the  side  of  Alex- 
ius. The  sage  reproof  of  Baldwin  provoked 
him  to  exclaim,  in  his  barbarous  idiom,  ' '  Who 
is  this  rustic  that  keeps  his  seat,  while  so  many 
valiant  captains  are  standing  round  him?"  The 
emperor  maintained  his  silence,  dissembled  his  in- 
dignation, and  questioned  his  interpreter  con- 
cerning the  meaning  of  the  words,  which  he 
partly  suspected  from  the  universal  language  of 
gesture  and  countenance.  Before  the  departure 
of  the  pilgrims  he  endeavored  to  learn  the 
name  and  condition  of  the  audacious  baron.  "  I 
am  a  Frenchman,"  replied  Robert,  "  of  the  purest 
and  most  ancient  nobility  of  my  country.  All  that 
1  know  is,  that  there  is  a  church  in  my  neigh- 
borhood, the  resort  of  those  who  are  desirous  of 
approving  their  valor  in  single  combat.  Till  an 
enemy  appears,  they  address  their  prayers  to 
God  and  His  saints.  That  church  I  have  fre- 
quently visited.  But  never  have  I  found  an  an- 
tagonist who  dared  to  accept  my  defiance.'" 
Alexius  dismissed  the  challenger  with  some  pru- 
dent advice  for  his  conduct  in  the  Turkish  war- 
fare.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58,  p.  572. 

75§.  CHANGE,  A  life.  Loyola.  It  was  dur- 
ing the  siege  of  Pampeluna  by  the  French 
.  .  .  that  a  young  officer  of  Guipuzcoa, 
actively  engaged  in  conducting  the  defence,  re- 
ceived a  severe  wound  which  confined  him  for 
many  weeks  to  his  bed,  an  occurrence  which 


proved  the  turning-point  of  his  subsequent  ex 
traordinary  career.  This  gallant  soldier,  soon  to 
reappear  upon  the  scene  in  a  very  different  and 
far  more  influential  character,  was  none  other 
than  Ignatius  Loyola,  founder  of  the  Order  of 
Jesus. — Students'  France,  ch.  14,  §  5,  p.  300 

759.  CHANGE  of  Sides.  "Bobbing  John.'^ 
John  Erskine,  Earl  of  Mar,  who  came  to  Edin- 
burgh as  Secretary  of  State  in  1706  [became 
distinguished  in  this  manner  :]  his  happy  art  of 
accommodating  himself  to  circumstances  pro- 
cured him  the  name  of  "Bobbing  John." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  1. 

760.  CHAEACTEE,  Changeful.  Boniface  VIIl 
Boniface  expired  at  Rome  in  a  frenzy  of  rage 
and  revenge.  His  memory  is  stained  with  the 
glaring  vices  of  avarice  and  pride  ;  nor  has  the 
courage  of  a  martyr  promoted  this  ecclesiastical 
champion  to  the  honors  of  a  saint ;  a  mag- 
nanimous sinner  (say  the  chronicles  of  the 
times),  who  entered  like  a  fox,  reigned  like  a 
lion,  and  died  like  a  dog.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Benedict  XL,  the  mildest  of  mankind. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  69. 

761.  CHAEACTEE,  Composite.  Luther. 
[Heine's  opinion  of  Luther  :]  "  He  created  the- 
German  language.  He  was  not  only  the 
greatest,  but  the  most  German  man  of  our 
history.  In  his  character  all  the  faults  and  all 
the  virtues  of  the  Germans  are  combined  on 
the  largest  scale.  Then  he  had  qualities  which 
are  very  seldom  found  united,  which  we  are  ac- 
customed to  regard  as  irreconcilable  antago- 
nisms. He  was,  at  the  same  time,  a  dreamy 
mystic  and  a  practical  man  of  action.  His 
thoughts  had  not  only  wings,  but  hands.  He 
spoke  and  he  acted.  He  was  not  only  the 
tongue,  but  the  sword  of  his  time.  When  he 
had  plagued  himself  all  day  long  with  his  doc 
trinal  distinctions,  in  the  evening  he  took  his. 
flute  and  gazed  at  the  stars,  dissolved  in  melody 
and  devotion.  He  could  be  as  soft  as  a  tender 
maiden.  Sometimes  he  was  wild  as  the  storm 
that  uproots  the  oak,  and  then  again  he  was 
gentle  as  the  zephyr  that  dallies  with  the  violet." 
— Rein's  Luther,  p.  205. 

762.  CHAEACTEE,  Contradictory.  James  LI. 
A  libertine  without  love,  a  devotee  without 
spirituality,  an  advocate  of  toleration  without 
the  sense  of  the  natural  right  of  conscience — in 
him  the  muscular  force  prevailed  over  the 
intellectual.  He  floated  between  the  sensuality 
of  indulgence  and  the  sensuality  of  superstition, 
hazarding  heaven  for  an  ugly  mistress,  and,  to 
the  great  delight  of  abbots  and  nuns,  winning  it 
back  again  by  pricking  his  flesh  with  sharp 
points  of  iron,  and  eating  no  meat  on  Saturdays. 
Of  the  two  brothers,  the  Duke  of  Bukingham 
said  well,  that  Charles  [II.]  would  not  and 
James  could  not  see. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vcl.  2, 
ch.  17. 

763, .     Queen  Elizdbeth.     To  the 

world  about  her,  the  temper  of  Elizabeth  re- 
called in  its  strange  contrasts  the  mixed  blood 
within  her  veins.  She  was  at  once  the  daughter 
of  Henry  [VIIL]  and  of  Anne  Boleyn.  From. 
her  father  she  inherited  her  frank  and  hearty 
address,  her  love  of  popularity  and  of  free  inter- 
course with  the  people,  her  dauntless  courage,, 
and  her  amazing  self-confidence.  Her  harsh., 
manlike  voice,  her  impetuous  will,  her  pride, 


CHARACTER. 


9i 


her  furious  outbursts  of  anger,  came  to  her  with 
her  Tudor  blood.  She  rated  great  nobles  as  if 
they  were  schoolboys  ;  she  met  the  insolence  of 
Lord  Essex  with  a  box  on  the  ear  ;  she  broke 
now  and  then  into  the  gravest  deliberations  to 
swear  at  her  ministers  like  a  fishwife.  Strangely 
in  contrast  with  these  violent  outlines  of  her 
father's  temper  stood  the  sensuous,  self-indul- 
gent nature  she  drew  from  Anne  Boleyn. — Hist. 
•OF  English  People,  §  710. 

'J'64.  CHARACTEE,  Discipline  of.  Cromwell's 
Soldiers.  Nor  would  it  be  safe,  in  our  time,  to 
tolerate  in  any  regiment  religious  meetings,  at 
which  a  corporal  versed  in  scripture  should  lead 
the  devotions  of  his  less  gifted  colonel,  and  ad- 
monish a  backsliding  major.  But  such  was  the 
intelligence,  the  gravity,  and  the  self-command 
of  the  warriors  whom  Cromwell  had  trained, 
that  in  their  camp  a  political  organization  and  a 
religious  organization  could  exist  without  de- 
stroying military  organization.  The  same  men 
who,  off  duty,  were  noted  as  demagogues  and 
field-preachers,  were  distinguished  by  steadiness, 
by  the  spirit  of  order,  and  by  prompt  obedience 
on  watch,  on  drill,  and  on  the  field  of  battle. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  1. 

765.  CHABACTEB  disclosed.  Samuel  John- 
son. BoswELL  :  "Mr.  Burke  has  a  constant 
stream  of  conversation."  Johnson  :  "  Yes, 
sir  ;  if  a  man  were  to  go  by  chance  at  the  same 
time  with  Burke  under  a  shed,  to  shun  a  shower, 
he  would  say,  'This  is  an  extraordinary  man.' 
If  Burke  should  go  into  a  stable  to  see  his  horse 
dressed  the  ostler  would  say,  '  We  have  had  an 
extraordinary  man  here. '  "  Boswell  :  "  Foote 
was  a  man  who  never  failed  in  conversation.  If 
he  had  gone  into  a  stable — "  Johnson  :  "  Sir,  if 
he  had  gone  into  the  stable,  the  ostler  would 
have  said,  Here  has  been  a  comical  fellow  ;  but 
he  would  not  have  respected  him." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  517. 

766.  CHARACTER,  Elevation  of.  Aristides  tJie 
Just.  When  the  chief  command  of  the  war  was 
given  to  Athens,  a  new  system  was  established 
with  regard  to  the  contributions  of  the  confeder- 
ate States,  trusting  no  longer  to  contingent  and 
occasional  supplies  or  free  gifts.  The  subsidies 
to  be  levied  from  each  were  to  be  exacted  in  pro- 
portion to  its  means,  and  the  revenue  of  its  ter- 
ritory ;  and  a  common  treasury  was  appointed 
to  be  kept  in  the  Isle  of  Delos.  The  high  char- 
acter of  Aristides  was  exemplified  in  the  impor- 
tant and  honorable  trust  with  which  he  was  in- 
vested by  the  common  consent  of  the  nation.  It 
appears  that  not  only  the  custody  of  the  nation- 
al supplies,  but  the  power  of  fixing  their  propor- 
tions, was  conferred  on  this  illustrious  man  ; 
DiOr  was  there  ever  a  complaint  or  murmur  heard 
against  the  equity  with  which  this  high  but  in- 
vidious function  was  administered.  The  best 
testimony  of  his  virtue  was  the  strict  frugality 
of  his  life  and  the  honorable  poverty  in  which 
he  died.— Tytler's Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  1,  p.  138. 

767.  CHARACTER  estimated.  CromwelVs.  It 
cannot  be  doubted  that  the  estimate  of  his  char- 
acter will  always  be  formed,  not  merely  from 
sympathy  with  a  certain  set  of  opinions,  but 
even  more  from  that  strange,  occult,  and  un- 
deflnable  sentiment  which,  arising  from  pecu- 
liarity of  temperament,  becomes  the  creator  of 
intellectual  and  even  moral  appreciation.  Hence 


there  are  those  to  whom,  whatever  may  be  the 
amount  of  evidence  for  his  purity,  Cromwell 
can  only  be  hateful ;  while  there  are  others, 
again,  to  whom,  even  if  certain  flaws  or  faults 
of  character  appear  in  him,  he  can  only  he  ad- 
mirable.— Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  1,  p.  2. 

768.  CHARACTER,  Foundation  for.  Oermans. 
Now,  "in  two  remarkable  traits  the  Gr«rmans 
differed  from  the  Sarmatic  as  well  as  from  the 
Slavic  nations,  and,  indeed,  from  all  those  other 
races  to  whom  the  Greeks  and  Romans  gave  the 
designation  of  barbarians.  I  allude  to  their  per- 
sonal freedom  and  regard  for  the  rights  of  men  ; 
secondly,  to  the  respect  paid  by  them  to  the 
female  sex,  and  the  chastity  for  which  the  latter 
were  celebrated  among  the  people  of  the  North. 
These  were  the  foundations  of  that  probity  of 
character,  self-respect,  and  purity  of  manners 
which  may  be  traced  among  the  Germans  and 
Goths  even  during  pagan  times,  and  which,  when 
their  sentiments  were  enlightened  by  Christian- 
ity, brought  out  those  splendid  traits  of  charac- 
ter which  distinguish  the  age  of  chivalry  and 
romance." — Decisive  Battles,  ch.  6. 

769.  CHARACTER,    Greatness  of.      Luther. 

t Opinion  of  Thomas  Carlyle.]  "  I  will  call  this 
juther  a  true  great  man,  gi-eat  in  intellect,  in 
courage,  affection,  and  integrity,  one  of  our 
most  lovable  and  precious  men.  Great  not  as 
a  hewn  obelisk,  but  as  an  Alpine  mountain,  so 
simple,  honest,  spontaneous,  not  setting  up  to 
be  great  at  all ;  there  for  quite  another  purpose 
than  being  great !  Ah,  jes,  unsubduable  granite, 
piercing  far  and  wide  into  the  heavens  ;  yet  in 
the  clefts  of  it  fountains,  green  beautiful  valleys 
with  flowers  !  A  right  spiritual  Hero  and 
Prophet ;  once  more  a  true  son  of  Nature  and 
Fact,  for  whom  these  centuries  and  many  that 
are  to  come  yet  will  be  thankful  to  heaven." 
— Rein's  Luther,  ch.  26,  p.  206. 

770.  CHARACTER,  Grotesque.  Poet  Shelley. 
To  the  world  he  presented  the  rare  spectacle  of 
a  man  passionate  for  truth  and  unreservedly  obe- 
dient to  the  right  as  he  discerned  it.  The  anom- 
aly which  made  his  practical  career  a  failure 
lay  just  here.  The  right  he  followed  was  too 
often  the  antithesis  of  ordinary  morality  ;  in  his 
desire  to  cast  away  the  false  and  grasp  the  truu, 
he  overshot  the  mark  of  prudence.  The  blend- 
ing in  him  of  a  pure  and  earnest  purpose  with 
moral  and  social  theories  that  could  not  but 
have  proved  pernicious  to  mankind  at  large,  pro- 
duced at  times  an  almost  grotesque  mixture  in 
his  actions  no  less  than  in  his  verse.  We  can- 
not, therefore,  wonder  that  society,  while  he 
lived,  felt  the  necessity  of  asserting  itself  against 
him. — Symonds'  Shelley,  ch.  8. 

771.  CHARACTER,  Inherited.  Americans. 
By  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  the 
American  colonies  had,  to  a  certain  extent,  as- 
sumed a  national  character  ;  but  they  were  still 
strongly  marked  with  the  peculiarities  which 
their  ancestors  brought  with  them  from  Europe. 
In  New  England,  especially  in  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut,  the  principles  and  piactices  of 
Puritanism  still  held  universal  sway.  On  the 
banks  of  the  Hudson  the  language,  manners, 
and  customs  of  Holland  were  almost  as  preva- 
lent as  they  had  been  a  hundred  years  before. 
By  the  Delaware  the  Quakers  were  gathered  in 
such  numbers  as  to  control  all  legislation  and  to 


92 


CHARACTER— CHARITY. 


prevent  serious  innovations  upon  the  simple 
methods  of  civil  and  social  organization  intro- 
duced by  Penn.  On  the  northern  bank  of  the 
Potomac,  the  youthful  Frederick,  the  sixth  Lord 
Baltimore,  a  frivolous  and  dissolute  governor, 
ruled  a  people  who  still  conformed  to  the  order 
of  things  established  a  hundred  and  thirty  years 
previously  by  Sir  George  and  Cecil  Calvert.  In 
Virginia — mother  of  States  and  statesmen — the 
people  had  all  their  old  peculiarities  :  a  some- 
what haughty  demeanor  ;  pride  of  ancestry  ; 
fondness  for  aristocratic  sports ;  hospitality  ; 
love  of  freedom.  The  North  Carolinians  were,  at 
this  epoch,  the  same  rugged  and  insubordinate 
race  of  hunters  that  they  had  always  been.  In 
South  Carolina  .  .  .  the  people,  mostly  of 
French  descent,  were  as  hot-blooded  and  as 
jealous  of  their  rights  as  their  ancestors. — Rid- 
Ipath's  Hist.,  ch.  36,  p.  280. 

772.  CHAEACTER  misinterpreted.  Charles  11. 
That  the  late  king  had  been  at  heart  a  Roman 
Catholic  had  been,  during  some  months,  sus- 
pected and  whispered,  but  not  formally  an- 
nounced. The  disclosure,  indeed,  could  not  be 
made  without  great  scandal.  Charles  had, 
times  without  number,  declared  himself  a  Prot- 
•estant,  and  had  been  in  the  habit  of  receiving 
the  Eucharist  from  the  bishops  of  the  Established 
Church.  Those  Protestants  who  had  stood  by 
him  in  his  difficulties,  and  who  still  cherished 
an  affectionate  remembrance  of  him,  must  be 
filled  with  shame  and  indignation  by  learning 
that  his  whole  life  had  been  a  lie ;  that,  while 
he  professed  to  belong  to  their  communion,  he 
had  really  regarded  them  as  heretics  ;  and  that 
the  demagogues  who  had  represented  him  as  a 
concealed  papist  had  been  the  only  people  who 
had  formed  a  correct  judgment  of  his  character. 
— Macaulay's  Ekg.,  ch.  6,  p.  40. 

773.  CHAEACTER  moulded  by  Theology. 
Cromwell.  Cromwell  was  all  that  we  include  in 
the  term  Puritan.  His  whole  public  life  was 
the  result  of  that  mental  experience  by  which 
his  faith  was  moulded.  In  him  there  was  a  pro- 
found reverence  for  the  law  of  God.  He  had 
an  instinctive  apprehension  of  order.  To  dis- 
franchise, to  rout,  and  put  to  flight  the  imbecili- 
ties of  anarchists — such  was  his  work.  A  sworn 
soldier  of  the  Decalogue  was  he.  Say  that  he 
read  with  keen  vividness  into  men's  hearts  and 
men's  purposes ;  well,  he  did  so,  as  any  man 
may  do,  by  the  light  of  high  intelligent  princi- 
ples vdthin  him.  In  many  things,  we  do  not 
doubt,  he  much  misinterpreted  the  texts  of  the 
Divine  Book.  Perhaps  he  was  too  much  a 
•'  Hebrew  of  the  Hebrews."  Some  do  not  see 
tow  a  man  can  be  faithfully  a  Christian  man 
and  also  a  soldier  ;  but  if  he  will  be  a  soldier, 
then  we  do  not  see  how  he  can  fulfil  a  soldier's 
duty  better  than  by  looking  into  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. We  see  plainly  that  we  shall  not  know 
Cromwell's  character  and  deeds  unless  we  ac- 
quaint ourselves  with  Cromwell's  theology. — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  1,  p.  22. 

774.  CHAEACTEE,  Natural.  FosUred.  The 
most  important  care  of  Mammaea  [the  mother  of 
Alexander]  and  her  wise  counsellors,  was  to 
form  the  character  of  the  young  emperor  .  .  . 
the  fortunate  soil  assisted,  and  even  prevented, 
the  hand  of  cultivation.  An  excellent  under- 
fitanding  soon  convinced  Alexander  of  the  ad- 


vantages of  virtue,  the  pleasure  of  knowledge, 
and  the  necessity  of  labor.  A  natural  mildness 
and  moderation  of  temper  preserved  him  from 
the  assaults  of  passion  and  the  allurements  of 
vice.  His  unalterable  regard  for  his  mother  .  .  . 
guarded  his  inexperienced  youth  from  the 
poison  of  flattery. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6. 

775.  CHAEACTEE  above  Office.  Emperor. 
The  great  Theodosius,  in  his  judicious  advice  to 
his  son,  .  .  .  distinguishes  the  station  of  a  Roman 
prince  from  that  of  a  Parthian  monarch.  Virtue 
was  necessary  for  the  one  ;  birth  might  suffice 
for  the  other. — Milmax,  in  Gibbon's  Rome.  ' 

776.  CHAEACTEE,  Trifling.  Greeks.  The 
warmth  of  the  climate  disposed  the  natives  of 
Antioch  to  the  most  intemperate  enjoyment  of 
tranquillity  and  opulence  ;  and  the  lively  licen- 
tiousness of  the  Greeks  was  blended  with  the 
hereditary  softness  of  the  Syrians.  Fashion  was 
the  only  law,  pleasure  the  only  pursuit,  and  the 
splendor  of  dress  and  furniture  was  the  only 
distinction  of  the  citizens  of  Antioch.  The  arts 
of  luxury  were  honored  ;  the  serious  and  manly 
virtues  were  the  subject  of  ridicule ;  and  the 
contempt  for  female  modesty  and  reverent  age 
announced  the  universal  corruption  of  the  cap- 
ital of  the  East.  The  love  of  spectacles  was  the 
taste,  or  rather  passion,  of  the  Syrians — the  most 
skilful  artists  were  procured  from  the  adjacent 
cities  ;  a  considerable  share  of  the  revenue  was 
devoted  to  the  public  amusements  ;  and  the 
magnificence  of  the  games  of  the  theatre  and 
circus  was  considered  as  the  happiness  and  as 
the  glory  of  Antioch. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  24. 

777.  CHAEITY  for  the  Dead.  BoUngbroke. 
The  great  Duke  of  Marlborough  and  the  first 
Lord  Bolingbroke  were  in  opposite  political  in- 
terests, and  were  consequently,  on  most  occa- 
sions, ranged  against  each  other.  Some  gentle- 
men, after  the  duke's  decease,  were  canvassing 
his  character  with  much  severity,  and  particu- 
larly charged  him  with  being  excessively  ava- 
ricious. At  length  they  appealed  for  the  truth 
of  their  statements  to  Lord  Bolingbroke,  who 
was  one  of  the  company.  This  nobleman,  with 
a  generosity  which  did  him  real  honor,  an^ 
swered :  "The  Duke  of  Marlborough  was  so 
great  a  man  that  I  quite  forget  his  failings." 

77§.  CHAEITY  distrusted.  Joseph  II.  Jo- 
seph II.,  walking  one  day  on  the  Prater  at 
Vienna,  met  a  young  woman  who  seemed  in 
great  distress.  He  inquired  the  cause,  and  found 
that  she  was  the  daughter  of  an  officer  who  had 
been  killed  in  the  Imperial  service,  and  that  she 
and  her  mother  had  supported  themselves  by 
their  industry,  but  were  now  unemployed. 
"  Have  you  received  no  assistance  from  the 
government  ?"  said  the  emperor.  "  None,"  was 
the  reply.  "But  why  not  apply  to  the  em- 
peror ?  he  is  easy  of  access."  "  They  say  he 
is  avaricious,  and  such  a  step  would  then  be 
useless."  The  monarch  immediately  gave  the 
young  woman  some  ducats  and  a  ring,  telling 
her  that  he  was  in  the  emperor's  service,  and 
would  serve  her,  if  with  her  mother  she  would 
come  to  the  palace  on  a  certain  day.  The  ap- 
pointment was  kept,  and  the  young  woman  rec- 
ognized her  benefactor  in  the  person  of  the  em- 
peror, who  bade  her  not  to  be  alarmed,  as  he  had 
settled  a  pension  on  her  and  her  mother,  adding, 


CHARITY— CHEERFULNESS. 


95 


"  At  another  time,  I  hope  you  will  not  despair 
of  a  heart  that  is  just." 

yro.  CHARITY,  Nobility  of.  Aristotle.  Being 
blamed  for  giving  alms  to  an  unworthy  person, 
he  said,  "I  gave  ;  but  it  was  to  mankind." — 
Cyclopedia  op  Bigg.,  p.  558. 

7§0.  CHAEITY,  Wise.  Jolm  Howard.  In  times 
of  scarcity  he  exerted  himself  to  find  employ- 
ment for  those  [of  his  tenants]  Avho  needed  it, 
getting  situations  among  his  friends  for  deserv- 
ing girls  and  young  men,  keeping  many  hands 
busy  upon  his  own  grounds  and  in  weaving 
linen  for  his  family.  It  is  said  that  he  had 
linen  enough  in  his  house  when  he  died  to  last 
fifty  years  longer.  He  was  reluctant  to  give 
money  in  charity,  except  to  persons  who  could 
not  work.  His  way  was  to  provide  work,  even 
if  the  work  was  not  needed.  This  principle, 
however,  did  not  prevent  his  giving  presents  on 
proper  occasions  to  deserving  objects.  All  his 
servants  were  generously  remembered  by  him  at 
Christmas  and  on  their  birthdays ;  and  when 
one  of  their  daughters  was  married,  he  was 
fond  of  presenting  the  bride  with  a  good  cow.— 
Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  38. 

781.  CHAEITY,  Wonderfal.     FatTier  Mathew 
said :  A  poor  woman  found  in  the  streets  a  male 
infant,  which  she  brought  to  me,  and  asked  im- 
ploringly what  she  was  to  do  with  it.     Influ- 
enced, unhappily,  by  cold  caution,  I  advised  her 
to  give  it  to  the  church-wardens.     It  was  then 
evening.  On  the  ensuing  morning,  early,  I  found 
this  poor  woman  at  my  doors.     She  was  a  poor 
water-carrier.     She  cried  bitterly,  and  said,  "  I 
have  not  slept  one  wink  all  night  for  parting 
with  that  child  which  God  had  put  in  my  way, 
and,  if  you  will  give  me  leave,  I  will  take  him 
back  again."    I  was  filled  with  confusion  at 
the  pious  tenderness  of  this  poor  creature,  and  I 
went  with  her  to  the  parish  nurse  for  the  infant, 
which  she  brought  to  her  home  with  joy,  ex- 
claiming, in  the  very  words  of  the  prophet, 
"  Poor  child,  though  thy  mother  has  forgotten 
thee,   I  will  not  forget  thee."      Eight  years 
have  elapsed  since  she  brought  to  her  humble 
home  that  exposed  infant,  and  she  is  now  blind 
from  the  constant  exposure  to  wet  and  cold  ;  and 
ten  times  a  day  may  be  seen  that  poor  wa- 
ter-carrier passing  with  her  weary  load,  led  by 
this  little  foundling  boy.     O  merciful  Jesus,  I 
would  gladly  sacrifice  the  wealth  and  power  of 
this  wide  world,  to  secure  to  myself  the  glorious 
welcome  that  awaits  this  poor  blind  water-car- 
rier on  the  great  accounting  day  !    Oh,  what 
compared  to  charity  like  this,  the  ermined  robe' 
the  ivory  sceptre,  the  golden  throne,  the  jew- 
elled diadem  !— Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  113. 

78a.  CHARM,  Protecting.  Numa.  [Numa,  one 
of  the  earliest  kings  of  Rome,]  having  mixed 
the  fountain  of  which  they  used  to  drink  with 
vnne  and  honey,  surprised  and  caught  [the  demi- 
gods, who]  .  .  .  acquainted  him  with  many  se- 
crets of  futurity  and  taught  him  a  charm  for 
thunder  and  lightning,  composed  of  onions,  hair, 
and  pilchards,  which  is  used  to  this  day.— Plu- 
tarch's Numa. 

_   783. .    Agnus  Dei.    The  agnus  dei, 

m  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  is  a  cake  of  wax, 
bearing  the  image  of  a  lamb  bearing  a  cross. 
Being  blessed  by  the  pope,  they  are  worn  by 


many  Catholics,  and  believed  to  drive  away  bad 

spirits  and  preserve  their  wearers  from  harm. 

Am.  Cyc,  "  Agnus  Dei." 

784.  CHASTISEMENT  of  Children.  Scourge. 
Severe  corporal  punishment  was  the  accustomed 
instrument  of  good  education  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. The  scourge  was  recommended  even  by 
gentle  mothers  to  be  administered  to  their  sons 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  5. 

785.  CHASTITY  and  CiviUzation.  Opposed.  Al- 
though the  progress  of  civilization  has  undoubt- 
edly contributed  to  assuage  the  fiercer  passions  of 
human  nature,  it  seems  to  have  been  less  favora- 
ble to  the  virtue  of  chastity,  whose  most  danger- 
ous enemy  is  the  eoftness  of  the  mind.  The  re- 
finements of  life  corrupt  while  they  polish  the  in- 
tercourse of  the  sexes.  The  gross  appetite  of 
love  becomes  most  dangerous  when  it  is  elevat- 
ed, or  rather,  indeed,  disguised  by  sentimental 
passion.  The  elegance  of  dress,  of  motion,  and 
of  manners  gives  a  lustre  to  beauty,  and  inflames 
the  senses  through  the  imagination.  Luxurious 
entertainments,  midnight  dances,  and  licentious 
spectacles  present  at  once  temptation  and  op- 
portunity to  female  frailty. — Gibbon's  Rome 
ch.  9. 

786.  CHASTITY,  Invincible.  Boman  General 
Belisarius.  Belisarius  was  chaste  and  sober.  In 
the  license  of  a  military  life,  none  could  boast 
that  they  had  seen  him  intoxicated  with  wine  ; 
the  most  beautiful  captives  of  Gothic  or  Vandal 
race  were  offered  to  his  embraces  ;  but  he  turned 
aside  from  their  charms,  and  the  husband  of  An- 
tonina  was  never  suspected  of  violating  the  laws 
of  conjugal  fidelity.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  41. 


787.  CHASTITY,  Rare.  Early  Christians.  It 
was  with  the  utmost  difficulty  that  ancient  Rome 
could  support  the  institution  of  six  vestals  ;  but 
the  primitive  church  was  filled  with  a  great  num- 
ber of  persons  of  either  sex,  who  had  devoted 
themselves  to  the  profession  of  perpetual  chas- 
tity.— Gibbon's  Rome,  vol.  1,  ch.  15,  p.  550. 

788.  CHEERFULNESS,  Simulated.  Mary.  The 
ship  in  which  the  Princess  of  Orange  had  em- 
barked lay  off  Margate,  and  on  the  following 
morning  anchored  at  Greenwich.     She  was  re- 
ceived with  many  signs  of  joy  and  affection ; 
but  her  demeanor  shocked  the  Tories,  and  was 
not  thought  faultless  even  by  the  Whigs.     A 
young  woman,  placed,  by  a  destiny  as  mourn- 
ful and  awful  as  that  which  brooded  over  the 
fabled  houses  of  Labdacus  and  Pelops,  in  such  a 
situation  that  she  could  not,  without  violating 
her  duty  to  her  God,  her  husband,  and  her  coun- 
try, refuse  to  take  her  seat  on  the  throne  from 
which  her  father   [James  II.]  had  just  been 
hurled,  should  have  been  sad,  or  at  least  serious. 
Mary  was  not  merely  in  high,  but  in  extravagant 
spirits.     She  entered  Whitehall,  it  was  asserted, 
with  a  girlish  delight  at  being  mistress  of  so  fine 
a  house,  ran  about  the  rooms,  peeped  into  the 
closets,  and  examined  the  quilt  of  the  state  bed, 
without  seeming  to  remember  by  whom  those 
stately  apartments  had  last  been  occupied.  [Bish- 
op] Burnet,  who  had,  till  then,  thought  her  an 
angel  in  human  form,  could  not,  on  this  occa- 
sion, refrain  from  blaming  her.     He  was  the 
more  astonished,  because,  when  he  took  leave  of 
her  at  the  Hague,  she  had,  though  fully  con- 
vinced that  she  was  in  the  path  of  duty,  beea 


94 


cheeri:n  g— childhood. 


deeply  dejected.  To  him,  as  to  her  spiritual 
guide,  she  afterward  explained  her  conduct. 
William  had  written  to  inform  her  that  some  of 
those  who  had  tried  to  separate  her  interests  from 
his  still  continued  their  machinations ;  they 
gave  it  out  that  she  thought  herself  wronged ; 
and,  if  she  wore  a  gloomy  countenance,  the  re- 
port would  be  confirmed.  He  therefore  entreated 
her  to  make  her  first  appearance  with  an  air  of 
cheerfulness.  Her  heart,  she  said,  was  far  in- 
deed from  cheerful ;  but  she  had  done  her  best ; 
and,  as  she  was  afraid  of  not  sustaining  well  a 
part  which  was  uncongenial  to  her  feelings, 
she  had  overacted  it.  Her  deportment  was  the 
subject  of  reams  of  scurrility  in  prose  and  verse  ; 
it  lowered  her  in  the  opinion  of  some  whose  es- 
teem she  valued  ;  nor  did  the  world  know,  till 
she  was  beyond  the  reach  of  praise  and  censure, 
that  the  conduct  which  had  brought  on  her  the 
reproach  of  levity  and  insensibility  was  really  a 
signal  instance  of  that  perfect  disinterestedness 
and  self-devotion  of  which  man  seems  to  be  in- 
capable, but  which  is  sometimes  found  in  wom- 
an.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  606. 

7§9.  CHEEEING  effective.  War  of  Rebellion. 
The  Southern  troops  when  charging,  or  to  ex- 
press their  delight,  always  yell  in  a  manner  pe- 
culiar to  themselves.  The  Yankee  cheer  is  much 
more  like  ours  ;  but  the  Confederate  officers  de- 
clare that  the  rebel  yell  has  a  peculiar  merit,  and 
always  produces  a  salutary  and  useful  effect 
upon  their  adversaries.  A  corps  is  sometimes 
spoken  of  as  a  "good  yelling  regiment."  [Brit- 
ish officer's  diary,  quoted  in]  Pollard's  Sec- 
ond Year  of  the  War,  p.  349. 

790.  CHILD,  Influence  of  a.  Sovereign.  In 
1425,  with  a  view  probably  to  diminish  the  in- 
fluence of  the  protector  [the  Duke  of  Glouces- 
ter], by  exhibiting  the  child  Henry  [VI.,  then 
five  years  old]  as  a  shadow  of  royalty,  he  was 
brought  into  the  House  of  Lords  and  seated 
upon  the  throne  upon  his  mother's  knee.  "  It 
was  a  strange  sight,"  says  Speed,  the  chronicler, 
"  and  the  first  time  it  was  ever  seen  in  England, 
an  infant  sitting  in  his  mother's  lap,  and  before 
it  could  tell  what  English  meant,  to  exercise 
the  place  of  sovereign  direction  in  open  Parlia- 
ment."— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  5,  p.  78. 

791.  CHILD,  A  passionate.  Blaise  Pascal. 
When  the  boy  was  a  year  old  he  was  observed 
to  resent,  in  the  most  violent  manner,  any  ca- 
resses which  his  parents  exchanged.  Either  of 
them  might  kiss  him  in  welcome,  but  if  they 
kissed  one  another,  he  cried,  kicked,  and  made 
a  terrible  ado.  He  had  also  the  peculiarity  (not 
very  rare  among  children)  of  making  a  great 
outcry  whenever  a  basin  of  water  was  brought 
near  him.  "  Every  one,"  writes  an  inmate  and 
relative  of  the  family,  "  said  the  child  was  be- 
witched by  an  old  woman  who  was  in  the  habit 
of  receiving  alms  from  the  house."  [The  "witch" 
applied  her  sorcery,  and  appeared  to  have  killed 
the  child,  but  it  was  restored. ]—Cyclopedla  of 
BiOG.,  p.  96. 

792.  CHILD,  Power  of.  Ruler.  Themistocles' 
son  being  master  of  his  mother,  and  by  her 
means,  of  him,  he  said,  laughing,  "  This  child  is 
greater  than  any  man  in  Greece  ;  for  the  Athe- 
nians command  the  Greeks,  I  command  the 
Athenians,  his  mother  commands  me,  and  he 
commands  his  mother." — Plutarch. 


793.  CHILD,  Precocious.  Samuel  Johnson. 
When  Dr.  Sacheverell  was  at  Lichfield,  Johnson 
was  not  quite  three  years  old.  My  grandfather 
Hammond  observed  him  at  the  cathedral  perch- 
ed upon  his  father's  shoulders,  listening  and 
gaping  at  the  much-celebrated  preacher.  Mr. 
Hammond  asked  Mr.  Johnson  how  he  could 
possibly  think  of  bringing  such  an  infant  to 
church,  and  in  the  midst  of  so  great  a  crowd. 
He  answered,  because  it  was  impossible  to  keep 
him  at  home  ;  for,  young  as  he  was,  he  believed 
he  had  caught  the  public  spirit  and  zeal  for 
Sacheverell,  and  would  have  stayed  forever  in 
the  church. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  5. 

794.  CHILD,  A  ruined.  Ch^ief.  Mrs.  Susanna 
Wesley  [the  mother  of  John  Wesley]  had  seen 
much  affliction.  Her  husband  had  been  in 
prison  for  debt,  she  had  suffered  from  poverty 
and  sickness,  some  of  her  children  had  died,  and 
others  married  unhappily.  She  wrote  thus  to 
her  brother  in  bereavement :  "  O  sir,  happy, 
thrice  happy  are  you  ;  happy  is  my  sister  that 
buried  your  children  in  infancy  !  Secure  from 
temptation,  secure  from  guilt,  secure  from  want 
or  shame  or  loss  of  friends,  they  are  safe  beyond 
the  reach  of  pain  or  sense  of  misery.  Being 
gone  hence,  nothing  can  touch  them  further. 
Believe  me,  sir,  it  is  better  to  mourn  ten  chil- 
dren dead  than  one  living,  and  I  have  buried 
many." 

795.  CHILD,  Value  of  a.  Heathen.  Abdallah- 
Ben-Abd-el-Mottalib,  the  father  of  Mahomet, 
when  a  youth  narrowly  escaped  sacrifice  at  his 
father's  hands,  who,  being  childless,  made  a  vow 
that  he  would  sacrifice  one  of  his  children  to 
the  gods  if  they  would  grant  him  a  family.  The 
family  came,  and  the  lot  being  taken  fell  on  Ab- 
dallah.  The  father  was  on  the  point  of  fulfil- 
ling his  vow,  when,  by  the  advice  of  his  friends, 
he  stayed  his  hand  and  consulted  a  wise  woman, 
who  directed  him  to  place  ten  camels,  the  price 
of  blood  among  the  Arabs,  on  one  side,  and  his 
son  on  the  other,  and  to  cast  lots  between  them  ; 
and  as  often  as  the  lots  should  be  against  the 
youth,  he  was  to  add  ten  more  camels.  The  ex- 
periment was  tried,  and  the  lot  was  against  Ab- 
dallah  ten  times  ;  the  father  sacrificed  one  hun- 
dred camels,  and  saved  his  son. — App.    Cyc, 

"AbD  ALLAH." 

796.  CHILDHOOD,  Impressible.  Rev.  John  Da- 
ms. [He  was  early  trained  in  the  doctrines  of 
religion.]  He  attributed  his  conversion,  in  his 
nineteenth  year,  to  the  ineffaceable  impression 
of  a  lesson  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  heard  while 
sitting  on  his  father's  knee  when  he  was  a  child. 
— Stevens'  M.  E.  Church,  vol.  4,  p.  230. 

797.  CHILDHOOD,  Terrors  of.  William  Cowper. 
My  chief  affliction  consisted  in  my  being  singled 
out  from  all  the  other  boys  by  a  lad  of  about 
fifteen  years  of  age  as  a  proper  object  upon 
whom  he  might  let  loose  the  cruelty  of  his  tem- 
per. I  choose  to  conceal  a  particular  recital  of 
the  many  acts  of  barbarity  with  which  he  made 
it  his  business  continually  to  persecute  me.  It 
will  be  sufficient  to  say  that  his  savage  treatment 
of  me  impressed  such  a  dread  of  his  figure  upon 
my  mind,  that  I  well  remember  being  afraid  to 
lift  my  eyes  upon  him  higher  than  to  his  knees, 
and  that  I  knew  him  better  by  his  shoe-buckles 
than  by  any  other  part  of  his  dress.     May  the 


CHILDREN. 


95 


Xord  pardon  him,  and  may  we  meet  in  glory  ! 
— Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  1. 

798.  CHILDREN  abused.  Paupers.  [In  the 
British  collieries,  1837,]  it  was  the  custom  of 
many  of  the  hard  task-masters  to  take  two  or 
three  apprentices  at  a  time,  supporting  them- 
selves and  families  out  of  the  labor  of  these  un- 
fortunate orphans,  who  from  the  age  of  fourteen 
to  twenty-one  never  received  a  penny  for  them- 
•selves,  by  a  servitude  in  which  there  was  nothing 
to  learn  beyond  a  little  dexterity  readily  ac- 
quired by  short  practice.  [Some  of  them  were 
"whipped  to  death.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8, 
•ch.  22,  p.  396. 

799.  .      Spinning.       Children  of 

very  tender  age,  collected  from  the  London 
workhouses  and  other  abodes  of  the  friendless, 
were  transported  to  Manchester  and  the  neigh- 
borhood as  apprentices.  They  were  often  work- 
ed through  the  whole  night ;  had  no  regard  paid 
to  their  cleanliness  ;  and  received  no  instruction. 
[They  were  employed  on  the  newly  invented 
spinning  machines.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7, 
oh.  3,  p.  52. 

800.  CHILDBEN  a  Blessing.  Mahomet.  His 
enemies,  who  regarded  the  privation  of  a  male 
child  as  a  disfavor  of  Heaven,  gave  to  Mahomet 
the  ignominious  epithet  of  a  man  without  a  con- 
tinuation of  himself. — Lamabtine's  Turkey, 
p.  140. 

801.  CHILDREN,  Delight  in.  Mahomet.  Ma- 
homet's politeness  to  men  of  all  conditions  who 
approached  him  was  gentle  and  respectful. 
"He  never,"  says  Aboulfeda,  "withdrew  his 
hand  the  first  from  the  hand  of  those  who  were 
saluting  him."  He  played  .  .  .  with  the  children 
of  Ali,  the  husband  of  his  daughter,  Fatima,  in 
•default  of  any  of  his  own.  One  of  these  little 
•ones,  of  a  tender  age,  named  Hossein,  having 
crept  upon  his  back  while  he  was  prostrated  in 
prayer,  with  his  face  against  the  earth,  the  proph- 
et remained  in  this  attitude,  to  gratify  the  child, 
until  its  mother  came  to  deliver  him  of  the  bur- 
den.— Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  152. 

802.  CHILDREN,  Discipline  of.  Severity. 
[a.d.  1547.]  Severe  discipline  of  children  was 
the  characteristic  of  an  age  in  which  men  and 
boys,  and  even  girls,  were  governed  more  by  ter- 
ror than  by  love.  Peter  Carewe,  when  he  ran 
•away  from  school,  was  led  home  in  chains  like  a 
dog,  and  was  coupled  to  a  hound  in  a  filthy  out- 
house. Lady  Jane  Grey  described  to  Ascham 
how,  in  the  presence  of  her  parenis,  she  was  com- 
pelled to  deport  herself  in  every  action  of  life  ac- 
cording to  the  strictest  rules  ;  "  or  else  I  am  so 
sharply  taunted,  so  cruelly  threatened,  yea  pres- 
ently, sometimes  with  pinches,  nips,  and  bobs, 
■and  other  ways  which  I  will  not  name  for  the 
honor  I  bear  them,  so  without  measure  disorder- 
ed that  I  think  myself  in  hell."  The  poor  lady, 
however,  considered  the  severity  as  a  blessing, 
for  it  taught  her  to  value  the  exceptional  kindness 
of  her  schoolmaster,  "who  teacheth  me  so  gen- 
tly, so  pleasantly,  with  such  fair  allurements  to 
learning,  that  I  think  all  the  time  nothing  while 
I  am  with  him." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch. 
29,  p.  496. 

803.  CHILDREN  frightened.  Beign  of  James 
II.  [The  ladies  of  the  queen's  household,  prompt- 
ed  by  avarice,  plundered  the  victims  of  Jef- 


freys' court.]  The  prey  on  which  they  pounced 
most  eagerly  was  one  which  it  might  have  been 
thought  that  even  the  most  ungentle  natures 
would  have  spared.  Already  some  of  the  girls 
who  had  presented  a  standard  to  Monmouth  [the 
rebel  and  pretended  king]  at  Taunton  had  cru- 
elly expiated  their  offence.  One  of  them  had 
been  thrown  into  a  prison  where  an  infectious 
malady  was  raging.  She  had  sickened  and  died 
there.  Another  had  presented  herself  at  the  bar 
before  Jeffreys  to  beg  for  mercy.  "  Take  her, 
jailer,"  vociferated  the  judge,  with  one  of  those 
frowns  which  had  often  struck  terror  into  stout- 
er hearts  than  hers.  She  burst  into  tears,  drew 
her  hood  over  her  face,  followed  the  jailer  out  of 
court,  fell  ill  of  fright,  and  in  a  few  hours  was  a 
corpse.  Most  of  the  young  ladies,  however,  who 
had  walked  in  the  procession  were  still  alive. 
Some  of  them  were  under  ten  years  of  age.  All 
had  acted  under  the  orders  of  their  schoolmis- 
tress, without  knowing  that  they  were  commit- 
ting a  crime.  The  queen's  maids  of  honor  asked 
the  royal  permission  to  wring  money  out  of  the 
parents  of  the  poor  children,  and  the  permission 
was  granted.  An  order  was  sent  down  to  Taun- 
ton that  all  these  little  girls  should  be  seized  and 
imprisoned.  [See  more  at  No.  607.] — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  607. 

804.  CHILDREN,  Labors  of.  Beign  of  Charles 
II.  At  Norwich,  the  chief  seat  of  the  clothing 
trade,  a  little  creature  six  years  old  was  thought 
fit  for  labor.  Several  writers  of  that  time,  and 
among  them  some  who  were  considered  as  emi- 
nently benevolent,  mention,  with  exultation,  the 
fact,  that  in  that  city  boys  and  girls  of  a  tender 
age  created  wealth  exceeding  what  was  necessa- 
ry for  their  own  subsistence  by  £12,000  a  year. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  390. 

805.  CHILDREN,  Mistrained.  John  Milton's. 
He  did  not  allow  his  daughters  to  learn  any  lan- 
guage, saying  with  a  gibe  that  one  tongue  was 
enough  for  a  woman.  They  were  not  sent  to 
any  school,  but  had  some  sort  of  teaching  at 
home  from  a  mistress.  But  in  order  to  make 
them  useful  in  reading  to  him,  their  father  was 
at  the  pains  to  train  them  to  read  aloud  in  five  or 
six  languages,  of  none  of  which  they  understood 
one  word.  When  we  think  of  the  time  and  la- 
bor which  must  have  been  expended  to  teach 
them  to  do  this,  it  must  occur  to  us  that  a  little 
more  labor  would  have  sufficed  to  teach  them  so 
much  of  one  or  two  of  the  languages  as  would 
have  made  their  reading  a  source  of  interest  and 
improvement  to  themselves.  This  Milton  refus- 
ed to  do.  The  consequence  was,  as  might  have 
been  expected,  the  occupation  became  so  irk- 
some to  them  that  they  rebelled  against  it.  In 
the  case  of  one  of  them,  Mary,  .  .  .  this  restive- 
ness  passed  into  open  revolt.  She  first  resisted, 
then  neglected,  and  finally  came  to  hate,  her 
father.  When  some  one  spoke  .  .  .  she  said, 
that  was  no  news  to  her  of  his  wedding  ;  but 
if  she  could  hear  of  his  death,  that  was  some- 
thing. She  combined  with  Anne,  the  eldest 
daughter,  ' '  to  counsel  his  maid-servant  to  cheat 
him  in  his  marketings."  They  sold  his  books 
without  his  knowledge.  "  They  made  nothing 
of  deserting  him,"  he  was  often  heard  to  com- 
plain.— Milton,  by  M.  Pattison.  ch.  12. 

806.  CHILDREN,  Overgovernment  of.  John 
Hovxvrd,     [He  had  an  only  son.]     He  was  ex- 


96 


CHILDREN— CHIVALRY. 


ceedingly  fond  of  his  son,  though  he  governed 
him,  as  some  of  his  friends  thought,  a  little  too 
much  in  the  patriarchal  style,  demanding  from 
him  the  most  prompt  and  exact  obedience,  and 
avoiding,  on  principle,  to  give  him  any  expla- 
nation of  the  reasons  of  his  requirements.  He 
never  struck  the  boy  a  blow  in  his  life.  The 
severest  punishment  he  ever  inflicted  vv^as  com- 
pelling him  to  sit  still  for  a  certain  time  without 
speaking,  and  such  was  his  ascendency  over  the 
child,  that  one  of  his  neighbors  said  that  if  he 
should  tell  the  boy  to  hold  his  hand  in  the  fire, 
he  would  do  it.     He  appears  to  have  carried  the 

Eatriarchal  principle  too  far.  The  boy  obeyed 
is  father,  but  did  not  confide  in  him  ;  respected 
his  father,  but  was  not  very  fond  of  him  ;  was 
proud  of  his  father,  but  did  not  feel  at  home  in 
his  .company.  [See  more  at  No.  418.] — Cyc.  of 
Bigg.,  p.  51. 

§07.  CHILDREN,  Protection  of.  Roman.  The 
same  protection  was  due  to  every  period  of  ex- 
istence ;  and  reason  must  applaud  the  humanity 
of  Paulus  for  imputing  the  crime  of  murder  to 
the  father  who  strangles,  or  starves,  or  abandons 
his  new-born  infant,  or  exposes  him  in  a  public 
place  to  find  the  mercy  which  he  himself  had 
denied.  But  the  exposition  of  children  was  the 
prevailing  and  stubborn  vice  of  antiquity  ;  it  was 
sometimes  prescribed,  often  permitted,  almost  al- 
ways practised  with  impunity,  by  the  nations 
who  never  entertained  the  Roman  ideas  of  pater- 
nal powers. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44. 

§08.  CHILDREN  of  the  State.  Spartan.  Chil- 
dren at  Sparta  were  not  considered  as  belonging 
to  the  individual  parents,  but  to  the  State.  Af- 
ter the  performance  of  the  first  maternal  duties, 
the  youth  were  educated  at  the  charge  of  the 
public  ;  and  every  citizen  had  as  much  authori- 
ty over  his  neighbor's  children  as  over  his  own. 
Slaves,  in  the  same  manner,  were,  at  Sparta,  a 
species  of  common  property  ;  every  man  might 
make  use  of  his  neighbor's  slaves,  and  hunt,  as 
Xenophon  informs  us,  not  only  with  his  neigh- 
bor's servants,  but  with  his  dogs  and  horses. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  9. 

§09.  CHILDREN  to  save  the  State.  Washing- 
ton. [In  the  dark  days  of  the  war  of  the  Rev- 
olution "Washington  was  returning  to  his  army 
after  a  brief  absence.]  The  population  of  the 
town  where  he  was  to  spend  the  night  went 
out  to  meet  him.  A  crowd  of  children,  repeat- 
ing the  acclamations  of  their  elders,  gathered 
around  him,  stopping  his  way,  all  wishing  to 
touch  him  and  calling  him  father.  Pressing  the 
hand  of  [Count]  Dumas  [one  of  his  French  al- 
lies], he  said  to  him  :  "We  may  be  beaten  by  the 
English  in  the  field  ;  it  is  the  lot  of  arms  ;  but 
see  there  the  arm  that  they  will  never  conquer." 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  10,  ch.  18. 

§10.  CHILDREN,  Surrender  of.  To  Valem.  The 
liberality  of  the  [Roman]  emperor  was  accom- 
panied, however,  with  two  harsh  and  rigorous 
conditions,  which  prudence  might  justify  on  the 
side  of  the  Romans,  but  which  distress  alone 
could  extort  from  the  indignant  Goths.  Before 
they  passed  the  Danube,  they  were  required  to 
deliver  their  arms  ;  and  it  was  insisted  that  their 
children  should  be  taken  from  them,  and  dis- 
persed through  the  provinces  of  Asia,  where 
they  might  be  civilized  by  the  arts  of  education, 


and  serve  as  hostages  to  secure  the  fidelity  ot 
their  parents. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26. 

§11,  CHILDREN  surviving.  Samuel  Johnson. 
BoswELL  :  "  I  believe,  sir,  a  great  many  of  the 
children  born  in  London  die  early."  John- 
son :  "  Why,  yes,  sir."  Bgswell  :  "  But  those 
who  do  live  are  as  stout  and  strong  people  as- 
any ;  Dr.  Price  says  they  must  be  natui-ally 
strong  to  get  through."  Johnson  :  "  That  is 
system,  sir.  A  great  traveller  observes,  that  it 
is  said  there  are  no  weak  or  deformed  peo- 
ple among  the  Indians  ;  but  he  with  much  sagac- 
ity assigns  the  reason  of  this,  which  is,  that  the 
hardship  of  their  life  as  hunters  and  fishers- 
does  not  allow  weak  or  diseased  children  to  grow 
up.  Now,  had  I  been  an  Indian  I  must  have 
died  early  ;  my  eyes  would  not  have  served  me 
to  get  food.  I  indeed  now  could  fish,  give  me 
English  tackle  ;  but  had  I  been  an  Indian  I  must 
have  starved,  or  they  would  have  knocked  me 
on  the  head,  when  they  saw  I  could  do  nothing." 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  495. 

§12.  CHILDREN  are  Treasures.  Poor  Man's. 
[When  the  rabble  for  the  second  time  fired  the- 
rectory  of  Rev.  Samuel  Wesley,  it  was  with 
difficulty  that  the  lives  of  the  children  were  saved, 
his  son  John  barely  getting  out  of  the  house  be- 
fore the  roof  fell,  crushing  the  chamber  where 
he  had  slept  to  the  ground.]  The  father  ex- 
claimed as  he  received  his  son,  "  Come,  neigh- 
bors, let  us  kneel  down  ;  let  us  give  thanks  unto 
God  ;  He  has  given  me  all  my  eight  children  ; 
let  the  house  go,  I  am  rich  enough." — Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  60." 

§13.  CHILDREN,  Unfortunate.  Tartars. 
There  still  remained  a  more  disgraceful  article 
of  tribute,  which  violated  the  sacred  feelings  of 
humanity  and  nature.  The  hardships  of  the 
savage  life,  which  destroy  in  their  infancy  the- 
children  who  are  born  with  a  less  healthy  and 
robust  constitution,  introduced  a  remarkable  dis- 
proportion between  the  numbers  of  the  two  sex- 
es. ..  .  A  select  band  of  the  fairest  maidens 
of  China  were  annually  devoted  to  the  rude  em- 
braces of  the  Huns.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26. 

§14.  CHIMERA,  Pursuit  of.  Isaac  Weicton. 
Who  would  have  thought  to  find  Newton  an  al- 
chemist ?  It  is  a  fact,  that  for  several  years  this- 
great  man  was  intensely  occupied  in  endeavoring 
to  discover  a  way  of  changing  the  baser  metals 
into  gold.  This  is,  perhaps,  the  reason  why  he 
added  little  to  our  knowledge  of  chemistry, 
though  he  seems  to  have  labored  at  this  science 
a  longer  time  and  with  more  pleasure  than  at 
any  other.  Being  in  pursuit  of  a  chimera,  he 
lost  his  time.  There  were  periods  when  his  fur- 
nace fires  were  not  allowed  to  go  out  for  six 
weeks,  he  and  his  secretary  sitting  up  alternate 
nights  to  replenish  them.  —  Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  256. 

§15.  CHIVALRY,  Baseness  of.  Edward  I. 
[Edward  I.]  was  challenged  to  a  tournament  by 
the  Count  of  Chalons.  .  .  .  Edward  entered  the 
lists  with  a  thousand  retainers,  both  horsemen 
and  spearmen.  In  the  mMee  many  were  killed  ;_ 
and  the  English  appear  to  have  behaved  with 
most  despicable  ferocity.  Edward  himself,  when 
he  had  unhorsed  the  athletic  count,  his  chair 
lenger,  stood  over  his  suppliant  enemy,  and  be-^ 
labored  him  with  a  brutality  of  which  an  Eng- 


CHIYALRY— CHRIST. 


97 


lish  costermonger  would  now  be  ashamed.  Such 
was  chivalry — that  compound  of  cruelty  and 
;generosity,  of  physical  daring  and  moral  coward- 
ice, of  sensitive  honor  and  broken  faith. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  20,  p.  28«. 

§16.  CHIVALRY,  Modern.  Battle  of  Leadng- 
ton,  Mo.  [The  Federals  surrendered  to  the  Con- 
federates after  a  protracted  siege.]  When  Col- 
onel Mulligan  surrendered  his  sword.  General 
Price  asked  him  for  the  scabbard.  Mulligan 
replied  that  he  had  thrown  it  away.  The  general, 
upon  receiving  his  sword,  returned  it  to  him, 
saying  he  disliked  to  see  a  man  of  his  valor 
without  a  sword.  .  .  .  While  awaiting  his  ex- 
change Colonel  Mulligan  and  his  wife  became 
the  guests  of  General  Price,  the  general  surren- 
dering to  them  his  carriage. — Pollard's  First 
Year  of  the  War,  ch.  5,  p.  148. 

§17.  CHIVALEY,  Order  of.  Knights  of  St. 
John.  The  military  and  religious  order  of  the 
Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  was  the  ex- 
piring sigh  of  chivalry  after  the  crusades.  A 
triple  spirit  at  that  time  animated  the  European 
nobility — the  spirit  of  faith,  the  spirit  of  war, 
the  spirit  of  adventure.  What  is  called  a  knight 
ivas  born  of  these  three  spirits  combined.  A 
pious  heart,  a  militant  arm,  a  chimerical  imag- 
ination— those  three  elements  composed  the  per- 
fect Christian  knight.  Religion,  war,  glory,  were 
Ais  three  souls. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  347. 

§1§.  CHIVALRY,  Patriotic.  Capt.  PaulJones. 
He  landed  near  the  castle  of  the  Earl  of  Sel- 
kirk, intending  to  take  the  earl  prisoner,  and 
keep  him  as  a  hostage  for  the  better  treatment 
of  American  prisoners  in  England,  whom  the 
king  affected  to  regard  as  felons,  and  who  were 
confined  in  common  jails.  The  earl  was  absent 
from  home.  The  crew  demanded  liberty  to 
plunder  the  castle,  in  retaliation  for  the  ravages 
of  British  captains  on  the  coast  of  America. 
Captain  Jones  could  not  deny  the  justice  of  their 
demand ;  yet,  abhorring  the  principle  of  plun- 
dering private  houses,  and  especially  one  inhab- 
ited by  a  lady,  he  permitted  the  men  to  take 
the  silver  plate  only,  forbidding  the  slightest  ap- 
proach to  violence  or  disrespect.  That  silver 
plate  he  himself  bought  when  the  plunder  was 
sold,  and  sent  it  back  to  the  Countess  of  Selkirk, 
with  a  polite  letter  of  explanation  and  apology. 
The  haughty  earl  refused  to  receive  it ;  but 
Captain  Jones,  after  a  long  correspondence,  won 
his  heart,  and  the  silver  was  replaced  in  the 
plate  closet  of  Selkirk  Castle  eleven  years  after  it 
had  been  taken  from  it. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog., 
p.  336. 

§19.  CHOICE  of  Both.  Lysander.  [Lysander 
iaving  been  sent  an]  ambassador  to  Dionysius, 
the  tyrant  offered  him  two  vests,  that  he  might 
take  one  of  them  for  his  daughter  ;  upon  which 
he  said  his  daughter  knew  better  how  to  choose 
than  he,  and  so  took  them  both. — Plutarch's 
Lysander. 

§20.  CHOICE  manifested.  Pizarro.  His  fol- 
iowers  ran  down  to  the  ship  and  demanded  to 
be  conveyed  to  Panama.  Pizarro  joined  them, 
gathered  them  around  him,  and,  drawing  a  line  in 
the  sand  with  his  sword,  addressed  them  thus  : 
■"  Comrades,  on  that  side,"  pointing  to  the  south, 
"  are  toil,  hunger,  nakedness,  the  drenching 
aBtorm.  battle,  and  death.     On  this  side,"  point- 


ing to  the  north,  "  ars  ewise  and  safety.  But  on 
that  side  lies  Peru,  with  its  wealth.  On  this 
side  is  Panama  and  its  poverty.  Choose,  each 
man,  what  best  becomes  a  brave  Castilian.  For 
my  part,  I  go  to  the  south."  Having  said  these 
words,  he  stepped  to  the  southern  side  of  the 
line,  and  there  stood,  eying  the  homesick  crowd. 
Twelve  soldiers,  one  priest,  and  one  muleteer 
joined  him.  The  rest  went  on  board  the  ship 
and  returned  to  Panama.  —  Cyclopedia  of 
BioG.,  p.  325. 

§21.  CHOICE,  Necessary.  Independents. 
Self-preservation,  uniting  with  ambition  and 
wild  enthusiasm,  urged  them  to  uncompromis- 
ing hostility  with  Charles  I.  He  or  they  must 
perish.  "  If  my  head  or  the  king's  must  fall," 
argued  Cromwell,  "can  I  hesitate  which  to 
choose  ?"  By  an  act  of  violence  the  Indepen- 
dents seized  on  the  king,  and  held  him  in  their 
special  custody.  ' '  Now, "  said  the  exulting  Crom- 
well— "  now  that  I  have  the  king  in  my  hands, 
I  have  the  Parliament  in  my  pocket." — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11. 

§22.  CHOICE,  Painful.  Death  of  Strafford. 
The  Parliament  was  inflexible  ;  the  queen  wept ; 
England  was  in  a  ferment.  Charles  [I.],  al- 
though ready  to  yield,  still  hesitated.  The  Queen 
Henrietta,  of  France,  daughter  of  Henry  IV.,  a 
beautiful  and  accomplished  princess,  for  whom 
until  his  death  the  king  preserved  the  fidelity  of 
a  husband  and  the  passion  of  a  lover,  presented 
herself  before  him  in  mourning,  accompanied 
by  her  little  children.  She  besought  him  on  her 
knees  to  yield  to  the  vengeance  of  the  people, 
which  he  could  not  resist  without  turning  upon 
the  innocent  pledges  of  their  love  that  death 
which  he  was  endeavoring  vainly  to  avert  from 
a  condemned  head.  "  Choose,"  said  she,  "be- 
tween your  own  life,  mine,  these  dear  children's, 
and  the  life  of  this  minister  so  hateful  to  the 
nation."  Charles,  struck  with  horror  at  the  idea 
of  sacrificing  his  beloved  wife  and  infant  chil- 
dren, the  hopes  of  the  monarchy,  replied  that 
he  cared  not  for  his  own  life,  for  he  would  will- 
ingly give  it  to  save  his  minister ;  but  to  en- 
danger Henrietta  and  her  children  was  beyond 
his  strength  and  desire.  [He  signed  the  death- 
warrant  of  his  chief  minister  and  faithful  friend.] 
— Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  12. 

§23.  CHRIST  caricatured.  Martin  Luther. 
Bitterly  did  he  complain  that,  from  childhood 
on,  he  had  been  so  trained  that  he  paled  and 
trembled  at  the  mere  mention  of  the  name  of 
Christ,  whom  he  had  been  taiight  to  regard  as 
a  severe  and  angry  judge. — Rein's  Luther, 
p.  22. 

§24.  CHRIST,  Defence  of.  King  of  tlie  Franks. 
[After  his  conversion]  the  mind  of  Clovis  was 
susceptible  of  transient  fervor  ;  he  was  exasper 
ated  by  the  pathetic  tale  of  the  passion  and 
death  of  Christ ;  and,  instead  of  weighing  the 
salutary  consequences  of  that  mysterious  sacri- 
fice, he  exclaimed,  with  indiscreet  fury,  "Had 
I  been  present  at  the  head  of  my  valiant  Franks, 
I  would  have  revenged  His  injuries." — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  37,  p.  575. 

§25.  CHRIST,  Honors  for.  Proof.  [The  mind 
of  the  Emperor  Theodosius  was  confirmed  in  or- 
thodox doctrine.]  He  had  lately  bestowed  on 
his  eldest  son,  Arcadius,  the  name  and  honors  of 


98 


CHRIST— CHRISTIAN. 


Augustus,  and  the  two  princes  were  seated  on  a 
stately  throne  to  receive  the  homage  of  their  sub- 
jects. A  bishop,  Amphilochius  of  Iconium, 
approached  the  throne,  and  after  saluting,  with 
due  reverence,  the  person  of  his  sovereign,  he 
accosted  the  royal  youth  with  the  same  familiar 
tenderness  which  he  might  have  used  toward  a 
plebeian  child.  Provoked  by  this  insolent  be- 
havior, the  monarch  gave  orders  that  the  rustic 
priest  should  be  instantly  driven  from  his  pres- 
ence. But  while  the  guards  were  forcing  him 
to  the  door,  the  dexterous  polemic  had  time  to 
execute  his  design,  by  exclaiming,  with  a  loud 
voice,  "  Such  is  the  treatment,  O  emperor, 
which  the  King  of  heaven  has  prepared  for  those 
Impious  men  who  affect  to  worship  the  Father, 
but  refuse  to  acknowledge  the  equal  majesty  of 
His  divine  Son  !"  Theodosius  immediately  em- 
braced the  Bishop  of  Iconium,  and  never  forgot 
the  important  lesson  which  he  had  received 
from  this  dramatic  parable. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  27. 

826.  CHEIST,  Preaching.  Erasmits.  Erasmus 
desired  to  set  Christ  Himself  in  the  place  of  the 
church,  to  recall  men  from  the  teaching  of  Chris- 
tian theologians  to  the  teaching  of  the  Found- 
er of  Christianity.  The  whole  value  of  the 
gospels  to  him  lay  in  the  vividness  with  which 
they  brought  home  to  their  readers  the  personal 
impression  of  Christ  Himself.  ' '  Were  we  to 
have  seen  Him  with  our  own  eyes,  we  should 
not  have  so  intimate  a  knowledge  as  they  give 
us  of  Christ,  speaking,  healing,  dying,  rising 
again,  as  it  were  in  our  very  presence."  All  the 
supei-stitions  of  mediaeval  worship  faded  away 
in  the  light  of  this  personal  worship  of  Christ. 
"If  the  footprints  of  Christ  are  shown  us  in 
any  place,  we  kneel  down  and  adore  them.  Why 
do  we  not  rather  venerate  the  living  and  breath- 
ing picture  of  Him  in  these  books  ?  We  deck 
statues  of  wood  and  stone  with  gold  and  gems 
for  the  love  of  Christ.  Yet  they  only  profess  to 
represent  to  us  the  outer  form  of  His  body,  while 
these  books  present  us  with  a  living  picture  of 
His  holy  mind."  In  the  same  way  the  actual 
teaching  of  Christ  was  made  to  supersede  the 
mysterious  dogmas  of  the  older  ecclesiastical 
teaching.  "  As  though  Christ  taught  such  sub- 
tleties," burst  out  Erasmus — "  subtleties  that  can 
scarcely  be  understood  even  by  a  few  theologians 
— or  as  though  the  strength  of  the  Christian  relig- 
ion consisted  in  man's  ignorance  of  it !  It  may 
be  the  safer  course,"  he  goes  on,  with  character- 
istic irony,  "to  conceal  the  state  mysteries  of 
kings,  but  Christ  desired  His  mysteries  to  be 
spread  abroad  as  openly  as  was  possible."  In 
the  diffusion,  in  the  universal  knowledge  of  the 
teaching  of  Christ,  the  foundation  of  a  reformed 
Christianity  had  still,  he  urged,  to  be  laid. — 
Eng.  People,  §  518. 

§27.  CHEIST  Butstituted.  Pope.  In  his  ad- 
dresses to  the  people  he  maintained  in  plain 
speech  :  "  Christ  has  laid  down  His  authority 
over  all  Christendom,  until  the  day  of  judg- 
ment, and  has  intrusted  the  pope  with  plenary 
power  in  His  stead.  The  pope  therefore  can 
forgive  each  and  every  sin,  whether  already 
committed  or  yet  to  be  committed,  and  that 
without  sorrow  and  repentance.  The  greatest 
guilt  can  be  effaced  by  purchasing  a  papal  certifi- 
cate of  forgiveness.     No  crime,  however  horri- 


ble and  inconceivable  in  reality,  is  excluded 
from  this  forgiveness.  The  indulgence  cross  of 
the  pope  is  not  inferior  in  sacredness  to  the  cross 
of  Christ,  and  hence  the  former  must  be  honor- 
ed as  highly  as  the  latter." — Rein's  Luther, 
p.  12. 

§2§.  CHEIST,  Theory  of.  Mahomet's.  For  the 
author  of  Christianity  the  Mohammedans  are 
taught  by  the  prophet  to  entertain  a  high  and 
mysterious  reverence.  "  Verily,  Christ  Jesus, 
the  Son  of  Mary,  is  the  apostle  of  God,  and  His 
word,  which  He  conveyed  unto  Mary,  and  a 
Spirit  proceeding  from  Him  ;  honorable  in  this, 
world  and  in  the  world  to  come  ;  and  one  of 
those  who  approach  near  to  the  presence  of 
God."  The  wonders  of  the  genuine  and  apocry- 
phal gospels  are  profusely  heaped  on  His  head  ;. 
and  the  Latin  church  has  not  disdained  to  bor- 
row from  the  Koran  the  immaculate  conception 
of  His  virgin  mother.  Yet  Jesus  was  a  mere 
mortal ;  and  at  the  day  of  judgment  His  testi- 
mony will  serve  to  condemn  both  the  Jews,  who- 
reject  Him  as  a  prophet,  and  the  Christians,  who 
adore  Him  as  the  Son  of  God.  The  malice  of  Hi* 
enemies  aspersed  His  reputation  and  conspired 
against  His  life  ;  but  their  intention  only  was; 
guilty  ;  a  phantom  or  a  criminal  was  substituted 
on  the  cross,  and  the  innocent  saint  was  trans- 
lated to  the  seventh  heaven. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  50,  p.  108. 

829.  CHEISTIAN  by  Bereavement.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  [See  No.  830.]  "  I  had  lived,"  he  con- 
tinued, "  until  my  boy  Willie  died,  without  real- 
izing fully  these  things.  That  blow  overwhelmed 
me.  It  showed  me  my  weakness  as  I  nad  never 
felt  it  before  ;  and  if  I  can  take  what  you  have 
stated  as  a  test,  I  think  I  can  safely  say  that  I 
know  something  of  that  change  of  which  you 
speak  ;  and  I  will  further  add,  that  it  has  been 
my  intention  for  some  time,  at  a  suitable  oppor- 
tunity, to  make  a  public  religious  profession  !"" 
— Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  732. 

830.  CHEISTIAN,  Experience  of  a.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  [A  lady  interested  in  the,  work  of  the 
Christian  Commission  had  several  interview* 
with  the  President.     On  one  occasion  he  said  to 

her:]  "Mrs. ,  I  have  formed  a  very  high 

opinion  of  your  Christian  character ;  and  now, 
as  we  are  alone,  I  have  a  mind  to  ask  you  to  give 
me,  in  brief,  your  idea  of  what  constitutes  a  true 
religious  experience."  The  lady  replied  at  some 
length,  stating  that,  in  her  judgment,  it  consisted 
of  a  conviction  of  one's  sinfulness  and  weakness 
and  personal  need  of  the  Saviour  for  strength  and 
support ;  that  views  of  mere  doctrine  might  and 
would  differ,  but  when  one  was  really  brought 
to  feel  his  need  of  divine  help  and  to  seek  the 
aid  of  the  Holy  Spirit  for  strength  and  guid- 
ance, it  was  satisfactory  evidence  of  his  being 
born  again  ....  When  she  had  concluded  -Mr. 
Lincoln  was  very  thoughtful  for  a  few  moments. 
He  at  length  said,  very  earnestly  :  "  If  what  you 
have  told  me  is  really  a  correct  view  of  this  great 
subject,  I  think  I  can  say,  with  sincerity,  that  I 
hope  I  am  a  Christian." — Raymond's  Lincoln. 

831.  CHEISTIAN,  Spirit  of  the.  CromicelL 
[Cromwell's  last  prayer.]  Lord,  though  I  am  a 
miserable  and  wretched  creature,  I  am  in  cove- 
nant with  Thee,  through  grace.  And  I  may,  I 
will,  come  to  Thee,  for  thy  people.  Thou  hast 
made  me,  though  very  unworthy,  a  mean  instni- 


CHRISTIANITY. 


99 


ment  to  do  them  some  good,  and  Thee  service  ; 
and  many  have  set  too  high  a  value  upon  me, 
though  others  vpish  and  would  be  glad  of  my 
death.  Lord,  however  Thou  do  dispose  of  me, 
continue  and  go  on  to  do  good  for  them.  Give 
them  consistency  of  judgment,  one  heart  and 
mutual  love  ;  go  on  to  deliver  them  and  the  work 
of  reformation;  and  make  the  name  of  Christ  glo- 
rious in  the  world.  Teach  those  who  look  too 
much  on  thy  instruments  to  depend  more  upon 
thyself.  Pardon  such  as  desire  to  trample  upon 
the  dust  of  a  poor  worm,  for  they  are  thy  people 
too.  And  pardon  the  folly  of  this  short  prayer — 
even  for  Jesus  Christ's  sake.  And  give  us  a  good 
night,  if  it  be  thy  pleasure.  Amen. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  13,  p.  215. 

§32.  CHRISTIANITY,  An  absurd.  Abyssinian. 
Its  ruling  characteristics  are  intolerance  and  for- 
mality. The  number  of  regular  fast-days  is  two 
hundred  and  sixty  in  each  year,  and  a  regular 
fast  implies  abstinence  from  drinking  as  well  as 
eating.  Besides  these  the  Church  decrees  ex- 
traordinary fasts  from  time  to  time.  Should  an 
Abyssinian  be  known  to  neglect  these  fasts,  his 
body  would  be  refused  sepulture.  On  the  other 
hand,  there  are  abundance  of  feasts  in  the  Church 
holidays  and  saints'  days,  and  travellers  relate 
that  the  Abyssinian  divines  are  at  least  as  scru- 
pulous in  the  observance  of  these  as  the  fasts. 
Nights  are  spent  in  alternate  prayer,  dancing, 
and  drinking,  and  the  sacrament  is  administered 
before  sunrise.  It  is  reported  that  it  has  hap- 
pened that  when  the  sun  rose  none  of  the  di- 
vines present  were  in  a  condition  to  officiate ; 
but  it  was  well  understood  that  such  accidents 
were  the  fruit  of  excessive  religious  fervor. — 
App.  Cyc,  "  Abyssinian  Chukch." 

833.  CHRISTIANITY,  Advancement  of.  Pri- 
mary Cause.  Our  curiosity  is  naturally  prompted 
to  inquire  by  what  means  the  Christian  faith 
obtained  so  remarkable  a  victory  over  the  estab- 
lished religions  of  the  earth.  To  this  inquiry 
an  obvious  but  satisfactory  answer  may  be  re- 
turned— that  it  was  owing  to  the  convincing 
evidence  of  the  doctrine  itself,  and  to  the  rul- 
ing providence  of  its  great  Author. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  15. 

834. .     Secondary    Causes.     What 

were  the  secondary  causes  of  the  rapid  growth 
of  the  Christian  church  ?  It  will,  perhaps,  ap- 
pear, that  it  was  most  effectually  favored  and 
assisted  by  the  five  following  causes  :  I.  The 
inflexible,  and,  if  we  may  use  the  expression, 
the  intolerant  zeal  of  the  Christians,  derived,  it 
is  true,  from  the  Jewish  religion,  but  purified 
from  the  narrow  and  unsocial  spirit,  which,  in- 
stead of  inviting,  had  deterred  the  Gentiles  from 
embracing  the  law  of  Moses.  II.  The  doctrine 
of  a  future  life,  improved  by  every  additional 
circumstance  which  could  give  weight  and  effi- 
cacy to  that  important  truth.  III.  The  miracu- 
lous powers  ascribed  to  the  primitive  church. 
IV.  The  pure  and^austere  morals  of  the  Chris- 
tians. V.  The  union  and  discipline  of  the  Chris- 
tian republic,  which  gradually  formed  an  in- 
dependent and  increasing  state  in  the  heart  of 
I  the  Roman  Empire. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  15. 
835.  CHRISTIANITY,  Civilization  by.  Cruelty. 
The  first  Christian  emperor  may  claim  the  hon- 
;  or  of  the  first  edict  which  condemned  the  art 
\  and  amusement  of  shedding  human  blood  ;  but 


this  benevolent  law  expressed  the  wishes  of  the 
prince,  without  reforming  an  inveterate  abuse, 
which  degraded  a  civilized  nation  below  the 
condition  of  savage  cannibals.  Several  hundred, 
perhaps  several  thousand,  victims  were  annually 
slaughtered  in  the  great  cities  of  the  empire,  and 
the  month  of  December,  more  peculiarly  devoted 
to  the  combats  of  gladiators,  still  exhibited  to 
the  eyes  of  tlie  Roman  people  a  grateful  specta- 
cle of  blood  and  cruelty.  Amid  the  general 
joy  of  the  victory  of  Pollentia,  a  Christian  poet 
exhorted  the  emperor  to  extirpate,  by  his  author- 
ity, the  horrid  custom  which  had  so  long  re- 
sisted the  voice  of  humanity  and  religion.  The 
pathetic  representations  of  Prudentius  were  less 
effectual  than  the  generous  boldness  of  Telema- 
chus,  an  Asiatic  monk,  whose  death  was  more 
useful  to  mankind  than  his  life.  The  Romans 
were  provoked  by  the  interruption  of  their 
pleasures  ;  and  the  rash  monk,  who  had  descend- 
ed into  the  arena  to  separate  the  gladiators,  was 
overwhelmed  under  a  shower  of  stones.  But 
the  madness  of  the  people  soon  subsided  ;  they 
respected  the  meraoiy  of  Telemachus,  who  had 
deserved  the  honors  of  martyrdom,  and  they 
submitted,  without  a  murmur,  to  the  laws  of 
Honorius,  which  abolished  forever  the  human 
sacrifices  of  the  amphitheatre. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
vol.  3,  ch.  30. 

836. .  Barbarians.    Before  the  age 

of  Charlemagne  the  Christian  nations  of  Eu- 
rope might  exult  in  the  exclusive  possession  of 
the  temperate  climates,  of  the  fertile  lands, 
which  produced  corn,  wine,  and  oil ;  while  the 
savage  idolaters  and  their  helpless  idols  were 
confined  to  the  extremities  of  the  earth,  the  dark 
and  frozen  regions  of  the  North.  Christian- 
ity, which  opened  the  gates  of  heaven  to  the 
barbarians,  introduced  an  important  change  in 
their  moral  and  political  condition.  They  re- 
ceived, at  the  same  time,  the  use  of  letters,  so 
essential  to  a  religion  whose  doctrines  are  con- 
tained in  a  sacred  book  ;  and  while  they  studied 
the  divine  truth,  their  minds  were  insensibly 
enlarged  by  the  distant  view  of  history,  of  nature, 
of  the  arts,  and  of  society. — Gibbon's  Rome,  vol. 
3,  ch.  37. 

837. .  Barbarians.    The  admission 

of  the  barbarians  into  the  pale  of  civil  and  ec- 
clesiastical society  delivered  Europe  from  the 
depredations,  by  sea  and  land,  of  the  Normans, 
the  Hungarians,  and  the  Russians,  who  learned 
to  spare  their  brethren  and  cultivate  their  pos- 
sessions. The  establishment  of  law  and  order 
was  promoted  by  the  influence  of  the  clergy,  and 
the  rudiments  of  art  and  science  were  introduced 
into  the  savage  countries  of  the  globe. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  55. 

838.  CHRISTIANITY  conunended.  WortJi.  If 
we  consider  the  purity  of  the  Christian  religion, 
the  sanctity  of  its  moral  precepts,  and  the  in- 
nocent as  well  as  the  austere  lives  of  the  greater 
number  of  those  who  during  the  first  ages  em- 
braced the  faith  of  the  gospel,  we  should  natu- 
rally suppose  that  so  benevolent  a  doctrine 
would  have  been  received  with  due  reverence, 
even  by  the  unbelieving  M'orld.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  16. 

839.  CHRISTIANITY  compromised.  Constan- 
tine.  The  awful  mysteries  of  the  Christian  faith 
and  worship  were  concealed  from  the  eyes  of 


100 


CHRISTIANITY. 


strangers,  and  even  of  catechumens,  with  an  af- 
fected secrecy,  which  served  to  excite  their  won- 
der and  curiosity.  But  the  severe  rules  of  dis- 
cipline which  the  prudence  of  the  bishops  had 
instituted  were  relaxed  by  the  same  prudence 
in  favor  of  an  Imperial  proselyte,  whom  it  was 
so  important  to  allure,  by  every  gentle  conde- 
scension, into  the  pale  of  the  Church  ;  and  Con- 
stantino was  permitted,  at  least  by  a  tacit  dis- 
pensation, to  enjoy  most  of  the  privileges  before 
he  had  contracted  any  of  the  obligations  of  a 
Christian. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  20. 

840.  CHRISTIANITY  discarded.  Fi'ance.  a.d. 
1794.  At  this  time  it  can  hardly  be  said  that 
there  was  any  religion  in  France.  Christianity 
had  been  almost  universally  discarded.  The 
priests  had  been  banished  ;  the  churches  demol- 
ished or  converted  into  temples  of  science  or 
haunts  of  amusement.  The  immortality  of  the 
soul  was  denied,  and  upon  the  gateways  of  the 
graveyards  was  inscribed,  "  Death  is  an  eternal 
sleep  !" — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3. 

§41.  CHEISTIANITY  and  Discovery.  Colum- 
hus.  As  the  conversion  of  the  heathens  was 
professed  to  be  the  grand  object  of  these  dis- 
coveries, twelve  zealous  and  able  ecclesiastics 
were  chosen  for  the  purpose,  to  accompany  the 
expedition.  .  .  .  By  way,  it  was  said,  of  offer- 
ing to  Heaven  the  first-fruits  of  these  pagan  na- 
tions, the  six  Indians  whom  Columbus  had 
brought  to  Barcelona  were  baptized  with  great 
state  and  ceremony,  the  king,  the  queen,  and 
Prince  Juan  oflftciating  as  sponsors.  Great  hopes 
were  entertained  that,  on  their  return  to  their 
Bative  country,  they  would  facilitate  the  intro- 
duction of  Christianity  among  their  countrymen, 
— Irving's  Columbus,  Book  5,  ch.  8. 

§42.  CHRISTIANITY,  Diversity  in.  National. 
In  the  profession  of  Christianity  the  variety  of 
national  characters  may  be  clearly  distinguished. 
The  natives  of  Syi'ia  and  Egypt  abandoned 
their  lives  to  lazy  and  contemplative  devotion  ; 
Rome  again  aspired  to  the  dominion  of  the 
world  ;  and  the  wit  of  the  lively  and  loquacious 
Greeks  was  consumed  in  the  disputes  of  meta- 
physical theology.  The  incomprehensible  mys- 
teries of  the  Trinity  and  Incarnation,  instead  of 
commanding  their  silent  submission,  were  agi- 
tated in  vehement  and  subtle  controversies, 
"which  enlarged  their  faith  at  the  expense,  per- 
haps, of  their  charity  and  reason. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  54. 

§43.  CHRISTIANITY  indestructible.  By  Per- 
secution. The  resentment,  or  the  fears,  of  Dio- 
cletian transported  him  beyond  the  bounds  of 
/aoderation,  which  he  had  hitherto  preserved, 
4!ind  he  declared,  in  a  series  of  cruel  edicts,  his  in- 
iention  of  abolishing  the  Christian  name.  By 
ihe  first  of  these  edicts  the  governors  of  the  prov- 
inces were  directed  to  apprehend  all  persons  of 
i;he  ecclesiastical  order  ;  and  the  prisons,  destined 
for  the  vilest  criminals,  were  soon  filled  with  a 
multitude  of  bishops,  presbyters,  deacons,  read- 
.^rs,  and  exorcists.  ]3y  a  second  edict  the  mag- 
istrates were  commanded  to  employ  every  meth- 
od of  severity  which  might  reclaim  them  from 
their  odious  superstition  and  oblige  them  to  re- 
turn to  the  established  worship  of  gods.  This 
rigorous  order  was  extended,  by  a  subsequent 
edict,  to  the  whole  body  of  Christians,  who  were 


exposed  to  a  violent  and  general  persecution. — • 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16. 

§44.  CHRISTIANITY  misunderstood.  Oihbon. 
Gibbon's  account  of  the  early  Christians  is  vitia- 
ted by  his  narrow  and  distorted  conception  of  the 
emotional  side  of  man's  nature.  Having  no 
spiritual  aspirations  himself,  he  could  not  appre- 
ciate or  understand  them  in  others.  Those  emo- 
tions which  have  for  their  object  the  unseen 
world  and  its  centre,  God,  had  no  meaning  for 
him  ;  and  he  was  tempted  to  explain  them  away 
when  he  came  across  them,  or  to  ascribe  their  ori- 
gin and  effects  to  other  instincts  which  were 
more  intelligible  to  him.  The  wonderland  which 
the  mystic  inhabits  was  closed  to  him  ;  he  remain- 
ed outside  of  it,  and  reproduced  in  sarcastic  trav- 
esty the  reports  he  heard  of  its  marvels. — Mor- 
rison's Gibbon,  ch.  7. 

§45.  CHRISTIANITY,  Muscular.  Salem 
Witches.  A.D.  1692.  Edward  Bishop,  a  farmer, 
cured  the  Indian  servant  of  a  fit  by  flogging  him  ; 
he  declared,  moreover,  his  belief  that  he  could,  in 
like  manner,  cure  the  whole  company  of  the  af- 
flicted ;  and  for  his  scepticism  found  himself  and 
his  wife  in  prison. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  19. 

§46.  CHRISTIANITY,  Offence  of.  Amusements. 
The  public  games  and  festivals.  On  those  occa- 
sions the  inhabitants  of  the  great  cities  of  the 
empire  were  collected  in  the  circus  or  the  theatre, 
where  every  circumstance  of  the  place,  as  well  as  i 
of  the  ceremony,  contributed  to  kindle  their  de-  ' 
votion  and  to  extinguish  their  humanity.  While 
the  numerous  spectators,  crowned  with  garlands, 
perfumed  with  incense,  purified  with  the  blood  of 
victims,  and  surrounded  with  the  altars  and  stat- 
ues of  their  tutelar  deities,  resigned  themselves  to 
the  enjoyment  of  pleasures  which  they  consider- 
ed as  an  essential  part  of  their  religious  worship, 
they  recollected  that  the  Christians  alone  abhor- 
red the  gods  of  mankind,  and  by  their  absence 
and  melancholy  on  these  solemn  festivals  seem- 
ed to  insult  or  to  lament  the  public  felicity. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16. 

§47.  CHRISTIANITY,  Qualified  Faith  in.  Poet 
Shelley.  Leigh  Hunt  gives  a  just  notion  of  hiaj 
relation  to  Christianity,  pointing  out  that  he  dre"? 
a  distinction  between  the  Pauline  presentatior 
of  the  Christian  creeds  and  the  spirit  of  the  gos 
pels.  "  His  want  of  faith  in  the  letter,  and  hial 
exceeding  faith  in  the  spirit  of  Christianity.f 
formed  a  comment,  the  one  on  the  other,  veryj 
formidable  to  those  who  chose  to  forget  what 
Scripture  itself  observes  on  that  point."  We 
have  only  to  read  "Essays  on  Christianity,"  in  or-j 
der  to  perceive  what  reverent  admiration  he  felt 
for  Jesus,  and  how  profoundly  he  understood! 
the  true  character  of  His  teaching. — Symonds'j 
Shelley,  ch.  5. 

§4§.  CHRISTIANITY,  Success  of.  World-wide.\ 
[During  the  decay  of  the  Roman  Empire]  a  purej 
and  humble  religion  gently  insinuated  itself  into 
the  minds  of  men,  grew  up  in  silence  and  obscu-3 
rity,  derived  new  vigor  from  opposition,  and 
finally  erected  the  triumphant  banner  of  the  cross 
on  the  ruins  of  the  Capitol.  Nor  was  the  influ- 
ence of  Christianity  confined  to  the  period  or  to 
the  limits  of  the  Roman  Empire.  After  a  revolu- 
tion of  thirteen  or  fourteen  centuries,  that  relig- 
ion is  still  professed  by  the  nations  of  Europe. 


CHRISTIANS— CHURCH. 


101 


the  most  distinguished  portion  of  human  kind  in 
arts  and  learning,  as  well  as  in  arms.  By  the  in- 
dustry and  zeal  of  the  Europeans  it  has  been 
widely  diffused  to  the  most  distant  shores  of  Asia 
and  Africa  ;  and  by  the  means  of  their  colonies 
has  been  firmly  established  from  Canada  to 
Chili,  in  a  world  unknown  to  the  ancients. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  15. 

849.  CHEISTIANS,  Uncompromising.  Idol- 
atry. Punishment  was  not  the  inevitable  conse- 
quence of  conviction,  and  the  Christians,  whose 
guilt  was  the  most  clearly  proved  by  the  testi- 
mony of  witnesses,  or  even  by  their  voluntary 
confession,  still  retained  in  their  own  power  the 
alternative  of  life  or  death.  It  was  not  so  much 
the  past  offence  as  the  actual  resistance  which 
excited  the  indignation  of  the  magistrate.  He 
was  persuaded  that  he  offered  them  an  easy  par- 
don, since,  if  they  consented  to  cast  a  few  grains 
of  incense  upon  the  altar,  they  were  dismissed 
from  the  tribunal  in  safety  and  with  applause. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16. 

§50.  CHBISTMAS,  Celebration  of.  Revelry  in 
France  and  Italy.  Among  the  revels  of  the 
Christmas  season  were  the  so-called  feasts  of 
fools  and  of  asses,  grotesque  saturnalia,  which 
were  sometimes  termed  "  December  liberties," 
in  which  everything  serious  was  burlesqued,  in- 
feriors personified  their  superiors,  great  men  be- 
coming frolicsome,  and  which  illustrate  the 
proneness  of  man  to  occasionally  reverse  the  or- 
der of  society  and  ridicule  its  decencies. — Ap- 
pleton's  Am.  Cyc,  "Christmas." 

§51.  CHRISTMAS  changed.  Puritans.  Christ- 
mas had  been  from  time  immemorial  the  season 
of  joy  and  domestic  affection,  the  season  when 
families  assembled,  when  children  came  home 
from  school,  when  quarrels  were  made  up,  when 
carols  were  heard  in  every  street,  when  every 
house  was  decorated  with  evergreens,  and  every 
table  was  loaded  with  good  cheer.  At  that  sea- 
son all  hearts  not  utterly  destitute  of  kindness 
were  enlarged  and  softened.  At  that  season  the 
poor  were  admitted  to  partake  largely  of  the 
overflowings  of  the  wealth  of  the  rich,  whose 
bounty  was  peculiarly  acceptable  on  account  of 
the  shortness  of  the  days  and  of  the  severity  of 
the  weather.  At  that  season  the  interval  be- 
tween landlord  and  tenant,  master  and  servant, 
was  less  marked  than  through  the  rest  of  the 
year.  Where  there  is  much  enjoyment  there 
will  be  some  excess  ;  yet,  on  the  whole,  the  spirit 
in  which  the  holiday  was  kept  was  not  unworthy 
of  a  Christian  festival.  The  Long  Parliament 
gave  orders,  in  1644,  that  the  25th  of  Decem- 
ber should  be  strictly  observed  as  a  fast,  and 
that  all  men  should  pass  it  in  humbly  bemoan- 
ing the  great  national  sin  which  they  and  their 
fathers  had  so  often  committed  on  that  day  by 
romping  under  the  mistletoe,  eating  boar's  head, 
and  drinking  ale  flavored  with  roasted  apples. 
No  public  act  of  that  time  seems  to  have  irri- 
tated the  common  people  more. — Mac  aula  y's 
Eng.,  ch.  2. 

S52.  CHTJBCH,  Attendance  at.  Compulsory. 
[In  1581  Parliament  passed  an  enactment  by 
which  those  who  said  mass  or  attended  mass,  or 
did  not  attend  church,  were  subject  to  heavy 
penalties.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  12. 

853. .     Puritans.      [In   1653    the 

Puritans  punished   non-attendants  at   church.  1 


"  Catherine  Bartlett,'  w'id6\V,  upbil  xier  owii  con- 
fession, did  absent  herself  from  church  the  last 
Lord's  day,  contrary  to  the  law,  in  the  morning. 
Was  ordered  to  pay  2s.  Qd. ,  and  in  default  of 
paying  was  ordered  to  be  set  in  the  stocks."  So 
says  an  old  record.  The  law  prohibited  '  '•  sweet- 
hearts "  from  walking  abroad  in  sermon  time. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  11. 

854.  CHURCH,  Befriended.  Miles  StandisJi. 
The  colony  .  .  .  assumed  a  military  organiza- 
tion ;  and  Standish,  a  man  of  the  greatest  cour- 
age, the  devoted  friend  of  the  church,  which  he 
never  joined,  was  appointed  to  the  chief  com- 
mand.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  8. 

855.  CHURCH,  Bloody.  Huguenots  in  Florida. 
The  Spanish  were  masters  of  the  port.  A  scene 
of  carnage  ensued  ;  soldiers,  women,  children,, 
the  aged,  the  sick,  were  alike  massacred.  .  .  , 
After  the  carnage  was  completed  mass  was  said,, 
a  cross  was  raised,  and  the  site  for  a  church  select- 
ed, on  ground  still  smoking  with  the  blood  of  a 
peaceful  colony.  ...  So  easj^  can  fanaticism 
connect  acts  of  savage  ferocity  with  the  rites 
of  a  merciful  religion.  .  .  .  [In  all  900  were 
killed.] — Bancroft's  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  vol.  1,. 
ch.  2. 

856.  CHURCH,  Caste  in  the.  Aaron  Burr.  The 
clergyman  then  urged  him  again  to  repentance  ; 
advised  him  to  return,  like  the  prodigal  son,  to 
attend  church  and  devote  his  future  life  to  good 
works.  Colonel  Burr  interrupted  his  visitor,  and 
said  :  "  You  don't  seem  to  know  how  I  am 
viewed  by  the  religious  public,  or  by  those  who 
resort  to  your  churches.  Where  is  there  a  man 
among  all  such  whom  I  would  be  willing  to 
meet,  and  who  would  welcome  me  into  his  pew  ? 

Of  your  own  congi-egation,  would ,  or , 

or give  me  a  seat  ?  These  are  our  merchant 

princes — men  who  give  tone  to  Wall  Street,  and 
fix  the  standard  of  mercantile  morals  in  our  city. 
Would  they  make  Aaron  Burr  a  welcome  visitor 
to  your  church  ?  Rather,  indeed,  I  may  ask, 
would  you  yourself  do  so  ?  How  would  you  feel 
walking  up  the  aisle  with  me,  and  opening  your 
pew  door  for  my  entrance  ?"  Dr.  Matthews  re- 
plied that  such  an  event  would  giv»  him  great 
pleasure.  "  Then,"  said  Burr,  "  you  would  in- 
dulge your  feelings  of  kindness  at  the  expense 
of  your  usefulness  as  the  minister  of  your  con- 
gregation."— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  119. 

857.  CHURCH  conservative.  James  11,  The 
Church  of  England  was,  in  his  view,  a  passive 
victim,  which  he  might,  without  danger,  outrage 
and  torture  at  his  pleasure  ;  nor  did  he  ever  see 
his  error  till  the  universities  were  preparing  to 
coin  their  plate  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the 
military  chest  of  his  enemies,  and  till  a  bishop, 
iong  renowned  for  loyalty,  had  thrown  aside  his 
cassock,  girt  on  a  sword,  and  taken  the  com- 
mand of  a  regiment  of  insurgents. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6. 

858.  CHURCH  corrupted.  Prosperity.  When  a 
sect  becomes  powerful,  when  its  favor  is  the  road 
to  riches  and  dignities,  worldly  and  ambitious 
men  crowd  into  it,  talk  its  language,  conform 
strictly  to  its  ritual,  mimic  its  peculiarities,  and 
frequently  go  beyond  its  honest  members  in  all 
the  outward  indications  of  zeal.  No  discernment, 
no  watchfulness  on  the  part  of  ecclesiastical 
rulers,  can  prevent  the  intrusion  of  sach  false 


102 


CHURCH. 


brc-tbrec.  Thfe  tares  and  the  wheat  must  grow 
together.  Soon  the  world  begins  to  find  out  that 
the  godly  are  not  better  than  other  men,  and 
argues,  with  some  justice,  that,  if  not  better,  they 
must  be  much  worse.  In  no  long  time  all  those 
gigns  which  were  formerly  regarded  as  charac- 
ieristic  of  a  saint  are  regarded  as  characteristic 
of  a  knave. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2. 

859.  CHUECH,  A  costly.  St.  Sophia.  The 
dome  of  St.  Sophia,  illuminated  by  four-and- 
twenty  windows,  is  formed  with  so  small  a 
curve,  that  the  depth  is  equal  only  to  one  sixth 
of  its  diameter  ;  the  measure  of  that  diameter  is 
one  hundred  and  fifteen  feet,  and  the  lofty 
centre,  where  a  crescent  has  supplanted  the 
cross,  rises  to  the  perpendicular  height  of  one 
hundred  and  eighty  feet  above  the  pavement. 
The  circle  which  encompasses  the  dome  lightly 
reposes  on  four  strong  arches,  and  their  weight 
is  firmly  supported  by  four  massy  piles,  whose 
strength  is  assisted,  on  the  northern  and  southern 
sides,  by  four  columns  of  Egyptian  granite.  .  .  . 
The  solid  piles  which  contained  the  cupola  were 
composed  of  huge  blocks  of  freestone,  hewn 
into  squares  and  triangles,  fortified  by  circles  of 
iron,  and  firmly  cemented  by  the  infusion  of  lead 
and  quicklime  ;  but  the  weight  of  the  cupola 
was  diminished  by  the  levity  of  its  substance, 
which  consists  either  of  pumice-stone  that 
floats  in  the  water  or  of  bricks  from  the  Isle  of 
Rhodes,  five  times  less  ponderous  than  the  ordi- 
nary stone.  This  triumph  of  Christ  was  adorned 
with  the  last  spoils  of  paganism,  but  the  greater 
part  of  these  costly  stones  was  extracted  from 
the  quarries  of  Asia  Minor,  the  isles  and  conti- 
nents of  Greece,  Egypt,  Africa,  and  Gaul.  Eight 
columns  of  porphyr}',  which  Aurelian  had 
placed  in  the  temple  of  the  sun,  were  offered  by 
the  piety  of  a  Roman  matron  ;  eight  others  of 
green  marble  were  presented  by  the  ambitious 
zeal  of  the  magistrates  of  Ephesus  ;  both  are  ad- 
mirable by  their  size  and  beauty,  but  every  order 
of  architecture  disclaims  their  fantastic  capitals. 
A  variety  of  ornaments  and  figures  was  curious- 
ly expressed  in  mosaic,  and  the  images  of 
Christ,  of  the  Virgin,  of  saints,  and  of  angels, 
which  have'been  defaced  by  Turkish  fanaticism,, 
were  dangerously  exposed  to  the  superstition  of 
the  Greeks.  According  to  the  sanctity  of  each 
object,  the  precious  metals  were  distributed  in 
thin  leaves  or  in  solid  masses.  The  balustrade 
of  the  choir,  the  capitals  of  the  pillars,  the  orna- 
ments of  the  doors  and  galleries  were  of  gilt 
bronze  ;  the  spectator  was  dazzled  by  the  glitter- 
ing aspect  of  the  cupola  ;  the  sanctuary  con- 
tained forty  thousand  pound  weight  of  silver, 
and  the  holy  vases  and  vestments  of  the  altar 
were  of  the  purest  gold,  enriched  with  ines- 
timable gems.  Before  the  structure  of  the 
church  had  arisen  two  cubits  above  the  ground 
£45,200  were  already  consumed  ;  and  the  .whole 
expense  amounted  to  £320,000 ;  each  reader, 
according  to  the  measure  of  his  belief,  may  esti- 
miate  their  value  either  in  gold  or  silver  ;  but  the 
sum  of  £1,000,000  sterling  is  the  result  of  the 
lowest  computation.  A  magnificent  temple  is  a 
laudable  monument  of  national  taste  and  relig- 
ion ;  and  the  enthusiast  who  entered  the  dome 
of  St.  Sophia  might  be  tempted  to  suppose  that 
it  was  the  residence,  or  even  the  workmanship, 
of  the  Deity.     Yet  how  dull  is  the  artifice,  how 


insignificant  is  the  labor,  if  it  be  compared  with 
the  formation  of  the  vilest  insect  that  crawls  up- 
on the  surface  of  the  temple  !  [See  No.  863.] — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  40. 

§60.  CHUECH  desecration.  H&J'ses.  [In  1649 
Cromwell  used  St.  Paul's,  in  London,  to  stable 
his  cavalry.  An  Italian  passing  the  grand  old 
Gothic  cathedral,  and  seeing  it  full  of  horses, 
taunted  Englishmen  with  the  remark,]  Now  I 
perceive  that  in  England  men  and  beasts  serve 
God  alike. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  8,  p. 
118. 

§61.  CHUECH,  Destruction  of  the.  Jarnss  II. 
James  did  not  even  make  any  secret  of  his  in- 
tention to  exert  vigorously  and  systematically 
for  the  destruction  of  the  Established  Church 
all  the  powers  which  he  possessed  as  her  head. .  . . 
He  was  authorized  by  law  to  repress  spiritual 
abuses  ;  and  the  first  spiritual  abuse  which  he 
would  repress  should  be  the  liberty  which  the 
Anglican  clergy  assumed  of  defending  their  own 
religion  and  of  attacking  the  doctrines  of  Rome. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6. 

§62.  CHUECH,  Devotion  to  the.  Laymen. 
[When  in  1768  Thomas  Taylor  wrote  Wesley 
to  send  an  able  and  experienced  preacher  to  care 
for  the  handful  of  Methodists  in  New  York,  he 
said,]  With  respect  to  the  money  for  the  payment 
of  the  preacher's  passage  over,  if  they  cannot 
procure  it  we  will  sell  our  coats  and  shirts  to  pro- 
cure it  for  them.  —  Stevens'  M.  E.  Church, 
ch.  1,  p.  83. 

§63.  CHUECH  erection.  Enthusiastic.  This 
minister  [Alypius],  to  whom  Julian  communi- 
cated, without  reserve,  his  most  careless  levities 
and  his  most  serious  counsels,  received  an  ex- 
traordinary commission  to  restore,  in  its  pristine 
beauty,  the  temple  of  Jerusalem  ;  and  the  dili- 
gence of  Alypius  required  and  obtained  the 
strenuous  support  of  the  Governor  of  Palestine. 
At  the  call  of  their  great  deliverer,  the  Jews, 
from  all  the  provinces  of  the  empire,  assembled 
on  the  holy  mountain  of  their  fathers  ;  and  their 
insolent  triumph  alarmed  and  exasperated  the 
Christian  inhabitants  of  Jerusalem.  The  desire 
of  rebuilding  the  temple  has  in  every  age  been 
the  ruling  passion  of  the  children  of  Israel.  In 
this  propitious  moment  the  men  forgot  their 
avarice,  and  the  women  their  delicacy  ;  spades 
and  pickaxes  of  silver  were  provided  by  the 
vanity  of  the  rich,  and  the  rubbish  was  trans- 
ported in  mantles  of  silk  and  purple.  Every 
purse  was  opened  in  liberal  contributions,  every 
hand  claimed  a  share  in  the  pious  labor,  and 
the  commands  of  a  great  monarch  were  executed 
by  the  enthusiasm  of  a  whole  people. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  23. 

§64.  .  Bewarded.  [Mahomet,  ar- 
riving in  Yathreb,]  gave  orders  to  build  a 
mosque  on  the  spot  where  he  had  set  foot  upon 
the  ground,  with  a  house  for  him  and  for  his 
family.  He  worked  at  it  with  his  own  hands, 
assisted  by  the  citizens  of  Yathreb.  "  Whoever 
works  upon  this  edifice, "  said  he  to  them, ' '  builds 
for  eternal  life." — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  103. 

§65. .     St.  Sophia.     The  principal 

church,  which  was  dedicated  by  the  founder  of 
Constantinople  to  St.  Sophia,  or  the  eternal  wis- 
dom, had  been  twice  destroyed  by  fire  :  after 
the  exile  of  John  Chrysostom,  and  during  the 


CHURCH. 


103 


Nika  of  the  blue  and  green  factions.  No  sooner 
did  the  tumult  subside,  than  the  Christian  popu- 
lace deplored  their  sacrilegious  rashness ;  but 
they  might  have  rejoiced  in  the  calamity,  had 
they  foreseen  the  glory  of  the  new  temple, 
which  at  the  end  of  forty  days  was  strenuously 
undertaken  by  the  piety  of  Justinian.  The  ruins 
were  cleared  away,  a  more  spacious  plan  was 
described,  and,  as  it  required  the  consent  of  some 
proprietors  of  ground,  they  obtained  the  most 
exorbitant  terms  from  the  eager  desires  and 
timorous  conscience  of  the  monarch.  Anthe- 
mius  formed  the  design,  and  his  genius  directed 
the  hands  of  ten  thousand  workmen,  whose 
payment  in  pieces  of  fine  silver  was  never  de- 
layed beyond  the  evening.  The  emperor  him- 
self, clad  in  a  linen  tunic,  surveyed  each  day 
their  rapid  progress,  and  encouraged  their  dili- 
gence by  his  familiarity,  his  zeal,  and  his  re- 
wards.  [See  No.  859.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  40. 

§66.  .  Vanity  in.  The  new  Ca- 
thedral of  St.  Sophia  was  consecrated  by  the 
patriarch,  five  years,  eleven  months,  and  ten 
days  from  the  first  foundation  ;  and  in  the  midst 
of  the  solemn  festival  Justinian  exclaimed,  with 
•devout  vanity,  "  Glory  be  to  God,  who  hath 
thought  me  worthy  to  accomplish  so  great  a 
work  ;  I  have  vanquished  thee,  O  Solomon  !'" 
But  the  pride  of  the  Roman  Solomon,  before 
twenty  years  had  elapsed,  was  humbled  by  an 
earthquake,  which  overthrew  the  eastern  part 
of  the  dome. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  40. 

§67,  CHTJBCH,  Episcopacy  of  the.  Anglican. 
The  founders  of  the  Anglican  Church  had  re- 
tained episcopacy  as  an  ancient,  a  decent,  and  a 
convenient  ecclesiastical  polity,  but  had  not  de- 
clared that  form  of  church  government  a  divine 
institution.  We  have  already  seen  how  low  an 
«stimate  Cranmer  had  formed  of  the  olBce  of 
bishop.  In  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  Jewel, 
Cooper,  Whitgift,  and  other  eminent  doctors 
•defended  prelacy  as  innocent,  as  useful,  as  what 
the  State  might  lawfully  establish,  as  what,  when 
•established  by  the  State,  was  entitled  to  the  re- 
spect of  every  citizen.  But  they  never  denied 
that  a  Christian  community  without  a  bishop 
might  be  a  pure  church.  On  the  contrary,  they 
regarded  the  Protestants  of  the  Continent  as  of 
the  same  household  of  faith  with  themselves. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1. 

§6§.  CHURCH  exaction.  Dues.  The  payment 
of  dues  to  the  church  was  enjoined  with  a 
severity  almost  beyond  belief.  ...  A  day  was  ap- 
pointed for  a  man  to  pay  his  tithes  ;  and  if  they 
-were  not  paid  he  was  to  forfeit  nine  tenths  of 
his  tithable  property .  [a.d.  958-975.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10,  p.  146. 

§69.  CHURCH,  False  Head  of  the.  James  II. 
What  remained,  however,  after  all  this  curtail- 
ment, might  well  have  raised  scruples  in  the 
mind  of  a  man  who  sincerely  believed  the  Church 
of  England  to  be  a  heretical  society,  within  the 
pale  of  which  salvation  was  not  to  be  found. 
The  king  made  an  oblation  on  the  altar.  He 
appeared  to  join  in  the  petitions  of  the  Litany 
which  was  chanted  by  the  bishops.  He  received 
from  those  false  prophets  the  unction  typical  of 
a  divine  influence,  and  knelt  with  the  semblance 
of  devotion  while  they  called  down  upon  him 
that  Holy  Spirit  of  which  they  were,  in  his  esti- 


mation, the  malignant  and  obdurate  foes. — Ma- 
caulay's Eng.,  ch.  4. 

§70.  CHURCH,  Love  of  the.  Tories.  [Reign 
of  Charles  II.]  There  was  one  institution,  and 
one  only,  which  they  prized  even  more  than 
hereditary  monarchy,  and  that  institution  was 
the  Church  of  England.  Their  love  of  the 
church  was  not,  indeed,  the  effect  of  study  or 
meditation.  Few  among  them  could  have  given 
any  reason,  drawn  from  Scripture  or  ecclesias- 
tical history,  for  adhering  to  her  doctrines,  her 
ritual,  and  her  polity  ;  nor  were  they,  as  a  class, 
by  any  means  strict  observers  of  that  code  of 
morality  which  is  common  to  all  Christian  sects. 
But  the  experience  of  many  ages  proves  that 
men  may  be  ready  to  fight  to  the  death,  and 
to  persecute  without  pity,  for  a  religion  whose 
creed  they  do  not  understand,  and  whose  pre- 
cepts they  habitually  disobey.  —  Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  3. 

§71.  CHURCH,  Meditations  after.  John  Mtch. 
John  Fitch  had  never  seen  nor  heard  of  a  steam- 
engine  !  As  he  was  limping  home  from  church 
one  day  in  April,  1785  (his  rheumatism,  caught 
among  the  Indians,  giving  him  many  a  twinge), 
a  neighbor  drove  rapidly  by  in  a  chaise  drawn 
by  a  powerful  horse.  He  had  frequently  ob- 
served and  reflected  upon  the  tremendous  power 
of  steam,  and  now  the  thought  flashed  upon  hia 
mind,  Could  not  the  expansive  power  of  steam 
be  made  to  propel  a  carriage  ?  For  a  week  the 
idea  haunted  him  day  and  night.  He  then  con- 
cluded that  such  a  force  could  be  applied  mora 
conveniently  to  a  vessel  than  to  a  carriage  ;  and 
from  that  hour,  to  the  end  of  his  days,  John 
Fitch  thought  of  little  else  than  how  to  carry 
out  his  daring  conception.  —  Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  150. 

§72.  CHURCH,  Neglect  of.  Reproof.  [Rev.  Wil- 
liam Grimshaw,  an  early  English  Methodist,  of 
eccentric  manner,]  frequently  would  preach  be- 
fore the  doors  of  such  as  neglected  the  parish 
worship.  "  If  you  will  not  come  to  hear  me  at 
the  church,"  he  would  say  on  these  occasions, 
"you  shall  hear  me  at  home;  if  you  perish, 
you  shall  perish  with  the  sound  of  the  Gospel 
in  your  ears."  —  Stevens'  METHODitJM,  vol.  1, 
p.  259. 

§73.  CHURCH,  Non-attendance  at.  Fine.  [In 
1559  an  Act  was  passed  which  rendered]  all  per- 
sons who  should  absent  themselves  from  church 
on  Sundays  and  holidays  liable  to  a  fine  of  one 
shilling. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  8,  p.  114, 

§74.  CHURCH  purified.  Persecution.  The  gen- 
eral fate  of  sects  is  to  obtain  a  high  reputation 
for  sanctity  while  they  are  oppressed,  and  to  lose 
it  as  soon  as  they  become  powerful ;  and  the  rea- 
son is  obvious.  It  is  seldom  that  a  man  enrolls 
himself  in  a  proscribed  body  from  any  but  con- 
scientious motives.  Such  a  body,  therefore,  is 
composed,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  of  sincere 
persons.  The  most  rigid  discipline  that  can  be 
enforced  within  a  religious  society  is  a  very  fee- 
ble instrument  of  purification  when  compared 
with  a  little  sharp  persecution  without. — Ma- 
caulay's Eng.  ,  ch.  2. 

§75.  CHURCH,  Quarrel  in  the.  Bev.  Robert 
Newton.  He  was  driven  away  at  last  by  a  quar- 
rel with  his  barbarous  parishioners,  the  cause  of 
which  did  him  credit.     A  tire  broke  out  at  01- 


104 


CHURCH. 


ney,  and  burnt  a  gocw?  many  of  its  straw-thatched 
cottages.  Newton  aacribed  the  extinction  of  the 
fire  rather  to  prayer  than  water,  but  he  took  the 
lead  in  practical  measures  of  relief,  and  tried  to 
remove  the  earthly  cause  of  such  visitations  by 
putting  an  end  to  bonfires  and  illuminations  on 
the  5th  of  November.  Threatened  with  the  loss 
of  their  Guy  JTawkes,  the  barbarians  rose  upon 
him,  and  he  had  a  narrow  escape  from  their  vio- 
lence.— Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  3. 

876.  CHU3tCH,  Rebuilding.  Promdence.  [The 
inhabitants  of  Mecca]  deliberated  on  the  recon- 
struction of  the  Kaaba,  or  the  temple,  which 
was  crumbling  with  age,  and  of  which  the  pil- 
grims deplored  the  ruin.  Piety  impelled  them, 
but  reverence  restrained  them.  A  Roman  vessel 
havijjg  suffered  shipwreck,  precisely  at  this 
juncture,  upon  the  shoals  of  the  Red  Sea  not 
far  irom  Mecca,  cast  upon  the  coast  some  wood, 
iron^  and  a  carpenter,  who  escaped  the  wreck. 
A  divine  augury  was,  of  course,  manifest  in  this 
celestial  succor  of  materials,  and  an  artisan  to 
ply  them.  But  at  the  moment  of  commencing 
to  repair  the  tottering  walls,  there  was  no  one 
who  dared  strike  them  the  first  blow.  At  last 
Walid,  with  less  piety,  or  more  hardihood  than 
Ms  compatriots,  took  up  a  crowbar,  and  cried 
in  lifting  it  to  give  the  wall  a  punch,  "  Do  not 
be  angry  with  us,  O  God  of  Abraham  !  what  we 
are  doing  we  do  through  piety."  The  wall  tum- 
bled, and  Walid  was  not  stricken  with  death. 
Nevertheless,  the  Khoreishites  resolved  to  let 
pass  the  night  before  proceeding,  to  be  well  as- 
sured that  no  divine  vengeance  would  punish 
the  material  sacrilege  of  Walid.  He  emerged 
from  his  house  next  morning  safe  and  sound. 
The  Khoreishites,  on  his  first  appearance,  took 
confidence  and  continued  the  demolition. — La- 
aiartine's  Turkey,  p.  65. 

877.  CHTIECH  or  Self .  Reign  of  James  II.  The 
new  High  Commission  had,  during  the  first 
months  of  its  existence,  merely  inhibited  clergy- 
men from  exercising  spiritual  functions.  The 
rights  of  property  had  remained  untouched. 
But,  early  in  the  year  1687,  it  was  determined  to 
strike  at  freehold  interests,  and  to  impress  on 
every  Anglican  priest  and  prelate  the  conviction 
that,  if  he  refused  to  lend  his  aid  for  the  purpose 
of  destroying  the  church  of  which  he  was  a 
minister,  he  would  in  an  hour  be  reduced  to 
beggary.  .  .  .  War  was  therefore  at  once  de- 
clared against  the  two  most  venerable  corpora- 
tions of  the  realm — the  universities  of  Oxford 
and  Cambridge. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8. 

878.  CHTIKCH,  Sin  in  the.  George  Muller. 
When  he  was  fourteen  his  mother  died  ...  he 
not  only  became  idle  and  dissipated,  but  was  fre- 
quently guilty  of  falsehood  and  dishonesty.  In 
this  state  of  heart,  without  faith,  destitute  of  true 
repentance,  and  possessing  no  knowledge  what- 
ever, either  of  his  own  lost  condition  as  a  sinner 
nor  of  God's  way  of  salvation  through  Christ, 
he  was  confirmed  ;  and  in  the  year  1820  took 
the  Lord's  Supper  for  the  fijst  time  at  the  Cathe- 
dral Church  of  Halberstadt. — Life  of  George 
MiJLLER,  p.  1. 

879.  CHUECH  and  State.  Dimded.  [In  1140] 
the  trumpet  of  Roman  liberty  was  first  sounded 
by  Arnold  of  Brescia,  whose  promotion  in  the 
church  was  confined  to  the  lowest  rank,  and  who 
wore  the  monastic  habit  rather  as  a  garb  of  pov- 


erty than  as  a  uniform  of  obedience.  His  adver- 
saries could  not  deny  the  wit  and  eloquence, 
which  they  severely  felt ;  they  confess  with  re- 
luctance the  specious  purity  of  his  morals  ;  and 
his  errors  were  recommended  to  the  public  by  a 
mixture  of  important  and  beneficial  truths.  .  .  . 
He  presumed  to  quote  the  declaration  of  Christ, 
that  His  kingdom  is  not  of  this  world  ;  he  boldly 
maintained  that  the  sword  and  the  sceptre  were 
intrusted  to  the  civil  magistrate  ;  that  temporal 
honors  and  possessions  were  lawfully  vested  in 
secular  persons ;  that  the  abbots,  the  bishops, 
and  the  pope  himself,  must  renounce  either  their 
state  or  their  salvation  ;  and  that  after  the  loss- 
of  their  revenues,  the  voluntary  tithes  and  obla- 
tions of  the  faithful  would  suffice,  not  indeed 
for  luxury  and  avarice,  but  for  a  frugal  life  in 
the  exercise  of  spiritual  labors.  During  a  short, 
time  the  preacher  was  revered  as  a  patriot ;  and 
the  discontent,  or  revolt,  of  Brescia  against  her 
bishop  was  the  first-fruits  of  his  dangerous  les- 
sons. But  the  favor  of  the  people  is  less  perma- 
nent than  the  resentment  of  the  priest ;  and  after 
the  heresy  of  Arnold  had  been  condemned 
by  Innocent  II.  in  the  general  council  of  the 
Lateran,  the  magistrates  themselves  were  urged 
by  prejudice  and  fear  to  execute  the  sen- 
tence of  the  church.  Italy  could  no  longer 
afford  a  refuge  ;  and  the  disciple  of  Abelard  es- 
caped beyond  the  Alps,  till  he  found  a  safe  and 
hospitable  refuge  in  Zurich,  now  the  first  of  th»- 
Swiss  cantons.  [He  accomplished  a  revolution, 
and]  enjoyed,  or  deplored,  the  effects  of  hii. 
mission ;  his  reign  continued  above  ten  years, 
while  two  popes — Innocent  II.  and  Anasta- 
sius  IV. — either  trembled  in  the  Vatican,  or 
wandered  as  exiles  in  the  adjacent  cities.  .  .  . 
After  his  retreat  from  Rome  Arnold  had  beeia 
protected  by  the  viscounts  of  Campania,  from 
whom  he  was  extorted  by  the  power  of  Caesar  -^ 
the  prefect  of  the  city  pronounced  his  sentence  j 
the  martyr  of  freedom  was  burnt  alive  in  the- 
presence  of  a  careless  and  ungrateful  people ; 
and  his  ashes  were  cast  into  the  Tiber,  lest  the 
heretics  should  collect  and  worship  them. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  69. 

880.  CHURCH,  State.  English.  The  church,  in 
so  far  as  it  was  a  civil  establishment,  was  th& 
creature  of  Parliament ;  a  statute  enacted  the  ar- 
ticles of  its  creed,  as  well  as  its  book  of  prayer  • 
it  was  not  even  intrusted  with  a  co-ordinate  pow- 
er to  reform  its  own  abuses  ;  any  attempt  to  have 
done  so  would  have  been  treated  as  a  usurpa- 
tion ;  amendment  could  proceed  only  from  Par- 
liament.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  3. 

881.  CHURCH  and  State.  Settlement  of  Nei^ 
Haven.  By  the  influence  of  Davenport  [the  pas- 
tor of  the  colonists]  it  was  solemnly  resolved, 
that  the  Scriptures  are  the  perfect  rule  of  the 
commonwealth  ;  the  purity  and  peace  of  the  or- 
dinance to  themselves  and  their  posterity  were 
the  great  end  of  civil  order ;  and  that  church- 
members  only  should  be  free  burgesses.  .  .  . 
Annual  elections  were  ordered,  and  God's  word 
established  as  the  only  rule  in  public  affairs. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  9. 

882.  .  Conflicting.  Becket's  pro- 
motion to  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury, 
which  made  him  for  life  the  second  person 
in  the  kingdom,  produced  a  total  change  in 
his  conduct  and  demeanor.    He  resigned  imme- 


CHURCH— CITIES. 


105 


diately  the  office  of  chancellor,  and  affected  in 
his  own  person  the  most  mortified  appearance  of 
rigorous  sanctity.  He  soon  manifested  the  mo- 
tive of  this  surprising  change.  A  clergyman 
had  debauched  the  daughter  of  a  gentleman,  and 
murdered  the  father  to  prevent  the  effects  of  his 
resentment.  The  king  insisted  that  this  atro- 
cious villain  should  be  tried  by  the  civil  magis- 
trate ;  Becket  stood  by  for  the  privileges  of  the 
church,  and  refused  to  deliver  him  \ip.  He  ap- 
pealed to  the  see  of  Rome.  This  was  the  time 
for  Henry  to  make  his  decisive  attack  against 
the  immunities  claimed  by  the  church,  when,  to 
defend  these,  it  must  vindicate  the  foulest  of 
•rimes.  He  summoned  a  general  council  of  the 
nobility  and  prelates  at  Clarendon,  where  the 
following  regulations  were  enacted:  That  church- 
men when  accused  of  crimes  should  be  tried  in 
the  civil  courts  ;  that  the  king  should  ultimately 
judge  in  ecclesiastical  and  spiritual  appeals  ;  that 
the  prelates  should  furnish  the  public  supplies  as 
barons  ;  that  forfeited  goods  should  not  be  pro- 
tected in  churches. ^Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  8. 

8§3.  CHUKCH,  Suffering  for  the.  Bishop  Ma/rk. 
The  Pagan  magistrates,  inflamed  by  zeal  and 
revenge,  abused  the  rigorous  privilege  of  the 
Roman  law,  which  substitutes,  in  the  place  of 
his  inadequate  property,  the  person  of  the  insol- 
vent debtor.  Under  the  preceding  reign  Mark, 
Bishop  of  Arethusa,  had  labored  in  the  con- 
version of  his  people  with  arms  more  effectual 
than  those  of  persuasion.  The  magistrates  re- 
quired the  full  value  of  a  temple  which  had  been 
destroyed  by  his  intolerant  zeal ;  but  as  they 
were  satisfied  of  his  poverty,  they  desired  only  to 
bend  his  inflexible  spirit  to  the  promise  of  the 
slightest  compensation.  They  apprehended  the 
aged  prelate,  they  inhumanly  scourged  him, 
they  tore  his  beard  ;  and  his  naked  body,  an- 
ointed with  honey,  was  suspended,  in  a  net,  be- 
tween heaven  and  earth,  and  exposed  to  the 
stings  of  insects  and  the  rays  of  a  Syrian  sun. 
From  this  lofty  station  Mark  still  persisted  to 
glory  in  his  crime  and  to  insult  the  impotent 
rage  of  his  persecutors.  He  was  at  length  res- 
cued from  their  hands,  and  dismissed  to  enjoy 
the  honor  of  his  divine  triumph.  The  Arians 
celebrated  the  virtue  of  their  pious  confessor  ; 
the  Catholics  ambitiously  claimed  his  alliance  ; 
and  the  Pagans,  who  might  be  susceptible  of 
shame  or  remorse,  were  deterred  from  the  repe- 
tition of  such  unavailing  cruelty. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  23. 

8§4.  CHURCH  support.  Voluntary.  Tithe, 
at  first  a  free  gift,  became  established  as  a  right 
by  law.  .  .  .  What  we  now  call  the  voluntary 
principle  entered  very  largely  into  the  means  of 
the  Saxon  clergy,  in  addition  to  their  tithes  and 
their  glebe,  [a.d.  958-975.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  10,  p.  140. 

885.  CHTJBCHES  blended.  Roman  Catholic 
and  Protestant.  [After  the  accession  of  Elizabeth 
the  Catholic  service  was  modified  and  more  ac- 
ceptable to  Protestants.]  A  priest  would  cele- 
brate mass  at  his  parsonage  for  the  more  rigid 
Catholics,  and  administer  the  new  communion  in 
church  to  the  more  rigid  Protestants.  Some- 
times both  parties  knelt  together  at  the  same  al- 
tar-rails, the  one  to  receive  hosts  consecrated  by 
the  priest  at  home  after  the  old  usage,  the  other 


wafers  consecrated  in  church  after  the  new. 
— Hist,  op  Eng.  People,  §  702. 

886.  CHURCHES  without  Instruction.  Rdgnof 
Elizabeth.  Only  in  the  few  places  where  the  more 
zealous  of  the  reformers  had  settled  was  there 
any  religious  instruction.  "  In  many  places,"  it 
was  reported  after  ten  years  of  the  queen's  rule, 
"the  people  cannot  yet  say  their  command- 
ments, and  in  some  not  the  articles  of  their  be- 
lief." Naturally  enough,  the  bulk  of  Englishmen 
were  found  to  be  "  utterly  devoid  of  religion," 
and  came  to  church  "as  to  a  May  game." — 
Hist,  op  Eng.  People,  §  702. 

887.  CIRCUMSTANCES,  Difference  in.  AUx- 
ander.  [When  Alexander  the  Great  was  march- 
ing against  the  Persians,  he]  received  a  letter 
from  Darius,  in  which  the  prince  proposed,  on 
condition  of  a  pacification  and  future  friendship, 
to  pay  him  10,000  talents  in  ransom  of  the  pris- 
oners ;  to  cede  to  him  all  the  countries  on  this 
side  the  Euphrates,  and  to  give  him  his  daugh- 
ter in  marriage.  Upon  his  communicating  these 
proposals  to  his  friends,  Parmenio  [one  of  his 
generals]  said:  "  If  I  were  Alexander,  I  would 
accept  them."  "So  would  I,"  said  Alexander, 
"  if  I  were  Parmenio. "  The  answer  he  gave 
Darius  was,  that  if  he  would  come  to  him,  he 
should  find  the  best  of  treatment ;  if  not,  he  must 
go  and  seek  him. — Plutarch's  Alexander. 

888.  CITIES,  Importance  of.  Henry  I.,  the 
Fowler.  To  this  prince  Germany  owes  the  foun- 
dation of  her  cities  ;  for  before  this  period,  ex- 
cepting the  castles  on  the  mountains,  the  seats  of 
the  barbarous  nobility  who  lived  by  plunder,  and 
the  convents,  filled  with  an  useless  herd  of  eccle- 
siastics, the  bulk  of  the  people  lived  dispersed  in 
lonely  farms  and  villages.  The  towns  built  by 
Henry  were  surrounded  with  walls,  and  regular- 
ly fortified  ;  they  were  capable  of  containing  a 
considerable  number  of  inhabitants  ;  and,  in  or- 
der that  they  might  be  speedily  peopled,  it  was 
enjoined  by  the  sovereign  that  every  ninth  man 
should  remove  himself,  with  his  whole  effects, 
from  the  country,  and  settle  in  the  nearest  town. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  4. 

889.  CITIES,  Poverty  in.  Borne.  Juvenal  la- 
ments, as  it  should  seem  from  his  own  expe- 
rience, the  hardships  of  the  poorer  citizens,  to 
whom  he  addresses  the  salutary  advice  of  emi- 
grating, without  delay,  from  the  smoke  of  Rome, 
since  they  might  purchase,  in  the  little  towns  of 
Italy,  a  cheerful,  commodious  dwelling,  at  the 
same  price  which  they  annually  paid  for  a  dark 
and  miserable  lodging.  House-rent  was  there- 
fore immoderately  dear ;  the  rich  acquired,  at 
an  enormous  expense,  the  ground,  which  they 
covered  with  palaces  and  gardens  ;  but  the  body 
of  the  Roman  people  was  crowded  into  a  narrow 
space,  and  the  different  floors  and  apartments 
of  the  same  house  were  divided,  as  it  is  still  the 
custom  of  Paris  and  other  cities,  among  several 
families  of  plebeians. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31. 

890.  CITIES,  Ungovernable.  London.  In  1580 
a  proclamation  was  issued  against  the  erection 
of  new  buildings  in  London.  The  number  of 
beggars,  it  alleged,  was  increased  ;  there  was 
greater  danger  of  fire  and  the  plague  .  .  .  the 
trouble  of  governing  so  great  a  multitude  was 
become  too  great,  ...  By  the  increase  of  biiild- 
ings,  it  is  said,  *'  great  infection  of  sickness,  and 


i06 


CITIZEN— CITY. 


•dearth  of  victuals  and  fuel,  hath  grown  and 
ensued,  and  many  idle,  vagrant,  and  wicked 
persons  have  harbored  there." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  17. 

891.  CITIZEN,  Duty  of  the.  Patriotism.  [Boe- 
thius,  the  Roman  Senator,  was  made  a  consul.] 
Prosperous  in  his  fame  and  fortunes,  in  his 
public  honors  and  private  alliances,  in  the  culti- 
Tation  of  science  and  the  consciousness  of  virtue, 
Boethius  might  have  been  styled  happy,  if  that 
precarious  epithet  could  safely  be  applied  before 
the  last  term  of  the  life  of  man.  A  philosopher 
liberal  in  his  wealth  and  parsimonious  of  his 
time  might  be  insensible  to  the  common  allure- 
ments of  ambition,  the  thirst  of  gold  and  em- 
ployment. And  some  credit  may  be  due  to  the 
asseveration  of  Boethius,  that  he  had  reluctantly 
obeyed  the  divine  Plato,  who  enjoins  every  vir- 
tuous citizen  to  rescue  the  State  from  the  usur- 
j)ation  of  vice  and  ignorance. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  39. 

892.  CITIZENS,  Naturalized.  Boman.  The 
republic  gloried  in  her  generous  policy,  and 
was  frequently  rewarded  by  the  merit  and  ser- 
vices of  her  adopted  sons.  Had  she  always 
<;onflned  the  distinction  of  Romans  to  the  ancient 
families  within  the  walls  of  the  city,  that  im- 
mortal name  would  have  been  deprived  of  some 
of  its  noblest  ornaments.  Virgil  was  a  native 
of  Mantua ;  Horace  was  inclined  to  doubt 
whether  he  should  call  himself  an  Apulian  or  a 
Lucanian  ;  it  was  in  Padua  that  an  historian 
was  found  worthy  to  record  the  majestic  series 
jot  Roman  victories.  The  patriot  family  of  the 
Catos  emerged  from  Tusculum  ;  and  the  little 
town  of  Arpinum  claimed  the  double  honor  of 
producing  Marius  and  Cicero,  the  former  of 
whom  deserved,  after  Romulus  and  Camillus, 
to  be  styled  the  Third  Founder  of  Rome  ;  and 
the  latter,  after  saving  his  country  from  the  de- 
•signsof  Catiline,  enabled  her  to  contend  with 
Athens  for  the  palm  of  eloquence. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  2. 

893.  CITIZENSHIP,  Honor  of.  Bolivar.  [In 
1813  he  succeeded  in  driving  the  Spaniards  from 
the  soil  of  Venezuela  after  a  terrible  struggle 
with  brutal  enemies.  He  then  resigned  his  com- 
mission after  the  example  of  Washington.  The 
;Spaniards  renewed  the  war,  and  General  Bolivar, 
amid  great  disasters,  led  his  patriot  army  to  the 
conflict.]  The  career  of  Bolivar,  henceforth, 
was  one  of  almost  unbroken  victory  ;  and,  after 
four  years  of  terrible  warfare,  the  Spanish  Gov- 
ernment was  compelled  to  treat  for  peace,  and 
to  concede  the  independence  of  the  United  Re- 
publics. Again  Bolivar  resigned  his  commis- 
,sion  as  general  and  dictator.  In  his  address  to 
Congress,  he  said  :  "I  am  i;he  child  of  camps. 
Battles  have  borne  me  to  the  chief  magistracy, 
and  the  fortune  of  war  has  sustained  me  in  it ; 
but  a  power  like  that  which  has  been  confided 
to  me  is  dangerous  in  a  republican  government. 
I  prefer  the  title  of  Soldier  to  that  of  Liber- 
lator  ;  and,  in  descending  from  the  Presidential 
chair,  I  aspire  only  to  merit  the  title  of  good 
•citizen." — Cyclopedia  of  BiOG.,p.  490. 

894.  CITIZENSHIP,  Intelligent.  Spartans. 
The  youth  of  Sparta,  from  their  attendance  at 
the  public  tables,  were  from  their  infancy  fa- 
miliarly acquainted  with  all  the  important  busi- 
jiess  of  the  commonwealth.    They  knew  thor- 


oughly its  constitution,  the  powers  of  the 
several  functionaries  of  the  state,  and  the  de- 
fined duties  and  rights  which  belonged  to  the 
kings,  the  magistrates,  and  the  citizens.  Hence 
arose  (more  than  perhaps  from  any  other  cause) 
that  permanence  of  constitution  which  has  been 
so  justly  the  admiration  both  of  ancient  and 
modern  politicians  ;  for  where  all  orders  of  men 
know  their  precise  rights  and  duties,  and  there 
are  laws  sufficient  to  secure  to  them  the  one 
and  protect  them  in  the  exercise  of  the  other, 
there  will  rarely  be  a  factious  struggle  for 
power  or  pre-eminence  ;  as  all  inordinate  ambi- 
tion will  be  most  effectually  repressed  by  a 
general  spirit  of  vigilance  and  caution,  as  well 
as  the  difficulty  and  danger  attendant  on  inno- 
vations.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  9. 

895.  CITY,  Blessings  of  the.  Three.  [At  the 
beginning  of  the  sixth  century  the]  nobles  of 
Rome  were  flattered  by  sonorous  epithets  and 
formal  professions  of  respect,  which  had  been 
more  justly  applied  to  the  merit  and  authority 
of  their  ancestors.  The  people  enjoyed,  with- 
out fear  or  danger,  the  three  blessings  of  a 
capital — order,  plenty,  and  public  amusements. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  39. 

896.  CITY,  Contaminating.  Borne.  After  a 
month's  residence  in  the  cloister  of  "  S.  Maria 
del  Popolo,"  on  the  "  Piazza  del  Popolo," 
Luther  set  out  on  his  return  home.  He  had  not 
tarried  longer  than  was  necessary  ;  for,  said  he, 
"Whoever  goes  to  Rome  for  the  first  time  is 
looking  for  a  rogue ;  whoever  goes  again  will 
find  him  ;  and  whoever  goes  the  third  time  will 
return  with  him." — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  4, 
p.  39. 

897.  CITY,  Estahlishment  of  a.  Ancients.  At 
the  foundation  of  a  city  the  priests  and  all  em- 
ployed leaped  over  a  fire  ;  then  they  made  a  cir- 
cular excavation,  into  which  they  threw  the 
first-fruits  of  the  season,  and  some  handfuls  of 
earth  brought  from  the  native  city  by  the  foun- 
ders. The  entrails  of  victims  were  next  consult- 
ed ;  and  if  favorable,  they  proceeded  to  trace 
the  limits  of  the  town  with  a  line  of  chalk. 
This  track  they  then  marked  by  a  furrow,  with 
a  plough  drawn  by  a  white  bull  and  heifer.  .  .  . 
The  ceremony  was  concluded  by  a  great  sacri- 
fice to  the  tutelar  gods  of  the  city,  who  were 
solemnly  invoked.  —  Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3, 
ch.  1. 

898.  CITY,  Populous.  Borne.  If  we  adopt 
the  same  average,  which,  under  similar  circum- 
stances, has  been  found  applicable  to  Paris,  and 
indifferently  allow  about  twenty -five  persons  for 
each  house,  of  every  degree,  we  may  fairly  es- 
timate the  inhabitants  of  Rome  at  twelve  hun- 
dred thousand — a  number  which  cannot  be 
thought  excessive  for  the  capital  of  a  mighty 
empire,  though  it  exceeds  the  populousness  of 
the  greatest  cities  of  modern  Europe — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  31. 

899.  CITY,  Sins  of  the.  Abralmm  Lincoln. 
[His  anecdote  of  Mr.  Campbell,  once  Secretary  of 
State  for  Illinois.]  A  cadaverous-looking  man, 
with  a  white  neck-cloth,  .  .  .  informed  that  Mr. 
Campbell  had  the  letting  of  the  Hall  of  Repre- 
sentatives, he  wished,  if  possible,  to  secure  it  for  a 
course  of  lectures.  ..."  What  is  to  be  the  sub. 
ject  ?"  .  .  ,  "The Second  Coming  of  our  Lord."' 


CITY— CIVILIZATION. 


107 


^'  It  is  of  no  use,"  said  Campbell  ;  "  if  you  will 
take  my  advice,  you  will  not  waste  your  time 
in  this  city.  It  is  my  private  opinion,  that  if  the 
Ijord  has  been  in  Springfield  onm,  He  will  never 
come  the  second  time." — Raymond's  Lincolk, 
p.  749. 

900.  CITY,  Vices  of  the.  London.  Every  race 
of  every  nation  abides  there,  and  have  there 
brought  their  vices.  It  is  full  of  gamblers  and 
panders,  of  braggadocios  and  flatterers,  of  buf- 
foons and  fortune-tellers,  of  extortioners  and 
magicians,  [a.d.  1194.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol. 
1,  ch.  22. 

901.  CIVILIZATION,  Dangers  of.  Bomans. 
When  we  recollect  the  complete  armor  of  the 
Roman  soldiers,  their  discipline,  exercises,  evo- 
lutions, fortified  camps,  and  military  engines,  it 
appears  a  just  matter  of  surprise,  how  the  naked 
and  unassisted  valor  of  the  barbarians  could 
•dare  to  encounter,  in  the  field,  the  strength  of 
the  legions  and  the  various  troops  of  the  auxil- 
iaries, which  seconded  their  operations.  The 
•contest  was  too  unequal,  till  the  introduction  of 
luxury  had  enervated  the  vigor,  and  a  spirit  of 
•disobedience  and  sedition  had  relaxed  the  dis- 
cipline of  the  Roman  armies. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  9,  p.  275. 

902.  CIVILIZATION,  Demands  of.  Sir  Fran- 
■eis  Drake.  It  thus  appears  that  this  brave  man 
ispent  his  life  in  warring  upon  the  Spaniards. 
What  ought  we  to  think  of  him  ?  Was  he  a 
Tjuccaneer,  or  a  patriot  sailor  waging  legitimate 
"warfare  ?  I  answer  the  question  thus :  The 
worst  man  of  whom  history  gives  any  account, 
and  the  most  formidable  enemy  modern  civili- 
zation has  had  to  encounter,  was  Philip  II. ,  King 
of  Spain.  He  was  a  moody,  ignorant,  cruel, 
rsensual,  cowardly  hypocrite.  So  long  as  that 
atrocious  tyrant  wielded  the  resources  of  the 
Spanish  monarchy — then  the  most  powerful  on 
-earth — the  first  interest  of  human  nature  was  the 
reduction  of  his  power.  To  do  this  was  the  great 
•object  and  the  almost  ceaseless  effort  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  and  the  Protestant  powers  in  alliance 
Tvith  her.  In  lending  a  hand  to  this  work  Fran- 
cis Drake  was  fighting  on  the  side  of  civilization, 
and  preparing  the  way  for  such  an  America  as 
we  see  around  us  now ;  for,  in  limiting  the 
power  of  Philip,  he  was  rescuing  the  fairest  por- 
tions of  America  from  the  blight  of  Spanish  su- 
perstition, Spanish  cruelty,  and  Spanish  narrow- 
ness. That  he  fought  his  share  of  this  fight  in 
a  wild,  rough,  buccaneering  manner,  was  the 
fault  of  his  age  more  than  his  own. — Cyclope- 
dia OF  BioG.,  p.  361. 

903.  CIVILIZATION,  Effete.  Greeks.  The  sit- 
uation of  the  Greeks  [who  had  been  conquered 
oy  the  Romans]  was  very  different  from  that 
of  the  barbarians  [conquered  by  them].  The 
former  had  been  long  since  civilized  and  cor- 
rupted. They  had  too  much  taste  to  relinquish 
their  language,  and  too  much  vanity  to  adopt 
any  foreign  institutions.  Still  preserving  the 
prejudices  after  they  had  lost  the  virtues  of  their 
ancestors,  they  affected  to  despise  the  unpolish- 
ed manners  of  the  Roman  conquerors,  while 
they  were  compelled  to  respect  their  supeiior 
wisdom  and  power. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch,  2,  p. 
45. 

904.  CIVILIZATION,  Failure  of.  American  In- 
•diant.     [In  1817  the  Indian  nations  of  what  was 


formerly  known  as  the  North- Western  Territory 
ceded  to  the  United  States  certain  tracts  of 
land,  lying  chiefly  in  Ohio,  for  money  and  cer- 
tain annuities.]  A  reservation  of  certain  tracts, 
amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  about  three  hun- 
dred thousand  acres,  was  made  by  the  red  man 
with  the  approval  of  the  Government.  For  it 
was  believed  that  the  Indians,  living  in  small 
districts  surrounded  with  American  farms  and 
villages,  would  abandon  barbarism  for  the  hab- 
its of  civilized  life.  But  the  sequel  proved 
that  the  men  of  the  woods  had  no  aptitude  for 
such  a  change. — Ridpatii's  U.  S.,  ch.  52,  p.  417. 

905.  CIVILIZATION,  Fleeing  from.  Samuel 
Houston.  His  elder  brothers  .  .  .  compelled  him 
to  go  into  a  merchant's  store  and  stand  behind 
the  coimter.  This  kind  of  life  he  had  little  rel- 
ish for,  and  he  suddenly  disappeared.  A  great 
search  was  made  for  him,  but  he  was  nowhere 
to  be  found  for  several  weeks.  At  last  intelli- 
gence reached  the  family  that  Sam  had  crossed 
the  Tennessee  River  and  gone  to  live  among  the 
Indians,  where,  from  all  accounts,  he  seemed  to 
be  getting  on  much  more  to  his  liking.  They 
found  him,  and  began  to  question  him  on  his 
motives  for  this  novel  proceeding.  Sam  was 
now,  although  so  very  young,  nearly  six  feet 
high,  and,  standing  straight  as  an  Indian,  coolly 
replied  that  "  he  preferred  measuring  deer  tracks 
to  tape — that  he  liked  the  wild  liberty  of  the  red 
men  better  than  the  tyranny  of  his  own  brothers, 
and  if  he  could  not  study  Latin  in  the  academy, 
he  could,  at  least,  read  a  translation  from  the 
Greek  in  the  woods,  and  read  it  in  peace.  So 
they  could  go  home  as  soon  as  they  liked." — 
Lester's  Houston,  p.  16. 

906.  CIVILIZATION,  Growth  of.  Ancient. 
Advancement  from  barbarism  to  civilization  is  a 
very  slow  and  gradual  process,  because  every 
step  in  that  process  is  the  result  of  necessity  after 
the  experience  of  an  error,  or  the  strong  feeling  of 
a  want.  These  experiences,  frequently  repeated, 
show  at  length  the  necessity  of  certain  rules  and 
customs  to  be  followed  by  the  general  consent  of 
all ;  and  these  rules  become  in  time  positive 
enactments  or  laws,  enforced  by  certain  penal- 
ties, which  are  various  in  their  kind  and  in  their 
degree,  according  to  the  state  of  society  at  the 
time  of  their  formation. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
1,  ch.  3. 

907.  CIVILIZATION,  Late.  Russians.  Tilf 
the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century  the  Russians 
were  an  unconnected  multitude  of  wandering 
tribes,  professing  different  religions,  and  most  of 
them  yet  idolaters.  A  sovereign,  or  duke,  of 
Russia  paid  a  tribute  to  the  Tartars  of  furs  and 
cattle  to  restrain  their  depredations. — Tytleb's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  35,  p.  473. 

90§.  CIVILIZATION  misrepresented.  To  Amer- 
ican Indians.  [Verazzano,  the  Italian,  explored 
the  American  coast.]  The  savages  were  more 
humane  than  their  guests.  A  young  sailor,  who 
had  nearly  been  drowned,  was  revived  by  the 
courtesy  of  the  natives  ;  the  voyagers  robbed  a 
mother  of  her  child,  and  attempted  to  kidnap  a 
young  woman.  .  .  .  The  natives  of  the  more 
northern  region  were  hostile  and  jealous  .  .  . 
perhaps  this  coast  had  been  visited  for  slaves  ; 
its  inhabitants  had  become  wise  enough  to  dread 
the  vices  of  Europeans. — Bancroft's  Hist,  op 
U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 


108 


CIVILIZATION— CLAIRVOYANCE. 


909.  CIVILIZATION,   Origin  of  modern.     Bo- 

mana — Oermans.  M.  Guizot  .  .  .  says  that 
among  the  elements  of  modern  civilization,  the 
spirit  of  legality  or  regular  association  was  de- 
rived from  the  Roman  world,  from  the  munici- 
palities and  the  Roman  laws.  From  the  Germans 
came  the  spirit  of  personal  liberty. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3,  p.  46. 

910.  CIVILIZATION,  Progress  of.  Greek s. 
The  aboriginal  Greeks,  under  the  various  de- 
nominations of  Pelasgi,  Aones,  Iliantes,  Leleges, 
etc. ,  were  a  race  of  savages  who  dwelt  in  cav- 
erns, and  are  said  to  have  been  so  barbarous  as 
to  live  without  any  subordination  to  a  chief  or 
leader,  to  have  fed  on  human  flesh,  and  to  have 
been  ignorant  of  the  use  of  fire. —  Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  6,  p.  52. 

911. .  Britons.  The  Britons  proper 

from  the  interior  showed  few  signs  of  progress. 
They  did  not  break  the  ground  for  corn  ;  they 
had  no  manufactures  ;  they  lived  on  meat  and 
milk,  and  were  dressed  in  leather.  They  dyed 
their  skins  blue  that  they  might  look  more  ter- 
rible. They  wore  their  hair  long,  and  had  long 
mustaches.  In  their  habits  they  had  not  risen 
out  of  the  lowest  order  of  savagery.  They  had 
wives  in  common,  and  brothers  and  sisters,  par- 
ents and  children,  lived  together  with  promis- 
cuous unrestraint. — Froude's  Cjesar,  ch.  16. 

912.  CIVILIZATION,  Revival  of.  a.d.  1485- 
1514.  The  world  was  passing  through  changes 
more  momentous  than  any  it  had  witnessed 
since  the  victory  of  Christianity  and  the  fall  of 
the  Roman  Empire.  Its  physical  bounds  were  sud- 
denly enlarged.  The  discoveries  of  Copernicus 
revealed  to  man  the  secret  of  the  universe.  Por- 
tuguese mariners  doubled  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  and  anchored  their  merchant  fleets  in  the 
harbors  of  India.  Columbus  crossed  the  untrav- 
ersed  ocean  to  add  a  New  World  to  the  Old. 
Sebastian  Cabot,  starting  from  the  port  of  Bris- 
tol, threaded  his  way  among  the  icebergs  of 
Labrador.  This  sudden  contact  with  new  lands, 
new  faiths,  new  races  of  men,  quickened  the 
slumbering  intelligence  of  Europe  into  a  strange 
curiosity.  The  first  book  of  voyages  that  told 
of  the  western  world,  the  travels  of  Amerigo 
Vespucci,  were  soon  "in  everybody's  hands." 
The  "Utopia"  of  More,  in  its  wide  range  of 
speculation  on  every  subject  of  human  thought 
and  action,  tells  us  how  roughly  and  utterly  the 
narrowness  and  limitation  of  human  life  had 
been  broken  up.  At  the  very  hour  when  the  in- 
tellectual energy  of  the  middle  ages  had  sunk 
into  exhaustion  the  capture  of  Constantinople  by 
the  Turks  and  the  flight  of  its  Greek  scholars  to 
the  shores  of  Italy  opened  anew  the  science  and 
literature  of  an  older  world.  The  exiled  Greek 
scholars  were  welcomed  in  Italy  ;  and  Florence, 
so  long  the  home  of  freedom  and  of  art,  became 
the  home  of  an  intellectual  revival. — Hist,  of 
Eng.  People,  §  503. 

913.  CLAMOR,  Dangerous.  Popular.  The  Em- 
peror Valens,  who,  at  length,  had  removed  his 
court  and  army  from  Antioch,  was  received  by 
the  people  of  Constantinople  as  the  author  of  the 
public  calamity.  Before  he  had  reposed  himself 
ten  days  in  the  capital,  he  was  urged  by  the  li- 
centious clamors  of  the  Hippodrome  to  march 
against  the  barbarians,  whom  he  had  invited 
into  his  dominions  ;  and  the  citizens,  who  are 


always  brave  at  a  distance  from  any  real  danger, 
declared,  with  confidence,  that,  if  they  were  sup- 
plied with  arms,  they  alone  would  undertake  ta 
deliver  the  province  from  the  ravages  of  an  in- 
sulting foe.  The  vain  reproaches  of  an  ignorant, 
multitude  hastened  the  downfall  of  the  Roman 
Empire  ;  they  provoked  the  desperate  rashness  of 
Valens,  who  did  not  find,  either  in  his  reputa- 
tion or  in  his  mind,  any  motives  to  support  with 
firmness  the  public  contempt.  He  was  soon  per- 
suaded, by  the  successful  achievements  of  his 
lieutenants,  to  despise  the  power  of  the  Goths. 
.  .  .  The  event  of  the  battle  of  Adrianople  [was] 
.  .  .  fatal  to  Valens  and  to  the  empire. — Gibbon's- 
Rome,  ch.  26. 

914.  CLAIRVOYANCE,  Agitation  by.  Sweden- 
horg.  Swedenborg  went  to  bed,  and  I  went  to- 
sit  in  another  room,  with  the  master  of  the  house, 
with  whom  I  was  conversing.  We  both  heard 
a  remarkable  noise,  and  could  not  apprehend 
what  it  could  be,  and  therefore  drew  near  to  a. 
door,  where  there  was  a  little  window  that  looked 
into  the  chamber  where  Swedenborg  lay.  We 
saw  him  with  his  arms  raised  toward  heaven, 
and  his  body  appeared  to  tremble.  He  spoke 
much  for  the  space  of  half  an  hour,  but  we  could 
understand  nothing  of  what  he  said,  except  that,^ 
when  he  let  his  hands  fall  down,  we  heard  him 
say  with  a  loud  voice,  "  My  God  !"  But  we  could 
not  hear  what  he  said  more.  He  remained  after- 
ward very  quietly  in  his  bed.  I  entered  into 
his  chamber  with  the  master  of  the  house,  and 
asked  him  if  he  was  ill.  "  No,"  said  he  ;  "but  I 
have  had  a  long  discourse  with  some  of  the  heav- 
enly friends,  and  am  at  this  time  in  a  great  per- 
spiration. "  And  as  his  effects  were  embarked  on 
board  the  vessel,  he  asked  the  master  of  the  house 
to  let  him  have  a  shirt ;  he  then  went  again  to 
bed,  and  slept  till  morning. — White's  Sweden- 
borg, p.  181. 

915.  CLAIRVOYANCE,  Information  by.  Swe- 
denborg. Says  [Immanuel]  Kant :  ' '  When  Swe- 
denborg arrived  at  Gottenburg  from  England, 
Mr.  William  Castel  invited  him  to  his  house,  to- 
gether with  a  party  of  fifteen  persons.  About 
six  o'clock  Swedenborg  went  out,  and  after  a 
short  interval  returned  to  the  company  quite 
pale  and  alarmed.  He  stated  that  a  dangerous- 
fire  had  just  broken  out  in  Stockholm,  at  Sun- 
dermalm  (distant  three  hundred  miles  from  Got- 
tenburg), and  that  it  was  spreading  very  fast. 
He  was  restless,  and  went  out  often.  He  said  that 
the  house  of  one  of  his  friends,  whom  he  named, 
was  already  in  ashes,  and  that  his  own  was  in 
danger.  At  eight  o'clock,  after  he  had  been 
out  again,  he  joyfully  exclaimed,  "  Thank  God  ! 
the  fire  is  extinguished  the  third  door  from  my 
house. "  This  news  occasioned  great  commotion 
among  the  company.  It  was  announced  to  the 
governor  the  same  evening.  The  next  morning 
Swedenborg  was  sent  for  by  the  governor,  who 
questioned  him  concerning  the  disaster.  ...  On 
Monday  evening  a  messenger  arrived  at  Gotten- 
burg, who  was  despatched  during  the  time  of  the 
fire.  In  the  letters  brought  by  him  the  fire  was  de- 
scribed precisely  in  the  manner  stated  by  Swe- 
denborg. On  Tuesday  morning  a  royal  courier 
arrived  at  the  governor's  with  the  melancholy 
intelligence  of  the  fire,  of  the  loss  it  had  occa- 
sioned, and  of  the  houses  damaged  and  ruined, 
not  in  the  least  differing  from  that  which  Swe- 


CLEANLINESS— CLERGY. 


109 


denborg  had  given  the  moment  it  liad  ceased ; 
Hue  fire  had  been  extinguished  at  eight  o'clock. 
— White's  Swedenborg,  p.  137. 

916.  CLEANLINESS,  Physical.  Koran.  Clean- 
liness is  the  key  of  prayer  ;  the  frequent  lustra- 
tion of  the  hands,  the  face,  and  the  body,  which 
was  practised  of  old  by  the  Arabs,  is  solemnly 
enjoined  bj^  the  Koran  ;  and  a  permission  is  for- 
mally granted  to  supply  with  sand  the  scarcity 
of  water. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50. 

917.  CLEANLINESS,  Beaction  against.  James 
Waifs  Son.  [The  second  Mrs.  Watt]  was  a 
thrifty  Scotch  housewife,  and  such  was  her  pas- 
sion for  cleanliness,  that  she  taught  her  pet  dogs 
to  wipe  their  feet  on  the  door-mats.  Her  pro- 
pensity was  carried  to  a  pitch  which  often  fretted 
her  son  by  the  restraints  it  imposed.  [He  said 
to  a  lady]  .  .  .  I  love  dirt. — Smiles'  Brief  Bi- 
ographies, p.  41. 

91§.  CLEMENCY,  Appeal  to.  Of  MaMmet. 
[After  the  conquest  of  Mecca]  several  of  the  most 
obnoxious  victims  were  indebted  for  their  lives 
to  his  clemency  or  contempt.  The  chiefs  of  the 
Koreish  were  prostrate  at  his  feet.  "What 
mercy  can  you  expect  from  the  man  whom  you 
have  wronged  ?  "  "  We  confide  in  the  generosity 
of  our  kinsman."  "  And  you  shall  not  confide  in 
vain  :  begone  !  you  are  safe,  you  are  free."  The 
people  of  Mecca  deserved  their  pardon  by  the 
profession  of  Islam. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50. 

919.  CLEMENCY,  Vile.  James  II.  None  of 
the  traitors  had  less  right  to  expect  favor  than 
Wade,  Goodenough,  and  Ferguson.  These  three 
■chiefs  of  the  rebellion  [in  Scotland]  had  fled 
together  from  the  field  of  Sedgemoor.  .  .  . 
Wade  and  Goodenough  were  soon  discovered 
and  brought  up  to  London.  Deeply  as  they  had 
been  implicated  in  the  Rye  gouse  Plot,  conspic- 
xious  as  they  had  been  among  the  chiefs  of  the 
Western  insurrection,  they  were  suffered  to  live, 
because  they  had  it  in  their  power  to  give  infor- 
mation which  enabled  the  king  to  slaughter  and 
plunder  [through  Jeffreys'  court]  some  persons 
whom  he  hated,  but  to  whom  he  had  never  been 
^ble  to  bring  home  any  crime. — Mac  aula  y's 
Eng.,  ch.  5. 

920.  CLEEGY,  Arrogance  of.  Political.  Lotha- 
rius,  now  emperor,  and  Pepin,  his  brother's  son, 
took  up  arms  against  the  two  other  sons  of 
Louis  le  Debonnaire  —  Louis  of  Bavaria  and 
Charles  the  Bald.  A  battle  ensued  at  Fontenay, 
in  the  territory  of  Auxerre,  where,  it  is  said, 
there  perished  100,000  men.  Lotharius  and  his 
nephew  were  vanquished.  Charlemagne  had 
•compelled  the  nations  whom  he  subdued  to  em- 
brace Christianity  ;  Lotharius,  to  acquire  popu- 
larity and  strengthen  his  arms,  declared  an  en- 
tire liberty  of  conscience  throughout  the  empire, 
and  many  thousands  reverted  to  their  ancient 
idolatry.  In  punishment  of  this  impiety,  Lotha- 
rius was  now  solemnly  deposed  by  a  council  of 
bishops,  who  took  upon  them  to  show  their  au- 
thority no  less  over  the  victorious  than  over  the 
vanquished  princes.  They  put  this  question  to 
Charles  the  Bald  and  to  Louis  of  Bavaria — "  Do 
jou  promise  to  govern  better  than  Lotharius  has 
done?"  "We  do,"  said  the  obsequious  mon- 
archs.  " Then," returned  the  bishops,  "we,  by 
■divine  authority,  permit  and  ordain  you  to  reign 
in  his  stead  " — a  proceeding  in  which  it  is  diffi- 


cult to  say  whether  the  arrogance  of  the  clergy 
most  excites  our  indignation,  or  the  pusillanim- 
ity of  the  monarchs  our  contempt. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  4. 

921.  CLERGY,  Deference  to.  Ferdinand  II. 
The  voice  of  a  monk  was  to  Ferdinand  II.  the 
voice  of  God.  "  Nothing  on  earth,"  writes  his 
own  confessor,  "was  more  sacred  in  his  eyes 
than  a  priest.  If  it  could  happen,  he  used  to 
say,  that  an  angel  and  a  Regular  were  to  meet 
him  at  the  same  time  and  place,  the  Regular 
should  receive  his  first,  and  the  angel  his  sec- 
ond, obeisance." — Thirty  Years'  War,  §  221. 

922.  CLERGY  degraded.  Beign  of  James  II. 
[The  king  commanded  his  illegal  manifesto, 
which  aimed  at  the  overthrow  of  the  Protestant 
Church,  to  be  publicly  read  by  the  clergy.]  In 
the  city  and  liberties  of  London  were  about 
a  hundred  parish  churches.  In  only  four  of 
these  was  the  order  in  council  obeyed.  At  St. 
Gregory's  the  declaration  was  read  by  a  divine 
of  the  name  of  Martin.  As  soon  as  he  uttered 
the  first  words,  the  whole  congregation  rose 
and  withdrew.  At  St.  Matthew's,  in  Friday 
Street,  a  wretch  named  Timothy  Hall,  who  had 
disgraced  his  gown  by  acting  as  broker  for  the 
Duchess  of  Portsmouth  in  the  sale  of  pardons, 
and  who  now  had  hopes  of  obtaining  the  vacant 
bishopric  of  Oxford,  was  in  like  manner  left 
alone  in  his  church.  At  Sergeant's  Inn,  in 
Chancery  Lane,  the  clerk  pretended  that  he  had 
forgotten  to  bring  a  copy  ;  and  the  chief  justice 
of  the  King's  Bench,  who  had  attended  in  order 
to  see  that  the  royal  mandate  was  obeyed,  was 
forced  to  content  himself  with  this  excuse. 
Samuel  Wesley,  the  father  of  John  and  Charles 
Wesley,  a  curate  in  London,  took  for  his  text 
that  day  the  noble  answer  of  the  three  Jews  to 
the  Chaldean  tryant,  "  Be  it  known  unto  thee, 
O  king,  that  we  will  not  serve  thy  gods,  nor 
worship  the  golden  image  which  thou  hast 
set  up  !"  Even  in  the  chapel  of  St.  James' 
Palace  the  officiating  minister  had  the  courage 
to  disobey  the  order.  The  Westminster  boys 
long  remembered  what  took  place  that  day  in 
the  Abbey.  Sprat,  Bishop  of  Rochester,  officiat- 
ed there  as  dean.  As  soon  as  he  began  to  read 
the  declaration,  murmurs  and  the  noise  of  peo- 
ple crowding  out  of  the  choir  drowned  his  voice. 
He  trembled  so  violently  that  men  saw  the  paper 
shake  in  his  hand.  Long  before  he  had  finished, 
the  place  was  deserted  by  all  but  those  whose 
situation  made  it  necessary  for  them  to  remain. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  8. 

923. .  Middle  Ages.     During  these 

perpetual  contests  for  ecclesiastical  power  and 
pre-eminence,  the  Christian  religion  itself  was 
debased  both  by  the  practice  and  the  principles 
of  its  teachers.  The  sole  object  of  the  clergy 
was  to  accumulate  wealth  and  temporal  distinc- 
tions. While  they  indulged  in  every  species  of 
voluptuousness  and  debauchery,  they  were  so 
deplorably  ignorant,  that  it  is  confidently  as- 
serted there  were  many  bishops  who  could  not 
repeat  the  Apostles'  Creed,  nor  read  the  Sacred 
Scriptures.  This,  indeed,  was  a  necessary  con- 
sequence of  the  iniquitous  distribution  of  ec- 
clesiastical preferments.  Tljese  were  either  sold 
to  the  highest  bidder,  or  were  bestowed  as 
bribes  by  the  sovereigns  and  superior  pontiffs,  to 
attach  the  most  artful  and  often  the  most  worth- 


110 

less  to  their  interests. — Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  6 
ch.  4. 

024. .   Reign  of  CharUs  II.    In  the 

mansions  of  men  of  liberal  sentiments  and  culti- 
vated understandings,  the  chaplain  was  doubt- 
less treated  with  urbanity  and  kindness.  His 
conversation,  his  literary  assistance,  his  spiritual 
advice,  were  considered  as  an  ample  return  for 
his  food,  his  lodging,  and  his  stipend.  But  this 
Wiis  not  the  general  feeling  of  the  country  gen- 
tlemen. The  coarse  and  ignorant  squire,  who 
thought  that  it  belonged  to  his  dignity  to  have 
grace  said  every  day  at  his  table  by  an  ecclesias- 
tic in  full  canonicals,  found  means  to  reconcile 
dignity  with  economy.  A  young  Levite — such 
was  the  phrase  then  in  use — might  be  had  for 
his  board,  a  small  garret,  and  £10  a  year,  and 
might  not  only  perform  his  own  professional 
functions,  might  not  only  be  the  most  patient  of 
butts  and  of  listeners,  might  not  only  be  always 
read}'  in  fine  weather  for  bowls,  and  in  rainy 
weather  for  shovel-board,  but  might  also  save  the 
expense  of  a  gardener  or  of  a  groom.  Sometimes 
the  reverend  man  nailed  up  the  apricots,  and 
sometimes  he  curried  the  coach-horses.  He  cast 
up  the  farrier's  bills.  He  walked  ten  miles  with  a 
message  or  a  parcel.  If  he  was  permitted  to  dine 
with  the  family,  he  was  expected  to  content  him- 
self with  the  plainest  fare.  He  might  fill  him- 
self with  the  corned  beef  and  the  carrots  ;  but 
as  soon  as  the  tarts  and  cheese-cakes  made  their 
appearance,  he  quitted  his  seat,  and  stood  aloof 
till  he  was  summoned  to  return  thanks  for  the 
repast,  from  a  great  part  of  which  he  had  been 
excluded. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  3. 

925.  CLEEGY  dissipated.  English.  [In  the 
middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  a]  Prussian 
clergyman,  walking  into  Oxford  at  midnight, 
was  introduced  by  a  courteous  pedestrian  to  an 
alehouse.  "  How  great,"  he  says,  "  was  my  as- 
tonishment when,  on  being  shown  into  a  room, 
I  saw  several  gentlemen  in  academic  dress  sit- 
ting round  a  large  table,  each  with  his  pot  of 
beer  before  him."  He  thought  it  extraordinary 
that  at  this  unseasonable  hour  he  should  sud- 
denly find  himself  in  a  company  of  Oxonian 
clergy.  As  the  morning  drew  near,  after  a  ca- 
rousal which  stupefied  the  German,  the  gentle- 
man who  introduced  him  suddenly  exclaimed, ' '  I 
must  read  prayers  this  morning  at  All  Souls." 
The  clergy  would  spend  the  morning  in  scam- 
pering after  the  hounds,  dedicate  the  evening  to 
the  bottle,  and  reel  from  inebriety  to  the  pulpit. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  110. 

926.  CLERGY,  Economical.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Speaking  of  the  late  Duke  of  Northumberland 
living  very  magnificently  when  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  somebody  remarked,  it  would  be  dif- 
ficult to  find  a  suitable  successor  to  him  ;  then,  ex- 
claimed Johnson,  "  he  is  only  fit  to  succeed  him- 
self. "  He  advised  me,  if  possible,  to  have  a  good 
orchard.  He  knew,  he  said,  a  clergyman  of 
small  income  who  brought  up  a  family  very  rep- 
utably, which  he  chiefly  fed  with  apple-dump- 
lings.—Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  178. 

927.  CLEEGY,  Heroic.  Georg e  Walker. 
[When  the  armj^  of  James  II.  marched  against 
the  Protestants  m  Londonderry,  the  commander 
of  the  forces.  Colonel  Lundy,  advised  a  surren- 
der, there  being  but  a  small  store  of  provisions 
and   an  inadaquate   preparation   for    defence. 


CLERGY. 


George  Walker,  a  minister,  roused  the  courage, 
of  the  people  for  defence.  Two  regiments  sailed 
away  to  England,  leaving  the  inhabitants  to  pro- 
tect themselves.  The  faith  and  zeal  of  the  pious- 
Walker  inspired  the  fortitude  of  the  defenders, 
and  procured  a  complete  deliverance  for  the  be- 
sieged.]—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  6,  p.  85. 

92§.  CLEEGY,  Immoral.  England  a.d.  1509. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  reign  of  Henry 
VII.,  the  long  immunity  of  the  clergy  from 
any  interference  of  the  legislature  with  their- 
course  of  life,  however  criminal,  was  in  a  slight 
degree  interrupted  by  a  statute,  which  recognizes; 
the  existence  in  the  commonwealth  of  "  priests, 
clerks,  and  religious  men  openly  noised  of  incon- 
tinent living."  .  .  .  The  statute  .  .  .  recites  that. 
"  persons  lettered  "  have  been  more  bold  to  com- 
mit murder,  robbery,  and  other  mischievous 
deeds,  because  they  have  been  continually  ad- 
mitted to  the  benefit  of  the  clergy  upon  trust  of 
the  privilege  of  the  church.  [AH  those  were  held 
to  be  clerks  who  could  read.] — Knight's  Eng.. 
vol.  2,  ch.  15,  p.  243. 

929.  CLEEGY  impoverished.  The.  Bdgn  of 
Charles  I.  [During  the  reign  of  Charles  I. ,  when 
the  degradation  of  the  clergy  was  ridiculed,]  the 
curates  that  did  the  work  were  so  scandalously 
paid,  that  in  London  they  were  to  be  found  din- 
ing at  "  three-penny  ordinary,"  and  in  the  coun- 
try were  glad  to  obtain  from  the  church- wardeu 
"a  barley  bag-pudding " for  their  Sunday  din- 
ner. The  country  curate  is  described  as  be- 
ing "  under  a  great  prebend,  and  a  double  bene- 
ficed rich  man,"  with  a  salary  inferior  to  his  cook 
or  coachman.  The  London  curates  are  represent- 
ed as  living  ' '  upon  citizens'  trenchers,  and  were 
it  not  that  they  were  pitiful  and  charitable  to 
them,  there  was  no  possibility  of  subsistence." 
—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  30,  p.  486. 

930.  CLEEGY,  Interference  of.  War.  [The 
Crusaders,  after  a  struggle  of  two  years,  captured 
the  city  of  Damietta.]  After  it  was  taken  it  waa 
lost  by  the  folly  of  the  pope's  legate,  who  pre- 
tended that,  in  right  of  his  master,  he  had  a  title 
to  regulate  the  disposition  of  the  army  as  well  as 
the  church.  By  his  orders  they  were  encamped 
between  two  branches  of  the  Nile,  at  the  very 
time  when  it  began  its  periodical  inundation. 
The  Sultan  of  Egypt  assisted  its  operation  by  a 
little  art,  and,  by  means  of  canals  and  sluices, 
contrived  entirely  to  deluge  the  Christians  on  one 
side,  while  he  burnt  their  ships  on  the  other.  In 
this  extremity  they  entreated  an  accommodation, 
and  agreed  to  restore  Damietta  and  return  into 
Phoenicia,  leaving  their  king,  John  de  Brienne, 
as  an  hostage. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  vol.  9. 

931.  CLEEGY,  Labor  of  the.  Need  of.  [Burnet 
exhorted  the  clergy  of  his  own  time]  to  "labor 
more,"  instead  of  cherishing  extravagant  notions 
of  the  authority  of  the  Church.  If  to  an  exem- 
plary course  of  life  in  their  own  persons  ' '  clergy- 
men would  add  a  little  more  labor — not  only 
performing  public  offices,  .  .  .  but  .  .  .  making 
their  calling  the  business  of  their  whole  life, 
their  own  minds  would  be  in  better  temper,  and 
their  people  would  show  more  esteem  "  and  re- 
gard for  them. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  4, 
p.  59. 

932.  CLEEGY,  Lost.  "iJawnefZ."  Chrysostom 
declares  his  free  opinion  that  the  number  of  bish- 


CLERGY. 


Ill 


»ps  who  might  be  saved  bore  a  very  small  pro- 
portion to  those  who  would  be  damned. — Note 
IN  Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  32. 

933.  CLERGY,  Marriage  of.  Beign  of  Charles 
II.  With  his  cure  he  was  expected  to  take  a 
wife  ;  the  wife  had  ordinarily  been  in  the  pa- 
tron's service ;  and  it  was  well  if  she  was  not 
suspected  of  standing  too  high  in  the  patron's 
favor.  .  .  .  An  Oxonian  .  .  .  complained  bitterly, 
not  only  that  the  country  attorney  and  the  coun- 
try apothecary  looked  down  with  disdain  on  the 
country  clergyman,  but  that  one  of  the  lessons 
most  earnestly  inculcated  on  every  girl  of  hon- 
orable family  was  to  give  no  encouragement  to 
a  lover  in  orders,  and  that  if  any  lady  forgot 
this  precept,  she  was  almost  as  much  disgraced 
as  by  an  illicit  amour.  Clarendon,  who  assur- 
edly bore  no  ill-will  to  the  Church,  mentions  it 
as  a  sign  of  the  confusion  of  ranks  which  the 
Great  Rebellion  had  produced,  that  some  dam- 
sels of  noble  families  had  bestowed  themselves 
on  divines.  A  waiting  woman  was  generally 
considered  as  the  most  suitable  helpmeet  for  a 
parson.  Queen  Elizabeth,  as  head  of  the  Church 
.  .  .  issued  special  orders  that  no  clergyman 
should  presume  to  marry  a  servant-girl  without 
the  consent  of  her  master  or  mistress. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3. 

934.  CLERGY,  Militant.  Pope  Julius  II. 
Julius  II.,  the  successor  of  Alexander  VI.,  was 
a  pontiff  of  great  political  abilities,  of  a  bold  and 
ambitious  character,  and  consummately  skilled 
in  the  art  of  war.  It  was  he  who  employed 
Michael  Angelo  to  cast  his  statue  in  brass,  and 
when  the  sculptor  would  have  put  a  book  in  his 
hand,  "  No,"  said  he,  "give  me  a  sword,  I  un- 
derstand that  better  than  a  breviary." — Tytler's 
Hist.  ,  Book  6,  ch.  14. 

935.  .     Piior  Jolm.     About  this 

time  [May,  1514]  Prior  John,  great  captain  of 
the  French  navy,  with  his  galleys  and  foists, 
charged  with  great  basilisks  and  other  great  ar- 
tillery, came  on  the  border  of  Sussex,  and  came 
aland  on  the  night  at  a  poor  village  in  Sussex 
Brighthelmstone  ;  and  ere  the  watch  could  him 
descry  he  set  fire  on  the  town,  and  took  such 
poor  goods  as  he  found.  Then  the  watch  flred 
the  beacons,  and  people  began  to  gather  ;  which 
seeing.  Prior  John  sounded  his  trumpet  to  call 
his  men  aboard,  and  by  that  time  it  was  day. 
Then  six  archers  which  kept  the  watch  followed 
Prior  John  to  the  sea  and  shot  so  fast  that  they 
beat  the  galley  men  from  the  shore,  and  Prior 
John  himself  waded  to  the  foist.  [The  bold 
prior  himself  was  shot  with  an  arrow  in  the 
face  ;  and  he  offered  an  image  of  himself,  with 
the  identical  arrow  sticking  in  the  waxen  cheek, 
in  gratitude  to  our  Lady  at  Boulogne  for  saving 
his  life  by  miracle. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch. 
17,  p.  274. 

936.  CLERGY,  Neglect  of  the.  Social  Evils. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and 
long  after,  we  see  no  struggle  against  great  social 
evils  on  the  part  of  the  clergy.  Every  attempt 
at  social  reform  was  left  to  the  Legislature, 
which  was  utterly  indifferent  to  those  manifes- 
tations of  wretchedness  and  crime  that  ought 
to  have  been  dealt  with  by  the  strong  hand. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  5,  ch.  4,  p.  60. 

937.  CLERGY,  Patriotic.  Siege  of  Paris.  The 
Normans  applied  the  battering  rams  to  the  walls. 


and  effected  a  breach,  but  were  bravely  beat  off 
by  the  besieged.  The  venerable  Bishop  Gosse- 
lin,  an  honor  to  his  character  and  profession,  re- 
paired every  day  to  the  ramparts,  set  up  there 
the  standard  of  the  cross,  and,  after  bestowing 
his  benedictions  on  the  people,  gallantly  stood 
at  their  head,  armed  with  the  battle-axe  and  cui- 
rass ;  but  the  worthy  prelate  died  of  fatigue  in 
the  midst  of  the  siege.  [About  a.d.  845.] — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.  ,  Book  6,  ch.  6. 

93§.  CLERGY,  Political.  English.  [In  1710,, 
during  the  fiercest  party  strife,  the  return  of  a 
Tory  preponderance  in  Parliament  was  attribut- 
ed by  Dr.  Burnet  to  the  efforts  of  the  clergy.] 
Besides  a  course  for  some  months,  of  inflaming 
sermons,  they  went  about  from  house  to  house, 
pressing  their  people  to  show,  on  this  great  oc- 
casion, their  zeal  for  the  Church,  and  now  or 
never  to  save  it. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch. 
24,  p.  364 

939.  CLERGY,  Poverty  of.  Reign  of  Charles^ 
II.  In  general,  the  divine  who  quitted  his  chap- 
lainship  for  a  benefice  and  a  wife  found  that 
he  had  only  exchanged  one  class  of  vexations- 
for  another.  Not  one  living  in  fifty  enabled 
the  incumbent  to  bring  up  a  family  comfort- 
ably. As  children  multiplied  and  grew,  the- 
household  of  the  priest  became  more  and  more' 
beggarly.  Holes  appeared  more  and  more  plain- 
ly in  the  thatch  of  his  parsonage  and  in  his  sin- 
gle cassock.  Often  it  was  only  by  toiling  on  his: 
glebe,  by  feeding  swine,  and  by  loading  dung- 
carts,  that  he  could  obtain  daily  bread  ;  nor  did 
his  utmost  exertions  always  prevent  the  bailiffs 
from  taking  his  concordance  and  his  inkstand 
in  execution.  It  was  a  white  day  on  which  he 
was  admitted  into  the  kitchen  of  a  great  house, 
and  regaled  by  the  servants  with  cold  meat  and 
ale.  His  children  were  brought  up  like  the 
children  of  the  neighboring  peasantry.  Hi»' 
boys  followed  the  plough,  and  his  girls  went  out 
to  service.  Study  he  found  impossible,  for  the- 
advowson  of  his  living  would  hardly  have  sol(^ 
for  a  sum  sufficient  to  purchase  a  good  theology 
ical  library  ;  and  he  might  be  considered  as  un- 
usually lucky  if  he  had  ten  or  twelve  dog-eared^ 
volumes  among  the  pots  ajid  pans  on  his  shelves. 
Even  a  keen  and  strong  intellect  might  be  ex- 
pected to  rust  in  so  unfavorable  a  situation. — 
Macaulay'sEng.,  ch.  3. 

940.  .      Fifteenth    Century.     The 

highest  payment  for  a  parish  priest  was  9  marks. 
— £6.  The  artificer,  at  fourpence  a  day,  earned 
about  as  much  as  the  parish  priest,  to  suffice  for 
his  board,  apparel,  and  other  necessaries,  [a.d. 
1450-1485.]— Knight's  Eng., vol.  2,ch.  8, p.  125, 

941.  CLERGY,  Profligate.  Eighteenth  Century. 
The  indecorum,  if  not  the  profligacy,  of  a  large- 
number  of  the  English  clergy,  for  a  period  of 
half  a  century,  is  exhibited  by  too  many  con- 
temporary witnesses  to  be  considered  as  the  ex- 
aggeration of  novelists,  satirical  poets,  travel- 
lers, and  dissenters.  Ridicule,  pity,  indignation, 
produced  little  or  no  change  for  more  than  a 
generation.  .  .  .  "What  shall  we  say  to  the  testi- 
mony of  Dr.  Knox,  head-master  of  Tunbridge 
school  ?  "  The  public  have  long  remarked  with 
indignation,  that  some  of  the  most  distinguished- 
coxcombs,  drunkards,  debauchees,  and  game- 
sters who  figure  at  the  watering-places  and  all 
public  places  of  resort  are  young  men  of  the? 


112 


CLERGY— CLIMATE. 


Bacerdotal  order."    What  to  the  "  shepherd"  of 
Crabbe  ? 

"  A  jovial  youth,  who  thinks  Sunday  task 
As  much  as  God  or  man  can  fairly  ask.  ..." 
[Advertisements  like  the  following  were  pub- 
lished :]  "  Wanted  a  curacy  in  a  good  sporting 
<x)untry,  where  the  duty  is  light  and  the  neigh- 
borhood convivial."  .  .  .  [Rev.  Dr.  Warner,  a 
popular  preacher,]  desires  Lord  Selwyn  to  send 
him  "  the  magazine,  with  the  delicate  amours  of 
the  noble  lord,  which  must  be  very  diverting." 
He  describes  a  dinner  with  two  friends  :  "  We 
have  just  parted  in  a  tolerable  state  of  insensi- 
bility to  the  ills  of  life."  "  I  have  been  preach- 
ing this  morning,  and  am  going  to  dine — where  ? 
— in  the  afternoon.  We  shall  bolt  the  door  and 
(but,  hush  !  softly  !  let  me  whisper  it,  for  it  is 
&  violent  secret,  and  I  shall  be  blown  to  the 
devil  M  I  blab,  as  in  this  house  we  are  Noah  and 
iis  precise  family) — play  cards."  —  Kkight's 
I:ng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  109. 

942.  CLEEGY  rejected.  Ireland.  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth .  .  .  established  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Church  [in  Ireland].  The  Anglican  prel- 
ates and  priests,  divided  from  the  Irish  by  the 
insuperable  barrier  of  language,  were  quartered 
upon  the  land,  shepherds  without  sheep,  pastors 
without  people  ;  strangers  to  the  inhabitants, 
-wanting  not  them  but  theirs.  The  churches 
■went  to  ruin ;  the  benefices  went  to  men  who 
were  held  as  foreigners  and  heretics,  and  who 
iad  no  care  for  the  Irish  but  to  compel  them  to 
pay  tithes.  The  inferior  clergy  were ...  as  im- 
moral as  they  were  illiterate. — Bancroft's  U.  S.  , 
vol.  5,  ch.  4. 

943.  CLERGY,  Secular.  Bramim.  This  di- 
vision of  the  Indian  castes  is  characteristic  of  a 
very  singular  state  of  society.  The  four  princi- 
pal castes,  or  tribes,  are  the  bramins,  the  sol- 
diers, the  husbandmen,  and  the  mechanics.  The 
bramins,  as  we  have  already  observed,  are  the 
priests,  who,  like  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy,  are 
some  of  them  devoted  to  a  life  of  regular  disci- 
pline, as  the  different  orders  of  monks ;  and 
others,  like  the  secular  clergy,  mix  in  the  world, 
and  enjoy  all  the  freedom  of  social  life. — Tyt- 
i^r's  Hist.  ,  Book  6,  ch.  23. 

944.  CLEEGY,  Selfish.  The  Pope's.  In  1343 
the  commons  petitioned  for  the  redress  of  the 
^ievance  of  papal  appointments  to  vacant  liv- 
ings in  despite  of  the  rights  of  patrons  or  the 
Crown  ;  and  Edward  formerly  complained  to  the 
pope  of  his  appointing  "foreigners,  most  of 
them  suspicious  persons,  who  do  not  reside  on 
their  benefices,  who  do  not  know  the  faces  of  the 
flocks  intrusted  to  them,  who  do  not  understand 
their  language,  but,  neglecting  the  cure  of  souls, 
seek  as  hirelings  only  their  worldly  hire. "  In  yet 
sharper  words  the  king  rebuked  the  papal  greed. 
"  The  successor  of  the  apostles  was  set  over  the 
Lord's  sheep  to  feed  and  not  to  shear  them." 
The  Parliament  declared  "that  they  neither 
could  nor  would  tolerate  such  things  any  longer;" 
and  the  general  irritation  moved  slowly  toward 
those  statutes  of  pro  visors  and  praemunire  which 
heralded  the  policy  of  Henry  VIII. — Hist,  of 
Eng.  People,  §  321. 

945.  CLEEGY,  Sleepy.  Contagious.  Bishop 
Burnet  says  .  .  .  the  main  body  of  our  clergy 
has  always  appeared  dead  and  lifeless  to  me,  and 
instead  of  animating  one  another,   they  seem 


rather  to  lay  one  asleep. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol. 
5,  ch.  4,  p.  59. 

946.  CLEEGY,  Taxation  of.  France.  Boni- 
face VIII.,  elected  pope  in  the  year  1294,  was 
one  of  the  most  assuming  prelates  that  ever  filled 
the  pontifical  chair ;  yet  he  found  in  Philip 
[IV.]  the  Fair  of  France  a  man  determined  to 
humble  his  pride  and  arrogance.  Philip  resolved 
to  make  the  clergy  of  his  kingdom  bear  their 
proportion  in  furnishing  the  public  supplies  aa 
well  as  the  other  orders  of  the  state.  The  pope 
resented  this  as  an  extreme  indignity  offered  to 
the  Church,  and  issued  his  pontifical  bull  com- 
manding all  the  bishops  of  France  to  repair  im- 
mediately to  Rome.  Philip  ordered  the  bull  to 
be  thrown  into  the  fire,  and  strictly  prohibited 
any  of  his  bishops  from  stirring  out  of  the  king- 
dom. He  repaired,  however,  himself  to  Rome, 
and  threw  the  pope  into  prison  ;  but  being  soon 
after  obliged  to  quit  Italy,  Boniface  regained  his 
liberty. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  11. 

947.  CLIMATE,  Changes  of. /teZy.  In  the  time 
of  Homer  the  vine  grew  wild  in  the  island  of 
Sicily,  and  most  probably  in  the  adjacent  conti- 
nent. ,  .  .  A  thousand  years  afterward  Italy  could 
boast,  that  of  the  fourscore  most  generous  and 
celebrated  wines,  more  than  two  thirds  were 
produced  from  her  soil.  The  blessing  was  sooa 
communicated  to  the  Narbonnese  province  of 
Gaul ;  but  so  intense  was  the  cold  to  the  north 
of  the  Cevennes,  that,  in  the  time  of  Strabo, 
it  was  thought  impossible  to  ripen  the  grapes  in 
those  parts  of  Gaul.  This  difficulty,  however, 
was  gradually  vanquished.  —  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  2. 

948.  CLIMATE  changes.  Europe.  Some  in- 
genious writers  have  suspected  that  Europe  was 
much  colder  formerly  than  it  is  at  present ; 
and  the  most  ancient  descriptions  of  the  climate 
of  Germany  tend  exceedingly  to  confirm  their 
theory.  ...  I  shall  select  two  remarkable  circum- 
stances. ...  1.  The  great  rivers  which  covered 
the  Roman  provinces,  the  Rhine  and  the  Danube, 
were  frequently  frozen  over,  and  capable  of 
supporting  the  most  enormous  weights.  The 
barbarians,  who  often  chose  that  severe  season 
for  their  inroads,  transported,  without  apprehen- 
sion or  danger,  their  numerous  armies,  their  cav- 
alry, and  their  heavy  wagons,  over  a  vast  and  solid 
bridge  of  ice.  Modern  ages  have  not  presented 
an  instance  of  a  like  phenomenon.  2.  The  rein- 
deer, that  useful  animal,  from  whom  the  savage 
of  the  North  derives  the  best  comforts  of  his 
dreary  life,  is  of  a  constitution  that  supports, 
and  even  requires,  the  most  intense  cold.  He 
is  found  on  the  rock  of  Spitzberg,  within  ten 
degrees  of  the  Pole  ;  he  seems  to  delight  in  the 
snows  of  Lapland  and  Siberia  ;  but  at  present 
he  cannot  subsist,  much  less  multiply,  in  any 
country  to  the  south  of  the  Baltic.  In  the  time 
of  Caesar  the  reindeer,  as  well  as  the  elk  and  the 
wild  bull,  was  a  native  of  the  Hercynian  forest, 
which  then  overshadowed  a  great  part  of  Ger- 
many and  Poland.  The  modem  improvements 
sufficiently  explain  the  causes  of  the  diminution 
of  the  cold.  These  immense  woods  have  been 
gradually  cleared,  which  intercepted  the  rays  of 
the  sun.  The  morasses  have  been  drained,  and 
in  proportion  as  the  soil  has  been  cultivated,  the 
air  has  become  more  temperate.  —  GiBBON'i 
Rome,  ch.  9. 


CLIMATE— CLOTHING. 


115 


949.  CLIMATE  vs.  Character.  Samuel  John- 
$on.  We  had  another  evening  by  ourselves  at 
the  Mitre.  It  happening  to  be  a  very  rainy 
night,  I  made  some  commonplace  observations 
on  the  relaxation  of  nerves  and  depression  of 
spirits  which  such  weather  occasioned  ;  adding, 
however,  that  it  was  good  for  the  vegetable  crea- 
tion. Johnson,  who  denied  that  the  temperature 
of  the  air  had  any  influence  on  the  human  frame, 
answered,  with  a  smile  of  ridicule,  "  Why,  yes, 
sir,  it  is  good  for  vegetables,  and  for  the  animals 
who  eat  those  vegetables,  and  for  the  animals 
who  eat  those  animals."  This  observation  of  his 
aptly  enough  introduced  a  good  supper. — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  117. 

950.  CLIMATE,  Character  "by.  Nortfiern.  [Dur- 
ing the  rise  of  the  Roman  Empire,]  in  all  levies, 
a  just  preference  was  given  to  the  climates  of 
the  North  over  those  of  the  South.— Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  1. 

951. .      Bemlutions.      A  plain  in 

the  Chinese  Tartary,  only  eighty  leagues  from 
the  great  wall,  was  found  by  the  missionaries 
to  be  three  thousand  geometrical  paces  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Montesquieu,  who  has 
used  and  abused  the  relations  of  travellers,  de- 
duces the  revolutions  of  Asia  from  this  important 
circumstance,  that  heat  and  cold,  weakness  and 
strength,  touch  each  other  without  any  temper- 
ate zone. —  Note  in  Gibbon's   Rome,  ch.  26. 

952.  .  Laplanders.  The  consan- 
guinity of  the  Hungarians  and  Laplanders  would 
display  the  powerful  energy  of  climate  on  the 
children  of  a  common  parent ;  the  lively  contrast 
between  the  bold  adventurers  who  are  intoxicat- 
ed with  the  wines  of  the  Danube,  and  the  wretch- 
ed fugitives  who  are  immersed  beneath  the  snows 
of  the  polar  circle.  Arms  and  freedom  have  been 
the  ruling,  though  too  often  the  unsuccessful, 
passion  of  the  Hungarians,  who  are  endowed  by 
nature  with  a  vigorous  constitution  of  soul  and 
body.  Extreme  cold  has  diminished  the  stature 
and  congealed  the  faculties  of  the  Laplanders  ; 
and  the  Arctic  tribes,  alone  among  the  sons  of 
men,  are  ignorant  of  war  and  unconscious  of 
human  blood  ;  a  happy  ignorance,  if  reason  and 
virtue  were  the  guardians  of  their  peace  ! — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  55. 

953.  CLIMATE,  Demoralized  by.  Vandals.  [In 
Africa  the  Roman  general]  Belisarius  appeared  ; 
and  he  advanced  wdthout  opposition  as  far  as 
Grasse,  a  palace  of  the  Vandal  kings,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  fifty  miles  from  Carthage.  The  weary 
Romans  indulged  themselves  in  the  refreshment 
of  shady  groves,  cool  fountains,  and  delicious 
fruits  ;  and  the  preference  which  Procopius  al- 
lows to  these  gardens  over  any  that  he  had  seen, 
either  in  the  East  or  West,  may  be  ascribed 
either  to  the  taste  or  the  fatigue  of  the  historian. 
In  three  generations  prosperity  and  a  warm  cli- 
mate had  dissolved  the  hardy  ^drtue  of  the  Van- 
dals, who  insensibly  became  the  most  luxurious 
of  mankind.  In  their  villas  and  gardens,  which 
might  deserve  the  Persian  name  of  Paradise, 
they  enjoyed  a  cool  and  elegant  repose  ;  and, 
after  the  daily  use  of  the  bath,  the  barbarians 
were  seated  at  a  table  profusely  spread  with 
the  delicacies  of  the  land  and  sea.  Their  silken 
robes,  loosely  flowing,  after  the  fashion  of  the 
Medes,  were  embroidered  with  gold ;  love  and 
hunting  were  the  labors  of  their  life,  and  their 


vacant  hours  were  amused  by  pantomimes, 
chariot-races,  and  the  music  and  dances  of  thee 
theatre. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  41. 

954.  CLIMATE,  Fear  of.  The  Portuguese.  In 
their  first  voyage  after  the  discovery  of  Madeira, 
they  passed  Cape  Boyador,  and  in  the  space  of  a 
few  years,  advancing  above  four  hundred  leagues 
to  the  south,  they  had  discovered  the  river  Sene- 
gal, and  all  the  coast  between  Cape  Blanco  and 
Cape  Verd ;  they  were  now  near  ten  degrees 
within  the  torrid  zone,  and  were  surprised  to  find 
the  climate  still  temperate  and  agreeable ;  yet, 
on  passing  the  river  Senegal,  and  observing  the 
human  species  to  assume  a  different  form,  the 
skin  as  black  as  ebony,  the  woolly  hair,  and  that 
peculiarity  of  feature  which  distinguishes  the- 
Negroes,  they  naturally  attributed  this  to  the 
influence  of  heat,  and  began  to  dread  the  conse- 
quences of  a  nearer  approach  to  the  line.  They 
returned  to  Portugal  .  .  .  the  common  voice  of 
their  countrymen  dissuaded  them  from  any  fur- 
ther attempts. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  18. 

955.  CLIMATE,  Injiirious.  Samuel  Johnson. 
It  was  a  very  wet  day,  and  I  again  complained  of 
the  disagreeable  effects  of  such  weather.  John- 
son :  "  Sir,  this  is  all  imagination,  which  phy- 
sicians encourage  ;  for  man  lives  in  air,  as  a  fish 
lives  in  water ;  so  that  if  the  atmosphere  press- 
heavy  from  above,  there  is  an  equal  resistance 
from  below.  To  be  sure,  bad  weather  is  hard 
upon  people  who  are  obliged  to  be  abroad  ;  and 
men  cannot  labor  so  well  in  the  open  air  in 
bad  weather  as  in  good ;  but,  sir,  a  smith  or  a 
tailor,  whose  work  is  within  doors,  will  surely 
do  as  much  in  rainy  weather  as  in  fair.  Some 
very  delicate  frames,  indeed,  may  be  affected  by 
wet  weather  ;  but  not  common  constitutions." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  125. 

956.  CLIMATE,  Protection  of.  Ethiopians. 
His  generals,  in  the  early  part  of  his  [AugustusT 
reign,  attempted  the  reduction  of  Ethiopia  and 
Arabia  Felix.  They  marched  near  a  thousand 
miles  to  the  south  of  the  tropic  ;  but  the  heat  of 
the  climate  soon  repelled  the  invaders,  and  pro- 
tected the  unwarlike  natives  of  those  sequestered 
regions. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1. 

957.  CLIMATE,  Sickness  from.  Pilgrims.  The 
spring  of  1621  brought  a  ray  of  hope  to  the  dis- 
tressed Pilgrims  of  New  Plymouth,  Never  waa 
the  returning  sun  more  welcome.  The  fatal 
winter  had  swept  off  one  half  of  the  number. 
The  son  of  the  benevolent  Carver  was  among  ther 
first  victims  of  the  terrible  climate.  The  gov- 
ernor himself  sickened  and  died,  and  the  broken- 
hearted wife  found  rest  in  the  same  grave  with 
her  husband.  But  now,  with  the  approach  of 
warm  weather,  the  destroying  pestilence  wa9 
stayed,  and  the  spirits  of  the  survivors  revived 
wjth  the  season.  Out  of  the  snows  of  winter, 
the  desolations  of  disease,  and  the  terrors  of 
death,  the  faith  of  the  Puritan  had  come  forth 
triumphant. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  13. 

958.  CLOTHING,  Angelic.  Swedenbarg.  Since 
angels  are  men,  and  live  together  in  society  like 
men  on  earth,  therefore  they  have  garments, 
houses,  and  other  things  similar  to  those  which 
exist  on  earth,  but  of  course  infinitely  moie 
beautiful  and  perfect.  The  garments  of  the 
angels  correspond  to  their  intelligence.  The 
garments  of  some  glitter  as  with  flame,  and  those 


114 


CLOTHING— COINCIDENCE. 


of  others  are  resplendent  as  with  light ;  others  are 
of  various  colors,  and  some  white  and  opaque. 
The  angels  of  the  inmost  heaven  are  naked, 
because  they  are  in  innocence,  and  nakedness 
corresponds  to  innocence.  It  is  because  gar- 
ments represent  states  of  wisdom  that  they  are 
£0  much  spoken  of  in  the  Word,  in  relation  to 
the  church  and  good  men. — White's  Sweden- 
BOKG,  p.  109. 

959.  CLOTHING,  Costly.  Persian  Kings.  The 
revenues  of  whole  provinces,  according  to  He- 
rodotus, were  bestowed  on  the  attire  of  their 
favorite  concubines ;  and  the  provinces  them- 
selves took  from  that  circumstance  their  popular 
appellations.  Plato,  in  his  Alcibiades,  mentions 
■a  Greek  ambassador  who  travelled  a  whole  day 
through  a  country  called  the  Queen's  Girdle, 
and  another  in  crossing  a  province  which  went 
by  the  name  of  the  Queen's  Head-Dress.  The 
regal  throne  was  of  pure  gold,  overshadowed 
by  a  palm  tree  and  vine  of  the  same  metal,  with 
clusters  of  fruit  composed  of  precious  stones. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  9. 

960.  CLOTHING  exchanged.  Boman  Emperor 
Elagabalus.  A  long  train  of  concubines,  and  a 
rapid  succession  of  wives,  among  whom  was  a 
vestal  virgin,  ravished  by  force  from  her  sacred 
•asylum,  were  insufficient  to  satisfy  the  impotence 
of  his  passions.  The  master  of  the  Roman  world 
affected  to  copy  the  dress  and  manners  of  the 
female  sex,  preferred  the  distaff  to  the  sceptre, 
and  dishonored  the  principal  dignities  of  the 
•empire  by  distributing  them  among  his  numer- 
ous lovers,  one  of  whom  was  publicly  invested 
with  the  title  and  authority  of  the  emperor's,  or, 
as  he  more  properly  styled  himself,  of  the  em- 
press's husband. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6. 

961.  CLOTHING,  Prohibited.  ProUction.  The 
olamor  was  so  great  against  India  silks  and 
printed  cottons,  that  after  the  29th  of  September, 
1701,  the  wearing  all  wrought  silks,  of  the  man- 
ufacture of  Persia,  China,  or  East  India,  and  all 
calicoes,  printed,  dyed,  or  stained  therein,  was 
absolutely  prohibited.  If  we  may  believe  the 
advocates  of  prohibition,  this  statute  had  the  ef- 
fect of  repeopling  Spitalflelds,  "that  looked  like 
^  deserted  place." — Knight's  England,  vol.  5, 
oh.  2,  p.  20. 

962.  CLUBS,  Ancient.  Egypt.  Antony  and 
CJleopatra  established  a  society  called  the  "  Inim- 
itable Livers,"  of  which  they  were  members  ; 
they  also  instituted  another,  by  no  means  inferior 

^  in  splendor  or  luxury,  called  ' '  The  Companions 
in  Death. "  Their  friends  were  admitted  into  this, 
and  the  time  passed  in  mutual  treats  and  diver- 
sions.— Plutarch's  Antony. 

963.  COEECION,  Patriotic.  Tories.  A.  D.  1774. 
Two  thousand  men  marched  in  companies  to 
the  common  in  Worcester  [Mass.],  where  they 

V  forced  Timothy  Paine  to  walk  through  their 
ranks  with  his  hat  off  as  far  as  the  centre  of 
their  hollow  square,  and  read  a  written  resigna- 
tion of  his  seat  at  the  [governor's]  council-board. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  8. 

964.  COIN  cUpped.  England.  [In  July,  1694, 
we  read]  many  executed  in  London  for  clipping 
money,  now  done  to  that  intolerable  extent, 
'that  there  was  hardly  any  money  that  was  worth 
above  half  the  nominal  value. — Knight's  Png., 
vol.  5,  ch.  13,  p.  182. 


965.  COINCIDENCE,  Alarming.  Cromwell.  The 
equinoctial  gale,  which  had  commenced  on  the 
preceding  day,  now  swelled  into  a  storm  which 
swept  over  England  with  the  effect  of  an  earth- 
quake. The  carriages  which  conveyed  to  Lon- 
don the  friends  of  the  protector,  apprised  of  his 
extreme  danger,  were  unable  to  stem  the  violence 
of  the  wind,  and  took  refuge  in  the  inns  on  the 
road.  The  lofty  houses  of  London  undulated 
like  vessels  tossed  upon  the  ocean.  Roofs  were 
carried  off,  trees  that  had  stood  for  centuries  in 
Hyde  Park  were  torn  up  by  the  roots  and  pros- 
trated on  the  ground,  like  bundles  of  straw. 
Cromwell  expired  at  two  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon, in  the  midst  of  this  convulsion  of  nature. 
He  departed  as  he  was  born,  in  a  tempest.  Pop- 
ular superstition  recognized  a  miracle  in  this 
coincidence,  which  seemed  like  the  expiring  ef- 
forts of  the  elements  to  tear  from  life  and  empire 
the  single  man  who  was  capable  of  enduring  the 
might  of  England's  destiny,  and  whose  decease 
created  a  void  which  none  but  himself  could  fill. 
— Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  77. 

966.  COINCIDENCE,  Comforting.  Seven  Bish- 
ops. [They  were  imprisoned  by  James  II. ,  be- 
cause they  would  not  join  him  in  the  overthrow 
of  their  cherished  Protestant  faith.]  On  the  even- 
ing of  the  Black  Friday,  as  it  was  called,  on 
which  they  were  committed,  they  reached  their 
prison  just  at  the  hour  of  divine  service.  They 
instantly  hastened  to  the  chapel.  It  chanced 
that  in  the  second  lesson  were  these  words  :  "  In 
all  things  approving  ourselves  as  the  ministers 
of  God,  in  much  patience,  in  afflictions,  in  dis- 
tresses, in  stripes,  in  imprisonments."  All  zeal- 
ous churchmen  were  delighted  by  this  coinci- 
dence, and  remembered  how  much  comfort  a 
similar  coincidence  had  given  Charles  I.  at  the 
time  of  his  death. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8. 

967.  COINCIDENCE  repeated.  Theseus.  The- 
seus, then,  appeared  to  answer  to  Romulus  in 
many  particulars.  Both  were  of  uncertain  par- 
entage, born  out  of  wedlock,  and  both  had  the 
repute  of  being  sprung  from  the  gods.  Both 
stood  in  the  first  rank  of  warriors,  for  both  had 
great  powers  of  mind,  with  great  strength  of 
body.  One  was  the  founder  of  Rome,  and  one 
peopled  Athens,  the  most  illustrious  cities  in  the 
world.  Both  carried  off  women  by  violence. 
Both  were  involved  in  domestic  miseries  and 
exposed  to  family  resentment,  and  both,  toward 
the  end  of  their  lives,  are  said  to  have  offended 
their  respective  citizens,  if  we  may  believe  what 
seems  to  be  delivered  vdth  the  least  mixture  of 
poetical  fiction. — Plutarch's  Romulus. 

96§.  COINCIDENCE,  Strange.  Adums— Jeffer- 
son. A  few  days  before  [John  Adams']  .  .  . 
death,  a  gentleman  called  upon  him  and  asked 
him  to  give  a  toast,  which  should  be  presented 
at  the  Fourth  of  July  banquet  as  coming  from 
him.  The  old  man  said  :  "I  will  give  you, 
Independence  forever  I"  "  Will  you  not  add 
something  to  it  ?"  asked  his  visitor.  "  Not  a 
word,"  was  the  reply.  The  toast  was  presented 
at  the  banquet,  where  it  was  received  with  deaf- 
ening cheers ;  and  almost  at  that  moment  the 
soul  of  this  great  patriot  passed  away.  Among 
the  last  words  that  could  be  gathered  from  his 
dying  lips  were  these  :  ' '  Thomas  Jefferson  still 
survives  !"  But  Thomas  Jefferson  did  not  sur- 
vive.   On  the  same  Fourth  of  July,  a  few  houra 


COINCIDENCE— COMBAT. 


115 


l)efore,  Jefferson  also  departed  this  life.  Few 
•events  have  ever  occurred  in  the  United  States 
more  thrilling  to  the  people  than  the  death,  on 
the  same  anniversary  of  the  nation's  birth,  of 
these  two  aged,  venerable,  and  venerated  public 
servants. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  178. 

969. .    Hugh  Miller.    Day  had  not 

wholly  disappeared  .  .  .  when  I  saw  at  the 
open  door,  within  less  than  a  yard  of  my  breast, 
a  dissevered  hand  and  arm  stretched  out  toward 
me.  The  hand  and  arm  were  evidently  those  of 
a  female  ;  they  had  a  livid  and  sodden  appear- 
ance ;  and  directly  fronting  me,  where  the  body 
ought  to  have  been,  there  was  only  blank  trans- 
parent space.  ...  I  .  .  .  ran  shrieking  to  my 
mother.  .  .  .  My  mother  going  to  the  door  saw 
nothing.  ...  Its  coincidence  with  the  probable 
-time  of  my  father's  death  [he  went  down  in  a 
etorm  at  sea]  seems  at  least  curious. — Smiles' 
Bkibf  Biographies,  p.  87, 

»70.  COLOB,  Caste  of.  Oreev^-Blue.  The  Ko- 
:jaan  race,  in  its  first  institution,  was  a  simple  con- 
gest of  two  chariots,  whose  drivers  were  distin- 
guished by  white  and  red  liveries  ;  two  addition- 
al colors,  a  light  gre^n  and  a  cerulean  blue,  were 
afterward  introduced ;  and,  as  the  races  were 
repeated  twenty-five  times,  one  hundred  chariots 
■contributed  in  the  same  day  to  the  pomp  of  the 
circus.  The  four  factions  soon  acquired  a  legal 
establishment  and  a  mysterious  origin.  [The 
struggle  of  the  green  and  blue  was  supposed  to 
represent  the  conflict  of  the  earth  and  sea.]  The 
sportive  distinction  of  two  colors  produced  two 
strong  and  irreconcilable  factions,  which  shook 
the  foundations  of  a  feeble  government.  The 
popular  dissensions,  founded  on  the  most  serious 
interest  or  holy  pretence,  have  scarcely  equalled 
the  obstinacy  of  this  wanton  discord,  which  in- 
vaded the  peace  of  families,  divided  friends  and 
brothers,  and  tempted  the  female  sex,  though 
seldom  seen  in  the  circus,  to  espouse  the  inclina- 
tions of  their  lovers,  or  to  contradict  the  wishes 
of  their  husbands.  Every  law,  either  human  or 
divine,  was  trampled  under  foot,  and  as  long  as 
the  party  was  successful,  its  deluded  followers 
appeared  careless  of  private  distress  or  public 
calamity.  The  license,  without  the  freedom,  of 
democracy  was  revived  at  Antioch  and  Con- 
stantinople, and  the  support  of  a  faction  became 
necessary  to  every  candidate  for  civil  or  eccle- 
siastical honors.  A  secret  attachment  to  the 
family  or  sect  of  Anastasius  was  imputed  to  the 
greens  ;  the  blues  were  zealously  devoted  to  the 
cause  of  orthodoxy  and  Justinian,  and  their 
grateful  patron  protected,  above  five  years,  the 
disorders  of  a  faction  whose  seasonable  tumults 
overawed  the  palace,  the  senate,  and  the  capitals 
of  the  East.  Insolent  with  royal  favor,  the  blues 
affected  to  strike  terror  by  a  peculiar  and  bar- 
baric dress,  the  long  hair  of  the  Huns,  their  close 
sleeves  and  ample  garments,  a  lofty  step,  and  a 
sonorous  voice.  In  the  day  they  concealed  their 
two-edged  poniards,  but  in  the  night  they  boldly 
assembled  in  arms,  and  in  numerous  bands,  pre- 
l>ared  for  every  act  of  violence  and  rapine.  Their 
adversaries  of  the  green  faction,  or  even  inoffen- 
sive citizens,  were  stripped  and  often  murdered 
by  these  nocturnal  robbers,  and  it  became  dan- 
gerous to  wear  any  gold  buttons  or  girdles  or  to 
appear  at  a  late  hour  in  the  streets  of  a  peaceful 
capital.     A  daring  spirit,  rising  with  impunity. 


proceeded  to  violate  the  safeguard  of  private 
houses  ;  and  fire  was  employed  to  facilitate  the 
attack,  or  to  conceal  the  crimes  of  these  factious 
rioters.  No  place  was  safe  or  sacred  from  their 
depredation  ;  to  gratify  either  avarice  or  revenge, 
they  profusely  spilled  the  blood  of  the  innocent ; 
churches  and  altars  were  polluted  by  atrocious 
murders  ;  and  it  was  the  boast  of  the  assassins, 
that  their  dexterity  could  always  inflict  a  mortal 
wound  with  a  single  stroke  of  their  dagger.  The 
dissolute  youth  of  Constantinople  adopted  the 
blue  livery  of  disorder  ;  the  laws  were  silent,  and 
the  bonds  of  society  were  relaxed. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  40,  p.  58. 

971.  COLOB,  Prejudice  of.  Portuguese.  [The 
discoverers  of  the  African  coast  were  dissuaded 
from  extending  their  discoveries.]  It  was  even 
hinted,  as  a  probable  consequence,  that  the  mar- 
iners, after  passing  a  certain  latitude,  would  be 
changed  into  blacks,  and  thus  retain  forever  a 
disgraceful  mark  of  their  temerity. — Clabke's 
Progress  op  Maritime  Discovery. 

972.  COLOB-LINE  in  Commerce.  Columbus. 
[He  was  about  to  start  on  his  third  voyage.] 
Jayme  Ferrer,  an  eminent  and  learned  lapidary, 
assured  Columbus  that,  according  to  his  experi- 
ence, the  rarest  objects  of  commerce,  such  as 
gold,  precious  stones,  drugs,  and  spices,  were 
chiefly  to  be  found  in  the  regions  about  the  equi- 
noctial line,  where  the  inhabitants  were  black, 
or  darkly  colored ;  and  that  until  the  admiral 
should  arrive  among  people  of  such  complexions 
he  did  not  think  he  would  find  those  articles  ia 
great  abundance. — Irving's  Columbus,  Book 
10,  ch.  1. 

973.  COLLEGE  vs.  Capital.  Yale.  It  remains  to 
be  told  how  Connecticut  came  to  be  blessed  with 
two  capitals.  As  soon  as  the  college  was  deter- 
mined upon  in  1700,  the  question  arose,  and  was 
discussed  with  the  energy  and  heat  with  which 
such  questions  usually  are,  In  what  town  shall 
it  be  situated  ?  The  institution  was  begun  at 
Saybrook,  and  was  not  finally  established  at  New 
Haven  until  1718,  which  was  sixteen  years  after 
the  first  student  entered.  This  removal,  as  the 
reader  may  imagine,  was  keenly  resented,  not 
only  by  Saybrook,  but  by  other  towns  which  had 
hoped  to  be  chosen  as  the  site  of  the  college, 
particularly  Hartford.  To  reconcile  Hartford 
to  the  disappointment,  the  Legislature  agreed  to 
build  a  State  House  there,  as  they  said,  "  to  amt- 
pensatefor  the  college  at  New  Haven."  They  tried 
to  appease  Saybrook  by  voting  £25  sterling  for 
the  use  of  its  schools.  But  Saybrook  was  irrec- 
oncilable. When  the  sheriff,  by  order  of  the 
trustees,  attempted  to  remove  the  library  to  New 
Haven,  a  riot  ensued,  in  the  course  of  which  two 
hundred  and  fifty  volumes  were  conveyed  away 
to  parts  unknown,  and  never  recovered. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BiOG. ,  p.  593. 

974.  COMBAT,  Pleasure  in.  Romans.  The 
shows  of  the  amphitheatre  rose  naturally  out  of 
that  taste  for  martial  exercises  which  we  find  in 
the  first  ages  of  every  warlike  people.  About  the 
490th  year  of  Rome,  Marcus  and  Decimus  Brutus 
presented  a  combat  of  gladiators  for  the  first  time 
at  Rome.  About  a  century  after  that  period  the 
athletse  were  introduced  for  a  public  show  ;  and 
there  were  combats  of  slaves  with  bears  and 
lions.  Sylla,  during  his  praetorship,  exhibited  a 
combat  where  100  men  fought  with  100  lions ; 


116 


COMMAND— COMMERCE. 


and  Julius  Caesar,  during  his  aedileship,  presented 
a  show  where  there  fought  300  couples  of  gladi- 
ators.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  4. 

975.  COMMAND  divided.  Invasion  of  Scotland. 
Some  of  the  Scottish  emigrants,  heated  with  re- 
publican enthusiasm,  and  utterly  destitute  of  the 
skill  necessary  to  the  conduct  of  great  affairs, 
employed  all  their  industry  and  ingenuity,  not 
in  collecting  means  for  the  attack  which  they 
were  about  to  make  on  a  formidable  enemy,  but 
in  devising  restraints  on  their  leader's  power  and 
securities  against  his  ambition.  The  self-com- 
placent stupidity  with  which  they  insisted  on  or- 
ganizing an  army  as  if  they  had  not  been  organiz- 
ing a  commonwealth  would  be  incredible  if  it  had 
not  been  frankly  and  even  boastfully  recorded 
by  one  of  themselves.  .  .  .  Argyle  was  to  hold 
the  nominal  command  in  Scotland  ;  but  he  was 
placed  under  the  control  of  a  committee  which 
reserved  to  itself  all  the  most  important  parts  of 
the  military  administration.  This  committee 
was  empowered  to  determine  where  the  expedi- 
tion should  land,  to  appoint  officers,  to  superin- 
tend the  levying  of  troops,  to  dole  out  provisions 
and  ammunition.  All  that  was  left  to  the  gen- 
eral was  to  direct  the  evolutions  of  the  army  in 
the  field  ;  and  he  was  forced  to  promise  that, 
even  in  the  field,  except  in  the  case  of  a  surprise, 
he  would  do  nothing  without  the  assent  of  a 
council  of  war.  [The  enterprise  was  a  total 
failure.] — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5. 

976.  COMMESCE,  Benefits  of.  Refl^.  The 
most  obvious  is  the  general  diffusion  of  industry. 
Among  a  commercial  people  the  faculties  of 
both  mind  and  body  are  of  necessity  almost  con- 
stantly employed.  Invention  is  ever  on  the 
stretch  to  discover  new  sources  of  gain.  And 
the  enterprising  spirit  of  the  more  opulent  fur- 
nishes constant  occupation  to  the  mechanic, 
the  manufacturer,  and  the  laborer.  Insepar- 
ably connected  ...  is  a  spirit  of  frugality. 
Riches  have  their  full  value  when  purchased 
by  the  labor  of  either  mind  or  body,  and  what 
cost  dear  will  not  be  frivolously  expended.  .  .  . 
We  observe  the  association  of  the  same  qualities 
among  the  Dutch  and  the  Chinese. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  8. 

977. .  Government.  Another  nec- 
essary consequence  of  the  prevalence  of  com- 
merce is  a  regularity  and  strictness  of  the 
national  police,  a  severity  of  the  laws  with  re- 
spect to  mutual  contracts  and  obligations,  and 
a  consequent  security  in  the  transactions  of  in- 
dividuals with  each  other.  .  .  .  Science  is  like- 
wise greatly  indebted  to  commerce.  Thus  as- 
tronomy, navigation,  general  mathematics,  me- 
chanics, and,  indeed,  all  sciences  subservient  to 
practical  utility  are  advanced  by  it. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  8 

97§. .    Holland,     a.d.  1581.  Their 

commerce  gathered  into  their  harbors  the  fruits 
of  the  wide  world.  Producing  almost  no  grain 
of  any  kind,  Holland  had  the  best  supplied  gran- 
ary of  Europe  ;  without  fields  of  flax  it  swarmed 
with  weavers  of  linen  ;  destitute  of  flocks,  it  be- 
came the  centre  of  all  woollen  manufactures ; 
and  provinces  that  had  not  a  forest  built  more 
ships  than  all  Europe  besides.  —  Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

979. .      English.     A  scheme  was 

proposed   to  the   States  of  Holland  upon  the 


death  of  the  stadtholder,  "William  II.,  for  a 
union  and  coalition  between  the  two  republics. 
It  was  not  relished  by  the  Dutch,  who  were 
better  pleased  to  maintain  their  own  indepen- 
dence ;  and  the  Parliament  of  England,  piqued 
at  their  refusal,  immediately  declared  war 
against  them.  The  Navigation  Act  was  passed, 
which  prohibited  foreigners  from  importing  into 
England  in  their  ships  any  commodity  which 
was  not  the  growth  or  manufacture  of  their  own 
country — an  act  which  struck  heavily  against 
the  Dutch,  because  their  country  produces  few 
commodities  ;  and  their  commerce  consists  chief- 
ly in  being  the  factors  of  other  nations.  This 
statute  was  in  another  way  beneficial  to  the 
English,  by  obliging  them  to  cultivate  mari- 
time commerce,  from  which  they  have  derived 
the  greatest  part  of  their  national  wealth.  In 
this  war,  which  was  most  ably  maintained  on 
both  sides — under  Blake,  the  English  admiral, 
and  Van  Tromp  and  de  Ruyter,  admirals  of  the 
Hollanders — the  English,  on  the  whole,  had  a- 
clear  superiority  ;  the  Dutch  were  cut  off  entire- 
ly from  the  commerce  of  the  Channel ;  their 
fisheries  were  totally  suspended,  and  above  1600- 
of  their  ships  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Englisli. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  30. 

980.  COMMERCE,  Burdened.  American  Col- 
onies. On  the  restoration  of  monarchy  a  severer 
policy  was  at  once  adopted.  All  vessels  not 
bearing  the  English  flag  were  forbidden  to  en- 
ter the  harbors  of  New  England.  A  law  of  ex- 
portation was  enacted  by  which  all  articles  pro- 
duced in  the  colonies  and  demanded  in  England 
should  be  shipped  to  England  only.  Such  arti- 
cles of  production  as  the  English  merchants  did 
not  desire  might  be  sold  in  any  of  the  ports  of 
Europe.  The  law  of  importation  was  equally 
odious  ;  such  articles  as  were  produced  in  Eng- 
land should  not  be  manufactured  in  America, 
but  should  be  bought  from  England  only.  Free- 
trade  between  the  colonies  was  forbidden,  and 
a  duty  of  five  per  cent,  levied  for  the  benefit 
of  the  English  king,  was  put  on  both  exports 
and  imports.  Human  ingenuity  could  hardly 
have  invented  a  set  of  measures  better  calculated 
to  produce  an  American  Revolution. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  14. 

9§1.  COMMERCE,  Enterprise  of.  Discovery.  Se- 
bastian Cabot,  young,  and  fired  with  ambition  to 
follow  the  career  of  Columbus,  was  probably  the 
prime  mover  of  the  enterprise ;  but  the  patent 
granted  by  the  king  conferred  the  requisite  au- 
thority upon  "  John  Kabotto"  and  his  sons,  Lew- 
is, Sebastian,  and  Sancius.  The  king  took  care 
not  to  risk  any  capital  in  the  proposed  voyage  j 
for  the  patent  authorized  the  adventurers  "  ta 
sail  to  all  parts,  countries  and  seas  of  the  East,  of 
the  West,  and  of  the  North,  under  our  banners, 
and  ensigns,  with  five  ships,  etc.,  upon  their  own 
proper  costs  and  charges."  The  wealthy  Bristol 
merchant,  in  all  probability,  furnished  the  cap- 
ital of  the  enterprise  which  gave  to  England  all 
her  rights  in  North  America  ;  and  that  merchant 
was  not  an  Englishman. — Cyclopedia  of  Bioo., 
p.  380. 

982.  COMMERCE,  Importance  of.  a.d.  1685. 
In  some  parts  of  Kent  and  Sussex  none  but  the 
strongest  horses  could  in  winter  get  through  the 
bog,  in  which  at  every  step  they  sank  deep. 
The  markets  were  often  inaccessible  during  sev- 


COMMERCE. 


117 


■«ral  months.  It  is  said  that  the  fruits  of  the 
-earth  were  sometimes  suffered  to  rot  in  one 
place,  while  in  another  place  distant  only  a  few 
miles  the  supply  fell  far  short  of  the  demand. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3. 

9§3.  COMMEECE  neglected.  Egypt.  With  re- 
gard to  any  intercourse  with  other  nations  by 
commerce,  the  Egyptians  had  so  little  genius  of 
that  sort,  that  while  the  Red  Sea  was  left  open  to 
all  the  maritime  nations  who  chose  to  fre- 
quent it,  they  would  not  suffer  any  of  those 
foreign  vessels  to  enter  an  Egyptian  port. 
They  had  no  ships  of  their  own,  for  their  coun- 
try produced  no  timber  fit  for  the  construction 
even  of  the  small  boats  employed  in  navigating 
the  Nile,  which  obliged  them  to  use  baked  earth 
for  that  purpose,  and  sometimes  reeds  covered 
with  varnish.  They  held  the  sea  in  detesta- 
tion, from  a  religious  prejudice,  and  they  avoid- 
ed all  intercourse  with  mariners. —  Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4. 

984.  COMMEBCE,  Patriotism  of.  American 
Revolution.  [During  the  excitement  aroused  by 
the  Stamp  Act,]  the  importers  of  New  York, 
Boston,  and  Philadelphia  entered  into  a  solemn 
'Compact  to  purchase  no  more  goods  of  Great 
Britain  until  the  Stamp  Act  should  be  repealed. 
And  the  people  applauded  the  action  of  the 
merchants,  and  cheerfully  denied  themselves  all 
imported  luxuries. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  37. 

985.  COMMEBCE,  Pioneers  of.  Plmniciam. 
To  the  Phoenicians  all  antiquity  has  joined  in 
attributing  the  invention  of  navigation ;  or,  at 
least,  it  seems  an  agreed  point  that  they  were 
the  earliest  among  the  nations  of  antiquity  who 
made  voyages  for  the  sake  of  commerce.  The 
Canaanites  (for  it  is  by  that  name  that  the  Phoe- 
nicians are  known  in  Scripture)  were  a  power- 
ful people  in  the  days  of  Abraham. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  5,  p.  49. 

986.  COMMERCE,  Piracy  of.  By  Great  Brit- 
•ain.  A.  D.  1755.  France  and  England  were  still 
at  peace  ;  and  their  commerce  was  mutually  pro- 
tected by  the  sanction  of  treaties.  Of  a  sudden 
hostile  orders  were  issued  to  all  British  vessels  of 
war  to  take  all  French  vessels,  private  as  well  as 
public  ;  and  without  warning  ships  from  the 
French  colonies  .  .  .  were  carried  into  English 
ports. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  9. 

987.  COMMEECE  and  PoUtics.  Controlling 
Oovernment.  The  progress  of  European  civiliza- 
tion had  endowed  commerce  with  legislative 
power.  Its  councils  prevailed  in  England, 
where  it  dictated  the  national  policy,  prescribed 
alliances,  and  menaced  wars.  In  America  the 
political  influence  of  commerce  sprung,  not  from 
progress,  but  from  sympathy  with  the  movement 
of  Europe  ;  and  it  was  less  gloriously  content 
with  introducing  new  maxims  of  legislation  and 
new  systems  of  finance. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  23. 

988.  COMMEBCE,  Precedence  of.  Savages. 
Water,  ever  a  favorite  highway,  is  especially  the 
highway  of  uncivilized  man  ;  to  those  who  have 
no  axes  the  thick  jungle  is  impervious  ;  emigra- 
tion by  water  suits  savage  life  ;  canoes  are  older 
than  wagons,  and  ships  than  chariots  ;  a  gulf,  a 
strait,  the  sea  intervening  between  islands,  di- 
vide less  than  the  matted  forest. —  Bancroft's 
U.  S..  vol.  3,  ch.  32. 


989.  COMMEECE  prohibited.  Spartans. 
Commerce  was  strictly  prohibited ;  and  al- 
though the  territory  of  Lacedaemon  contained  a 
considerable  extent  of  sea-coast,  and  afforded 
many  excellent  harbors,  the  Spartans  allowed 
no  foreigners  to  approach  their  shores,  and  had 
not  a  single  trading  vessel  of  their  own. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  9,  p.  92. 

990.  COMMEECE,  Bevenge  of.  British.  [After 
the  Americans  threw  British  tea  into  Boston 
harbor]  Parliament  made  haste  to  find  revenge. 
On  the  last  day  of  March,  1774,  the  Boston  Port 
Bill  was  passed.  It  was  enacted  that  no  kind 
of  merchandise  should  any  longer  be  landed  or 
shipped  at  the  wharves  of  Boston.  The  custom- 
house was  removed  to  Salem,  but  the  people  of 
that  town  refused  the  benefits  which  were  prof- 
fered by  the  hand  of  tyranny.  The  inhabitants 
of  Marblehead  tendered  the  free  use  of  their 
warehouses  to  the  merchants  of  Boston. — Rid- 
path's U.  S.,  ch.  37. 

991.  COMMEECE  and  Science.  Discovery  of 
America,  John  Cabot,  a  Venetian  merchant 
residing  in  Bristol  .  .  .  and  his  son  Sebastian 
first  approached  the  continent  which  no  Euro- 
pean had  dared  to  visit,  or  had  known  to  exist. 
.  .  .  Thus  the  discovery  of  our  continent  was  an 
exploit  of  private  mercantile  adventure ;  and 
the  possession  of  the  new-found  land  was  a 
right  vested  by  an  exclusive  patent  in  the  family 
of  a  Bristol  merchant.  .  .  .  He  gave  England  a 
continent,  and  no  one  knows  his  burial-place. — 
Bancroft's  Hist.  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

992.  COMMEECE,  Spirit  of.  Selfish.  One  most 
natural  effect  of  the  commercial  spirit  is  a  selfish 
and  interested  turn  of  mind  ;  a  habit  of  measur- 
ing everything  by  the  standard  of  profit  and  loss, 
and  a  predominant  idea  that  wealth  is  the  main 
constituent  both  of  public  and  private  happiness. 
The  contrast  of  character,  in  this  respect,  be- 
tween the  Romans  and  Carthaginians,  has  been 
finely  remarked  by  Polybius.  "  In  all  things," 
says  that  judicious  writer,  "  which  regard  the  ac- 
quisition of  wealth,  the  manners  and  customs  of 
the  Romans  are  infinitely  preferable  to  those  of 
the  Carthaginians.  This  latter  people  esteemed 
nothing  to  be  dishonorable  that  was  connected 
with  gain.  Among  them  money  is  openly  em- 
ployed to  purchase  the  dignities  and  offices  of 
the  State  ;  but  all  such  proceedings  are  capital 
crimes  at  Rome."  I  am  afraid  that  a  contrast, 
so  honorable  to  the  Romans,  could  only  have 
been  made  with  justice  in  the  early  periods  of 
the  republic  ;  since  we  know  that  without  an  in- 
crease of  commerce,  to  which  might  be  attribut- 
ed the  consequent  increase  of  corruption  and 
venality,  those  vices  had  attained  to  as  great  a 
height  toward  the  end  of  the  republic  at  Rome 
as  ever  they  had  done  at  Carthage.  But  wealth 
acquired  by  plunder,  rapine  and  peculation  is 
yet  more  corruptive  of  the  manners  of  a  peo- 
ple than  riches  acquired  by  merchandise. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  8. 

993. .     TJnwarlike.    Another  effect 

of  the  prevalence  of  the  commercial  spirit  is 
to  depress  the  military  character  of  a  people, 
and  to  render  them  indisposed  to  warlike  enter- 
prises. The  advancement  of  trade  cannot  take 
place  in  anjy^  bigh  degree  unless  a  nation  is  at 
peace  with  its  neighbors,  and  enjoys  domestic  se- 
curity.    The  prospect  of  that  precarious  gain 


118 


COMMERCE— COMMUNISM. 


which  arises  from  warfare  will  not  weigh  against 
the  certain  advantages  which  commerce  derives 
from  a  state  of  peace.  The  ari;  of  war  will  not, 
therefore,  flourish  as  a  profession  among  a  com- 
mercial people,  and  the  practice  of  it  will  gen- 
erally be  intrusted  to  mercenary  troops.  Military 
rank  will  be  in  low  esteem,  because,  when  pur- 
chased, it  ceases  in  a  great  degree  to  be  honor- 
able. Thus  the  Carthaginians,  though  certain- 
ly not  inferior  by  nature  to  the  Romans  in  cour- 
age and  military  prowess,  were  become  so  from 
habit  and  education.  The  armies  of  the  empire 
were  not  composed  of  its  native  subjects  ;  they 
were  mercenaries,  and,  therefore,  had  no  natu- 
ral affection  for  that  soil  which  they  were  called 
to  defend,  or  that  people  who  were  nothing  more 
than  their  paymasters.  Hence  the  signal  inferi- 
ority of  their  armies  to  the  Romans,  unless  when 
commanded  by  Carthaginian  generals  of  high 
natural  military  genius. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
3,  ch.  8. 

994.  COMMERCE,  Success  by.  Dutch.  Amster- 
dam profited  by  this  decline  of  commerce  on  the 
Baltic,  and  upon  the  demolition  of  Antwerp  be- 
came, as  we  have  already  said,  the  greatest  com- 
mercial city  of  the  north.  Inhabiting  a  country 
gained  almost  entirely  from  the  sea,  and  extreme- 
ly unfruitful,  the  Dutch,  urged  by  necessity,  by 
the  means  of  trade  alone,  and  domestic  manufact- 
ures, attained  to  a  very  high  degree  of  wealth 
and  splendor.  The  countrj'^  of  Holland  does  not 
produce  what  is  sufllcient  to  maintain  the  hun- 
dredth part  of  its  inhabitants.  The  Dutch  have 
no  timber  nor  maritime  stores,  no  coals,  no  metal, 
yet  their  commerce  furnished  them  with  every- 
thing. Their  granaries  were  full  of  corn,  even 
when  the  harvest  failed  in  the  most  fertile  coun- 
tries ;  their  naval  stores  were  most  abundant,  and 
the  populousness  of  this  country,  which,  in  real- 
ity, is  but  a  bank  of  barren  sand,  exceeded  pro- 
digiously that  of  the  most  fruitful  and  most  cul- 
tivated of  the  European  kingdoms. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  18. 

995.  COMMUNION  with  God.  Cromwell. 
Here  again  is  a  letter  to  one  of  his  daughters, 
when  the  writer  was  on  board  the  John,  on  his 
expedition  to  Ireland  :  "  My  Dear  Daughter  : 
Your  letter  was  very  welcome  to  me.  I  like  to 
see  anything  from  your  hand  ;  because,  indeed, 
I  stick  not  to  say  I  do  entirely  love  you.  And, 
therefore,  I  hope  a  word  of  advice  will  not  be  un- 
welcome nor  unacceptable  to  thee.  I  desire 
you  both  to  make  it,  above  all  things,  your  busi- 
ness to  seek  the  Lord  ;  to  be  frequently  calling 
upon  Him  that  He  would  manifest  Himself  to 
you  in  His  Son  ;  and  be  listening  what  returns 
He  makes  to  you,  for  He  will  be  speaking  in  your 
ear  and  your  heart  if  you  attend  thereunto." — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  p.  163. 

996.  COMMUNION  hy  Likeness.  John  Milton. 
The  style  of  "  Paradise  Lost "  is  then  only  the  nat- 
ural expression  of  a  soul  thus  exquisitely  nour- 
ished upon  the  best  thoughts  and  finest  words  of 
all  ages.  It  is  the  language  of  one  who  lives  in 
the  companionship  of  the  great  and  the  wise  of 
past  time.  It  is  inevitable  that  when  such  a 
one  speaks  his  tones,  his  accent,  the  melodies  of 
his  rhythm,  the  inner  harmonies  of  his  linked 
thoughts,  the  grace  of  his  allusive  touch,  should 
escape  the  common  ear.  To  follow  Milton,  one 
should  at  least  have  tasted  the  same  training 


through  which  he  put  himself.  Te  quoque  dig- 
num  Jinge  dec.  The  many  cannot  see  it,  and 
complain  that  the  poet  is  too  learned.  They 
would  have  Milton  talk  like  Bunyan  or  William 
Cobbett,  whom  they  understand. — Milton,  by 
M.  Pattison,  ch.  18. 

997.  COMMUNION,  Unity  by.  Fox— Crom- 
well. To  the  witness  of  the  young  Quaker  against 
priestcraft  and  war,  he  replied  :  "  It  is  very  good  ; 
it  is  truth  ;  if  thou  and  I  were  but  an  hour  of  a  day 
together,  we  should  be  nearer  one  to  the  other.'* 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11. 

998.  COMMUNISM,  American.  Colonists.  The 
man  who  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  organizing 
the  London  Company  was  Bartholomew  Gos- 
nold.  .  .  .  By  the  terms  of  the  charter,  the  affairs: 
of  the  company  were  to  be  administered  by  a 
superior  council  residing  in  London  and  an  in- 
ferior council  residing  in  the  colony  [now  em- 
braced in  Virginia,  Carolinas,  and  westward]. 
...  In  the  first  organization  of  the  companies^ 
not  a  single  principle  of  self-government  was  ad- 
mitted. The  most  foolish  clause  in  the  patent 
was  that  which  required  the  proposed  colony  or 
colonies  to  hold  all  property  in  common  for  five 
years. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  7. 

999.  COMMUNISM,  Equality  by.  Lycurgus. 
A  bold  political  enterprise  of  Lycurgus  was  a 
new  division  of  the  lands.  For  he  found  a  pro- 
digious inequality,  the  city  overcharged  with 
many  indigent  persons  who  had  no  land,  and 
the  wealth  centred  in  the  hands  of  a  few.  De- 
termined, therefore,  to  root  out  the  evils  of  inso- 
lence, envy,  avarice,  and  luxury,  and  those  dis- 
tempers of  a  state  still  more  inveterate  and  fatal — 
I  mean  poverty  and  riches — he  persuaded  them 
to  cancel  all  former  divisions  of  land,  and  to  make 
new  ones,  in  such  a  manner  that  they  might  be 
perfectly  equal  in  their  possessions  and  way  of 
living.  A  story  goes  of  our  legislator,  that  some 
time  after  returning  from  a  journey  through  the 
fields  just  reaped,  and  seeing  the  shocks  standing, 
parallel  and  equal,  he  smiled  and  said  to  some 
that  were  by,  "  How  like  is  Laconia  to  an  estate 
newly  divided  among  many  brothers !"  After 
this  he  attemped  to  divide  also  the  movables,  in 
order  to  take  away  all  appearance  of  inequality  ;. 
but  he  soon  perceived  that  they  could  not  bear  to 
have  their  goods  directly  taken  from  them,  and 
therefore  took  another  method,  counter-work- 
ing their  avarice  by  a  stratagem. — Plutarch's 
"Lycurgus." 

f  000. .     Spartans.     Agis  IV.  had 

succeeded  to  one  branch  of  the  throne  of  Sparta 
a  short  time  before  Aratus  was  chosen  praetor  of 
the  Achaian  States.  This  prince,  a  better  man 
than  a  wise  politician,  had  cherished  the  chimeri- 
cal project  of  restoring  the  ancient  laws  of  Lycur- 
gus, as  conceiving  this  the  only  means  of  rescu- 
ing his  country  from  the  disorders  induced  by 
the  universal  corruption  of  its  manners.  But 
there  is  a  period  when  political  infirmity  has  at- 
tained such  a  pitch  that  recovery  is  impossible  ; 
and  Sparta  had  arrived  at  that  period.  The  de- 
sign of  Agis,  of  course,  embraced  the  radical  re- 
form of  a  new  division  of  all  the  land  of  the  re- 
public— a  project  sufl3cient  to  rouse  the  indigna- 
tion and  secure  the  mortal  enmity  of  the  whole  of 
the  higher  class  of  citizens,  and  of  almost  every 
man  of  weight  and  consideration  in  his  country. 
The  plan  was  therefore  to  be  conducted  with 


COMMUNISM— COMPLAINTS. 


11J> 


the  greatest  caution  and  secrecy  till  sufficiently 
ripened  for  execution ;  but  Agis  was  betrayed 
by  his  own  confidants.  Leonidas,  his  colleague 
in  the  sovereignty,  had  imbibed  a  relish  for  lux- 
ury from  his  Asiatic  education  at  the  court  of 
Seleucus,  and  was  thus  easily  persuaded  to  take 
the  part  of  the  richest  citizens  in  opposing  this 
violent  revolution,  which  threatened  to  reduce  all 
ranks  of  men  to  a  level  of  equality.  .  .  .  After 
compelling  Agis  to  take  shelter  in  the  Temple 
of  Minerva,  they  seized  the  opportunity  of  his  go- 
ing to  the  bath,  and  dragged  him  to  the  common 
prison,  where  a  tribunal  of  the  Ephori,  summon- 
ed by  his  colleague  Leonidas,  sat  ready  to  judge 
him  as  a  State  criminal.  He  was  asked,  by  whose 
evil  counsel  he  had  been  prompted  to  disturb  the 
laws  and  government  of  his  country  ?  "I  need- 
ed none  to  prompt  me,"  said  the  king,  "to  act 
as  I  thought  right.  My  design  was  to  restore  your 
ancient  laws,  and  to  govern  according  to  the  plan 
of  the  excellent  Lycurgus  ;  and  though  I  see  my 
death  is  inevitable,  I  do  not  repent  of  my  design." 
The  judges  hereupon  pronounced  sentence  of 
death,  and  the  virtuous  Agis  was  carried  forth 
from  their  presence  and  immediately  strangled. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  5. 

1001.  COMMUNISM,  Vicious.  Reign  of  Kobad. 
The  people  were  deluded  and  inflamed  by  the 
fanaticism  of  Mazdak,  who  asserted  the  com- 
munity of  women  and  the  equality  of  mankind, 
while  he  appropriated  the  richest  lands  and  most 
beautiful  females  to  the  use  of  his  sectaries. 
Mazdak  [note]  announced  himself  as  a  reformer 
of  Zoroastrianism,  and  carried  the  doctrine  of 
the  two  principles  to  a  much  greater  height.  He 
preached  the  absolute  indifference  of  human  ac- 
tion, perfect  equality  of  rank,  community  of 
property  and  of  women,  marriages  between  the 
nearest  kindred  ;  he  interdicted  the  use  of  animal 
food,  proscribed  the  killing  animals  for  food,  en- 
forced a  vegetable  diet  .  .  .  and  Mazdak  was  en- 
rolled with  Thoth,  Saturn,  Zoroaster,  Pythago- 
ras, Epicurus,  John,  and  Christ,  as  the  teachers  of 
true  Gnostic  wisdom. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  42. 

1002.  COMMUNISTS,  Conspicuous.    Levellers. 
,   [The  Levellers]  became  conspicuous  in  Crom- 

■  well's  army  who  declared,  "that  all  degrees  of 
man  should  be  levelled,  and  an  equality  should 

I  be  establisbed,  both  in  titles  and  estates, 
f  throughout  the  kingdom." — Knight's  Eng., 
\  vol.  4,  ch.  6. 

j  1003.  COMMUNISTS,  Dangerous.  The  "  Lev- 
I  dlers  "  of  1649  were,  in  a  small  way,  the  precur- 
'  sors  of  the  "  Socialists"  of  1849,  [Thirty  men, 
I  headed  by  one  formerly  in  the  army,  who  called 
;  himself  a  Prophet,  appeared  in  Surrey,  in  a  sandy 
'  district.  They  took  possession  of  the  ground,  and 

■  began  to  dig  and  dibble  beans  in  that  planting 
i  time.  They  said  they  should  shortly  be  four 
I  thousand  in  number  ;  that  they  should  pull  down 
i  park-pales  and  lay  all  open.  The  Prophet  was 
I  taken  before  an  officer  of  the  government,  when 

he  declared  that  a  vision  had  appeared  to  him 
and  said  :]  "  Arise,  and  dig  and  plough  the  earth, 
and  receive  the  fruits  thereof  ;"  that  their  intent 
was  to  restore  the  creation  to  its  former  condi- 
tion, but  that  they  meant  to  meddle  with  what 
i  was  common  and  untilled  ;   but  that  the  time 
I  was  at  hand  when  all  men  shall  willingly  come 
;  in  and  give  up  their  lands  and  estates,  and  sub- 
mit to  this  community  of  goods.  .  .  .  Cromwell 


said  to  the  Council  of  State,  "You  must  make 
an  end  of  this  party,  or  it  will  make  an  end  of 
you." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  chs.  6  and  7. 

1004.  COMPARISONS,  Invidious.  Feast  Day. 
Another  officer,  who  thought  he  had  done  the 
State  some  service,  setting  himself  up  against 
Themistocles,  and  venturing  to  compare  his  own 
exploits  with  his,  he  answered  him  with  this- 
fable  :  "  There  once  happened  a  dispute  between 
the  feast  day  and  the  day  after  the  feast.  Says- 
the  day  after  tlie  feast,  I  am  full  of  bustle  and 
trouble,  whereas,  with  you,  folks  enjoy,  at  their 
ease,  everything  ready  provided.  You  say  right, 
says  the  feast  day,  but  if  I  had  not  been  before 
you,  you  would  not  have  been  at  all.  So,  had  it 
not  been  for  me,  then  where  would  you  have  been 
now  ?" — Plutarch's  "  Tilbjmistocles." 

1005.  COMPASSION,  Discreditable.  James  11. 
Though  vindictive,  he  was  not  indiscriminately 
vindictive.  Not  a  single  instance  can  be  men- 
tioned in  which  he  showed  a  generous  compas- 
sion to  those  who  had  opposed  him  honestly  and 
on  public  grounds  ;  but  he  frequently  spared  and 
promoted  those  whom  some  vile  motive  had  in- 
duced to  injure  him  ;  for  that  meanness  which, 
marked  them  out  as  fit  implements  of  tyranny 
was  so  precious  in  his  estimation,  that  he  regard- 
ed it  with  some  indulgence,  even  when  it  was  ex- 
hibited at  his  own  expense.  — Macaulay's  Eng.  , 
ch.  4. 

1006.  COMPASSION,  Female.  Indian.  Pontiac 
reserved  for  himself  the  most  difficult  task  of  all 
— the  capture  of  Detroit.  But  in  the  hour  of  im- 
pending doom,  woman's  love  interposed  to  save 
the  garrison  from  butchery.  An  Indian  girl  of 
the  O jibway  nation  came  to  the  fort  with  a  pair  of 
moccasins  for  Major  Gladwyn,  the  commandant,, 
and  in  parting  with  him  manifested  unusual 
agitation  and  distress.  She  was  seen  to  linger  at 
the  street  corner,  and  the  sentinel  summoned  her 
to  return  .  .  .  after  much  persuasion  .  .  .  she 
revealed  the  plot.  [The  Indian's  treachery  did 
not  succeed.] — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  35. 

1007.  COMPETITORS,  Ignoble.  Roman  Em- 
pertyr  Oratian.  Among  the  various  arts  which 
had  exercised  the  youth  of  Gratian,  he  had  ap- 
plied himself,  with  singular  inclination  and  suc- 
cess, to  manage  the  horse,  to  draw  the  bow,  and 
to  dart  the  javelin ;  and  these  qualifications, 
which  might  be  useful  to  a  soldier,  were  prosti- 
tuted to  the  viler  purposes  of  hunting.  Large 
parks  were  enclosed  for  the  Imperial  pleasures, 
and  plentifully  stocked  with  every  species  of  wild 
beasts ;  and  Gratian  neglected  the  duties,  and 
even  the  dignity,  of  his  rank,  to  consume  whole 
days  in  the  vain  display  of  his  dexterity  and 
boldness  in  the  chase.  The  pride  and  wish  of 
the  Roman  emperor  to  excel  in  an  art  in  which 
he  might  be  surpassed  by  the  meanest  of  his 
slaves  reminded  the  numerous  spectators  of  the 
examples  of  Nero  and  Commodus. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  27. 

100§.  COMPLAINTS,  Disregarded.  Billeting 
Act  of  Parliament,  a.d.  1766.  Samuel  Adams 
.  .  .  called  across  the  continent  to  the  patriot 
most  like  himself,  Christopher  Gadsden  of  South 
Carolina.  "Tell  me,  sir,"  said  he  of  the  Billet- 
ing Act,  "whether  this  is  not  taxing  the  colo- 
nies as  effectually  as  the  Stamp  Act  ?  And  if  so, 
either  we  have  complained  without  reason,  or  wc 


120 


COMPLIMENT— COMPROMISE. 


Tiave  still  reason  to  complain."  —  Bancroft's 
TJ.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  27. 

1009.  COMPLIMENT,  False.  Bobert  Burns. 
[Burns  sympathized  with  the  French  Republi- 
cans during  the  war  between  England  and 
France.]  The  poet,  when  in  his  cups,  had  in 
the  hearing  of  a  certain  captain  proposed  as  a 
toast,  "May  our  success  in  the  present  war  be 
equal  to  the  justice  of  our  cause."  The  soldier 
called  him  to  account — a  duel  seemed  imminent, 
and  Burns  had  next  day  to  write  an  apologetic 
letter,  in  order  to  avoid  the  risk  of  ruin. — 
•Shairp's  Burns,  ch.  7. 

1010.  COMPLIMENT,  Graceful.  William  of 
Orange.  [After  the  illegal  acts  of  James  II.  and 
his  flight,  William  came  to  London.]  The  law- 
yers paid  their  homage,  headed  by  Maynard, 
who,  at  ninety  years  of  age,  was  as  alert  and 
clear-headed  as  when  he  stood  up  in  Westminster 
Hall  to  accuse  Strafford.  "Mr.  Sergeant,"  said 
the  prince,  "  you  must  have  survived  all  the  law- 
yers of  your  standing."  "Yes,  sir,"  said  the  old 
man,  "  and  but  for  your  highness  I  should  have 
.survived  the  laws  too."  —  Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  10. 

1011.  COMPLIMENT  misappropriated.  Cato. 
Cato  the  philosopher,  then  a  young  man,  but  al- 
ready celebrated  for  his  virtue  and  greatness  of 
mind,  went  to  see  Antioch  when  Pompey  was 
not  there.  According  to  custom,  he  travelled  on 
foot,  but  his  friends  accompanied  him  on  horse- 
back. When  he  approached  the  city  he  saw  a 
^reat  number  of  people  before  the  gates,  all  in 
white,  and  on  the  way  a  troop  of  young  men 
ranged  on  one  side,  and  of  boys  on  the  other. 
'This  gave  the  philosopher  pain,  for  he  thought 
it  a  compliment  intended  him,  which  he  did  not 
want.  However,  he  ordered  his  friends  to  alight 
and  walk  with  him.  As  soon  as  they  were  near 
enough  to  be  spoken  with,  the  master  of  the  cer- 
emonies, with  a  crown  on  his  head  and  a  staff 
of  office  in  his  hand,  came  up  and  asked  them 
Avhere  they  had  left  Demetrius,  and  when  he 
might  be  expected.  Cato's  companions  laughed, 
but  Cato  said  only,  "Alas!  poor  city,"  and  so 
passed  on. — Plutarch. 

1012.  COMPOSITION, Hasty.  SamuelJohnson. 
He  had,  from  the  irritability  of  his  constitution, 
at  all  times  an  impatience  and  hurry  when  he 
either  read  or  wrote.  A  certain  apprehension, 
arising  from  novelty,  made  him  write  his  first 
exercise  at  college  twice  over  ;  but  he  never  took 
that  trouble  with  any  other  composition  ;  and 
his  most  excellent  works  were  struck  off  at  a 
heat,  with  rapid  exertion.— Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  14. 

1013.  COMPOSITION,  Labor  of.  Wordswm-th. 
[a.d.  1803.]  I  do  not  know  from  what  cause 
it  is,  but  during  the  last  three  years  I  have  never 
had  a  pen  in  my  hand  for  five  minutes  before 
my  whole  frame  becomes  a  bundle  of  uneasiness  ; 
a  perspiration  starts  out  all  over  me,  and  my 
chest  is  oppressed  in  a  manner  which  I  cannot 
describe." — Myer's  Wordsworth,  ch.  1. 

1014.  COMPOSITION,  Method  in.  John  Mil- 
ton. Bed,  with  its  warmth  and  recumbent  post- 
ure, he  found  favorable  to  composition.  At 
other  times  he  would  compose  or  prune  his 
verses  as  he  walked  in  the  garden,  and  then, 
coming  in,  dictate.   His  verse  was  not  at  the  com- 


mand of  his  will.  Sometimes  he  would  lay 
awake  the  whole  night,  trying  but  unable  to 
make  a  single  line.  At  other  times  lines  flowed 
without  premeditation,  "  with  a  certain  impetus 
and  sestro."  His  vein,  he  said,  flowed  only  from 
the  vernal  to  the  autumnal  equinox.  Phillips 
here  transposes  the  seasons,  though  he  has  pre- 
served the  authentic  fact  of  intermittent  inspira- 
tion. It  was  the  spring  which  restored  to  Mil- 
ton, as  it  has  to  other  poets,  the  buoyancy  nec- 
essary to  composition.  What  he  composed  at 
night  he  dictated  in  the  day,  sitting  obliquely 
in  an  elbow-chair,  with  his  leg  thrown  over  the 
arm.  He  would  dictate  forty  lines,  as  it  were  in 
a  breath,  and  then  reduce  them  to  half  the  num- 
ber.— Milton,  by  M.  Pattison,  ch.  12. 

1015.  COMPOSITION,  Swift.  Waverley  Novels. 
"  The  last  two  volumes,"  says  Scott,  in  a  letter  to 
Mr.  Morritt,  "were  written  in  three  weeks."  .  .  . 
If  that  is  not  extempore  writing,  it  is  difficult 
to  say  what  extempore  writing  is.  But  in  truth 
there  is  no  evidence  that  any  one  of  the  novels 
was  labored,  or  even  so  much  as  carefully  com- 
posed. Scott's  method  of  composition  was  al- 
ways the  same  ;  and,  when  writing  an  imagina- 
tive work,  the  rate  of  progress  seems  to  have 
been  pretty  even,  depending  much  more  on  the 
absence  of  disturbing  engagements  than  on  any 
mental  irregularity.  The  morning  was  always 
his  brightest  time  ;  but  morning  or  evening,  in 
country  or  in  town,  well  or  ill,  writing  with  his 
own  pen  or  dictating  to  an  amanuensis  in  the 
intervals  of  screaming-fits  due  to  the  torture  of 
cramp  in  the  stomach,  Scott  spun  away  at  his 
imaginative  web  almost  as  evenly  as  a  silkworm 
spins  at  its  golden  cocoon.  Nor  can  I  detect  the 
slightest  trace  of  any  difference  in  quality  be- 
tween the  stories,  such  as  can  be  reasonably 
ascribed  to  comparative  care  or  haste.  —  Hut- 
ton's  Scott,  ch.  10. 

1016.  COMPOSITION  and  Toil.  Bobert  Burns. 
The  farmhouse  of  Mossgiel  .  .  .  consisted  of 
only  two  rooms,  a  but  and  a  ben,  as  they  were 
called  in  Scotland.  Over  these,  reached  by  a 
trap  stair,  is  a  small  garret,  in  which  Robert  and 
his  brother  used  to  sleep.  Thither,  when  he  had 
returned  from  his  day's  work,  the  poet  used  to 
retire,  and  seat  Ipmself  at  a  small  deal-table, 
lighted  by  a  narrow  sky-light  in  the  roof,  to 
transcribe  the  verses  which  he  had  composed  in 
the  fields.  His  favorite  time  for  composition 
was  at  the  plough. — Shairp's  Burns,  ch.  1. 

1017.  COMPROMISE,  Failure  of.  Missouri. 
In  January  of  1854  Senator  Stephen  A.  Doug- 
las brought  before  the  Senate  ...  a  proposition 
to  organize  the  territories  of  Kansas  and  Nebras- 
ka ..  .  providing  that  the  people  of  the  two  ter- 
ritories, in  forming  their  constitutions,  should  de- 
cide for  themselves -wYiQihev  the  new  States  should 
be  free  or  slave-holding.  This  was  a  virtual  re- 
peal of  the  Missouri  Compromise,  for  both  the 
new  territories  lay  north  of  the  parallel  of  thirty- 
six  degrees  and  thirty  minutes.  Thus  by  a  sin- 
gle stroke  the  old  settlement  of  the  Slavery  ques- 
tion was  to  be  undone.  From  January  till  May 
Mr.  Douglas'  report,  known  as  the  Kansas  and 
Nebraska  bill,  was  debated  in  Congress.  All  the 
bitter  sectional  antagonisms  of  the  past  were 
aroused  in  full  force.  [It  was  passed  and  signed 
in  May  by  the  President.]— Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  60. 


COMPROMISE— CONCEIT. 


121 


101  §.  COMPROMISE,  QuaUficationsfor.  Thom- 
as Cranmer.  The  man  who  took  the  chief  part  in 
settling  the  conditions  of  the  alliance  which  pro- 
duced the  Anglican  Church  was  Thomas  Cran- 
mer. He  was  the  representative  of  both  parties, 
which,  at  that  time,  needed  each  other's  assist- 
ance. He  was  at  once  a  divine  and  a  statesman. 
.  .  ,  His  temper  and  his  understanding  emi- 
nently fitted  him  to  act  as  a  mediator.  Saintly 
in  his  professions,  unscrupulous  in  his  dealings, 
zealous  for  nothing,  bold  in  speculation,  a  cow- 
ard and  a  time-server  in  action,  a  placable  enemy 
and  a  lukewarm  friend,  he  was  in  every  way 
qualified  to  arrange  the  terms  of  the  coalition 
between  the  religious  and  worldly  enemies  of 
popery. — Macaulay's  Ejtg.,  ch.  1. 

1019.  COMPEOMISE  rejected.  Aristides  the 
Just,  Mardonius,  notwithstanding  his  immense 
force,  seemed  to  have  greater  hopes  of  Persian 
gold  than  Persian  valor.  He  attempted  to  cor- 
rupt the  Athenians  by  offering  them  the  com- 
mand of  all  Greece,  if  they  would  desert  the 
confederacy  of  the  united  States.  Aristides  was 
then  archon  ;  he  answered,  that  while  the  sun 
held  its  course  in  the  firmament  the  Persians  had 
nothing  to  expect  from  the  Athenians  but  mor- 
tal and  eternal  enmity.  So  much  did  he  here 
speak  the  sense  of  his  countrymen,  that  a  single 
citizen  having  moved  in  the  public  assembly  that 
the  Persian  deputies  should  be  allowed  to  explain 
their  proposals,  w^as  instantly  stoned  to  death. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  1. 

1020.  COMPROMISE,  Settlement  by.  Slavery. 
[In  1820]  Senator  Thomas,  of  Illinois,  made  a 
motion  [in  Congress]  that  henceforth  and  forever 
slavery  should  be  excluded  from  all  that  part  of 
the  Louisiana  cession — Missouri  excepted — lying 
north  of  the  parallel  of  thirty -six  degrees  and 
thirty  minutes.  Such  was  the  celebrated  Mis- 
souri Compromise,  one  of  the  most  important 
acts  of  American  legislation — a  measure  chiefly 
supported  by  the  genius  and  carried  through 
Congress  by  the  persistent  efforts  of  Henry  Clay. 

.  .  By  this  compromise  the  slavery  agitation 
was  allayed  till  1849. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  52. 

1021.  COMPROMISE  on  Slavery.  Federal 
Oovernment.  The  compromises  on  the  Slavery 
question,  inserted  in  the  Constitution,  were  among 
the  essential  conditions  upon  which  the  Federal 
■Government  was  organized.  If  the  African  slave 
trade  had  not  been  permitted  to  continue  for 
twenty  years — if  it  had  not  been  conceded  that 
three  fifths  of  the  slaves  should  be  counted  in 
the  apportionment  of  representatives  in  Congress 
—if  it  had  not  been  agreed  that  fugitives  from 
their  service  should  be  returned  to  their  owners, 
the  Thirteen  States  would  not  have  been  able,  in 
1787,  "  to  form  a  more  perfect  union." — Blaine's 
Twenty  Years  in  Congress,  p.  1. 

1022.  COMPROMISE,  Temporizing.  Omnibus 
Bill.  Henry  Clay  appeared  as  peacemaker.  .  .  . 
On  the  9th  of  May  he  brought  forward  as  a  com- 
promise covering  all  the  points  in  dispute  [regard- 
ing slavery]  the  Omnibus  Bill,  of  which  the 
provisions  were  as  follows  :  1st,  the  admission  of 
California  as  a  free  State  ;  2d,  the  formation  of 
new  States,  not  exceeding  four  in  number,  out 
of  the  territory  of  Texas,  said  States  to  permit 
or  exclude  slavery  as  the  people  should  deter- 
mine ;  3d,  tlie  organization  of  territorial  govern- 
ments for  New  Mexico  and  Utah,  without  con- 


ditions on  the  question  of  slavery  ;  4th,  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  present  boundary  between 
Texas  and  New  Mexico,  and  the  payment  to  the 
former,  for  surrendering  the  latter,  the  sum  of 
$10,000,000  from  the  national  treasury;  5th, 
the  enactment  of  a  more  rigorous  law  for  the 
recovery  of  fugitive  slaves ;  6th,  the  abolition 
of  the  slave  trade  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. . .  .  The  passage  of  the  Omnibus  Bill  brought 
political  quiet,  but  the  moral  convictions  of  very 
few  men  were  altered  by  its  provisions.  Public 
opinion  remained  as  before :  in  the  North,  a 
general,  indefinite,  but  growing  hostility  to  sla- 
very ;  in  the  South,  a  fixed  and  resolute  purpose 
to  defend  and  extend  that  institution. — Rid- 
path's U.  S.,  ch.  59. 

1023.  CONCEALMENT  guarded.  Mahomet. 
His  death  was  resolved,  and  they  agreed  that  a 
sword  from  each  tribe  should  be  buried  in  his^ 
heart,  to  divide  the  guilt  of  his  blood,  and  baffle 
the  vengeance  of  the  Hashemites.  An  angel  or 
a  spy  revealed  their  conspiracy,  and  flight  was 
the  only  resource  of  Mahomet.  At  the  dead  of 
night,  accompanied  by  his  friend  Abubeker,  he 
silently  escaped  from  his  house ;  the  assassins 
watched  at  the  door,  but  they  were  deceived  by 
the  figure  of  All,  who  reposed  on  the  bed,  and 
was  covered  with  the  green  vestment  of  the 
apostle.  .  .  .  Three  days  Mahomet  and  his  com- 
panions were  concealed  in  the  cave  of  Thor,  at 
the  distance  of  a  league  from  Mecca ;  and  in 
the  close  of  each  evening  they  received  from  the 
son  and  daughter  of  Abubeker  a  secret  supply 
of  intelligence  and  food.  The  diligence  of  the 
Koreish  explored  every  haunt  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  city  ;  they  arrived  at  the  entrance 
of  the  cavern,  but  the  providential  deceit  of  a 
spider's  web  and  a  pigeon's  nest  is  supposed  to 
convince  them  that  the  place  was  solitary  and 
inviolate.  "  We  are  only  two,"  said  the  trem- 
bling Abubeker.  "  There  is  a  third,"  replied  the 
prophet;  "it  is  God  Himself." — Gibbon's  Ma- 
homet, p.  35. 

1024.  CONCEALMENT,  Unpleasant.  Bohe- 
mond.  The  great  army  of  the  crusaders  was 
annihilated  or  dispersed ;  the  principality  of 
Antioch  was  left  without  a  head,  by  the  sur- 
prise and  captivity  of  Bohemond.  ...  In  his 
distress  Bohemond  embraced  a  magnanimous 
resolution  ...  of  arming  the  West  against  the 
Byzantine  Empire.  .  .  .  His  embarkation  was 
clandestine  ;  and,  if  we  may  credit  a  tale  of  the 
Princess  Anne,  he  passed  the  hostile  sea  closely 
secreted  in  a  cofiin. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  59. 

1025.  CONCEIT,  Changeless.  Cicero.  "What 
does  Caesar  say  of  my  poems  ?"  he  wrote  again. 
"He  tells  me  in  one  of  his  letters  that  he  has 
never  read  better  Greek.  At  one  place  he  writes 
Va'&vfiuTEpa  [somewhat  careless].  This  is  his 
word.  Tell  me  the  truth.  Was  it  the  matter 
which  did  not  please  him,  or  the  style  ?"  "  Do 
not  be  afraid,"  he  added,  with  candid  simplicity  ; 
"  I  shall  not  think  a  hair  the  worse  of  myseif." 
— Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  18. 

1026.  CONCEIT,  Foolish.  Xerxes.  [His  bridge 
of  boats  across  the  straits  of  the  Dardanelles  being 
destroyed  by  the  sea,]  he  commanded  two  pairs 
of  chains  to  be  thrown  into  the  sea  as  if  to  shackle 
and  confine  it,  and  his  men  to  give  it  three  hun- 
dred strokes  of  a  whip,  and  thus  addressed  it : 
"  Thou  troublesome  and  unhappy  element,  thus 


122 


CONCEIT— CONDUCT. 


does  thy  master  chastise  thee  for  having  affront- 
ed him  without  reason. "  [He  also  took  the  man- 
agers' heads  off.] — Rollin,  vol.  1,  ch.  6. 

1027.  CONCEIT,  Literary.  Thomas  Paine. 
Thomas  Paine  .  .  .  asserted  that  if  he  had  the 
power,  he  would  destroy  all  the  books  in  exist- 
ence, which  only  propagated  error,  and  he  would 
reconstruct  a  new  system  of  ideas  and  princi- 
ples, with  his  own  "  Rights  of  Man"  as  its  founda- 
tion.— Kkight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  11. 

1028.  CONCEIT,  Silly.  Xerxes.  Having  cut 
a  canal  through  the  mountain  for  his  ships,  he 
said:  "  Athos,  thou  proud  and  aspiring  moun- 
tain, that  liftest  up  thy  head  unto  the  heavens, 
I  advise  thee  not  to  be  so  audacious  as  to  put 
rocks  and  stones  which  cannot  be  cut  in  the  way 
of  my  workmen.  If  thou  givest  them  that  op- 
position, I  will  cut  thee  entirely  down  and  throw 
thee  headlong  into  the  sea." — RoiiLIN,  ch.  6, 
p.  250. 

1029.  CONCESSION,  Dangerous.  To  Tribunes. 
The  consuls  assembled  the  people,  and  attempted 
to  justify  the  Senate  ;  but  being  constantly  in- 
terrupted by  the  tribunes,  they  could  not  make 
themselves  be  heard.  They  urged,  that  the  tri- 
bunes having  only  the  liberty  of  opposing,  ought 
to  be  silent  till  a  resolution  was  formed.  The 
tribunes,  on  the  other  hand,  contended  that  they 
had  the  same  privileges  in  an  assembly  of  the 
people  that  the  consuls  had  in  a  meeting  of  the 
Senate.  The  dispute  was  running  high,  when 
one  of  the  consuls  rashly  said,  that  if  the  tribunes 
had  convoked  the  assembly,  they,  instead  of  in- 
terrupting them,  would  not  even  have  taken  the 
trouble  of  coming  there  ;  but  that  the  consuls 
having  called  this  assembly,  they  ought  not  to 
be  interrupted.  This  imprudent  speech  was  an 
acknowledgment  of  a  power  in  the  tribunes  to 
convoke  the  public  assemblies — a  power  which 
they  themselves  had  never  dreamt  of.  It  may 
be  believed  that  they  were  not  remiss  in  laying 
hold  of  the  concession.  They  took  the  whole 
people  to  witness  what  had  been  said  by  the  con- 
suls, and  an  assembly  of  the  people  was  sum- 
moned by  the  tribunes  to  meet  the  next  day. — 
Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  3,  ch.  4. 

1030.  CONCILIATION  by  Favors.  Popular- 
ity. [When  Anne  of  Austria  came  to  the  regen- 
cy of  France,]  in  her  anxiety  to  conciliate  all  par- 
ties, she  commenced  by  granting  them  almost 
whatever  they  demanded.  The  "  Importans," 
charmed  by  her  condescension,  imagined  that 
they  were  henceforth  to  carry  all  before  them  ; 
and  the  witty  De  Retz  declared  that  for  two  or 
three  months  the  whole  French  language  was 
comprised  in  five  little  words — "  the  queen  is  so 
good  !"  These,  however,  were  transient  illu- 
sions.— Students'  France,  ch.  20,  §  1. 

1031.  CONCILIATION,  PoUcy  of.  Ccesar.  He 
wished  to  hand  over  his  conquests  to  his  success- 
or not  only  subdued,  but  reconciled  to  subjec- 
tion. He  invited  the  chiefs  of  all  the  tribes  to 
come  to  him.  He  spoke  to  them  of  the  future 
which  lay  open  to  them  as  members  of  a  splen- 
did Imperial  State.  He  gave  them  magnificent 
presents.  He  laid  no  impositions  either  on  the 
leaders  or  their  people,  and  they  went  to  their 
homes  personally  devoted  to  their  conqueror, 
contented  with  their  condition,  and  resolved  to 
maintain  the  peace  which  was  now  established — 


a  unique  experience  in  political  history.  The 
Norman  conquests  of  England  alone  in  the  least 
resemble  it. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  19. 

1032.  CONCILIATION  vs.  Threatening.     Cc^ 

sar.  [Caesar  had  crossed  the  Rubicon,  and  was. 
marching  toward  Rome.]  Pompey  was  now 
sensible  of  his  weakness.  The  voice  of  the  pub- 
lic openly  expressed  an  impatient  desire  for  the 
arrival  of  Caesar,  who,  on  his  part,  was  rapidly- 
advancing  to  the  gates  of  Rome,  when  Pompey- 
quitted  the  city,  followed  by  the  consuls  and 
the  greater  part  of  the  senators.  Unable  to  col- 
lect a  sufficient  force  in  Italy,  he  passed  over 
into  Epirus  .  .  .  thence  he  trusted  that  he  would 
be  supplied  both  with  troops  and  treasure.  Be- 
fore sailing  from  Brundisium,  he  had  declared 
that  he  would  treat  all  those  as  enemies  who  did 
not  follow  him.  Caesar,  with  more  wisdom,  de- 
clared that  he  would  esteem  all  those  his  friends, 
who  did  not  arm  against  him. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  4,  ch.  2. 

1033.  CONDENSATION,  Literary.  Cm  sar. 
Caesar  turned  his  arms  against  Pharnaces,  the 
son  of  Mithridates,  who  had  seized  the  kingdom 
of  Pontus,  and  meditated,  after  his  father's  ex- 
ample, to  strip  the  Romans  of  their  Asiatic  pos- 
sessions. This  war  he  very  speedily  terminated, 
intimating  its  issue  to  his  friends  at  Rome  in 
three  words,  Veni,  mdi,  vici,  "I  came,  I  saw, 
I  conquered." — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  2. 

1034. .     Virgil.     He  bestowed  the 

greatest  labor  in  polishing  his  writings,  his  hab- 
it being  to  pour  forth  a  vast  quantity  of  verses. 
in  the  morning,  which  he  reduced  to  a  small 
number  by  continual  elaboration,  after  the  man- 
ner— as  he  said — of  a  bear  licking  her  cubs  into 
shape. — Liddell's  Rome,  ch.  71,  §  16. 

1035.  CONDOLENCE  unappreciated.  In  Pe- 
kin.  [At  a  banquet  given  b}^  the  prince  regent, 
he  noticed  General  Grant's  son.]  He  then  asked  if 
he  was  married  and  had  children.  Being  told 
he  had  one,  a  daughter,  he  replied,  "What  a 
pity  !"  In  China  female  children  do  not  count 
in  the  sum  of  human  happiness,  and  when  the 
l)rince  expressed  his  regret  at  the  existence  of 
the  general's  granddaughter,  he  was  saying  the 
most  polite  thing  he  knew. — General  Grant's 
Travels,  p.  411. 

1036.  CONDUCT,  Absurd.  Samuel  Johnson. 
A  physician  being  mentioned  who  had  lost  his 
practice  because  his  whimsically  changing  his 
religion  had  made  people  distrustful  of  him, 
I  maintained  that  this  was  unreasonable,  as  re- 
ligion is  unconnected  with  medical  skill.  John- 
son :  "  Sir,  it  is  not  unreasonable  ;  for  when 
people  see  a  man  absurd  in  what  they  under- 
stand, they  may  conclude  the  same  of  him  in 
what  they  do  not  understand.  If  a  physician 
were  to  take  to  eating  of  horseflesh,  nobody 
would  employ  him  ;  though  one  may  eat  horse- 
flesh, and  be  a  very  skilful  physician.  If  a  man 
were  educated  in  an  absurd  religion,  his  contin- 
uing to  confess  it  would  not  hurt  him,  though 
his  changing  to  it  would." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  284. 

1037.  CONDUCT,  Contradictory.  Steele.  He 
had  two  wives,  whom  he  loved  dearly  and 
treated  badly.  He  hired  grand  houses,  and 
bought  fine  horses  for  which  he  could  never  pay. 
He  was  often  religious,  but  more  often  drunk. 


CONDUCT— CONFIDENCE. 


123 


As  a  man  of  letters,  other  men  of  letters  who 
followed  him,  such  as  Thackeray,  could  not  be 
very  proud  of  him.  But  everybody  loved  him  ; 
and  he  seems  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  that 
flying  literature  which,  with  many  changes  in 
form  and  manner,  has  done  so  much  for  the 
amusement  and  edification  of  readers  ever  since 
his  time. — Trollope's  Thackeray,  ch.  7. 

103§.  CONDUCT,  Dissolute.  A  Sign.  A  sure 
sign  of  corruption  is  to  be  found  in  the  dissolute 
manners  which  were  discovered  among  the 
women.  _  There  were  in  Rome  and  many  Italian 
towns  secret  societies,  in  which  young  men  and 
women  were  dedicated  to  Bacchus  ;  and  under 
the  cloak  of  religious  ceremony  every  kind  of 
license  and  debauchery  was  practised.  —  Lid- 
dell's   Rome,  ch.  42,  §  7. 

1039.  CONDUCT,  Scandalous.  In  high  Life. 
When  one  of  the  waiters  at  Arthur's  Club  was 
committed  on  a  charge  of  felony  [George  Selwyn 
said,  with  as  much  truth  as  wit],  What  a  horrid 
idea  he  will  give  of  us  to  the  people  in  Newgate  ! 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6. 

1040.  CONFESSIONAL,  Secrets  of  the.  Oun- 
powder  Plot.  Heniy  Garnet,  one  of  the  Jesuits 
who  where  concerned  in  the  Gunpowder  Plot, 
obtained  his  knowledge  of  it  at  the  confessional, 
and  on  trial  maintained  ' '  that  he  had  acted  upon 
a  conscientious  persuasion  that  he  was  bound  to 
disclose  nothing  that  he  had  heard  in  sacrament- 
al confession."  He  was  executed. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  21. 

1041.  CONFIDENCE,  Compliment  of.  Cmar. 
[His  troops  were  intimidated  by  exaggerated  re- 
ports of  the  number  and  fierceness  of  the  Ger- 
mans.] Confident  in  himself,  Caesar  had  the 
power,  so  indispensable  for  a  soldier,  of  inspir- 
ing confidence  in  others  as  soon  as  they  came  to 
know  what  he  was.  He  called  his  ofiicers  to- 
gether. He  summoned  the  centurions,  and  re- 
buked them  sharply  for  questioning  his  pur- 
poses. .  .  .  Romans  never  mutinied,  save 
through  the  rapacity  or  incompetence  of  their 
general.  His  life  was  a  witness  that  he  was  not 
rapacious,  and  his  victory  over  the  Helvetii  that 
as  yet  he  had  made  no  mistake.  He  should  order 
the  advance  on  the  next  evening,  and  it  would 
then  be  seen  whether  sense  of  duty  or  cowardice 
was  the  stronger.  If  others  declined,  Caesar  said 
that  he  should  go  forward  alone  with  the  legion 
which  he  knew  would  follow  him,  the  10th, 
which  was  already  his  favorite.  The  speech 
was  received  with  enthusiasm.  The  10th 
thanked  Caesar  for  his  compliment  to  them.  The 
rest,  officers  and  men,  declared  their  willingness 
to  follow  wherever  he  might  lead  them. — 
FnouDE's  C^SAR,  ch.  14. 

1042.  CONFIDENCE  erroneous.  Bonaparte's. 
[At  the  battle  of  Waterloo,]  when  Napoleon  saw 
the  English  in  position  ...  he  exclaimed,  "  At 
last  I  have  them  ;  nine  chances  to  ten  are  in  my 
favor  !"— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  2. 

1043.  CONFIDENCE,  Excess  of.  Major  Andre. 
[The  British  spy  approached  Tarrytown,]  when 
Paulding  got  up  and  presented  a  firelock  at  his 
breast ....  Full  of  the  idea  that  he  could  meet 
none  but  the  friends  of  the  English,  he  answered, 
"  Gentlemen,  I  hope  you  belong  to  our  party  ?" 
"  Which  party  ?"  asked  Paulding.  "  The  lower 
party,"  said  Andre.      Paulding  answered  that 


he  did.  Then  said  Andre  :  "  I  am  a  British  officer 
out  on  particular  business,  and  I  hope  you  will 
not  detain  me  a  minute."  Upon  this  Paulding 
ordered  him  to  dismount.  Seeing  his  mistake, 
Andre  showed  his  pass  from  Arnold,  saying, ' '  By 
your  detaining  me  you  will  detain  the  general's 
business."  .  .  .  [Papers  and  plans  were  found  in 
his  stockings.]  "  This  is  a  spy,"  said  Paulding. 
Andre  offered  100  guineas — any  sum  of  money 
if  they  would  let  him  go.  "  No,"  cried  Pauld- 
ing, "not  for  10,000  guineas."  .  .  .  Congress 
voted  .  .  .  annuities. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol. 
10,  ch.  18. 

1044.  CONFIDENCE,  Perilous.  Harald  II. 
He  might  have  gathered  a  much  more  numerous 
army  than  that  of  William  ;  but  his  recent  vic- 
tory had  made  him  over-confident,  and  he  was 
irritated  by  the  reports  of  the  country  being  rav- 
aged by  the  invaders.  As  soon,  therefore,  as  he 
had  collected  a  small  army  in  London,  he 
marched  off  toward  the  coast,  pressing  forward 
as  rapidly  as  his  men  could  traverse  Surrey  and 
Sussex,  in  the  hope  of  taking  the  Normans  una- 
wares, as  he  had  recently,  by  a  similar  forced 
march,  succeeded  in  surprising  the  Norwegians. 
But  he  had  now  to  deal  with  a  foe  equally  brave 
with  Harald  Hardrada,  and  far  more  skilful  and 
wary. — Dec.  Battles,  §  295. 

1045.  CONFIDENCE,  Power  of.  Bobber.  Mar- 
garet, Queen  of  England,  when  a  fugitive  in  Lor- 
raine, was  plundered  of  her  gold  and  jewels  in  a 
wild  forest  by  a  band  of  robbers.  She  made  her 
escape,  leading  her  boy,  then  about  eleven  years 
old.  In  the  depths  of  the  wood  they  were  again 
encountered  by  a  single  robber.  Margaret,  with 
the  decision  of  her  character,  threw  herself  upon 
the  protection  of  the  outlaw.  "  This  is  the  son 
of  your  king — to  your  care  I  commit  him.  I 
am  your  queen."  The  robber  became  her  friend, 
and  guarded  her  to  a  place  of  security. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

1046.  CONFIDENCE,  Premature.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  [To  Governor  Morgan  of  New  York  : 
"  I  do  not  agree  with  those  who,  after  the  emanci- 
pation proclamation,]  say  slavery  is  dead.  We 
are  like  whalers  who  have  been  on  a  long  chase  ; 
we  have  at  last  got  the  harpoon  into  the  monster, 
but  we  must  now  look  how  Ave  steer,  or,  with 
one  '  flop  '  of  his  tail,  he  will  yet  send  us  all  into 
eternity." — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  752. 

1047.  CONFIDENCE,  Superstitious.  Otho. 
[When  Otho  the  Great  finally  subdued  the  Hun- 
garians, his]  camp  was  blessed  with  the  relics  of 
saints  and  martyrs  ;  and  the  Christian  hero  gird- 
ed on  his  side  the  sword  of  Constantine,  grasped 
the  invincible  spear  of  Charlemagne,  and  waved 
the  banner  of  St.  Maurice,  the  prefect  of  the 
Thebean  legion.  But  his  firmest  confidence 
was  placed  in  the  holy  lance,  whose  point  was 
fashioned  of  the  nails  of  the  cross,  and  which 
his  father  had  extorted  from  the  King  of  Bur- 
gundy by  the  threats  of  war  and  the  gift  of  a 
province. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  55. 

104§.  CONFIDENCE  tested.  Alexander.  [Al- 
exander the  Great  was  taken  sick  while  in  Cilicia 
in  consequence  of  having  bathed  in  the  Cyd- 
nus,  whose  waters  were  very  cold.]  His  phy- 
sicians durst  not  give  him  any  medicines,  be- 
cause they  thought  themselves  not  so  certain 
of  the  cure  as  of  the  danger  they  must  incur 


124 


CONFISCATION— CONFLAGRATION. 


in  the  application  ;  for  they  feared  tlie  Macedo- 
nians, if  they  did  not  succeed,  would  suspect 
them  of  some  bad  practice.  Philip,  the  Acarna- 
nian,  saw  how  desperate  the  king's  case  was,  as 
well  as  the  rest  ;  but,  beside  the  confidence  he 
had  in  his  friendship,  he  thought  it  the  highest 
ingratitude,  when  his  master  was  in  so  much 
danger,  not  to  risk  something  with  him,  in  ex- 
liausting  all  his  art  for  his  relief.  He  therefore 
attempted  the  cure,  and  found  no  difficulty  in 
jjersuading  the  king  to  wait  with  patience  until 
his  medicine  was  prepared,  or  to  take  it  when 
ready  ;  so  desirous  was  he  of  a  speedy  recovery, 
in  order  to  prosecute  the  war.  In  the  mean  time 
Parmenio  sent  him  a  letter  from  the  camp, 
advising  him  to  beware  of  Philip,  whom,  he 
said,  Darius  had  prevailed  upon,  by  presents 
of  infinite  value,  and  the  promise  of  his  daughter 
in  marriage,  to  take  him  off  by  poison.  As 
soon  as  Alexander  had  read  the  letter,  he  put  it 
under  his  pillow,  without  showing  it  to  any  of 
his  friends.  The  time  appointed  being  come, 
Pliilip,  with  the  king's  friends,  entered  the 
chamber,  having  the  cup  which  contained  the 
medicine  in  his  hand.  The  king  received  it 
freely,  without  the  least  marks  of  suspicion,  and 
at  the  same  time  put  the  letter  in  his  hands.  It 
was  a  striking  situation,  and  more  interesting 
than  any  scene  in  a  tragedy — the  one  reading 
while  the  other  was  drinking.  They  looked  up- 
on each  other,  but  with  a  very  different  air.  The 
king,  with  an  open  and  unembarrassed  counte- 
nance, expressed  his  regard  for  Philip  and  the 
confidence  he  had  in  his  honor  ;  Pliilip's  looks 
showed  his  indignation  at  the  calumny.  One, 
while  he  lifted  up  his  eyes  and  hands  to  heaven, 
protesting  his  fidelity  ;  another,  while  he  threw 
himself  down  by  the  bedside,  entreating  his  mas- 
ter to  be  of  good  courage  and  trust  to  liis  care. 
The  medicine,  indeed,  was  so  strong,  and  ovei-- 
powered  liis  spirits  in  such  a  manner,  that  at 
first  he  was  speechless,  and  discovered  scarce 
any  sign  of  sense  or  life.  But  afterward  he 
was  soon  relieved  \iy  this  faithful  physician,  and 
recovered  so  well  that  he  was  able  to  show  him- 
self to  the  Macedonians,  whose  distress  did  not 
abate  until  he  came  personally  before  them. — 
Plutarch's  "Alexander." 

1049.  CONFISCATION,  Avaricious.  Maxi- 
min.  [The  Emperor  was  a  tyrant.  His  avarice 
was]  stimulated  by  the  insatiate  desires  of  the 
soldiers,  at  length  attacked  the  public  property. 
Every  city  of  the  empire  was  possessed  of  an 
independent  revenue,  destined  to  purchase  corn 
for  the  multitude,  and  to  supply  the  expenses  of 
the  games  and  entertainments.  By  a  single  act 
of  authority  the  whole  mass  of  wealth  was  at 
once  confiscated  for  the  use  of  the  Imperial 
treasury.  The  temples  were  stripped  of  their 
most  valuable  offerings  of  gold  and  silver,  and 
the  statues  of  gods,  heroes,  and  emperors  were 
melted  down  and  coined  into  money.  These 
impious  orders  could  not  be  executed  without 
tumults  and  massacres,  as  in  many  places  the 
people  chose  rather  to  die  in  tlie  defence  of  their 
altars  than  to  behold,  in  the  midst  of  peace,  their 
cities  exposed  to  the  rapine  and  cruelty  of  war. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  7. 

1050.  CONFISCATION,  Eeligious.  Alfonse 
d' Albuquerque.  [Having  subdued  for  his  king 
two  of  the  great  peninsulas  of  Southern  Asia, 


and  meditating  the  diverting  of  the  river  Nile 
from  its  course  so  as  to  leave  Egypt  a  desert,] 
lie  died  in  the  odor  of  sanctity,  committing  his 
soul  to  God  and  his  son  to  the  king.  The  last 
days  of  his  life  were  spent  in  hearing  read  his 
favorite  passages  of  the  New  Testament,  during 
which  he  lield  in  his  hands  and  clasped  to  his 
heart  a  small  crucifix.  His  last  words  showed, 
not  merely  that  his  conscience  acquitted  liim  for 
what  he  had  done  against  the  people  of  India, 
but  that  he  regarded  himself  as  an  eminent  sol- 
dier of  the  cross,  as  well  as  a  faithful  servant  of 
his  king.  Nay,  more  ;  his  conduct  toward  the 
Indians  had  never  occurred  to  him  as  a  case  of 
conscience  at  all,  so  completely  was  it  taken  for 
granted  that  no  people  except  Christians  had  any 
rights.  The  earth  was  the  Lord's  and  the  full- 
ness thereof  ;  and  did  it  not  therefore  belong  to 
the  pope,  and  to  Christian  kings,  who  were  tlie 
Lord's  vicar,  and  vicegerents  ? — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  315. 

1051.  CONFLAGRATION,  Defensive.  Colum- 
bia. As  soon  as  it  became  certain  that  Columbia 
must  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  Federals,  Gener- 
al Hardee,  the  commandant  of  Charleston,  deter- 
mined to  abandon  that  city  also  ;  .  .  .  guards 
were  detailed  to  destroy  all  the  warehouses,  stores 
of  cotton,  and  depots  of  supplies  at  Charleston. 
The  torch  was  applied,  the  flames  raged,  and  con- 
sternation spread  throughout  the  city.  The  great 
depot  of  the  Northwestern  Railway,  where  a 
large  quantity  of  powder  was  stored,  caught  fire, 
blew  up  with  terrific  violence,  and  buried  two 
hundred  people  in  its  ruins.  Not  until  four 
squares  in  the  best  part  of  the  city  were  laid 
in  ashes  was  the  conflagration  checked. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  66. 

1052.  CONFLAGRATION,  Destructive.  Boston. 
A  few  days  after  the  Presidential  election  [of 
1872]  the  city  of  Boston  was  visited  by  a  confla- 
gration only  second  in  its  ravages  to  that  of  Chi- 
cago,'.in  the  previous  year.  On  the  evening  of  the 
9th  of  November  a  Are  broke  out  on  the  corner 
of  Kingston  and  Sumner  streets,  spread  to  the 
north-east,  and  continued,  with  almost  unabated 
fury,  until  the  morning  of  the  11th.  The  best 
portion  of  the  city,  embracing  some  of  the  finest 
blocks  in  the  United  States,  was  laid  in  ashes. 
The  burnt  district  covered  an  area,  of  sixty-five 
acres.  Eight  hundred  buildings,  property  to  the 
value  of  $80,000,000,  and  fifteen  lives  were  lost 
by  the  conflagration. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  68. 

1053. .     Chicago.     The  year  1871 

is  noted  in  American  history  for  the  burning  of 
Chicago.  On  the  evening  of  the  8th  of  October 
a  fire  broke  out  in  De  Koven  Street,  and  was 
driven  by  a  high  wind  into  the  lumber-yards  and 
wooden  houses  of  the  neighborhood.  The  flames 
leaped  the  south  branch  of  the  Chicago  River, 
and  spread  with  great  rapidity  through  the  busi- 
ness part  of  the  city.  All  day  long  the  deluge 
of  fire  rolled  on,  across  the  main  channel  of  the 
river,  and  swept  into  a  blackened  ruin  the  whole 
district  between  the  north  branch  and  the  lake 
iis  far  northward  as  Lincoln  Park.  The  area 
burnt  over  was  two  thousand  one  hundred  acres, 
or  three  and  one  third  square  miles.  Nearly  two 
hundred  lives  were  lost  in  the  conflagration, 
and  the  property  destroyed  amounted  to  about 
$200,000,000.  No  such  terrible  devastation  had 
been   witnessed  since   the  burning  of  Moscow 


CONFLAGRATION— CONFLICT. 


125 


in  1812.  In  the  extent  of  the  district  burned 
over,  the  Chicago  fire  stands  first  ;  in  the  amount 
of  property  destroyed,  second  ;  and  in  the  suffer- 
ing occasioned,  third  among  the  great  confla- 
grations of  the  world. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  68. 

1054. .  London.  [In  1666  it  burn- 
ed for  nearly  two  miles  in  length  and  one  in 
breadth,  the  flames  continuing  three  days  and 
three  nights.  The  houses  were  mostly  covered 
with  thatched  straw  roofs ;  the  lead  from  the 
burning  churches  ran  down  the  streets  in  streams. 
The  fire  was  checked  in  its  progress  by  blowing 
up  houses.  Not  more  than  eight  lives  were  lost. 
Two  hundred  thousand  people  of  all  ranks  and 
degrees  were  made  homeless.  Thirteen  thousand 
and  two  hundred  dwellings  were  burned,  also 
eighty-nine  churches,  besides  many  public  struct- 
ures, hospitals,  schools,  libraries,  and  a  vast  num- 
ber of  stately  edifices.  Total  estimated  loss, 
£7,335,000.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  17. 

1055. .    Moscow.   A.D.  1812.    The 

astounding  intelligence  was  brought  to  Napoleon 
that  the  city  was  utterly  deserted.  A  few  miser- 
able creatures,  who  had  been  released  from  the 
prisons  to  engage  in  the  congenial  employment 
of  setting  fire  to  the  city  as  soon  as  the  French 
should  have  taken  possession,  were  found  in  the 
streets.  .  .  .  Rumors  of  the  intended  conflagra- 
tion reached  his  ears.  .  .  .  More  than  a  hundred 
thousand  of  the  wretched  inhabitants,  driven  by 
the  soldiery  from  the  city,  parents  and  children, 
perished  of  cold  and  starvation  in  the  woods. — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  13. 

1056.  .  Moscoic.  The  crown  maga- 
zines, with  vast  stores  of  wine  and  spirits,  were  in 
a  blaze.  Not  a  fire-engine  nor  a  bucket  could 
be  procured.  They  had  all  been  carried  off.  Day 
after  day  the  astonished  soldiers  saw  the  canopy 
of  smoke  and  flame  spreading  over  the  city  of  a 
thousand  domes  and  minarets.  .  .  .  The  con- 
flagration went  on  till,  of  40,000  houses  in  stone, 
only  200  escaped  ;  of  8000  in  wood,  500  only 
were  standing  ;  of  1600  churches,  800  were  con- 
sumed. ...  A  furious  wind  carried  showers  of 
sparks  far  and  near.  .  .  .  Only  one  tenth  of 
the  city  was  left  unconsumed. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  7,  ch.  30,  p.  558. 

1057. .     Neio  York.     On  the  16th 

of  December,  1835,  a  fire  broke  out  in  the  lower 
part  of  New  York  City  and  laid  thirty  acres  of 
buildings  in  ashes.  Five  hundred  and  twenty- 
nine  houses  and  property  valued  at  $18,000,000 
were  consumed. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  54. 

105§. .  Rome.  "Whether  Nero  was 

guilty  of  this  unparalleled  outrage  on  the  lives 
and  fortunes  of  his  subjects  or  not,  certain  it  is 
that  on  July  19th,  a.d.  64,  in  the  tenth  year  of  his 
reign,  a  fire  broke  out  in  shops  full  of  inflam- 
mable materials  which  lined  the  valley  between 
the  Palatine  and  Caelian  hills.  For  six  days  and 
seven  nights  it  rolled  in  streams  of  resistless  flame 
over  the  greater  part  of  the  city,  licking  up  the 
palaces  and  temples  of  the  gods  which  covered 
the  low  hills,  and  raging  through  whole  streets 
of  the  wretched  wooden  tenements  in  which 
dwelt  myriads  of  the  poorer  inhabitants  who 
crowded  the  lower  regions  of  Rome.  When  its 
course  had  been  checked  by  the  voluntary  de- 
struction of  a  vast  mass  of  buildings  which  lay  in 
its  path,  it  broke  out  a  second  time,  and  raged  for 


three  days  longer  in  the  less  crowded  quarters  of 
the  city,  where  its  spread  was  even  more  fatal  to 
public  buildings  and  the  ancient  shrines  of  the 
gods.  Never  since  the  Gauls  burnt  Rome  had 
so  deadly  a  calamity  fallen  on  the  afllicted  city. 
Of  its  fourteen  districts,  four  alone  escaped  un- 
touched ;  three  were  completely  laid  in  ashes  ; 
in  the  seven  others  were  to  be  seen  the  wrecks  of 
many  buildings,  scathed  and  gutted  by  the  flames. 
The  disaster  to  the  city  was  historically  irrepar- 
able. .  .  .  The  sense  of  permanent  loss  was  over- 
whelmed at  first  by  the  immediate  confusion  and 
agony  of  the  scene.  Amid  the  sheets  of  flame 
that  roared  on  every  side  under  the  dense  canopy 
of  smoke,  the  shrieks  of  terrified  women  and  the 
wail  of  infants  and  children  were  heard  above 
the  crash  of  falling  houses.  The  incendiary  fires 
seemed  to  be  bursting  forth  in  so  many  directions 
that  men  stood  staring  in  dumb  stupefaction  at 
the  destruction  of  their  property,  or  rushed  hith- 
er and  thither  in  helpless  amazement.  The  lanes 
and  alleys  were  blocked  up  with  tlie  concourse 
of  struggling  fugitives.  Many  were  suffocated 
by  smoke  or  trampled  down  in  the  press.  Many 
others  were  burnt  to  death  in  their  own  burn- 
ing houses,  some  of  whom  purposely  flung 
themselves  into  the  flames  in  the  depth  of  their 
despair.  .  .  .  When  they  had  escaped  with  bare 
life,  a  vast  multitude  of  homeless,  shivering,  hun- 
gry human  beings,  many  of  them  bereaved  of 
their  nearest  and  dearest  relations,  .  .  .  found 
themselves  huddled  together,  .  .  .  one  vast 
brotherhood  of  hopeless  wretchedness. — Far- 
rar's  Early  Days,  p.  31. 

1059.  CONFLAGRATION  in  War.  Carthage. 
In  a  strong  assault  on  one  of  the  gates,  he  broke 
it  down,  and  entering  with  a  large  force  pene- 
trated to  the  citadel,  which  sustained  a  siege  of 
several  days,  while  the  Romans  were  in  posses- 
sion of  the  town.  At  length  it  was  surrendered. 
Scipio,  unwilling  to  destroy  this  proud  and  splen- 
did capital,  sent  to  Rome  for  further  orders. 
But  these  contained  no  mercy  for  Carthage.  The 
city  was  set  fire  to  in  maiiy  different  quarters. 
Pillage,  carnage,  and  desolation  ensued.  The 
conflagration  lasted  for  seventeen  days.  At  the 
recital  of  a  scene  of  this  kind,  it  is  impossible  to 
restrain  our  indignation,  and  not  to  execrate  that 
barbarous  policy  which  prescribes  a  conduct  so 
contrary  to  every  worthy  feeling  of  the  human 
mind.  Thus  ended  the  ill-fated  Carthage,  in  the 
607th  year  from  the  building  of  Rome,  and  the 
146th  before  the  Christian  era. — Tytler's  Hist.  , 
Book  3,  ch.  9. 

1060.  CONFLICT,  Bootless.  Bntish  at  Bunker 
Hill.  The  number  of  the  killed  and  wounded 
in  [the  British  army  under  Gage]  .  .  .  was  .  .  . 
at  least  1004,  ...  a  third  of  those  engaged. 
.  .  .  The  oldest  soldiers  never  saw  the  like. 
The  battle  of  Quebec,  which  won  half  a  conti- 
nent, did  not  cost  the  lives  of  so  many  officers 
as  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  Avhich  gained  noth- 
ing but  a  place  of  encampment. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  40. 

1061.  CONFLICT,  Land  of.  Kentucky.  Ken- 
tucky has  been  denominated  "  the  Dark  and 
Bloody  Ground"  of  the  savage  aborigines.  It 
never  was  the  habitation  of  any  nation  or  tribe 
of  Indians ;  but  from  the  period  of  the  earliest 
aboriginal  traditions  to  the  appearance  of  the 
white  man  on  its  soil,  Kentucky  was  the  field  of 


126 


CONFLICT— CONQUERED. 


deadly  conflict  between  the  northern  and  south- 
ern warriors  of  the  forest.  .  ,  .  When  penetrated 
by  the  bold  adventurous  white  men  of  Carolina 
and  Virginia,  who  constituted  the  third  party 
for  dominion,  its  title  of  the  "  Dark  and  Bloody 
Ground"  was  continued.  .  .  .  After  the  declara- 
tion of  American  Independence,  Great  Britain 
formed  alliance  with  the  Indian  savages  .  .  .  the 
teri'itory  of  Kentucky  became  still  more  emphat- 
ically the  "  Dark  and  Bloody  Ground."  [Like- 
wise during  the  Rebellion.] — Pollard's  First 
Year  of  the  War,  ch.  7,  p.  186. 

1062.  CONFLICT,  Rule  of.  William  of  Orange. 
[James  II.,]  the  king,  was  eager  to  flght,  and  it 
was  obviously  his  interest  to  do  so.  Every  hour 
took  away  something  from  his  own  strength, 
and  added  something  to  the  strength  of  his  ene- 
mies. It  was  most  important,  too,  that  his  troops 
should  be  blooded.  A  great  battle,  .however  it 
might  terminate,  could  not  but  injure  the  prince's 
popularity.  All  this  William  perfectly  under- 
stood, and  determined  to  avoid  an  action  as  long 
as  possible.  It  is  said  that,  when  Schomberg 
was  told  that  the  enemy  were  advancing  and  were 
determined  to  fight,  he  answered  with  the  com- 
posure of  a  tactician  confident  in  his  skill,  "  That 
will  be  just  as  we  may  choose." — Macatjlay's 
Eng.,  ch.  9. 

1063.  CONFLICT,  Self-sustaining.  SpoiU.  [The 
Confederates  invaded  Pennsylvania.]  General 
Lee  cannot  expect  to  keep  his  communications 
open  to  the  rear  ;  and,  as  the  staff-officers  say, 
"In  every  battle  we  fight,  we  must  capture  as 
much  ammunition  as  we  use." — Pollard's  Sec- 
ond Year  of  the  War,  p.  338. 

1064.  CONFLICT,  Unnatural.  William  I.,  the 
Norman.  He  was  a  prince  to  whom  nature  had 
denied  the  requisites  of  making  himself  beloved, 
and  who,  therefore,  made  it  his  first  object  to 
render  himself  feared.  Even  the  Normans,  in- 
stigated probably  by  the  French,  endeavored  to 
■withdraw  themselves  from  his  yoke.  To  estab- 
lish order  in  that  country,  he  carried  over  an  army 
of  Englishmen  ;  thus,  by  a  capricious  vicissitude 
of  fortune,  we  see  the  Normans  brought  over  for 
the  conquest  of  the  English,  and  the  English  sent 
back  to  conquer  the  Normans.  With  these  troops 
he  reduced  the  rebels  to  submission,  and  returned 
to  England  to  be  again  embroiled  in  conspiracies 
and  rebellion.  The  last  and  severest  of  his  trou- 
bles arose  from  his  own  children.  His  eldest  son, 
Robert,  had  been  promised  by  his  father  the  sov- 
ereignty of  Maine,  a  province  of  France,  which 
had  submitted  to  William  ;  he  claimed  the  per- 
formance in  his  father's  lifetime,  who  contemp- 
tuously told  him  he  thought  it  was  time  enough 
to  throw  off  his  clothes  when  he  went  to  bed. 
Robert,  who  was  of  a  most  violent  temper,  in- 
stantly withdrew  to  Normandy,  when  in  a  short 
time  he  engaged  all  the  young  nobility  to  espouse 
his  quarrel.  Brittany,  Anjou,  and  Maine  like- 
wise took  part  against  William,  who  brought 
over  another  army  of  the  English  to  subdue  the 
rebellion.  The  father  and  son  met  in  fight,  and 
being  clad  in  armor  did  not  know  each  other,  till 
Robert,  having  wounded  his  father  and  thrown 
him  from  his  horse,  his  voice  (calling  out  for  as- 
sistance) discovered  him  to  his  antagonist.  Stung 
with  consciousness  of  the  crime,  Robert  fell  at 
his  feet,  and  in  the  most  submissive  manner  en- 
treated liis  forgiveness.  The  indignation  of  Will- 


iam was  not  to  be  appeased  ;  he  gave  his  son  his 
malediction  instead  of  his  pardon.  —  Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  8. 

1065.  CONFLICT,  Unprepared  for.  Greeks. 
[Demosthenes  urged  immediate  and  open  war 
against  the  ambitious  Philip.]  Some  of  the  best 
patriots  of  Athens,  the  virtuous  Phocion,  for  ex- 
ample, proposed  an  opposite  counsel.  They  saw 
that  the  martial  spirit  of  the  republic  was  extinct, 
the  finances  of  the  State  were  at  the  lowest  ebb, 
and  the  manners  of  the  people  irretrievably  cor- 
rupted. There  was  assuredly  too  much  solidity 
in  the  argument  of  Phocion  which  he  opposed  to 
the  "  Philippica  "  of  Demosthenes  :  "  I  will  rec- 
ommend to  you,  O  Athenians,  to  go  to  war,  when 
I  find  you  capable  of  supporting  a  war  ;  when  I 
see  the  youth  of  the  Republic  animated  with 
courage,  yet  submissive  and  obedient ;  the  rich 
cheerfully  contributing  to  the  necessities  of  the 
State  ;  and  the  orators  no  longer  cheating  and 
pillaging  the  public."— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2, 
ch.  3. 

1066.  CONGEEGATIONS,  Large.  Gwenap  in 
Wales.  [Thirty-two  thousand  persons  present  to 
hear  John  Wesley  preach  at  Gwenap,  in  its 
magnificent  natural  amphitheatre.] — Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  2,  ch.  6. 

1067.  CONQUERED  vs.  Concord.  London,  a.d. 
1801.  [At  last  England  and  France  made  a  treaty 
of  peace.]  The  house  of  M.  Otto,  the  French 
minister  [at  London],  was  brilliantly  illuminated. 
.  .  .  The  word  concord  blazed  in  letters  of  light. 
The  sailors,  not  very  familiar  with  the  spelling- 
book,  exclaimed,  "  Conquered  !  not  so  by  a  great 
deal.  That  will  not  do."  Excitement  and  dis- 
satisfaction rapidly  spread.  Violence  was  threat- 
ened !  ,  .  .  attempts  at  explanation  were  utterly 
useless.  The  offensive  word  was  removed,  and 
amity  substituted.  The  sailors,  fully  satisfied  with 
the  amende  Jionorable,  gave  three  cheers. — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  22. 

106§.  CONQUERED,  The  Conqueror.  Francisco 
Pizarro.  [A  single  battle  made  him  master  of 
Peru.]  He  betrayed  and  murdered  the  captive 
Inca.  He  quarrelled  with  Almagro  over  the  di- 
vision of  the  spoils,  and  finished  by  putting  him 
to  death.  He  accumulated  a  greater  amount  of 
treasure  than  was  ever  possessed,  before  or  since, 
by  an  individual.  Spoiled  by  prosperity  without 
parallel,  he  was  cruel  to  the  Peruvians,  capricious 
and  tyrannical  to  the  Spaniards,  and,  at  length,  a 
rebel  against  his  king.  A  conspiracy,  headed  by 
the  son  of  the  murdered  Almagro,  was  formed 
against  him.  On  a  Sunday  afternoon,  in  1541, 
at  the  hour  when  the  tyrant  was  accustomed  to 
sleep,  a  band  of  the  confederates  bui-st  into  his 
palace,  killed  or  dispersed  his  servants,  and  at- 
tacked him.  Armed  only  with  a  sword  and  buck- 
ler, he  defended  himself  with  the  most  desperate 
courage.  Four  of  his  assailants  he  slew  ;  five 
more  he  wounded  ;  and  still  he  fought  on.  At 
last  one  of  the  band  engaged  him  and  drew  his 
attention  from  the  rest ;  and  while  Pizarro  dealt 
a  furious  blow  at  his  chief  assailant,  the  others 
succeeded  in  giving  him  a  mortal  wound.  He 
fell  at  the  feet  of  an  image  of  Christ,  which,  it 
is  said,  he  kissed  at  the  moment  of  his  death.  So 
perished,  in  his  sixty-eighth  year,  the  man  who 
was,  perhaps,  the  most  resolute  of  all  the  sons  of 
men.  In  mere  strength  of  purpose  it  is  ques- 
tionable if  his  equal  ever  lived  ;  but,  though  this 


CONQUERORS— CONQUEST. 


127 


is  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  qualities,  and  ac- 
complishes very  great  things,  a  man  must  have 
much  more  in  order  to  turn  to  good  account  the 
prizes  won.  Pizarro  was  little  more  than  a  mag- 
nificently-gifted brute. — Cyclopedia  op  Bigg., 
p.  327. 

1069.  CONQUERORS  by  Resolution.  Of  Cali- 
fornia. [In  1846]  Colonel  John  C.  Fremont  .  .  . 
determined  to  strike  a  blow  for  his  country  ;  he 
urged  the  people  of  California,  many  of  whom 
were  Americans,  to  declare  their  independence. 
The  hardy  frontiersmen  of  the  Sacramento  valley 
iiocked  to  his  standard  ;  and  a  campaign  was  at 
once  begun  to  overthrow  the  Mexican  authority. 
.  .  .  An  American  fleet  had  captured  the  town 
of  Monterey  .  .  ,  and  San  Diego.  .  .  .  Before 
the  end  of  summer  the  whole  of  the  vast  prov- 
ince was  subdued  .  .  .  the  authority  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  was  completely  established.  A  coun- 
try large  enough  for  an  empire  had  been  con- 
quered by  a  handful  of  resolute  men.  —  Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  57. 

1 070.  CONQUEST  by  Destruction.  Alfonse 
d' Albuquerque.  Having  thus  reduced  the  shores 
and  cities  of  two  of  the  great  peninsulas  of 
Southern  Asia,  he  next  undertook  the  conquest 
of  all  the  vast  regions  watered  by  the  Red  Sea 
and  the  Persian  Gulf.  He  bombarded  the  cities 
commanding  those  waters,  with  varying  success. 
Meditating  the  conquest  of  Egypt,  lie  conceived 
a  scheme  for  diverting  the  river  Nile  from  its 
course,  so  as  to  leave  Egypt  a  desert,  and  destroy 
its  whole  population. — Cyclopedia  gf  Bigg., 
p.  315. 

1071.  CONQUESTS,  Ends  of.  Pyrrhus.  [The 
Tarentines,  in  war  with  the  Romans,]  sought  aid 
from  Pyrrhus,  the  King  of  Epirus,  and  invited 
him,  by  a  flattering  deputation,  to  be  the  deliv- 
erer of  Italy  from  its  threatened  yoke  of  servi- 
tude. Pyrrhus  was  one  of  the  ablest  generals  of 
his  age  ;  but  he  possessed  a  restless  spirit,  and  a 
precipitancy  in  forming  projects  of  military  en- 
terprise, without  a  due  attention  to  means,  or  a 
deliberate  estimate  of  consequences.  Cineas,  his 
chief  minister,  to  whom  he  imparted  his  design 
of  invading  Italy,  and  mentioned,  with  great  con- 
fidence, a  perfect  assurance  of  its  success,  calmly 
asked  him  what  he  proposed  after  that  design 
was  accomplished.  "  We  shall  next,"  said  Pyr- 
rhus, ' '  make  ourselves  masters  of  Sicily,  which, 
considering  the  distracted  state  of  that  island,  will 
1)6 a  very  easy  enterprise."  "  And  what  next  do 
you  intend  ?"  said  Cineas.  "  We  shall  then,"  re- 
plied Pyrrhus,  "  pass  over  into  Africa.  Do  you 
imagine  Carthage  is  capable  of  holding  out 
against  our  arms  ?"  "  And  supposing  Carthage 
taken,"  said  Cineas,  "  what  follows  ?"  "  Then," 
5aid  Pyrrhus,  "  we  return  with  all  our  force,  and 
pour  down  upon  Macedonia  and  Greece."  "  And 
when  all  is  conquered,"  replied  Cineas,  "what  is 
then  to  be  done?"  "Why,  then,  to  be  sure," 
said  Pyrrhus,  "  we,  have  nothing  to  do  but  to  en- 
joy our  bottle,  and  take  our  amusement."  ' '  And 
what,"  said  Cineas,  "  prevents  you  from  enjoy- 
ing your  bottle  now,  and  taking  your  amuse- 
ment ?"  This  dialogue,  which  is  given  by  Plu- 
tarch, with  great  naivete,  presents  us  with  a  just 
delineation  of  the  real  views  and  sentiments  of 
the  greater  part  of  those  mighty  conquerors  who 
have  disturbed  the  peace  of  the  universe. — Tyt- 
leh's  Hist,,  Book  3,  ch.  7. 


1072.  CONQUEST,  Fruitless.  Ancient  Per- 
sians. In  those  early  periods  [were]  a  people 
remarkable  for  their  temperance  and  the  virtu- 
ous simplicity  of  their  manners.  Herodotus  re- 
cords an  excellent  speech  of  one  Sandanis,  a 
Lydian,  who,  when  his  sovereign  Croesus  pro- 
jected the  invasion  of  Persia,  thus  strongly  point- 
ed out  to  him  the  folly  of  his  enterprise  :  "  What 
will  you  gain,"  said  he,  "by  waging  war  with 
such  men  as  the  Persians  ?  Their  clothing  is 
skins,  their  food  wild  fruits,  and  their  drink  wa- 
ter. If  you  are  conquered,  you  lose  a  cultivated 
country ;  if  you  conquer  them,  what  can  you 
take  from  them  ? — a  barren  region.  For  my  part, 
I  thank  the  gods  that  the  Persians  have  not  yet 
formed  the  design  of  invading  the  Lydians." — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11, 

1073.  CONQUEST  impossible.  Darius.  Ambi- 
tious of  extensive  conquest,  he  now  meditated  a 
war  against  the  Scythians,  on  the  absurd  pretext 
that  they  had  ravaged  a  part  of  Asia  about  one 
hundred  and  thirty  years  before.  At  the  head  of 
an  army  of  700,000  men,  he  set  out  from  Susa, 
his  capital,  to  wage  war  against  a  nation  whom 
it  was  impossible  to  conquer.  .  .  .  The  sole 
business  of  the  Scythians  was  to  retreat,  driving 
their  cattle  before  them,  and  filling  up  the  wells 
in  their  route.  The  Persians,  after  long  and  ex- 
cessive marches,  never  got  more  than  a  distant 
sight  of  the  enemy,  while  they  were  perishing 
by  thousands  in  a  rugged  and  barren  country. 
At  length  Darius  thought  it  his  wisest  measure 
to  retreat,  having  lost  the  greatest  part  of  his 
army,  and  leaving  behind  him  the  sick  and  aged 
at  the  mercy  of  the  barbarians.  —  Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11. 

1074.  CONQUEST  necessary.  Gortsz.  Besides 
repressing  the  mutiny  with  a  strong  hand,  he  re- 
solved to  make  all  turning  back  impossible.  He 
caused  all  his  vessels,  except  the  smallest,  to  be 
scuttled  and  sunk  ;  from  that  hour  there  was  no 
safety  except  in  the  total  conquest  of  the  coun- 
try. Leaving  at  Vera  Cruz  a  small  garrison,  he 
began  his  immortal  march  August  16, 1519  [for 
the  city  of  Mexico],  with  the  following  forces  : 
400  foot  soldiers,  1500  horsemen,  1300  Indian 
warriors,  1000  Indians  to  draw  the  cannons  and 
carry  the  baggage,  and  seven  pieces  of  artillery. 
Cyclopedia  op  Bigg.,  p.  331. 

1075.  CONQUEST,  Period  of.  Reign  of  Ed- 
ward III.  The  greatest  victories  recorded  in 
the  history  of  the  Middle  Ages  were  gained  at 
this  time,  against  great  odds,  by  the  English  ar- 
mies. Victories  indeed  they  were  of  which  a 
nation  may  justly  be  proud.  .  .  .  Chandos  en* 
countered  an  equal  foe  in  Du  Guesclin ;  but 
France  had  no  infantry  that  dared  to  face  the 
English  bows  and  bills.  A  French  king  was 
brought  prisoner  to  London.  An  English  king 
was  crowned  at  Paris.  The  banner  of  St. 
George  was  carried  far  beyond  the  Pyrenees  and 
the  Alps.  On  the  south  of  the  Ebro  the  Eng- 
lish won  a  great  battle,  which  for  a  time  de- 
cided the  fate  of  Leon  and  Castile. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  1. 

1076.  CONQUEST,  Presumptuous.  Three  Men. 
These  three  men,  the  youngest  of  whom  was 
fifty,  conceived  the  project  of  conquering  the 
powerful  and  wealthy  tribes  that  were  supposed 
to  inhabit  the  western  coasts  of  South  America. 
They  were  to  do  this  by  their  own  resources. 


138 


CONQUEST— CONSCIENCE. 


asking  nothing  from  the  Governor  of  Panama 
except  his  sanction  of  the  enterprise.  It  was  as 
though  three  men  in  New  York  should  now  un- 
dertake the  conquest  of  the  Japanese  Empire. 
Pizarro  was  to  command  the  first  body  of  ad- 
ventures ;  Almagro  was  to  raise,  as  soon  as  he 
could,  a  second  company,  and  join  Pizarro  on 
the  coast ;  the  priest  [Fernando  de  Luques]  was 
to  remain  at  Panama  to  watch  over  the  interests 
of  the  partnership.  [Their  success  is  well 
known.] — Cyclopedia  op  Bigg.,  p.  324. 

1077.  CONQUEST  surrendered.  Jerusalem. 
The  Holy  Land  was  thus  recovered  by  the  Chris- 
tians ;  and  Godfrey  of  Bouillon  obtained  the  title 
of  King  of  Jerusalem  ;  but  it  was  only  a  title,  for 
b,  papal  legate  arrived  in  the  mean  time,  claimed 
the  city  as  the  property  of  God,  and  took  pos- 
session of  it  as  such.  Godfrey  reserved  the  port 
of  Joppa,  and  some  privileges  in  Jenisalem. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  9. 

I07§.  CONQUESTS  of  Peace.  Louisiana.  [In 
consequence  of  the  ambitious  designs  of  Eng- 
land and  the  necessities  of  France,  then  unable  to 
hold  the  territory  against  the  British  navy,]  the 
President  [Mr.  Jefferson]  made  the  largest  con- 
quest ever  peacefully  achieved,  at  a  cost  so  small 
that  the  sum  expended  for  the  entire  territory 
»ioes  not  equal  the  revenue  which  has  since  been 
collected  on  its  soil  in  a  single  month,  in  time  of 
great  public  peril.  The  country  thus  acquired 
forms  to-day  the  States  of  Louisiana,  Arkansas, 
Missouri,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Minnesota 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  Colorado  north  of  the 
Arkansas,  besides  the  Indian  Territory  and  the 
Territories  of  Dakota,  "Wyoming,  and  Montana. 
Texas  was  also  included  in  the  transfer.  — 
Blaine's  Twenty  Years  op  Congress,  p.  8. 

1079.  CONSCIENCE,  Abdication  of.  Pope  Clem- 
ent V.  Philip  [IV.]  held  a  secret  interview  with 
him,  and  offered  to  raise  him  to  the  papal  throne 
on  six  conditions,  which  were  at  once  accepted. 
...  The  sixth  and  last  condition  the  king  re- 
served to  be  hereafter  specified  in  proper  time  and 
place,  exacting  an  oath  from  Bertrand  to  fulfil 
it  on  the  first  demand. — Students'  France,  ch. 
4,  §  18,  p.  186. 

1080.  CONSCIENCE  an  Accuser.  Murderer. 
Benjamin  Abbott  was  preaching  in  New  Jersey 
with  great  zeal  against  sin  in  its  worst  forms.  In 
the  midst  of  his  discourse  he  exclaimed  :  "  For 
aught  I  know,  there  may  be  a  murderer  in  this 
congregation  !"  Immediately  a  lusty  man  at- 
tempted to  go  out ;  but  when  he  got  to  the  door 
he  bawled  out,  and  stretched  out  both  his  arms, 
and  ran  backward,  and  cried  out  very  bitter- 
ly, and  said  he  was  the  murderer,  for  he  had 
killed  a  man  about  fifteen  years  before. — Ste- 
vens' M.  E.  Church,  vol.  1,  ch.  8. 

10§1. .     Death-bed.     [Rev.  Simon 

Carlisle  was  expelled  from  the  ministry  for  theft, 
an  officer  having  found  a  missing  pistol  in  his 
saddle-bags.  He  could  not  clear  himself  ;  his 
usefulness  ended,  his  disgrace  was  overwhelm- 
ing. The  young  man  who  owned  the  pistol  was 
on  his  death-bed  a  few  years  after.  An  hour  be- 
fore death  came]  he  cried  out  frantically,  "  I  can- 
not die — I  cannot  until  I  reveal  one  thing.  Mr. 
Carlisle  never  stole  that  pistol ;  I  myself  put  it  in 
his  saddle-bags."  He  then  became  calm,  and  so 
passed  into  eternity. — Stevens'  M.  E.  Church, 
vol.  3,  ch.  3.  I 


10§2.  CONSCIENCE  authorized.  By  Jesuits. 
[On  the  trial  of  the  conspirators  in  the  infamous 
Gunpowder  Plot  it  was  shown  that]  Rookwood 
.  .  .  had  scruples  about  joining  in  so  extensive  a 
scheme  of  slaughter,  saying  it  was  a  matter  of 
conscience  to  take  away  so  much  blood ;  but 
Catesby  silenced  him  by  saying  "  it  had  been  re- 
solved on  good  authority  that  in  conscience  it 
might  be  done."  Digby,  who  was  only  twenty- 
four  years  of  age,  was  evidently  a  weak  tool  of 
the  Jesuits.  .  .  .  He  cordially  joined  in  the  proj- 
ect from  religious  zeal,  as  soon  as  he  satisfied 
himself  that  the  action  had  been  approved  by  his 
spiritual  advisers. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch. 
21. 

10S3.  CONSCIENCE  awakened.  Carticright. 
[Peter  Cartwright,  the  celebrated  frontier  preach-  j 
er,  was  awakened,  in  his  sixteenth  year,  after 
spending  much  of  the  night  in  dancing,  at  a 
wedding.  He  went  home,  not  to  sleep,  but  spent 
the  remainder  of  the  night  on  his  knees  with  his 
praying  mother,  and  some  time  afterward  was 
converted  at  a  camp-meeting.] — Stevens'  M.  E. 
Church,  vol.  4,  ch.  9. 

10S4. .  John  Bunyan.  He  sup- 
posed he  was  given  over  to  unbelief  and  wicked- 
ness, afid  yet  he  relates,  with  touching  simplic- 
ity :  "As  to  the  act  of  sinning,  I  was  never 
more  tender  than  now.  I  durst  not  take  up  a 
pin  or  a  stick,  though  but  so  big  as  a  straw,  for 
my  conscience  now  was  sore,  and  would  smart 
at  every  touch.  I  could  not  tell  how  to  speak 
my  words  for  fear  I  should  misplace  them." 
But  the  care  with  which  he  watched  his  conduct 
availed  him  nothing.  He  was  on  a  morass  "  that 
shook  if  he  did  but  stir,"  and  he  was  "  there  left 
both  of  God,  and  Christ,  and  the  Spirit,  and  of 
all  good  things."  Behind  him  lay  the  faults  of 
his  childhood  and  youth,  every  one  of  which  he 
believed  to  be  recorded  against  him.  "Within 
were  his  disobedient  inclinations,  which  he  con- 
ceived to  be  the  presence  of  the  devil  in  lii& 
heart. — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  3. 

10§5. .  Bunyan.  One  Sunday  morn- 
ing when  Bunyan  was  at  church  with  his  wife, 
a  sermon  was  delivered  on  this  subject  [Sab- 
bath amusements].  It  seemed  to  be  especially 
addressed  to  himself,  and  it  much  affected  him. 
He  shook  off  the  impression,  and  after  dinner  he 
went  as  usual  to  the  green.  He  was  on  the  point 
of  striking  at  a  ball  when  the  thought  rushed 
across  his  mind,  "Wilt  thou  leave  thy  sins  and  go 
to  heaven,  or  have  thy  sins  and  go  to  hell  ?  He 
looked  up.  The  reflection  of  his  own  emotion 
was  before  him  in  visible  form.  He  imagined 
that  he  saw  Christ  Himself  looking  down  at  him 
from  the  sky.  But  he  concluded  that  it  was  too 
late  for  him  to  repent.  He  was  past  pardon. 
He  was  sure  to  be  damned,  and  he  might  as  well 
be  damned  for  many  sins  as  for  few.  Sin,  at  all 
events,  was  pleasant,  the  only  pleasant  thing  that 
he  knew  ;  therefore  he  would  take  his  fill  of  it. 
The  sin  was  the  game,  and  nothing  but  the  game. 
He  continued  to  play,  but  the  Puritan  sensitive- 
ness had  taken  hold  of  him.  An  artificial  offence 
had  become  a  real  offence  when  his  conscience 
was  wounded  by  it.  He  was  reckless  and  des- 
perate.— Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  2. 

1086. .  By  Mother's  Prayer.  [Rev. 

Henry  Boehm  was  the  travelling  companion  of 
Bishop  Asbury ,  and  for  more  than  eighty  years  a 


CONSCIENCE. 


129 


Christian  minister.  He  was  arrested,  on  returning 
liome  one  evening,  by  hearing  the  familiar  voice 
of  his  mother  engaged  in  prayer.  He  says  :]  "  I 
listened.  Among  other  things,  she  prayed  for 
her  children,  and  mentioned  Henry,  her  young- 
est son.  The  mention  of  my  name  broke  my 
heart,  and  melted  me  into  contrition.  Tears 
rolled  down  my  cheeks,  and  I  felt  the  importance 
of  complying  with  the  command  of  God,  '  My 
Son,  give  me  thine  heart.' "  [He  lived  one  hun- 
dred years.] — Stevens'  M.  E.  Church,  vol.  3, 
p.  433. 

10§7. .  Earthquake.     In  the  early 

part  of  1750  repeated  earthquakes  alarmed  the 
metropolis  .  .  .  while  Charles  Wesley  was  ris- 
ing in  the  pulpit  of  the  Foundry  [Church]  to 
preach,  at  five  o'clock  in  the  morning,  the  earth 
moved  through  all  London  and  Westminster 
with  a  strong,  jarring  motion,  and  a  rumbling 
noise  like  distant  thunder.  The  walls  of  the 
Foundry  trembled  ;  a  great  agitation  among  the 
people  followed  ;  but  Wesley  cried  aloud  to  them, 
"Therefore  will  we  not  fear  though  the  earth  be 
moved,  and  the  hills  be  carried  into  the  midst  of 
the  sea,  for  the  Lord  of  Hosts  is  with  us,  the 
God  of  Jacob  is  our  refuge."  Multitudes  flocked 
to  the  early  Methodist  service  in  deep  alarm. 
Throughout  the  whole  night  many  of  the  alarmed 
people  knocked  at  the  Foundry  door,  entreating 
admittance,  though  "our  poor  people,"  writes 
Wesley,  "were  calm  and  quiet  as  at  any  other 
time. "  During  one  of  these  terrible  nights  Tower 
Hill,  Moorflelds,  and  Hyde  Park  were  filled  with 
lamenting  men,  women,  and  children.  White- 
field  stood  among  them  at  Hj^de  Park  preaching 
at  midnight.  A  deep  moral  impression  followed 
these  events. — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1,  p. 
308. 

10§§. .    Rev.    William   Oassaway. 

[He  was  ignorant  in  his  early  life  concerning  the 
way  of  salvation.  When  he  became  awakened] 
he  detested  himself  as  a  sinner.  Passing  a  stream 
lie  allowed  his  horse  to  drink,  saying, ' '  You  may, 
you  are  not  a  sinner  ;  but  I  am.  I  will  not 
drink." — Stevens'  M.  E.  Chukch,  vol.  3,  p.  394. 

10§9.  .     Jolm    Wesley.     A  young 

lawyer  of  brilliant  talents  and  aristocratic  rela- 
tions was  in  the  habit  of  meeting  with  his  gay 
associates  at  a  coflfee-house  in  London.  He  was 
the  wit  of  the  company,  and  at  one  of  their  meet- 
ings, when  Wesley  was  to  preach  in  the  neigh- 
borhood, his  companions  sent  him  to  hear  the 
itinerant  apostle,  in  order  to  give  them  a  mim- 
icked specimen  of  his  preaching.  Just  as  he 
entered  the  place  of  worship  Wesley  announced 
as  his  text,  "  Prepare  to  meet  thy  God  /"  It  struck 
the  young  man's  conscience  ;  he  listened  with 
emotion  to  the  sermon,  and  thenceforward  the 
career  of  his  life  was  changed.  On  returning  as 
a  necessary  courtesy  to  his  company  in  the  cof- 
fee-house, they  asked  him  if  he  had  "taken  off 
the  old  Methodist."  "  No,  gentlemen,"  was  his 
reply,  "  but  he  has  taken  me  off  ;"  and  he  re- 
tired from  their  circle  to  return  no  more. — Ste- 
vens' Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  387. 

1090.  CONSCIENCE  vs.  Conscience.  Intoler- 
ance. [During  the  contentions  of  sects  in  the 
reign  of  James  II. ,  Dryden  says  :]  All  men  are 
engaged  either  on  this  side  or  that ;  and  though 
conscience  is  the  common  word  given  by  both, 
yet  if  a  writer  fall  among  enemies,  and  cannot 


give  the  marks  of  their  conscience,  he  is  knocked 
down  before  the  reasons  of  his  own  are  heard. 
— Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  4,  ch.  26. 

1091.  CONSCIENCE  conquers  Conquerors. 
William  II.  The  death-bed  ol  William  was  a 
death-bed  of  repentance.  He  spoke,  it  is  relat- 
ed, of  the  rivers  of  blood  he  had  shed.  He  la- 
mented his  barbarities  in  England. — Knight's 
England,  vol.  1,  ch.  16,  p.  318. 

1092.  CONSCIENCE,  Defence  of.  Martin  Lu- 
ther. Luther  spoke  in  both  German  and  Latin. 
After  he  had  finished,  the  princes  held  a  short 
consultation.  Then  the  imperial  representative 
reproached  him  for  having  spoken  disrespectful- 
ly, and  for  not  having  answered  the  proposed 
questions.  He  repelled  Luther's  demand  for 
counter-evidence,  and  maintained  that  his  here- 
sies had  been  condemned  by  the  Church  and  by 
its  general  councils.  What  was  now  demanded 
of  him  was  a  plain  and  straightforward  answer, 
whether  he  would  or  would  not  recant.  There- 
upon Luther  replied  :  "  Since  your  Imperial  Maj- 
esty have  desired  a  direct  answer,  I  shall  give 
such  an  one  as  shall  have  neither  horns  nor  teeth 
— viz. ,  except  I  be  convinced  with  clear  and  un- 
doubted evidence  of  Holy  Scripture — for  I  be- 
lieve neither  in  the  Pope  nor  in  councils  alone, 
since  it  is  evident  they  have  often  erred  and  con- 
tradicted themselves  ;  and  as  my  conscience  is 
bound  by  God's  Word,  I  cannot  and  will  not  re- 
cant, because  it  is  neither  safe  nor  advisable  to 
act  contrary  to  conscience.  Here  I  stand  ;  I  can- 
not do  otherwise  ;  God  help  me  !  Amen  !"  .  .  . 
Luther  was  now  happy  at  heart.  As  soon  as  he 
returned  to  his  lodging-place,  he  lifted  up  both 
hands  and  cried  out,  ' '  I  have  done  it !  I  have 
done  it !"  And  continuing,  he  remarked  :  "If 
I  had  a  thousand  heads,  I  would  lose  them  all 
rather  than  to  recant."  —  Rein's  Luther,  ch.  9, 
p.  89. 

1093.  CONSCIENCE,  Education  of.  Rev.  John 
Newton.  Providence  was  now  kind  to  him  ;  he 
became  captain  of  a  slave-ship,  and  made  several 
voyages  on  the  business  of  trade.  That  it  was  a 
wicked  trade  he  seems  to  have  had  no  idea  ;  he 
says  he  never  knew  sweeter  or  more  frequent 
hours  of  divine  communion  than  on  his  last  two 
voyages  to  Guinea.  Afterward  it  occurred  to 
him  that  though  his  employment  was  genteel  and 
profitable,  it  made  him  a  sort  of  jailer,  unpleas- 
antly conversant  with  both  chains  and  shackles  ; 
and  he  besought  Providence  to  fix  him  in  a  mora 
humane  calling.  In  answer  to  his  prayer  came 
a  fit  of  apoplexy,  which  made  it  dangerous  for 
him  to  go  to  sea  again. — Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  3. 

1094.  CONSCIENCE,  Erratic.  Duke  of  York 
{James  II).  Debauching  a  woman  on  promise 
of  marriage,  he  next  allowed  her  to  be  traduced 
as  having  yielded  to  frequent  prostitution,  and 
then  married  her  ;  he  was  conscientious,  but  liis 
moral  sense  was  as  slow  as  his  understanding. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  ch.  17. 

1095.  CONSCIENCE  explained.  Reign  of 
James  II.  [In  Scotland  the  anti-Catholic  feeling 
was  strong.  J  The  three  privy  counsellors  who  had 
lately  returned  from  London  took  the  lead  in  op- 
position to  the  royal  will.  Hamilton  declared 
plainly  that  he  could  not  do  what  was  asked. 
He  was  a  faithful  and  loyal  subject ;  but  there 
was  a  limit  imposed  by  conscience.  ' '  Conscience, " 
said  the  chancellor — "conscience  is  a  vague 


130 


CONSCIENCE. 


word,  which  signifies  anything  or  nothing." 
Lockhart.who  satin  Parliament  as  representative 
of  the  great  county  of  Lanark,  struck  in  :  "If 
conscience  be  a  word  without  meaning,  we  will 
change  it  for  another  phrase  which,  I  hope, 
means  something.  For  conscience  let  us  put  the 
fundamental  laws  of  Scotland." — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6. 

1096.  CONSCIENCE,  A  guilty.  Caracalla. 
[Caracalla,  the  son  of  Servius,  was,  with  his 
brother  Geta,  chosen  by  the  army  to  be  joint 
emperors  of  Rome.  Discord  followed,  and  Geta 
was  assassinated  in  the  presence  of  and  by  the 
direction  of  his  brother.]  The  crime  went  not 
unpunished.  Neither  business  nor  pleasure 
nor  flattery  could  defend  Caracalla  from  the 
stings  of  a  guilty  conscience  ;  and  he  confessed, 
in  the  anguish  of  a  tortured  mind,  that  his  dis- 
ordered fancy  often  beheld  the  angry  forms  of 
his  father  and  his  brother  rising  into  life,  to 
threaten  and  upbraid  him.  The  consciousness  of 
his  crime  should  have  induced  him  to  convince 
mankind,  by  the  virtues  of  his  reign,  that  the 
bloody  deed  had  been  the  involuntary  effect  of 
fatal  necessity.  But  the  repentance  of  Caracalla 
only  prompted  him  to  remove  from  the  world 
whatever  could  remind  him  of  his  guilt,  or  re- 
call the  memory  of  his  murdered  brother.  On 
his  return  from  the  Senate  to  the  palace,  he  found 
his  mother  in  the  company  of  several  noble  ma- 
trons, weeping  over  the  untimely  fate  of  her 
younger  son.  The  jealous  emperor  threatened 
them  with  instant  death ;  the  sentence  was 
executed  against  Fadilla,  the  last  remaining 
daughter  of  the  Emperor  Marcus  ;  and  even  the 
afflicted  Julia  was  obliged  to  silence  her  lamenta- 
tions, to  suppress  her  sighs,  and  to  receive  the 
assassin  with  smiles  of  joy  and  approbation.  It 
was  computed  that,  under  the  vague  appellation 
of  the  friends  of  Geta,  above  twenty  thousand 
persons  of  both  sexes  siiffered  death.  [See  No. 
239.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6. 

1097.  CONSCIENCE  honored.  King  William 
Rufus.  Two  monks  having  come  one  day  .  .  . 
to  buy  an  abbot's  place,  and  having  outreached 
each  other  in  the  sums  they  offered,  the  king 
said  to  a  third  monk  who  stood  by,  "  What  wilt 
thou  give  for  the  place  ?"  "  Not  a  penny,"  an- 
swered the  monk,  "for  it  is  against  my  con- 
science." "Then,  "  replied  the  king,  "thou  of 
the  three  best  deservest  it,"  and  instantly  gave  it 
to  him. 

109S.  CONSCIENCE,  Imperfect.  Alfonse  d'Al- 
buqiierque.  [See  Conquest  by  Destruction,  No. 
1070.]  The  historians  of  this  conquest  mention, 
as  a  proof  of  the  magnanimity  and  disinterested- 
ness of  Albuquerque,  that  he  only  took  from  Ma- 
lacca, for  his  personal  use,  the  iron  lions  which 
marked  the  tomb  of  the  royal  family  ;  although 
he  carried  away  a  large  ship  loaded  deep  with 
gold  and  silver,  for  the  use  of  the  king  and  the 
needs  of  the  public  service.  Not  a  man  in  that 
age  of  the  world  appears  to  have  questioned  the 
right  of  a  strong  Christian  to  seize  the  gold  of  a 
weak  heathen ;  nor  did  any  one  see  anything 
wrong  in  the  robbery  of  a  heathen  king's  family 
tomb.  I  am  happy  to  inform  the  reader  that 
the  ship  containing  both  the  treasure  and  the 
iron  lions  went  to  the  bottom  of  the  sea  a  few 
days  after  leaving  Malacca.  —  Cyclopedia  of 
BioG.,  p.  315. 


1099.  CONSCIENCE,  Indiscreet.  Marc^llu». 
[On  the  day  of  a  public  festival  Marcellus,  a  cen- 
turion, threw  away  his  belt,  his  arms,  and  the  en- 
signs of  his]  office,  and  exclaimed,  with  a  loud 
voice,  that  he  would  obey  none  but  Jesus  Christ 
the  eternal  King,  and  that  he  renounced  forever 
the  use  of  carnal  weapons,  and  the  service  of  an 
idolatrous  master.  The  soldiers,  as  soon  as  they 
recovered  from  their  astonishment,  secured  the 
person  of  Marcellus.  He  was  examined  in  the 
city  of  Tingi  by  the  president  of  that  part  of 
Mauritania  ;  and  as  he  was  convicted  by  his  own 
confession,  he  was  condemned  and  beheaded  for 
the  crime  of  desertion. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16. 

1100.  CONSCIENCE   an  Interpreter.      Sacri- 
lege.    Pyrrhus  listened  to  evil  counsellors,  and 
plundered  the  rich  treasury  of  the  temple  of 
Proserpine.     The  ships  which  were  conveying    ' 
the  plunder  were  wrecked,  and  Pyrrhus,  con-  jj 
science-stricken,'restored  all  that  was  saved.  But  \ 
the  memory  of  the  deed  haunted  him ;  he  has    ' 
recorded  his  belief  that  this  sacrilegious  act  wa» 
the  cause  of  all  his  future  misfortunes. — Lib- 
dkll's  Rome,  ch.  26,  p.  246. 

1101.  CONSCIENCE,  Liberty  of.  Roger  Will- 
iams. He  was  the  first  person  in  modern  Chris- 
tendom to  assert  in  its  plenitude  the  doctrine  of 
the  liberty  of  conscience,  the  equality  of  opin- 
ions before  the  law.  ...  A  moral  principle 
has  a  much  wider  and  nearer  influence  on  hu- 
man happiness  ;  nor  can  any  discovery  of  truth  be 
of  any  more  direct  beneflt  to  society  than  that 
which  establishes  a  perpetual  religious  peace, 
and  spreads  tranquillity  through  every  commu- 
nity and  every  bosom.  If  Copernicus  is  held  in 
perpetual  reverence  because  on  his  death-bed 
he  published  to  the  world  that  the  sun  is  the  cen- 
tre of  our  system — if  the  name  of  Kepler  is  pre- 
served in  the  annals  of  human  excellence  for  his 
sagacity  in  detecting  the  laws  of  the  planetary 
motion — if  the  genius  of  Newton  has  been  al- 
most adored  for  dissecting  a  ray  of  light,  and 
weighing  heavenly  bodies  as  in  a  balance,  let 
there  be  for  the  name  of  Roger  Williams  at  least 
some  humble  place  among  those  who  have  ad- 
vanced moral  science,  and  made  themselves  the 
benefactors  of  mankind. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  1,  ch.  9. 

1102. .    Cromwell.     [CromweU 

strongly  advocated  liberty  of  conscience  when 
it  was  a  startling  notion  to  most  public  men. 
He  was  among  the  first  of  public  men  to  ad- 
vocate it.  He  urged  that]  the  civil  magistrate 
had  nothing  to  do  to  determine  of  anything 
in  matters  of  religion,  by  constraint  or  re- 
straint. But  every  man  might  not  only  hold, 
but  preach  and  do  in  matters  of  religion  what  he 
pleased. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  3. 

1103. .  Cromwell's  Time.  The  Pres- 
byterian mind  of  that  day,  which  demanded  not 
only  the  right  to  the  expression  of  their  own 
convictions,  but  also  the  repression  of  all  w1m> 
followed  not  with  them.  Did  not  Milton  say  of 
them  that  "Presbyter  was  priest  spelt  large  J" 
Indeed,  in  that  day  there  was  a  universal  dis- 
position to  persecute  and  repress  ;  it  was  not 
that  persecution,  in  itself,  was  judged  a  crime, 
only  when  it  assailed  the  order  of  particular  opin- 
ion. Toleration  was  regarded  by  Episcopalian 
and  Presbyterian  as  an  abominable  Erastianism,. 
or  latitudinarian  and  Laodicean  half-heartedness; 


CONSCIENCE. 


131 


and  Oliver  alone  stood  forth  vindicating  liberty 
of  conscience  to  all. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch. 
15,  p.  195. 

1104. .     Cromwell.     It  is  thus  we 

find  him  speaking  on  the  22d  of  January,  1655, 
when  he  summoned  the  House  to  meet  him  in 
the  Painted  Chamber  :  "  Is  there  not  yet  upon 
the  spirits  of  men  a  strange  itching  ?  Nothing 
will  satisfy  them  unless  they  can  press  their 
finger  upon  their  brethren's  consciences,  to  pinch 
them  there.  To  do  this  was  no  part  of  the  con- 
test we  had  with  the  common  adversary.  And 
wherein  consisted  this  more  than  in  obtaining 
that  liberty  from  the  tyranny  of  the  bishops  to 
all  species  of  Protestants  to  worship  God  accord- 
ing to  their  own  light  and  consciences  ?  For 
want  of  which  many  of  our  brethren  forsook 
their  native  countries  to  seek  their  bread  from 
strangers,  and  to  live  in  howling  wildernesses  ; 
and  for  which  also  many  that  remained  here 
were  imprisoned,  and  otherwise  abused  and  made 
the  scorn  of  the  nation.  Those  that  were  sound 
in  the  faith,  how  proper  was  it  for  them  to  labor 
for  liberty,  for  a  just  liberty,  that  men  might 
not  be  trampled  upon  for  their  consciences  !  Had 
not  they  themselves  labored  but  lately  under 
the  weight  of  persecution  ?  And  was  it  fit  for 
them  to  sit  heavy  upon  others  ?  Is  it  ingenuous 
to  ask  liberty,  and  not  give  it  ?" — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  15,  p.  197. 

1105.  CONSCIENCE  perverted.  The  Jesuits. 
In  the  books  of  casuistry  which  had  been  writ- 
ten by  his  brethren,  and  printed  with  the  appro- 
bation of  his  superiors,  were  to  be  found  doc- 
trines consolatory  to  transgressors  of  every  class. 
There  the  bankrupt  was  taught  how  he  might, 
without  sin,  secrete  his  goods  from  his  creditors. 
The  servant  was  taught  how  he  might,  without 
sin,  run  off  with  his  master's  plate.  The  pander 
was  assured  that  a  Christian  man  might  inno- 
cently earn  his  living  by  carrying  letters  and 
messages  between  married  women  and  their  gal- 
lants. The  high-spirited  and  punctilious  gen- 
tlemen of  France  were  gratified  by  a  decision  in 
favor  of  duelling.  The  Italians,  accustomed  to 
darker  and  baser  modes  of  vengeance,  were  glad 
to  learn  that  they  might,  without  any  crime, 
shoot  at  their  enemies  from  behind  hedges.  To 
deceit  was  given  a  license  sufficient  to  destroy 
the  whole  value  of  human  contracts  and  of  hu- 
man testimony.  In  truth,  if  society  continued  to 
hold  together,  if  life  and  property  enjoyed  any 
security,  it  was  because  common-sense  and  com- 
mon humanity  restrained  men  from  doing  what 
the  Society  of  Jesus  assured  them  they  might 
with  a  safe  conscience  do. — Macaulay's  Eng. , 
eh.  6. 

1 106. .  Hernando  Cortez.  His  will 

contained  one  passage  so  curious,  that  I  will 
conclude  by  copying  it.  After  recommending 
his  heirs  to  treat  the  Indians  with  humanity,  he 
proceeds  thus:  "It  has  been  long  a  question 
whether  we  can,  in  good  conscience,  hold  the 
Indians  in  slavery.  This  question  not  having 
yet  been  decided,  I  order  my  son,  Martin,  and 
his  heirs  to  spare  no  pains  to  arrive  at  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  truth  on  this  point,  for  it  is  a  matter 
which  interests  deeply  their  conscience  and 
mine."  Who  would  have  thought  to  find  such 
a  passage  in  the  will  of  a  Cortez  !  Nothing  is 
more  certain  than  this,  that  Cortez,  in  all  that 


he  did  in  Mexico,  fully  believed  that  he  was  an 
instrument  in  the  hand  of  a  benevolent  God ; 
for  he  found  Mexico  pagan,  and  left  it  Catholic. 
Massacre,  rapine,  devastation,  the  betrayal  and 
murder  of  a  king,  the  fall  of  an  empire — these 
were  as  nothing  in  view  of  a  result  like  this  ! 
So  thought  all  good  Spaniards  of  that  age. — Cy- 
clopedia OF  BioG. ,  p.  322. 

1107. .  Jacques  Clerrient,  A  young 

and  ignorant  Dominican  monk,  named  Jacques 
Clement,  was  artfully  prevailed  upon  to  regard 
the  murder  of  the  king  [Henry  III.]  under  such 
circumstances  as  not  only  a  lawful,  but  a  highly 
meritorious,  enterprise.  He  .  .  .  prepared  him- 
self for  the  deed  by  fasting,  the  sacraments,  and 
prayer.  .  ,  .  Having  procured  a  pass  .  .  .  and 
a  forged  letter  of  recommendation  to  the  king 
.  .  .  was  conducted  by  an  officer  to  the  king's 
quarters.  On  entering  Henry's  presence  he 
stated  that  he  was  charged  with  a  communi- 
cation of  grave  importance,  which  could  only 
be  made  to  his  Majesty  in  private.  The  king, 
without  suspicion,  directed  the  attendants  to 
retire ;  and  while  he  was  engaged  in  reading 
the  paper  presented  to  him,  the  monk  suddenly 
drew  a  knife  from  his  sleeve  and  plunged  it 
into  his  abdomen.  The  king  drew  the  weapon 
from  the  wound  and  struck  Clement  on  the 
face,  crying  out,  "  Oh,  the  wicked  monk,  he 
has  slain  me  !"  upon  which  the  guards  rushed 
in  and  despatched  the  wretched  assassin  on  the 
spot  with  their  halberds. — Students'  France, 
ch.  17,  §  14. 

1108.  CONSCIENCE,  Phantom  of.  Constans 
II.  The  Emperor  Constans  II.  could  fly  from 
his  people,  but  he  could  not  fly  from  himself. 
The  remorse  of  his  conscience  created  a  phan- 
tom who  pursued  him  by  land  and  sea,  by  day 
and  by  night ;  and  the  visionary  Theodosius, 
presenting  to  his  lips  a  cup  of  blood,  said,  or 
seemed  to  say,  "Drink,  brother,  drink  ;"  a  sure 
emblem  of  the  aggravation  of  his  guilt,  since 
he  had  received  from  the  hands  of  the  deacon 
the  mystic  cup  of  the  blood  of  Christ.  Odious 
to  himself  and  to  mankind,  Constans  perished  by 
domestic,  perhaps  by  episcopal,  treason,  in  the 
capital  of  Sicily.  [He  liad  caused  the  murder 
of  his  brother  Theodosius.] — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  48. 

1 109.  CONSCIENCE,  Power  of.  Benjamin  Ab- 
bott. [Before  conversion  he  was  a  rude,  igno- 
rant, boisterous  man,  given  to  drinking,  fighting, 
and  gambling.  When  forty  years  old  he  was 
awakened  by  a  sermon ;  his  conscience  was 
aroused  ;  driving  homeward,  he  believed  that  the 
tempter  was  immediately  behind  him  ;  his  anx- 
iety was  terrible,  his  hair  "rising  on  his  head." 
Hrs  mind  had  evidently  become  morbid  under 
its  moral  sufferings.  His  dreams  that  night  were 
appalling  ;  the  next  day,  seeking  relief  in  the 
labors  of  the  field,  his  "troubled  heart  beat  so 
loud  that  he  could  hear  the  strokes. "  He  threw 
down  the  scythe,  and  "  stood  weeping  for  his 
sins."  Truly  a  sublime  manifestation  of  the 
power  of  conscience  in  a  rude  soul !  He  became 
a  second  John  Bunyan,  and  won  many  hun- 
dreds to  Christ.] — Stevens' M.  E.  Chubch,  vol. 
1,  p.  199. 

1110.  CONSCIENCE  quickened.  By  Crime. 
When  the  crime  was  over  [the  Roman  emperor 
assassinated  his  mother],  Nero   first  perceived 


132 


CONSCIENCE. 


its  magnitude,  and  was  seized  with  the  agony 
of  a  too  brief  terror  and  remorse.  There  is  in 
greht  crimes  an  awful  power  of  illumination. 
They  light  up  the  conscience  with  a  glare  which 
shows  all  things  in  their  true  hideousness.  He 
spent  the  night  in  oppressive  silence.  For  the 
first  time  in  his  life  his  sleep  was  disturbed 
by  dreams.  He  often  started  up  in  terror,  and 
dreaded  the  return  of  dawn.  The  gross  flattery 
and  hypocritical  congratulations  of  his  friends 
soon  dissipated  all  personal  alarm.  But  scenes 
cannot  change  their  aspect  as  easily  as  the  coun- 
tenances of  men,  and  there  was  to  him  a  deadly 
look  in  the  sea  and  shore  [where  he  had  previous- 
ly sought  to  drown  his  mother].  From  the  lofty 
summit  of  Misenum  ghostly  wailings  and  the 
blast  of  a  solitary  trumpet  seemed  to  reach  him 
from  his  mother's  grave. — Fabrar's  Early 
Days,  ch.  3,  p.  27. 

1111. .  Reign  of  James  IT.     [Lord 

Churchill,  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  was  a 
Protestant  general,  and  every  worldly  interest 
prompted  him  to  please  the  king  who  had  es- 
poused the  Roman  Catholic  cause.]  Churchill 
might  indeed  .  .  .  raise  himself  still  higher  in 
the  royal  favor  by  conforming  to  the  Church 
of  Rome  ;  and  it  might  seem  that  one  who  was 
not  less  distinguished  for  avarice  and  baseness 
than  for  capacity  and  valor  was  not  likely  to  be 
shocked  at  hearing  a  mass.  But  so  inconsistent 
is  human  nature,  that  there  are  tender  spots 
even  in  seared  consciences.  And  thus  this  man, 
who  owed  his  rise  in  life  to  his  sister's  shame 
[as  mistress  to  the  Duke  of  York],  who  had 
been  kept  by  the  most  profuse,  imperious  and 
shameless  of  harlots  [the  Duchess  of  Cleveland], 
and  whose  public  life,  to  those  who  can  look 
through  a  blaze  of  genius  and  glory,  will  ap- 
pear a  prodigy  of  turpitude,  believed  implicitly 
in  the  religion  he  had  learned  when  a  boy,  and 
shuddered  at  the  thought  of  abjuring  it.  .  .  . 
The  one  crime  from  which  his  heart  recoiled 
was  apostasy. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7. 

1112.  CONSCIENCE  a  Eeminder.  King  Philip. 
Philip  kept  a  man  in  his  service  to  tell  him  every 
day  before  he  gave  audience,  "  Philip,  remember 
thou  art  mortal." — Rollin,  vol.  1,  ch.  14. 

1113.  CONSCIENCE,  Sale  of.  Eeign  of  James 
II.  [James  asked  the  Scottish  Parliament  to  re- 
move the  political  disabilities  of  his  Roman  Cath- 
olic brethren.]  The  king  exhorted  the  estates  to 
give  relief  to  his  Roman  Catholic  subjects,  and 
offered,  in  return,  a  free  trade  with  England  and 
an  amnesty  for  political  offences.  .  .  .  Objection 
was  taken  by  some  zealous  Protestants  to  the  men- 
tion made  of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  There 
was  no  such  religion.  There  was  an  idolatrous 
apostasy,  which  the  laws  punished  with  the  hal- 
ter, and  to  which  it  did  not  become  Christian 
men  to  give  flattering  titles.  To  call  such  a 
superstition  Catholic  was  to  give  up  the  whole 
question  which  was  at  issue  between  Rome  and 
the  reformed  churches.  The  offer  of  a  free  trade 
with  England  was  treated  as  an  insult.  "  Our 
fathers,"  said  one  orator,  "sold  their  king  for 
southern  gold,  and  we  still  lie  under  the  reproach 
of  that  foul  bargain.  Let  it  not  be  said  of  us  that 
we  have  sold  our  God  !" — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  6,  p.  111. 

1114.  CONSCIENCE,  Scruples  of.  Puritans. 
Some  precisians  had  scruples  about  teaching  the 


Latin  grammar  because  the  names  of  Mars,  Bac- 
chus, and  Apollo  occurred  in  it.  The  fine  art* 
were  all  but  proscribed.  The  solemn  peal  of  the 
organ  was  superstitious.  The  light  music  of 
Ben  Jonson's  masks  was  dissolute.  Half  the 
fine  paintings  of  England  were  idolatrous,  and 
the  other  half  indecent.  [See  Pleasures  Con- 
demned, No.  4307.] — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1, 
p.  76. 

1115.  CONSCIENCE,  Terrors  of.  Roman  Em- 
peror Theodoric.  After  a  life  of  virtue  and  glory, 
Theodoric  was  descending  with  shame  and  guilt 
into  the  grave ;  his  mind  was  humbled  by  the 
contrast  of  the  past,  and  justly  alarmed  by  the  in- 
visible terrors  of  futurity.  One  evening,  as  it  is 
related,  when  the  head  of  a  large  fish  was  served 
on  the  royal  table,  he  suddenly  exclaimed  that 
he  beheld  the  angry  coimtenance  of  Symmachus, 
his  eyes  glaring  fury  and  revenge,  and  his  mouth 
armed  with  long,  sharp  teeth,  which  threatened 
to  devour  him.  The  monarch  instantly  retired 
to  his  chamber,  and,  as  he  lay,  trembling  with 
aguish  cold,  under  a  weight  of  bedclothes,  he 
expressed,  in  broken  murmurs  to  his  physician 
Elpidius,  his  deep  repentance  for  the  murders  of 
Boethius  and  Symmachus.  His  malady  increas- 
ed, and  after  a  dysentery  which  continued  three 
days,  he  expired  in  the  palace  of  Ravenna,  in  the 
thirty-third,  or,  if  we  compute  from  the  invasion 
of  Italy,  in  the  thirty-seventh  year  of  his  reign. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  39. 

1116.  CONSCIENCE,  Uneducated.  English 
Slave  Trade.  English  ships,  fitted  out  in  English 
cities,  under  the  special  favor  of  the  royal  fam- 
ily, of  the  ministry,  and  of  Parliament,  stole  from 
Africa,  in  the  years  from  1700  to  1750,  probably 
a  million  and  a  half  of  souls,  of  whom  one  eighth 
were  buried  in  the  Atlantic,  victims  of  the  pas- 
sage ;  and  yet  in  England  no  general  indignation 
rebuked  the  enormity  ;  for  the  public  opinion 
of  the  age  was  obedient  to  materialism. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  24. 

1117.  CONSCIENCE,  Victory  of.  Sir  Thomas 
More.  In  the  general  opinion  of  Europe,  the 
foremost  Englishman  of  the  time  was  Sir  Thom- 
as More.  As  the  policy  of  the  divorce  ended  in 
an  open  rupture  with  Rome,  he  had  withdrawn 
silently  from  the  ministry.  Triumphant  in  all 
else,  the  monarchy  was  to  find  its  power  stop 
short  at  the  conscience  of  man  [who  would  not 
acknowledge  that  Henry  VIII. 's  marriage  with 
Catherine  was  unscriptural,  and  thus  forward 
the  licentious  remarriage  of  the  king].  The 
great  battle  of  spiritual  freedom,  the  battle  of  the 
Protestant  against  Mary,  of  the  Catholic  against 
Elizabeth,  of  the  Puritan  against  Charles,  of  the 
Independent  against  the  Presbyterian,  began  at 
the  moment  when  More  refused  to  bend  or  to 
deny  his  convictions  at  a  king's  bidding.  "I 
thank  the  Lord,"  More  said,  with  a  sudden  start, 
as  the  boat  dropped  silently  down  the  river  from 
his  garden  steps  in  the  early  morning — "  I  thank 
the  Lord  that  the  field  is  won."  At  Lambeth 
Cranmer  and  his  fellow-commissioners  tendered 
to  him  the  new  oath  of  allegiance  ;  but,  as  they 
expected,  it  was  refused.  They  bade  him  walk 
in  the  garden  that  he  might  reconsider  his  reply. 
— Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  579. 

11 1§.  CONSCIENCE,  Warning  of.  Charles  I 
He  thought  to  lessen  the  horror  and  ingratitude 
of  the  act  by  appointing  a  commission  of  three 


CONSCIENCE— CONSERVATISM. 


133 


I 


members  of  his  council,  and  delegating  to  them 
the  power  of  signing  the  parliamentary  death- 
warrant  against  Strafford.  The  commissioners 
ratified  the  sentence,  and  the  king  shut  himself 
up  to  weep,  and  avoid  the  light  of  that  morning 
which  was  to  witness  the  fall  of  his  faithful  and 
innocent  servant.  He  thought  that  by  obliterat- 
ing this  day  from  his  life  he  would  also  expunge 
it  from  the  memory  of  heaven  and  man.  He 
passed  the  whole  night  in  darkness,  in  prayers  for 
the  dying,  and  in  tears  ;  but  the  sun  rose  to  com- 
memorate the  injustice  of  the  monarch,  the 
treachery  of  the  friend,  and  the  greatness  of 
soul  of  the  victim.  ' '  I  have  sinned  against  my 
conscience,"  wrote  the  king  several  years  after 
to  the  queen,  when  reproaching  himself  for  that 
signature  drawn  from  him  by  the  love  he  bore 
his  wife  and  children.  "It  warned  meat  the 
time ;  I  was  seized  with  remorse  at  the  instant 
when  I  signed  this  base  and  criminal  conces- 
sion." .  .  .  "Ah  !  Strafford  is  happier  than  I  am," 
replied  the  prince,  concealing  his  eyes  with  his 
hands.  "Tell  him  that,  did  it  not  concern  the 
safety  of  the  kingdom,  I  would  willingly  give 
my  life  for  his  !" — Lamartine's  Cromwell, 
p.  13. 

1119.  CONSCIENCE,  Worthless.  James  II. 
Arthur  Herbert  was  brother  of  the  chief  justice, 
member  for  Dover,  master  of  the  robes,  and  rear- 
admiral  of  England.  Arthur  Herbert  was  much 
loved  by  the  sailors,  and  was  reputed  one  of  the 
best  of  the  aristocratic  class  of  naval  officers. 
It  had  been  generally  supposed  that  he  would 
readily  comply  with  royal  wishes ;  for  he  was 
heedless  of  religion,  he  was  fond  of  pleasure  and 
expense,  he  had  no  private  estates,  his  places 
brought  him  in  £4000  a  year,  and  he  had  long 
been  reckoned  among  the  most  devoted  person- 
al adherents  of  James.  When,  however,  the  rear- 
admiral  was  closeted,  and  required  to  promise 
that  he  would  vote  for  the  repeal  of  the  Test  Act, 
his  answer  was,  that  his  honor  and  conscience 
would  not  permit  him  to  give  any  such  pledge. 
"Nobody  doubts  your  honor,"  said  the  king; 
"  but  a  man  who  lives  as  you  do  ought  not  to 
talk  about  his  conscience."  To  this  reproach — 
a  reproach  which  came  with  a  bad  grace  from 
the  lover  of  Catharine  Sedley — Herbert  manfully 
replied  :  "  I  have  my  faults,  sir  ;  but  I  could  name 
people  who  talk  much  more  about  conscience 
than  I  am  in  the  habit  of  doing,  and  yet  lead 
lives  as  loose  as  mine."  He  was  dismissed  from 
all  his  places. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7. 

1120.  CONSCIENCE  wronged.  An  evil  Oenius. 
[Brutus,  the  assassinator  of  C«sar,]  sat  in  his  tent 
at  dead  of  night  and  thought  a  huge  shadowy 
form  stood  by  him  ;  and  when  he  calmly  asked, 
"  What  and  whence  art  thou  ?"  it  answered,  or 
seemed  to  answer,  ' '  I  am  thine  evil  genius,  Bru- 
tus ;  we  shall  meet  again  at  Philippi." — Lid- 
dell's  Rome,  ch.  69,  g  22. 

1121.  CONSECRATION  for  Conflict.  Knights. 
As  the  champion  of  God  and  the  ladies  (I  blush 
to  unite  such  discordant  names),  he  devoted  him- 
self to  speak  the  truth  ;  to  maintain  the  right ; 
to  protect  the  distressed  ;  to  practise  courtesy,  a 
virtue  less  familiar  to  the  ancients  ;  to  pursue  the 
infidels  ;  to  despise  the  allurements  of  ease  and 
safety  ;  and  to  vindicate  in  every  perilous  ad- 
venture the  honor  of  his  character.  The  abuse 
sf  the  same  spirit  provoked  the  illiterate  knight 


to  disdain  the  arts  of  industry  and  peace  ;  to  es- 
teem himself  the  sole  judge  and  avenger  of  his 
own  injuries ;  and  proudly  to  neglect  the  laws 
of  civil  society  and  military  discipline. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  58,  p.  563. 

1122.  CONSECRATION  without  Faith.  John 
Wesley.  [He  was  earnestly  seeking  the  knowl- 
edge of  his  personal  salvation,  when  he  read  Tay- 
lor^ "  Holy  Living  and  Dying,"  which  enforces 
utter  purity  of  motive;  he  "instantly  resolves 
to  dedicate  all  his  life  to  God  ;  all  his  thoughts, 
words,  and  actions,  being  thoroughly  convinced 
there  is  no  mediimi."  He  "  forsakes  all"  to  be- 
come a  missionary  to  savages  and  colonists  in  the 
new  world.  He  goes  to  Georgia,  where  he  fasts 
much,  sleeps  on  the  ground,  and  refuses  all  food 
but  bread  and  water  ;  he  goes  barefoot  to  en- 
courage the  poor  children  who  had  no  shoes. 
Yet  it  all  brought  him  no  peace  of  mind.  But 
after  returning  to  England  Luther's  preface  to 
the  Epistle  to  the  Romans  is  read  in  a  Moravian 
meeting,  and  the  truth  breaks  upon  his  mind.] 
' '  I  felt,"  he  writes,  • '  my  heart  strangely  warmed; 
I  felt  I  did  trust  in  Christ  alone  for  salvation, 
and  an  assurance  was  given  me  that  He  had  tak- 
en away  my  sins,  even  mine,  and  saved  me  from 
the  law  of  sin  and  death."-— Stevens'  M.  E. 
Church,  ch.  1. 

1123.  CONSENT  enforced.  Intimidation.  The 
abandoned  Caracalla  more  than  once  attempted 
the  life  of  his  father,  who,  at  length,  broken 
by  disease,  died  at  York  [a.d.  211.  The  broth- 
ei-s]  Caracalla  and  Geta  agreed  to  divide  the  em- 
pire, the  former  retaining  the  Western  part, 
and  the  latter  Asia  and  the  Eastern  provinces. 
The  mutual  hatred  of  those  two  brothers  was 
now  fomented  by  their  association  in  the  govern- 
ment. Caracalla,  at  length  worn  out  by  the 
struggle,  and  unable  to  bear  longer  with  his  ri- 
val, caused  him  to  be  openly  assassinated  in  the 
arms  of  his  mother  Julia,  and  had  the  address  to 
persuade  the  people  that  he  was  compelled  to  this 
atrocious  deed  by  motives  of  self-preservation. 
On  this  subject  ^lius  Spartianus  has  transmit- 
ted a  fact,  which  strongly  marks  the  degenera- 
cy of  the  Roman  character,  and  that  abject  ser- 
vility with  which  the  highest  ranks  of  the  state 
submitted  to  the  yoke  of  tyranny.  Caracalla, 
after  the  death  of  his  brother  Geta,  thought  it 
necessary  to  apologize  to  the  Senate  for  a  deed  so 
dark  and  unnatural.  He  ordered  a  body  of  his 
guards  to  enter  the  Senate-house,  and  two  armed 
soldiers  to  post  themselves  at  the  side  of  every 
senator.  Then  gravely  walking  up  to  the  con- 
sul's chair,  he  pronounced  a  studied  harangue, 
setting  forth  the  imperious  necessity  of  the  ac- 
tion, and  urging  that  his  concern  for  the  intei'ests 
of  the  state  had,  in  this  single  instance,  overcome 
his  fraternal  affection  and  the  humanity  of  his 
nature.  It  may  be  believed  that  the  Conscript 
Fathers  were  in  no  disposition  to  dispute  the 
force  of  his  arguments.  Caracalla  was  now  pro- 
claimed sole  emperor,  and  one  of  the  first  acts  of 
his  administration  was  to  put  to  death  the  cele- 
brated lawyer  Papinian,  who  had  refused  to  jus- 
tify his  conduct  to  the  people.— Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  5,  ch.  2. 

1124.  CONSERVATISM  cured.  Peter  the  Great. 
There  was  a  good  deal  of  fun  in  the  composition 
of  this  illustrious  patriot,  and  he  turned  it  to  good 
use  sometimes  in  throwing  ridicule  upon  the  an 


134 


CONSERVATISM— CONSOLATION. 


cient  usages.  One  cold  day  in  the  winter  of 
1703,  he  invited  all  his  court  and  nobility  to  at- 
tend the  wedding  of  one  of  his  buffoons ;  and 
he  was  very  particular  that  the  old  fogies  of  the 
empire  should  be  present.  He  gave  notice  that 
this  wedding  was  to  be  ceiebrated  according  to 
the  "usages  of  our  ancestors,"  and  that  every 
one  must  come  dressed  in  the  manner  of  the  six- 
teenth century.  Accordingly,  all  the  guests  ap- 
peared in  long  flowing  Asiatic  robes  of  the  an- 
cient Russians,  to  the  merriment  of  the  whole 
court.  It  was  an  ancient  custom  that  on  a  wed- 
ding-day no  fire  should  be  kindled  in  the  house  ; 
and,  therefore,  the  palace  was  as  cold  as  mortal 
flesh  could  bear.  "  Our  ancestors"  drank  only 
brandy,  and  so  on  this  day  not  a  drop  of  any 
milder  liquor  was  allowed.  All  the  barbarous 
and  indecent  customs  formerly  in  vogue  at  wed- 
dings were  revived  for  this  occasion,  and  when 
any  one  objected  or  complained,  the  czar  would 
reply,  laughing  :  "  Our  ancestors  did  so  !  Are 
not  the  ancient  customs  always  the  best  ?"  This 
ridiculous  fSte,  it  is  said,  had  much  to  do  in 
bringing  the  old  usages  into  discredit,  and  rec- 
onciling timid  people  to  the  new  ways  introduced 
by  the  czar. — Cyc.  of  Bigg.,  p.  431. 

1125.  CONSEEVATISM,  Dangers  of.  Dr.  Ar- 
nold. At  London,  where  he  wished  religious, 
not  sectarian;  examination  to  be  introduced  into 
the  University,  he  was  regarded  as  a  bigot,  while 
at  Oxford  he  was  regarded  as  an  extreme  latitu- 
dinarian.  "If  I  had  two  necks,"  said  he,  "I 
think  I  had  a  very  good  chance  of  being  hanged 
by  both  sides." — Smiles'  Brief  Biographies, 
p.  80. 

1126.  CONSERVATISM  described.  Preserva- 
tion. Robert  Cecil,  Earl  of  Salisbury,  has  been 
described  by  Bacon  as  a  most  fit  man  to  keep 
things  from  growing  worse,  but  no  very  fit  man 
to  reduce  things  to  be  much  better. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.3,  ch.  23,  p.  359. 

1127.  CONSEEVATISM,  Excessive.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  Danby  formed  the  design  of  secur- 
ing to  the  Cavalier  party  the  exclusive  possession 
of  all  political  power,  both  executive  and  legis- 
lative. In  the  year  1675,  accordingly,  a  bill  was 
offered  to  the  Lords,  which  provided  that  no 
person  should  hold  any  oflBce,  or  should  sit  in 
either  House  of  Parliament,  without  first  declar- 
ing on  oath  that  he  considered  resistance  to  the 
kingly  power  as  in  all  cases  criminal,  and  that 
he  would  never  endeavor  to  alter  the  govern- 
ment either  in  Church  or  State.  .  .  .  Bucking- 
ham and  Shaftesbury  were  beyond  all  precedent 
vehement  and  pertinacious,  and  at  length  proved 
successful.  The  bill  was  not  indeed  rejected, 
but  was  retarded,  mutilated,  and  at  length  suf- 
fered to  drop. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2. 

112§.  CONSEEVATISM,  FooUsh.  Anti-pro- 
gressive. [In  1630  a  company  was  formed  who 
undertook  to  drain  ninety -five  thousand  acres  of 
wet  land  in  England.  The  sportsmen  opposed 
it.]  The  men  who  walked  upon  stilts  were  in- 
dignant at  these  innovations,  which  threatened 
to  exterminate  the  wild  ducks,  which  they  cher- 
ished as  more  profitable  than  sheep  or  oxen  ; 
and  they  destroyed  the  drainage  works  in  true 
conservative  spirit. —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  1. 

1 129.  CONSEEVATISM,  Non-progressive.  Duke 
of  N&wcasiLe,    [In  England,  previous  to  this  date. 


1751,  the  year  had  been  made  to  begin  with  the 
25th  of  March.  By  the  energy  of  Lord  Chester- 
field it  was  changed  to  the  1st  of  January.]  The 
timid  [Duke  of]  Newcastle  told  him  that  he  hated 
new-fangled  things — that  he  had  better  not  med- 
dle with  things  so  long  established. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  12.  p.  183. 

1130.   CONSEEVATISM,   Opposition    of.      Ta 

Police.  For  several  years  a  prodigious  clamor 
was  raised  against  this  force,  not  only  by  thieves 
and  street-walkers,  but  by  respectable  upholders 
of  the  ancient  watch.  The  new  police  was  to 
be  "  the  most  dangerous  and  effective  engine  of 
despotism."  It  Avould  have  the  certain  effect  of 
depriving  us  of  our  immemorial  liberties. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  13,  p.  232. 

1131. .  Mines.  For  three  centu- 
ries the  exportation  of  coals  to  foreign  countries 
was  almost  prohibited  by  excessive  duties,  lest 
the  mines  should  be  exhausted  and  our  own 
manufacturing  superiority  be  endangered. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  29,  p.  478. 

1132.  CONSEEVATIVE,  Political.  Urd  Hali- 
fax. All  the  prejudices,  all  the  exaggerations 
of  both  the  great  parties  in  the  State,  moved  his 
scorn.  He  despised  the  mean  arts  and  unrea- 
sonable clamors  of  demagogues.  He  despised 
still  more  the  Tory  doctrines  of  divine  right  and 
passive  obedience.  He  sneered  impartially  at 
the  bigotry  of  the  Churchman  and  at  the  bigotry 
of  the  Puritan. ...  In  temper  he  was  what,  in  our 
time,  is  called  a  Conservative.  In  theory  he  was 
a  Republican.  .  . .  He  was  the  chief  of  those  pol- 
iticians whom  the  two  great  parties  contemptu- 
ously called  Trimmers.  Instead  of  quarrelling 
with  his  nickname,  he  assumed  it  as  a  title  of 
honor,  and  vindicated,  with  great  vivacity,  the 
dignity  of  the  appellation.  Everything  good,  he 
said,  trims  between  extremes.  The  temperate 
zone  trims  between  the  climate  in  which  men 
are  roasted  and  the  climate  in  which  they  are 
frozen.  .  .  .  Virtue  is  nothing  but  a  just  temper 
between  propensities,  any  one  of  which,  if  in- 
dulged to  excess,  becomes  a  vice. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  3. 

1133.  CONSISTENCY,  Disregard  for.  James  II. 
[Catherine  Sedley  was  the  notorious  mistress  of 
James.  His  wife,  Mary  of  Modena,  was  grieved.] 
She  asked  him  how  he  reconciled  his  conduct  to 
his  religious  professions.  "  You  are  ready,"  she 
said,  "to  put  your  kingdom  to  hazard  for  the 
sake  of  your  soul,  and  yet  you  are  throwing 
away  your  soul  for  the  sake  of  that  creature." 
Father  Petre,  on  bended  knees,  seconded  these 
remonstrances.  It  was  his  duty  to  do  so  ;  and 
his  duty  was  not  the  less  strenuously  performed 
because  it  coincided  with  his  interest.  The  king 
went  on  for  a  time  sinning  and  repenting.  In  his 
hours  of  remorse  his  penances  were  severe.  Mary 
treasured  up  to  the  end  of  her  life,  and  at  her 
death  bequeathed  to  the  convent  of  Chaillot, 
the  scourge  with  which  he  had  vigorously  aveng- 
ed her  wrongs  upon  his  own  shoulders. — Ma- 
caulay's Eng.,  ch.  6. 

1134.  CONSOLATION  of  Philosophy.  Boman 
Senator  Boethius.  [Imprisoned  by  Theodoric 
for  maintaining  the  rights  of  senators.]  While 
Boethius,  oppressed  with  fetters,  expected  each 
moment  the  sentence  or  the  stroke  of  death,  he 
composed,  in  the  tower  of  Pa  via,  the  "  Consola- 


CONSPIRACY— CONSTRUCTION. 


135 


tion  of  Philosophy,"  a  golden  volume,  not  un- 
worthy of  Plato  or  Tully.  .  .  .  The  celestial 
guide  whom  he  had  so  long  invoked  at  Rome  and 
Athens  now  condescended  to  illumine  his  dun- 
geon. .  .  .  She  taught  him  to  compare  his  long 
prosperity  with  his  recent  distress,  and  to  con- 
ceive new  hopes  from  the  inconstancy  of  fort- 
une. .  . .  His  enemies  had  left  him  happiness,  in- 
asmuch as  they  had  left  him  virtue. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  39. 

1135.  CONSPIRACY,  Alarming.  Reign  of 
William  I,     Assassination  was  an  event  of  daily 

occurrence.  Many  Normans  suddenly  disap- 
peared, leaving  no  trace.  The  corpses  of  many 
■were  found  bearing  the  marks  of  violence.  Death 
by  torture  was  denounced  against  the  murderers, 
and  strict  search  was  made  for  them,  but  gener- 
ally in  vain,  for  the  whole  nation  was  in  a  con- 
spiracy to  screen  them.  It  was  at  length  thought 
necessary  to  lay  a  heavy  fine  on  every  hundred 
in  which  a  person  of  French  extraction  should 
be  found  slain  ;  and  this  regulation  was  followed 
up  by  another  regulation,  providing  that  every 
person  who  was  found  slain  should  be  supposed 
to  be  a  Frenchman,  unless  he  was  proved  to  be  a 
Saxon. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  12. 

1136.  CONSPIRACY,  Infamous.  Royalists,  a.d. 
1776.  A  secret  plot  was  fostered  by  Tryon  .  .  . 
through  the  royalist  mayor  of  New  York  and 
others,  to  prepare  a  body  of  conspirators,  who 
should  raise  an  insurrection  in  aid  of  Howe  on 
his  arrival,  blow  up  the  magazines,  gain  posses- 
sion of  the  guns,  and  seize  Washington  and  his 
principal  officers.  Some  of  the  inferior  agents 
were  suspected  of  having  intended  to  procure  his 
death.  ...  It  was  discovered  before  it  was  ma- 
tured. .  .  .  Two  or  three  of  his  own  guard 
were  partners  in  the  scheme  of  treachery  ;  and 
one  of  them  .  .  .  was  hanged.  It  was  the  first 
military  execution  of  the  Revolution. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  8,  ch.  68. 

1137.  CONSPIRACY,  Political.  Reign  of 
Charles  II.  The  French  Court,  which  knew 
Danby  [the  Chancellor  of  England]  to  be  its  mor- 
tal enemy,  artfully  contrived  to  ruin  him  by 
making  him  pass  for  a  friend.  Louis  [XIV.],  by 
the  instrumentality  of  Ralph  Montague,  a  faith- 
less and  shameless  man,  who  had  resided  in 
France  as  minister  from  England,  laid  before  the 
House  of  Commons  proofs  that  the  treasurer 
had  been  concerned  in  an  application  made  by 
the  Court  to  the  Court  of  Versailles  for  a  sum  of 
money.  The  discovery  had  its  natural  effect. 
...  In  their  view  he  was  the  broker  who  had 
sold  England  to  France.  It  seemed  clear  that 
his  greatness  was  at  an  end,  and  doubtful  whether 
his  head  could  be  saved. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  2. 

113§.  CONSPIRACY,  Unpopular.    Coesar.  [C«- 
sar  was  assassinated  by  the  senators  in  the  Sen- 
ate house.]     The  conspirators  had  no  sooner  ac- 
complished their  purpose  than  they  ran  through 
the  streets  of  the  city,  proclaiming  aloud  that  the 
;  King  of  Rome  was  dead  ;  but  the  effect  did  not 
■  answer  their  expectation.     The  people,  almost  to 
a  man,  seemed  struck  with  horror  at  the  deed. 
They  loved  Caesar,  master  as  he  was  of  their  lives 
and  liberties. — Tytler'sHist.,  Book  4,  ch.  2. 
>     1139.  CONSPIRACY,  TInproven.    Sir  Walter 
i  Raleigh.       [There    was   an   alleged  conspiracy 
against  James  I.]     Raleigh  underwent  a  trial, 


which,  though  the  issue  declared  him  guilty, 
leaves  the  mind  in  a  state  of  absolute  scepticism 
with  regard  to  the  reality  of  this  conspiracy,  oi 
of  his  concern  in  it.  Raleigh's  sentence  was  sus- 
pended for  the  course  of  fifteen  years,  during 
most  of  which  time  he  was  confined  in  the 
Tower,  where  he  employed  himself  in  the  com- 
position of  his  "  History  of  the  "World,"  a  work 
excellent  in  point  of  style,  and  in  many  branches 
valuable  in  point  of  matter.  In  the  last  year  of 
his  life  he  received  the  king's  commission  of  ad- 
miral to  undertake  an  expedition  for  the  discov- 
ery of  some  rich  mines  in  Guiana.  This,  which, 
if  not  law,  humanity  at  least  ought  to  have  in- 
terpreted into  a  pardon  of  his  offence,  was,  how- 
ever, not  so  understood  by  the  monarch,  whose 
heart  had  no  great  portion  of  the  generous  feel- 
ings. Raleigh's  expedition  was  unsuccessful ;  the 
court  of  Spain  complained  of  an  attack  which  he 
had  made  upon  one  of  their  settlements.  James 
wished  to  be  at  peace  with  Spain,  and  Raleigh, 
at  his  return,  was  ordered  to  be  beheaded  on 
his  former  sentence. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  29. 

1140.  CONSPIRACY  of  Vice.  Catiline's.  B.C. 
62.  Sergius  Catiline  .  .  .  was  a  youth  of  noble 
family,  but  with  a  character  stained  with  every 
manner  of  crime.  [He  had  been  one  of  the  min- 
isters of  cruelty  for  Sylla,  the  Dictator,  and  risen 
with  honors.]  Lost  in  character,  drowned  in 
debt,  and  thence  unable  to  find  any  other  re- 
source for  the  support  of  his  vices  and  debauch- 
eries, he  now  formed  the  desperate  scheme  of  ex- 
tirpating the  whole  body  of  the  Senate,  of  assassi- 
nating all  the  magistrates  of  the  commonwealth, 
and  satiating  his  avarice  and  ambition  by  the 
command  of  the  republic  and  the  plunder  of  the 
city.  Catiline  gained  to  his  interest  the  profli- 
gate of  all  ranks  and  denominations ;  knights, 
patricians,  and  senators,  who  were  desperate 
bankrupts,  and  some  high-born  women  of  in- 
triguing and  abandoned  character,  helped  to  in- 
crease his  party.  [The  disclosure  made  by  Ful- 
via,  a  woman  of  loose  character,  defeated  the  con- 
spirators.]— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 4,  ch.  1. 

1141.  CONSPIRATORS,  Ingrate.  Omar's.  Six- 
ty  senators,  in  all,  w  ere  parties  to  the  immediate 
conspiracy.  Of  these  nine  tenths  were  members 
of  the  old  faction  whom  Caesar  had  pardoned,  and 
who,  of  all  his  acts,  resented  most  that  he  had 
been  able  to  pardon  them.  They  were  the  men 
who  had  stayed  at  home,  like  Cicero,  from  the 
fields  of  Thapsus  and  Munda,  and  had  pretended 
penitence  and  submission  that  they  might  take 
an  easier  road  to  rid  themselves  of  their  enemy. 
Their  motives  were  the  ambition  of  their  order 
and  personal  hatred  of  Caesar  ;  but  they  persuad- 
ed themselves  that  they  were  animated  by  patriot- 
ism ;  and  as,  in  their  hands,  the  Republic  had 
been  a  mockery  of  liberty,  so  they  aimed  at  re- 
storing it  by  a  mock  tyrannicide. — Froude's 
C^SAR,  ch.  26. 

1142.  CONSTRUCTION  vs.  Destruction.  Crom- 
well. April,  1653,  he  dissolved  "the  Rump!" 
"  We  did  not  hear  a  dog  bark  at  their  going,** 
he  said  afterward  in  one  of  his  speeches,  and 
it  expresses  the  very  truth  of  the  event.  Hence- 
forth, until  1658 — a  brief  parenthesis  of  time, 
indeed,  in  the  history  of  the  country — he  gor- 
erned  the  country  absolutely.  In  a  history  so 
brief  as  this  we  shall  not  attempt  to  detail  the  cir- 


136 


CONTEMPT— CONTENTMENT. 


cumstances  of  those  troublesome  years.  Alas  ! 
all  his  battles  had  been  easy  to  win  compared 
with  the  task  of  ruling  the  distracted  realm. — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  15,  p.  186. 

1143.  CONTEMPT  expressed.  Timour.  The 
first  epistle  of  the  Mogul  emperor  must  have 
provoked,  instead  of  reconciling,  the  Turkish 
sultan,  whose  family  and  nation  he  affected  to 
despise.  "Dost  thou  not  know  that  the  great- 
est part  of  Asia  is  subject  to  our  arms  and  our 
laws  ?  .  .  .  Be  wise  in  time  ;  reflect ;  repent ;  and 
avert  the  thunder  of  our  vengeance,  which  is  yet 
suspended  over  thy  head  !  Thou  art  no  more 
than  a  pismire  ;  why  wilt  thou  seek  to  provoke 
the  elephants  ?  Alas  !  they  will  trample  thee 
under  their  feet." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65. 

1144.  CONTEMPT  for  Pretension.  Pirates. 
[During  the  time  of  Pompey,  the  pirates  of  the 
Mediterranean  were  very  numerous  and  bold. 
They  seized  prisoners  on  the  land  and  carried 
them  away.]  But  the  most  contemptuous  cir- 
cumstances of  all  was,  that  when  they  had  taken 
a  prisoner,  and  he  cried  out  that  he  was  a  Roman, 
and  told  them  his  name,  they  pretended  to  be 
struck  with  terror,  smote  their  thighs,  and  fell 
upon  their  knees  to  ask  him  pardon.  The  poor 
man,  seeing  them  thus  humble  themselves  before 
him,  thought  them  in  earnest,  and  said  he  would 
forgive  them ;  for  some  were  so  officious  as  to 
put  on  his  shoes,  and  others  to  help  him  on  with 
his  gown,  that  his  quality  might  no  more  be 
mistaken.  When  they  had  carried  on  this  farce, 
and  enjoyed  it  for  some  time,  they  let  a  ladder 
down  into  the  sea,  and  bade  him  go  in  peace  ; 
and  if  he  refused  to  do  so,  they  pushed  him  off 
the  deck,  and  drowned  him. —  Plutarch's 
"Pompey." 

1145. .  Alaric.  [Rome  was  be- 
sieged, and  ambassadors  sent  to  Alaric  to  treat 
for  peace.]  When  they  were  introduced  into 
his  presence  they  declared,  perhaps  in  a  more 
lofty  style  than  became  their  abject  condition, 
that  the  Romans  were  resolved  to  maintain 
their  dignity,  either  in  peace  or  war  ;  and  that 
if  Alaric  refused  them  a  fair  and  honorable 
capitulation,  he  might  sound  his  trumpets, 
and  prepare  to  give  battle  to  an  innumerable 
people,  exercised  in  arms,  and  animated  by  de- 
spair. "The  thicker  the  hay,  the  easier  it  is 
mowed,"  was  the  concise  reply  of  the  barbarian  ; 
and  this  rustic  metaphor  was  accompanied  by  a 
loud  and  insulting  laugh,  expressive  of  his  con- 
tempt for  the  menaces  of  an  unwarlike  populace, 
enervated  by  luxury  before  they  were  emaciated 
by  famine.  He  then  condescended  to  fix  the  ran- 
som which  he  would  accept  as  the  price  of  his 
retreat  from  the  walls  of  Rome  :  all  the  gold  and 
silver  in  the  city,  whether  it  were  the  property 
of  the  State  or  of  individuals  ;  all  the  rich  and 
precious  movables  ;  and  all  the  slaves  who  could 
prove  their  title  to  the  name  of  barbarians.  The 
ministers  of  the  Senate  presumed  to  ask,  in  a 
modest  and  suppliant  tone, ' '  If  such,  O  king,  are 
your  demands,  what  do  you  intend  to  leave  us  ?" 
"  Your  lives  !"  replied  the  haughty  conqueror  ; 
they  trembled,  and  retired.  Yet  before  they  re- 
tired a  short  suspension  of  arms  was  granted, 
which  allowed  some  time  for  a  more  temper- 
ate negotiation. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31. 

1146.  CONTEMPT,  Protected  by.  Usurper 
Maximus.     The  unprotected  Maximus.  whom 


he  [Count  Gerontius]  had  invested  with  the 
purple,  was  indebted  for  his  life  to  the  contempt 
that  was  entertained  of  his  power  and  abilities. 
The  caprice  of  the  barbarians,  w^ho  ravaged 
Spain,  once  more  seated  this  imperial  phantom, 
on  the  throne  ;  but  they  soon  resigned  him  tc 
the  justice  of  Honorius;  and  the  tyrant  Maximus, 
after  he  had  been  shown  to  the  people  of  Ra- 
venna and  Rome,  was  publicly  executed. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  31,  p.  303. 

1147.  CONTEMPT,  Religious.  Puritans. 
With  the  fear  and  hatred  inspired  by  such  a  tyr- 
anny, contempt  was  largely  mingled.  The  peculi- 
arities of  the  Puritan,  his  look,  his  dress,  his; 
dialect,  his  strange  scruples,  had  been,  ever  since 
the  time  of  Elizabeth,  favorite  subjects  with 
mockers.  But  these  peculiarities  appeared  far 
more  grotesque  in  a  faction  which  ruled  a  great 
empire  than  in  obscure  and  persecuted  congre- 
gations. The  cant  which  had  moved  laughter 
when  it  was  heard  on  the  stage  from  Tribula- 
tion Wholesome  and  Zeal-of-the-Land  Busy,  was. 
still  more  laughable  when  it  proceeded  from  the 
lips  of  generals  and  counsellors  of  State. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2. 

114§.  CONTENTMENT  in  Gardening.  IMo- 
cletian.  [When  Diocletian  resigned  the  imperial 
purple]  he  had  preserved,  or  at  least  he  soon  re- 
covered, a  taste  for  the  most  innocent  as  well  as 
natural  pleasures,  and  his  leisure  hours  were 
sufflciently  employed  in  building,  planting,  and 
gardening.  His  answer  to  Maximian  is  deserv- 
edly celebrated.  He  was  solicited  by  that  rest- 
less old  man  to  reassume  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment and  the  Imperial  purple.  He  rejected 
the  temptation  with  a  smile  of  pity,  calmly  ob- 
serving that  if  he  could  show  Maximian  the 
cabbages  which  he  had  planted  with  his  own 
hands  at  Salona,  he  should  no  longer  be  urged 
to  relinquish  the  enjoyment  of  happiness  for  the 
pursuit  of  power. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  13. 

1149.  CONTENTMENT  under  Hardships.  John. 
Wesley.  [He]  and  I  lay  on  the  floor ;  he  had 
my  great  coat  for  his  pillow,  and  I  had  Burkitt's. 
notes  on  the  New  Testament  for  mine.  One 
morning  about  three  o'clock  Mr.  Wesley  turned 
over,  and  finding  me  awake,  clapped  me  on  the 
side,  saying,  "  Brother  Nelson,  let  us  be  of  good 
cheer  ;  I  have  one  whole  side  yet,  for  the  skin 
is  off  but  one  side." — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol. 
1,  ch.  5. 

1150.  CONTENTMENT,  Inferior.  Samuel 
Johnson.  Johnson  (laughing) :  "It  must  be 
born  with  a  man  to  be  contented  to  take  up 
with  little  things.  Women  have  a  great  advan- 
tage that  they  may  take  up  with  little  things, 
without  disgracing  themselves  ;  a  man  cannot, 
except  with  fiddling.  Had  I  learnt  to  fiddle,  I 
should  have  done  nothing  else."  Boswell: 
"Pray,  sir,  did  you  ever  play  on  any  musical 
instrument?"  Johnson:  "No,  sir;  I  once 
bought  me  a  flageolet,  but  I  never  made  out  a 
tune."  Boswell:  "A  flageolet,  sir!  so  small 
an  instrument  ?  I  should  have  liked  to  hear  you 
play  on  the  violoncello.  That  should  have  been 
2^<?M7*  instrument."  Johnson:  "  Sir,  I  might  a» 
well  have  played  on  the  violoncello  as  another, 
but  I  should  have  done  nothing  else.  No,  sir  ; 
a  man  would  never  undertake  great  things  could 
he  be  amused  with  small.  I  once  tried  knotting — 
Dempster's  sister  undertook  to  teach  me — but 


CONTENTMENT— CONTRADICTION. 


13^ 


I  could  not  learn  it." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  365. 

1151.  CONTENTMENT  with  Poverty.  IHoge- 
nes.  [Alexander  the  Great  and  his  courtiers 
visited  Diogenes.]  The  philosopher  was  at  the 
time  lying  down  in  the  sun.  Alexander  was 
surprised  at  his  poverty,  and,  after  saluting  him 
in  the  kindest  manner,  asked  whether  he  wanted 
anything.  Diogenes  replied,  "Yes;  that  you 
would  stand  a  little  out  of  my  sunshine."  This 
answer  raised  the  indignation  and  contempt  of 
all  the  courtiers  ;  but  the  monarch,  struck  with 
the  philosopher's  greatness  of  soul,  said  :  "  Were  I 
not  Alexander,  I  would  be  Diogenes." — Rollin, 
vol.  1,  ch.  15. 

1152.  CONTENTMENT,  Price  of.  Napoleon 
I.  [Entering  incognito  the  cabin  of  an  Italian 
peasant  woman,  he  listened  to  her  story  of  pov- 
erty, and  saw  evidences  of  personal  worth.] 
"  How  much  money,"  said  he,  "  should  you  want 
to  make  you  perfectly  happy  ?"  "  Ah,  sir  !"  she 
replied,  "  a  great  deal  I  should  want."  ..."  But 
how  much  ?"..."  Oh,  sir,  ...  I  should 
want  as  much  as  $80  ;  but  what  prospect  is  there 
of  one  having  $80  ?"  The  emperor  caused  an 
attendant  to  pour  into  her  lap  about  $600  in 
glittering  gold.  For  a  moment  she  was  speech- 
less in  bewilderment,  and  then  said  :  "Ah,  sir  ! 
ah,  madam  !  this  is  too  much  ;  and  yet  you  do 
not  look  as  if  you  could  sport  with  the  feelings 
of  a  poor  woman."  "  No,"  Josephine  replied  ; 
"  the  money  is  all  yours  ;  with  it  you  can  now 
rent  a  piece  of  ground,  purchase  a  flock  of 
goats,  and  I  hope  you  will  be  able  to  bring  up 
your  children  comfortably." — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  29. 

1153.  CONTEST,  Unequal.  Oreeks  m.  Bus- 
tians.  Yet  the  threats  or  calamities  of  a  Russian 
war  were  more  frequently  diverted  by  treaty  than 
by  arms.  In  these  naval  hostilities  every  disad- 
vantage was  on  the  side  of  the  Greeks  ;  their  sav- 
age enemy  afforded  no  mercy  ;  his  poverty  prom- 
ised no  spoil ;  bis  impenetrable  retreat  deprived 
the  conqueror  of  the  hopes  of  revenge  ;  and  the 
pride  or  weakness  of  empire  indulged  an  opinion, 
that  no  honor  could  be  gained  or  lost  in  the  in- 
tercourse with  barbarians.  At  first  their  de- 
mands were  high  and  inadmissible — three  pounds 
of  gold  for  each  soldier  or  mariner  of  the  fleet : 
the  Russian  youth  adhered  to  the  design  of  con- 
quest and  glory,  but  the  counsels  of  moderation 
were  recommended  by  the  hoary  sages.  "Be 
content,"  they  said,  "with  the  liberal  offers  of 
Caesar  ;  is  it  not  far  better  to  obtain  without  a 
combat  the  possession  of  gold,  silver,  silks,  and 
all  the  objects  of  our  desires  ?  Are  we  sure  of 
victory  ?  Can  we  conclude  a  treaty  with  the  sea  ? 
We  do  not  tread  on  the  land ;  we  float  on  the 
abyss  of  water,  and  a  common  death  hangs  over 
our  heads." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  56. 

1154.  CONTINGENCIES,  Combination  of.  Cap- 
iure  of  New  Orleans.  The  attempt  of  the  enemy 
had  been  audacious,  but  was  aided  by  various 
contingencies  .  .  .  the  river  had  been  obstructed 
by  means  of  a  raft  consisting  of  a  line  of  eleven 
dismantled  schooners,  extending  from  bank  to 
bank,  strongly  moored,  and  connected  together 
with  six  heavy  chains.  Unfortunately  a  violent 
atorm  had  rent  a  large  chasm  in  the  raft,  which 
could  not  be  closed  in  time.  It  appears,  too,  that 
on  the  night  of  the  attack  [by  the  Federal  fleet] 


the  river  had  not  been  lighted  by  fire-rafts,  al- 
though General  Lovell  had  several  times  request- 
ed  that  it  should  be  done.  Moreover,  the  per- 
son in  charge  of  the  signals  neglected  to  throw 
up  rockets  on  the  approach  of  the  fleet,  and,  by 
a  strange  coincidence,  the  enemy's  signals,  on 
that  night,  were  identically  the  same  as  those 
used  by  our  gunboats  .  .  .  the  advance  of  the 
enemy  was  not  discovered  until  they  were  abreast 
of  the  [two]  forts. — Pollard's  First  Year  op 
THE  War,  ch.  12,  p.  312. 

1155.  CONTINGENCIES  of  Success.  Colum- 
bus. [Terrific  and  perilous  storms  attended  his 
return  voyage.  All  gave  themselves  up  for 
lost.]  Such  were  the  difficulties  and  perils 
which  attended  his  return  to  Europe  ;  had  one 
tenth  part  of  them  beset  his  outward  voyage, 
his  timid  and  factious  crew  would  have  risen  in 
arms  against  the  enterprise,  and  he  never  would 
have  discovered  the  New  World. —  Irving's 
Columbus,  Book  5,  ch.  2. 

1156.  CONTRACTS,  Suspension  of.  Marcus 
Calms.  He  told  the  mob  that  Caesar  would  do 
nothing  for  them,  that  Caesar  cared  only  for  his 
capitalists.  He  wrote  privately  to  Cicero  that  he 
was  bringing  them  over  to  Pompey,  and  he  was 
doing  it  in  the  way  in  which  pretended  revolu- 
tionists so  often  play  into  the  hands  of  reaction- 
aries. He  proposed  a  law  in  the  Assembly  in 
the  spirit  of  Jack  Cade,  that  no  debts  should  be 
paid  in  Rome  for  six  years,  and  that  every  ten- 
ant should  occupy  his  house  for  two  years  free 
of  rent.  The  administrators  of  the  government 
treated  him  as  a  madman,  and  deposed  him  from 
oftice.  He  left  the  city  pretending  that  he  was 
going  to  Caesar. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  22. 

1157.  CONTEADICTION,  Proneness  to.  Sam- 
uel Johnson.  I  was  sensible  that  he  was  some- 
times a  little  actuated  by  the  spirit  of  contradic- 
tion, and  by  means  of  that  I  hoped  I  should  gain 
my  point.  I  was  persuaded,  that  if  I  had  come 
upon  him  with  a  direct  proposal,  "  Sir,  will  you 
dine  in  company  with  Jack  Wilkes  ?"  he  would 
have  flown  into  a  passion,  and  would  probably 
have  answered,  "Dine  with  Jack  Wilkes,  sir! 
I'd  as  soon  dine  with  Jack  Ketch."  I  therefore, 
while  we  were  sitting  quietly  by  ourselves  at  his 
house  in  an  evening,  took  occasion  to  open  my 
plan  thus:  "Mr.  Dilly,  sir,  sends  his  respect- 
ful compliments  to  you,  and  would  be  happy  if 
you  would  do  him  the  honor  to  dine  with  him  on 
Wednesday  next,  along  with  me,  as  I  must  soon 
go  to  Scotland."  Johnson  :  "  Sir,  1  am  obliged 
to  Mr.  Dilly.  I  will  wait  upon  him — "  Bos- 
well  :  "  Provided,  sir,  I  suppose,  that  the  com- 
pany which  he  is  to  have  is  agreeable  to  j^ou. " 
Johnson  :  "  What  do  you  mean,  sir  ?  What 
do  you  take  me  for  ?  Do  you  think  I  am  so  ig- 
norant of  the  world  as  to  imagine  that  I  am  to  pr© 
scribe  to  a  gentleman  what  company  he  is  to  li  ave 
at  his  table  ?'  Boswell  :  "  I  beg  your  pardon, 
sir,  for  wishi)\g  to  prevent  you  from  meeting 
people  whom  you  might  not  like.  Perhaps'  he 
may  have  soi  le  of  what  he  calls  his  patri<  »tic 
friends  with  h\m."  Johnson:  "Well,  sir,  and 
what  then  ?  What  care  /  for  his  patriotic 
friends?  Pol  I"  Boswell:  "I  should  not  be 
surprised  to  find  Jack  Wilkes  there."  John- 
son :  "  And  if  lack  Wilkes  should  be  there,  what 
is  that  to  m£,  lir  ?  My  dear  friend,  let  us  have 
no  more  of  thin." — Boswell's  Johnson.  306. 


138 


CONTRIBUTION— CONTROVERSY. 


115S.  CONTBIBUTION,  TJnooascioos.  Sie^e 
of  Acre.  a.  d.  1799.  The  siege  had  now  contin- 
ued for  sixty  days.  .  .  .  Napoleon  had  now  ex- 
pended all  his  cannon  for  balls.  By  a  singular 
expedient  he  obtained  a  fresh  supply.  A  party  of 
soldiers  were  sent  upon  the  beach.  .  .  .  appar- 
ently throwing  up  a  rampart  for  the  erection  of 
a  battery.  Sir  Sidney  [Smith]  immediately  ap- 
proached with  the  English  ships  and  poured  in 
upon  them  broadside  after  broadside  from  all  his 
tiers.  The  soldiers  .  .  .  collected  the  balls  as 
they  rolled  over  the  sand.  [A  dollar  was  paid 
for  each  ball.] — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  13. 

1159.  CONTEOVERSY,  Abusive.  Lutlier.  A 
new  pope,  Adrian  VI.,  had  ascended  the  papal 
throne.  Earnest  and  severe  in  disposition,  he 
sought  most  emphatically  to  crush  Luther's  her- 
esy, which,  in  spite  of  ban  and  edict,  was  mak- 
ing continual  progress.  Nor  did  he  hesitate  to 
attack  Luther's  personal  character,  and  to  heap 
abuse  upon  him.  Luther  was  not  disturbed  at 
this ;  he  was  accustomed  to  call  Adrian  "  the 
jackass  !" — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  13,  p.  119. 

1 160.  CONTROVEESY,  Afraid  of.  George  Fox, 
the  Quaker.  By  degrees  the  "hypocrites"  fear- 
ed to  dispute  with  him  ;  and  the  simplicity  of 
his  principle  found  such  ready  entrance  among 
the  people,  that  the  priests  trembled  and  scud  as 
he  drew  near  ;  "  so  that  it  was  a  dreadful  thing  to 
them  when  it  was  told  them,  '  The  man  in  leath- 
ern breeches  is  come.'" — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  2,  ch.  16. 

1161.  CONTROVERSY,  Angry.  SamuelJohiv- 
son.  Murray:  "It  seems  to  me  that  we  are 
not  angry  at  a  man  for  controverting  an  opinion 
Avhich  we  believe  and  value;  we  rather  pity  him." 
Johnson:  "Why,  sir,  to  be  sure  ;  when  you 
wish  a  man  to  have  that  belief  which  you  think 
is  of  infinite  advantage,  you  wish  well  to  him  ; 
but  your  primary  consideration  is  your  own  quiet. 
If  a  madman  were  to  come  into  this  room  with 
a  stick  in  his  hand,  no  doubt  we  should  pity  the 
state  of  his  mind  ;  but  our  primary  consideration 
would  be,  to  take  care  of  ourselves.  We  should 
knock  him  down  first,  and  pity  him  afterward. 
No,  sir  ;  every  man  will  dispute  with  great  good 
humor  upon  a  subject  in  which  he  is  not  inter- 
ested. I  will  dispute  very  calmly  upon  the  prob- 
ability of  another  man's  son  being  hanged  ;  but 
if  a  man  zealously  enforces  the  probability  that 
my  own  son  vnll  be  hanged,  I  shall  certainly  not 
be  in  a  very  good  humor  with  him." — Bos  well's 
Johnson,  p.  291. 

11G2.  CONTROVERSY,  Bitterness  in.  Luther. 
The  more  Zwingli  endeavored  to  convince  Lu- 
ther of  the  impossibility  of  the  bodily  presence  of 
Christ,  the  more  firmly  did  Luther  adhere  to  the 
literal  interpretation  of  the  words  of  institution. 
And  when  Zwingli  quoted  the  sixth  chapter  of 
St.  John's  Gospel  in  his  favor,  venturing  rather 
boldly  to  remark,  ' '  This  passage  will  break  your 
neck,  doctor!"  Luther  replied,  "Do  not  exalt 
yourself  too  highly  ;  you  are  in  Hesse  and  not  in 
Switzerland.  Necks  are  not  so  readily  broken 
here  ;  spare  your  proud  and  defiant  words  until 
you  return  home  to  your  fellow-countrymen.  If 
not,  I  will  administer  a  blow  which  will  cause 
you  to  repent  of  your  remark."  Whereupon 
Zwingli  responded:  "In  Switzerland  also  jus- 
tice is  administered  in  equity,  and  no  one's  neck 


is  endangered  without  due  process  of  law,  1 
simply  made  use  of  a  proverbial  saying,  which 
signifies  that  a  person  has  lost  his  cause."  The 
Landgrave  likewise  interposed  at  this  point  and 
entreated  Luther  not  to  understand  such  an  ex- 
pression so  seriously. — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  17, 
p.  153. 

1163.  CONTROVERSY,  Christian.  Luther. 
Zwingli  declared  with  tears  in  his  eyes  :  "  There 
are  no  other  people  on  earth  with  whom  I  would 
rather  agree  than  vsdth  the  Wittenbergers. "  But 
Luther  rejected  the  proffered  hand  of  union,  with 
the  words,  "Your  spirit  is  different  from  our 
spirit.  I  am  surprised  that  you  are  willing  to 
recognize  in  me,  who  regard  your  teaching  to  be 
false,  a  brother.  It  cannot  be  that  you  think 
very  highly  of  your  own  doctrine."  Then  Bu- 
cer,  who  had  come  from  Strasburg,  advanced 
and  said,  "Take  your  choice  !  Either  you  will 
acknowledge  no  one  as  brother  who  may  deviate 
from  you  in  a  single  point — in  which  case  you 
have  no  brethren,  not  even  in  your  own  party — 
or  else  if  you  recognize  some  who  differ  from 
you,  then  you  must  also  acknowledge  us. "  And 
when  at  last  the  Landgrave  exhorted  them  all 
not  to  withhold  the  fraternal  love  which  they 
owed  one  another  as  brethren,  Luther  remarked 
he  would  not  deny  his  opponents  that  love  which 
he  owed  to  all  his  enemies. — Rein's  Luther, 
ch.  17,  p.  155. 

1164.  CONTROVERSY,  Dread  of.  Lsaae  New- 
ton. Newton  resided  at  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge for  thirty-three  years,  devoted  to  profound 
researches  in  chemistry  and  astronomy.  His  dis- 
coveries in  the  nature  of  light  and  color  remain  \ 
to  this  day  the  accepted  system  in  all  countries.  > 
He  was  accustomed  to  make  his  apparatus  with 
his  own  hands,  even  to  his  brick  furnaces  and 
brass-work.     He  seemed  to  become,  at  length, 

all  mind,  spending  his  days  in  meditation,  insen- 
sible to  all  that  usually  interests  mankind.  Nev- 
ertheless, he  was  pleasant  and  amiable  in  his  de- 
meanor and  exceedingly  bountiful  in  gifts  to  his 
dependents  and  relatives.  So  little  did  he  value 
the  glory  of  his  discoveries,  that  he  was  with  dif- 
ficulty induced  to  make  them  known  to  the  world, 
having  a  mortal  dread  of  being  drawn  into  con- 
troversy. Some  of  his  most  brilliant  discoveries 
remained  unpublished  for  several  years.  And 
when,  at  last,  his  "Principia"  had  appeared, 
which  contained  the  results  of  his  studies,  he  had 
to  be  much  persuaded  before  he  would  consent 
to  issue  a  second  edition.  — Cyc.  op  Biog.  ,  p,  253. 

1165.  CONTROVERSY,  Personal.  Milton  and 
Morus.  Morus  fitted  the  "  Clamor"  [a  political 
pamphlet]  with  a  preface,  in  which  Milton  was 
further  reviled,  and  styled  a  "monstrum  horen- 
dum,  informe,  ingens,  cui  lumen  ademtum." 
The  secret  of  the  authorship  was  strictly  kept, 
and  Morus,  having  been  known  to  be  concerned 
in  the  publication,  was  soon  transformed  in  pub- 
lic belief  into  the  author.  So  it  was  reported  to 
Milton,  and  so  Milton  believed.  He  nursed  his 
wrath,  and  took  two  years  to  meditate  his  blow. 
He  caused  inquiries  to  be  made  into  Morus's  an- 
tecedents. It  happened  that  Morus's  conduct 
had  been  wanting  in  discretion,  especially  in  his 
relations  with  women.  He  had  been  equally  im- 
prudent in  his  utterances  on  some  of  the  certain- 
ties of  Calvinistic  doctrine. — Milton,  by  M 
Pattison.  ch.  10. 


CONTROVERSY— CONVERSATION. 


139 


1166.  CONTKOVEESY  prevented.  Maryland. 
The  provincial  legislature  in  1649  .  .  .  enacted 
that  no  person  believing  in  the  fundamental  doc- 
trines of  Christianity  should,  on  account  of  his 
religious  principles  or  practices,  be  in  any  wise 
distressed.  .  .  .  Freedom  of  conscience  vi^as  re- 
iterated. ...  It  was  declared  a  fineable  offence 
for  citizens  to  apply  to  each  other  the  opprobri- 
ous names  used  in  religious  controversy.  "While 
Massachusetts  was  attempting  by  proscription  to 
establish  Puritanism,  ...  it  sometimes  happen- 
ed in  those  days  that  Protestants  escaping  from 
Protestants  found  an  asylum  with  the  Catholic 
colonists  of  the  Chesapeake. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  26. 

1167.  CONTROVERSY,  Ridiculous.  Milton. 
Milton's  "  Defensio  Secunda"  came  out  in  May, 
1654.  In  this  piece  (written  in  Latin)  Morus  is 
throughout  assumed  to  be  the  author  of  the 
"  Clamor,"  and  as  such  is  pursued  through  many 
pages  in  a  strain  of  invective,  in  which  banter  is 
mingled  with  ferocity.  The  Hague  tittle-tattle 
about  Morus's  love-arfairs  is  set  forth  in  the  pomp 
of  Milton's  loftiest  Latin.  Sonorous  periods 
could  hardly  be  more  disproportioned  to  their 
material  content.  To  have  kissed  a  girl  is  paint- 
ed as  the  blackest  of  crimes.  The  sublime  and 
the  ridiculous  are  here  blended  without  the  step 
between.  Milton  descends  even  to  abuse  the 
publisher.  Viae,  who  had  officially  signed  his 
name  to  Morus's  preface.  The  mixture  of  fa- 
natical choler  and  grotesque  jocularity,  in  which 
he  rolls  forth  his  charges  of  incontinence  against 
Morus,  and  of  petty  knavery  against  Viae,  are 
only  saved  from  being  unseemly  by  being  ridic- 
ulous. The  comedy  is  complete  when  we  re- 
member that  Morus  had  not  written  the  "  Clam- 
or," nor  Viae  the  preface.  Milton's  ra^e  blind- 
ed him  ;  he  is  mad  Ajax  castigating  innocent 
sheep  instead  of  Achseans. — Milton,  by  M. 
Pattison,  ch.  10. 

116§.  CONTROVERSY,  Spirit  of.  Constantino- 
fle.  [Reign  of  Theodosius.]  Their  diocese  enjoyed 
a  free  importation  of  vice  and  error  from  every 
province  of  the  empire  ;  the  eager  pursuit  of  re- 
ligious controversy  afforded  a  new  occupation  to 
the  busy  idleness  of  the  metropolis  ;  and  we  may 
credit  the  assertion  of  an  intelligent  observer, 
who  describes,  with  some  pleasantry,  the  effects 
of  their  loquacious  zeal.  "  This  city,"  says  he, 
"  is  full  of  mechanics  and  slaves,  who  are  all  of 
them  profoimd  theologians,  and  preach  in  the 
shops  and  in  the  streets.  If  you  desire  a  man 
to  change  a  piece  of  silver,  he  informs  you 
Avherein  the  Son  differs  from  the  Father  ;  if  you 
ask  the  price  of  a  loaf,  you  are  told,  by  way  of 
reply,  that  the  Son  is  inferior  to  the  Father." — 
Oibbon's  Rome,  ch.  27. 

1169.  CONVENTS,  Refuge  in.  Fear  of  Vice. 
[Samuel  Johnson  said  of  religious  orders  :]  "It 
is  as  unreasonable  for  a  man  to  go  into  a  Car- 
thusian convent  for  fear  of  being  immoral,  as  for 
a  man  to  cut  off  his  hands  for  fear  he  should  steal. 
There  is,  indeed,  great  resolution  in  the  immedi- 
ate act  of  dismembering  himself;  but  when  that  is 
once  done,  he  has  no  longer  any  merit ;  for  though 
it  is  out  of  his  power  to  steal,  yet  he  may  all  his 
life  be  a  thief  in  his  heart.  So  when  a  man  has 
once  become  a  Carthusian,  he  is  obliged  to  con- 
tinue so,  whether  he  chooses  it  or  not.  Their 
silence,  too,  is  absurd.      We  read  in  the  Gospel 


of  the  apostles  being  sent  to  preach,  but  not  to 
hold  their  tongues.  All  severity  that  does  not 
tend  to  increase  good  or  prevent  evil  is  idle. 
I  said  to  the  lady  abbess  of  a  convent,  '  Mad- 
am, you  are  here  not  for  the  love  of  virtue,  but 
the  fear  of  vice.'  She  said  she  should  remem- 
ber this  as  long  as  she  lived." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  275. 

1170.  CONVERSATION,  Care  in.  Cato.  [At 
the  hospitable  table  of  Cato  the  Censor]  conver- 
sation generally  turned  upon  the  praises  of 
great  and  excellent  men  among  the  Romans ; 
as  for  the  bad  and  the  unworthy,  no  mention 
was  made  of  them,  for  he  would  not  allow  in 
his  company  one  word,  either  good  or  bad,  to 
be  said  of  such  kind  of  men. —  Plutarch's 
Cato. 

1171.  CONVERSATION,  Corrupting.  Mary 
Stuart.  [Mary  Queen  of  Scots.]  One  of  those 
mistresses,  Lady  Reves,  a  dissipated  woman,  cele- 
brated by  Brantome  for  the  notoriety  of  her  ad- 
ventures, was  the  confidante  of  the  queen.  She 
had  retained  for  Bothwell  an  admiration  which 
survived  their  intimacy.  The  queen,  who  amus- 
ed herself  by  interrogating  her  confidante  re- 
garding the  exploits  and  amours  of  her  old 
favorite,  allowed  herself  to  be  gradually  attract- 
ed toward  him  by  a  sentiment  which,  at  first, 
assumed  the  appearance  of  a  mere  good-natured 
curiosity.  The  confidante,  divining,  or  believing 
she  divined,  the  yet  unexpressed  desires  of  the 
queen,  introduced  Bothwell  one  evening  into  the 
garden,  and  even  to  the  apartment  of  her  mis- 
tress. This  secret  meeting  forever  sealed  the  as- 
cendancy of  Bothwell  over  the  queen. — Lamar- 
tine's  Queen  of  Scots,  p.  17. 

1172.  CONVERSATION,  Gifts  for.  Samuel 
Johnson.  In  our  way  to  the  club  to-night,  when 
I  regretfed  that  Goldsmith  would,  upon  every 
occasion,  endeavor  to  shine,  by  which  he  often 
exposed  himself,  Mr.  Langton  observed  that 
he  was  not  like  Addison,  who  was  content  with 
the  fame  of  his  writings,  and  did  not  aim  also  at 
excellency  in  conversation,  for  which  he  found 
himself  unfit ;  and  that  he  said  to  a  lady  who 
complained  of  his  having  talked  little  in  com- 
pany, "Madam,  I  have  but  nine  pence  in  ready 
money,  but  I  can  draw  for  a  £1000."  I  observ- 
ed that  Goldsmith  had  a  great  deal  of  gold  in 
his  cabinet,  but,  not  content  with  that,  was  al- 
ways taking  out  his  purse.  Johnson:  "Yes, 
sir,  and  that  so  often  an  empty  purse  !"— Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  219. 

1173.  CONVERSATION,  Limit  of.  Bend- 
leather.'"  [Walter]  Scott  tells  a  story  of  Clerk's 
being  once  baffled — almost  for  the  first  time — by 
a  stranger  in  a  stage-coach,  who  would  not,  or 
could  not,  talk  to  him  on  any  subject,  until  at 
last  Clerk  addressed  to  him  this  stately  remon- 
strance :  "  I  have  talked  to  you,  my  friend,  on 
all  the  ordinary  subjects — literature,  farming, 
merchandise,  gaming,  game-laws,  horse-races, 
suits-at-law,  politics,  swindling,  blasphemy,  and 
philosophy — is  there  any  one  subject  that  you 
will  favor  me  by  opening  upon  ?"  "  Sir,"  re- 
plied the  inscrutable  stranger,  "  can  you  say 
anything  clever  about  'bend-leather?'"  [Clerk 
was  Scott's  friend.] — Hutton's  Life  op  Scott, 
ch.  6. 

1174.  CONVERSATION  vs.  Talk.  Samuel 
Johnson.     Though  his  usual  phrase  for  conver- 


140 


CONVERSION. 


sation  was  talk,  yet  he  made  a  distinction  ;  for 
when  he  on^^  told  me  that  he  dined  the  day  be- 
fore at  a  friend's  house,  with  "  a  very  pretty 
company,"  and  I  asked  him  if  there  was  good 
conversation,  he  answered,  "No,  sir;  we  had 
talk  enough,  but  no  conversation;  there  was 
nothing  discussed." — Boswell's  JoirNSON,  p. 
488. 

1175.  CONVEESION,  Clear.  John  Bunyan. 
"  One  day,"  he  says,  "  as  I  was  travelling  into 
the  country,  musing  on  the  wickedness  of  my 
heart,  and  considering  the  enmity  that  was  in 
me  to  God,  the  Scripture  came  into  my  mind, 
'  He  hath  made  peace  through  the  blood  of  His 
cross.'  I  saw  that  the  justice  of  God  and  my 
sinful  soul  could  embrace  and  kiss  each  other. 
I  was  ready  to  swoon,  not  with  grief  and  trouble, 
but  with  solid  joy  and  peace."  Everything  be- 
came clear :  the  Gospel  history,  the  birth,  the 
life,  the  death  of  the  Saviour ;  how  gently  He 
gave  Himself  to  be  nailed  on  the  cross  for  his 
(Bunyan's)  sake.  "  I  saw  Him  in  the  spirit," 
he  goes  on,  "a  man  on  the  right  hand  of  the 
Father,  pleading  for  me,  and  have  seen  the  man- 
ner of  His  coming  from  heaven  to  judge  the 
world  with  glory." — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  3. 

1176.  CONVERSION  demanded.  Peruvians. 
The  Emperor  Attabalipa,  at  the  approach  of  the 
Spaniards,  had  drawn  up  his  army  near  the  city 
of  Quito.  Pizarro  began  with  offering  terms  of 
friendship,  which  being  disregarded,  he  prepar- 
ed himself  for  a  hostile  assault.  A  monk  ad- 
vanced in  the  front  of  the  army,  holding  in  his 
hand  a  Bible,  and  told  the  inca  Attabalipa,  by 
means  of  an  interpreter,  that  it  was  absolutely 
necessary  for  his  salvation  that  he  should  believe 
all  that  was  contained  in  that  book.  He  then 
proceeded  to  set  forth  the  doctrine  of  ^lie  crea- 
tion, the  fall  of  Adam,  the  incarnation  of  our 
Saviour,  the  redemption  of  man,  the  power  of 
the  apostles,  and  the  transmission  of  their  author- 
ity by  succession  to  the  Pope  of  Rome,  conclud- 
ing with  the  donation  made  by  this  Pope  to  Fer- 
dinand and  Isabella,  the  predecessors  of  the  Em- 
peror Charles  V. ,  of  all  the  regions  in  the  New 
World.  In  consequence  of  this  clear  deduction, 
he  ordered  the  inca  immediately  to  embrace  the 
Christian  faith  and  acknowledge  the  pope's  su- 
premacy. .  .  .  The  terrors  of  a  cruel  death  pre- 
vailed on  Attabalipa  to  receive  the  sacrament 
of  baptism  ;  and  immediately  thereafter  he  was 
strangled  at  a  stake.  The  same  punishment  was 
inflicted  on  several  of  the  Peruvian  chiefs,  who, 
from  a  principle  of  generous  magnanimity, 
chose  rather  to  suffer  death  than  disclose  the 
treasures  of  the  empire  to  its  inhuman  and 
insatiable  invaders. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  21. 

1177.  CONVERSION,  Intellectual.  Constan- 
tine.  The  sublime  theory  of  the  gospel  had 
made  a  much  fainter  impression  on  the  heart 
than  on  the  understanding  of  Constantine  him- 
self. He  pursued  the  great  object  of  his  ambi- 
tion through  the  dark  and  bloody  paths  of  war 
and  policy  ;  and  after  the  victory  he  abandon- 
ed himself,  without  moderation,  to  the  abuse  of 
his  fortune.  ...  As  he  gradually  advanced  in 
the  knowledge  of  truth,  he  proportionally  de- 
clined in  the  practice  of  virtue  ;  and  the  same 
year  of  his  reign  in  which  he  convened  the  coun- 
cil of  Nice  was  polluted  by  the  execution,  or 


rather  murder,  of  his  eldest  son. — Gibbon'b 
Rome,  ch.  20. 

1178.  CONVERSION,  Peculiar.  Martin  Luther. 
In  the  year  1510  an  Augustinian  monk  walked, 
with  desolate  heart,  the  streets  of  Rome,  and, 
turning  away  from  the  pomp  of  her  churches 
and  the  corruptions  of  the  Vatican,  sought  re- 
lief to  his  awakened  soul  by  ascending,  on  his 
knees,  with  peasants  and  beggars,  the  staircase  of 
Pilate,  which  was  supposed  to  have  been  trod- 
den by  Christ  at  His  trial,  and  is  now  enclosed 
near  the  Lateran  Palace.  While  pausing  on  the 
successive  steps  to  weep  and  pray,  a  voice  from 
heaven  seemed  to  cry  within  him,  "The  just 
shall  live  by  faith."  It  was  the  voice  of  apos- 
tolical Christianity,  and  the  announcement  of 
the  Reformation.  He  fled  from  the  supersti- 
tious scene.  —  Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1, 
p.  19. 

1 179.  CONVERSION,  Remarkable.  Henry  Dor- 
sey  Oough.  He  was  a  young  man  of  great  wealth, 
residing  at  Perry  Hall,  about  twelve  miles  from 
Baltimore,  in  one  of  the  most  spacious  and  ele- 
gant residences  in  America  at  that  time.  .  .  . 
His  wife  had  been  deeply  impressed  by  the  Meth- 
odist preaching,  but  he  forbade  her  to  hear  them 
again.  While  revelling  with  wine  and  gay  com- 
panions, one  evening  it  was  proposed  that  they 
should  divert  themselves  by  going  together  to  a 
]\Iethodist  assembly.  Asbury  was  the  preacher, 
and  no  godless  diversion  could  be  found  in  his 
presence.  "  What  nonsense,"  exclaimed  one  of 
the  convivialists,  as  they  returned — "  what  non- 
sense have  we  heard  to-night  !"  "No,"  exclaim- 
ed Gough,  startling  them  with  sudden  surprise — 
"no;  what  we  have  heard  is  the  truth,  the 
truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus."  "  I  will  never  hinder 
you  again  from  hearing  the  Methodists,"  he  said 
as  he  entered  his  house  and  met  his  wife.  The 
impression  of  the  sermon  was  so  profound  that 
he  could  no  longer  enjoy  his  accustomed  pleas- 
ures. He  became  deeply  serious,  and  at  last 
melancholy,  ' '  and  was  near  destrojang  himself," 
under  the  awakened  sense  of  his  misspent  life. . . . 
[His  converted  slaves  were  happier  than  he,  with 
all  his  luxuries.]  He  went  to  his  chamber, 
leaving  a  large  company  of  friends  at  his  table  ; 
there  he  threw  himself  upon  his  knees  and  im- 
plored the  mercy  of  God,  until  he  received  con- 
scious pardon  and  peace.  In  a  transport  of  joy 
he  went  to  his  company,  exclaiming,  "  I  have 
found  the  Methodist's  blessing — I  have  found 
the  Methodist's  God !  " —  Stevens'  M.  E. 
Church,  vol.  1,  p.  237. 

IISO. .  John  Bunyan.  Bunyan  had 

been  bred  a  tinker,  and  had  served  as  a  private 
soldier  in  the  Parliamentary  army.  Early  in  his 
life  he  had  been  fearfully  tortured  by  remorse 
for  his  youthful  sins,  the  worst  of  which  seem, 
however,  to  have  been  such  as  the  world  thinks 
venial.  His  keen  sensibility  and  his  powerful 
imagination  made  his  internal  conflicts  singu- 
larly terrible.  He  fancied  that  he  was  under 
sentence  of  reprobation,  that  he  had  committed 
blasphemy  against  the  Holy  Ghost,  that  he  had 
sold  Christ,  that  he  was  actually  possessed  by  a 
demon.  Sometimes  loud  voices  from  heaven 
cried  out  to  warn  him.  Sometimes  fiends  whis- 
pered impious  suggestions  in  his  ear.  He  saw 
visions  of  distant  mountain-tops,  on  which  the 
sun  shone  brightly,  but  from  which  he  was  sep 


CONVERSION— CONVERT. 


141 


arated  by  a  waste  of  snow.  He  felt  the  devil  be- 
hind him  pulling  his  clothes.  He  thought  that 
the  brand  of  Cain  had  been  set  upon  him.  He 
feared  that  he  was  about  to  burst  asunder  like 
Judas.  His  mental  agony  disordered  his  health. 
One  day  he  shook  like  a  man  in  the  palsy.  On 
another  day  he  felt  a  fire  within  his  breast.  It 
is  difficult  to  understand  how  he  survived  suffer- 
ings so  intense  and  so  long  continued.  At  length 
the  clouds  broke.  From  the  depths  of  despair 
the  penitent  passed  to  a  state  of  serene  felicity, 
^n  irresistible  impulse  now  urged  him  to  impart 
to  others  the  blessings  of  which  he  was  himself 
possessed.  He  joined  the  Baptists, — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  7. 

11§1. .  Adam  Clark.  When  he  was 

a  young  man  a  preacher  asked  him,  "  Do  you 
think  that  God,  for  Christ's  sake,  has  forgiven 
your  sins?"  "No,  sir;  I  have  no  evidence  of 
this,"  the  youth  replied.  He  was  directed  to 
pray  for  it,  and  the  passing  word  was  "  like  a  nail 
in  a  sure  place."  He  accompanied  his  mother 
to  a  class  meeting,  and  soon  was  fervently  seeking 
the  spiritual  life  of  which  he  heard  its  simple 
miembers  speak.  He  sought  it  through  much 
mental  anguish.  .  .  .  One  morning,  in  deep  dis- 
tress, he  went  out  to  his  work  in  the  fields ;  he 
began,  but  could  not  proceed.  He  fell  on  his 
knees  on  the  earth,  and  prayed,  but  seemed  to  be 
without  ability  to  utter  even  a  broken  supplica- 
tion. .  .  .  His  physical  strength  seems  to  have 
departed  from  him.  He  again  endeavored  to 
pray  .  .  .  but  the  thickest  darkness  settled  on  his 
soul.  He  fell  flat  on  his  face,  and  tried  to  pray. 
His  agonies  were  indescribable.  He  says  he 
seemed  forever  separated  from  God.  Death  .  .  . 
[would  have  been  welcome,  if  it  had  brought  an 
end  to  his  painful  feelings].  No  fear  of  hell 
produced  these  terrible  conflicts.  .  .  .  Where  to 
go,  what  to  do,  and  what  to  say  he  knew  not ; 
even  the  words  of  prayer  at  last  failed.  ...  He 
experienced  a  sense  of  the  displeasure  of  a  holy 
God  for  having  sinned  against  Him. .  .  .  Passing 
through  this  agony,  he  felt  strongly  in  his  soul, 
"  Pray  to  Christ ;"  .  .  .  he  looked  up  confidentlj'- 
to  the  Saviour  of  sinners,  his  agony  subsided, 
his  soul  became  calm.  He  examined  his  con- 
science, and  found  it  no  longer  a  register  of  sins 
against  God.  He  searched  for  his  distress,  but 
could  not  find  it.  .  .  .  A  change  had  taken  place 
within  him  for  which  he  had  no  name.  He  sat 
down  upon  the  ridge  where  he  had  been  working, 
filled  with  ineffable  delight.  He  felt  a  sudden 
transition  from  darkness  to  light.  He  was  like  a 
person  who  had  entered  a  new  world,  ...  He 
could  draw  nigh  to  God  with  more  confidence 
than  he  ever  could  to  his  earthly  father.  [Thus 
did  this  moral  young  man  begin  that  Christian 
life  which  adorned  and  sanctified  the  eminent 
scholarship  of  his  riper  years.]  —  Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  2,  p.  286. 

II  §2.  CONVERSION,  Results  of.  Constantine. 
The  public  establishment  of  Christianity  may  be 
considered  as  one  of  those  important  and  domes- 
tic revolutions  which  excite  the  most  lively  curios- 
ity, and  afford  the  most  valuable  instruction. 
The  victories  and  the  civil  policy  of  Constantine 
no  longer  influence  the  state  of  Europe  ;  but  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  globe  still  retains  the 
impression  which  it  received  from  the  conversion 
of  that  monarch  ;  and  the  ecclesiastical  institu- 


tions of  his  reign  are  still  connected,  by  an  in- 
dissoluble chain,  with  the  opinions,  the  passions, 
and  the  interests  of  the  present  generation. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  20. 

1183.  CONVERSION,  Sudden.  Among  Ulster 
Mountains.  "  Are  there  any  drunkards  here  ?" 
cried  a  Methodist  itinerant,  as  he  preached  amid 
a  mongrel  multitude  [in  the  open  air].  "  Yes,  I 
am  one,"  replied  a  sobbing  Irishman,  who,  return- 
ing intoxicated  toward  his  home,  had  stepped 
aside  to  the  assembly,  supposing  it  was  witness- 
ing a  cockfight ;  and  from  that  day  he  was  not 
only  reclaimed  from  his  long-confirmed  vice,  but 
became  a  genuine  Christian. — Stevens'  Meth- 
odism, vol.  1,  p.  284. 

11  §4.  CONVERSIONS,  Slow.  MaTwmet.  Three 
years  were  silently  employed  in  the  conversioa 
of  fourteen  proselytes,  the  first-fruits  of  his  mis- 
sion ;  but  in  the  fourth  year  he  assumed  the  pro- 
phetic office,  and  resolving  to  impart  to  his  fam- 
ily the  light  of  divine  truth,  he  prepared  a  ban- 
quet— a  lamb,  as  it  is  said — and  a  bowl  of  milk, 
for  the  entertainment  of  forty  guests  of  the  race  of 
Hashem.  ' '  Friends  and  kinsmen, "  said  Mahomet 
to  the  assembly,  "  I  offer  you,  and  I  alone  can 
offer,  the  most  precious  of  gifts — the  treasures  of 
this  world  and  of  the  world  to  come.  God  has 
commanded  me  to  call  you  to  His  service.  Who 
among  you  will  support  my  burden  ?  Who 
among  you  will  be  my  companion  and  my  viz- 
ier ?"  No  answer  was  returned,  till  the  silence 
of  astonishment  and  doubt  and  contempt  was 
at  length  broken  by  the  impatient  courage  of  Ali, 
a  youth  in  the  fourteenth  year  of  his  age.  "  O 
prophet,  I  am  the  man  ;  whosoever  rises  against 
thee  I  will  dash  out  his  teeth,  tear  out  his  eyes, 
break  his  legs,  rip  up  his  belly.  O  prophet,  I 
will  be  thy  vizier  over  them."  Mahomet  accept- 
ed his  offer  with  transport. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  50. 

11  §5.  CONVERSIONS  by  the  Sword.  Charle-. 
magne.  Charlemagne  traversed  the  entire  terri- 
tory [of  the  Saxons]  to  its  western  extremity,  re- 
ceiving the  submission  of  the  inhabitants,  and 
causing  them  to  be  baptized  by  thousands  by  the 
army  of  priests  who  accompanied  his  march.  But 
these  conversions,  as  one  of  the  chroniclers  ob- 
serves, being  made  at  the  point  of  the  sword,  were 
of  necessity  insincere. — Students'  France,  ch. 
5,  §  5,  p.  65. 

11S6.  CONVERT,  A  renegade.  Lord  Sunder' 
land.  Sunderland  [prime  minister  of  James  II.], 
less  scrupulous  and  less  sensible  of  shame,  resolv- 
ed to  atone  for  his  late  moderation,  and  to  re- 
cover the  royal  confidence  by  an  act  which,  to  a 
mind  impressed  with  the  importance  of  religious 
truth,  must  have  appeared  to  be  one  of  the  most 
flagitious  of  crimes,  and  which  even  men  of 
the  world  regard  as  the  last  excess  of  baseness. . . . 
The  renegade  protested  that  he  had  been  long  con- 
vinced of  the  impossibility  of  finding  salvation 
out  of  the  communion  of  Rome,  and  that  his 
conscience  would  not  let  him  rest  till  he  had  re- 
nounced the  heresies  in  which  he  had  been 
brought  up.  The  news  spread  fast.  At  all  the 
coffee-houses  it  was  told  how  the  prime-minister 
of  England,  his  feet  bare,  and  a  taper  in  his  hand, 
had  repaired  to  the  royal  chapel  and  knocked 
humbly  for  admittance  ;  how  a  priestly  voice  from 
within  had  demanded  who  was  there  ;  how  Sun- 
derland had  made  answer  that  a  poor  sinner  wh» 


143 


CONVICTION— CO-OPERATION. 


had  long  wandered  from  the  true  Church  implor- 
ed her  to  receive  and  to  absolve  him  ;  how  the 
doors  were  opened  ;  and  how  the  neophyte  par- 
took of  the  holy  mysteries. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  8. 

1187.  CONVICTION,  Popular.  Joan  of  Are. 
Her  sanctity  seized  the  hearts  of  the  people.  In 
a  moment  all  were  for  her.  Women,  ladies,  cit- 
izens' wives,  all  flocked  to  see  her  at  the  house 
where  she  was  staying,  with  the  wife  of  an  advo- 
cate to  the  parliament,  and  all  returned  full  of 
emotion.  Men  went  there  too  ;  and  counsellors, 
advocates,  old  hardened  judges,  who  had  suffer- 
ed themselves  to  be  taken  thither  incredulously, 
when  they  had  heard  her  wept  even  as  the  wom- 
en did,  and  said,  "  The  maid  is  of  God." — Mich- 
elet's  Joan  of  Arc,  p.  10. 

1188.  CONVICTION,  Prayer  for.  George  Mul- 
ler.  When  conversing  with  two  university  friends 
— formerly  his  companions  in  worldly  pleasures 
and  amusements — he  told  them  how  happy  he 
was,  and  urged  tTiem  also  to  seek  the  Lord.  To 
this,  however,  they  replied,  "  We  do  not  feel  that 
we  are  sinners,"  upon  which  he  knelt  down  in 
their  presence,  asking  God  to  convince  them  of 
their  lost  condition  by  nature,  and  afterward 
went  into  his  bedroom,  where  he  continued  to 
pray  for  them.  Upon  returning  to  his  sitting- 
room  he  found  the  two  young  men  in  tears  ;  for 
God,  by  His  Spirit,  in  answer  to  prayer,  had  con- 
vinced them  both  of  sin.  From  that  time  a  work 
of  grace  commenced  in  their  hearts,  and  they 
became  devoted  servants  of  the  Lord  Jesus. — 
Life  of  MUller.  p.  13. 

1189.  CONVICTION  of  Sin.  Bev.  John  Nel- 
son. [John  Nelson,  who  became  one  of  Wesley's 
most  successful  preachers,  was  a  man  of  good 
morals  from  his  youth.  His  mind  became  deeply 
agitated  on  religious  subjects.  He  went  to  the 
Established  Church  and  to  dissenters'  meetings, 
visiting  chapel  after  chapel,  but  found  no  relief.] 
He  became  morbidly  despondent ;  he  slept  little, 
and  often  awoke  from  terrible  dreams,  dripping 
with  sweat,  and  shivering  with  terror.  [He  went 
to  hear  Wesley  preach.]  "  My  heart,"  he  says, 
"  beat  like  the  pendulum  of  a  clock,  and  when 
he  spoke  I  thought  his  whole  discourse  was  aimed 
atme."  "  This  man,"  he  said  to  himself,  "cantell 
the  secrets  of  my  breast ;  he  has  shown  me  the 
remedy  for  my  wretchedness,  even  the  blood  of 
Christ."  [He  soon  found  the  peace  he  had  been 
seeking.] — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  177. 

1190.  CONVICTIONS  maintained.  Massachu- 
setts Colony.  The  colony  had  been  much  vexed 
by  the  efforts  of  the  [London]  managers  to  thi-ust 
on  them  a  minister  of  the  Established  Church. 
Was  it  not  to  avoid  this  very  thing  that  they  had 
come  to  the  wilds  of  the  New  World  ?  Should  the 
tyranny  of  the  prelates  follow  them  even  across 
the  sea  and  into  the  wilderness  ?  There  was  dis- 
sension and  strife  for  awhile  ;  the  English  man- 
agers withheld  support ;  oppression  was  resorted 
to  ;  the  stores  intended  for  the  colonists  were  sold 
to  them  at  three  prices  ;  and  they  were  obliged  to 
borrow  money  at  sixty  per  cent.  But  no  exac- 
tions could  break  the  spirit  of  the  Pilgrims  ;  and 
the  conflict  ended  with  the  purchase  of  whatever 
rights  the  London  proprietors  had  in  the  colony. 
— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  13. 

1191.  CONVICTIONS,  Eealistic.  John  Bun- 
yan.     More  than  ever  he  was  convinced  that  he 


was  possessed  by  the  devil.  He  "compared 
himself  to  a  child  carried  off  by  a  gypsy." 
"  Kick  sometimes  I  did,"  he  says,  "  and  scream 
and  cry,  but  yet  I  was  as  bound  in  the  wings  of 
temptation,  and  the  wind  would  bear  me  away." 
"  I  blessed  the  dog  and  toad,  and  counted  the 
condition  of  everything  that  God  had  made  far 
better  than  this  dreadful  state  of  mine.  The  dog 
or  horse  had  no  soul  to  perish  under  the  everlast- 
ing weight  of  hell  for  sin,  as  mine  was  like  to 
do." — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  3. 

1192.  CONVICTIONS,  Strong.  John  Bunyan. 
To  Bunyan  the  future  life  of  Christianity  was  a 
reality  as  certain  as  the  next  day's  sunrise  ;  and 
he  could  have  been  happy  on  bread  and  water  if 
he  could  have  felt  himself  prepared  to  enter  it. 
Every  created  being  seemed  better  off  than  he 
was.  He  was  soriy  that  God  had  made  him  a 
man.  He  "blessed  the  condition  of  the  birds, 
beasts,  and  fishes,  for  they  had  not  a  sinful  na- 
ture. They  were  not  obnoxious  to  the  wrath  of 
God  ;  they  were  not  to  go  to  hell-flre  after  death." 
He  recalled  the  texts  which  spoke  of  Christ  and 
forgiveness.  He  tried  to  persuade  himself  that 
Christ  cared  for  him.  He  could  have  talked  of 
Christ's  love  and  mercy  "even  to  the  very  crows 
which  sat  on  the  ploughed  land  before  him."  But 
he  was  too  sincere  to  satisfy  himself  with  formu- 
las and  phrases.  He  could  not,  he  would  not, 
profess  to  be  convinced  that  things  would  go 
well  with  him  when  he  was  not  convinced.  — 
Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  3. 

1193. .      Conversion.      [Benjamin 

Abbott  relates  the  following  incident :]  A  Quaker 
woman  went  from  [his]  preaching  under  strong 
conviction  and  such  anguish  of  mind  that  she 
paid  no  attention  to  her  family,  not  even  to  her 
suckling  child.  Early  in  the  morning  I  was  sent 
for ;  when  I  arrived  she  was  sitting  with  both 
hands  clenched  fast  in  the  hair  of  her  head,  cry- 
ing out,  "  Lord,  have  mercy  on  me  !  Save,  Lord, 
or  I  perish  !"  I  told  her  to  pray  in  faith  ;  ta 
look  to  Jesus,  and  lay  hold  on  the  promises,  and 
God  would  have  mercy  on  her  ;  but  she  said,  "  I 
cannot  pray."  I  said,  "  You  do  pray  very  well ; 
go  on."  I  then  kneeled  down  and  prayed  ;  three 
pious  women  who  were  present  did  likewise.  . . 
The  distressed  woman  appeared  to  be  worse,  like 
one  going  distracted.  I  then  sang.  When  the  last 
words  were  sung  ...  I  kneeled  down  ;  in  a  few 
minutes  she  clapped  her  hands  together  and  cried, 
"  My  Lord,  my  God,  my  Father  !"  Her  soul 
was  immediately  set  at  liberty,  and  she  sprang  up 
rejoicing  and  giving  glory  to  God. — Stevens' 
M.  E.  Church,  vol.  1,  p.  257. 

1194.  CO-OPEEATION,  Impossible.  James  IL 
[The  Dutch  ambassador  to  London,]  Dykvelt, 
reported  that  James  was  bitterly  mortified  by  the 
conduct  of  the  prince  and  princess  [William  of 
Orange  and  Mary  his  wife,  the  daughter  of 
James].  "My  nephew's  duty,"  said  the  king, 
"  is  to  strengthen  my  hands  ;  but  he  has  always 
taken  a  pleasure  in  crossing  me."  Dykvelt 
answered  that  in  matters  of  private  concern  his 
Highness  had  shown,  and  was  ready  to  show,  the 
greatest  deference  to  the  king's  wishes  ;  but  that 
it  was  scarcely  reasonable  to  expect  the  aid  of  a 
Protestant  prince  against  the  Protestant  religion. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  226. 

1195.  CO-OPEEATION  in  Manufactures.  Seven- 
teenth Century,     There  is  the  remnant  of  an  old 


CORONATION— CORRUPTION. 


143 


system  of  co-operative  industry  in  the  "  tributer" 
system  of  their  [the  Cornish  tinners']  mining  la- 
bor, which  assigns  each  man  a  reward  different 
from  tlie  ordinary  system  of  wages.  The  Cor- 
nish fisheries  were  conducted  on  the  same  princi- 
ple, which  has  probably  prevailed  from  very  re- 
mote times.  The  same  system  of  co-operation 
prevailed  in  one  of  the  industries  of  Somerset- 
shire— the  cheese-making  of  Cheddar — for  which 
Fuller  has  tlie  characteristic  name  of  "  Join- 
dairies."  All  the  cowkeepers  united  in  manuring 
the  common  upon  which  the  cows  fed.  Every 
one  brought  his  milk  to  a  common  room,  where 
the  quantity  was  measured  and  recorded.  The 
making  of  a  great  cheese  went  duly  forward ; 
and  when  the  milk  of  a  poor  man  who  kept  but 
one  cow  was  sufficient  for  one  cheese,  he  re- 
ceived his  cheese.  The  rich  owner  of  many  cows 
had  his  return  earlier,  but  the  poor  man  was  sure 
of  his  just  share. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch. 
1,  p.  14. 

1196.  CORONATION  ceremony.  Franks. 
The  kings  of  the  Franks  had  hitherto  been  inau- 
gurated by  a  ceremony  peculiar  to  the  Gothic 
nation.  Seated  on  a  shield,  they  were  carried 
through  the  ranks,  and  received  the  homage  of 
the  army.  Pepin,  aware  of  the  violence  he  had 
done  to  human  institutions,  was  anxious  to  im- 
press the  belief  that  his  right  to  the  crown  was 
of  heavenly  origin.  He  adopted  from  Scripture 
the  ceremony  of  consecration  by  holy  oil,  and 
was  anointed  by  the  hands  of  Boniface,  Arch- 
bishop of  Mentz  ;  and  this  ceremony  became 
ever  after  an  established  usage  in  the  coronation 
of  Christian  princes. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  2. 

1197.  CORONATION  a  personal  Act.  At  No- 
tre Dante.  [The  Senate  had  chosen  and  proclaim- 
ed him  emperor.  The  pope  was  brought  from 
Italy  to  consecrate  the  ceremony  of  coronation.] 
The  pope  anointed  the  emperor,  blessed  the 
sword  and  sceptre,  and  as  he  approached  to  take 
up  the  crown.  Napoleon  firmly  and  with  dignity 
took  it  in  his  own  hand  and  placed  it  himself 
upon  his  head.  This  characteristic  act  produced 
an  indescribable  effect  upon  the  assembly. — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  28. 

1198.  CORPULENCE,  Distinguished.  Louis 
VI.  Louis  VI. ,  surnamed  Le  Gros  from  his  cor- 
pulency, was  unquestionably  one  of  the  ablest 
and  best  sovereigns  who  have  filled  the  throne 
of  France. — Students'  France,  ch.  7,  §  21, 
p.  126. 

1199.  CORPULENCE,  Inactive.  GharUs  the 
Fat.  Emperor  Charles  the  Fat,  youngest  son  of 
Louis  the  German  .  .  .  was  utterly  unworthy  of 
the  lofty  position  to  which  fortune  had  raised 
him.  He  was  devoid  both  of  military  and  po- 
litical talent ;  his  corpulence  rendered  him  inac- 
tive ;  he  was  cruel,  treacherous,  cowardly. — 
Students'  France,  ch.  6,  §  7,  p.  92. 

1200.  CORRESPONDENT,  Burdensome,  Crom- 
well. [One  of  his  daughters  married  Ireton.] 
She  was  called  Bridget.  Her  enlightened  intel- 
lect and  fervent  piety  made  her  the  habitual  con- 
fidante of  all  her  father's  religious  feelings.  "We 
may  trace  in  some  scraps  of  his  letters  to  this 
young  female  the  constant  preoccupation  of  his 
mind.  "  I  do  not  write  to  your  husband,  be- 
cause he  replies  by  a  thousand  letters  to  every 
one  that  I  address  to  him.     This  makes  him  sit 


up  too  late  ;  besides,  I  have  many  other  things 
to  attend  to  at  present." — Lamartine's  Crom- 
well, p.  34. 

1201.  CORRUPTION,  Audacious.  Catiline. 
Catiline,  being  prosecuted  for  some  great  offence, 
corrupted  the  judges.  When  they  had  given 
their  verdict,  though  he  was  acquitted  only  by 
a  majority  of  two,  he  said  he  had  put  himself 
to  a  needless  expense  in  bribing  one  of  those 
judges,  for  it  would  have  been  sufficient  to  have 
had  a  majority  of  one. — Plutarch's  Cicero. 

1202.  CORRUPTION  denied.  Pelagians.  In 
the  fifth  century  arose  the  Pelagian  heresy.  The 
authors  of  it  were  Pelagius  and  Caelestius,  the 
former  a  native  of  Britain,  the  latter  of  Ireland. 
These  men  looked  upon  the  doctrines  commonly 
received  concerning  the  original  corruption  of 
human  nature,  and  the  necessity  of  divine  grace 
to  enlighten  the  understanding  and  purify  the 
heart,  as  prejudicial  to  the  progress  both  of  re- 
ligion and  virtue,  and  tending  to  lull  mankind 
into  a  presumptuous  and  fatal  security.  They 
maintained  that  these  doctrines  were  equally 
false  and  pernicious  ;  that  the  sins  of  our  first 
parents  were  imputed  to  them  alone,  and  not  to 
their  posterity ;  that  we  derive  no  corruption 
from  their  fall,  but  are  born  as  pure  and  un- 
spotted as  Adam  came  from  the  hands  of  his 
Maker .  .  .  that  mankind  are  capable  of  arriving 
at  the  highest  degree  of  piety  and  virtue,  by  the 
use  of  their  own  natural  faculties  and  powers. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3. 

1203.  CORRUPTION,  Ecclesiastical.  Papal 
Throne.  Amid  these  contentions  of  parties  it  be- 
came a  usual  practice  to  adjust  the  difference 
by  setting  the  popedom  up  to  public  sale,  and 
disposing  of  it  to  the  highest  bidder  ;  and  bish- 
opric and  inferior  benefices  were  filled  in  the 
same  manner.  Benedict  VIII.  and  John  XIX., 
two  brothers,  publicly  bought  the  popedom  one 
after  another,  and  on  the  death  of  the  latter  it 
was  purchased  in  a  similar  manner  for  a  child 
of  ten  years  of  age,  Benedict  IX. — Tytler's 
Hist.  ,  Book  6,  ch.  4. 

1204. .   Twelfth  Century.    Corrupt 

as  the  Church  of  Rome  was,  there  is  reason  to 
believe  that  if  the  church  had  been  overthrown 
in  the  twelfth  or  even  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
the  vacant  space  would  have  been  occupied  by 
some  system  more  corrupt  still.  There  was  then, 
through  the  greater  part  of  Europe,  very  little 
knowledge,  and  that  little  was  confined  to  the 
clergy.  Not  one  man  in  five  hundred  could  have 
spelled  his  way  through  a  psalm.  Books  were 
few  and  costly.  The  art  of  printing  was  un- 
known. Copies  of  the  Bible,  inferior  in  beauty 
and  clearness  to  those  which  every  cottager  may 
now  command,  sold  for  prices  which  many  priests 
could  not  afford  to  give.  It  was  obviously  im- 
possible that  the  laity  should  search  the  Script- 
ures for  themselves.  It  is  probable,  therefore, 
that,  as  soon  as  they  had  put  off  one  spiritual 
yoke,  they  would  have  put  on  another. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  42. 

1205.  CORRUPTION,  Governmental.  Roman. 
[In  399  the  ambitious  eunuch  Eutropius  was 
made  consul.]  Claudian  .  .  .  says  this  infamous 
broker  of  the  empire  appreciates  and  divides  the 
Roman  provinces  from  Mount  Haemus  to  the 
Tigris.     One  man,  at  the  expense  of  his  villa,  is 


144 


CORRUPTION. 


made  proconsul  of  Asia  ;  a  second  purchases 
Syria  with  his  wife's  jewels  ;  and  a  third  laments 
that  he  has  exchanged  his  paternal  estate  for  the 
government  of  Bithynia.  In  the  antechamber 
of  Eutropius  a  large  tablet  is  exposed  to  public 
view,  which  marks  the  respective  prices  of  the 
provinces.  The  different  value  of  Pontus,  of 
Galatia,  of  Lydia,  is  accurately  distinguished. 
Lycia  may  be  obtained  for  so  many  thousand 
pieces  of  gold  ;  but  the  opulence  of  Phrygia  will 
require  a  more  considerable  sum.  The  eunuch 
wishes  to  obliterate,  by  the  general  disgrace,  his 
personal  ignominy  ;  and  as  he  has  been  sold  him- 
self, he  is  desirous  of  selling  the  rest  of  mankind. 
In  the  eager  contention,  the  balance,  which  con- 
tains the  fate  and  fortunes  of  the  province,  often 
trembles  on  the  beam  ;  and  till  one  of  the  scales 
is  inclined  by  a  superior  weight,  the  mind  of 
the  impartial  judge  remains  in  anxious  suspense. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  33. 

1206. .     English.     [In  1616]     Sir 

Fulk  Greville  paid  £4000  for  the  chancellorship 
of  the  Exchequer.  Inferior  places  went  to  the 
highest  bidder. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23, 
p.  364. 

1207. .  By  Ministry.  The  borough 

of  Hull,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  chose  as 
member  of  Parliament  Andrew  Marvell,  a  gen- 
tleman of  little  or  no  fortune,  and  maintained 
him  in  London  for  the  service  of  the  public. 
"With  a  view  to  bribe  him,  his  old  school-fellow, 
the  Lord  Treasurer  Danby,  went  to  him  in  his 
garret.  At  parting,  the  Lord  Treasurer  slipped 
into  his  hands  an  order  upon  the  Treasury  for 
£1000,  and  then  went  into  his  chariot.  Marvell 
looked  at  the  paper,  and  called  after  the  Treas- 
urer, "My  Lord,  I  request  another  moment." 
They  went  up  again  to  the  garret,  and  Jack, 
the  servant  boy,  was  called.  "Jack,  what  had 
I  for  dinner  yesterday  ?"  "  Don't  you  remem- 
ber, sir,  you  had  the  little  shoulder  of  mutton 
that  you  asked  me  to  bring  from  a  woman  in 
the  market  ?"  "  Very  right.  What  have  I  for 
dinner  to-day  ?"  ' '  Don't  you  know,  sir,  that 
you  made  me  lay  up  the  bladebone  to  broil  ?" 
"  'Tis  so  ;  very  right.  Go  away.  My  lord,  do 
you  hear  that  ?  Andrew  Marvell's  dinner  is  pro- 
vided ;  there's  your  piece  of  paper,  I  want  it 
not.  I  knew  the  sort  of  kindness  you  intended. 
I  live  here  to  serve  my  constituents.  The  Min- 
istry may  seek  men  for  their  purpose  ;  I  am  not 
one." 

120§.  COREUPTION,  Judicial.  Bomans.  As 
it  was  reasonably  apprehended  that  the  integrity 
of  the  judge  might  be  biassed  if  his  interest  was 
concerned  or  his  affections  were  engaged,  the 
strictest  regulations  were  established  to  exclude 
any  person,  without  the  special  dispensation  of 
the  emperor,  from  the  government  of  the  prov- 
ince where  he  was  born  ;  and  to  prohibit  the 
governor  or  his  son  from  contracting  marriage 
with  a  native  or  an  inhabitant ;  or  from  pur- 
chasing slaves,  lands,  or  houses  within  the  ex- 
tent of  his  jurisdiction.  Notwithstanding  these 
rigorous  precautions,  the  Emperor  Constantine, 
after  a  reign  of  twenty -five  years,  still  deplores 
the  venal  and  oppressive  administration  of  jus- 
tice, and  expresses  the  warmest  indignation  that 
the  audience  of  the  judge,  his  despatch  of  busi- 
ness, his  seasonable  delays,  and  his  final  sentence 
were  publicly  sold,  either  by  himself  or  by  the 


officers  of  his  court.  The  continuance,  and  per- 
haps the  impunity,  of  these  crimes  is  attested  by 
the  repetition  of  impotent  laws  and  ineffectual 
menaces. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  17. 

1209.  COEEUPTION,  Official.  Bomans.  The 
[captive  Goths]  barbarians,  who  considered  their 
arms  as  the  ensigns  of  honor  and  the  pledg- 
es of  safety,  were  disposed  to  offer  a  price, 
which  the  lust  or  avarice  of  the  Imperial  officers 
was  easily  tempted  to  accept.  To  preserve  their 
arms,  the  haughty  warriors  consented,  with  some 
reluctance,  to  prostitute  their  wives  or  their 
daughters  ;  the  charms  of  a  beauteous  maid  or 
a  comely  boy  secured  the  connivance  of  the  in- 
spectors, who  sometimes  cast  an  eye  of  covet- 
ousness  on  the  fringed  carpets  and  linen  garments 
of  their  new  allies,  or  who  sacrificed  their  duty 
to  the  mean  consideration  of  filling  their  farms 
with  cattle  and  their  houses  with  slaves.  The 
Goths,  with  ax'ms  in  their  hands,  were  permitted 
to  enter  the  boats  ;  and  when  their  strength  was 
collected  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  the  im- 
mense camp  which  was  spread  over  the  plains 
and  the  hilFs  of  the  Lower  Maesia  assumed  a 
threatening  and  even  hostile  aspect. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  26. 

1210.  .      Senator  Yerres.     Verres 

held  his  province  for  three  years.  He  was  su- 
preme judge  in  all  civil  and  criminal  cases.  He 
negotiated  with  the  parties  to  every  suit  which 
was  brought  before  hipa,  and  then  sold  his  deci- 
sions. He  confiscated  estates  on  fictitious  accu* 
sations.  The  island  was  rich  in  works  of  art 
Verres  had  a  taste  for  such  things,  and  seized 
without  scruple  the  finest  productions  of  Praxi- 
teles or  Zeuxis.  If  those  who  were  wronged 
dared  to  complain,  they  were  sent  to  forced  labor 
at  the  quarries,  or,  as  dead  men  tell  no  tales, 
were  put  out  of  the  world.  He  had  an  under- 
standing with  the  pirates,  which  throws  light 
upon  the  secret  of  their  impunity.  A  shipful  of 
them  were  brought  into  Messina  as  prisoners, 
and  were  sentenced  to  be  executed.  A  handsome 
bribe  was  paid  to  Verres,  and  a  number  of  Sicil- 
ians whom  he  wished  out  of  the  way  were 
brought  out,  veiled,  and  gagged  that  they  might 
not  be  recognized,  and  were  hanged  as  the  pi- 
rates' substitutes.  By  these  methods  Verres  was 
accused  of  having  gathered  out  of  Sicily  three 
quarters  of  a  million  of  our  money.  Two  thirds 
he  calculated  on  having  to  spend  in  corrupting 
the  consuls  and  the  court  before  which  he  might 
be  prosecuted. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  9. 

1211.  COEEUPTION,  Political.  Bomans.  [Cae- 
sar and  Pompey  tried  to  ruin  each  other.]  And 
all  ranks  of  men  were  so  corrupted  that  tables 
were  publicly  set  out,  upon  which  the  candidates 
for  offices  were  professedly  ready  to  pay  the 
people  the  price  of  their  votes  ;  and  the  people 
came  not  only  to  give  their  voices  for  the  man 
who  had  bought  them,  but  with  all  manner  of 
offensive  weapons  to  fight  for  him.  Hence  it 
often  happened  that  they  did  not  part  without 
polluting  the  tribunal  with  blood  and  murder, 
and  the  city  was  a  perpetual  scene  of  anarchy. 
In  this  dismal  situation  of  things,  in  these  storms 
of  epidemic  madness,  wise  men  thought  it  would 
be  happy  if  they  ended  in  nothing  worse  than 
monarchy.  Nay,  there  were  many  who  scrupled 
not  to  declare  publicly  that  monarchy  was  the 
only  cure  for  the  desperate    disorders  of  the 


CORRUPTION— COUNSEL. 


145 


State,  and  that  the  physician  ought  to  be  pitched 
upon  who  would  apply  that  remedy  with  the 
gentlest  hand  ;  by  which  they  hinted  at  Pompey . 
— Plutarch's  C^sar. 

1S12. .  England.    The  machinery 

of  both  sides  [Whig  and  Tory]  was  unlimited 
bribery.  The  degradation  of  the  briber  was  as 
great  as  that  of  the  bribed.  Berkeley  writes  in 
1721 :  "  This  corruption  has  become  a  national 
crime,  having  infected  the  lowest  as  well  as  the 
highest  among  us."  —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  4,  p.  56. 

1213.  COERUPTION,  Shameful.  Francis  Ba- 
con. He  was  charged  by  the  Commons,  before 
the  Lords,  with  twenty-two  acts  of  bribery  and 
corruption.  He  attempted  no  defence.  He  made 
a  distinct  confession  in  writing  of  the  charges 
brought  against  him.  And  when  a  deputation 
of  peers  asked  if  that  confession  was  his  own 
voluntary  act,  he  replied :  "  It  is  my  act,  my  hand, 
my  heart.  O  my  Lords,  spare  a  broken  reed."  .  . . 
He  was  fined  £40,000  and  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment in  the  Tower  during  the  king's  pleasure. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  24,  p.  380. 

1214.  COERUPTION  of  Statesmen.  English. 
[In  1695  the  Houses  of  Parliament  disclosed] 
the  frightful  corruption  by  which  statesmen  in 
power  and  statesmen  in  opposition  were  moved 
to  support,  or  to  resist,  some  measure  in  which 
large  pecuniary  interests  were  involved ;  or  to 
screen  some  public  delinquent.  Guy,  a  member 
of  Parliament  and  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  was 
sent  to  the  Tower  for  receiving  a  bribe  in  connec- 
tion with  some  inquiries  into  the  conduct  of  a 
colonel  of  a  regiment,  who  had  appropriated  the 
money  with  which  he  ought  to  have  paid  the 
quarters  of  his  troops.  Trevor,  the  Speaker  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  was  proved  to  have 
received  a  bribe  of  1000  guineas  from  the  cor- 
poration of  London,  for  assisting  in  passing  an 
act  for  the  relief  of  the  orphans  and  other 
creditors  of  the  city  of  London.  He  had  to  put 
the  question  from  the  chair,  whether  he  him- 
self was  guilty  of  a  high  crime  and  misdemeanor; 
and  had  to  say  "The  ayes  have  it."  He  was 
expelled  the  house.  The  East  India  Company 
had  spent  £107,000  in  secret  service  money.  .  .  . 
Sir  Thomas  Cook,  the  chairman  of  the  company, 
had  the  management  of  these  delicate  matters. 
...  In  his  place  in  Parliament  he  refused  to 
answer  inquiries.  The  Commons  then  passed  a 
bill  compelling  him  to  answer,  under  enormous 
penalties.  Upon  the  bill  going  to  the  Upper 
House,  the  Duke  of  Leeds  spoke  strongly  against 
the  bill,  and,  laying  his  hand  on  his  breast,  pro- 
tested that  he  was  entirely  disinterested  in  the  mat- 
ter. The  inquiries  went  on,  implicating  others  ; 
and  the  Commons  finally  impeached  Thomas, 
Duke  of  Leeds,  President  of  the  Council,  for 
that  he  did  agree  with  the  merchants  trading 
to  the  East  Indies,  for  500  guineas,  to  procure 
their  charter  of  confirmation.  The  king's  [Will- 
iam III.]  personal  friend,  Portland,  was  found 
to  have  been  proof  against  these  temptations,  hav- 
ing refused  a  bribe  of  £50,000. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  5,  ch.  12,  p.  177. 

1215.  CORRUPTION,  Unabashed.  James  II. 
[Sunderland  was  his  prime-minister.]  What  sums 
he  made  by  selling  places,  titles,  and  pardons 
can  only  be  conjectured,  but  must  have  been 
enormous.     James  seemed  to  take  a  pleasure  in 


loading  with  wealth  one  whom  he  regarded  as 
his  own  convert  [to  Romanism].  All  fines,  all 
forfeitures,  went  to  Sunderland.  On  every  grant 
toll  was  paid  to  him.  If  any  suitor  ventured  to 
ask  any  favor  directly  from  the  king,  the  answer 
was,  "  Have  you  spoken  to  my  Lord  President  ?" 
One  bold  man  ventured  to  say  that  the  Lord 
President  got  all  the  money  of  the  court.  ' '  Well," 
replied  his  Majesty,  "he  deserves  it  all."  We 
shall  scarcely  overrate  the  amount  of  the  minis- 
ter's gains  if  we  put  them  at  £30,000  a  year  ;  and 
it  must  be  remembered  that  fortunes  of  £30,000 
a  year  were  in  his  time  rarer  than  fortunes  of 
£100,000  a  year  now  are. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  9,  p.  409. 

1216.  CORRUPTION,  Universal.  Reign  of 
James  I.  [The  reign  of  James  I.  was  exceeding- 
ly corrupt.]  It  was  an  age  of  universal  abuses. 
Local  magistrates  were  influenced  by  the  petti- 
est gifts,  and  were  called  "  basket- justices."  .  .  . 
Upon  the  highest  branch  of  this  rotten  tree  sat 
Francis  Bacon,  Viscount  St.  Albans,  the  great 
Lord  Chancellor.  .  .  .  He  was  charged  by  the 
Commons,  before  the  Lords,  with  twenty-two 
acts  of  bribery  and  corruption.  He  attempted 
no  defence.  .  .  .  He  made  a  distinct  confession 
in  writing,  [a.d.  1621.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  24,  p.  380. 

1217.  CORRUPTION  unrestrainable.  Bylaw. 
[In  1275  Parliament  enacted]  that  no  king's  offi- 
cer should  take  any  reward  to  do  his  office,  such 
enactment  being  one  of  the  many  proofs  of  the 
inefficiency  of  law  to  restrain  corruption ;  for 
within  fourteen  years  there  were  only  two  judges 
out  of  fifteen  who  were  not  found  guilty  of  the 
grossest  extortions.  —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  25,  p.  385. 

121  §.  COSMOS,  Philosophy  of  the.  Descartes. 
He  sets  out  upon  this  principle,  that  in  order  to 
form  the  universe,  nothing  else  was  requisite  but 
matter  and  motion  ;  that  extension  is  the  essence 
of  all  bodies,  and  space  being  extended  as  well 
as  matter,  there  is  no  difference  between  space 
and  matter,  consequently  there  is  no  void  or  vac- 
uum in  nature.  He  divides  this  homogeneous 
mass  of  space  and  matter  into  angular  parts  of  a 
cubical  form,  leaving  no  interstices  between 
them.  "  To  these  cubes,"  says  he,  "  the  Author 
of  Nature  gave  a  rotatory  motion  round  their 
axes,  and  likewise  an  impulse  forward,  which 
drives  them  round  the  sun  as  a  centre."  From 
the  attrition  of  the  parts  in  this  rotation  he  sup- 
poses the  planets  to  be  formed.  This  strange  ro- 
mance ,  .  .  seemed  to  explain  several  of  the 
phenomena  of  nature. — Tytler'sHist.,  Book6, 
ch.  36. 

1219.  COUNSEL  of  the  Dying.  Louis  XIV. 
Louis  did  not  long  survive  the  pacification  of  his 
empire.  He  died  on  the  1st  of  September,  1715, 
in  the  seventy-eighth  year  of  his  age.  . . .  The  last 
words  which  he  uttered,  as  reported  by  Madame 
Maintenon,  who  heard  them,  were  the  dictates 
equally  of  a  wise  and  a  magnanimous  spirit ;  he 
called  to  him  his  grandson  the  dauphin,  who 
stood  by  his  bedside,  and  holding  him  between 
his  arms  gave  him  his  blessing,  and  said  to  him, 
"  My  son,  you  are  going  to  be  a  great  king ;  be 
always  a  good  Christian.  Do  not  follow  my  ex- 
ample with  regard  to  war  ;  endeavor  to  live  in 
peace  with  your  neighbors.  Render  to  God  what 
you  owe  to  Him ;  follow  always  the  most  mod- 


UG 


COUNSEL— COUNTERFEIT. 


crate  counsels  ;  endeavor  to  reduce  the  taxes, 
and  thus  do  that  which  I  have,  unhappily,  not 
been  able  to  do.  Take  notice,  my  son ;  these 
are  my  last  words,  and  let  them  sink  deep  into 
your  mind — remember  that  kings  die  like  other 
men." — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  cli.  34. 

1220.  COUNSEL,  Inopportune.  B&puties  of 
Naples.  As  soon  as  the  place  was  invested  by  sea 
and  land,  Belisarius  gave  audience  to  the  depu- 
ties of  the  people,  who  exhorted  him  to  disre- 
gard a  conquest  unworthy  of  his  arms,  to  seek 
the  Gothic  king  in  a  field  of  battle,  and,  after 
his  victory,  to  claim,  as  the  sovereign  of  Rome, 
the  allegiance  of  the  dependent  cities.  "  When 
I  treat  with  my  enemies,"  replied  the  Roman 
chief,  with  a  haughty  smile,  "  I  am  more  accus- 
tomed to  give  than  to  receive  counsel ;  but  I 
hold  in  one  hand  inevitable  ruin,  and  in  the 
other  peace  and  freedom,  such  as  Sicily  now 
enjoys." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  41. 

1221.  COUNSEL,  Safety  in.  Battle.  [When 
the  forces  of  William  III.  obtained  their  crown- 
ing victory  over  those  of  James  II.  at  Aghrim, 
the  army  of  the  latter  was  commanded  by  the 
Marquis  St.  Ruth,  a  French  general.]  St.  Ruth 
had  made  able  dispositions  for  the  battle,  but, 
jealous  of  the  Irish  generals,  had  kept  his  plans 
to  himself,  and  when  he  was  killed  by  a  cannon 
shot  early  in  the  action,  there  was  no  one  to 
succeed  him.  The  English  troops,  in  spite  of 
the  well-chosen  position  of  their  opponents,  to- 
tally routed  James'  army. — Am.  Cyclopedia, 
"  Aghrim." 

1222.  COUNSELLOR,  An  evil.  Robert  Fer- 
guson. [An  exile  from  England  and  promoter 
of  the  rebellion  against  James  II.]  Ferguson, 
who,  ever  since  the  death  of  Charles,  had  been 
Monmouth's  evil  angel,  had  a  suggestion  ready. 
The  duke  had  put  himself  into  a  false  position 
by  declining  the  royal  title.  Had  he  declared 
himself  sovereign  of  England,  his  cause  would 
have  worn  a  show  of  legality.  At  present  it  was 
impossible  to  reconcile  his  Declaration  with  the 
principles  of  the  Constitution.  It  was  clear  that 
either  Monmouth  or  his  uncle  was  rightful  king. 
Monmouth  did  not  venture  to  pronounce  himself 
the  rightful  king,  and  yet  denied  that  his  uncle 
was  so.  Those  who  fought  for  James  fought- 
for  the  only  person  who  ventured  to  claim  the 
throne,  and  were,  therefore,  clearly  in  their  duty 
according  to  the  laws  of  the  realm.  Those  who 
fought  for  Monmouth  fought  for  some  unknown 
polity, which  was  to  be  set  up  by  a  convention  not 
yet  in  existence.  . . .  On  the  morning  of  the  20th  of 
June  he  was  proclaimed  in  the  market-place  of 
Taunton.  His  followers  repeated  his  neAV  title 
with  affectionate  delight ;  but,  as  some  confu- 
sion might  have  arisen  if  he  had  been  called  King 
James  II.,  they  commonly  used  the  strange 
appellation  of  King  Monmouth.  —  Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  544. 

1223.  COUNSELLORS,  Dangerous.  Of  James 
II.  But  there  was  at  the  court  a  small  knot  of 
Roman  Catholics  whose  hearts  had  been  ulcer- 
ated by  old  injuries,  whose  heads  had  been 
turned  by  recent  elevation,  who  were  impatient 
to  climb  to  the  highest  honors  of  the  State,  and 
who,  having  little  to  lose,  were  not  troubled  by 
thoughts  of  the  day  of  reckoning.  One  of  these 
was  Roger  Palmer,  Earl  of  Castlemaine  in  Ire- 
land, and  husband  of  the  Duchess  of  Cleveland. 


His  title  had  notoriously  been  purchased  by  hi* 
wife's  dishonor  and  his  own.  His  fortune  wai 
small.  His  temper,  naturally  ungentle,  had 
been  exasperated  by  his  domestic  vexations,  bj 
the  public  reproaches,  and  by  what  he  had  un 
dergone  in  the  days  of  the  Popish  Plot.  .  .  . 
These  men  called  with  one  voice  for  war  on  tht 
constitution  of  the  Church  and  the  State.  They 
told  their  master  that  he  owed  it  to  his  religion 
and  to  the  dignity  of  his  crown  to  stand  firm 
against  the  outcry  of  heretical  demagogues,  and 
to  let  the  Parliament  see  from  the  first  that  he 
would  be  master  in  spite  of  opposition,  and  that 
the  only  effect  of  opposition  would  be  to  make 
him  a  hard  master. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6, 
p.  43. 

1224.  COUNSELLORS,  Whimsical.  "  Wise 
Woman."  The  Germans  advanced  to  within  a 
few  miles  of  the  Roman  outposts.  The  Romans 
lay  intrenched  near  Cernay.  The  Germans 
were  at  Colmar.  Caesar  offered  battle,  which 
Ariovistus  declined.  Cavalry  fights  happened 
daily  which  led  to  nothing.  Caesar  then  formed 
a  second  camp,  smaller  but  strongly  fortified, 
within  sight  of  the  enemy,  and  threw  two  legions 
into  it.  Ariovistus  attacked  them,  but  he  was 
beaten  back  with  loss.  The  "wise  women"  ad- 
vised him  to  try  no  more  till  the  new  moon. 
But  Caesar  would  not  wait  for  the  moon,  and 
forced  an  engagement.  The  wives  and  daugh- 
ters of  the  Germans  rushed  about  their  camp, 
with  streaming  hair,  adjuring  their  countrymen 
to  save  them  from  slavery.  The  Germans  fought 
like  heroes,  but  they  could  not  stand  against 
the  short  sword  and  hand-to-hand  grapple  of  the 
legionaries.  Better  arms  and  better  discipline 
again  asserted  the  superiority.  ...  A  few  swam 
the  river  ;  a  few,  Ariovistus  among  them,  es- 
caped in  boats  ;  all  the  rest,  men  and  women 
alike,  were  cut  down  and  killed.  —  Froude's 
C^SAR,  ch.  14. 

1225.  COUNTERFEIT,  Preserved  by.  Reign 
of  Numa.  [There  was  at  Rome]  a  sacred  buck- 
ler, or  ancile,  which  was  said  to  have  dropped 
from  heaven,  which  gave  occasion  to  the  foun- 
dation of  a  new  college  of  priests,  who  had  the 
charge  of  it,  and  paraded  with  it,  on  particular  oc- 
casions, in  a  kind  of  dance  or  procession.  These 
were  called  Salii  {asaliendo) ;  and,  lest  the  sacred 
buckler  should  be  stolen  or  lost,  eleven  others 
were  made  exactly  resembling  it,  and  deposited  in 
the  temple  of  Jupiter. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3, 
ch.  1,  p.  993, 

1226.  COUNTERFEIT  Relics.  General  Grant.. 
[When  in  Egypt,  at  the  village  of  Luxor  of  the 
upper  Nile,]  they  were  shown  a  house  where  an 
American  lived  for  fifteen  years,  making  .  .  . 
mummy-lids,  hieroglyphic  inscriptions,  idols  and 
relics  of  all  kinds  to  suit  the  purchaser,  which 
now  doubtless  adorn  many  a  private  collection. 
— Gen.  Grant's  Travels,  p.  137. 

1127.  COUNTERFEIT  signature.  Antony. 
The  Consul  Antony,  by  the  steps  he  had  hither- 
to taken,  wanted  only  to  sound  the  dispositions 
of  the  people.  Finding  these  to  his  wish,  he 
very  soon  began  to  discover  his  own  views  of  am- 
bition. He  was  possessed  of  the  whole  of  the 
dictator's  papers.  He  had  received  likewise 
from  Calpurnia,  the  widow,  all  the  treasures  of 
Caesar.  Not  content  with  these,  he  made  a  traf- 
fic of  fabricating  acts  and  deeds,  to  which  he 


COUNTRY— COURAGE. 


147 


counterfeited  the  dictator's  subscription,  and 
availed  himself  of  them  as  genuine.  —  Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  2. 

122S.  COUNTRY,  Contemptible.  SamuelJohn- 
son.  Mr.  Ogilvie  was  unlucky  enough  to  choose 
for  the  topic  of  his  conversation  the  praises  of 
his  native  country.  .  .  .  He  observed  that  Scot- 
land had  a  great  many  noble  M^ild  prospects. 
Johnson:  "I  believe,  sir,  you  have  a  great 
many.  Norway,  too,  has  noble  wild  prospects  ; 
and  Lapland  is  remarkable  for  prodigious  noble 
wild  prospects.  But,  sir,  let  me  tell  you,  the 
noblest  prospect  which  a  Scotchman  ever  sees 
is  the  high  road  that  leads  him  to  England  !" 
This  unexpected  and  pointed  sally  produced  a 
roar  of  applause. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  117. 

1229.  COUNTRY,  A  deserted.  Rome  in  Rebel- 
lion. When  the  troops  of  Maximin,  advancing 
in  excellent  order,  arrived  at  the  foot  of  the 
Julian  Alps,  they  were  terrified  by  the  silence 
and  desolation  that  reigned  on  the  frontiers  of 
Italy.  The  villages  and  open  towns  had  been 
abandoned  on  their  approach  by  the  inhabitants, 
the  cattle  was  driven  away,  the  provisions  re- 
moved or  destroyed,  the  bridges  broken  down, 
nor  was  anything  left  which  could  afford  either 
shelter  or  subsistence  to  an  invader.  Such  had 
been  the  wise  orders  of  the  generals  of  the 
Senate,  whose  design  was  to  protract  the  war. 
t(t  ruin  the  army  of  Maximin  by  the  slow  opera- 
tion of  famine,  and  to  consume  his  strength 
in  the  sieges  of  the  principal  cities  of  Italy, 
which  they  had  plentifully  stored  with  men  and 
provisions  from  the  deserted  country,  —  Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  7. 

12J|0.  COUNTRY,  Preservation  of  One's.  So- 
lon's Law.  The  most  peculiar  and  surprising  of 
his  other  laws  is  that  which  declares  the  man 
infamous  who  stands  neuter  in  the  time  of  sedi- 
tion. It  seems  he  would  not  have  us  be  indif- 
ferent and  unaffected  with  the  fate  of  the  pub- 
lic when  our  own  concerns  are  upon  a  safe  bot- 
tom ;  nor  when  we  are  in  health  be  insensible 
to  the  distempers  and  griefs  of  our  country.  He 
would  have  us  espouse  the  better  and  juster 
cause,  and  hazard  everything  in  defence  of  it, 
rather  than  wait  in  safety  to  see  which  side  the 
victory  will  incline  to. — Plutarch. 

1231.  COUNTRYMEN  abused.  Reign  of  Charles 
II.  When  the  lord  of  a  Lincolnshire  or  Shrop- 
shire manor  appeared  in  Fleet  Street,  he  was 
as  easily  distinguished  from  the  resident  pop- 
ulation as  a  Turk  or  a  Lascar.  His  dress,  his 
gait,  his  accent,,  the  manner  in  which  he  stared 
at  the  shops,  stumbled  into  the  gutters,  ran 
against  the  porters,  and  stood  under  the  water- 
spouts marked  him  out  as  an  excellent  subject 
for  the  operations  of  swindlers  and  banterers. 
Bullies  jostled  him  into  the  kennel.  Hackney- 
coachmen  splashed  him  from  head  to  foot. 
Thieves  explored  Avith  perfect  security  the  huge 
pockets  of  his  horseman's  coat,  while  he  stood 
entranced  by  the  splendor  of  the  lord  mayor's 
show.  Money-droppers,  sore  from  the  cart's 
tail,  introduced  themselves  to  him,  and  appeared 
to  him  the  most  honest,  friendly  gentlemen 
that  he  had  ever  seen.  Painted  women,  the  ref- 
use of  Lewkner  Lane  and  Whetstone  Park, 
passed  themselves  on  him  for  countesses  and 
maids  of  honor.  If  he  asked  his  way  to  St. 
James',  his  informants  sent  him  to  Mile  End. 


If  he  went  into  a  shop,  he  was  instantly  discerned 
to  be  a  fit  purchaser  of  everything  that  nobody 
else  would  buy — of  second-hand  embroidery, 
copper  rings,  and  watches  that  would  not  go. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3. 

1232.  COURAGE  in  Battle.  Marcius.  [When 
the  Romans  met  the  Volscians,]  Marcius  in- 
quired of  Cominius  in  what  manner  the  enemy's 
army  was  drawn  up,  and  where  their  best  troops 
were  posted.  Being  answered  that  the  Anti- 
ates,  who  were  placed  in  the  centre,  were  sup- 
posed to  be  the  bravest  and  most  warlike,  "  I  beg 
it  of  you,  then,"  said  Marcius,  "  as  a  favor,  that 
you  will  place  me  directly  opposite  to  them." — 
Plutarch. 

1233.  COURAGE,  Christian.  Martyrs.  [Dr. 
Rowland  Taylor,  the  martyr,  was  told  :]  "  If  you 
will  not  rise  with  us  now,  and  receive  mercy  now 
offered,  you  shall  have  judgment  according  to 
your  demerit."  .  .  .  [He  replied  :]  "So  to  rise 
should  be  the  greatest  fall  that  ever  I  could  re- 
ceive ;  for  I  should  so  fall  from  my  dear  Saviour 
Christ  to  Antichrist."  .  .  .  [Hooper  was  urged 
to  recant.  He  replied  in  these  solemn  words  :] 
"I  have  taught  the  truth  with  my  tongue  and 
with  my  pen  heretofore  ;  and  hereafter  shall 
shortly  confirm  the  same,  by  God's  grace,  with 
my  blood."  [Latimer  was  urged  to  submit  to 
the  Church,  but  refused,  and  before  the  commis- 
sioners the  aged  man  encouraged  his  younger 
friend,  Ridley,  saying:]  "  Be  of  good  comfort. 
Master  Ridley,  and  play  the  man  !  We  shall  this 
day  light  such  a  candle,  by  God's  grace,  in  Eng- 
land as  shall  never  be  put  out."  [Cranmer  was 
urged  to  recant.  His  natural  courage  was  not 
strong  ;  but  he  renounced  his  former  recantation, 
and  added  :]  "  Forasmuch  as  my  hand  offend- 
ed in  writing  contrary  to  my  heart,  therefore  my 
hand  shall  first  be  punished  ;  for  if  I  may  come 
to  the  fire,  it  shall  first  be  burned."  At  the 
burning  he  thrust  it  into  the  flames,  exclaiming, 
with  a  loud  voice,  "This  hand  hath  offended  !" 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  6. 

1234. .  John  Wesley.    [At  Sheffield 

he  was  contradicted  by  a  blaspheming  military 
officer  while  preaching.]  Stones  were  thrown, 
hitting  the  desk  and  people.  To  save  them  and 
the  house,  he  gave  notice  that  he  would  preach 
out  of  doors,  and  look  the  enemy  in  the  face. 
He  prayed  for  sinners  as  servants  of  their  master, 
the  devil,  upon  which  an  officer  ran  at  him  with 
great  fury,  threatening  revenge  for  his  abuse,  as 
he  called  it,  of  the  king,  his  master.  He  forced 
his  way  through  the  crowd,  drew  his  sword,  and 
presented  it  to  the  breast  of  the  preacher,  who 
threw  open  his  vest,  and,  fixing  his  eye  on  his  as- 
sailant, calmly  said  :  "  I  fear  God,  and  honor  the 
king."  The  captain's  countenance  fell  in  a  mo- 
ment ;  he  put  up  his  sword,  and  quickly  retreated 
from  the  scene. — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1, 
p.  190. 

1235.  COURAGE  of  Despair.  Qladiators.  The 
triumph  due  to  the  valor  of  Probus,  the  Roman 
general,  was  conducted  with  a  magnificence 
suitable  to  his  fortune,  and  the  people  who  had 
so  lately  admired  the  trophies  of  Aurelian  gazed 
with  equal  pleasure  on  those  of  his  heroic  suc- 
cessor. We  cannot,  on  this  occasion,  forget  the 
desperate  courage  of  about  fourscore  gladiators, 
reserved,  with  near  six  hundred  others,  for  the 
inhuman  sports  of  the  amphitheatre.     Disdain- 


143 


COURAGE. 


ing  to  shed  their  blood  for  the  amusement  of  the 
populace,  they  killed  their  keepers,  broke  from 
the  place  of  their  confinement,  and  filled  tlie 
streets  of  Rome  with  blood  and  confusion.  Af- 
ter an  obstinate  resistance  they  were  overpow- 
ered and  cut  in  pieces  by  the  regular  forces  ;  but 
they  obtained  at  least  an  honorable  death,  and 
the  satisfaction  of  a  just  revenge. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  12. 

1236.  COURAGE  or  Disgrace.  Frederick  the 
Oreat.  [His  army  was  about  to  attack  three  times 
their  number  of  Austrians.  He  said  to  his  ofti- 
cers:]  "  The  regiment  of  cavalry  which  shall  not 
instantly,  at  the  order,  charge,  shall  be  dismount- 
ed and  sent  into  garrisons  ;  the  battalion  of  in- 
fantry that  shall  but  falter  shall  lose  its  colors 
and  its  swords.  Now  farewell,  friends  ;  soon  we 
shall  have  vanquished,  or  we  shall  see  each  other 
no  more."  [A  great  victory  was  won  at  Leu- 
then.]— Banckoft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  12. 

1237.  COUEAGE,  Intrepid.  PHnce  of  Wales. 
[Margaret  of  Anjou,  wife  of  the  captive  king,] 
prepared  to  strike  a  decisive  blow  for  the  Crown 
of  England.  This  was  at  Tewkesbury,  where 
she  commanded  her  army  in  person,  and  led  her 
son,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  through  the  ranks.  But 
all  was  in  vain  ;  victory  declared  in  favor  of  Ed- 
ward, and  the  unhappy  mother,  separated  from 
her  son,  was  sent  a  prisoner  to  the  Tower  of 
London.  The  Prince  of  Wales,  a  youth  of  in- 
trepid spirit,  being  brought  into  the  presence  of 
Edward,  and  asked,  in  an  insulting  manner,  how 
he  dared  to  invade  the  territories  of  his  sovereign, 
"I  have  entered,"  said  he,  "the  dominions  of 
my  father,  to  revenge  7iis  injuries  and  redress  my 
own."  The  barbarous  Edward  is  said  to  have 
struck  him  in  the  face  with  his  gauntlet,  while 
the  dukes  of  Gloucester  and  Clarence,  and  others 
of  the  attendants,  rushed  upon  the  noble  youth 
and  stabbed  him  to  the  heart  with  their  daggers. 
— Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  6,  ch.  14. 

1238.  COURAGE,  Loss  of.  By  one  Man.  The 
immediate  loss  of  Constantinople  may  be  ascrib- 
ed to  the  bullet,  or  arrow,  which  pierced  the 
gauntlet  of  John  Justiniani.  The  sight  of  his 
blood,  and  the  exquisite  pain,  appalled  the  cour- 
age of  the  chief,  whose  arms  and  counsels  were 
the  firmest  rampart  of  the  city.  As  he  withdrew 
from  his  station  in  quest  of  a  surgeon,  his  flight 
was  perceived  and  stopped  by  the  indefatigable 
emperor.  "Your  wound,"  exclaimed  Palseolo- 
gus,  ' '  is  slight ;  the  danger  is  pressing  ;  your 
presence  is  necessary  ;  and  whither  will  you  re- 
tire ?"  "I  will  retire,"  said  the  trembling  Gen- 
oese, "  by  the  same  road  which  God  has  opened 
to  the  Turks ;"  and  at  these  words  he  hastily 
passed  through  one  of  the  breaches  of  the  inner 
wall.  By  this  pusillanimous  act  he  stained  the 
honors  of  a  military  life  ;  and  the  few  daj^s  which 
he  survived  in  Galata,  or  the  Isle  of  Chios,  were 
embittered  by  his  own  and  the  public  reproach. 
His  example  was  imitated  by  the  greatest  part  of 
the  Latin  auxiliaries. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  68. 

1239.  COURAGE  of  Madness.  Charles  XII. 
FAfter  receiving  pacific  proposals  from  the 
Turks,  he  rejected  them  and  d^ed  the  whole 
power  of  the  Ottoman  Empire.]  His  own  otfl- 
cers  employed  supplications,  remonstrances,  and 
at  length  menaces,  to  make  him  depart  from 
his  frantic  design.  Charles  was  inflexible.  [He 
had  but  three  hundred  men,  and  was  surrounded 


by  Turks.]  The  attack  was  begun,  and  the  iik 
trenchments,  invested  at  once  on  every  quarter, 
were  broken  in  an  instant,  A  small  house  Avith- 
in  the  camp  became  the  citadel  and  last  resort  of 
Charles  and  his  intrepid  Swedes.  Their  number 
was  now  reduced  to  a  very  few,  whom  personal 
regard  attached  to  their  sovereign.  They  did  not 
fail,  however,  to  remonstrate  with  him  against 
the  madness  of  his  resolution  ;  and  in  consulting 
how  to  sustain  a  siege  in  this  last  retreat,  there 
was  but  one  man  who  declared  a  positive  opin- 
ion that  the  place  might  be  defended.  This  was. 
his  Majesty's  cook.  "  Then,  sir,"  says  the  king, 
"  I  name  you  my  chief  engineer."  They  now 
proceeded  to  barricade  the  doors  and  windows, 
and  kept  up  an  incessant  fire  from  within  upon 
the  whole  Turkish  army.  The  besiegers,  exas- 
perated at  length  at  the  numbers  killed  by  this 
handful  of  madmen,  threw  fire  upon  the  roof  of 
the  house,  which  in  a  moment  was  all  in  flames. 
It  was  now  necessary  to  quit  their  post ;  a  des- 
perate sally  was  made,  and  this  handful  of 
Swedes,  armed  with  their  swords  and  pistols, 
were  cutting  their  passage  through  an  army  of 
several  thousand  men,  when  Charles,  entangled 
with  his  spurs,  and  accidentally  falling  to  the 
ground,  was  surrounded  by  a  body  of  janizaries. 
In  short,  the  whole  troop,  after  making  an  in- 
credible carnage,  were  seized  and  taken  prison- 
ers. An  attempt  of  this  kind  is  only  to  be  par- 
alleled in  the  romances  of  knight-errantry.  This 
obstinancy  and  infatuation  was  the  occasion  of 
the  loss  of  Charles'  dominions  in  Germany,  and 
almost  of  his  kingdom  of  Sweden. — Tytler's 
Hist,,  Book  6,  ch,  35. 

1240.  COURAGE,  Masterly.  Charles  XIL 
[The  Danes  and  Prussians  besieged  Stralsund  in 
Pomerania,  The  Swedes  made  a  brave  defence,  ] 
An  incident  is  recorded  of  this  siege  which  strong- 
ly marks  the  character  of  Charles.  The  town 
was  bombarded,  and  a  shell  penetrated  the  roof 
of  his  house,  and  fell  into  the  apartment  where 
he  was  dictating  his  despatches.  The  secretary, 
terrified  out  of  liis  senses,  having  let  fall  his  pen 
— "  Go  on,"  said  the  king,  gravely  ;  "  what  has 
the  bombshell  to  do  with  the  letter  which  I  am 
dictating  ?"  The  city,  however,  was  taken,  and 
Charles  obliged  to  escape  in  a  small  bark  to 
Carlescroon,  where  he  passed  the  winter. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  35. 

1241.  COURAGE,  Moral.  Martin  Luther. 
[He  had  been  summoned  to  appear  before  the 
emperor  at  Worms.]  As  he  was  nearing  the 
city  of  Worms,  his  friend  Spalatin,  who  was  in 
the  company  of  the  elector,  sent"  him  a  message 
warning  him  not  to  enter  the  city  and  to  incur 
so  great  danger,  Luther  replied  to  him  :  "  To 
Worms  was  I  called,  and  to  Worms  must  I  go. 
And  were  there  as  many  devils  there  as  tiles  up- 
on the  roofs,  yet  would  I  enter  into  that  city." 
— Rein's  Luther,  ch.  9,  p.  84, 

1242.    .       Bev.  Samuel  Johnson. 

S Convicted  of  disseminating  seditious  tracts.] 
ulian  Johnson,  as  he  was  popularly  called,  was 
sentenced  to  stand  thrice  in  the  pillory,  and  to 
be  whipped  from  Newgate  to  Tyburn,  The 
judge.  Sir  Francis  Withins,  told  the  criminal  to 
be  thankful  for  the  great  lenity  of  the  attorney- 
general,  who  might  have  treated  the  case  as  one 
of  high  treason.  "  I  owe  him  no  thanks,"  an. 
swered  Johnson,  dauntlessly.     "Am  I,  whose 


COURAGE. 


149 


«nly  crime  is  that  I  have  defended  the  Church 
and  the  laws,  to  be  grateful  for  being  scourged 
like  a  dog,  while  popish  scribblers  are  suffered 
daily  to  insult  the  Church  and  to  violate  the  laws 
with  impunity  ?"  The  energy  with  which  he 
spoke  was  such  that  both  the  judges  and  the 
Crown  lawyers  thought  it  necessary  to  vindicate 
themselves,  and  protested  that  they  knew  of  no 
popish  publications  such  as  those  to  which  the 
prisoner  alluded.  He  instantly  drew  from  his 
pocket  some  Roman  Catholic  books  and  trinkets, 
which  were  then  freely  exposed  for  sale  under 
the  royal  patronage,  read  aloud  the  titles  of  the 
books,  and  threw  a  rosary  across  the  table  to  the 
king's  counsel.  "  And  now,"  he  cried,  with  a 
loud  voice,  "I  lay  this  information  before  God, 
before  this  court,  and  before  the  English  people. 
We  shall  soon  see  whether  Mr.  Attorney  will  do 
his  duty." — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6. 

1243. .     Gideon  Ouseley.    [Gideon 

Ouseley  met  with  much  opposition,  and  some- 
times peril,  from  the  Irish  Roman  Catholics 
among  whom  he  labored  as  an  itinerant  Metho- 
dist. He  was  an  Irishman  of  great  courage  and 
frankness.]  In  a  town  filled  with  Romanists  he 
hired  the  bellman,  as  was  his  custom,  to  announce 
through  the  streets  preaching  for  the  evening. 
The  man,  afraid  of  opposition,  uttered  the  an- 
nouncement timidly  and  indistinctly.  Ouseley, 
passing  in  the  street,  heard  him,  and  taking  the 
bell,  rang  it  himself,  proclaiming  aloud  :  "  This 
is  to  give  you  notice  that  Gideon  Ouseley,  the 
Irish  missionary,  is  to  preach  this  evening  in 
such  a  place,  and  at  such  an  hour.  And  I  am 
iJie  man  myself." — Stevens'  Methodism. 

1244. .  Raleigh.  [When  Sir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh  came  to  the  scaffold  he  was  very 
f/«nt,  and  commenced  his  speech  to  the  crowd 
by  saying  that  during  the  last  two  days  he  had 
been  visited  by  two  ague  fits.]  "If,  therefore, 
you  perceive  any  weakness  in  me,  I  beseech  you 
ascribe  it  to  my  sickness  rather  than  to  myself." 
He  took  the  axe  and  kissed  the  blade,  and  said  to 
the  sheriff,  "  'Tis  a  sharp  medicine,  but  a  sound 
cure  for  all  diseases." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  24,  p.  376. 

1245. .  Qurdun.  [When  Rich- 
ard I.  (the  Lion)  was  near  his  death,]  he  then  or- 
dered Bertram  de  Gurdun,  who  had  wounded 
him,  to  come  into  his  presence,  and  said  to  him  : 
"  What  harm  have  I  done  to  you,  that  you  have 
killed  me  ?"  On  which  he  made  answer  :  "  You 
slew  my  father  and  my  two  brothers  with  your 
own  hand,  and  you  intend  now  to  kill  me ; 
therefore  take  any  revenge  on  me  that  you  may 
think  fit,  for  I  will  readily  endure  the  greatest 
torments  you  can  devise,  so  long  as  you  have 
met  with  your  end,  after  having  inflicted  evils 
so  many  and  so  great  upon  the  world."  — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  22,  p.  330. 

1246.  COURAGE,  Noble.  Rumbold.  [Under 
the  Duke  of  Argyle  he  had  attempted  to  over- 
throw the  rule  of  James  II.  in  Scotland.  The 
enterprise  was  disastrous,  and  Rumbold  mortally 
wounded.]  He  was  hastily  tried,  convicted,  and 
sentenced  to  be  hanged  and  quartered  within  a 
few  hours,  near  the  city  cross  in  the  High  Street 
[Edinburgh].  Though  unable  to  stand  without 
the  support  of  two  men,  he  maintained  his  forti- 
tude to  the  last,  and  under  tne  gibbet  raised  his 
feeble  voice  against  popery  and  tyranny  with 


such  vehemence  that  the  officers  ordered  the 
drums  to  strike  up  lest  the  people  should  hear 
him.  He  was  a  friend,  he  said,  to  limited  mon- 
archy ;  but  he  never  would  believe  that  Provi- 
dence had  sent  a  few  men  into  the  world  ready 
booted  and  spurred  to  ride,  and  millions  ready 
saddled  and  bridled  to  be  ridden.  "I  desire," 
he  cried,  "  to  bless  and  magnify  God's  holy  name 
for  this,  that  I  stand  here,  not  for  any  wrong 
that  I  have  done,  but  for  adhering  to  His  cause 
in  an  evil  day.  If  every  hair  of  my  head  were 
a  man,  in  this  quarrel  I  would  venture  them  all," 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  525. 

1247.  COURAGE,  Opportunity  for.  Frederick 
the  Great.  [He  addressed  his  officers  before  his 
unequal  battle  with  the  Austrians.]  A  part  of 
Silesia,  my  capital  [Berlin],  my  stores  of  war,  are 
lost ;  my  disasters  would  be  extreme  had  I  not 
a  boundless  trust  in  your  courage,  firmness,  and 
love  of  country.  .  .  .  The  moment  for  courage 
has  come.  Listen,  then  ;  I  am  resolved,  against 
all  rules  of  the  art  of  war,  to  attack  the  nearly 
threefold  stronger  army  of  Charles  of  Lorraine, 
wherever  I  may  find  it.  There  is  no  question  of 
the  number  of  the  enemy,  nor  of  the  strength  of 
their  position.  We  must  beat  them,  or  all  of  us 
find  our  graves  before  their  batteries.  Thus  I 
think,  thus  I  mean  to  act.  .  .  .  Does  any  one 
of  you  fear  to  share  all  dangers  with  me,  he  can 
this  day  retire ;  I  never  will  reproach  him. 
Then,  as  the  enthusiasm  enkindled  around  him, 
he  added,  with  a  serene  smile,  "  I  know  that  not 
one  of  you  will  leave  me." — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  4,  ch.  4. 

124§.  COURAGE,  Only  physical.  Marlborough. 
[The  Duchess  of  Marlborough  held  the  office  of 
lady  of  the  wardrobe  to  Queen  Anne.  She  was 
to  be  removed  from  her  position  because  of  the 
dislike  of  the  queen.  Her  husband,  ' '  the  great- 
est captain  of  the  age,"]  presented  to  the  queen  a 
humble  letter  from  the  duchess,  expressing  her 
apprehension  that  her  lord  could  not  live  six 
months  if  some  end  was  not  put  to  his  suffer- 
ings on  her  account.  ' '  I  am  really  sorry  that  I 
ever  did  anything  that  was  uneasy  to  your  Majes- 
ty." The  duke  then  implored  her  majesty  not 
to  renounce  the  duchess — not  to  discharge  her 
from  the  great  office  she  held.  "  I  cannot  change 
my  resolution,"  said  the  queen.  Again  he  en- 
treated. ' '  Let  the  key  be  sent  me  within  three 
days."  The  victor  of  Blenheim  is  now  on  his 
knees,  imploring  for  a  respite  of  ten  days.  "  Send 
me  the  key  in  txco  days,"  cried  the  inexorable 
queen.  The  duchess  had  more  spirit  than  her 
lord.  When  the  duke  told  her  the  queen  ex- 
pected the  gold  key,  she  took  it  from  her  side 
and  threw  it  into  the  middle  of  the  room,  and  bid 
him  take  it  up  and  carry  it  to  whom  he  pleased. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  24,  p.  265. 

1249.  COURAGE  recovered.  Bishop  Granmer. 
The  courage  which  Cranmer  had  shown  since 
the  accession  of  Mary  gave  way  the  moment  his 
final  doom  was  announced.  The  moral  coward- 
ice which  had  displayed  itself  in  his  miserable 
compliance  with  the  lust  and  despotism  of  Henry 
displayed  itself  again  in  six  successive  recanta- 
tions by  which  he  hoped  to  purchase  pardon. 
But  pardon  was  impossible ;  and  Cranmer's 
strangely  mingled  nature  found  a  power  in  its 
very  weakness  when  he  was  brought  into  the 
church  of  St.  Mary  at  Oxford  on  the  21st  of 


150 


COURAGE— COURT. 


March,  to  repeat  his  recantation  on  the  way  to 
the  stake.  "Now,"  ended  his  address  to  the 
hushed  congregation  before  him — "  now  I  come 
to  the  great  thing  that  troubleth  my  conscience 
more  than  any  other  thing  that  ever  I  said  or  did 
in  my  life,  and  that  is  the  setting  abroad  of  writ- 
ings contrarj^  to  the  truth  ;  which  here  I  now  re- 
nounce and  refuse  as  things  written  by  my  hand 
contrary  to  the  truth  which  I  thought  in  my 
heart,  and  written  for  fear  of  death  to  save  my 
life,  if  it  might  be.  And,  forasmuch  as  my  hand 
offended  in  writing  contrary  to  my  heart,  my 
hand  therefore  shall  be  the  first  punished  ;  for 
if  I  come  to  the  fire,  it  shall  be  the  first  burned. 
This  was  the  hand  that  wrote  it,"  he  again  ex- 
claimed at  the  stake,  "  therefore  it  shall  suffer 
first  punishment ;"  and  holding  it  steadily  in  the 
flame,  "he  never  stirred  nor  cried"  till  life  was 
gone. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  667. 

1250.  COURAGE,  Religious.  Puritan.  Abra- 
ham Holmes,  a  retired  olficer  of  the  Parliamen- 
tary army,  and  one  of  those  zealots  who  would 
own  no  king  but  King  Jesus,  had  been  taken  at 
Sedgemoor.  His  arm  had  been  frightfully  man- 
gled and  shattered  in  the  battle  ;  and,  as  no  sur- 
geon was  at  hand,  the  stout  old  soldier  amputat- 
ed it  himself.  He  was  carried  up  to  London 
and  examined  by  the  king  in  council,  but  would 
make  no  submission.  "  I  am  an  aged  man,"  he 
said,  "and  what  remains  to  me  of  life  is  not 
worth  a  falsehood  or  a  baseness.  I  have  always 
been  a  Republican,  and  I  am  so  still."  He  was 
sent  back  to  the  west  and  hanged.  The  people 
remarked  with  awe  and  wonder  that  the  beasts 
which  were  to  drag  him  to  the  gallows  became 
restive  and  went  back.  Holmes  himself  doubted 
not  that  the  Angel  of  the  Lord,  as  in  the  old 
time,  stood  in  the  way,  sword  in  hand,  invisible 
to  human  eyes,  but  visible  to  the  inferior  animals. 
"Stop,  gentlemen,"  he  cried,  "let  me  go  on 
foot.  There  is  more  in  this  than  you  think. 
Remember  how  the  ass  saw  Him  whom  the 
prophet  could  not  see."  He  walked  manfully  to 
the  gallows. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  600. 

1251.  COURAGE,  Safety  in.  Bajazet.  [Amu- 
rath,  the  famous  Ottoman  general,  held  a  council 
of  war  before  battle  with  the  Christians  on  the 
plain  of  Cassova.  ]  In  default  of  artillery  to  break 
open  these  masses,  Ainebeg  and  Saridje  Pasha 
proposed  to  place  in  the  first  lines,  before  the  front 
of  the  Ottoman  army,  the  six  thousand  Asiatic 
camels  that  carried  the  tents,  the  provisions,  and 
the  baggage  of  their  divisions,  to  the  end  of  ex- 
hausting upon  these  animals  the  arrows  of  the 
enemy,  and  of  striking  astonishment  and  terror 
into  the  ranks  of  the  Christians  by  the  aspect  and 
by  the  moanings  of  the  camels,  unknown  to  the 
soldiers  of  Europe.  This  opinion  was  prevailing 
when  the  impetuous  Bajazet,  more  chivalrous 
still  than  princely,  opposed  it  with  the  disdain 
of  a  hero.  "  Have  the  sons  of  Othman,"  cried 
Bajazet,  "ever  feared  to  meet  their  enemies  face 
to  lace  ?  Is  it  then  in  sheltering  themselves  like 
women  behind  the  baggage,  the  elephants,  or  the 
camels,  that  the^  have  conquered  Asia  from  mul- 
titudes armed  against  them  with  all  the  arts  and 
the  appliances  of  warfare  ?  Are  such  artifices 
worthy  of  the  divine  cause  for  which  we  fight  ? 
Is  it  not  an  avowal  of  fear  at  a  moment  when 
the  only  safety  is  in  courage  ?  Is  it  not  to  doubt 
of  God  in  presence  of  His  profaners  ?  Is  not  our 


confidence  in  Him  as  our  first  bulwark  our  best 
force  ?  The  victory  is  his  who  believes  himself 
victor,  not  his  who  is  in  dread  of  being  van- 
quished." [They  obtained  a  decisive  victory.] 
Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  272. 

1252.  COURAGE,  Unfaltering.  Pel  of  id  as. 
When  he  had  arrived  at  Pharsalus,  he  assembled 
his  forces,  and  then  marched  directly  against 
Alexander  ;  who,  knowing  that  Pelopidas  had 
but  few  Thebans  about  him,  and  that  he  him- 
self had  double  the  number  of  Thessalian  in- 
fantry, went  to  meet  him  as  far  as  the  temple 
of  Thetes.  When  he  was  informed  that  the  ty- 
rant was  advancing  toward  him  with  a  great 
army,  "  So  much  the  better,"  said  he,  "  for  we 
shall  beat  so  many  the  more." —  Plutarch's. 
Pelopidas. 

1253.  COURAGE,  Unshaken.  At  Tripoli. 
Decatur  conceived  tlie  project  of  running  int<> 
the  harbor  with  a  small  vessel,  surprising  the 
frigate,  and  setting  her  on  fire.  How  neatly  th^s. 
was  done,  most  readers  know.  The  surprise 
was  so  complete,  that  Decatur  had  possession  of 
the  ship  in  just  ten  minutes  after  he  had  given  th^e 
order  to  board.  Combustibles  were  all  ready, 
and  were  placed  in  various  parts  of  the  vessel. 
At  the  signal  they  were  set  on  fire,  and  the  shi]>, 
dry  as  tinder  from  many  months'  exposure  to  a 
tropical  sun,  blazed  up  with  such  rapidity  that 
the  ketch  in  which  the  Americans  had  boarded 
her  narrowly  escaped  being  involved  in  the 
same  conflagration.  ...  In  this  affair  Lieuten- 
ant Lawrence  commanded  one  division  of  the  at- 
tacking party,  and  behaved  with  admirable  cool- 
ness and  gallantry.  Decatur  pronounced  a  fine 
eulogium  upon  him  when  he  said,  "  There  is 
no  more  dodge  about  Lawrence  tlian  there  is 
about  the  mainmast." — Cyclopedia  op  Bigg  , 
p.  123. 

1254.  COURT,  Infamous.  Trial  of  Glodius. 
[He  attempted  to  corrupt  Pompeia,  the  wife  ot 
Caesar,  and  was  brought  to  trial.]  Marcus  Cras- 
sus  .  .  .  during  the  night  sent  for  the  judges 
one  by  one.  He  gave  them  money.  What  else  he 
gave  or  promised  them  must  continue  veiled  in 
Cicero's  Latin.  Before  these  influences  the  res- 
olution of  the  judges  melted  awa)',  and  when 
the  time  came  thirty -one  out  of  fifty-six  high- 
born Roman  peers  and  gentlemen  declared  Clo- 
dius  innocent.  The  original  cause  was  nothing. 
That  a  profligate  young  man  should  escape  pun 
ishment  for  a  licentious  frolic  was  comparatively 
of  no  consequence  ;  but  the  trial  acquired  a  no- 
toriety of  infamy  which  shook  once  more  the 
already  tottering  constitution. — Froude's  C^- 
SAR,  ch.  12. 

1255.  COURT,  A  terrible.  Star  Ghamher. 
The  king  in  his  council  had  always  assertea  a 
right  in  the  last  resort  to  enforce  justice  and 
peace  by  dealing  with  offenders  too  strong  to  b€ 
dealt  with  by  his  ordinary  courts.  Henry  sys- 
tematized this  occasional  jurisdiction  by  ap- 
pointing, in  1486,  a  committee  of  his  council  as  a 
regular  court,  to  which  the  place  where  it  usu- 
ally sat  gave  the  name  of  the  court  of  star  cham- 
ber. The  king's  aim  was  probably  little  more 
than  a  purpose  to  enforce  order  on  the  land  by 
bringing  the  great  nobles  before  his  own  judg 
ment-seat ;  but  the  establishment  of  the  coiirt 
as  a  regular  and  no  longer  an  exceptional  tribu 
nal,  whose  traditional  powers  were  confirmed 


COURTESAN— COVETOUSNESS. 


151 


by  Parliamentary  statute,  and  where  the  absence 
of  a  jury  cancelled  the  prisoner's  right  to  be  tried 
by  his  peers,  furnished  his  son  with  an  instru- 
ment of  tyranny  which  laid  justice  at  the  feet 
of  the  monarchy. —  Hist,  of  Eng.  People, 
§496. 

1256.  COURTESAN,  Influential.  Aspasia. 
The  house  of  the  courtesan  Aspasia  was  honor- 
ed with  his  [Socrates]  frequent  visits.  He 
found  in  that  accomplished  woman  a  mind 
stored  with  various  knowledge,  an  acute  and 
vigorous  understanding,  and  those  engaging 
manners  which  gave  her  a  powerful  hold  on  the 
minds  of  the  Athenian  youth.  She  was  the 
mistress  and  confidante  of  Pericles,  who  did 
not  disdain  to  consult  her  on  affairs  of  public 
concern.  If  we  should  hesitate  to  suppose  that 
the  philosopher  thought  it  not  unworthy  of 
his  character  to  improve  her  morals  and  reclaim 
her  mind  to  virtue,  he  might  reasonably  seek 
his  own  improvement,  and  avail  himself  of 
her  knowledge  of  the  world  to  enlarge  and 
extend  his  power  of  utility. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  9. 

1257.  COUETESY  denied.  James  K.  Polk. 
When  Mr.  Polk  closed  his  service  in  the  [Speak- 
er's] chair,  at  the  end  of  the  Twenty-fifth  Con- 
gress, no  Whig  member  could  be  found  to 
move  the  customary  resolution  of  thanks — an 
act  of  courtesy  which  derives  its  chief  grace  by 
coming  from  a  political  opponent.  When  the 
resolution  was  presented  by  a  Democratic  Rep- 
resentative from  the  South,  it  was  opposed  in  de- 
bate by  prominent  Whig  members.  .  .  .  The 
Whigs  as  a  party  resisted  its  adoption.  The  Dem- 
ocrats could  not  even  bring  the  House  to  a  vote 
upon  the  resolution  without  the  use  of  the  pre- 
idous  question.  [He  was  accused  of  partiality, 
injustice,  and  narrowness.] — Blaine's  Twenty 
Years  op  Congress,  p.  59. 

125§.  COURTESY  forfeited.  Cromwell.  [He 
swept  over  the  country  like  a  tempest.]  He 
threw  himself  before  Winchester.  The  last- 
named  place  surrendered  by  capitulation.  While 
here  he  very  courteously  sent  in  to  the  Bishop 
of  Winchester,  and  offered  him  a  guard  to  se- 
cure his  person  ;  but  the  bishop,  flying  into  the 
castle,  refused  his  courtesy.  Afterward,  when 
the  castle  began  to  be  battered  by  two  pieces  of 
ordnance,  he  sent  to  the  lieutenant-general, 
thanking  him  for  the  great  favor  offered  to  him, 
and  being  now  more  sensible  what  it  was,  he 
desired  the  enjoyment  of  it  To  whom  the 
wise  lieutenant-general  replied,  that  since  he 
made  not  use  of  the  courtesy,  but  wilfully  ran 
away  from  it,  he  must  now  partake  of  the  same 
conditions  as  the  others  who  were  with  him  in 
the  castle ;  and  if  he  were  taken,  he  miist  ex- 
pect to  be  used  as  a  prisoner  of  war. — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  10,  p.  138. 

1259.  COURTESY,  Marked.  English.  Cour- 
tesy to  strangers,  and  to  each  other,  which  .  .  . 
was  a  peculiarity  of  the  English  [in  1509],  has 
scarcely  so  maintained  its  ancient  ascendancy. 
"  They  have  the  incredible  courtesy  of  remain- 
ing with  their  heads  uncovered,  with  an  admir- 
able grace,  while  they  talk  to  each  other." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15,  p.  254. 

1260.  COURTESY  to  the  Unfortunate.  Black 
Pnnce.  [At  the  battle  of  Poitiers  the  Black 
Prince  defeats  and  captures  the  French  king 


John  II.]  That  night  the  Prince  of  Wales  [the 
Black  Prince]  made  a  supper  in  his  lodging  for 
the  French  king  and  to  the  great  lords  that 
were  prisoners.  "  And  always  the  Prince  serv- 
ed before  the  king,  as  humbly  as  he  could,  and 
would  not  sit  at  the  king's  board,  for  any  desire 
that  the  king  could  make,  and  exhorted  him 
not  to  be  of  heavy  cheer,  for  that  King  Edward, 
his  father,  should  bear  him  all  honor  and  amity, 
and  accord  with  him  so  reasonably  that  they 
should  be  friends  ever  after."  .  .  .  This  scene, 
so  gracefully  performed  by  him  who,  a  few 
hours  before,  was  "  courageous  and  cruel  as  a 
lion,"  was  in  perfect  accordance  with  the  system 
of  chivalry. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  31,  p. 
476. 

1261.  COURTS,  Injustice  of.  Persecution.  To 
abolish  the  worship  and  to  dissolve  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Christians,  it  was  thought  necessary 
to  subject  to  the  most  intolerable  hardships  the 
condition  of  those  perverse  individuals  who 
should  still  reject  the  religion  of  nature,  of  Rome, 
and  of  their  ancestors.  Persons  of  a  liberal  birth 
were  declared  incapable  of  holding  any  honors 
or  employments  ;  slaves  were  forever  deprived  of 
the  hopes  of  freedom,  and  the  whole  body  of  the 
people  were  put  out  of  the  protection  of  the  law\ 
The  judges  were  authorized  to  hear  and  to  deter- 
mine every  action  that  was  brought  against  a 
Christian.  But  the  Christians  were  not  permit- 
ted to  complain  of  any  injury  which  they  them- 
selves had  suffered  ;  and  thus  those  unfortunate 
sectaries  were  exposed  to  the  severity,  while  they 
were  excluded  from  the  benefits,  of  public  jus- 
tice.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16. 

1262.  COURTS  packed.  R^ign  of  James  II. 
[Judges  were  appointed  for  the  purpose  of  secur- 
ing the  desired  judgment.]  Judgment  was  given 
by  the  lord  chief  justice,  Sir  Edward  Herbert. 
He  announced  that  he  had  submitted  the  question 
to  all  the  judges,  and  that,  in  the  opinion  of  eleveu 
of  them,  the  king  might  lawfully  dispense  with 
penal  statutes  in  particular  cases,  and  for  special 
reasons  of  grave  importance. .  .  .  There  can  be  no 
reasonable  doubt  that  the  dissenting  judge  was, 
like  the  plaintiff  and  the  plaintiff's  counsel,  acting 
collusively.  It  was  important  that  there  should 
be  a  great  preponderance  of  authority  in  favor  of 
the  dispensing  power  ;  yet  it  was  important  that 
the  bench,  which  had  been  carefully  packed  for 
the  occasion,  should  appear  to  be  independent. 
One  judge,  therefore,  the  least  respectable  of  the 
twelve,  was  permitted,  or  more  probably  com- 
manded, to  give  his  voice  against  the  preroga- 
tive.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  78. 

1263.  COURTS,  Scandalous.  Reign  of  Gha/rle^ 
I.  The  judges  of  the  common  law,  holding 
their  situations  during  the  pleasure  of  the  king, 
were  scandalously  obsequious.  Yet,  obsequious 
as  they  were,  they  were  less  ready  and  efficient 
instruments  of  arbitrary  power  than  a  class  of 
courts,  the  memory  of  which  is  still,  after  the 
lapse  of  more  than  two  centuries,  held  in  deep 
abhorrence  by  the  nation.  Foremost  among 
these  coixrts  in  power  and  in  infamy  were  the 
Star  Chamber  and  the  High  Commission,  the  for- 
mer a  political,  the  latter  a  religious,  inquisition. 
Neither  was  a  part  of  the  old  Constitution  of  Eng- 
land.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  83. 

1264.  COVETOUSNESS,  Contemptible.  Henry 
III.     History  presents  him  in  scarcely  any  other 


152 


COVETOUSNESS— COWARDICE. 


light  than  that  of  an  extortioner  and  a  beggar. 
The  records  of  the  Exchequer  abundantly  show, 
that,  for  forty  years,  there  were  no  contrivances 
for  obtaining  money  so  mean  or  unjust  that  he 
disdained  to  practise  them. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  24,  p.  261. 

1265.  COVETOTJSNESS  punished.  Gold.  Mith- 
ridates  .  .  .  sent  Aquillius  round  the  cities  of  the 
province  seated  on  an  ass,  with  a  proclamation 
stating  that  to  his  covetous  dealings  alone  the 
war  was  due,  and  then  put  him  to  death  by  hav- 
ing molten  gold  poured  down  his  throat. — Lid- 
dell's  Rome,  ch.  59,  §  6,  p.  596. 

1266.  COVETOTJSNESS,  Royal.  Henry  III. 
In  1239  the  queen  bore  a  son,  Edward  ;  and  then 
the  streets  were  illuminated,  while  bands  of 
dancers  made  the  night  joyful  with  drum  and 
tambourine.  But  Henry . .  .  was  not  satisfied  with 
barren  rejoicings.  He  sent  out  messengers  to  ask 
for  presents,  into  city  and  into  country.  They 
came  back.  If  well  loaded,  the  king  smiled  ;  if 
the  gift  were  small,  it  was  rejected  with  contempt. 
"  God  gave  us  the  child,"  said  a  Norman,  "but 
the  king  sells  him  to  us."  In  1251  he  went  about 
seeking  hospitality  of  abbots,  friars,  clerks,  and 
men  of  low  degree,  staying  with  them  and  asking 
gifts."  .  .  .  Two  years  before  this  .  .  .  Henry 
shamelessly  transgressed  the  bounds  of  royal  dig- 
nity, by  exacting  New  Year's  gifts  from  the  citi- 
zens of  London.  "  Lend  me  £100,"  said  the  king 
to  the  abbot  of  Ramsay  ;  and  the  abbot  replied  : 
"  I  have  sometimes  given,  but  never  lend,"  and 
so  went  to  the  money-lenders  and  borrowed  it, 
"  that  he  might  satisfy  the  wants  of  this  beggar 
king." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  24,  p.  362. 

1267.  COWARD,  The  deserted.  Perseus.  [Af- 
ter receiving  an  overwhelming  defeat  from  the 
Romans,  Perseus,  the  King  of  the  Macedonians,] 
fled  from  Pydna  to  Pella,  with  his  cavalry,  which 
had  suffered  no  loss.  When  the  foot  overtook 
them,  they  reproached  them  as  cowards  and  trai- 
tors, pulled  them  off  their  horses,  and  wounded 
several  of  them  ;  so  that  the  king,  dreading  the 
consequences  of  the  tumult,  turned  his  horse  out 
of  the  common  road  ;  and,  lest  he  should  be 
known,  wrapped  up  his  purple  robe,  and  put  it 
before  him  ;  he  also  took  off  his  diadem,  and  car- 
ried it  in  his  hand  ;  and  that  he  might  converse 
the  more  conveniently  with  his  friends,  alighted 
from  his  horse  and  led  him.  But  they  all  slunk 
away  from  him  by  degrees  :  one  under  pretense 
of  tying  his  shoe,  another  of  watering  his  horse, 
and  a  third  of  being  thirsty  himself  ;  not  that 
they  were  so  much  afraid  of  the  enemy,  as  of  the 
cruelty  of  Perseus,  who,  exasperated  with  his 
misfortunes,  sought  to  lay  the  blame  of  his  mis- 
carriage on  anybody  but  himself. — Plutakch's 
Paulus  jEmilius. 

126S.  COWARD,  Professions  of  the.  Gelimer. 
[The  defeated  king  of  Carthage.]  In  the  even- 
ing Belisarius  led  his  infantry  to  the  attack  of 
the  camp  ;  and  the  pusillanimous  flight  of  Geli- 
mer exposed  the  vanity  of  his  recent  declarations, 
that  to  the  vanquished  death  was  a  relief,  life  a 
burden,  and  infamy  the  only  object  of  terror. 
His  departure  was  secret ;  but  as  soon  as  the 
Vandals  discovered  that  their  king  had  deserted 
them,  they  hastily  dispersed,  anxious  only  for 
their  personal  safety,  and  careless  of  every  ob- 
ject that  is  dear  or  valuable  to  mankind. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  41. 


1269.  COWARDICE,  Appearance  of.  Abdallah. 
[Gregory  offered  his  daughters  hand  and  great 
riches  to  the  youth  who  would  bring  him  the 
head  of  Abdallah,  the  general  of  the  Saracens. 
He  withdrew  from  the  field  at  the  solicitation  of 
his  brethren.]  A  noble  Arabian  ...  on  the 
news  of  the  battle,  Zobeir,  with  twelve  compan- 
ions, cut  his  way  through  the  camp  of  the  Greeks, 
and  pressed  forward,  without  tasting  either  food 
or  repose,  to  partake  of  the  dangers  of  his  breth- 
ren. He  cast  his  eyes  round  the  field  :  "  Where," 
said  he,  "  is  our  general  ?"  "In  his  tent."  "Is 
the  tent  a  station  for  the  general  of  the  Moslems  ?" 
Abdallah  represented  with  a  blush  the  importance 
of  his  own  life,  and  the  temptation  that  was  held 
forth  by  the  Roman  prefect. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  51. 

1270.  COWARDICE  of  the  Cruel.  Nero. 
Nero,  abandoned  by  his  guards,  was  obliged  to 
conceal  himself  in  the  house  of  one  of  his  freed- 
men.  The  Senate  proclaimed  him  an  enemy  to 
his  country,  and  condemned  him  to  die  more 
majorum — that  is,  to  be  scourged,  thrown  from 
the  Tarpeian  rock,  and  then  flung  into  the  Ti- 
ber. Unable  to  bear  the  thoughts  of  such  a  death, 
Nero  tried  the  points  of  two  daggers,  but  wanted 
courage  to  die  by  his  own  hand.  He  entreated 
the  aid  of  one  of  his  slaves,  who  was  not  slow  in 
the  performance  of  that  friendly  office  ...  a 
character  happily  difficult  to  be  paralleled  in  the 
annals  of  human  nature. — Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book 
5,  ch.  1. 

1271.  COWARDICE  despised.  "  General  White- 
feather."  [General  Whitlock  surrendered  Monte- 
video in  a  cowardly  manner,  and  returned  to 
England  with  a  whole  skin.  He  was  nicknamed 
General  Whitefeather.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  27,  p.  486. 

1272. .  "  Little  King."  Ferdinand 

attacked  his  former  ally  with  the  united  forces 
of  Castile  and  Arragon.  The  war  was  tedious, 
and  lasted  several  years.  Isabella  accompanied 
her  husband  in  several  of  his  military  expedi- 
tions, and  attended  him  when  he  laid  siege  to  the 
city  of  Granada,  in  1491 .  After  a  blockade  of 
eight  months,  the  pusillanimous  Abo-Abdeli, 
who  has  been  called  El  Rey  Chico,  or  the  Little 
King,  meanly  capitulated,  contrary  to  the  senti- 
ments and  urgent  remonstrances  of  above  twenty 
thousand  of  the  inhabitants,  who  offered  to  de- 
fend their  native  city  to  the  last  extremity.  The 
treaty  between  Abo-Abdeli  and  Ferdinand  secur- 
ed to  the  Moors  of  Granada  a  small  mountain- 
ous part  of  the  kingdom,  with  the  enjoyment  of 
their  laws  and  religion.  The  Moorish  prince, 
execrated  by  his  people,  betook  himself  to  this 
despicable  retreat.  He  is  said  to  have  wept  when 
he  cast  back  his  eyes  to  the  beautiful  plain  and 
city  of  Granada.  "  You  have  reason,"  said  his 
mother,  ' '  to  weep  like  a  woman  for  the  loss  of 
that  kingdom,  which  you  could  not  defend  like 
a  man."  Thus  ended  the  dominion  of  the  Moors 
in  Spain,  about  eight  hundred  years  after  its 
foundation  [a.d.  1491]. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
6,  ch.  14. 

1273.  COWARDICE,  Disgrace  of.  Daniel  Scott. 
[Sir  Walter  Scott's  brother.]  Daniel  Scott  was 
the  black  sheep  of  the  family.  He  got  into  diffi- 
culties in  business,  formed  a  bad  connection  with 
an  artful  woman,  and  was  sent  to  try  his  fortunes 
in  the  West  Indies.     There  he  was  employed  in 


COWARDICE— CREDULITY. 


153 


some  service  against  a  body  of  refractory  negroes, 
. . .  and  apparently  showed  the  white  feather.  Mr, 
Lockhart  says  that  "  he  returned  to  Scotland  a 
dishonored  man  ;  and  though  he  found  shelter 
and  compassion  from  his  mother,  his  brother 
would  never  see  him  again.  Nay,  when,  soon 
after,  his  health,  shattered  by  dissolute  indul- 
gence, .  .  .  gave  way  altogether,  and  he  died,  as 
yet  a  young  man,  the  poet  refused  either  to  at- 
tend his  funeral  or  to  wear  mourning  for  him, 
like  the  rest  of  his  family."  Indeed,  he  always 
spoke  of  him  as  his  "  relative,"  not  as  his  brother. 
Here  again  Scott's  severity  was  due  to  his  broth- 
er's failure  as  a  "man  oi  honor" — i.e., in  cour- 
age.— Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  11. 

1274.  COWAEDICE  prevented.  Boberi  Guts- 
card.  [Normans  were  victorious  over  the  Greeks.] 
On  the  report  and  distant  prospect  of  these  for- 
midable numbers,  Robert  assembled  a  council  of 
his  principal  officers.  "  You  behold,"  said  he, 
"your  danger  ;  it  is  urgent  and  inevitable.  The 
hills  are  covered  with  arms  and  standards,  and 
the  emperor  of  the  Greeks  is  accustomed  to  wars 
and  triumphs.  Obedience  and  union  are  our 
only  safety,  and  I  am  ready  to  yield  the  com- 
mand to  a  more  worthy  leader."  The  vote  and 
acclamation,  even  of  his  secret  enemies,  assured 
him,  in  that  perilous  moment,  of  their  esteem 
and  confidence ;  and  the  duke  thus  continued : 
"  Let  us  trust  in  the  rewards  of  victory,  and  de- 
prive cowardice  of  the  means  of  escape.  Let  us 
burn  our  vessels  and  our  baggage,  and  give  bat- 
tle on  this  spot,  as  if  it  were  the  place  of  our  na- 
tivity and  our  burial."  The  resolution  was 
unanimously  approved  ;  and,  without  confining 
himself  to  his  lines,  Guiscard  awaited  in  battle 
array  the  nearer  approach  of  the  enemy. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  56. 

1275.  COWAEDICE  punished.  Bomans.  The 
dictator,  or  consul,  had  a  right  to  command  the 
service  of  the  Roman  youth,  and  to  punish  an 
obstinate  or  cowardly  disobedience  by  the  most 
severe  and  ignominious  penalties — by  striking  the 
offender  out  of  the  list  of  citizens,  by  confiscating 
his  property,  and  by  selling  his  person  into  sla- 

j  very. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  3. 

1276. .     Deputies.     On  the  2d  of 

June  [1793]  the  Tuileries  were  completely  sur- 
rounded by  an  armed  multitude  of  80,000  men, 
;  with  a  formidable  park  of  artillery  commanded 
i  by  Henriot ;  and  the  commune  required  from 
•  the  affrighted  deputies  an  immediate  decree  for 
the  arrest  of  the  Girondist  members.  They  at 
first  refused  compliance,  but  were  at  length  com- 
pelled to  vote  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet  the  ar- 
rest of  thirty-two  Girondist  members,  including 
lirissot,  Vergniaud,  Guadet,  Gensonne,  Petion, 
and  all  the  celebrated  names  of  the  party.  Such 
was  the  fall  of  the  Girondists — a  memorable  and 
righteous  retribution  for  their  cowardly  aban- 
donment of  the  king. — Students'  France,  ch. 
:27,  §  2,  p.  566. 

1277.  COWAEBICE  reproved.  Romans. 
'[During  the  war  of  the  Allies  the  enemy]  gave 
he  Romans  a  good  opportunity  of  attacking 
hem,  and  they  were  afraid  to  embrace  it ;  after 
30th  parties  were  retired  Marius  called  his  sol- 
liiers  together,  and  made  this  short  speech  to 
I  hem  :  "  I  know  not  which  to  call  the  greatest 
leewards,  the  enemy  or  you ;  for  neither  dare 
jhey  face  your  backs  nor  you  theirs."    At  last. 


pretending  to  be  incapacitated  for  the  service  by 
his  infirmities,  he  laid  down  the  command. — 
Plutarch. 

1278.  COWAEDICE,  Shameful.  General  Hull. 
[The  British]  advanced  to  the  siege  of  Detroit. 
The  Americans,  in  their  trenches  outside  of  the 
fort,  were  eager  for  battle,  and  stood  with  lighted 
matches  awaiting  the  order  to  fire.  When  the 
British  were  within  five  hundred  yards,  to  the 
amazement  of  both  armies,  Hull  hoisted  a  white 
flag  over  the  fort.  There  was  a  brief  parley  and 
a  surrender,  perhaps  the  most  shameful  in  the 
history  of  the  United  States.  Not  only  the  army 
in  Detroit,  but  all  the  forces  under  Hull's  com- 
mand, became  prisoners  of  war.  The  whole  of 
Michigan  territory  was  surrendered  to  the  Brit- 
ish. At  the  capitulation,  the  American  officers, 
in  rage  and  despair,  stamped  the  ground,  broke 
their  swords,  and  tore  off  their  epaulets.  The 
whole  country  was  humiliated .  [Hull  was  court- 
martialed,  convicted  of  cowardice,  and  sentenced 
to  be  shot.  President  Madison  pardoned  him.] 
— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  49,  p.  395. 

1279.  COWAEDICE,  Unpardonable.  Germans. 
In  the  faith  of  soldiers  (and  such  were  the  Ger- 
mans) cowardice  is  the  most  unpardonable  of 
sins.  A  brave  man  was  the  worthy  favorite  of 
their  martial  deities ;  the  wretch  who  had  lost 
his  shield  was  alike  banished  from  the  religious 
and  civil  assemblies  of  his  countrymen. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  9. 

1250.  COWAEDS  punished.  iMcedcemonians. 
Such  persons  are  not  only  excluded  all  offices, 
but  it  is  infamous  to  intermarry  with  them.  Any 
man  who  meets  them  is  at  liberty  to  strike  them. 
They  are  obliged  to  appear  in  a  forlorn  manner, 
and  in  a  vile  habit,  with  patches  of  divers  colors , 
and  to  wear  their  beards  half  shaved  and  half 
unshaved. — Plutarch. 

1251.  CEEDULITY  of  Philosophers.  Seven. 
Seven  friends  and  philosophers,  Diogenes  and 
Hermias,  Eulalius  and  Priscian,  Damascius,  Isi- 
dore, and  Simplicius,  who  dissented  from  the 
religion  of  their  sovereign,  embraced  the  resolu- 
tion of  seeking  in  a  foreign  land  the  freedom 
which  was  denied  in  their  native  country.  They 
had  heard,  and  they  credulously  believed,  that 
the  republic  of  Plato  was  realized  in  the  despot- 
ic government  of  Persia,  and  thqt  a  patriot  king 
reigned  over  the  happiest  and  most  virtuous  of 
nations.  They  were  soon  astonished  by  the  nat- 
ural discovery,  that  Persia  resembled  the  other 
countries  of  the  globe ;  that  Chosroes,  who  af- 
fected the  name  of  a  philosopher,  was  vain,  cruel, 
and  ambitious  ;  that  bigotry  and  a  spirit  of  in- 
tolerance prevailed  among  the  Magi ;  that  the 
nobles  were  haughty,  the  courtiers  servile,  and 
the  magistrates  unjust;  that  the  guilty  some- 
times escaped,  and  that  the  innocent  were  often 
oppressed.  The  disappointment  of  the  phi- 
losophers provoked  them  to  overlook  the  real 
virtues  of  the  Persians  ;  and  they  were  scandal- 
ized, more  deeply  perhaps  than  became  their 
profession,  with  the  plurality  of  wives  and  con- 
cubines, the  incestuous  marriages,  and  the  cus- 
tom of  exposing  dead  bodies  to  the  dogs  and  vult- 
ures, instead  of  hiding  them  in  the  earth,  or 
consuming  them  with  fire.  Their  repentance  wa* 
expressed  by  a  precipitate  return,  and  they  loud- 
ly declared  that  they  had  rather  die  on  the  bor 


154 


CREDULITY— CRIME. 


ders  of  the  empire  than  enjoy  the  wealth  and 
favor  of  the  barbarian. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  40. 

12§2.  CREDULITY,  Eeligious.  Priestcraft. 
[The  blood  which  flowed  during  the  agony  of 
our  Lord  was  pretended  to  be  exhibited  accord- 
ing to  the  price  paid  for  the  sight.  Latimer  de- 
clared it  to  be  clarified  honey,  colored  with  saf- 
fron.] There  was  in  the  priory -of  Cardigan  an 
image  of  the  Virgin,  with  a  taper  in  her  hand, 
which  was  found  standing  on  the  river  Tyne, 
with  the  taper  always  burning  ;  but  being  car- 
ried into  Christ's  Church,  in  Cardigan,  the  image 
would  not  stay  there,  but  was  found  three  or  four 
times  in  the  place  where  now  is  builded  the 
Church  of  our  Lady,  and  the  taper  burning  in 
her  hand,  which  continued  still  burning  for  the 
space  of  nine  years  without  wasting,  until  the 
time  that  one  foresware  himself  thereon,  and 
then  it  extincted  and  never  burned  thereafter, 
.  .  .  There  was  an  image  at  Bangor  worth  to 
the  friars  20  marks  by  the  year  in  corn,  cat- 
tle and  cheese,  and  money.  .  .  .  The  famous 
rood  of  Boxley,  of  which  the  figure  could  move 
its  threatening  eyes,  twitch  his  nostrils,  throw 
back  his  head,  or  nod  approbation,  is  elevated  on 
a  scaffold,  and  goes  through  the  performance  at 
which  past  generations  had  wondered  and  trem- 
bled .  .  .  The  imposture  is  proclaimed  from 
the  pulpit  .  .  .  the  machinery  is  disclosed  and 
consigned  to  the  flames. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  25,  p.  409. 

1283.  CEEDULITY  of  the  Sick,  Lard  Audley. 
The  belief  in  empirical  remedies  was  not  con- 
fined to  the  humble  classes.  Lord  Audley,  in 
1553,  sends  to  Cecil,  who  was  seriously  ill,  reci- 
pes for  two  medicines  which  he  had  proved  up- 
on himself  and  his  wife.  One  of  these  is  founded 
on  the  healing  virtues  of  a  sow  pig  nine  days  old, 
distilled  with  many  herbs  and  spices.  The  other 
is  more  ample  :  "Item.  Take  a  .  .  .  hedgehog, 
and  quarter  him  in  pieces,  and  put  the  said  beast 
in  a  still  with  these  ingredients  :  item,  a  quart  of 
red  wine,  a  pint  of  rose-water,  a  quart  of  sugar, 
cinnamon  and  great  raisins, one  date, twelve  nepe" 
[turnips]. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  8,  p.  498. 

12§4.  CREDULITY,  Superstitious,  Bomans. 
The  nations  and  the  sects  of  the  Roman  world 
admitted,  with  equal  credulity  and  similar  ab- 
horrence, the  reality  of  that  infernal  art  which 
was  able  to  control  the  eternal  order  of  the  plan- 
« is  and  the  voluntary  operations  of  the  human 
mind.  They  dreaded  the  mysterious  power  of 
spells  and  incantations,  of  potent  herbs,  and  ex- 
ecrable rites,  which  could  extinguish  or  recall 
life,  inflame  the  passions  of  the  soul,  blast  the 
works  of  crojjtion,  and  extort  from  the  reluctant 
demons  the  secrets  of  futurity.  They  believed, 
with  the  wildest  inconsistency,  that  the  preter- 
natural dominion  of  the  air,  of  earth,  and  of  hell 
was  exercised,  from  the  vilest  motives  of  malice 
or  gain,  by  some  wrinkled  hags  and  itinerant 
sorcerers,  who  passed  their  obscure  lives  in  pen- 
ury and  contempt.  The  arts  of  magic  were  equal- 
ly condemned  by  the  public  opinion  and  by  the 
laws  of  Rome  ;  but  as  they  tended  to  gratify  the 
most  imperious  passions  of  the  heart  of  man, 
they  were  continually  proscribed  and  continual- 
ly practised.  An  imaginary  cause  is  capable  of 
producing  the  most  serious  and  mischievous  ef- 
fects. The  dark  predictions  of  the  death  of  an 
emperor,  or  the  success  of  a  conspiracy,  were 


calculated  only  to  stimulate  the  hopes  of  ambi- 
tion and  to  dissolve  the  ties  of  fidelity  ;  and  th« 
intentional  guilt  of  magic  was  aggravated  by  the 
actual  crimes  of  treason  and  sacrilege.  Such  vain 
terrors  disturbed  the  peace  of  society  and  the 
happiness  of  individuals  ;  and  the  harmless  flame 
which  insensibly  melted  a  waxen  image  might 
derive  a  powerful  and  pernicious  energy  from 
the  affrighted  fancy  of  the  person  whom  it  was 
maliciously  designed  to  represent.  From  the  in- 
fusion of  those  herbs  which  were  supposed  to^ 
possess  a  supernatural  influence,  it  was  an  easy 
step  to  the  use  of  more  substantial  poison  ;  and 
the  folly  of  mankind  sometimes  became  the  in- 
strument and  the  mask  of  the  most  atrocious 
crimes. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  25,  p.  536. 

12§5. .     Persians.        [Artaxerxes 

summoned  a  great  council  of  the  Magi,  which 
was  reduced  by  selection  from  eighty  thousand  to 
seven.]  One  of  these,  Erdaviraph,  a  young  but 
holy  prelate,  received  from  the  hands  of  his 
brethren  three  cups  of  soporiferous  wine.  He 
drank  them  off,  and  instantly  fell  into  a  long  and 
profound  sleep.  As  soon  as  he  waked,  he  relat- 
ed to  the  king  and  to  the  believing  multitude  his 
journey  to  heaven  and  his  intimate  conferences 
with  the  Deity.  Every  doubt  was  silenced  by 
this  supernatural  evidence  ;  and  the  articles  of 
the  faith  of  Zoroaster  were  fixed  with  equal 
authority  and  precision. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  8. 

12S6.  CRIME,  Epidemic  of,  England.  There 
was  a  good  deal  of  alarm  in  the  autumn  of  1692 
from  the  daring  crimes  that  sometimes  seem  epi- 
demic in  a  nation.  Hence  a  proclamation  against 
highwaymen  was  issued.  Gangs  of  banditti 
robbed  mails  and  stage-coaches  even  in  the  day- 
time. .  ,  .  Burglars  were  almost  as  bold  and 
numerous  as  footpads  and  highwaymen.  [There 
had  been  four  years  of  war  with  James  II.  and 
Louis  XIV.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  10, 
p.  155. 

1287.  CRIME,  Evidence  of.  Circumstantial. 
[Burning  of  Rome  by  Nero.]  Whether  he  was 
really  guilty  or  not  of  having  ordered  that  im- 
mense conflagration,  it  is  certain  that  he  was  sus- 
pected of  it  by  his  contemporaries,  and  has  been 
charged  with  it  by  many  historians  of  his  country. 
It  is  certain,  also,  that  his  head  had  been  full  for 
years  of  the  image  of  flaming  cities  ;  that  he  used 
to  say  that  Priam  was  to  be  congratulated  on 
having  seen  the  ruin  of  Troy  ;  that  he  was  never 
able  to  resist  the  fixed  idea  of  a  crime  ;  that  the 
year  following  he  gave  a  public  recitation  of  a 
poem  called  "Troica,"  from  the  orchestra  of  the 
theatre,  and  that  this  was  only  the  burning  of 
Rome  under  a  thin  disguise  ;  and  that  just  before 
his  flight  he  meditated  setting  fire  to  Rome  once 
more.  It  was  rumored  that  when  some  one  had 
told  him  how  Gains  used  to  quote  the  phrase 
of  Euripides — 
"When  I  am  dead,  sink  the  whole  earth  in. 

flames !" 
he  replied,  "  Nay,  but  while  I  live  !"  He  was 
accused  of  the  ambition  of  destroying  Rome, 
that  he  might  replace  its  tortuous  and  narrow 
lanes  with  broad,  regular  streets  and  uniform 
Hellenic  edifices,  and  so  have  an  excuse  for 
changing  its  name  from  Rome  to  Neropolis.  It 
was  believed  that  in  his  morbid  appetite  for  new 
sensations  he  was  quite  capable  of  devising  a. 


CRIME— CRIMINALS, 


155 


truly  artistic  spectacle  which  would  thrill  his 
jaded  aestheticism,  and  supply  him  with  vivid 
imagery  for  the  vapid  antitheses  of  his  poems.  It 
was  both  believed  and  recorded  that  during  the 
terrors  of  the  actual  spectacle  he  had  climbed  the 
Tower  of  Maecenas,  had  expressed  his  delight  at 
what  he  called  "  the  flower  and  loveliness  of  the 
flames,"  and  in  his  scenic  dress  had  sung  on  his 
own  private  stage  the  "  Capture  of  Ilium." — 
Farrau's  Early  Days,  p.  29. 

1 2  §  § .  CRIME,  Expiation  of.  Burning  of 
Rome.  It  is  clear  that  a  shedding  of  blood — in 
fact,  some  form  or  other  of  human  sacrifice — 
was  imperatively  demanded  by  popular  feeling 
as  an  expiation  of  the  ruinous  crime  which  had 
plunged  so  many  thousands  into  the  depths  of 
misery.  In  vain  had  the  Sibylline  Books  been 
once  more  consulted,  and  in  vain  had  public 
prayer  been  offered,  in  accordance  with  their 
directions,  to  Vulcan  and  the  goddesses  of  Earth 
and  Hades.  In  vain  had  the  Roman  matrons 
walked  in  procession  in  dark  robes,  and  with 
their  long  hair  unbound,  to  propitiate  the  in- 
sulted majesty  of  Juno,  and  to  sprinkle  with  sea- 
water  her  ancient  statue.  In  vain  had  largesses 
been  lavished  upon  the  people  and  propitiatory 
sacrifices  offered  to  the  gods.  In  vain  had  public 
banquets  been  celebrated  in  honor  of  various 
deities.  A  crime  had  been  committed,  and 
Romans  had  perished  unavenged.  Blood  cried 
for  blood  before  the  sullen  suspicion  against 
Nero  could  be  averted,  or  the  indignation  of 
heaven  appeased.  [Nero  accused,  and  then  per- 
secuted, the  Christians  for  his  own  crime.] — 
Farrar's  Early  Days,  p.  35. 

12§9.  CEIME  of  Imagination.  Capital.  [On 
the  trial  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  in  1521 ,]  a 
monk  of  the  Charter-house,  who  pretended  to  a 
knowledge  of  future  events,  "had  divers  times 
said  to  the  duke  that  he  should  be  King  of 
England  ;  but  the  duke  said  that  in  himself  he 
never  consented  to  it."  The  judicial  inference 
was,  that  he  had  committed  the  crime  of  imag- 
ining the  death  of  the  king,  and  that  his  words 
were  satisfactory  evidence  of  such  imagining. 
Buckingham  was  convicted  [and  beheaded]. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  17,  p.  287. 

1290.  CRIME,  Memorial  of.  "Labrador." 
Men  were  already  with  the  Portuguese  an  estab- 
lished article  of  traffic  ;  the  inhabitants  of  the 
American  coast  seemed  well  fitted  for  labor  ;  and 

j  Corte-Real  [the  Portuguese  sailor]  freighted  his 
ships  with  more  than  fifty  Indians,  whom,  on 
i  his  return,  he  sold  as  slaves.  .  .  .  The  name  of 
i  Labrador,  transferred  to  a  more  northern  coast, 
i:  is  probably  a  memorial  of  his  crime. — Ban- 
croft's History  of  U.  S.,  ch.  1. 

1291.  CRIME,  Organization  for.  England, 
j  1752.  Fielding  said, ' '  there  are  at  this  time  a  great 
^    gang  of  rogues,  whose  number  falls  little  short  of 

a  hundred,  who  are  incorporated  into  one  body, 
have  oflScers  and  a  treasurer,  and  have  reduced 
theft  and  robbery  into  a  regular  system." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  12,  p.  192. 

1292.  CRIME,  Reaction  of.  Rosamond.  [She 
j  was  the  exiled  murderess  of  Alboin,  her  royal 
I  husband.]  With  her  daughter,  the  heiress  of 
1  the  Lombard  throne,  her  two  lovers,  her  trusty 
i   Gepidae,  and  the  spoils  of  the  palace  of  Verona, 

Rosamond  descended  the  Adige  and  the  Po,  and 


was  transported  by  a  Greek  vessel  to  the  safe  har- 
bor of  Ravenna.  Longinus  beheld  with  delight 
the  charms  and  the  treasures  of  the  widow  of 
Alboin  :  her  situation  and  her  past  conduct  might 
justify  the  most  licentious  proposals ;  and  she 
readily  listened  to  the  passion  of  a  minister  who, 
even  in  the  decline  of  the  empire,  was  respected 
as  the  equal  of  kings.  The  death  of  a  jealous 
lover  was  an  easy  and  grateful  sacrifice  ;  and  as 
Helmichis  [her  former  lover]  issued  from  the 
bath  he  received  the  deadly  potion  from  the 
hand  of  his  mistress.  The  taste  of  the  liquor,  its 
speedy  operation,  and  his  experience  of  the  char- 
acter of  Rosamond,  convinced  him  that  he  was 
poisoned  ;  he  pointed  his  dagger  to  her  breast, 
compelled  her  to  drain  the  remainder  of  the  cup, 
and  expired  in  a  few  minutes,  with  the  consola- 
tion that  she  could  not  survive  to  enjoy  the  fruits 
of  her  wickedness. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  45. 

1293.  CRIME  taught.  "  Demi's  Acre."  In 
1837  there  was  a  district  lying  near  Westmin- 
ster Abbey,  called  "The  Devil's  Acre,"  where 
depravity  was  universal;  where  professional  beg- 
gars were  fitted  out  with  all  the  appliances  of 
imposture  ;  where  there  was  an  agency  office  f(^r 
the  hire  of  children  to  be  carried  about  by  for- 
lorn widows  and  deserted  wives  to  move  tl^e 
compassion  of  street-giving  benevolence  ;  whei'e 
young  pickpockets  were  duly  trained  in  the  art 
and  mystery  which  was  to  conduct  them  in  dii.e 
course  to  an  expensive  voyage  for  the  good  of 
their  country  [to  Botany  Bay]. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  8,  ch.  23,  p.  399. 

1294.  CRIMES,  Equality  of.  Stoics.  From 
the  portico  the  Roman  civilians  learned  to  liv?, 
to  reason,  and  to  die  ;  but  they  imbibed  in  8on<e 
degree  the  prejudices  of  the  sect — the  love  of 
paradox,  the  pertinacious  habits  of  dispute,  and 
a  minute  attachment  to  words  and  verbal  dis- 
tinctions. The  superiority  of  form  to  mattiv 
was  introduced  to  ascertain  the  right  of  property; 
and  the  equality  of  crimes  is  countenanced  by  an 
opinion  of  Trebatius,  that  he  who  touches  the  ear 
touches  the  whole  body  ;  and  that  he  who  steals 
from  a  heap  of  corn  or  a  hogshead  of  wine  is 
guilty  of  the  entire  theft.  —  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  44. 

1295.  CRIMINAL,  A  monster.  Catiline.  In 
an  age  when  licentiousness  of  the  grossest  kind 
was  too  common  to  attract  attention,  Catiline 
had  achieved  a  notoriety  for  infamy.  He  had 
intrigued  with  a  Vestal  virgin,  the  sister  of  Cice- 
ro's wife,  Terentia.  If  Cicero  is  to  be  believed, 
he  had  made  away  with  his  own  wife,  that  he 
might  marry  Aurelia  Orestilla,  a  woman  as  wick- 
ed as  she  was  beautiful,  and  he  had  killed  hi: 
child  also  because  Aurelia  had  objected  to  be  ir 
cumbered  with  a  stepson.  But  this,  too,  was 
common  in  high  society  in  those  days.  Adultery 
and  incest  had  become  familiar  excitements. 
Boys  of  ten  years  old  had  learned  the  art  of  poi- 
soning their  fathers. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  11. 

1296.  CRIMINALS  branded.  Clerical.  The 
act  for  Bishops,  to  punish  priests  and  other  re- 
ligious men  for  dishonest  life,  .  .  .  provides  that 
if  a  person  not  in  orders  shall  have  once  been  ad- 
mitted to  such  benefit  [of  clergy],  he  shall  not 
be  again  so  admitted,  but  be  marked  with  M  up- 
on the  brawn  of  the  left  thumb  if  convicted  of 
murder,  and  with  T  if  for  any  other  felony,  and 


156 


CRIMINALS— CRITICISM. 


then  be  delivered  to  tlie  ordinaiy.  —  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15,  p.  243. 

1297.  CEIMINALS,  Clerical.  Favored.  [In 
1512  a  statute  was  passed,  which]  exempts  from 
benefit  of  clergy  all  murderers,  highway  rob- 
bers, and  burglars,  such  as  be  within  holy  orders 
only  except.  .  .  .  The  ecclesiastical  authorities 
regarded  it  as  encroachment  upon  the  privileges 
of  the  Church,  and  they  prevented  its  renewal 
at  the  expiration  of  the  first  year.  ...  A  cer- 
tain abbot  .  .  .  denounced  from  the  pulpit  at 
Paul's  Cross  all  those  who  had  assented  to  the 
aft.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  17,  p.  277. 

129§.  CEIMINALS,  Conniving  with.  Pirates. 
[The  Emperor  Maximian  appointed  Carausius  to 
tlie  command  of  his  fleet  in  the  British  Channel 
f(tr  the  suppression  of  the  German  pirates.]  The 
iittegrity  of  the  new  admiral  corresponded  not 
with  his  abilities.  When  the  German  pirates 
sjdled  from  their  own  harbors  he  connived  at 
their  passage,  but  he  diligently  intercepted  their 
return,  and  appropriated  to  his  own  use  an  ample 
share  of  the  spoil  which  they  had  acquired.  The 
w  ealth  of  Carausius  was,  on  this  occasion,  very 
justly  considered  as  an  evidence  of  his  guilt ; 
and  Maximian  gave  orders  for  his  death. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  13,  p.  409. 

1299.  CEIMINALS,  Haunts  of.  London.  The 
house  of  the  Carmelite  Friai-s  .  .  .  had,  before 
the  Reformation,  been  a  sanctuary  for  criminals, 
and  still  retained  the  privilege  of  protecting 
debtors  from  arrest.  Insolvents  consequently 
were  to  be  found  in  every  dwelling,  from  cellar 
to  garret.  Of  these  a  large  proportion  were 
knaves  and  libertines,  and  were  followed  to  their 
a-sylum  by  women  more  abandoned  than  them- 
S(!lves.  .  .  .  Though  the  immunities  legally 
belonging  to  the  place  extended  only  to  cases  of 
debt ;  cheats,  false  witnesses,  forgers,  and  high- 
waymen found  refuge  there  ;  for  amid  a  rabble 
so  desperate  no  peace  officer's  life  was  in  safety. 
At  the  cry  of  "  Rescue,"  bullies,  with  swords  and 
cudgels,  and  termagant  hags,  with  spits  and 
broomsticks,  poured  forth  by  hundreds.  .  .  . 
Even  the  warrant  of  the  chief  justice  of  Eng- 
land could  not  be  executed  without  the  help  of  a 
companv  of  musketeers.  —  Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  3,  p.' 338. 

1300.  CEIMINALS  honored.  Highlanders. 
The  "  Highlanders  being  in  general  poorly  pro- 
vided for,  they  are  apt  to  covet  other  men's 
goods ;  nor  are  they  taught  by  any  laws  to  dis- 
tinguish with  great  accuracy  their  own  property 
from  that  of  other  people.  They  are  not 
ashamed  of  the  gallows— nay,  they  pay  a  relig- 
ious respect  to  a  fortunate  plunderer." —  Cun- 
ningham, IN  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  6. 

1301.  CEIMINALS,  Protection  from.  Police, 
1780.  [The  London]  police-officer  of  that  day 
was  called  a  "  thief -taker" — he  was  in  no  sense 
of  the  word  a  detective  or  a  preventive  function- 
ary. He  knew  the  thieves,  and  the  thieves  knew 
him.  His  business  was  to  "  let  the  matter  ripen" 
when  he  had  information  of  a  house  to  be  broken 
open  or  a  mail  to  be  robbed.  When  he  was 
sure  of  a  capital  conviction  he  took  his  man,  and 
obtained  £40  "blood money. "—Knight's Eng., 
vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  117. 

1302.  CEIMINALS,  Eule  of.  Bridewell,  1788, 
Mr.   Booth  is  committed  to  Bridewell.    .    .    . 


When  he  goes  to  prison,  a  number  of  persons 
gather  round  him  in  the  yard,  and  denjand 
"garnish."    The  keeper  explained  that  it  was 
customary  for  every  new  prisoner  to  treat  the 
others  with  something  to  drink.     The  young      ^ 
man  had    no  money,  and  the  keepers  quietly      1 
permit  the  scoundrels  to  strip  him  of  his  clothes.      ' 
All  persons  sent  to  Bridewell  were  treated  alike, 
so  far  as  the  prison  discipline  was  concerned. — 
EiELDiNG,  IN  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  117. 

1303.  CEISIS,  Equal  to  the.  Cromwell.  Pym 
was  dead,  Hampden  was  dead.  Cromwell,  as 
he  looked  along  its  benches,  would  notice  many 
a  place  vacated  where  once  sat  some  strong 
friend  of  order  and  of  freedom.  It  had  so  shrunk- 
en from  honor  that  it  had  come  to  be  called 
"  the  Rump."  .  .,.  On  the  20th  of  April,  1653, 
while  Cromwell  was  quietly  sitting  in  his  own 
"  lodgings"  in  Whitehall,  there  was  brought  to 
him  a  message,  that  at  that  very  moment  a  bill 
Avas  being  hurried  through  the  House,  by  which 
this  most  comely  piece  of  government  was  re- 
solving its  own  indefectible  perpetuity,  and  thus 
attempting  a  great  act  of  usurpation.  Let  the 
reader,  therefore,  distinctly  understand  that  it 
was  the  usurpation  of  capability  against  incapa- 
bility ;  the  House  must  be  checkmated.  Crom- 
well, therefore,  immediately  gathered  his  officers 
round  him  and  walked  down  to  the  assembly 
[and  turned  it  into  the  street]. — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  14,  p.  176. 

1304.  CEITIC  at  Church,  The.  Lord  George 
Sackville  Germain.  [Minister  in  charge  of  the 
American  department  under  George  III.,  a.d. 
1775.]  Apparelled  on  Sunday  morning  in  gala, 
as  if  for  the  drawing-room,  he  constantly 
marched  out  all  his  household  to  the  parish 
church,  where  he  would  mark  time  for  the  sing- 
ing gallery,  chide  a  rustic  chorister  for  a  dis- 
cord, stand  up  during  the  sermon  to  survey  the 
congregation  or  overawe  the  idle,  and  with  un- 
moved sincerity  gesticulate  approbation  to  the 
preacher,  whom  he  sometimes  cheered  on  by 
name.  .  .  .  This  friendless  man  .  .  .  could  plan 
.  .  .  how  to  lay  America  in  ashes. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  8,  ch.  51. 

1305.  CEITICISM,  Aroused  by.  Lord  Byron. 
The  Edird)urgh  lieview  appeared  which  con- 
tained the  celebrated  article  that  stung  the  poet 
so  cruelly.  "The  poesy  of  this  young  lord," 
began  the  reviewer,  "belongs  to  the  class  which 
neither  gods  nor  men  are  said  to  permit.  .  .  , 
His  effusions  are  spread  over  a  dead  flat,  and 
can  no  more  get  above  or  below  the  level  than 
if  they  were  so  much  stagnant  water."  And  so 
on  for  three  bantering  pages,  interspersed  with 
specimens  of  the  noble  ' '  minor's"  stanzas.  This 
stinging  satire,  which  would  have  crushed  some 
young  writers  of  verses,  fixed  Lord  Byron  in 
the  career  of  letters.  —  Cyclopedia  op  Biog., 
p.  294. 

1306.  CEITICISM,  Directed.  AlciUades.  Al- 
cibiades  had  a  dog  of  uncommon  size  and  beau- 
ty, which  cost  him  70  minai,  and  yet  his  tail, 
which  was  his  principal  ornament,  he  caused 
to  be  cut  off.  Some  of  his  acquaintance  found 
great  fault  with  his  acting  so  strangely,  and  told 
him  that  all  Athens  rung  with  the  story  of  his 
foolish  treatment  of  the  dog  ;  at  which  he  laughed 
and  said,  "  This  is  the  very  thing  I  wanted  ;  for 
I  would  have  the  Athenians  talk  of  this,  lest  they 


CRITICISM— CROSS. 


157 


should  find  something  worse  to  say  of  me." — 
Plutarch's  Alcibiades. 

1307.  CEITICISM  feared.  William  Cowper. 
There  was  a  trembling  consultation  as  to  the  ex- 
pediency of  bringing  the  volume  [of  satires]  un- 
der the  notice  of  Johnson.  "  One  of  his  pointed 
sarcasms,  if  he  should  happen  to  be  displeased, 
would  soon  find  its  way  into  all  companies,  and 
spoil  the  sale. "  "  I  think  it  would  be  well  to  send 
in  our  joint  names,  accompanied  with  a  hand- 
some card,  such  a  one  as  you  will  know  how  to 
fabricate,  and  such  as  may  predispose  him  to  a 
favorable  perusal  of  the  book,  by  coaxing  him 
into  a  good  temper  ;  for  he  is  a  great  bear,  with 
p'l  his  learning  and  penetration."  Fear  pre- 
vailed ;  but  it  seems  that  the  book  found  its  way 
into  the  dictator's  hands,  that  his  judgment  on 
it  was  kind,  and  that  he  even  did  something  to 
temper  the  wind  of  adverse  criticism  to  the  shorn 
lamb. — Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  4. 

130§.  CRITICISM,  Good.  Samuel  Johnson. 
When  I  pointed  out  to  him  in  the  newspaper 
one  of  Mr.  Grattan's  animated  and  glowing 
speeches,  in  favor  of  the  freedom  of  Ireland,  in 
which  this  expression  occurred  (I  know  not  if 
accurately  taken),  "  We  will  persevere  till  there 
is  not  one  link  of  the  English  chain  left  to  clank 
upon  the  rags  of  the  meanest  beggar  in  Ireland  " 
— "Nay,  sir"  (said  Johnson),  "don't  you  per- 
ceive that  one  link  cannot  clank  ?" — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  530. 

1309.  CRITICISM  ignored.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
[Being  urged  to  set  a  false  report  right  by  a 
statement  of  facts  in  the  papers,  he  said  :]  Oh, 
no,  at  least  not  now.  If  I  were  to  try  to  read, 
much  less  to  answer,  all  the  attacks  made  on  me, 
this  shop  might  as  well  be  closed  for  any  other 
business.  I  do  the  very  best  I  know  how — the 
vQTj  best  I  can  ;  and  I  intend  to  keep  doing  so 
unto  the  end.  If  the  end  brings  me  out  all  right, 
what  is  said  against  me  won't  amount  to  any- 
thing. If  the  end  brings  me  out  wrong,  ten  an- 
gels swearing  I  was  right  would  make  no  differ- 
ence.— Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  753. 

1310.  CRITICISM,  Mania  for.  ThacJceray.  The 
little  courtesies  of  the  world  and  the  little  dis- 
courtesies became  snobbish  to  him.  A  man  could 
not  wear  his  hat,  or  carry  his  umbrella,  or  mount 
his  horse  without  falling  into  some  error  of 
snobbism  before  his  hypercritical  eyes.  St.  Mi- 
chael would  have  carried  his  armor  amiss,  and 
St.  Cecilia  have  been  snobbish  as  she  twanged 
her  harp. — Trollope's  Thackeray,  ch.  2. 

1311.  CRITICISM,  Opposition  by.  Palmerston. 
One  great  secret  of  his  power  was,  that  he  could 
always  make  the  house  laugh.  He  had  a  quiet, 
homely  way  of  joking,  which  no  British  audi- 
epce  could  resist.  Many  of  his  comic  illustra- 
tions were  drawn  from  the  "  ring,"  all  the  slang 
and  science  of  which  he  knew.  I  have  no  doubt 
that  if  he  had  been  attacked  in  one  of  his  mid- 
night walks  by  three  unarmed  men,  not  prize- 
fighters, he  would  have  been  able  to  knock  down 
the  first  assailant,  damage  the  second,  and  put  to 
flight  the  third.  I  remember,  in  one  of  his  speech- 
es, a  passage  like  this  :  "  Gentlemen  on  the  other 
side  remind  me  of  another  sort  of  encounter  fa- 
miliar to  us  all.  Tom  Spring,  hard  pressed, 
cries  out,  '  Tou  strike  too  high  ! '  Bob  Clinch 
changes  his  tactics  ;  whereupon  Tom  roars,  '  Yoxi, 


strike  too  low  ! '  I  have  the  same  ill-luck  ;  let  me 
strike  high'  or  low,  I  cannot  please  honorable 
members  opposite."  —  Cyclopedia  op  Biog., 
p.  502. 

1312.  CRITICISM,  Requests  for.  SamuelJohn- 
son.  We  talked  of  a  lady's  verses  on  Ireland. 
Reynolds  :  "  And  how  was  it,  sir  ?"  Johnson  : 
"Why,  very  well  for  a  young  miss's  verses — 
that  is  to  say,  compared  with  excellence,  noth- 
ing ;  but  very  well  for  the  person  who  wrote 
them.  I  am  vexed  at  being  sliown  verses  in  that 
manner. "  Miss  Reynolds  :  ' '  But  if  they  should 
be  good,  why  not  give  them  hearty  praise  ?" 
Johnson  :  "  Why,  madam,  because  I  have  not 
then  got  the  better  of  my  bad  humor  from  hav- 
ing been  shown  them.  You  must  consider,  mad- 
am, beforehand,  they  may  be  bad  as  well  as  good. 
Nobody  has  a  right  to  put  another  under  such  a 
difficulty,  that  he  must  either  hurt  the  person  by 
telling  the  truth,  or  hurt  himself  by  telling  what 
is  not  true." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  389. 

1313.  CRITICISM  silenced.  Bionysius.  Phi- 
loxenus,  it  is  said,  being  invited  to  dine  with  Dio- 
nysius  [the  tyrant  of  Syracuse],  and  to  hear  him 
recite  some  poetical  composition,  was  the  only 
one  of  the  guests  who  took  the  liberty  of  censur- 
ing it ;  he  was  condemned  to  the  mines ;  but 
being  soon  after  set  at  liberty,  and  invited  to  hear 
another  recitation,  he  held  his  peace  when  it 
came  to  his  turn  to  give  his  opinion.  "What," 
said  Dionysius,  "  have  you  nothing  to  say  on  this 
occasion  ?"  "  Carry  me  back  to  the  mines,"  said 
Philoxenus.  Dionysius,  we  are  told,  was  not  dis- 
pleased with  the  answer. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  8,  p.  361. 

1314.  CRITICISM,  Undisturbed  by.  Plato. 
When  one  told  Plato  that  the  boys  in  the  streets 
were  laughing  at  his  singing,  "  Aj%"  said  he, 
' '  then  I  must  learn  to  sing  better. "  Being  at 
another  time  reminded  that  he  had  many  aspers- 
ers,  " It  is  no  matter,"  said  he  ;  "I  will  live  so 
that  none  shall  believe  them."  And  once  again, 
being  told  that  a  friend  was  speaking  detract- 
ingly  of  him,  he  replied,  "I  am  confident  he 
would  not  do  it  if  he  had  not  some  reason." 

1315.  CROAKING  of  Degeneracy.  Puritarig. 
There  never  was  a  period  in  which  the  satirist 
did  not  affirm  that  the  preceding  generation  wa« 
healthier,  braver,  and  altogether  nobler  than 
that  to  which  he  had  the  misfortune  to  belong. 
And  so  our  good  Puritan  Avrites  [Stubbes,  m 
1593:]  "How  strong  men  were  in  times  past, 
how  long  they  lived,  and  how  healthful  they 
were,  before  such  niceness  and  vain  pampering 
curiosity  was  invented,  we  may  read,  and  many 
that  live  at  this  day  can  testify." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  16,  p.  248. 

1316.  CROAKING,  Habit  of.  Weather.  Ad- 
dison's Tory  Fox-hunter  is  the  true  representative 
of  that  class  of  "country  gentlemen  who  have 
always  lived  out  of  the  way  of  being  better  in- 
formed." The  Fox-hunter  was  of  the  opinion 
there  had  been  no  good  weather  since  the  Revolu- 
tion ;  and  that  the  weather  was  always  fine  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  4,  p.  54. 

1317.  CROSS,  Emblems  of  the.  Christian. 
An  instrument  of  the  tortures  which  were  in- 
flicted only  on  slaves  and  strangers  became  aa 
object  of  horror  in  the  eyes  of  a  Roman  citizen  ; 


168 


CROSS— CROWN. 


»nd  the  ideas  of  guilt,  of  pain,  and  of  ignominy 
were  closely  united  with  the  idea  of  the  cross. 
The  piety,  rather  than  the  humanity,  of  Con- 
stantine  soon  abolished  in  his  dominions  the  pun- 
ishment which  the  Saviour  of  mankind  had  con- 
descended to  suffer  ;  but  the  emperor  had  already 
learned  to  despise  the  prejudices  of  his  educa- 
tion and  of  his  people  before  he  could  erect  in 
the  midst  of  Rome  his  own  statue,  bearing  a 
cross  in  its  right  hand,  with  an  inscription 
which  referred  the  victory  of  its  arms  and  the 
deliverance  of  Rome  to  the  virtue  of  that  salu- 
tary sign,  the  true  symbol  of  force  and  courage. 
The  same  symbol  sanctified  the  arms  of  the  sol- 
diers of  Constantine  ;  the  cross  glittered  on  their 
hslmet,  was  engraved  on  their  shields,  was  in- 
terwoven into  their  banners  ;  and  the  consecrated 
emblems  which  adorned  the  person  of  the  em- 
peror himself  were  distinguished  only  by  richer 
irvaterials  and  more  exquisite  workmanship. — 
Gibbok's  Rome,  ch.  20. 

131S.  CEOSS,  Protection  of  the.  Lab  arum. 
[The  Roman  labarum]  is  described  as  a  long  pike 
mtersected  by  a  transversal  beam.  The  silken 
veil  which  hung  down  from  the  beam  was  cu- 
riously inwrought  with  the  images  of  the  reign- 
ing monarch  and  his  children.  The  summit  of 
the  pike  supported  a  crown  of  gold,  which  en- 
closed the  mysterious  monogram,  at  once  express- 
ive of  the  figure  of  the  cross  and  the  initial  let- 
ters of  the  name  of  Christ.  The  safety  of  the 
labarum  was  intrusted  to  fifty  guards  of  ap- 
proved valor  and  fidelity ;  their  station  was 
marked  by  honors  and  emoluments  ;  and  some 
fortunate  accidents  soon  introduced  an  opinion, 
that  as  long  as  the  guards  of  the  labarum  were 
engaged  in  the  execution  of  their  office  they 
were  secure  and  invulnerable  amid  the  darts  of 
the  enemy.  In  the  second  civil  war  Licinius 
felt  and  dreaded  the  power  of  this  consecrated 
banner,  the  sight  of  which,  in  the  distress  of  bat- 
tle, animated  the  soldiers  of  Constantine  with  an 
invincible  enthusiasm,  and  scattered  terror  and 
dismay  through  the  ranks  of  the  adverse  legions. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  18. 

1319.  CEOSS  recovered,  The.  Belie.  In  the 
recovery  of  the  standards  and  prisoners  which 
had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  Persians  .  .  . 
the  subjects  and  brethren  of  Heraclius  were  re- 
deemed from  persecution,  slavery,  and  exile ; 
but,  instead  of  the  Roman  eagles,  the  true  wood 
of  the  holy  cross  was  restored  to  the  importunate 
demands  of  the  successor  of  Constantine.  .  .  . 
Heraclius  performed  in  person  the  pilgrimage  of 
Jerusalem,  the  identity  of  the  relic  was  verified 
by  the  discreet  patriarch,  and  this  august  cere- 
mony has  been  commemorated  by  the  annual 
festival  of  the  exaltation  of  the  cross.  Before 
the  emperor  presumed  to  tread  the  consecrated 
ground  he  was  instructed  to  strip  himself  of  the 
diadem  and  purple,  the  pomp  and  vanity  of  the 
world. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  47. 

1320.  CBOSS,  Victory  by  the.  Constantine. 
[Emperor  of  Rome.]  In  one  of  the  marches  of 
Constantine  be  is  reported  to  have  seen  with  his 
own  eyes  the  luminous  trophy  of  the  cross, 
placed  above  the  meridian  sun,  and  inscribed 
with  the  following  words :  By  this  conquer. 
This  amazing  object  in  the  sky  astonished  the 
whole  army,  as  well  as  the  emperor  himself ,  who 
was  yet  undetermined  in  the  choice  of  a  religion  ; 


but  his  astonishment  was  converted  into  faith  by 
the  vision  of  the  ensuing  night.  Christ  appeared 
before  his  eyes,  and,  displaying  the  same  celes- 
tial sign  of  the  cross,  He  directed  Constantine  to 
frame  a  similar  standard,  and  to  march,  with  an 
assurance  of  victory,  against  Maxentius  and  all 
his  enemies. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  20. 

1321.  CEOWN,  Composite.  Na/poleon  I.  On 
the  26th  of  May  [1805]  the  [second]  coronation 
of  Napoleon  took  place  in  the  Cathedral  of  Mi- 
lan. The  iron  crown  of  Charlemagne,  which  is 
a  circlet  of  gold  and  gems  covering  an  iron  ring, 
formed  of  one  of  the  spikes  said  to  have  pierced 
our  Saviour's  hand  at  the  crucifixion  .  .  .  was 
brought  forth.  ...  He  placed  the  crown  upon 
his  own  head,  repeating  aloud  the  historical 
words,  "God  has  given  it  to  me — woe  to  him 
who  touches  it."  —  Abbott's  Napoleou  B., 
vol.  1,  ch.  29. 

1322.  CEOWN  declined.  Cromwell.  They 
both  refused  the  crown  :  Cromwell  in  the  coun- 
cil chamber,  Washington  in  the  camp.  .  . .  Wash- 
ington rose  amid  the  acclamations  and  love  of 
the  United  States ;  Cromwell  knew  that  he  only 
leashed  and  held  in  check  the  gorgons,  hydras, 
and  chimeras  of  persecution,  despotism,  and 
tyranny.  Washington  beheld  all  conflicting  in- 
terests combining  into  one  happy,  prosperous  na- 
tionality ;  Cromwell  stood  strong,  holding  the 
balances  and  scales  of  toleration  and  justice  be- 
tween a  hundred  sects,  all  prepared  to  fly  at  each 
other's  throats,  and  every  one  of  which  hated, 
him  because  he  was  strong.  .  .  .  Cromwell  was, 
as  has  been  most  truly  said,  the  greatest  human 
force  ever  directed  to  a  moral  purpose,  and 
he  seems  to  look  across  the  ocean  and  even  an- 
ticipate Washington. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch. 
14,  p.  184. 

1323. .  CcEsar.  The  Senate,  medi- 
tating on  the  insult  which  they  had  received, 
concluded  that  Caesar  might  be  tempted,  and 
that  if  they  could  bring  him  to  consent  he  would 
lose  the  people's  hearts.  They  had  already  made 
him  Dictator  for  life  ;  they  voted  next  that  he 
really  should  be  king,  and,  not  formally  perhaps, 
but  tentatively,  they  offered  him  the  crown.  He 
was  sounded  as  to  whether  he  would  accept  it. 
He  understood  the  snare,  and  refused.  What 
was  to  be  done  next  ?  He  would  soon  be  gone 
to  the  East.  Rome  and  its  hollow  adulations 
would  lie  behind  him,  and  their  one  opportunity 
would  be  gone  also.  They  employed  some  one 
to  place  a  diadem  on  the  head  of  his  statue  which 
stood  upon  the  Rostra.  It  was  done  publicly, 
in  the  midst  of  a  vast  crowd,  in  Caesar's  pres- 
ence. Two  eager  tribunes  tore  the  diaidem 
down,  and  ordered  the  offender  into  custody. — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  26. 

1324.  CEOWN  of  Honor.  Brnian.  The  civic 
crown  was  the  foundation  of  many  privileges. 
He  who  had  once  obtained  it  had  a  right  to  wear 
it  always.  When  he  appeared  at  the  public  spec- 
tacles, the  senators  rose  up  to  do  him  hone. 
He  was  placed  near  their  bench  ;  and  his  father 
and  grandfather,  by  the  father's  side,  were  en- 
titled to  the  same  privileges.  Here  was  an  en- 
couragement to  merit,  Avhich  cost  the  public 
nothing,  and  yet  was  productive  of  many  great 
effects.— Plutarch's  Caius  Marciub  Corio- 

LANUS,  LaNGHORNE'S  NoTE. 


CROWN— CRUELTY. 


159 


1325.  CROWN  of  Merit.  Poet.  The  cere- 
mony of  his  coronation  was  performed  in  the 
Capitol  by  his  friend  and  patron,  the  supreme 
magistrate  of  the  republic.  Twelve  patrician 
youths  were  arrayed  in  scarlet  ;  six  representa- 
tives of  the  most  illustrious  families,  in  green 
robes,  with  garlands  of  flowers,  accompanied  the 
procession  ;  in  the  midst  of  the  princes  and  no- 
bles, the  senator,  Count  of  Anguillara,  a  kinsman 
of  the  Colonna,  assumed  his  throne  ;  and  at  the 
Yoice  of  a  herald  Petrarch  arose.  After  dis- 
coursing on  a  text  of  Virgil,  and  thrice  repeating 
his  vows  for  the  prosperity  of  Rome,  he  knelt 
before  the  throne,  and  received  from  the  senator 
a  laurel  crown,  with  a  more  precious  declara- 
tion, "  This  is  the  reward  of  merit. "  The  people 
shouted,  "  Long  life  to  the  Capitol  and  the 
poet !" — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  70,  p.  469. 

1326.  CSOWN,  Self-imposed.  Napoleon  I. 
The  crown,  the  sceptre,  the  mantle,  and  the 
sword  were  on  the  altar.  The  pope  lifted  the 
crown ;  but  Napoleon,  snatching  the  diadem, 
modelled  after  the  crown  of  Charlemagne,  out  of 
the  hands  of  the  Holy  Father,  placed  it  upon  his 
own  head  ;  and  then  he  crowned  the  empress. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  25,  p.  437. 

1327.  CROWN,  Theft  of  a.  England.  [In 
lfi71  a  Colonel  Blood,  disguised  as  a  clergyman, 
gagged  the  keeper  of  the  royal  jewels,  and  after 
beating  him  senseless,  with  the  aid  of  two  others, 
he  made  off  with  the  crown.  He  was  soon  ar- 
rested, and  the  crown  was  restored.] — Knight's 
JEng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  19,  p.  314. 

132S.  CROWN,  Transferred.  Cmsar.  Antony, 
his  colleague  in  the  consulship,  approached  with 
a  tiara,  and  placed  it  on  Caesar's  head,  saying, 
''  The  people  give  you  this  by  my  hand."  That 
Antony  had  no  sinister  purpose  is  obvious.  He 
perhaps  spoke  for  the  army  ;  or  it  may  be  that 
Caesar  himself  suggested  Antony's  action,  that  he 
might  end  the  agitation  of  so  dangerous  a  sub- 
ject. He  answered  in  a  loud  voice  that  the  Ro- 
mans had  no  king  but  God,  and  ordered  that  the 
tiara  should  be  taken  to  the  Capitol  and  placed 
■on  the  statue  of  Jupiter  Olympius.  The  crowd 
burst  into  an  enthusiastic  cheer. — Froude's  Cae- 
sar, ch.  26. 

1329.  CROWN,  A  troublesome.  Envy.  Demos- 
thenes rebuilt  the  walls  of  Athens  at  his  own  ex- 
X^nse,  for  which  the  people,  at  the  motion  of 
Ctesiphon,  decreed  him  a  crown  of  gold.  This 
excited  the  envy  and  jealousy  of  ^schines,  who 
thereupon  brought  that  famous  impea<^hment 
against  Demosthenes,  which  occasioned  his  inim- 
itable oration  "  De  Corona." — Plutarch's  De- 
mosthenes, Langhorne's  Note. 

1330.  CROWNS  of  Iron  and  Gold.  Charles  IV. 
Iq  the  cathedral  of  St.  Ambrose,  Charles  [IV.] 
"was  crowned  with  the  iron  crown,  which  tradi- 
tion ascribed  to  the  Lombard  monarchy  ;  but  he 
was  admitted  only  with  a  peaceful  train  ;  the 
gates  of  the  city  were  shut  upon  him  ;  and  the 
King  of  Italy  was  held  a  captive  by  the  arms  of 
the  Visconti,  whom  he  confirmed  in  the  sove- 
Teignty  of  Milan.  In  the  Vatican  he  was  again 
«rowned  with  the  golden  crown  of  the  empire  ; 
but,  in  obedience  to  a  secret  treaty,  the  Roman 
emperor  immediately  withdrew  without  reposing 
•a  single  night  within  the  walls  of  Rome. — Gib- 
3on'8  Rome,  vol.  5. 


1331.  CRUCIFIXION,  Modern.  India.  [In 
February,  1825,  a  part  of  the  army  in  India  made 
an  unsuccessful  attack  upon  the  formidable 
works  at  Donoopew  ;  the  retreat  was  so  precipi- 
tate that  the  wounded  men  were  not  canied  off.] 
These  unfortunate  men  were  all  crucified,  and 
their  bodies  sent  floating  down  the  river  upon 
rafts. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  12,  p.  220, 

1332.  CRUELTY,  Aristocratic.  "Norman 
Oentlemen. "  [In  1070  one  of  the  Norman  chiv- 
alry, named  Ivo  Taillebois,  at  his  good  pleasure] 
would  follow  the  various  animals  of  the  people 
of  Croyland  in  the  marshes  with  his  dogs  ;  drive 
them  to  a  great  distance,  drown  them  in  tiie  lakes, 
mutilate  some  in  the  tail,  others  in  the  ear  ;  while 
often,  by  breaking  the  feet  and  the  legs  of  the 
beasts  of  burden,  he  would  render  them  utterly 
useless. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  14,  p.  197. 

1333.  CRUELTY,  Atrocious.  Roman  Emperor 
Caracalla.  The  tyranny  of  Tiberius,  Nero,  and 
Domitian,  who  resided  almost  constantly  at 
Rome,  or  in  the  adjacent  villas,  was  confined  to 
the  senatorial  and  equestrian  orders.  But  Cara- 
calla was  the  common  enemy  of  mankind.  .  .  . 
Every  province  was  by  turns  the  scene  of  his  ra- 
pine and  cruelty.  The  senators,  compelled  by 
fear  to  attend  his  capricious  motions,  were 
obliged  to  provide  daily  entertainments  at  an  im- 
mense expense,  which  he  abandoned  with  con- 
tempt to  his  guards  ;  and  to  erect,  in  every  city, 
magnificent  palaces  and  theatres,  which  he  either 
disdained  to  visit  or  ordered  to  be  immediately 
thrown  down.  The  most  wealthy  families  were 
ruined  by  partial  fines  and  confiscations,  and  the 
great  body  of  his  subjects  oppressed  by  ingenious 
and  aggravated  taxes.  In  the  midst  of  peace, 
and  upon  the  slightest  provocation,  he  issued  his 
commands,  at  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  for  a  gener- 
al massacre.  From  a  secure  post  in  the  temple 
of  Serapis  he  viewed  and  directed  the  slaughter 
of  many  thousand  citizens,  as  well  as  strangers, 
without  distinguishing  either  the  number  or  the 
crime  of  the  sufferers  ;  since,  as  he  coolly  inform- 
ed the  Senate,  all  the  Alexandrians,  those  who 
had  perished  and  those  who  had  escaped,  were 
alike  guilty. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6. 

1334.  CRUELTY,  Barbarian.  War.  TheThu- 
ringians  served  in  the  army  of  Attila  ;  they  trav- 
ersed, both  in  their  march  and  in  their  return,  the 
territories  of  the  Franks  ;  and  it  was  perhaps  in 
this  war  that  they  exercised  the  cruelties  which, 
about  fourscore  years  afterward,  were  revenged 
by  the  son  of  Clovis.  They  massacred  their  hos- 
tages as  well  as  their  captives  ;  two  hundred 
young  maidens  were  tortured  with  exquisite  and 
unrelenting  rage  ;  their  bodies  were  torn  asunder 
by  wild  horses,  or  their  bones  were  crushed  un- 
der the  weight  of  rolling  wagons  ;  and  their  un- 
buried  limbs  were  abandoned  on  the  public  roads 
as  a  prey  to  dogs  and  vultures.  Such  were  those 
savage  ancestors  whose  imaginary  virtues  have 
sometimes  excited  the  praise  and  envy  of  civil- 
ized ages. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  35. 

1335.  CRUELTY,  Bloodless.  Michael  Palmolo- 
gus.  [He  was  the  usurper  of  Constantinople.] 
By  fear  or  conscience  Palaeologus  was  restrain- 
ed from  dipping  his  hands  in  innocent  and  royal 
blood  ;  but  the  anxiety  of  a  usurper  and  a  parent 
urged  him  to  secure  his  throne  by  one  of  those  im- 
perfect crimes  so  familiar  to  the  modem  Greeks. 
The  loss  of  sight  incapacitated  the  young  prince 


160 


CRUELTY. 


for  the  active  business  of  the  world  ;  instead  of 
the  brutal  violence  of  tearing  out  his  eyes,  the 
visual  nerve  was  destroyed  by  the  intense  glare 
of  a  red-hot  basin,  and  John  Lascaris  was  remov- 
ed to  a  distant  castle,  where  he  spent  many  years 
in  privacy  and  oblivion. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
62. 

1336.  CEUELTY,  Catholic.  Ireland.  "In 
fact,"  writes  Merle  d'Aubigne,  "the  Catholics 
burned  the  houses  of  the  Protestants,  turned 
them  out  naked  in  the  midst  of  winter,  and  drove 
them,  like  herbs  of  swine,  before  them.  If, 
ashamed  of  their  nudity,  and  desirous  of  seeking 
shelter  from  the  rigor  of  a  remarkably  severe  sea- 
son, these  unhappy  wretches  took  refuge  in  a 
barn,  and  concealed  themselves  under  the  straw, 
the  rebels  instantly  set  flre  to  it  and  burned  them 
alive.  At  other  times  they  were  led  without 
clothing  to  be  drowned  in  rivers  ;  and  if,  on  the 
road,  they  did  not  move  quick  enough,  they  were 
urged  forward  at  the  point  of  the  pike.  When 
they  reached  the  river  6t  the  sea  they  were  pre- 
cipitated into  it,  in  bands  of  several  hundreds, 
which  is  doubtless  an  exaggeration.  If  these 
poor  wretches  arose  to  the  surface  of  the  water, 
men  were  stationed  along  the  brink  to  plunge 
them  in  again  with  the  butts  of  their  muskets,  or 
to  fire  at  and  kill  them.  Husbands  were  cut  to 
pieces  in  the  presence  of  their  wives  ;  wives  and 
virgins  were  abused  in  the  sight  of  their  nearest 
relations ;  and  infants  of  seven  or  eight  years 
were  hung  before  the  eyes  of  their  parents.  Nay, 
the  Irish  even  went  so  far  as  to  teach  their  own 
children  to  strip  and  kill  the  children  of  the  Eng- 
lish, and  dash  out  their  brains  against  the  stones. 
Numbers  of  Protestants  were  buried  alive,  as 
many  as  seventy  in  one  trench.  An  Irish  priest, 
named  MacOdeghan,  captured  forty  or  fifty  Prot- 
estants, and  persuaded  them  to  abjure  their  re- 
ligion on  a  promise  of  quarter.  After  their  ab- 
juration he  asked  them  if  they  believed  that 
Christ  was  bodily  present  in  the  Host,  and  that 
the  pope  was  head  of  the  Church  ?  and  on  their 
replying  in  the  affirmative,  he  said  :  '  Now,  then, 
you  are  in  a  very  good  faith  ! '  and,  for  fear  they 
should  relapse  into  heresy,  he  cut  all  their 
throats." — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  11,  p.  141. 

1337.  CEUELTY  to  Children.  Timour.  [Ti- 
mour  the  Tartar  was  a  terrible  destroyer  of  hu- 
man life.]  A  Greek  city  on  the  coast  of  Ephesus 
having  sent  to  meet  him  and  implore  his  pity  a 
multitude  of  children  of  both  sexes,  who  sung 
his  praises  and  recited  verses  of  the  Koran  to 
flatter  his  religion  :  "What  is  that  bleating  of 
sheep  that  annoys  my  ears  ?"  said  he  to  his  emirs. 
"  It  is  the  children  of  the  city  sent  by  their  par- 
ents to  meet  your  horse  to  implore  you  to  spare 
their  fathers  and  mothers."  "  Let  the  horses  of 
the  Tartars  crush  them  all  beneath  their  feet !" 
cried  Timour.  The  cavalry  of  the  vanguard 
rushed  at  the  word  upon  those  innocents,  and 
thousands  of  the  bodies  of  mutilated  children 
traced  the  route  of  Timour.  The  habit  of  spilling 
blood  had  ended  with  giving  Timour  that  last 
degree  of  military  brutality — an  indifference  to 
blood. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  358. 

1338.  CEUELTY  of  Civilization.  American 
Indians.  We  call  them  cruel ;  yet  they  never 
invented  the  thumb-screw,  or  the  boot,  or  the 
rack,  or  broke  on  the  wheel,  or  exiled  bands  of 
their  nations  for  opinion's  sake  ;  and  never  pro- 


tected the  monopoly  of  a  medicine  man  by  the 
gallows,  or  the  block,  or  by  flre. — Bancroft's 
Hist.,  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

1339.  CEXTELTY  to  Criminals.  England.  [In 
1531]  it  was  enacted  that  poisoning  should  be 
deemed  high  treason,  without  having  any  advan- 
tage of  clergy,  and  that ...  all  future  prisoners 
should  be  boiled  to  death.  .  .  .  We  have  the  fol- 
lowing undoubted  record  under  the  thirteenth 
year  of  Henry  [VIII.]  :  "  This  year  was  a  man 
sodden  in  a  cauldron  in  Smithfield  ;  and  let  up 
and  down  divers  times  till  he  was  dead,  for  be- 
cause he  would  have  poisoned  divers  persons." 
"  This  year  [1532]  was  a  cook  boiled  in  a  caul- 
dron in  Smithfield,  for  he  would  have  poisoned 
the  Bishop  of  Rochester,  Fisher,  with  divers  of 
his  servants  ;  and  he  was  locked  in  a  chain  and 
pulled  up  and  down  with  a  gibbet  at  divers  times 
till  he  was  dead."  —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  21,  p.  340. 

1340.  CEUELTY  for  Cruelty.  Sicilian  Ves- 
pers. The  pope  armed  in  support  of  his  vassal 
Charles  of  Anjou.  An  engagement  ensued,  in 
which  Conradin  and  the  Duke  of  Austria  were 
totally  defeated — they  were  taken  prisoners  and 
condemned  as  rebels  against  the  supreme  author- 
ity of  the  holy  church  ;  Charles  ordered  them  to 
suffer  death  upon  a  scaffold.  Thus  this  prince 
secured  his  claim  to  the  kingdom  of  Naples  and 
Sicily  by  a  deed  which  filled  his  new  subjects 
with  horror.  They  submitted,  for  a  while,  with 
silent  indignation  to  his  tyrannical  government. 
The  Sicilians  at  length,  to  whom  the  authority 
of  this  usurper  became  every  day  more  intoler- 
able, formed  a  conspiracy  to  vindicate  their  lib- 
erty which  terminated  in  one  of  the  most  dread- 
ful massacres  ever  known  in  history.  In  the 
year  1282,  upon  Easter  Sunday,  at  the  ringing  qf 
the  bell  for  vespers,  it  was  resolved  to  put  to  death 
every  Frenchman  through  the  whole  island  of 
Sicily,  and  the  resolution  was  punctually  execut- 
ed. Even  women  and  infants  underwent  the 
general  fate  ;  and  such  was  the  savage  fury  of  the 
Sicilians,  that  the  priests  assisted  in  the  murder 
of  their  brethren,  and  cut  the  throats  even  of 
their  female  penitents. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
6,  ch.  11. 

1341.  CEUELTY,  Enjoyment  of.  By  Romam. 
The  Bructeri  (it  is  Tacitus  who  now  speaks) 
were  totally  exterminated  by  the  neighboring 
tribes,  provoked  by  their  insolence,  allured  by 
the  hopes  of  spoil,  and  perhaps  inspired  by  tlie 
tutelar  deities  of  the  empire.  Above  60,000  bar- 
barians were  destroyed  ;  not  by  the  Roman  arms, 
but  in  our  sight,  and  for  our  entertainment. 
May  the  nations,  enemies  of  Rome,  ever  preserve 
this  enmity  to  each  other.  We  have  now  at- 
tained the  utmost  verge  of  prosperity,  and  have 
nothing  left  to  demand  of  fortune,  except  the 
discord  of  the  barbarians.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
9,  p.  275. 

1342.  CEUELTY,  Exquisite.  Basil.  [In  the 
beginning  of  the  eleventh  century  the  second 
Basil  came  to  the  throne.]  His  cruelty  inflicted  a 
cool  and  exquisite  vengeance  on  15,000  [Bulga- 
rian] captives  who  had  been  guilty  of  the  de- 
fence of  their  country.  They  were  deprived  of 
sight ;  but  to  one  of  each  hundred  a  single  eye 
was  left,  that  he  might  conduct  his  blind  centu- 
ry to  the  presence  of  their  king.  Their  king  is 
said  to  have  expired  of  grief  and  horror ;  the 


CRUELTY. 


161 


nation  was  awed  by  this  terrible  example. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  55. 

1343.  CEUELTY,  Female.  Constantina. 
Constantina,  the  wife  of  Gallus,  a  Roman  ruler, 
is  described,  not  as  a  woman,  but  as  one  of  the 
infernal  furies  tormented  with  an  insatiate  thirst 
of  human  blood.  Instead  of  employing  her  in- 
fluence to  insinuate  the  mild  counsels  of  prudence 
and  humanity,  she  exasperated  the  fierce  passions 
of  her  husband  ;  and  as  she  retained  the  vanity, 
though  she  had  renounced  the  gentleness,  of  her 
sex,  a  pearl  necklace  was  esteemed  an  equivalent 
price  for  the  murder  of  an  innocent  and  virtuous 
nobleman. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  19. 

1344. .   Theodora.  [The  wife  of  the 

Roman  Emperor  Julian.]  The  reproach  of  cruel- 
ty, so  repugnant  even  to  her  softer  vices,  has 
left  an  indelible  stain  on  the  memory  of  Theo- 
dora. Her  numerous  spies  observed,  and  zealously 
reported,  every  action  or  word  or  look  injuri- 
ous to  their  royal  mistress.  Whomsoever  they 
accused  were  cast  into  her  peculiar  prisons,  in- 
accessible to  the  inquiries  of  justice  ;  and  it  was 
rumored  that  the  torture  of  the  rack,  or  scourge, 
had  been  inflicted  in  the  presence  of  the  female 
tyrant,  insensible  to  the  voice  of  prayer  or  of 
pity.  Some  of  these  unhappy  victims  perished 
in  deep,  unwholesome  dungeons,  while  others 
were  permitted,  after  the  loss  of  their  limbs, 
their  reason,  or  their  fortunes,  to  appear  in  the 
world,  the  living  monuments  of  her  vengeance, 
which  was  commonly  extended  to  the  children 
of  those  whom  she  had  suspected  or  injured. 
The  senator  or  bishop,  whose  death  or  exile 
Theodora  had  pronounced,  was  delivered  to  a 
trusty  messenger,  and  his  diligence  was  quick- 
3ned  by  a  menace  from  her  own  mouth.  "If 
you  fail  in  the  execution  of  my  commands,  I 
swear  by  Him  who  liveth  forever,  that  your  skin 
shall  be  flayed  from  your  body."  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  41. 

1345.  CRUELTY  of  Government.  Henry  VIII. 

iAt  the  time  of  the  second  rebellion,  in  1537, 
lenry  wrote  to  his  minister :]  Our  pleasure  is, 
that  before  you  shall  close  up  our  said  banner 
again,  you  shall,  in  any  wise,  cause  such  dread- 
ful execution  to  be  done  upon  a  good  number  of 
the  inhabitants  of  every  towli,  village  and  ham- 
let, that  have  offended  in  this  rebellion,  as  well 
by  the  hanging  them  up  in  trees,  as  by  the  quar- 
tering of  them,  and  the  setting  of  their  heads  and 
quarters  in  every  town,  great  and  small,  and  in 
all  such  other  places,  as  they  may  be  a  fearful 
spectacle  to  all  others  hereafter  that  would  prac- 
tise any  like  matter ;  which  we  require  you  to 
do  without  pity  or  respect. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  2,  ch.  25,  p.  403. 

1346.  .     John  Howard.      He  was 

led  to  visit  the  bulks  anchored  in  the  Thames, 
wherein  were  confined  large  numbers  of  convicts 
awaiting  transportation.  He  told  members  of 
the  government  what  he  saw  there.  .  .  .  He 
went  below,  where  he  found  large  numbers  of 
sick  men  lying  on  the  floor,  with  not  so  much  as 
straw  under  them,  to  whom  were  given  only  the 
loathsome  and  poisonous  provisions  which  had 
caused  their  sickness.  He  was  not  surprised  to 
learn  that  one  third  of  the  convicts  die  be- 
fore leaving  the  country  to  begin  the  fulfilment 
of  their  sentence  ;  and  he  told  the  government 
that,   unless  the  system  were  changed,   there 


would  be  no  need  of  transporting  prisoners  to 
Botany  Bay,  for  they  would  all  die  in  tho 
Thames.  It  was  a  horrid  aggi'avation  of  this  in- 
fernal cruelty  that  the  long  detention  on  board 
those  hulks — from  four  to  eight  months — did  not 
expunge  a  day  from  the  term  of  their  sentence  ; 
it  was  so  much  added  to  their  legal  punishment. 
— Cyclopedia  OP  Bigg.,  p.  53. 

1347.  CRITELTY,  An  inherited.  Nero.  He 
appeared  in  public  a  wise  and  amiable  prince ; 
yet  at  this  very  time  it  was  his  favorite  amuse- 
ment to  range  through  the  streets  of  Rome  with 
a  band  of  young  debauchees,  who  indulged 
themselves  in  every  species  of  outrage  and  dis- 
order. His  natural  disposition  first  publicly 
showed  itself  in  an  indolent  neglect  of  all  the 
cares  of  government ;  and  his  mother,  Agrippi- 
na,  took  advantage  of  this  disposition  by  ruling 
everything  as  she  chose.  Seneca  warned  his  pu- 
pil of  the  danger  of  allowing  free  course  to  the 
views  of  this  ambitious  and  unprincipled  woman, 
and  his  first  step  was  to  dismiss  from  the  court 
her  chief  favorites  and  confidants.  The  violence 
of  Agrippina  prompted  her  to  seek  an  outrageous 
revenge.  She  proposed  to  bring  Britannicus  to 
the  praetorian  bands,  and  to  acknowledge  before 
them  the  crimes  she  had  committed  to  place 
Nero  on  the  throne.  The  emperor  prevented  the 
execution  of  this  purpose  by  poisoning  Britanni- 
cus, while  he  sat  at  supper  with  himself  ;  but  he 
sought  against  his  mother  a  more  refined  ven- 
geance. She  was  invited  to  Baiae,  to  celebrate 
the  feast  of  Bacchus.  The  ship  in  which  she 
sailed  was  constructed  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
burst  and  fall  to  pieces  at  sea  ;  but  the  machin- 
ery failed,  and  Agrippina  came  safe  ashore.  Ne- 
ro, enraged  at  the  disappointment  of  his  strata- 
gem, ordered  one  of  his  freedmen  to  assassinate 
her. — Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1. 

134§.  CRUELTY,  Inhuman.  Phocas  the  Tyrant. 
After  the  [forced]  abdication  of  [the  Greek  Em- 
peror] Maurice,  the  two  factions  disputed  the 
choice  of  an  emperor  ;  but  the  favorite  of  the 
blues  was  rejected  by  the  jealousy  of  their  an- 
tagonists. ...  On  the  third  day,  amid  the 
acclamations  of  a  thoughtless  people,  Phocas 
made  his  public  entry  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  four 
white  horses  ;  the  revolt  of  the  troops  was  re- 
warded by  a  lavish  donative.  .  .  .  The  minis- 
ters of  death  were  despatched  to  Chalcedon ; 
they  dragged  the  emperor  from  his  sanctuary ; 
and  the  five  sons  of  Maurice  were  successively 
murdered  before  the  eyes  of  their  agonizing  par 
ent.  At  each  stroke,  which  he  felt  in  his  heart, 
he  found  strength  to  rehearse  a  pious  ejacula- 
tion :  "Thou  art  just,  O  Lord  !  and  thy  judg- 
ments are  righteous."  And  such,  in  the  last  mo- 
ments, was  his  rigid  attachment  to  truth  and  jus- 
tice, that  he  revealed  to  the  soldiers  the  pious 
falsehood  of  a  nurse  who  presented  her  own  child 
in  the  place  of  a  royal  infant. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  46. 

1349.  CRUELTY,  Love  of.  Scythians.  In  all 
their  invasions  of  the  civilized  empires  of  thei 
South,  the  Scythian  shepherds  have  been  uni- 
formly actuated  by  a  savage  and  destructive 
spirit.  The  laws  of  war,  that  restrain  the  exer- 
cise (>f  national  rapine  and  murder,  are  founded 
on  two  principles  of  substantial  interest ;  the 
knowledge  of  the  permanent  benefits  which  may 
be  obtained  by  a  moderate  use  of  conquest,  and 


162 


CRUELTY. 


a  just  apprehension  lest  the  desolation  which  we 
inflict  on  the  enemy's  country  may  be  retaliated 
on  our  own.  But  these  considerations  of  hope 
and  fear  are  almost  unknown  in  the  pastoral  state 
of  nations.  .  .  .  After  the  Moguls  had  subdued 
the  northern  provinces  of  China,  it  was  seriously 
proposed,  not  in  the  hour  of  victory  and  passion, 
but  in  calm,  deliberate  council,  to  exterminate  all 
the  inhabitants  of  that  populous  country,  that 
the  vacant  land  might  be  converted  to  the  pas- 
ture of  cattle.  The  firmness  of  a  Chinese  man- 
darin, who  insinuated  some  principles  of  ration- 
al policy  into  the  mind  of  Zingis,  diverted  him 
from  the  execution  of  this  horrid  design. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  34. 

1350.  CRUELTY,  Maternal.  Spartan.  Cru- 
elty, too,  a  quality  extremely  opposite  to  heroic 
virtue,  was  a  strong  ingredient  in  the  Spartan 
system  of  manners.  Paternal  or  maternal  ten- 
derness seemed  perfectly  unknown  among  this 
ferocious  people.  New-born  children  were  pub- 
licly inspected  by  the  elders  of  each  tribe  ;  and 
such  as  promised  to  be  of  a  weak  and  delicate 
constitution  were  immediately  put  to  death  by 
drowning.  At  the  festival  of  Diana  children 
were  scourged,  sometimes  even  to  death,  in  the 
presence  of  their  mothers,  who  exhorted  them, 
meantime,  to  suiler  every  extremity  of  pain  with- 
out complaint  or  murmur.  It  is  no  wonder  that 
such  mothers  should  receive,  without  emotion, 
the  intelligence  of  the  death  of  a  son  in  the  field 
of  battle ;  but  is  it  possible  to  believe  that  on 
such  occasions  they  should  so  far  conquer  nature 
as  to  express  a  transport  of  joy  ?  What  judg- 
ment must  we  form  of  the  Spartan  notions  of 
patriotic  virtue,  when,  to  love  their  country,  it 
was  thought  necessary  to  subdue  and  extinguish 
the  strongest  feelings  of  humanity,  the  first  in- 
stinct of  nature? — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1, 
ch.  9. 

1351.  CRXJELTY,  Merciless.  Bonapa/rte.  [At 
the  battle  of  Austerlitz]  the  flying  Russians 
crowded  on  the  frozen  lakes.  Napoleon,  from 
the  table-land  of  Pratzen,  on  the  side  of  these 
lakes,  saw  the  disaster  which  he  had  so  well  pre- 
pared. He  ordered  the  battery  of  his  guard  to 
fire  round  shot  on  the  ice  that  was  unbroken, 
to  complete  the  destruction  of  those  who  had 
taken  refuge  upon  the  frozen  waters.  The  bat- 
teries fired  on  them  till  6000  were  either  killed 
or  drowned. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  25, 
p.  450. 

1353.  CRUELTY,  Monster  of.  Roman  Emper- 
or Caligula.  Upon  the  death  of  his  sister,  Dru- 
silla,  he  punished  some  for  mourning  for  her, 
because  they  ought  to  have  known  she  was  a 
goddess  ;  and  put  to  death  others  for  not  mourn- 
ing, because  she  was  the  sister  of  the  emperor. 
In  addition  to  all  this,  Caligula  loaded  the  prov- 
inces with  the  most  excessive  taxes ;  and  such 
was  his  avarice,  that  every  day  some  of  the  citi- 
zens fell  a  sacrifice  in  the  confiscations  of  their 
property.  It  would  only  create  disgust  were  we 
to  enter  into  any  detail  of  the  complicated  and 
ingenious  cruelties  and  the  absurd  extravagances 
of  a  madman — of  the  multiplied  instances  of  his 
folly  as  well  as  of  his  depravity — his  ridiculous 
mock  campaigns — the  temples  be  erected  in  hon- 
or of  himself,  where,  in  the  character  of  his  own 
priest,  he  offered  sacrifices  to  himself,  sometimes 
as  Jupiter  and  sometimes  as  Juno.     Oi^e  day  he 


chose  to  be  Mercury,  the  next  he  was  Bacchus 
or  Hercules.  At  last,  in  the  fourth  year  of  his. 
reign,  this  monster  met  with  the  fate  which  be 
deserved,  and  was  assassinated  by  Chsereas,  a 
tribune  of  the  praetorian  guards,  in  the  twenty- 
ninth  year  of  his  age. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
5,  ch.  1. 

1353.  CRUELTY,  Natural.  Samuel  Johnson.. 
Johnson  :  "  Pity  is  not  natural  to  man.  Chil- 
dren are  always  cruel.  Savages  are  always  cruel. 
Pity  is  acquired  and  improved  by  the  cultivation 
of  reason.  We  may  have  uneasy  sensations  from 
seeing  a  creature  in  distress,  without  pity  ;  for 
we  have  not  pity  unless  we  wish  to  relieve  them. 
When  I  am  on  my  way  to  dine  with  a  friend, 
and,  finding  it  late,  have  bid  the  coachman  make 
haste,  if  I  happen  to  attend  when  he  whips  his 
horses,  I  may  feel  unpleasantly  that  the  animals 
are  put  to  pain,  but  I  do  not  wish  him  to  desist. 
No,  sir,  I  wish  him  to  drive  on." — Boswell'» 
Johnson,  p.  121. 

1354.  CRUELTY  a  Passion.  Commodus.  The 
Emperor  Commodus  was  not,  as  he  has  been 
represented,  a  tiger  born  with  an  insatiate  thirst 
of  human  blood,  and  capable,  from  his  infancy, 
of  the  most  inhuman  actions.  Nature  had  formed 
him  of  a  weak  rather  than  a  wicked  disposition. 
His  simplicity  and  timidity  rendered  him  the 
slave  of  his  attendants,  who  gradually  corrupted 
his  mind.  His  cruelty,  which  at  first  obeyed  the 
dictates  of  others,  degenerated  into  habit,  and  at 
length  became  the  ruling  passion  of  his  soul.  [He 
was  made  ruler  of  Rome  a.d.  180.] — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  4. 

1355.  CRUELTY,  Pleasure  in.  [Lu^yiv^  Quin 
tius  Flamininus]  had  a  favorite  boy  whom  he  car- 
ried with  him,  even  when  he  commanded  armies 
and  governed  provinces.  One  day  as  they  were 
drinking,  the  boy,  making  his  court  to  Lucius, 
said  :  "I  love  you  so  tenderly,  that,  preferring 
your  satisfaction  to  my  own,  I  left  a  show  of 
gladiators  to  come  to  you,  though  I  have  never 
seen  a  man  killed."  Lucius,  delighted  with  the 
flattery,  made  answer  :  "If  that  be  all  you  need 
not  be  in  the  least  uneasy,  for  I  shall  soon  satis- 
fy your  longing."  He  immediately  ordered  a 
convict  to  be  brought  from  the  prison,  and  hav- 
ing sent  for  one  of  his  lictors,  commanded  him. 
to  strike  off  the  man's  head  in  the  room  where 
they  were  carousing. — Plutarch'sFlamininus. 

1356.  CBJTEJjTY  to 'Srisoiiors.  Black  HoU.  [la 
1756  Surajah  Dowlali,  the  nabob  of  Bengal,  at- 
tacked the  British  factory  at  Calcutta.   After  twa 
days'  bombardment  the  fort  surrendered,  having 
the  promise  that  their  lives  would  be  spared.] 
There  were  one  hundred  and  forty-five  men 
and  one  woman  of  this  devoted  company.  They 
were  to  be  secured  for  the  night  in  the  dungeon  • 
of  the  fort.    Into  that  den  eighteen  feet  by  four- 
teen, with  two  small  windows,  were  these  one 
hundred  and  forty -six  adults  forced  by  the  fero- 
cious guard  that  the  tyrant  had  set  over  them  ; 
and  the  door  was  closed.     Of  that  night  of  hor- 
ror, the  relation  given  by  Mr.  Hoi  well  [one  of       '■ 
the  prisoners]  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  nar- 
ratives of  the  extremity  of  suffering  which  was 
ever  penned.     The  expedient  of  the  prisoners  tO'       ; 
obtain  more  room  and  air,  some  sitting  down,       \ 
never  to  rise  again,  through  their  companions       \ 
falling  upon  them ;  the  calling  out  to  the  guard      > 
to  fire  and  relieve  them  from  their  misery  ;  the      i 


CRUELTY. 


163 


raging  thirst ;  the  delirium  ;  the  stupefaction  ;  the 
many  dead  trampled  upon  by  the  few  living — 
these  are  horrors  without  a  parallel  in  history  or 
fiction. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  14,  p.  223. 
1357.  CRUELTY  in  Punishment.  Andronicus. 
[After  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  escape  from 
the  fury  of  his  subjects,  Andronicus,  the  Roman 
emperor  and  tyrant,]  was  dragged  to  the  pres- 
ence of  Isaac  Angelus,  one  of  his  victims,  load- 
ed with  fetters,  and  a  long  chain  round  his  neck. 
His  eloquence,  and  the  tears  of  his  female  com- 
panions, pleaded  in  vain  for  his  life  ;  but,  instead 
of  the  decencies  of  a  legal  execution,  the  new 
monarch  abandoned  the  criminal  to  the  numer- 
ous sufferers  whom  he  had  deprived  of  a  fa- 
ther, a  husband,  or  a  friend.  His  teeth  and  hair, 
an  eye  and  a  hand,  were  torn  from  him,  as  a 
poor  compensation  for  their  loss ;  and  a  short 
respite  was  allowed,  that  he  might  feel  the  bit- 
terness of  death.  Astride  on  a  camel,  without 
any  danger  of  a  rescue,  he  was  carried  through 
the  city,  and  the  basest  of  the  populace  rejoiced 
to  trample  on  the  fallen  majesty  of  their  prince. 
After  a  thousand  blows  and  outrages  Androni- 
cus was  hung  by  the  feet,  between  two  pillars 
that  supported  the  statues  of  a  wolf  and  a  sow  ; 
and  every  hand  that  could  reach  the  public  ene- 
my inflicted  on  his  body  some  mark  of  ingenious 
or  brutal  cruelty,  till  two  friendly  or  furious 
Italians,  plunging  their  swords  into  his  body,  re- 
leased him  from  all  human  punishment.  In  this 
long  and  painful  agony,  "Lord,  have  mercy 
upon  me  !"  and  "  Why  will  you  bruise  a  broken 
reed  ?"  were  the  only  words  that  escaped  from 
his  mouth.  Our  hatred  for  the  tyrant  is  lost  in 
pity  for  the  man. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  48. 

135§.  CETTELTY,  Reaction  of.  Nero's.  [Taci- 
tus says]  various  forms  of  mockery  were  add- 
ed to  enhance  their  dying  agonies.  Covered 
with  the  skins  of  wild  beasts  [the  Christians] 
.  .  .  were  doomed  to  die  by  the  mangling  of 
dogs,  or  by  being  nailed  to  crosses,  or  to  be  set 
on  fire  and  burnt  after  twilight  by  way  of  night- 
ly illumination.  Nero  offered  his  own  gardens 
for  this  show.  .  .  .  Hence,  guilty  as  the  vic- 
tims were  [they  were  charged  with  hatred  tow- 
ard mankind],  and  deserving  the  worst  of  pun- 
ishments, a  feeling  of  compassion  toward  them 
began  to  rise,  as  men  felt  they  were  immolated, 
not  for  any  advantage  to  the  commonwealth, 
but  to  glut  the  savagery  of  a  single  man. — Far- 
bar's  Early  Days,  p.  39. 

1359.  CRUELTY,  Refined.  Greek  Emperor's 
Persecution.  [Constantine  Sylvanus,  the  leader 
of  a  Gnostic  sect,  fell  a  victim  to  Roman  perse- 
cution at  the  hands  of  a  minister  named  Simeon.] 
By  a  refinement  of  cruelty  Simeon  placed  the 
unfortunate  Sylvanus  before  a  line  of  his  dis- 
ciples, who  were  commanded,  as  the  price  of 
their  pardon  and  the  proof  of  their  repentance, 
to  massacre  their  spiritual  father.  They  turned 
aside  from  ;he  impious  ofiice  ;  the  stones  dropped 
from  their  filial  hands,  and  of  the  whole  num- 
ber only  one  executioner  could  be  found,  a  new 
David,  as  he  is  styled  by  the  Catholics,  who 
boldly  overthrew  the  giani:  of  heresy.  This  apos- 
tate (Justus  was  his  name)  again  deceived  and 
betrayed  his  unsuspecting  brethren. — Gibbon's 
RoMK,  ch.  54. 

1360.  CRUELTY,  Religious.  Crusades.  [In 
1191,  after  the  surrender  of  Acre  to  the  Crusa 


ders,]  King  Richard,  aspiring  to  destroy  the 
Turks,  root  and  branch,  .  .  .  and  to  vindicate  the 
Christian  religion,  on  the  Friday  after  the  As- 
sumption of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  ordered 
twenty -seven  hundred  of  the  Turkish  hostages 
to  be  led  forth  from  the  city  and  hanged.  The 
soldiers  marched  forth  with  delight  to  fulfil  his 
commands. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  21, 
p.  312. 

1361.  CRUELTY,  Remorse  from.  Glotaire. 
[One  of  the  early  kings  of  France  was]  embit- 
tered by  a  rebellion  stirred  up  by  one  of  his  own 
sons,  whom  he  at  length  took  prisoner,  and  con- 
demned, together  with  his  wife  and  daughters, 
to  be  burned  alive.  This  horrible  tragedy  took 
place  in  560,  and  the  wretched  Clotaire  expired 
precisely  a  year  afterward,  a  prey  to  the  deepest 
remorse. — Students'  France,  ch.  4,  §  2. 

1362.  CRUELTY,  Royal.  Constantine  V.  His 
reign  was  a  long  butchery  of  whatever  was  most 
noble  or  holy  or  innocent  in  his  empire.  In 
person  the  emperor  assisted  at  the  execution 
of  his  victims,  surveyed  their  agonies,  listened 
to  their  groans,  and  indulged,  without  satiating, 
his  appetite  for  blood  ;  a  plate  of  noses  was  ac- 
cepted as  a  grateful  offering,  and  his  domestic* 
were  often  scourged  or  mutilated  by  the  royal 
hand. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  48. 

1363.  CRUELTY,  Sectarian.  Greek  Church. 
During  the  reign  [of  Manuel]  and  that  of  his  sue 
cessor,  Alexius,  they  [the  Romans]  were  exposed 
at  Constantinople  to  the  reproach  of  foreigners, 
heretics,  and  favorites  ;  and  this  triple  guilt  was 
severely  expiated  in  the  tumult  which  announc- 
ed the  return  and  elevation  of  Andronicus. 
The  people  rose  in  arms  ;  from  the  Asiatic 
shore  the  tyrant  despatched  his  troops  and  gal- 
leys to  assist  the  national  revenge  ;  and  the 
hopeless  resistance  of  the  strangers  served  only 
to  justify  the  rage  and  sharpen  the  daggers  of 
the  assassins.  Neither  age  nor  sex  nor  the 
ties  of  friendship  or  kindred  could  save  the 
victims  of  national  hatred  and  avarice  and  re- 
ligious zeal ;  the  Latins  were  slaughtered  in  their 
houses  and  in  the  streets  ;  their  quarter  was  re- 
duced to  ashes  ;  the  clergy  were  burnt  in  their 
churches,  and  the  sick  in  their  hospitals ;  and 
some  estimate  may  be  formed  of  the  slain  from 
the  clemency  which  sold  above  four  thousand 
Christians  in  perpetual  slavery  to  the  Turks. 
The  priests  and  monks  were  the  loudest  and 
most  active  in  the  destruction  of  the  schismatics  ; 
and  they  chanted  a  thanksgiving  to  the  Lord 
when  the  head  of  a  Roman  cardinal,  the  pope's 
legate,  was  severed  from  his  body,  fastened  to 
the  tail  of  a  dog,  and  dragged,  with  savage 
mockery,  through  the  city. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  60. 

1364.  CRUELTY,  Shameful.  James  II.  [The 
Duke  of  Monmouth's  rebellion  had  been  crushed, 
and  his  adherents  were  condemned  to  death.] 
So  many  dead  bodies  were  quartered  that  the 
executioner  stood  ankle  deep  in  blood.  He  was 
assisted  by  a  poor  man  whose  loyalty  was  sus- 
pected, and  who  was  compelled  to  ransom  his 
own  life  by  seething  the  remains  of  his  friends 
in  pitch.  The  peasant  who  had  consented  to 
perform  this  hideous  office  afterward  returned  to 
his  plough.  But  a  mark  like  that  of  Cain  was 
upon  him.    He  was  known  through  his  village  hj 


164 


CRUELTY. 


the  horrible  name  of  Tom  Boilman. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  5. 

1365.  CEUELTY  of  Slavery.  Lacedomionians. 
The  Helots  were  a  neighboring  people  of  Pelop- 
onnesus, whom  they  had  subdued  in  war  and 
reduced  to  servitude.  They  were  numerous,  and 
had  at  times  attempted  to  shake  off  their  yoke  ; 
whence  it  was  judged  a  necessary  policy  to 
curb,  to  intimidate,  and  to  weaken  them  by  the 
most  shocking  inhumanity.  It  was  not  allow- 
able to  sell  or  to  export  them  ;  but  the  youth  were 
encouraged  to  put  them  to  death  for  pastime. 
They  went  forth  to  the  field  to  hunt  them  like 
wild  beasts  ;  and  when  at  any  time  it  was  appre- 
hended that  those  unhappy  wretches  had  be- 
come so  numerous  as  to  endanger  the  State,  the 
crypiia,  or  secret  act — viz. ,  a  general  massacre  in 
the  night — was  ordained  by  law. —  Tytleb's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  9. 

136C.  CEITELTY  taught.  Spartans.  The 
governors  of  the  youth  ordered  the  shrewdest  of 
them  from  time  to  time  to  disperse  themselves 
in  the  country  provided  only  with  daggers  and 
some  necessary  provisions.  In  the  day-time 
they  hid  themselves,  and  rested  in  the  most  pri- 
vate places  they  could  find  ;  but  at  night  they 
sallied  out  into  the  roads,  and  killed  all  the  He- 
lots they  could  meet  with.  Nay,  sometimes  by 
day  they  fell  upon  them  in  the  fields,  and  mur 
dered  the  ablest  and  strongest  of  them.  [Lang- 
horne's  Note.]  These  poor  wretches  were 
marked  out  for  slaves  in  their  dress,  their 
gesture,  and,  in  short,  in  everything.  They 
wore  dogskin  bonnets  and  sheepskin  vests  ; 
they  were  forbidden  to  learn  any  liberal  art, 
or  to  perform  any  act  worthy  of  their  mas- 
ters. Once  a  day  they  received  a  certain  num- 
ber of  stripes,  for  fear  they  should  forget 
they  were  slaves ;  and,  to  crown  all,  they 
were  liable  to  this  cryptia,  which  was  sure  to  be 
executed  on  all  such  as  spoke,  looked,  or  walked 
like  freemen  ;  a  cruel  and  unnecessary  expedi- 
ent, and  unworthy  of  a  virtuous  people. — 
Plutarch's  Lycurgus. 

1367.  CEUELTY,  Terrible.  Timour.  [Leav- 
ing his  main  army  at  Damascus,  Timour]  cross- 
ed the  desert  of  forty  days'  journey,  with  a  se- 
lect detachment,  and  ran  to  besiege  Bagdad,  a 
third  time  revolted.  His  vengeance  was  this 
time  unpitying.  The  100,000  Tartars  whom 
he  led  to  the  siege  of  Bagdad  received  orders  to 
bring  him,  each  of  them,  the  head  of  an  insur- 
gent. All  perished,  from  the  age  of  eight  to  that 
of  eighty  years,  in  Bagdad.  But  he  once  more 
saved  the  men  of  letters,  the  artists,  the  skilled 
mechanics,  the  priests,  the  poets,  the  historians — 
all  those  who  give  intelligence  and  immortality 
to  the  human  species. — Lamartine's  Turkey, 
p.  325. 

136§.  .  Timour  the  Tartar.  [Ti- 
mour besieged  Siwas,  the  most  opulent  city  of 
Asiatic  Greece,  which  capitulated  after  receiv- 
ing the  promise  that  life  should  be  spared.] 
But  scarcely  entered  into  Siwas,  he  inundated 
it  with  the  blood  of  its  defenders.  "Whether  anger 
or  policy,  his  ferocity  made  the  East  shudder. 
Tour  thousand  Ottomans  were  buried  alive  to  the 
neck,  and  thus  awaited  the  end  of  their  life  and 
of  their  torture — a  spectacle  worthy  of  the  bru- 
lality  of  Tartars,  and  which  the  ferocious  ani- 
mals do  not  exhibit  in  their  mutual  carnage. 


The  Christians,  cast  by  couples  into  trenches 
covered  with  boards,  and  surcharged  afterward 
with  earth,  prolonged  for  unknown  days  their 
subterraneous  agony  under  the  tents  of  the  Tar- 
tars, who  heard  their  moanings.  The  brave 
were  massacred,  that  the  contagion  of  their 
courage  might  not  gain  upon  the  cowardly ; 
the  cowards  died  through  their  cowardice,  which 
rendered  them  unworthy  to  live.  Every  pretext 
was  good  to  consign  to  death.  Timour  caused 
to  be  immolated  even  the  unfortunate  lepers  of 
the  hospital  of  Siwas,  lest  their  infirmity  might 
be  communicated  to  his  Tartars,  among  whom 
it  was  unknown.  With  the  exception  of  the 
male  children  fit  for  slavery,  and  the  young 
girls  fit  for  the  harems,  the  entire  population  was 
destroyed. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  319. 

1369.  CEUELTY,  Undetested.  JRoman  Sena- 
tors. In  the  hearing  of  that  same  Senate  in  a.d.  59, 
not  long  before  St.  Paul  wrote  his  letter  to  Phil- 
emon, C.  Cassius  Longinus  had  gravely  argued 
that  the  only  security  for  the  life  of  masters  was 
to  put  into  execution  the  sanguinary  Silanian 
law,  which  enacted  that,  if  a  master  was  mur- 
dered, every  one  of  his  slaves,  however  numer- 
ous, however  notoriously  innocent,  should  be  in- 
discriminately massacred.  It  was  the  senators  of 
Rome  who  thronged  forth  to  meet  with  adoring 
congratulations  the  miserable  youth  who  came  to 
them  with  his  hands  reeking  with  the  blood  of 
matricide.  They  offered  thanksgivings  to  the 
gods  for  his  worst  cruelties,  and  obediently  vot- 
ed Divine  honors  to  the  dead  infant,  four 
months  old,  of  the  wife  whom  he  afterward 
killed  with  a  brutal  kick. — Farrab's  Early 
Days,  p.  17. 

1370.  CEUELTY,  A  Victor's.  Roman  Em- 
peror Gallienus.  There  is  still  extant  a  most 
savage  mandate  from  [the  Emperor]  Gallienus 
to  one  of  his  ministers,  after  the  suppression  of 
Ingenuus,  who  had  assumed  the  purple  in  Illyr- 
icum.  "It  is  not  enough,"  says  that  soft  but 
inhuman  prince,  "  that  you  exterminate  such  as 
have  appeared  in  arms  ;  the  chance  of  battle 
might  have  served  me  as  effectually.  The 
rnale  sex  of  every  age  must  be  extirpated,  pro- 
vided that,  in  the  execution  of  the  children  and 
old  men,  you  can  contrive  means  to  save  our 
reputation.  Let  every  one  die  who  has  dropped 
an  expression,  who  has  entertained  a  thought 
against  me — against  me,  the  son  of  Valerian,  the 
father  and  brother  of  so  many  princes.  Remem- 
ber that  Ingenuus  was  made  emperor ;  tear, 
kill,  hew  in  pieces.  I  write  to  you  with  my 
own  hand,  and  would  inspire  you  with  my  own 
feelings." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  10. 

1371.  CEUELTY ofWar.  Timour.  Timour 
[the  Tartar]  was  satisfied  with  the  siege  and  de- 
struction of  Siwas  or  Sebaste,  a  strong  city  on 
the  borders  of  Anatolia  ;  and  he  revenged  the 
indiscretion  of  the  Ottoman  on  a  garrison  of 
4000  Armenians,  who  were  buried  alive  for  the 
brave  and  faithful  discharge  of  their  duty. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  43. 

1372. .    CcEsar.     Anxious  debates 

were  held  among  the  beleaguered  chiefs  [Gauls 
in  Alesia].  The  faint-hearted  wished  to  surren- 
der before  they  were  starved.  Others  were  in 
favor  of  a  desperate  effort  to  cut  their  way 
through  or  die.  One  speech  Csesar  preserves 
for  its  remarkable  and  frightful  ferocity.     A 


CRUELTY— CURES. 


165 


prince  of  Auvergne  said  that  the  Romans  con- 
quered to  enslave  and  beat  down  the  laws  and 
liberties  of  free  nations  under  the  lictors'  axes, 
and  he  proposed  that,  sooner  than  yield,  they 
should  kill  and  eat  those  who  were  useless  for 
fighting.  Vercingetorix  was  of  noble  nature. 
To  prevent  the  adoption  of  so  horrible  an  expe- 
dient, he  ordered  the  peaceful  inhabitants,  with 
their  wives  and  children,  to  leave  the  town. 
Caesar  forbade  them  to  pass  his  lines.  Cruel — 
but  war  is  cruel ;  and  where  a  garrison  is  to  be 
reduced  by  famine  the  laws  of  it  are  inexor- 
able.— Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  19. 

1373.  CRUELTY  to  Woman.  Clot  aire. 
[Brunehaut,  Queen  of  Austrasia,  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  King  of  Neustria,  whose  name 
was]  Clotaire.  He  overwhelmed  her  with  a 
torrent  of  reproaches,  abandoned  her  for  three 
days  to  every  kind  of  torture  and  indignity, 
and  then  caused  her  to  be  fastened  to  the  tail 
of  a  wild  horse,  so  that  the  wretched  queen's 
body  was  dragged,  torn,  and  trampled  into 
fragments.  The  remains  were  collected,  and 
the  ashes  scattered  to  the  winds. —  Students' 
France,  ch.  4,  §  5. 

1374.  CRUELTY  in  Worship.  Ancient  Druids. 
In  these  graves  [of  England],  and  upon  these 
altars,  the  Druids  offered  sacrifices  of  various 
kinds,  the  most  acceptable  of  which  were  human 
victims.  This  was  not  to  be  wondered  at,  con- 
sidering that  it  was  their  opinion  that  the  Su- 
preme Deity  placed  his  chief  delight  in  blood 
and  slaughter.  .  .  .  Every  ninth  month  there 
was  a  sacrifice  offered  up  to  the  gods  of  nine 
human  victims  ;  and  in  the  first  month  of  every 
ninth  year  was  held  an  extraordinary  solemnity, 
which  was  marked  with  dreadful  slaughter. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  6. 

1375.  CEUSADERS,  Numerous.  Six  Millions. 
We  depend  not  on  the  eyes  or  knowledge,  but  on 
the  belief  and  fancy,  of  a  chaplain  of  Count  Bald- 
win, in  the  estimate  of  six  hundred  thousand  pil- 
grims able  to  bear  arms,  besides  the  priests  and 
monks,  the  women  and  children  of  the  Latin 
camp.  The  reader  starts  ;  and  before  he  is  recov- 
ered from  his  surprise,  I  shall  add,  on  the  same 
testimony,  that  if  all  who  took  the  cross  had  ac- 
complished their  vow,  above  six  millions  would 
have  migrated  from  Europe  to  Asia.  Under  this 
oppression  of  faith,  I  derive  some  relief  from  a 
more  sagacious  and  thinking  writer,  who,  after 
the  same  review  of  the  cavalry,  accuses  the  credu- 
lity of  the  priest  of  Chartres,  and  even  doubts 
whether  the  Cisalpine  regions  (in  the  geography 
of  a  Frenchman)  were  sufficient  to  produce  and 
pour  forth  such  incredible  multitudes.  The 
coolest  scepticism  will  remember,  that  of  these 
religious  volunteers  great  numbers  never  beheld 
Constantinople  and  Nice.  Of  enthusiasm  the  in- 
fluence is  irregular  and  transient  ;  many  were 
detained  at  home  by  reason  or  cowardice,  by 
poverty  or  weakness  ;  and  many  were  repulsed 
by  the  obstacles  of  the  way,  the  more  insuperable 
as  they  were  unforeseen,  to  these  ignorant  fa- 
natics.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58. 

1376.  CRUSADES,  Origin  of.  Peter  the  Hermit. 
About  twenty  years  after  the  conquest  of  Jeru- 
salem by  the  Turks,  the  holy  sepulchre  was 
visited  by  a  hermit  by  the  name  of  Peter,  a  native 
of  Amiens,  in  the  province  of  Picardy  in  France. 
His  resentment  and  sympathy  were  excited  by 


his  own  injuries  and  the  oppression  of  the  Chris- 
tian name  ;  he  mingled  his  tears  with  those  of 
the  patriarch,  and  earnestly  inquired  if  no  hopes 
of  relief  could  be  entertained  from  the  Greek  em- 
perors of  the  East.  The  patriarch  exposed  the 
vices  and  weakness  of  the  successors  of  Constan- 
tine.  "  I  will  rouse,"  exclaimed  the  hermit, 
' '  the  martial  nations  of  Europe  in  your  cause  ;" 
and  Europe  was  obedient  to  the  call  of  the  her- 
mit.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58. 

1377.  CULTURE,  Improvement  by.  Oermany. 
The  climate  of  ancient  Germany  has  been  molli- 
fied, and  the  soil  fertilized,  by  the  labor  of  ten 
centuries  from  the  time  of  Charlemagne.  The 
same  extent  of  ground  which  at  present  main- 
tains, in  ease  and  plenty,,  a  million  of  husband- 
men and  artificers,  was  unable  to  supply  a  hun- 
dred thousand  lazy  warriors  with  the  simple  nec- 
essaries of  life. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  9. 

137§.  CURE,  Imaginary.  Mohammedans.  On 
his  back  he  had  a  round,  fleshy  tumor  of  the  size 
of  a  pigeon's  egg  ;  its  furrowed  surface  was  cov- 
ered with  hair,  and  its  base  was  surrounded  by 
black  moles.  This  was  considered  as  the  seal  of 
his  prophetic  mission,  at  least  during  the  latter 
part  of  his  career,  by  his  followers,  who  were  so 
devout  that  they  found  a  cure  for  their  ailings 
in  drinking  the  water  in  which  he  had  bathed  ; 
and  it  must  have  been  very  refreshing,  for  he 
perspired  profusely,  and  his  skin  exhaled  a 
strong  smell." — Sprenger's  Life  of  Moham- 
med, p.  84. 

1379.  CURE,  Superstitious.  King's  Evil.  [Dr. 
Samuel  Johnson  was  afflicted  with  scrofula  in 
his  childhood,  which  disfigured  his  countenance, 
injured  his  visual  nerves,  and  destroyed  the  sight 
of  one  eye.]  It  has  been  said  that  he  contracted 
this  grievous  malady  from  his  nurse.  His  moth- 
er, yielding  to  the  superstitious  notion,  which, 
it  is  wonderful  to  think,  prevailed  so  long  in 
this  country,  as  to  the  virtue  of  the  regal  touch 
— a  notion  which  our  kings  encouraged,  and  to 
which  a  man  of  such  inquiry  and  such  judgment 
as  Carte  could  give  credit — carried  him  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  was  actually  touched  by  Queer 
Anne. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  6. 

13§0.  CURES  fanciful.  Weakness.  Queen 
Anne  revived  the  ceremony  of  touching  for  the 
king's  evil,  by  which  all  English  monarchs,  from 
the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  whether 
saints  or  sinners,  had  asserted  the  miraculous 
power  of  the  wearer  of  the  "golden  rigol." 
William  III.  was  profane  enough  not  to  believe 
in  this  power.  William  was  once  prevailed  upon 
to  touch  for  the  malady  which  kings  could  cure, 
and  he  said  to  the  patient  that  he  prayed  God  to 
heal  him  and  grant  him  more  wisdom  at  the 
same  time. — Knight's  Enq.,  vol.  5,  ch.  17,  p. 
272. 

13§1.  CURES,  Fraudulent.  King's  Evil.  An 
old  man  who  was  a  witness  in  a  case  described 
how  the  good  Queen  [Anne]  had  touched  him 
wlien  a  child  [for  the  cure  of  the  king's  evil].  He 
was  asked  whether  he  was  really  cured,  upon 
which  he  answered,  with  a  significant  smile,  that 
he  believed  himself  never  to  have  had  a  com- 
plaint that  deserved  to  be  considered  as  the 
Evil,  but  that  his  parents  were  poor,  and  had  no 
objection  to  the  bit  of  gold — the  angel  of  gold — 
with  the  impress  of  St.  Michael,  which  was  hung 


166 


CURIOSITIES— DANGER. 


about  the  patient's  neck. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol. 
5,  ch.  17,  p.  273. 

13S2.  CUEIOSITIES,  Indifference  to.  General 
Orant.  [At  Naples]  he  climbed  to  the  castle  of 
San  Martin,  now  a  museum.  ,  .  .  They  spent 
nearly  an  hour  in  examining  the  curiosities,  in 
which  Mrs.  Grant  seemed  to  take  more  interest 
than  the  General.  .  .  .  "When  the  guide  showed 
him  the  portrait  of  the  man  who  gave  the  collec- 
tion to  Naples,  he  dryly  remarked,  in  English  : 
"  Well,  if  I  had  a  museum  like  this,  I  would  give 
it  to  Naples,  or  anybody  who  would  take  it." — 
Travels  of  General  Grant,  p.  95. 

13§3.  CUEIOSITY,  Destructive.  Empedodes. 
[A  Pythagorean]  .  .  .  who  attained  considerable 
eminence  in  physical  science,  and  who  is  said  to 
have  thrown  himself  into  the  crater  of  Mount 
Etna,  either  from  the  desire  of  exploring  the 
cause  of  its  eruptions,  or  of  propagating  the  be- 
lief that  the  gods  had  caught  him  up  in  heaven  ; 
it  is  a  wiser  and  more  charitable  supposition, 
that  he  owed  his  death  to  a  laudable  but  rash  cu- 
riosity.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9. 

13S4.  CUERENCY  in  Salt.  In  Abyssinia.  In 
Adal,  a  country  in  Africa  bordering  the  Red  Sea, 
there  is  a  large  plain,  called  Harko  ;  it  is  covered 
with  salt  three  feet  thick,  which  is  not  only  used 
for  culinary  purposes,  but  in  Abyssinia  as  cur- 
rency.— American  Cyclopedia,  "  Adal." 

1385.  CUSTOM,  Eeign  of.  "Ducking."  At  the 
bridewell,  in  Liverpool,  Howard  found  a  singu- 
lar custom  pi'evailing.  Every  woman,  on  her 
admission  to  the  jail,  was  brought  into  the  bath- 
room clad  only  in  a  flannel  chemise,  and  placed 
in  a  chair  with  her  back  to  the  bath-tub.  This 
chair  turned  on  a  hinge,  and  when  the  signal 
was  given  it  was  turned  over,  and  the  woman 
with  it,  who  went  backward  into  the  water  over 
head  and  ears.  This  operation  was  repeated 
three  times,  when  the  woman  was  considered 
initiated.  [John]  Howard  inquired  why  the 
men  were  not  subjected  to  this  ducking  ;  but  he 
could  only  learn  that  such  was  not  the  custom 
at  Liverpool. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  64. 

13S6.  DANCING,  Ceremonious.  Indian. 
Though  generally  sedate  in  manners  and  serious 
in  behavior,  the  Red  men  at  times  gave  them- 
selves up  to  merry-making  and  hilarity.  The 
dance  was  universal — not  the  social  dance  of  civ- 
ilized nations,  but  the  dance  of  ceremony,  of  re- 
ligion, and  of  war.  Sometimes  the  warriors 
danced  alone,  but  frequently  the  women  joined 
in  the  wild  exercise,  circling  around  and  around, 
chanting  the  weird,  monotonous  songs  of  the 
tribes. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  1,  p.  49. 

13§7.  DANCING,  Delight  in.  Sixtsenih  Cen- 
tury. [With  the  people,  high  and  low,  it  was  a 
favorite  amusement.]  Upon  the  rushes  of  the 
torch-lighted  hall  the  courtiers  danced  their 
grave  measures  and  corantoes  to  the  airs  of 
Queen  Elizabeth's  "Virginal  Book;"  and  the 
peasant  youths  and  maidens,  on  the  village  green, 
saw  the  sun  go  down,  as  they  tripped  "  the  come- 
ly country-round." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch. 
16,  p.  250. 

1388.  DANCING,  Mystic.  West  Indians.  The 
dances  to  which  the  natives  seemed  so  immod- 
erately addicted,  and  which  had  been  at  first 
considered  by  the  Spaniards  mere  idle  pastimes. 


were  found  to  be  often  ceremonials  of  a  serious 
and  mystic  character.  They  form,  indeed,  a  sin- 
gular and  important  feature  throughout  the  cus- 
toms of  the  aboriginals  of  the  New  World.  In 
these  are  typified,  by  signs  well  understood  by 
the  initiated,  and,  as  it  were,  by  hieroglyphic  ac- 
tion, their  historical  events,  their  projected  en- 
terprises, their  hunting,  their  ambuscades,  and 
their  battles,  resembling  in  some  respects  the 
Pyrrhic  dances  of  the  ancients. — Irving's  Co- 
lumbus, Book  6,  ch.  10. 

1389.  DANCING,  Opposed  to.  Puritans.  [In 
1593]  the  Puritans  denounced  all  dancing  in 
mixed  companies  of  the  sexes.  The  dancing 
schools,  which  then  abounded,  were,  they  said, 
for  teaching  "  the  noble  science  of  heathen  dev- 
iltry." They  held  that  "men  by  themselves, 
and  Avomen  by  themselves"  might  dance  without 
sin,  "  to  recreate  the  mind  oppressed  with  some 
great  toil  and  labor." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  16,  p.  250. 

1390.  DANGEE,  Contempt  for.  William  the 
Bed.  [The  son  of  William  I.,  the  Conqueror.] 
Normandy  had  been  pledged  to  him  by  his 
brother  Robert  in  exchange  for  a  sum  which 
enabled  the  duke  to  march  in  the  first  Cnisade 
for  the  delivery  of  the  Holy  Land,  and  a  rebel- 
lion at  Le  Mans  was  subdued  hj  the  fierce  ener- 
gy with  which  William  flung  himself  at  the 
news  of  it  into  the  first  boat  he  found,  and  crossed 
the  Channel  in  face  of  a  storm.  "  Kings  never 
drown,"  he  replied,  contemptuously,  to  the  re- 
monstrances of  his  followers. — Hist,  op  Eng. 
People,  §  116. 

1391.  DANGEE,  Needless.  Admiral  Nelson. 
[Lord  Nelson,  the  greatest  of  British  admirals, 
wore  a  bright  uniform,  and  on  the  left  breast 
of  his  coat  were  four  embroidered  stars,  the  em- 
blems of  the  orders  with  which  he  was  invested. 
When  he  was  about  to  attack  the  French  and 
Spanish  fleets  off  Cape  Trafalgar,]  he  was  im- 
plored to  put  on  a  plainer  dress,  for  there  were 
rifle-men  among  the  4000  troops  on  board  the 
French  and  Spanish  ships.  No  ;  what  he  had 
won  he  would  wear.  On  the  deck  he  stood,  a 
mark  for  the  enemy — one  whose  life  was  worth 
a  legion.  There  was  a  carelessness  about  his 
own  safety  that  day  which  was  chivalrous,  how- 
ever unwise.  .  .  .  He  was  shot  from  the  mizzen- 
top  of  the  Redoubtable,  which  he  supposed 
had  struck.  "  They  have  done  for  me  at  last," 
he  said,  "my  backbone  is  shot  through."  — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  25,  p.  448. 

1392.  DANGEE,  Unconsciousness  of.  Explosion. 
Once  upon  a  time  a  London  exquisite  descended 
into  a  coal  mine  on  a  voyage  of  exploration  and 
discovery;  he  saw  everything  —  Davy  lamps, 
blind  horses,  trucks  of  coal  rolling  along  subter- 
ranean tramways.  Seated  on  a  cask  to  rest  him- 
self, he  proceeded  to  question  the  swarthy  miner, 
who  was  his  conductor,  concerning  many  things, 
and  especially  about  the  operation  of  blasting. 
"  And  whereabouts,  my  man,"  condescendingly 
said  he — "whereabouts  do  you  keep  your  pow- 
der ?"  "Please,  sir,"  replied  the  swart  one, 
' '  you're  a-sittin'  on  it !"  Charles  was  in  a  world 
to  him  all  dark  and  subterranean,  and  sitting  on 
a  powder-mine,  of  the  existence  of  which  he- 
had  no  knowledge,  although  it  was  beneath  h» 
throne. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  4,  p.  89. 


DARKNESS— DEATH. 


167 


i 


1393.  DABENESS  a  Convenience.  Columbus. 
I^On  his  tliird  voyage  in  the  West  Indies,]  not- 
withstanding their  superstitious  fancies,  the  sea- 
men were  glad  to  use  a  part  of  these  sliarks  for 
food,  being  very  short  of  provisions.  Tlie  length 
of  the  voyage  had  consumed  the  greater  part  of 
their  sea-stores  ;  the  heat  and  humidity  of  the 
climate  and  the  leakage  of  the  ships  had  dam- 
aged the  remainder  ;  and  their  biscuit  was  so  fill- 
ed with  worms  that,  notwithstanding  their  hun- 
ger, they  were  obliged  to  eat  in  the  dark,  lest 
their  stomachs  should  revolt  at  its  appearance. 
— Irving's  Columbus,  Book  14,  ch.  6. 

1394.  DABKNESS  feared.  In  Day-time.  In 
1679  the  Londoners  were  frightened,  as  if  it 
were  a  terrible  omen,  by  a  great  darkness  in  Lon- 
don on  a  Sunday  morning,  ' '  so  that  the  people 
in  church  could  not  see  to  read  in  their  Bibles." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  21,  p  341. 

1395.  DAYS,  Inaaspicious.  Black  Day.  As 
Lucullus  was  going  to  pass  the  river  to  fight  Ti- 
granes  the  tyrant,  some  of  his  officers  admon- 
ished him  to  beware  of  that  day,  which  had  been 
an  inauspicious,  or  (as  they  called  it)  a  black 
one  to  the  Romans.  For  on  that  day  Caepio's 
army  was  defeated  by  the  Cimbri.  Lucullus  re- 
turned that  memorable  answer,  "  I  will  make 
this  day  an  auspicious  one  for  Rome."  It  was 
the  sixth  of  October.  [He  won  a  glorious  and 
complete  victory.] — Plutarch's  Lucullus. 

1396.  DAYS  observed.  Samuel  Johnson.  It 
was  his  custom  to  observe  certain  days  with  a 
pious  abstraction — viz..  New- Year's  day,  the 
day  of  his  wife's  death,  Good  Friday,  Easter-day, 
and  his  own  birthday.  He  this  year  says  :  "I 
have  now  spent  fifty-five  years  in  resolving,  hav- 
ing, from  the  earliest  time  almost  that  I  can  re- 
member, been  forming  schemes  of  a  better  life. 
I  have  done  nothing.  The  need  of  doing,  there- 
fore, is  pressing,  since  the  time  of  doing  is  short. 
O  God,  grant  me  to  resolve  aright,  and  to  keep 
my  resolutions,  for  Jesus  Christ's  sake  !  Amen." 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  134. 

1397.  DEAD,  Charity  for  the.  Agesilaus.  After 
the  death  of  Lysander,  Agesilaus  found  out  a 
conspiracy  which  that  general  had  formed 
against  him  immediately  after  his  return  from 
Asia.  And  he  was  inclined  to  show  the  public 
what  kind  of  man  Lysander  really  was,  by  ex- 
posing an  oration  found  among  his  papers,  which 
had  been  composed  for  him  by  Cleon  of  Hali- 
carnassus,  and  was  to  have  been  delivered  by 
him  to  the  people,  in  order  to  facilitate  the  inno- 
vations he  was  meditating  in  the  constitution. 
But  one  of  the  senators  having  the  perusal  of  it, 
and  finding  it  a  very  plausible  composition,  ad- 
vised him  "  not  to  dig  Lysander  out  of  his  grave, 
but  rather  to  bury  the  oration  T\ith  him."  The 
advice  appeared  reasonable,  and  he  suppressed 
the  paper. — Plutarch's  Agesilaus. 

139§.  DEAD,  Consciousness  of  the.  American 
Indians.  On  burying  her  daughter  the  Chip- 
pewa mother  adds  not  only  snow-shoes  and 
beads  and  moccasins,  but  (sad  emblem  of  wom- 
an's lot  in  the  wilderness !)  the  carrying  belt 
and  the  paddle.  "  I  know  my  daughter  will  be 
restored  to  me,"  she  once  said,  as  she  clipped  a 
lock  of  hair  for  a  memorial ;  "by  this  lock  of 
hair  I  shall  discover  her,  for  I  shall  take  it 
"With  me "  —  alluding  to  the  day  [of  her  own 
burial]. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch,  22. 


1399.  DEAD  respected,  The.  Solon's  Law.  That 
law  of  Solon's  is  also  justly  commended  which 
forbids  men  to  speak  ill  of  the  dead.  For  piety 
requires  us  to  consider  the  deceased  as  sacred  ; 
justice  calls  upon  us  to  spare  those  that  are  not 
in  being  ;  and  good  policy  to  prevent  the  perpet- 
uating of  hatred. — Plutarch's  Solon. 

1400.  DEAD,  Unburied.  Parsees  in  India. 
They  cannot  burn  them,  as  do  the  Hindoos,  lest 
the  touch  of  death  should  pollute  the  flames ; 
nor  can  they  bury  them  in  the  earth,  nor  in  the 
sea,  for  earth  and  water  and  air  are  alike  sacred. 
They  therefore  expose  the  bodies  of  their  dead 
to  be  devoured  by  birds  of  the  air. — General 
Grant's  Tratels,  p.  287. 

1401.  DEATH,  Admirable.  MaJiomet's.  The 
conclusion  of  his  life  was  admirable.  '  'Let  him, " 
said  he,  "  to  whom  I  have  done  violence  or  injus- 
tice now  appear,  and  I  am  ready  to  make  him 
reparation."  For  several  days  preceding  his 
death  he  ordered  himself  to  be  carried  to  the 
mosque,  and  there  harangued  the  people  with 
wonderful  eloquence,  which,  from  a  dying  man, 
had  a  powerful  effect.  It  is  by  no  means  im- 
probable that  he  believed  himself  inspired — as 
the  singular  success  of  all  his  enterprises  might 
have  persuaded  a  mind  of  that  enthusiastic  turn 
of  a  divine  interposition  in  his  favor.  It  is  cer- 
tain that  with  his  latest  breath  he  continued  to 
inculcate  the  doctrines  of  his  new  religion.  He 
recommended  to  his  followers  to  keep  the  sword 
unsheathed  till  they  had  driven  all  infidels  out  of 
Arabia  ;  and  in  the  agonies  of  death  he  declared 
to  Ayesha,  the  best  beloved  of  his  wives,  that 
God,  by  the  mouth  of  the  angel  Gabriel,  had 
given  him  the  choice  of  life  or  death,  and  that 
he  had  preferred  the  latter. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  1. 

1402.  DEATH,  Apprehension  of.  Ccesar.  Caesar 
was  more  and  more  weary.  He  knew  that  the 
Senate  hated  him  ;  he  knew  they  would  kill  him 
if  they  could.  All  these  men  whose  lips  were 
running  over  with  adulation  were  longing  to 
drive  their  daggers  into  him.  He  was  willing  to 
live  if  they  would  let  him  live  ;  but,  for  himself, 
he  had  ceased  to  care  about  it.  He  disdained  to 
take  precautions  against  assassination.  On  his 
first  return  from  Spain  he  had  been  attended  by 
a  guard  ;  but  he  dismissed  it  in  spite  of  the  re- 
monstrances of  his  friends,  and  went  daily  into 
the  Senate  house  alone  and  unarmed.  He  spoke 
often  of  his  danger  with  entire  openness.  .  ,  . 
"  Better,"  he  said,  "  to  die  at  once  than  live  in 
perpetual  dread  of  treason." — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  26. 

1403.  DEATH  by  Attrition.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Johnson  mentioned  Dr.  Barry's  System  of  Phys- 
ics. "Hewasaman,"  saidhe, "  who  had  acquired 
a  high  reputation  in  Dublin,  came  over  to  Eng- 
land, and  brought  his  reputation  with  him,  but 
had  not  great  success.  His  notion  was,  that 
pulsation  occasions  death  by  attrition  ;  and  that, 
therefore,  the  way  to  preserve  life  is  to  retard 
pulsation.  But  we  know  that  pulsation  is  strong- 
est in  infants,  and  that  we  increase  in  growth 
while  it  operates  in  its  regular  course  ;  so  it  can- 
not be  the  cause  of  destruction."  Soon  after 
this  he  said  something  very  flattering  to  Mrs. 
Thrale,  which  I  do  not  recollect ;  but  it  conclud- 
ed with  wishing  her  long  life.  "  Sir,"  said  I, 
"if  Dr.  Barry's  system  be  true,  you  have  now 


168 


DEATH. 


shortened  Mrs.  Thrale's  life,  perhaps,  some  min- 
utes by  accelerating  her  pulsation." — Boswell's 
Johnson. 

1 404.  DEATH,  Banquet  of.  G(mar  in  Africa. 
The  end  of  Juba  and  Petreius  had  a  wild  splen- 
dor about  it.  They  had  fled  together  from  Thap- 
su3  to  Zama,  Juba's  own  principal  city,  and  they 
were  refused  admission.  Disdaining  to  be  taken 
prisoners,  as  they  knew  they  inevitably  would 
be,  they  went  to  a  country-house  in  the  neigh- 
borhood belonging  to  the  king.  There,  after  a 
'ast  sumptuous  banquet,  they  agreed  to  die  like 
warriors  by  each  other's  hands.  Juba  killed 
Petreius,  and  then  ran  upon  his  own  sword. — 
Fboude's  C^sar,  ch.  24. 

1405. .  Antony.  Antony,  conclud- 
ing that  he  could  not  die  more  honorably  than 
in  battle,  determined  to  attack  Caesar  at  the  same 
time  both  by  sea  and  land.  The  night  preced- 
ing the  execution  of  this  design  he  ordered  his 
servants  at  supper  to  render  him  their  best  ser- 
vices that  evening,  and  fill  the  wine  round  plenti- 
fully, for  the  day  following  they  might  belong 
to  another  master,  while  he  lay  extended  on  the 
ground,  no  longer  of  consequence  either  to  them 
or  to  himself.  [He  lost  the  battle,  and  died  by 
suicide.] — Plutarch's  Antony. 

1406.  DEATH,  Bravado  toward.  Buke  of 
Ouise.  The  Duke  of  Guise  received  repeated  se- 
cret intimations  of  the  assassination  in  prepara- 
tion for  him,  but  treated  them  with  lofty  disdain. 
"  They  dare  not,"  he  exclaimed  ;  and  added 
that  circumstances  had  brought  him  to  such  a 
pitch  of  desperation  that,  even  if  he  saw  death 
coming  in  at  one  of  the  windows,  he  would  not 
take  the  trouble  to  leave  the  room  to  escape  him. 
[He  was  shortly  after  destroyed  by  his  enemies.] 
— Students'  France,  ch.  17,  §  11. 

1407.  DEATH,  Bravery  in.  William  Howard 
Strafford.  It  was  pressed  upon  [Lord]  Strafford 
to  ask  for  a  carriage  to  convey  him  to  the  place  of 
execution,  fearing  that  the  fury  of  the  people 
would  anticipate  the  executioner  and  tear  from 
his  hands  the  victim,  denounced  by  Pym  and 
the  orators  of  the  House  of  Commons  as  the 
public  enemy.  "No,  "replied  Strafford;  "I  know 
how  to  look  death  and  the  people  in  the  face  ; 
whether  I  die  by  the  hand  of  the  executioner  or 
by  the  fury  of  the  populace,  if  it  should  so  please 
them,  matters  little  to  me."  .  .  .  Strafford's 
brother  accompanied  him,  weeping.  ' '  Brother, " 
said  he,  "  why  do  you  grieve  thus  ;  do  you  see 
anything  in  my  life  or  death  which  can  cause 
you  to  feel  any  shame  ?  Do  I  tremble  like  a 
criminal,  or  boast  like  an  atheist  ?  Come,  be 
firm,  and  think  only  that  this  is  my  third  mar- 
riage, and  that  you  are  my  bridesman.  This 
block,"  pointing  to  that  upon  which  he  was  about 
to  lay  his  head,  "  will  be  my  pillow,  and  I  shall 
repose  there  well,  without  pain,  grief,  or  fear." 
— Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  15. 

1408.  DEATH,  Bribery  of.  Riches.  [In  1447 
Cardinal  Henry  Beaufort  died,  aged  eighty  years. 
On  his  death-bed  he  is  reported  by  his  chaplain 
to  have  said,]  Why  should  I  die,  having  so  much 
riches  ?  If  the  whole  realm  would  save  my  life, 
I  am  able  by  policy  to  get  it,  or  by  riches  to  buy 
it.  Fie,  will  not  death  be  hired,  nor  will  money 
do  anything? — Knight's  Eng.,  vol!  2,  ch.  6, 
p.  96. 


1409.  DEATH,  Choice  in.  Sudden.  The  same 
evening,  the  14th  of  March,  Caesar  was  at  a 
"Last  Supper"  at  the  house  of  Lepidus.  The 
conversation  turned  on  death,  and  on  the  kind 
of  death  which  was  most  to  be  desired.  Caesar, 
who  was  signing  papers  while  the  rest  were  talk- 
ing, looked  up  and  said,  "A  sudden  one." — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  26. 

1410.  DEATH,  Companions  in.  Despair.  Some 
violences  committed  against  the  Mantchou  Tar- 
tars had  given  high  provocation  to  this  warlike 
people,  and  they  determined  to  invade  the  em- 
pire. Their  attempt  was  favored  by  an  insur- 
rection in  some  of  the  provinces ;  the  Tartars 
met  with  very  little  resistance.  The  rebel  Chi- 
nese, headed  by  a  mandarin  of  the  name  of  List- 
ching,  joined  themselves  to  the  Tartarian  army, 
and  both  together  took  possession  of  the  impe- 
rial city  of  Pekin.  The  conduct  of  the  Chinese 
emperor  is  unparalleled  in  history ;  without 
making  the  smallest  attempt  to  defend  his  cap- 
ital or  maintain  possession  of  his  throne,  he  shut 
himself  up  in  his  palace,  and  commanded  forty 
of  his  wives  to  hang  themselves  in  his  presence  ; 
he  then  cut  off  his  daughter's  head,  and  ended 
the  catastrophe  by  hanging  himself. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  24. 

1411.  .     AmeHcan  Indians.     The 

chief  within  whose  territory  De  Soto  died  se- 
lected two  young,  well-proportioned  Indians  to 
be  put  to  death,  saying  the  usage  of  the  country 
was,  when  any  lord  died,  to  kill  Indians  to  wait 
on  him  and  serve  him  by  the  way. — Bancroft's 
Hist.  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

1412.  DEATH,  Composure  in.    Duke  of  Mon-\ 
mouth.     He  then  accosted  John  Ketch,  the  ex- 
ecutioner, a  wretch  who  had  butchered  manj 
brave  and  noble  victims,  and  whose  name  hasj 
during  a  century  and  a  half,  been  vulgarly  giver 
to  all  who  have  succeeded  him  in  his  odious  ot\ 
fice.     "  Here,"  said  the  duke,  "are  six  guinea 
for  you.     Do  not  hack  me  as  you  did  my  Lor 
Russell.  I  have  heard  that  you  struck  him  thre 
or  four  times.     My  servant  will  give  you  some 
more  gold  if  you  do  the  work  well."    He  thei 
undressed,  felt  the  edge  of  the  axe,  expressed  som^ 
fear  that  it  was  not  sharp  enough,  and  laid  hi4 
head  on  the  block.  The  divines  in  the  mean  tim< 
continued  to  ejaculate  with  great  energy,  "  Gc 
accept  your  repeatance  ;  God  accept  your  imper-j 
feet  repentance."  [See  ISTo.  1979.] — Macaulay'^ 
Eng.,  ch.  5. 

1413.  DEATH  conquered.   Immortality. 
first  exploits  of  Trajan  were  against  the  Dacians^ 
the  most  warlike  of  men,  who  dwelt  beyond  th^ 
Danube,  and  who,  during  the  reign  of  DomitianJ 
had  insulted,  with  impunity,   the  majesty 
Rome.     To  the  strength  and  fierceness  of  barba 
rians  they  added  a  contempt  for  life,  which  wa 
derived  from  a  warm  persuasion  of  the  immor 
tality  and  transmigration  of  the  soul. — Gibbon'I 
Rome,  ch.  1. 

1414. .     Sir  Henry  Vane.     [ConJ 

demned  by  Charles  II.,  and  awaiting  execution.! 
A  friend  spoke  of  prayer,  that  for  the  presen^ 
the  cup  of  death  might  be  averted.  "  Whj 
should  we  fear  death  ?"  answered  Vane ; 
find  it  rather  shrinks  from  me  than  I  from  it." 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  11. 

1415.  DEATH  conquers.  William  the  Con- 
queror.    The  death-bed  of  William,  according 


DEATH. 


165 


to  the  chroniclers,  was  a  death-bed  of  repentance. 
He  had  always  made  a  profession  of  religion, 
and  he  was  now  surrounded  by  bishops  and 
confessors.  He  spoke,  it  is  related,  of  the  rivers 
of  blood  he  had  shed.  He  lamented  his  barbar- 
ities in  England.  [See  No.  436.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  eh.  16,  p.  218. 

1416.  DEATH,  Contempt  of.  Scandinavians. 
This  characteristic  of  an  absolute  contempt  of 
death .  .  .  was  common  to  all  the  great  parent 
stock.  The  poet  Lucan  .  .  .  assigns  its  true 
cause — the  belief  of  a  future  state,  where  rewards 
were  to  be  bestowed  solely  on  the  brave.  To 
enjoy  the  disgrace  of  dying  a  natural  death,  and 
thus  forfeiting  the  joys  of  Paradise,  the  ferocious 
Scandinavians  had  often  recourse  to  self-destruc- 
tion. An  Icelandic  author  mentions  a  rock  in 
Sweden  from  which  the  old  men  frequently  pre- 
cipitated themselves  into  the  sea,  in  order  that 
they  might  go  directly  to  the  hall  of  Odin. — 
Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  6. 

1417. .  Scandinavians.  Death-song 

of  King  Regner  Lodbrog  .  .  .  King  of  Denmark 
.  . .  about  the  end  of  the  eighth  century,  or  begin- 
ning of  the  ninth. . . .  Lodbrog  seems  to  derive  the 
highest  pleasure  from  recounting  all  the  acts  of 
slaughter  and  carnage  that  he  had  committed  in 
his  lifetime.  These  were  his  only  consolations  ; 
they  were,  in  his  idea,  a  certain  passport  to  the 
joys  of  Paradise,  and  insured  for  him  a  distin- 
guished place  at  the  banquet  of  Odin.  After 
enumerating  a  series  of  heroic  deeds,  but  all  of  a 
most  atrocious  and  sanguinary  nature,  he  thus 
concludes  :  "  What  is  more  beautiful  than  to  see 
the  heroes  pushing  on  through  the  battle,  though 
fainting  with  their  wounds  ?  What  boots  it  that 
the  timid  youth  flies  from  the  combat  ?  he  shall 
not  escape  from  misery  ;  who  can  avoid  the  fate 
which  is  ordained  for  him  ?  I  did  not  dream 
that  I  should  have  fallen  a  sacrifice  to  .^lla, 
whose  shores  I  have  covered  with  heaps  of  the 
slain.  But  there  is  a  never-failing  consolation 
for  my  spirit — the  table  of  Odin  is  prepared  for 
the  brave.  There  the  hero  shall  know  no  grief. 
There  we  shall  quaff  the  amber  liquor  from  the 
capacious  skulls.  I  will  not  tremble  when  I  ap- 
proach the  hall  of  the  god  of  death.  Now  the 
serpents  gnaw  my  vitals  ;  but  it  is  a  cordial  to 
my  soul  that  my  enemy  shall  quickly  follow  me, 
for  my  sons  will  revenge  my  death.  War  was 
my  delight  from  my  youth,  and  from  my  child- 
hood I  was  pleased  with  the  bloody  spear.  No 
sigh  shall  disgrace  my  last  moments.  The  im- 
mortals will  not  disdain  to  admit  me  into  their 
presence.  Here  let  me  end  my  song — the  heav- 
enly virgins  summon  me  away — the  hours  of  my 
life  are  at  an  end — I  exult  and  smile  at  death  1" 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  6. 

1418.  DEATH,  Cowardly.  Nero.  The  poor 
wretch  who,  without  a  pang,  had  caused  so 
many  brave  Romans  and  so  many  innocent 
Christians  to  be  murdered,  could  not  summon 
up  resolution  to  die.  He  devised  every  operatic 
incident  of  which  he  could  think.  When  even 
his  most  degraded  slaves  urged  him  to  have  suf- 
ficient manliness  to  save  himself  from  the  fearful 
infamies  which  otherwise  awaited  him,  he  or- 
dered his  grave  to  be  dug,  and  fragments  of  mar- 
ble to  be  collected  for  its  adornment,  and  water 
and  ^ood  for  his  funeral  pyre,  perpetually  whin- 
ing, ' '  What  an  artist  to  perish  J"    Meanwhile  a 


courier  arrived  for  Phaon.  Nero  snatched  his 
despatches  out  of  his  hand,  and  read  that  the 
Senate  had  decided  that  he  should  be  punished 
in  the  ancestral  fashion  as  a  public  enemy.  Ask- 
ing what  the  ancestral  fashion  was,  he  was  in- 
formed that  he  would  be  stripped  naked  and 
scourged  to  death  with  rods,  with  his  head  thrust 
into  a  fork.  Horrified  at  this,  he  seized  two  dag- 
gers, and  after  theatrically  trying  their  edges, 
sheathed  them  again,  with  the  excuse  that  the  fa- 
tal moment  had  not  yet  arrived  !  Then  he  bade 
Sporus  begin  to  sing  his  funeral  song,  and  beg- 
ged some  one  to  show  him  how  to  die.  Even 
his  own  intense  shame  at  his  cowardice  was  an 
insufficient  stimulus,  and  he  whiled  away  the 
time  in  vapid  epigrams  and  pompous  quotations. 
The  sound  of  horses'  hoofs  then  broke  on  his 
ears,  and,  venting  one  more  Greek  quotation,  he 
held  the  dagger  to  his  throat.  It  was  driven 
home  by  Epaphroditus,  one  of  his  literary  slaves. 
At  this  moment  the  centurion  who  came  to  arrest 
him  rushed  in.  ...  So  died  the  last  of  the  Cae- 
sars ! — Farrar's  Early  Days,  ch.  4,  p.  44. 

1419.  DEATH,  Deceived  in.  By  Friends. 
[Henry  V.  was  on  his  death-bed,  and]  having 
delivered  his  last  wishes,  he  asked  the  physicians 
how  long  he  might  expect  to  live.  They  said 
the  Almighty  had  power  to  restore  him  to  health. 
He  repeated  the  question,  requiring  a  direct  an- 
swer. The  answer  was.  Not  more  than  two  hours. 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  5,  p.  74. 

1420.  DEATH,  Deception  in.  Pi-iest.  [The 
Duchess  of  Portsmouth,  one  of  the  king's  mis- 
tresses, proposed  a  priest  for  the  dying  king, 
Charles  II.]  The  duke's  orders  were  obeyed; 
and  even  the  physicians  withdrew.  The  back 
door  was  then  opened,  and  Father  Huddleston 
entered.  A  cloak  had  been  thrown  over  his  sa- 
cred vestments,  and  his  shaven  crown  was  con- 
cealed by  a  flowing  wig.  "  Sir,"  said  the  duke, 
' '  this  good  man  once  saved  your  I'f e.  He  now 
comes  to  save  your  soul."  Charles  faintly  an- 
swered, "He  is  welcome."  Huddleston  went 
through  his  part  better  than  had  been  expected. 
He  knelt  by  the  bed,  listened  to  the  confession, 
pronounced  the  absolution,  and  administered 
extreme  unction.  —  Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  4, 
p.  407. 

1421.  DEATH,  Defiant  in.  Charles  XII. 
[King  of  Sweden  at  Frederickshall.]  At  the  siege 
of  this  town,  on  November  30,  1718  (old  style), 
this  inveterate  warrior  received  the  fatal  blow 
which  ended  his  troublous  and  eventful  career. 
He  was  struck  in  the  head  with  a  cannon  ball, 
and  though  death  must  have  been  instantaneous, 
he  was  found  with  his  right  hand  firmly  grasp- 
ing the  handle  of  his  sword,  so  prompt  was  he 
to  put  himself  in  an  attitude  of  defence. — 
White's  Swedenborg,  ch.  2,  p.  83. 

1422.  DEATH,  Encouragement  in.  God  liveth. 
[At  the  death  of  Mahomet]  fanaticism  alone 
could  suggest  a  ray  of  hope  and  consolation. 
"  Plow  can  he  be  dead,  our  witness,  our  interces- 
sor, our  mediator,  with  God  ?  By  God  he  is  not 
dead  ;  like  Moses  and  Jesus,  he  is  wrapped  in  a 
holy  trance,  and  speedily  will  he  return  to  his 
faithful  people. "  The  evidence  of  sense  was  dis- 
regarded ;  and  Omar,  unsheathing  his  cimeter, 
threatened  to  strike  off  the  heads  of  the  infidels 
who  should  dare  to  affirm  that  the  prophet  was 
no  more.      The  tumult  was  appeased  by  the 


170 


DEATH. 


"Vf eight  and  moderation  of  Abubeker.  "Is  it 
Mahomet,"  said  he  to  Omar  and  the  multitude, 
"or  the  God  of  Mahomet,  whom  you  worship  ? 
The  God  of  Mahomet  liveth  forever ;  but  the 
apostle  was  a  mortal  like  ourselves,  and,  accord- 
ing to  his  own  prediction,  he  has  experienced 
the  common  fate  of  mortality."  He  was  piously 
interred  by  the  hands  of  his  nearest  kinsman,  on 
the  same  spot  on  which  he  expired. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  50. 

1423.  DEATH,  Fear  of.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Mr,  Henderson,  with  whom  I  had  sauntered  in 
the  venerable  walks  of  Merton  College,  and 
found  him  a  very  learned  and  pious  man,  supped 
with  us.  Dr.  .Johnson  surprised  him  not  a  little 
by  acknowledging,  with  a  look  of  horror,  that  he 
was  much  oppressed  by  the  fear  of  death.  The 
amiable  Dr.  Adams  suggested  that  God  was  in- 
finitely good.  Johnson  :  "  That  He  is  infinitely 
good,  as  far  as  the  perfection  of  His  nature  will 
allow,  I  certainly  believe  ;  but  it  is  necessary  for 
good  upon  the  whole,  that  individuals  should  be 
punished.  As  to  an  individual,  therefore,  He  is 
not  infinitely  good  ;  and  as  I  cannot  be  sure  that 
I  have  fulfilled  the  conditions  on  which  salva- 
tion is  granted,  I  am  afraid  I  may  be  one  of  those 
who  shall  be  damned."  (Looking  dismally.)  Dr. 
Adams:  "What  do  you  mean  by  damned?" 
Johnson  (passionately  and  loudly):"  Sent  to 
hell,  sir,  and  punished  everlastingly."  Dr.  Ad- 
ams :  "  I  don't  believe  that  doctrine."  Johnson: 
"  Hold,  sir  ;  do  you  believe  that  some  will  be  pun- 
ished at  all  ?"  Dr.  Adams  :  "  Being  excluded 
from  heaven  will  be  a  punishment ;  yet  there 
may  be  no  great  positive  suffering."  Johnson  : 
"  Well,  sir  ;  but  if  you  admit  any  degree  of  pun- 
ishment, there  is  an  end  of  your  argument  for  in- 
finite goodness,  simply  considered  ;  for  infinite 
goodness  would  inflict  no  puiiishment  whatever. 
There  is  not  infinite  goodness,  physically  consid- 
ered ;  morally,  there  is. " — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  524. 

1424. .  The  Druids.  They  ap- 
pear to  have  taught  the  immortality  of  the 
soul,  or  rather  the  transmigration  of  souls,  and 
a  future  state  of  rewards  and  punishments. 
"  They  lay  special  stress,"  says  Caesar,  "  upon  the 
doctrine  that  souls  do  not  perish,  but  pass  after 
death  into  other  bodies  ;  considering  this  as  a 
most  powerful  stimulus  to  bravery  and  courage, 
since  it  tends  to  remove  altogether  the  fear  of 
death." — Students'  France,  ch.  1,  §  10-12. 

1425.  DEATH,  Feast  of.  American  Aborig- 
ines. Of  the  strength  and  ardor  of  their  affec- 
tions there  can  be  no  evidence  so  strong  as  that 
which  arises  from  their  treatment  of  the  dead. 
Believing  in  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  they 
bury  along  with  the  deceased  his  bow  and  ar- 
rows, together  with  the  most  splendid  ornaments 
which  belonged  to  him.  They  attend  him  to  the 
grave  with  the  deepest  manifestations  of  sorrow, 
and  those  who  are  his  nearest  relations  retire  for 
a  great  length  of  time  to  their  huts,  and  refuse  to 
take  any  concern  in  the  active  occupations  of 
the  tribe.  But  this  is  not  all ;  their  concern  for 
the  dead  is  manifested  in  a  manner  yet  more 
striking,  by  a  ceremony  the  most  solemn  and 
the  most  awfully  affecting  that  imagination  can 
devise.  At  stated  periods  is  held  what  is  termed 
the  feast  of  the  dead,  or  the  feast  of  souls,  when 
all  the  bodies  of  those  who  have  died  since  the 


last  ceremony  of  that  kind  are  taken  out  of  theii 
graves,  and  brought  together  from  the  greatest 
distances  to  one  place.  A  great  pit  is  dug  in  the 
ground  ;  and  thither,  at  a  certain  time,  each  per- 
son, attended  by  his  family  and  friends,  marches 
in  solemn  silence,  bearing  the  dead  body  of  a 
son,  father,  or  a  brother.  These  are  deposited 
in  the  pit,  from  which  each  person  takes  a  hand- 
ful of  earth,  which  he  preserves  afterward  with 
the  most  religious  care. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
6,  ch.  21. 

1426.  DEATH,  Fortitude  in.  American  Ind- 
ians. [Brebeuf ,  the  Jesuit  missionary,  describes 
the  tortures  of  an  Iroquois  prisoner,  preceded 
by  a  feast.]  To  the  crowd  of  his  guests  he 
declared:  "My  brothers,  I  am  going  to  die; 
make  merry  around  me  with  good  heart ;  I  am 
a  man  ;  I  fear  neither  death  nor  your  torments," 
and  he  sang  aloud.  .  .  .  Torments  lasted  till 
after  sunrise,  when  the  wretched  victim,  bruis- 
ed, gashed,  mutilated,  half  roasted  and  scalped, 
was  carried  out  of  the  village  and  hacked  in 
pieces  — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

1427.  DEATH,  An  honorable.  Bunyan.  His 
end  was  characteristic.  It  was  brought  on 
by  exposure  when  he  was  engaged  in  an  act  of 
charity.  A  quarrel  had  broken  out  in  a  family 
at  Reading  with  which  Bunyan  had  some  ac- 
quaintance. A  father  had  taken  offence  at  his 
son,  and  threatened  to  disinherit  him.  Bunyan 
undertook  a  journey  on  horseback  from  Bedford 
to  Reading  in  the  hope  of  reconciling  them.  He 
succeeded,  but  at  the  cost  of  his  life.  Returning 
by  London,  he  was  overtaken  on  the  road  by  a 
storm  of  rain,  and  was  wetted  through  before  he 
could  find  shelter.  The  chill,  falling  on  a  consti- 
tution already  weakened  by  illness,  brought  on 
fever.  He  was  able  to  reach  the  house  of  Mr. 
Strudwick,  one  of  his  London  friends ;  but  he 
never  left  his  bed  afterward.  In  ten  days  he 
was  dead. — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  9. 

142S.  DEATH,  Impassioned.  Alexander. 
Whole  days  and  nights  were  consumed  in  riot 
and  debauchery  ...  at  Ecbatana.  .  .  .  Amid 
these  tumultuous  pleasures  the  death  of  He- 
phaestion,  whom  Alexander  loved  with  sincere 
affection,  threw  him  into  a  paroxysm  of  despair. 
He  commanded  the  physicians  who  attended  him 
to  be  put  to  death  ;  he  accused  the  gods  as  con- 
spiring with  them  to  deprive  him  of  a  life  more 
dear  to  him  than  his  own  ;  he  ordered  a  public 
mourning,  and  that  the  sacred  fires  should  be 
extinguished  through  all  Asia,  an  omen  which 
both  his  friends  and  enemies  regarded  as  of  the 
blackest  import. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  4. 

1429.  DEATH,  Information  of.  Samuel  John- 
son. Johnson,  with  that  native  fortitude  which, 
amid  all  his  bodily  distress  and  mental  suffer- 
ings, never  forsook  him,  asked  Dr.  Brocklesby, 
as  a  man  in  whom  he  had  confidence,  to  tell  him 
plainly  whether  he  could  recover.  "  Give  me," 
said  he,  "  a  direct  answer."  The  doctor,  having 
first  asked  him  if  he  could  bear  the  whole  truth, 
which  way  soever  it  might  lead,  and  being  an- 
swered that  he  could,  declared  that,  in  his  opin- 
ion, he  could  not  recover  without  a  miracle. 
"  Then , "  said  Johnson ,"  I  will  take  no  more  phys- 
ic, not  even  my  opiates  ;  for  I  have  prayed  that 
I  may  render  up  my  soul  to  God  unclouded." 
In  this  resolution  he  persevered,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  used  only  the  weakest  kinds  of  sustenance 


DEATH. 


171 


Being  pressed  by  Mr.  "Windham  to  take  some- 
Tvhat  more  generous  nourishment,  lest  too  low  a 
diet  should  have  the  very  effect  which  he  dread- 
ed, by  debilitating  his  mind,  he  said  :  "  I  will 
take  anything  but  inebriating  sustenance." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  563. 

1430.  DEATH,  Patriotic.  Captain  Nathan 
Hale.  September,  1776.  [The  British  entered 
New  York.]  He  volunteered  to  venture  under 
disguise  within  the  British  lines.  .  .  .  He  was 
seized,  .  .  .  frankly  avowed  his  name  and  rank 
in  the  American  army.  .  .  .  Howe  ordered  him 
to  be  executed  the  next  morning.  ...  As  he  as- 
cended the  gallows,  he  said  :  "  I  only  regret  that 
I  have  but  one  life  to  lose  for  my  covmtry." — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  7. 

1431.  DEATH  permitted.  Malwmet.  In  a  fa- 
miliar discourse  he  mentioned  his  special  prerog- 
ative ;  that  the  angel  of  death  was  not  allowed  to 
take  his  soul  till  he  had  respectfully  asked  the 
permission  of  the  prophet.  The  request  was 
granted  ;  and  Mahomet  immediately  fell  into  the 
agony  of  his  dissolution. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
50. 

1432.  DEATH,  Prayer  in.  Mahomet.  His 
head  was  reclined  on  the  lap  of  Ayesha,  the  best 
beloved  of  all  his  wives  ;  he  fainted  with  the  vio- 
lence of  pain  ;  recovering  his  spirits,  he  raised 
his  eyes  toward  the  roof  of  the  house,  and,  with 
a  steady  look,  though  a  faltering  voice,  uttered 
the  last  broken  though  articulate  words :  "  O 
God !  .  .  .  pardon  my  sins.  .  .  .  Yes  ...  I 
come  .  .  .  among  my  fellow-citizens  on  high  ;" 
and  thus  peaceably  expired  on  a  carpet  spread 
upon  the  floor. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50. 

1433. .  Luther.  His  friends  com- 
forted him,  and  administered  medicines.  But 
a^ain  he  spoke :  "I  am  passing  away ;  I  shall 
give  up  my  spirit."  Then  he  repeated  in  Latin, 
quickly  and  three  times  in  succession,  the  words, 
"  Father,  into  thy  hands  I  commend  my  spirit ; 
Thou  hast  redeemed  me.  Thou  faithful  God." — 
Rein's  Luther,  ch.  25,  p.  195. 

1434. .  Cromwell.  "Lord,  al- 
though I  am  a  wretched  and  miserable  creature, 
I  am  in  covenant  with  Thee  through  grace,  and 
I  may,  I  will,  come  unto  Thee  for  my  people. 
Thou  hast  made  me  a  mean  instrument  to  do 
them  some  good,  and  Thee  service  ;  and  many 
of  them  have  set  too  high  a  value  upon  me, 
though  others  wish  and  would  be  glad  of  my 
death.  But,  Lord,  however  Thou  dost  dispose 
of  me,  continue  to  go  on,  and  do  good  for  them. 
Give  them  consistency  of  judgment,  one  heart, 
and  mutual  love  ;  and  go  on  to  deliver  them,  and 
with  the  work  of  reformation,  and  make  the 
name  of  Christ  glorious  in  the  world.  Teach 
those  who  look  too  much  upon  thy  instruments 
to  depend  more  upon  thyself.  Pardon  such  as 
desire  to  trample  upon  the  dust  of  a  poor  worm, 
for  they  are  thy  people  too ;  and  pardon  the 
folly  of  this  short  prayer,  for  Jesus  Christ  His 
sake,  and  give  us  a  good  night  if  it  be  thy 
pleasure." — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  17,  p.  223. 

1435.  DEATH,  Preparation  for.  German  Bar- 
barians.  All  agreed  that  a  life  spent  in  arms, 
and  a  glorious  death  in  battle,  were  the  best  prep- 
arations for  a  happy  futurity,  either  in  this  or 
in  another  world. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  9. 


1436.  .       MaJwmet.      His  mortal 

disease  was  a  fever  of  fourteen  days,  which  de- 
prived him  by  intervals  of  the  use  of  reason.  Aa 
soon  as  he  was  conscious  of  his  danger  he  edi- 
fied his  brethren  by  the  humility  of  his  virtue  or 
penitence.  "  If  there  be  any  man,"  said  the 
apostle  from  the  pulpit,  "  whom  I  have  unjustly 
scourged,  I  submit  my  own  back  to  the  lash  of 
retaliation.  Have  I  aspersed  the  reputation  of  a 
Mussulman  ?  let  him  proclaim  my  thoughts  in 
the  face  of  the  congregation.  Has  any  one  been 
despoiled  of  his  goods  ?  the  little  that  I  possess 
shall  compensate  the  principal  and  the  interest 
of  the  debt."  "  Yes,"  replied  a  voice  from  the 
crowd,  "  I  am  entitled  to  three  drams  of  silver," 
Mahomet  heard  the  complaint,  satisfied  the  de- 
mand, and  thanked  his  creditor  for  accusing  him 
in  this  world  rather  than  at  the  day  of  judgment. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50. 

1437. .     Samuel  Johnson.     About 

eight  or  ten  days  before  his  death,  when  Dr. 
Brocklesby  paid  him  his  morning  visit,he  seemed 
very  low  and  desponding,  and  said:  "I  have 
been  as  a  dying  man  all  night."  He  then  em- 
phatically broke  out  in  the  words  of  Shake- 
speare : 
"  Canst  thou  not  minister  to  a  mind  diseas'd  ; 

Pluck  from  the  memory  a  rooted  soitow  ; 

Raze  out  the  written  troubles  of  the  brain  ; 

And,  with  some  sweet  oblivious  antidote. 

Cleanse  the  stuff'd  bosom  of  that  perilous 
stuff 

Which  weighs  upon  the  heart  ?" 
To  which  Dr.   Brocklesby  readily  answered, 
from  the  same  great  poet : 

" therein  the  patient 

Must  minister  to  himself." 

— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  658. 

1438. .   Capture  of  Cordova.  When 

the  result  of  the  battle  was  known  the  leading 
citizen,  who  had  headed  the  revolt  against  Caesar, 
gathered  all  that  belonged  to  him  into  a  heap, 
poured  turpentine  over  it,  and,  after  a  last  feast 
with  his  family,  burnt  himself,  his  house,  his 
children,  and  servants. — Froude's  C^iESAR,  ch. 
25. 

1439.  DEATH,  Reflections  in.  Cardinal  Wol- 
sey.  On  his  death-bed  his  thoughts  still  clung 
to  the  prince  whom  he  had  served.  "  Had  I  but 
served  God  as  diligently  as  I  have  served  the 
king,"  murmured  the  dying  man,  "  He  would 
not  have  given  me  over  in  my  gray  hairs.  But 
this  is  my  due  reward  for  my  pains  and  study, 
not  regarding  my  service  to  God,  but  only  my 
duty  to  my  prince." — English  People,  §  562. 

1440.  DEATH,  Eesults  of.  Christian's.  They 
testified  their  attachment  for  the  cause  of  the 
pope  by  the  murder  of  the  Calvinist  Anne  du 
Bourg,  a  heroic  confessor  of  the  Protestant  faith. 
"  Six  feet  of  earth  for  my  body,  and  the  infinite 
heavens  for  my  soul,  is  what  I  shall  soon  have," 
cried  Anne  du  Bourg  at  sight  of  the  scaffold,  and 
in  presence  of  her  executioners. — Lamartine's 
Mary  Stuart,  p.  7. 

1441.  DEATH,  Sayings  in.  Sir  Henry  Vane. 
When  he  attempted  to  speak  the  trumpets 
sounded  to  drown  his  voice.  Enthusiasm  wept 
for  him  while  it  admired  him  I  At  last  he 
turned  aside,  exclaming,  "It  is  a  bad  cause 
which  cannot  hear  the  words  of  a  dying  man." 
He  seems  to  have  been  permitted  to  pray  a  little 


m 


DEATH. 


in  peace ;  such  sentences  as  the  following  fell 
from  him,  recorded  by  Sykes:  "Bring  us,  O 
Lord,  into  the  true  mystical  Sabbath,  that  we 
may  cease  from  our  works,  rest  from  our  labors, 
and  become  a  meet  habitation  for  thy  Spirit," 
etc.,  etc.  His  last  words  were  :  "  Father,  glorify 
thy  servant  in  the  sight  of  men,  that  he  may 
glorify  Thee  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  to 
Tliee  and  to  his  country."  Thereupon  he 
stretched  out  his  arms  ;  in  an  instant  swift  fell 
the  stroke,  and  the  head  of  one  of  the  greatest 
and  purest  beings  that  ever  adorned  our  world 
rolled  on  the  scaffold  ! — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch. 
18,  p.  254. 

1442.  BE ATH,  A  seeming.  Swedenborg. 
While  Swedenborg  was  living  in  Sweden,  in 
1751,  his  old  friend  and  coadjutor,  Polheim, 
died  ;  and  Swedenborg  was  favored  with  a  view 
of  both  sides  of  his  grave.  Writing  in  his  "  Spir- 
itual Diary,"  he  says  :  "  Polheim  died  on  Mon- 
day, and  spoke  with  me  on  Thursday.  I  w  as 
invited  to  the  funeral.  He  saw  the  hearse,  the 
attendants,  and  the  whole  procession.  He  also 
saw  them  let  down  the  coffin  into  the  grave,  and 
conversed  Avith  me  while  it  was  going  on,  asking 
me  why  they  buried  him,  when  he  was  alive. 
And  when  the  priest  pronounced  that  he  would 
rise  again  at  the  day  of  judgment,  he  asked  why 
this  was,  when  he  had  already  risen.  He  won- 
dered that  such  a  belief  should  prevail,  consider- 
ing that  he  was  even  now  alive  ;  he  also  won- 
dered at  the  belief  in  the  resurrection  of  the 
body,  for  he  said  he  felt  that  he  was  in  the  body." 
— Swedenborg,  ch.  10,  p.  77. 

1443.  DEATH,  Self-evoked.  Marius.  Marius 
[one  of  the  thirty  Roman  tyrants]  was  killed  by 
a  soldier  who  had  formerly  served  as  a  workman 
in  his  shop,  and  who  exclaimed,  as  he  struck, 
"  Behold  the  sword  which  thyself  hast  forged  !" 
— Note  in  Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  10,  p.  323. 

1444.  DEATH,  Strength  for.  Cromwell.  He 
called  for  his  Bible,  and  desired  an  honorable 
and  godly  person  there,  with  others  present,  to 
read  unto  him  that  passage  in  Phil.  4  :  11-13  : 
"  Not  that  I  speak  in  respect  of  want :  for  I  have 
learned,  in  whatsoever  state  I  am,  therewith  to 
be  content.  I  know  both  how  to  be  abased,  and 
I  know  how  to  abound  :  everywhere  and  in  all 
things  I  am  instructed  both  to  be  full  and  to  be 
hungry,  both  to  abound  and  to  suffer  need.  1 
can  do  all  things  through  Christ  which  strength- 
enth  me."  Which  read,  said  he,  to  use  his  own 
words  as  near  as  we  can  remember  them,  "  This 
Scripture  did  once  save  my  life,  when  my  eldest 
son,  poor  Oliver,  died,  which  went  as  a  dagger 
to  my  heart — indeed  it  did."  And  then,  repeat- 
ing the  words  of  the  text  himself,  and  reading 
the  tenth  and  eleventh  verses  of  St.  Paul's  con- 
tentment and  submission  to  the  will  of  God  in 
all  conditions,  said  he  :  "  It's  true,  Paul,  you  have 
learned  this,  and  attained  to  this  measure  of 
grace  ;  but  what  shall  I  do  ?  Ah,  poor  creature, 
it  is  a  hard  lesson  for  me  to  take  out !  I  find  it 
so."  But  reading  on  to  the  thirteenth  verse, 
where  Paul  saith,  "I  can  do  all  things  through 
Christ  which  strengthen  me,"  then  faith  began 
work,  and  his  heart  to  find  support  and  comfort, 
and  he  said  thus  to  himself,  "  He  that  was  Paul's 
Christ  is  my  Christ  too  ;"  and  so  ' '  he  drew  water 
out  of  the  wells  of  salvation." — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch,  17,  p.  221. 


1445.  DEATH,  Study  in.  Dutch  Explorer. 
A.D.  1596.  Barentzen  sought  to  go  round  Nova 
Zembla  [seeking  a  north-east  passage  for  Dutch 
commerce],  and  when  his  ship  was  hopelessly 
enveloped  by  ice  had  the  courage  to  encamp 
his  crew  on  the  desolate  northern  shore  of  the 
island,  and  cheer  them  during  a  winter  rendered 
horrible  by  famine,  cold,  and  the  fierce  attacks 
of  huge  white  bears,  whom  hunger  had  mad- 
dened. When  spring  came  the  gallant  company, 
traversing  more  than  sixteen  hundred  miles  in 
two  open  boats,  were  tossed  for  three  months  by 
storms  among  icebergs,  before  they  could  reach 
the  shelter  of  the  White  Sea.  Barentzen  sunk 
under  his  trials,  but  was  engaged  in  poring 
over  a  sea-chart  as  he  died.  The  expeditions  of 
the  Dutch  were  without  a  parallel  for  daring. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

1446.  DEATH,  Substitutional.  Military.  [The 
soldiers  of  Marcus  Crassus  were  defeated  m  au , 
engagement.]  The  first  500,  who  had  sho^ 
the  greatest  marks  of  cowardice,  he  divide 
into  fifty  parts,  and  put  one  in  each  decade 
death,  to  whose  lot  it  might  happen  to  fall ;  thi 
reviving  an  ancient  custom  of  military  punisld 
ment  which  had  been  long  disused.  Indeed  J 
this  kind  of  punishment  is  the  greatest  mark  of 
infamy,  and  being  put  in  execution  in  sight 
of  the  whole  army  is  attended  with  many  awl 
ful  and  affecting  circumstances. — Plutaroh'I 
Crassus. 

1447.  DEATH,  Sudden.  Washington.  Or 
the  morning  of  the  13th  [of  December,  1799]  tM 
general  was  engaged  in  making  some  improve 
ments  in  the  front  of  Mount  Vernon.  ...  Th€ 
day  became  rainy  with  sleet  .  .  .  [lie  became 
wet]  before  his  return  to  the  house.  About  one 
o'clock  he  was  seized  with  chilliness  and  nauseaj 
but,  having  changed  his  clothes,  sat  down  to  hi 
indoor  work.  ...  At  night  .  .  .  remaine 
writing  until  between  eleven  and  twelve  o'clocl 
[He  died  about  ten  o'clock  on  the  fol]owin| 
night.] — CusTis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  24. 

144§.  DEATH,  Testimony  in.   Lm^d  Montrose} 
[A  splendid  Scotch  nobleman,  who  vainly  at 
tempted  a  revolution  in  Scotland  favorable  to  ex^ 
iled  Charles  II.]     They  announced  that  the  sen| 
tence  condemned  him  "  to  be  hung  on  a  gibbe| 
thirty  feet  high,  where  he  was  to  be  exposed  dm 
ing  three  hours  ;  that  his  head  would  then  be  cu| 
off  and  nailed  to  the  gates  of  his  prison, and  tha| 
his  arms  and  legs,  severed  from  his  body,  woulc 
be  distributed  to  the  four  principal  cities  of  the 
kingdom."     "  I  only  wish,"  replied  Montrose^ 
"that   I   had    limbs    enough   to   be  disperse 
through  every  city  in  Europe,  to  bear  testimonj 
in  the  cause  for  which  I  have  fought  and  ar 
content  to  die."  —  Lamartine's    Cromweli 
p.  52. 

1 449.  DEATH,  Thoughts  in,  BonaparteM 
"  France^  tht,  army,  Josephine,"  were  the  lastimj 
ages  which  lingered  in  the  heart  and  the  laa^ 
words  which  trembled  on  the  lips  of  the  dyina 
emperor.  —  Abbott's  Napoleon  B.  ,  vol.  3] 
ch.  34. 

1450.  DEATH,  Thoughts  of,   Samuel  Johnson.^ 
BoswELL  :  ' '  But  is  not  the  fear  of  death  natural 
toman  ?"    Johnson  :  "  So  much  so,  sir,  that  the; 
whole  of  life  is  but  keeping  away  the  thoughts 
of  it."    He  then,   in  a  low  and  earnest  tone. 


DEATH— DEBT. 


173 


talked  of  his  meditating  upon  the  awful  hour  of 
his  own  dissolution,  and  in  what  manner  he 
should  conduct  himself  upon  that  occasion  :  "  I 
know  not,"  said  he,  "  whether  I  should  wish  to 
have  a  friend  by  me,  or  have  it  all  between  God 
and  myself." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  165. 

1451.  DEATH,  Tranquillity  in.  Socrates.  On 
the  day  of  his  death  he  discoursed,  with  uncom- 
mon force  of  eloquence,  on  the  immortality  of 
the  soul,  on  the  influence  that  persuasion  ought 
to  have  on  the  conduct  of  life,  and  on  the  com- 
fort it  diffused  on  the  last  moments  of  existence. 
He  drank  the  poisoned  cup  without  the  smallest 
emotion  ;  and  in  the  agony  of  death  showed  to 
his  attending  friends  an  example  of  tranquillity 
which  their  deep-felt  grief  denied  them  all  power 
of  imitating.  The  narrative  of  this  concluding 
scene,  as  it  is  given  by  Plato  in  his  dialogue  en- 
titled "  Phsedon,"  is  one  of  the  noblest  specimens 
of  simple,  eloquent,  and  pathetic  description 
which  is  anywhere  to  be  met  with — a  narrative, 
to  the  force  of  which  Cicero  bears  this  strong  testi- 
mony, that  he  never  could  read  it  without  tears. 
Such  was  the  end  of  this  true  philosopher,  of 
whom  his  ungrateful  conntrymeu  knew  not  the 
value  till  they  had  destroyed  him.  —  Tytleb's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  2. 

1452.  DEATH,  Triumph  in.  Battle  of  Qxiebec. 
[General]  Wolfe,  leading  the  charge,  was  wound- 
ed in  the  wrist.  Again  he  was  struck,  but 
pressed  on  at  the  head  of  his  grenadiers.  Just 
at  the  moment  of  victory  a  third  ball  pierced  his 
l)reast,  and  he  sank  quivering  to  the  earth. 
"  TheyTun,  they  run  !"  said  the  attendant  who 
bent  over  him.  "  Who  run  Y'  was  the  feeble  re- 
sponse. "The  French  are  flying  everywhere," 
replied  the  officer.  "  Do  they  run  already  ? 
Then  1  die  happy,"  said  the  expiring  hero  ;  and 
his  spirit  passed  away  amid  the  smoke  of  battle. 
— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  35,  p.  276. 

1453.  DEATH,  Triumphant  in,  "Stonewall" 
Jackson.  [Having  received  several  severe  wounds 
at  Chancellorsville,  his  arm  was  amputated. 
Pneumonia  set  in,  and  death  followed.]  Advis- 
ing his  wife,  in  the  event  of  his  death,  to  return 
to  her  father's  house,  he  remarked  :  "  You  have  a 
kind  and  good  father  ;  but  there  is  no  one  so  kind 
and  good  as  your  Heavenly  Father."  When  she 
told  him  the  doctors  did  not  think  he  could  live 
two  hours,  although  he  did  not  himself  expect  to 
die,  he  replied  :  "  It  will  be  infinite  gain  to  be 
translated  to  heaven  and  be  with  Jesus." — Pol- 
lard's Second  Year  of  the  War,  ch.  10, 
p.  265. 

1454.  DEATH  by  Violence.  Roman  Emperors. 
Such  was  the  unhappy  condition  of  the  Roman 
emperors,  that,  whatever  might  be  their  con- 
duct, their  fate  was  commonly  the  same.  A  life 
of  pleasure  or  virtue,  of  severity  or  mildness,  of 
indolence  or  glory,  alike  led  to  an  untimely 
grave  ;  and  almost  every  reign  is  closed  by  the 
«ame  disgusting  repetition  of  treason  and  mur- 
der.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12. 

1455.  DEATH  welcomed.  Defeat.  [At  the 
battle  of  Quebec  the  victorious  General  Wolfe 
defeated  the  French,  but  died  of  his  wounds. 
When  the  French  ran,  General]  Montcalm,  still 
attempting  to  rally  his  broken  regiments,  was 
struck  with  a  ball,  and  fell.  "  Shall  I  survive  ?" 
said  he  to  his  surgeon.     "But  a  few  hours  at 


most,"  replied  the  attendant.     "So  much   the 
better,"  replied  the  heroic  Frenchman  ;  "  I  shall 
not  live  to  witness  the  surrender  of  Quebec." 
[See  more  at  No.  1452.]  —  Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  35,  p.  276. 

1456.  DEATH  of  the  Wicked.  Alexand&r. 
The  first  person  that  brought  the  news  of  Alex- 
ander's death  was  Asclepiades,  the  son  of  Hip- 
parchus.  Demades  desired  the  people  to  give 
no  credit  to  it.  "  For,"  said  he,  "  if  Alexander 
were  dead,  the  whole  world  would  smell  the  car- 
cass."— Plutarch's  Phocion. 

1457.  DEBATE,  Personality  in.  SamuelJohn- 
son.  His  Majesty  then  talked  of  the  controversy 
between  Warburton  and  Lowth, which  he  seemed 
to  have  read,  and  asked  Johnson  what  he  thought 
of  it.  Johnson  answered  :  "  Warburton  has 
most  general,  most  scholastic,  learning  ;  Lowth 
is  the  more  correct  scholar.  I -do  not  know 
which  of  them  calls  names  best."  The  king 
was  pleased  to  say  he  was  of  the  same  opinion  ; 
adding,  "You  do  not  think  then.  Dr.  Johnson, 
that  there  was  much  argument  in  the  case." 
Johnson  said  he  did  not  think  there  was.  ' '  Why, 
truly,"  said  the  king,  "when  once  it  comes  to 
calling  names,  argument  is  pretty  well  at  an 
end." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  151. 

145§.  DEBAUCHERY,  Eoyal.  Catherine  II. 
[Of  Russia.]  The  common  belief  is,  that  she  had 
a  new  lover  about  every  three  months,  who  was 
then  dismissed  with  gifts  and  pensions  One 
author  informs  us  that  she  expended  in  this 
way,  during  her  reign,  a  sum  of  money  equal, 
in  our  present  currency,  to  $200,000,000.  Lov- 
ers she  may  have  had  ;  but  when  I  read  her 
pleasant,  innocent,  and  high-bred  letters  to  tho 
great  men  of  her  time,  and  when  I  run  over 
the  catalogue  of  the  immense  and  solid  benefits 
which  she  bestowed  upon  her  country,  I  find  it 
impossible  to  believe  that  she  ever  abandoned 
herself  to  systematic  debauchery. — Cyclope- 
dia OF  BiOG. ,  p.  404. 

1459.  DEBT,  Imprisonment  for.  England.  In 
the  debtors'  prison  at  Sheffield  [John]  Howard 
found  a  cutler  plying  his  trade,  who  was  in  jail 
for  thirty  cents.  The  fees  of  the  court  which  had 
consigned  him  to  prison  amounted  to  nearly  $5, 
and  this  sum  he  had  been  for  several  years  trying 
to  earn  in  prison.  In  another  jail  there  was  a 
man,  with  a  wife  and  five  children,  confined  for 
court  fees  of  about  $1  and  jailer's  fees  of  eighty 
cents.  This  man  was  confined  in  the  same  apart- 
ment with  robbers  and  murderers,  and  had 
little  hope  of  being  able  to  raise  the  money  for 
his  discharge.  All  such  debtors  —  and  they 
were  numerous  then  in  England  —  Howard  re- 
leased by  paying  their  debts. — Cyclopedia  op 
BiOG.,  p.  56. 

1460.  DEBT,  Security  for.  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
In  May,  1812,  Scott  having  now  at  last  obtained 
the  salary  of  the  Clerkship  of  Session,  the  work 
of  which  he  had  for  more  than  five  years  dis- 
charged without  pay,  indulged  himself  in  real- 
izing his  favorite  dream  of  buying  a  "  mountain 
farm"  at  Abbotsf ord — five  miles  lower  down  the 
Tweed  than  his  cottage  at  Ashestiel.  .  .  .  The 
place  thus  bought  for  £4000 — half  of  which,  ac- 
cording to  Scott's  bad  and  sanguine  habit,  was 
borrowed  from  his  brother,  and  half  raised  on 
the  security  of  a  poem  at  the  moment  of  sale 


174 


DEBT— DECEITFULNESS. 


wholly  unwritten,  and  not  completed  even  when 
he  removed  to  Abbotsford — "  Rokeby" — became 
only  too  much  of  an  idol  for  the  rest  of  Scott's 
life. — Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  8. 

1461.  DEBT  by  War.  United  States.  The 
National  debt,  however,  was  the  greatest  and 
most  threatening  question  ;  but  the  genius  of 
Hamilton  triiunphed  over  every  difficulty.  The 
indebtedness  of  the  United  States,  including  the 
revolutionary  expenses  of  the  several  States, 
amounted  to  nearly  $80,000,000.  Hamilton 
adopted  a  broad  and  honest  policy.  His  plan, 
which  was  laid  before  Congress  at  the  beginning 
of  the  second  session,  proposed  that  the  debt  of 
the  United  States  due  to  American  citizens,  as 
well  as  the  war  debt  of  the  individual  States, 
should  be  assumed  by  the  general  government, 
and  that  all  should  be  fully  paid.  By  this  meas- 
ure the  credit  of  the  country  was  vastly  im- 
proved, even  before  actual  payment  was  begun. 
As  a  means  of  augmenting  the  revenues  of  the 
government,  a  duty  was  laid  on  the  tonnage  of 
merchant  ships,  with  a  discrimination  in  favor  of 
American  vessels  ;  and  customs  were  levied  on 
all  imported  articles.  Hamilton's  schemes  were 
violently  opposed  [but  very  successful]. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.  ,  ch.  46. 

1462.  DEBTS  discouraged.  Laws  of  Amasis. 
The  unnecessary  contracting  of  debts  was  like- 
wise restrained  in  Egypt  by  a  .  .  .  very  lauda- 
ble regulation.  The  debtor  was  obliged  to  give 
in  pledge  the  embalmed  body  of  his  father,  to 
remain  with  the  creditor  till  the  debt  was  dis- 
charged. He  who  died  without  redeeming  this 
sacred  pledge  was  deprived  himself  of  funeral 
obsequies. — Tytlek'sHist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4. 

1463.  DEBTS,  Dishonest.  Precedence.  The 
royal  custom  [of  Henry  VIII.]  has  survived 
among  us  in  many  a  notorious  example.  The 
loans  advanced  by  honest  creditors  are  repudi- 
ated ;  the  gambling  debts  to  "  crafty  persons" 
are  scrupulously  discharged.  [Henry  was  a 
notorious  gambler.]  —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  20,  p.  329. 

1464.  DEBTS  prevented.  Athenians.  Solon 
restrained  the  severity  of  creditors  to  their  debt- 
ors by  prohibiting  all  imprisonment  for  debt ; 
but  he  restrained,  at  the  same  time,  the  frequency 
of  contracting  debts  by  the  severe  penalty  of  the 
forfeiture  of  the  rights  of  citizenship — a  punish- 
ment which,  though  it  did  not  reduce  a  man  to 
servitude,  deprived  him  of  all  voice  in  the  pub- 
lic assembly,  or  share  in  the  government  of  the 
commonwealth.  In  like  manner,  if  a  debtor 
died  insolvent,  his  heir  was  disfranchised  till 
the  debt  was  paid.  This  was  a  wise  regulation  ; 
for  no  indigent  man  ought  to  be  a  legislator. — 
Tytleb's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  10. 

1465.  DEBTS,  Punishment  for.  Insolvent 
Debtors.  After  judicial  proof  or  confession  of 
the  debt,  thirty  days  of  grace  were  allowed  be- 
fore a  Roman  was  delivered  into  the  power  of 
his  fellow-citizen.  In  this  private  prison  twelve 
ounces  of  rice  were  his  daily  food  ;  he  might  be 
bound  with  a  chain  of  fifteen  pounds  weight ; 
and  his  misery  was  thrice  exposed  in  the  market- 
place, to  solicit  the  compassion  of  his  friends 
and  countrymen.  At  the  expiration  of  sixty 
days  the  debt  was  discharged  by  the  loss  of 
liberty  or  life  ;  the  insolvent  debtor  was  either 


put  to  death  or  sold  in  foreign  slavery  beyond 
the  Tiber  ;  but  if  several  creditors  were  alike  ob- 
stinate and  unrelenting,  they  might  legally  dis- 
member his  body,  and  satiate  their  revenge  by 
this  horrid  partition.  The  advocates  for  this 
savage  law  have  insisted  that  it  must  strongly 
operate  in  deterring  idleness  and  fraud  from 
contracting  debts  which  they  were  unable  to 
discharge  ;  but  experience  would  dissipate  this 
salutary  terror,  by  proving  that  no  creditor 
could  be  found  to  exact  this  unprofitable  penalty 
of  life  or  limb. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44. 

1466.  DEBTS  scaled.  Virginian  Colony.  In 
Virginia  debts  had  been  contracted  to  be  paid  in 
tobacco  ;  and  when  the  article  rose  in  value,  in 
consequence  of  [English]  laws  restricting  its. 
culture,  the  legislature  of  Virginia  did  not 
scruple  to  provide  a  remedy,  by  enacting  that 
"  no  man  need  pay  more  than  two  thirds  of  his 
debt  during  the  stint ; "  and  that  all  creditors, 
should  take  "forty  pounds  for  a  hundred." — 
Bancroft's  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  6. 

1467.  DEBTS,  Small.  Samuel  Johnson.  [Let- 
ter to  Joseph  Simpson,  son  of  an  old  friend.J 
Your  debts  in  the  whole  are  not  large,  and  of 
the  whole  but  a  small  part  is  troublesome. 
Small  debts  are  like  small  shot ;  they  are  rattling 
on  every  side,  and  can  scarcely  be  escaped  without 
a  wound  ;  great  debts  are  like  cannon  ;  of  loud 
noise,  but  little  danger.  You  must,  therefore, 
be  enabled  to  discharge  petty  debts,  that  you 
may  have  leisure,  with  security,  to  struggle  with 
the  rest. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  94. 

146§.  DECEIT,  Temptation  to.  Mahomet. 
From  enthusiasm  to  imposture  the  step  is  per- 
ilous and  slippery  ;  the  daemon  of  Socrates  af- 
fords a  memorable  instance  how  a  wise  man 
may  deceive  himself,  how  a  good  man  may  de- 
ceive others,  how  the  conscience  may  slumber 
in  a  mixed  and  middle  state  between  self -illusion 
and  voluntary  fraud.  Charity  may  believe  that 
the  original  motives  of  Mahomet  were  those  of 
pure  and  genuine  benevolence ;  but  a  human 
missionary  is  incapable  of  cherishing  the  obsti- 
nate unbelievers  who  reject  his  claims,  despise  his. 
arguments,  and  persecute  his  life ;  he  might 
forgive  his  personal  adversaries,  he  may  lawfully 
hate  the  enemies  of  God  ;  the  stern  passions 
of  pride  and  revenge  were  kindled  in  the  bosom 
of  Mahomet,  and  he  sighed,  like  the  prophet  of 
Nineveh,  for  the  destruction  of  the  rebels  whom 
he  had  condemned. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50. 

1469.  DECEIT,  A  timely.  Persian  Prince. 
[Harmozan  was  captured  in  the  surrender  of  his. 
country  to  Omar  the  Mohammedan.]  The  Per- 
sian complained  of  intolerable  thirst,  but  discov- 
ered some  apprehension  lest  he  should  be  killed 
while  he  was  drinking  a  cup  of  water.  "Be 
of  good  courage,"  said  the  caliph  ;  "  your  life 
is  safe  till  you  have  drunk  this  water ; "  the 
crafty  satrap  accepted  the  assurance,  and  in- 
stantly dashed  the  vase  against  the  gi'ound. 
Omar  would  have  avenged  the  deceit,  but  his 
companions  represented  the  sanctity  of  an  oath  ; 
and  the  speedy  conversion  of  Harmozan  entitled 
him  not  only  to  a  free  pardon,  but  even  to  a 
stipend  of  two  thousand  pieces  of  gold. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  51. 

1470.  DECEITFULNESS  described.  Lord 
Breadalhane.  [Lord  Breadalbane,a  Highland  earl 


DECEIVER— DECEPTION. 


ir§ 


who  professed  submission  to  William  III.,  is] 
described  by  his  contemporary,  John  Macky, 
"  cunning  as  a  fox  ;  wise  as  a  serpent  ;  but  as 
slippery  as  an  eel." — Knight's  Eng,  vol.  5,  ch. 
9.  p.  132. 

1471.  DECEIVER  deceived,  The.  RocTiester. 
[James  II.]  did  not  like  to  propose  directly  to  his 
brother-in-law  [Lord  Rochester,  the  treasurer] 
the  simple  choice,  apostasy  or  dismissal ;  but 
three  days  after  the  conference  Barillon  waited 
on  the  treasurer,  and,  with  much  circumlocution 
and  many  expressions  of  friendly  concern,  broke 
the  unpleasant  truth.  "Do  you  mean,"  said 
Rochester,  bewildered  by  the  involved  and  cere- 
monious phrases  in  which  the  intimation  was 
made,  "that  if  I  do  not  turn  Catholic  the  con- 
sequence will  be  that  I  shall  lose  my  place  ?" 
"  I  say  nothing  about  consequences,"  answered 
the  wary  diplomatist.  "  I  only  come  as  a  friend 
to  express  a  hope  that  you  will  take  care  to  keep 
your  place."  "But  surely,"  said  Rochester, 
"the  plain  meaning  of  all  this  is,  tliat  I  must 
turn  Catholic  or  go  out."  He  put  many  ques- 
tions for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  whether 
the  communication  was  made  by  authority,  but 
could  extort  only  vague  and  mysterious  replies. 
A.t  last,  affecting  a  confidence  which  he  was  far 
from  feeling,  he  declared  that  Barillon  must 
have  been  imposed  upon  by  idle  or  malicious  re- 
ports. "I  tell  you,"  he  said,  "that  the  king 
will  not  dismiss  me,  and  I  will  not  resign.  I 
know  him  ;  he  knows  me  ;  and  I  fear  nobody." 
The  Frenchman  answered  that  he  was  charmed, 
that  he  was  ravished  to  hear  it,  and  that  his  only 
motive  for  interfering  was  a  sincere  anxiety  for 
the  prosperity  and  dignity  of  his  excellent  friend 
the  treasurer.  And  thus  the  two  statesmen  de- 
parted, each  flattering  himself  that  he  had  duped 
the  other. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  140. 

1472.  DECENCY,  Regard  for.  Isaac  Newton. 
His  most  intimate  friend  at  the  university  was  a 
.foreign  chemist  of  much  note  and  skill.  New- 
ton enjoyed  his  conversation  exceedingly,  until, 
one  day,  the  Italian  told  him  "  a  loose  story  of 
a  nun,"  which  so  much  offended  his  sense  of  de- 
dency  that  he  would  never  associate  with  him 
again. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.  ,  p.  256. 

1473.  DECEPTION  betrays  Itself.  EicMrd  I. 
[When  Richard  I.  returned  from  the  crusade, 
with  but  a  few  attendants,  they  landed  at  Ra- 
gusa]  in  the  guise  of  pilgrims ;  but  the  lavish- 
ness  of  the  king  was  so  little  in  keeping  with 
his  assumed  character,  that  his  real  rank  was 
soon  suspected.  [He  was  soon  after  incarce- 
rated in  prison.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  22, 
p.  319. 

1474.  DECEPTION,  Day  of.  Dupes  Day.  An 
outrageous  scene  took  place  in  the  king's  pres- 
ence between  the  queen-mother  and  Richelieu, 
at  the  close  of  which  Louis  [XIII.]  quitted  the 
palace  without  saying  a  word,  and  took  his  de- 
parture for  Versailles.  Every  one  thought  the 
fall  of  the  minister  irrevocably  certain.  .  .  .  The 
good  news  was  transmitted  with  precipitate  joy 
to  Madrid,  Vienna,  Brussels,  and  Turin.  But 
the  sound  judgment  of  Louis  .  .  .  had  conducted 
him  meanwhile  to  a  very  different  conclusion. 
A  message  from  the  king  was  despatched  to 
Richelieu. .  . .  He  hurried  to  Versailles,  was  wel- 
comed with  every  mark  of  confidence  and  favor, 
and  received  an  assurance  from  Louis  that  he 


would  steadily  uphold  him  against  all  his  adver- 
saries, would  listen  to  no  insinuation  to  his  prej- 
udice, and  would  remove  from  court  all  who 
had  it  in  their  power  to  thwart  or  injure  him. 
These  curious  occurrences  took  place  on  the 
11th  of  November,  1630,  which  has  remained  fa- 
mous in  French  history  as  the  "  Day  of  Dupes." 
— Students'  France,  ch.  19,  §  10,  p.  398. 

1475.  DECEPTION  justified.  Reign  of  James 
II.  As,  however,  five  years  had  elapsed  since 
her  last  pregnancy  [Queen  Mary's],  the  people, 
under  the  influence  of  that  delusion  which 
leads  men  to  believe  what  they  wish,  had  ceased 
to  entertain  any  apprehension  that  she  would 
give  an  heir  to  the  throne.  On  the  other  hand, 
nothing  seemed  more  natural  and  probable  than 
that  the  Jesuits  should  have  contrived  a  pious 
fraud.  It  was  certain  that  they  must  consider 
the  accession  of  the  [Protestant]  Princess  of 
Orange  as  one  of  the  greatest  calamities  which 
could  befall  their  church.  It  was  equally  cer- 
tain that  they  would  not  be  very  scrupulous 
about  doing  whatever  might  be  necessary  to 
save  their  church  from  a  great  calamity.  In 
books  written  by  eminent  members  of  the  so- 
ciety, and  licensed  by  its  rulers,  it  was  distinctly 
laid  down  that  means  even  more  shocking  to 
all  notions  of  justice  and  humanity  than  the  in- 
troduction of  a  spurious  heir  into  a  family  might 
lawfully  be  employed  for  ends  less  important 
than  the  conversion  of  a  heretical  kingdom.  It 
had  got  abroad  that  some  of  the  king's  advisers, 
and  even  the  [Roman  Catholic]  king  himself,  had 
meditated  schemes  for  defrauding  the  Lady  Mary 
[Princess  of  Orange  ;  her  husband  was  after- 
ward William  HI.]  either  wholly  or  in  part  of 
her  rightful  inheritance. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  8,  p.  287. 

1476.  DECEPTION,  Pleasing.  Abraham  Lin' 
coin.  [Speaking  of  secession,  in  one  of  his  mes- 
sages] occurs  the  following  remark :  '  'With  rebel- 
lion thus  sugar-coated  they  have  drugged  the 
public  mind."  .  .  .  Mr.  Defrees,  the  govern- 
ment printer,  .  .  .  was  a  good  deal  disturbed 
by  the  use  of  the  term  "sugar-coated,"  and 
finally  went  to  the  President  about  it  [as  lack- 
ing dignity].  ..."  Defrees,"  replied  Mr.  Lin- 
coln, ' '  that  word  expresses  precisely  my  idea, 
and  I  am  not  going  to  change  it.  The  time 
will  never  come  in  this  country  when  the  peo- 
ple won't  know  exactly  what  sugar-coated 
means  !" — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  758. 

1477.  DECEPTION  punished.  Demostliemes. 
[He  had  been  bribed  by  Harpalus,  and  a  great 
clamor  was  raised  by  the  people.]  Demosthenes, 
seemingly  with  a  design  to  prove  his  innocence, 
moved  for  an  order  that  the  affair  should  be 
brought  before  the  court  of  Areopagus,  and  all 
persons  punished  who  should  be  found  guilty  of 
taking  bribes.  In  consequence  of  which  he  ap- 
peared before  that  court,  and  was  one  of  the  first 
that  were  convicted. — Plutarch. 

147§.  DECEPTION  of  Self.  Conspirators. 
Their  oaths  [as  senators]  and  their  professions 
were  nothing  to  them.  If  they  were  entitled  to 
kill  Caesar,  they  were  entitled  equally  to  deceive 
him.  No  stronger  evidence  is  needed  of  the  de- 
moralization of  the  Roman  Senate  than  the  com- 
pleteness with  which  they  were  able  to  disguise 
from  themselves  the  baseness  of  their  treacheiy. 
One  man  only  they  were  able  to  attract  into  co- 


176 


DECEPTION— DEDICATION. 


operation  who  had  a  reputation  for  honestj^  and 
could  be  conceived,  without  absurdity,  to  be  ani- 
mated by  a  disinterested  purpose.  [It  was]  Mar- 
cus Brutus. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  26. 

1479.  DECEPTION,  Superstitious.  Sacred 
Fawn.  Spanus,  a  countryman,.  .  .  happening  to 
fall  in  with  a  hind  which  had  newly  yeaned,  and 
which  was  flying  from  the  hunters,  failed  in  his 
attempt  to  take  her  ;  but  charmed  with  the  un- 
common color  of  the  fawn,  which  was  a  perfect 
white,  he  pursued  and  took  it.  By  good  fortune 
Sertorius  had  his  camp  in  that  neighborhood  ; 
and  whatever  was  brought  to  him  taken  in  hunt- 
ing, or  of  the  production  of  the  field,  he  received 
with  pleasure,  and  returned  the  civility  with  in- 
terest. The  countryman  went  and  offered  him 
the  fawn.  He  received  this  present  like  the  rest, 
and  at  first  took  no  extraordinary  notice  of  it. 
But  in  time  it  became  so  tractable  and  fond  of 
him,  that  it  would  come  when  he  called,  follow 
him  wherever  he  went,  and  learned  to  bear  the 
hurry  and  tumult  of  the  camp.  By  little  and 
little  he  brought  the  people  to  believe  there  was 
something  sacred  and  mysterious  in  the  affair, 
giving  it  out  that  the  fawn  was  a  gift  from  Di- 
ana, and  that  it  discovered  to  him  many  important 
secrets.  For  he  knew  the  natural  power  of  super- 
stition over  the  minds  of  the  barbarians.  In  pur- 
suance of  his  scheme,  when  the  enemy  was  mak- 
ing a  private  irruption  into  the  country  under  his 
command,  or  persuading  some  city  to  revolt,  he 
pretended  the  fawn  had  appeared  to  him  in  a 
dream,  and  warned  him  to  have  his  forces  ready. 
And  if  he  had  intelligence  of  some  victory  gained 
by  his  officers,  he  used  to  conceal  the  messenger, 
and  produced  the  fawn  crowned  with  flowers  for 
its  good  tidings,  bidding  the  people  rejoice  and 
sacrifice  to  the  gods,  on  account  of  some  news 
they  would  soon  hear. — Plutarch's  Serto- 
rius. 

1480.  DECISION,  Final.  Rubicon.  When  Ju- 
lius Cissar  arrived  at  the  banks  of  the  Rubicon, 
which  divides  Cisalpine  Gaul  from  the  rest  of 
Italy,  his  reflections  became  more  interesting  in 
proportion  as  the  danger  grew  near.  Staggered 
1)y  the  greatness  of  his  attempt,  he  stopped  to 
weigh  within  himself  its  inconveniences  ;  and  as 
he  stood  revolving  in  silence  the  arguments  on 
both  sides,  he  many  times  changed  his  opinion. 
After  which  he  deliberated  upon  it  with  such  of 
his  friends  as  were  by,  among  whom  was  Asinius 
PoUio  ;  enumerating  the  calamities  which  the 
passage  of  that  river  would  bring  upon  the  world, 
and  the  reflections  that  might  be  made  upon  it  by 
posterity.  At  last,  upon  some  sudden  impulse, 
bidding  adieu  to  his  reasonings,  and  plunging 
into  the  abyss  of  futurity,  in  the  words  of  those 
who  embark  in  doubtful  and  arduous  enterprises, 
he  cried  out,  "  The  die  is  cast !"  and  immediately 
passed  the  river. — Plutarch's  C^sar. 

14S1.  .     Rubicon.     The  boundary 

which  separates  Italy  from  Cisalpine  Gaul  is  a 
small  river  named  the  Rubicon.  The  Roman 
Senate,  aware  of  the  designs  of  Caesar,  had  pro- 
nounced a  decree  devoting  to  the  infernal  gods 
whatever  general  should  presume  to  pass  this 
boundary  with  an  army,  a  legion,  or  even  a  single 
cohort.  Caesar,  who,  with  all  his  ambition,  in- 
berited  a  large  share  of  the  benevolent  affections, 
did  not  resolve  on  the  decisive  step  which  he  had 
now  taken  without  some  compunction  of  mind. 


Arrived  with  his  army  at  the  border  of  his  prov- 
ince, he  hesitated  for  some  time,  while  he  pictur- 
ed to  himself  the  inevitable  miseries  of  that  civil 
war  in  which  he  was  now  preparing  to  unsheath 
the  sword.  "  If  I  pass  this  small  stream,"  said  he, 
' '  in  what  calamities  must  I  involve  my  country  ! 
Yet  if  I  do  not  I  myself  am  ruined."  The  latter 
consideration  was  too  powerful.  Ambition,  too, 
presented  allurements  which,  to  a  mind  like  Cae- 
sar's, were  irresistible. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
4,  ch.  2. 

14§2.  DECISION,  Laclting.  Charles  I.  [At 
the  battle  of  Naseby  the  king  was  totally  defeated 
by  Fairfax  and  Cromwell.  ]  On  this  field  the  pas- 
sionate Rupert,  as  at  Marston,  supposed  that  he 
had  won  the  day,  and,  thinking  the  victory  all 
his  own,  he  clove  his  way  back  to  the  spot  where 
the  poor  helpless  king  was  cheering  his  dismay- 
ed troopers.  Indeed,  we  can  almost  weep  as  we 
hear  that  cry  from  the  king  :  "  One  charge  more, 
gentlemen  !  One  charge  more,  .in  the  name  of 
God  !  and  the  day  is  ours. "  He  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  the  troopers,  and  a  thousand  of 
them  prepared  to  follow  him.  One  of  his  cour- 
tiers snatched  his  bridle,  and  turned  him  from 
the  path  of  honor  to  that  of  despair.  "  Why," 
says  one  writer,  ' '  was  there  no  hand  to  strike 
that  traitor  to  the  ground  ?"  Alas  !  if  the  king's 
own  hand  could  not  strike  that  traitor  to  the 
ground,  was  it  possible  that  another's  could  ? 
Who  would  have  dared  to  have  taken  Crom- 
well's bridle  at  such  a  moment  ?  And  so,  at  the 
battle  of  Naseby,  the  crown  fell  from  the  king's 
head  and  the  sceptre  from  his  hand,  and  he  was 
henceforth  never  more  in  any  sense  a  king. 
Poor  king  !  "  Who  will  bring  me,"  cried  he  in 
despair,  "  this  Cromwell,  dead  or  alive  ?"  Alas  ! 
your  majesty,  who? — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch. 
10,  p.  135. 

1483.  DECOBITH  in  Debate.  American  Ind- 
ians. If  his  eloquence  pleased,  they  esteemed  him 
a  god.  Decorum  was  never  broken  [in  Indian 
assemblies].  There  were  never  two  speakers 
struggling  to  anticipate  each  other  ;  they  did  not 
express  their  spleen  by  blows  ;  they  restrained 
passionate  invective  ;  the  debate  was  never  dis- 
turbed by  an  uproar  ;  questions  of  order  were 
unknown. — Bakcroft'sU.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

14§4.  DECORUM,  Ministerial.  Samuel  Johrir 
son.  Johnson's  profound  reverence  for  the  hier- 
archy made  him  expect  from  bishops  the  high- 
est degree  of  decorum  ;  he  was  offended  even 
at  their  going  to  taverns.  "  A  bishop,"  said  he, 
' '  has  nothing  to  do  at  a  tippling-house.  It  is  not 
indeed  immoral  in  him  to  go  to  a  tavern  ;  neither 
would  it  be  immoral  in  him  to  whip  a  top 
in  Grosvenor  Square ;  but  if  he  did,  I  hope 
the  boys  would  fall  upon  him,  and  apply  the 
whip  to  him.  There  are  gradations  in  con- 
duct ;  there  is  morality,  decency,  and  propriety. 
None  of  these  should  be  violated  by  a  bishop." 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  453. 

14§5.  DEDICATION  changed.  Biblia  Pdyglot- 
ta.  It  is  to  his  immortal  honor  that  the  "  Biblia 
Polyglotta  Waltonia,"  perhaps  the  most  impor- 
tant and  valuable  biblical  book  ever  issued  by 
the  British  press,  owed  the  existence  of  its  gigan- 
tic volumes  to  Cromwell.  .  .  .  Cromwell  assisted 
in  defraying  the  expenses  in  publishing  it,  and 
admitted  five  thousand  reams  of  paper  free  of 
duty,  and  so  saved  the  author  from  loss  by  its 


DEDICATION— DEFEAT. 


177 


publication.  It  was  published  during  the  Pro- 
tectorate and  dedicated  to  Cromwell.  But 
its  mean  and  dastardly  compiler,  upon  the  return 
of  Charles  Stuart,  erased  the  dedication  to  the 
man  who  had  so  substantially  aided  him,  and 
inserted  that  of  the  king,  who  cared  neither  for 
the  project,  its  scholarship,  nor  the  Bible. — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  15,  p.  200. 

14§6.  DEDICATION,  The  true.  Church.  [Cel- 
ebrating the  anniversary  of  the  consecration  of 
the  Castle  Church  of  Wittenberg.]  Not  long 
thereafter  the  same  Augustinian  monk  that  had 
nailed  the  Latin  theses  to  the  church  door  stood 
in  the  pulpit  and  preached  upon  the  festival  text, 
Luke  19 :  1,  etc.,  which  records  the  history  of 
Zaccheus.  Reverently  did  the  congregation  list- 
en to  the  simple,  calm,  and  heartfelt  sermon  of 
the  Augustinian  monk.  "  Christ  must  become 
everything  to  us,"  he  said  ;  "and  unto  those  to 
whom  Christ  is  something,  all  else  will  be  noth- 
ing. He  must  be  sought  with  a  heart  which, 
with  a  feeling  of  its  unworthiness,  does  not  dare 
to  invite  Him,  but  which,  for  that  very  reason, 
most  urgently  implores  His  presence.  Such  a 
request,  coming  from  the  heart,  God  will  grant. 
Thus  He  would  have  our  hearts.  And  thus  every 
feast  of  dedication  should  not  be  merely  an  out- 
ward consecration  of  a  church,  but  rather  a  con- 
secration of  the  heart  unto  God." — Rein's  Lu- 
ther, ch.  1,  p.  8. 

1487.  DEFAMATION  punished.  James  II. 
James,  a  short  time  before  his  accession,  had  in- 
stituted a  civil  suit  against  Gates  [the  infamous 
impostor  and  traducer]  for  defamatory  words, 
and  a  jury  had  given  damages  to  the  enormous 
amount  of  £100,000.  The  defendant  had  been 
taken  in  execution,  and  was  lying  in  prison  as  a 
debtor,  without  hope  of  release. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  448. 

14§8.  DEFEAT,  Beginning  with.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  He  espoused  the  cause  of  Henry  Clay 
.  .  .  and  ran  as  a  candidate  for  the  State  leg- 
islature. .  .  .  Mr.  Lincoln  was  defeated,  as  he 
undoubtedly  expected  to  be,  although  his  fail- 
ure must  have  been  amply  compensated  by  the 
highly  complimentary  vote  that  he  received  in 
his  own  precinct,  which  gave  him  two  hundred 
and  seventy -seven  votes  out  of  two  hundred  and 
eighty-four  cast ;  and  this,  be  it  remembered, 
was  the  first  and  last  time  that  he  was  ever  beaten 
by  the  people. — Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch.  1. 

14§9.  DEFEAT,  Brilliant.    Napoleon  I.    [He 

fled  to  Paris  after  the  defeat  at  Waterloo.] 
Throwing  himself  upon  a  sofa,  he  exclaimed, 
...  "  My  most  brilliant  victories  do  not  shed 
more  glory  on  the  French  army  than  the  defeat 
at  Waterloo.  Our  troops  have  not  been  beaten  ; 
they  have  been  sacrificed,  massacred,  by  over- 
whelming numbers.  ...  I  desire  to  be  alone. " 
— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.  ,  vol.  2,  ch.  27. 

1490.  DEFEAT  concealed.     Samuel  Johnson. 

\  Johnson  could  not  brook  appearing  to  be  worst- 
ed in  argument,  even  when  he  had  taken  the 
wrong  side,  to  show  the  force  and  dexterity  of 
his  talents.  When,  therefore,  he  perceived  that 
his  opponent  gained  ground,  he  had  recourse  to 
some  sudden  mode  of  robust  sophistry.  Once, 
when  I  was  pressing  upon  him  with  visible  ad- 
vantage, he  stopped  me  thus  :  "  My  dear  Bos- 
well,  let's  have  no  more  of  this ;  you'll  make 


nothing  of  it.     I'd  rather  have  you  whistle  a 
Scotch  tune." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  464. 

1491 .  DEFEAT,  DifBcult.  Cmar.  Caesar  was 
never  defeated  when  personally  present,  save 
once  at  Gergovia,  and  once  at  Durazzo  ;  and  the 
failure  at  Gergovia  was  caused  by  the  revolt  of 
the  ^dui ;  and  the  manner  in  which  the  failure 
at  Durazzo  was  retrieved  showed  Caesar's  great- 
ness more  than  the  most  brilliant  of  his  victories. 
He  was  rash,  but  with  a  calculated  rashness, 
which  the  event  never  failed  to  justify.  His 
greatest  successes  were  due  to  the  rapidity  of  his 
movements,  which  brought  him  on  the  enemy 
before  they  heard  of  his  approach.  He  travelled 
sometimes  a  hundred  miles  a  day,  reading  or 
writing  in  his  carriage,  through  countries  with- 
out roads,  and  crossing  rivers  without  bridges. 
No  obstacles  stopped  him  when  he  had  a  definite 
aim  in  view. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  28,  p.  71. 

1492.  DEFEAT  inspiring.  Bunker  Hill.  The 
battle  of  Bunker  Hill  rather  inspired  than  dis- 
couraged the  colonists.  It  was  seen  that  the 
British  soldiers  were  not  invincible.  To  capture 
a  few  more  hills  would  cost  General  Gage  his 
whole  army.  The  enthusiasm  of  war  spread 
throughout  the  country.  The  news  was  borne 
rapidly  to  the  South,  and  a  spirit  of  determined 
opposition  was  everywhere  aroused.  The  people 
began  to  speak  of  the  United  Colonies  of  Amer- 
ica. At  Charlotte,  North  Carolina,  the  citizens 
ran  together  in  a  hasty  convention,  and  startled 
the  country  by  making  a  declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence !  The  British  ministers  had  little  dreamed 
of  raising  such  a  storm.  —  Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  38,  p.  301. 

1493.  DEFEAT,  Instruction  by.  Peter  the 
Great.  Charles  [XII.  of  Sweden]  left  the  de- 
fence of  Riga  to  a  valiant  old  Swedish  general, 
who  succeeded  in  holding  it,  and  marched  him- 
self to  meet  the  czar  with  20,000  troops.  Never 
was  victory  more  sudden,  more  easy,  or  more 
complete  than  that  which  these  20,000  Swedes 
won  over  the  great  mob  of  Russians  led  by  Peter. 
The  czar  escaped  with  but  40,000  men.  [' '  Charles 
was  then  only  in  the  seventeenth  year  of  his  age. " 
— Tytler.  J  From  that  defeat  the  military  great- 
ness of  Russia  was  born.  "  I  know  well,"  said 
the  czar,  as  he  was  in  retreat,  "  that  these  Swedes 
will  beat  us  for  a  long  time  ;  but,  at  last,  they 
will  teach  us  how  to  conquer."  And  so  it  prov- 
ed ;  for  from  that  day  Peter  began  the  mighty 
work  of  drilling  his  half-savage  hordes  into 
soldiers— a  work  which  is  still  going  on,  though 
great  progress  has  been  made  in  it.  The  Russian 
people  attributed  their  defeat,  to  sorcery  and 
witchcraft,  and  we  have  still  the  prayer  which 
was  addressed  to  St.  Nicholas  on  this  occasion 
in  all  their  churches.  — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.  , 
p.  436. 

1494.  DEFEAT,  Mortification  of.  General  Mont- 
calm. [He  was  defeated  at  Quebec,  and  moilally 
wounded.]  On  hearing  from  the  surgeon  that 
death  was  certain — "  I  am  glad  of  it,"  he  cried  ; 
"  how  long  shall  I  survive  T  "  Ten  or  twelve 
hours,  perhaps  less."  "  So  much  the  better  ;  I 
shall  not  live  to  see  the  surrender  of  Quebec." 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  14. 

1495.  DEFEAT,  Overwhelming.  Bonaparte. 
[Bonaparte  invaded  Russia  with  an  army  of 
more  than«600,000  men  ;  he  was  driven  back  by 


178 


DEFEAT— DEFORMITY. 


the  destruction  of  all  supplies  and  the  approach 
of  an  early  winter.  The  retreat  became  a  rout.] 
The  artillery  and  cavalry  ceased  to  exist.  The 
different  regiments  were  all  mixed  together,  the 
soldiers  marching  pell-mell,  and  only  seeking  to 
prolong  existence.  Thousands  of  wandering  men 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Cossacks.  The  number 
of  the  prisoners  was  very  great,  but  that  of  the 
dead  exceeded  it.  During  a  month  there  were 
no  rations,  and  dead  horses  were  the  only  re- 
source. Of  400,000  Frenchmen  who  had  crossed 
the  Niemen  in  May,  with  the  persuasion  of  their 
invincibility,  not  20,000  had  returned  to  the  Vis- 
tula.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  30,  p.  559. 

1496.  DEFEAT,  Service  of.  Bull  Run.  The 
ix)ut  [of  the  Union  army]  at  Bull  Run  had  the 
effect  to  quicken  the  energies  of  the  North,  and 
troops  were  rapidly  hurried  to  Washington.  The 
aged  General  Scott .  .  .  retired  from  active  duty, 
and  [young]  General  McClellan  was  called  from 
West  Virginia  to  take  command  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac.  By  the  middle  of  October  his 
forces  had  increased  to  150,000  men. — Rid- 
path'8  U.  S.,  ch.  65,  p.  494. 

1497.  DEFECTS  covered.  Pericles.  [Pericles, 
the  Athenian  statesman,  obtained  great  renown.  J 
His  person  in  other  respects  was  well  turned,  but 
his  head  was  disproportionally  long.  For  this 
reason  almost  all  his  statues  have  the  head  cov- 
ered with  a  helmet,  the  statuaries  choosing,  I 
suppose,  to  hide  that  defect.  —  Plutarch's 
Pericles. 

149S.  DEFENCE  a  Bondage.  Fall  of  Verona. 
[Constantine  defeated  many  thousand  Italians 
under  Pompeianus.]  They  wanted  chains  for 
so  great  a  multitude  of  captives  ;  and  the  whole 
council  was  at  a  loss  ;  but  the  sagacious  conquer- 
or imagined  the  happy  expedient  of  converting 
into  fetters  the  swords  of  the  vanquished. — Note 
IN  Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  54. 

1499.  DEFENCE,  Brave.  Count  Qerontius. 
Gerontius,  abandoned  by  his  own  troops,  es- 
caped to  tlie  confines  of  Spain,  and  rescued  his 
name  from  oblivion  by  the  Roman  courage 
which  appeared  to  animate  the  last  moments  of 
his  life.  In  the  middle  of  the  night  a  great  body 
of  his  perfidious  soldiers  surrounded  and  attack- 
ed his  house,  which  he  had  strongly  barricaded. 
His  wife,  a  valiant  friend  of  the  nation  of  the 
Alani,  and  some  faithful  slaves,  were  still  attach- 
ed to  his  person  ;  and  he  used,  with  so  much 
skill  and  resolution,  a  large  magazine  of  darts 
and  arrows,  that  above  300  of  the  assailants  lost 
their  lives  in  the  attempt.  —  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  31. 

1500.  DEFENCE  declined.  Charles  I.  The 
act  of  accusation  was  read  to  him,  drawn  up  after 
the  customary  formula,  in  which  the  words 
traitor,  murderer,  and  public  enemy  were,  as 
usual,  freely  applied  by  the  conquering  to  the 
vanquished  party.  He  listened  to  them  unmoved, 
with  the  calm  superiority  of  innocence.  Deter- 
mined not  to  degrade  the  inviolable  majesty  of 
kings,  of  which  he  conceived  himself  the  deposi- 
tary and  responsible  representative,  he  replied 
that  he  would  never  stoop  to  justify  himself  be- 
fore a  self -elected  tribunal  of  his  own  subjects — a 
tribunal  which  the  religion  as  well  as  the  laws  of 
England  equally  forbade  him  to  acknowledge. 
*'\  shall  leave  to  God,"  said  he,  in  conclusion. 


"the  care  of  my  defence,  lest  by  answering  I 
should  acknowledge  in  you  an  authority  which 
has  no  better  foundation  than  that  of  robbers  and 
pirates,  and  thus  draw  on  my  memory  the  re- 
proach of  posterity,  that  I  had  myself  betrayed 
the  constitution  of  the  country,  instead  of  select- 
ing the  most  estimable  and  enviable  fate  of  a 
martyr. " — Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  42. 

1501.  DEFENCE,  A  frail.  WaUrloo.  [At  the 
battle  of  Waterloo  some  of  the  English  were  pro- 
tected by  a  garden -wall  enclosing  about  two  acres 
of  ground  and  including  a  small  house.]  It  is 
scarcely  an  exaggeration  to  say  "this  Belgian 
yeoman's  garden- wall  was  the  safeguard  of  Eu- 
rope, and  the  destiny  of  mankind  perhaps  turn- 
ed upon  the  possession  of  his  house."  —  Lord 
Dudley,  in  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  2,  p,  83. 

1502.  DEFENCE,  Heroic.  La  BachelU.  The 
defence  of  La  Rochelle  was  protracted  for  fifteen 
months,  and  it  was  not  till  half  the  population 
had  perished  from  hunger,  and  scarcely  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  soldiers  of  the  garrison  remain- 
ed alive,  that  the  survivors  consented  to  capitu- 
late on  the  28th  of  October,  1628. — Students* 
France,  ch.  19,  §  8,  p.  396. 

1503.  DEFENCE,  Patriotic.  Holland.  The 
national  spirit  swelled  and  rose  high.  The  terms 
offered  by  the  allies  were  firmly  rejected.  The 
dikes  were  opened.  The  whole  country  was 
one  great  lake,  from  which  the  cities,  with  their 
ramparts  and  steeples,  rose  like  islands.  The  in- 
vaders were  forced  to  save  themselves  from  de- 
struction by  a  precipitate  retreat. — Macaulay's 
ENG.,ch.  2,  p.  205. 

1 504.  DEFENCE,  A  savage.  Babylonians. 
The  Babylonians  were  the  first  of  the  provinces 
which  endeavored  to  shake  off  the  yoke  of  serv- 
itude ;  but  their  attempt  cost  them  extremely 
dear.  Darius  encircled  Babylon  with  his  army 
so  as  to  cut  off  all  supplies  from  the  adjacent 
country.  The  inhabitants  exerted  a  savage  res- 
olution. All  who  were  useless  for  the  defence 
of  the  city,  and  served  only  to  consume  its  pro- 
visions— the  women,  the  old  men,  and  the  chil- 
dren— were  strangled  by  a  public  decree,  each 
head  of  a  family  being  allowed  to  preserve  one 
of  his  wives  and  a  maid-servant. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11. 

1505.  DEFIANCE,  Challenge  of.  William, 
Pnnce  of  Orange.  [About  to  invade  England 
and  mount  the  throne.]  In  the  evening  he  arrived 
at  Helvoetsluys,  and  went  on  board  of  a  frigate 
called  the  Brill.  His  flag  was  immediately  hoist- 
ed. It  displayed  the  arms  of  Nassau  quartered 
with  those  of  England.  The  motto,  embroidered 
in  letters  three  feet  long,  was  happily  chosen. 
The  house  of  Orange  had  long  used  the  ellipti- 
cal device,  "  I  will  maintain."  The  ellipsis  was 
now  filled  up  with  words  of  high  import,  "  The 
liberties  of  England  and  the  Protestant  religion." 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  438. 

1506.  DEFOEMITY  forgotten.  Thackeray. 
When  he  was  in  America  he  met  at  dinner  a  lit 
erary  gentleman  of  high  character,  middle-aged, 
and  most  dignified  deportment.  The  gentleman 
was  one  whose  character  and  acquirements  stpod 
very  high — deservedly  so — but  who  in  society 
had  that  air  of  wrapping  his  toga  around  him, 
which  adds,  or  is  supposed  to  add,  many  cubits 
to  a  man's  height.     But  he  had  a  broken  nose 


DEGENERACY— DEITY. 


179 


At  dinner  he  talked  much  of  the  tender  passion, 
and  did  so  in  a  manner  which  stirred  up  Thack- 
eray's feeling  of  the  ridiculous.  "  What  lias  the 
world  come  to,"  said  Thackeray,  out  loud  to  the 
table,  "when  two  broken-nosed  old  fogies  like 
you  and  me  sit  talking  about  love  to  each  other  !" 
The  gentleman  was  astounded,  and  could  only 
sit  wrapping  his  toga  in  silent  dismay  for  the 
rest  of  the  evening. — Trollope's  Thackeray, 
ch.  2. 

1507.  DEGENEEACY,  Athenian.  Despised.  The 
Athenians  are  .  .  .  distinguished  by  the  subtlety 
and  acuteness  of  their  understandings  ;  but  these 
qualities,  unless  ennobled  by  freedom  and  en- 
lightened by  study,  will  degenerate  into  a  low 
and  selfish  cunning  ;  and  it  is  a  proverbial  say- 
ing of  the  country,  "  From  the  Jews  of  Thessa- 
lonica,  the  Turks  of  Negropont,  and  the  Greeks 
of  Athens,  good  Lord,  deliver  us  !"  By  some, 
who  delight  in  the  contrast,  the  modern  language 
of  Athens  is  represented  as  the  most  corrupt  and 
barbarous  of  the  seventy  dialects  of  the  vulgar 
Greek  ;  this  picture  is  too  darkly  colored  ;  but 
it  would  not  be  easy,  in  the  country  of  Plato  and 
Demosthenes,  to  find  a  reader  or  a  copy  of  their 
works.  The  Athenians  walk  with  supine  indif- 
ference among  the  glorious  ruins  of  antiquity  ; 
and  such  is  the  debasement  of  their  character, 
that  they  are  incapable  of  admiring  the  genius 
•of  their  predecessors. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  63. 
150§.  DEGENEEACY,  National.  England, 
1775.  [Benjamin  Franklin  left  England  for  his 
native  country  in  1775,  deprecating  any  further 
attempt  to  restore  united  interests  between  the 
mother  country  and  her  colonies.  He  writes  :] 
When  I  consider  the  extreme  corruption  prevail- 
ing among  all  orders  of  men  in  tlie  old  rotten 
state,  and  the  glorious  public  virtue  so  predom- 
inant in  our  rising  country,  I  cannot  but  appre- 
hend more  mischief  than  benefit  from  a  closer 
vmion.  Here  numberless  and  needless  places, 
enormous  salaries,  pensions,  perquisites,  bribes, 
.^oundless  quarrels,  foolish  expeditions,  false 
accounts  or  no  accounts,  contracts  and  jobs,  de- 
vour all  revenue,  and  produce  continual  neces- 
sity in  the  midst  of  natural  plenty. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  23,  p.  353. 

1509.  DEGEADATION,  National.  Hungari- 
4ins.  Except  the  merit  and  fame  of  military 
prowess,  all  that  is  valued  by  mankind  appeared 
vile  and  contemptible  to  these  barbarians,  whose 
native  fierceness  was  stimulated  by  the  con- 
sciousness of  numbers  and  freedom.  The  tents 
■of  the  Hungarians  were  of  leather,  their  garments 
■of  fur  ;  they  shaved  their  hair  and  scarified  their 
faces  ;  in  speech  they  were  slow, in  action  prompt, 
in  treaty  perfidious  ;  and  they  shared  the  com- 
mon reproach  of  barbarians,  too  ignorant  to 
■conceive  the  importance  of  truth,  too  proud  to 
■deny  or  palliate  the  breach  of  their  most  solemn 
engagements.  Their  simplicity  has  been  praised, 
vet  they  abstained  only  from  the  luxury  they 
had  never  known  ;  whatever  they  saw  they  cov- 
•eted  ;  their  desires  were  insatiate,  and  their  sole 
industry  was  the  hand  of  violence  and  rapine. — 
•Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  55. 

1510.  BEGEADATION  and  Poverty.  Ireland. 
[Young,  in  his  "  Tour  in  Ireland,"  says  :]  Mark 
"the  Irishman's  potato-bowl  placed  on  the  floor, 
■the  whole  family  on  their  hams  around  it,  de- 
vouring a  quantity  almost  incredible  ;  the  beg- 


gar seating  himself  to  it  with  a  hearty  welcome  ; 
the  pig  taking  his  share  as  readily  as  the  wife  ; 
the  cocks,  hens,  turkeys,  geese,  the  cur,  the  cat 
— and  all  partaking  of  the  same  dish.  [The  mud 
hovel  of  one  room  blinds  the  family  with  its 
smoke,  and  their  clothing  is  so  ragged  that  a 
stranger  is  impressed  with  the  idea  of  universal 
poverty.  Date  1776.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  2,  p.  33. 

1511.  DEGEADATION,  Social.  Irish.  [In 
1593  Spencer  described  the  degradation  of  the 
Irish  cabin  as  it  continued  for  two  hundred  and 
fifty  years  after.  "Rather  swine-sties  than 
houses" — these  dwellings  of  abject  poverty  being 
the  chief  est  cause  of  the  poor  cultivator's]  beastly 
manner  of  life  and  savage  condition,  lying  and 
living  with  his  beast,  in  one  house,  in  one  room, 
in  one  bed — that  is,  clean  straw  or  a  foul  dung- 
hill.—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  18,  p.  280. 

1512.  DEITY,  Belief  in  the.  Grecians.  From 
the  foregoing  brief  account  of  the  different  sects 
or  schools  of  philosophy  in  Greece,  I  shall  draw 
only  two  reflections :  the  one  is,  that  with  a 
very  few  exceptions,  and  more  particularly  that 
of  the  sect  last  mentioned,  amid  all  the  errors 
incident  to  the  mind  unenlightened  by  revealed 
religion,  the  reason  of  mankind  has,  in  all  ages, 
looked  up  to  a  supreme,  intelligent,  and  omnipo- 
tent Being — the  Author  of  our  existence — the 
Creator  and  the  Governor  of  the  universe — a 
belief  which  forces  itself  upon  the  most  unculti- 
vated understanding,  and  which  the  advance 
ment  of  the  intellectual  powers  tends  always  to 
strengthen  and  confirm.  The  other  reflection  is, 
that  from  the  great  variety  and  opposition  of 
those  systems  which  we  have  enumerated  of  the 
Greek  philosophers,  we  may  perceive  among 
that  people  a  liberal  spirit  of  toleration  in  matters 
of  opinion,  which  stopped  short  at  absolute  ir- 
religion  and  impiety  ;  and  a  freedom  of  judg- 
ment in  all  matters  of  philosophical  speculation, 
which  did  honor  to  their  national  character  and 
the  genius  of  their  legislative  systems. — TyT' 
ler's  Hist.  ,  Book  2,  ch.  9. 

1513.  DEITY  concealed.  Ancient  Italians. 
These  gods  were  termed  Patrii  and  Indigetes,  but 
their  particular  names  were  concealed  with  the 
most  anxious  caution  from  the  knowledge  of 
the  people.  It  was  a  very  prevalent  superstitious 
belief  that  no  city  could  be  taken  or  destroyed 
till  its  tutelar  gods  abandoned  it.  Hence  it  was 
the  first  care  of  a  besieging  enemy  to  evoke  the 
gods  of  the  city  or  entice  them  out  by  ceremo- 
nies, by  promising  them  superior  temples  and 
festivals,  and  a  more  respectful  worship  than 
they  had  hitherto  enjoyed  ;  but  in  order  to  ac- 
complish this  evocation,  it  was  necessary  to  learn 
the  particular  names  of  the  deities,  which  every 
people  therefore  was  interested  to  keep  secret. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch,  1. 

1514.  DEITY  subjugated.  Tyrians.  [When 
Alexander  the  Great  besieged  the  Tyrians]  he 
had  a  dream,  in  which  he  saw  Hercules  offering 
him  his  hand  from  the  wall,  and  inviting  him  to 
enter.  And  many  of  the  Tyrians  dreamed 
that  Apollo  declared  he  would  go  over  to 
Alexander,  because  he  was  displeased  with  their 
behavior  in  the  town.  Hereupon  the  Tyrians, 
as  if  the  god  had  been  a  deserter  taken  in  the 
fact,  loaded  his  statue  with  chains,  and  nailed 
the  feet  to  the  pedestal,  not  scrupling  to  cali 


180 


DEJECTION— DELUSION. 


him  an  Alexandriat.  —  Plutabch's    Alexan- 
der. 

1515.  DEJECTION,  Mental.  William  Pitt. 
[William  Pitt  possessed  very  feeble  health  in 
his  old  age  ;  his  mental  prostration  was  very- 
great.  His  condition  is  thus  described  :]  Lord 
Chatham's  state  of  health  is  certainly  the  lov^^est 
dejection  and  debility  that  mind  or  body  can  be 
in.  He  sits  all  the  day  leaning  on  his  hands, 
which  he  supports  on  the  table  ;  does  not  per- 
mit any  person  to  remain  in  the  room  ;  knocks 
when  he  wants  anything  ;  and  having  made  his 
wants  known,  gives  a  signal,  without  speaking, 
to  the  person  who  answers  his  call,  to  retire. 
[Pitt  had  greatly  damaged  his  popularity  as  the 
"idol  of  the  people"  by  receiving  his  title  and 
pension  from  the  king,  they  being  interpreted 
as  the  price  of  his  freedom.  The  "  Great  Com- 
moner" was  also  a  great  sufferer  from  the  gout. 
Wounded  pride  and  a  diseased  body  threw  him 
into  a  state  of  melancholy.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  6,  ch.  18,  p.  288. 

1516.  DELAY,  Dangerous.  ArcMas.  [On  the 
same  night  in  which  he  was  assassinated  by 
conspirators  there  arrived  an  express]  from 
Athens  with  a  letter  from  Archias,  high-priest 
there,  to  Archias  his  namesake  and  particular 
f  liend,  not  filled  with  vain  and  groundless  sur- 
mises, but  containing  a  clear  narrative  of  the 
whole  affair,  as  was  found  afterward.  The 
messenger,  being  admitted  to  Archias,  and  now 
almost  intoxicated,  as  he  delivered  the  letter 
said  :  ' '  The  person  who  sent  this  desired  that  it 
might  be  read  immediately,  for  it  contains  busi- 
ness of  great  importance."  But  Archias  receiv- 
ing it,  said,  smiling,  "Business  to-morrow."  Then 
he  put  it  under  the  bolster  of  his  couch,  and  re- 
sumed the  conversation  with  Philidas.  This 
saying.  Business  to-morrow,  passed  into  a  prov- 
erb, and  continues  so  among  the  Greeks  to  this 
day. — Plutarch's  Pelopidas. 

1517.  DELAY,  Providential,  Texas.  A  great 
agitation  had  arisen  in  the  country  in  regard  to 
the  republic  of  Texas.  From  1831  to  1836  this 
vast  territory,  lying  between  Louisiana  and  Mex- 
ico, had  been  a  province  of  the  latter  country. 
For  a  long  time  it  had  been  the  policy  of  Spain 
and  Mexico  to  keep  Texas  uninhabited,  in  order 
that  the  vigorous  race  of  Americans  might  not 
encroach  on  the  Mexican  borders.  At  last,  how- 
ever, a  large  land-grant  was  made  to  Moses 
Austin,  of  Connecticut,  on  condition  that  he 
would  settle  three  hundred  American  families 
within  the  limits  of  his  domain.  .  .  .  Thus  the 
foundation  of  Texas  was  laid  by  people  of  the 
English  race. — Ridpath'sU.  S.,  ch.  56,  p.  445. 

1518.  DELIVEEANCE  from  God,  Orleans. 
[When  Attila  besieged  Orleans]  the  assaults  of 
the  Huns  were  vigorously  repelled  by  the  faith- 
ful valor  of  the  soldiers,  or  citizens,  who  de- 
fended the  place.  The  pastoral  diligence  of 
Anianus,  a  bishop  of  primitive  sanctity  and  con- 
summate prudence,  exhausted  every  art  of  relig- 
ious policy  to  support  their  courage  till  the 
arrival  of  the  expected  succors.  After  an  obsti- 
nate siege  the  walls  were  shaken  by  the  battering- 
rams  ;  the  Huns  had  already  occupied  the  sub- 
urbs ;  and  the  people  who  were  incapable  of 
bearing  arms  lay  prostrate  in  prayer.  Anianus, 
who  anxiously  counted  the  days  and  hours,  de- 


spatched a  trusty  messenger  to  observe,  from 
the  rampart,  the  face  of  the  distant  country.  He 
returned  twice,  without  any  intelligence  that 
could  inspire  hope  or  comfort ;  but  in  his  third 
report  he  mentioned  a  small  cloud,  which  he 
had  faintly  descried  at  the  extremity  of  the 
horizon.  "It  is  the  aid  of  God!"  exclaimed 
the  bishop,  in  a  tone  of  pious  confidence  ;  and 
the  whole  multitude  repeated  after  him,  "  It  is 
the  aid  of  God."  The  remote  object,  on  which 
every  eye  was  fixed,  became  each  moment  larger 
and  more  distinct ;  the  Roman  and  Gothic  ban- 
ners were  gradually  perceived  ;  and  a  favorable 
wind  blowing  aside  the  dust,  discovered,  in  deep 
array,  the  impatient  squadrons  of  ^tius  and 
Theodoric,  who  pressed  forward  to  the  relief  of 
Orleans. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  35. 

1519.  DELIVERANCE,  Strange.  Capt.  Cook. 
It  was  while  sailing  about  Australia  that  the  En- 
deavor had  a  most  strange  and  narrow  escape 
from  destruction.  She  struck  a  rock  one  day 
with  great  force,  but  immediately  floated  off ; 
and  although  she  leaked  badly,  the  crew  man- 
aged to  keep  her  afloat  until  they  reached  » 
harbor.  What  was  their  astonishment,  on  dock 
ing  the  ship,  to  find  a  large  rock  stuck  in  the  cav 
ity,  which  alone  had  kept  her  from  going  down 
— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  382. 

1520.  DELUSION,  Disastrous,  Crusaders.  [St. 
Lewis  IX.  of  France  fitted  out  the  last  crusade.] 
Unfortunately,  in  the  delirium  of  a  fever,  he 
fancied  that  he  had  received  a  summons  from 
heaven  to  take  up  the  cross  against  the  infidels  ; 
and  neither  the  return  of  his  reason,  the  entreaties 
of  his  queen,  nor  the  remonstrances  of  his  coui- 
sellors  could  divert  him  from  that  fatal  project. 
He  employed  four  years  in  preparing  for  the  ex- 
pedition, and  set  out  with  his  queen,  his  three 
brothers  and  their  wives,  and  all  the  knights  of 
France,  with  a  prodigious  number  of  their  vas- 
sals and  attendants.  .  .  .  Half  of  their  immense 
army  perished  by  sickness,  and  the  other  half 
was  defeated  by  Almoadin,  the  son  of  Melecsala. 
Lewis  himself,  M'ith  two  of  his  brothers,  was 
taken  prisoners,  and  the  third  was  killed  in  the 
engagement.  Lewis  offered  1,000,000  of  be- 
sants  in  gold  for  the  ransom  of  himself  and  his 
fellow -prisoners  ;  and  such  was  the  uncommon 
generosity  of  this  infidel  prince,  that  he  remitted 
to  him  a  fifth  part  of  the  sum. — Tytleb's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  19. 

1521.  DELUSION,  Optical.  Island.  The  peo- 
ple of  the  Canaries  were  long  under  a  singu- 
lar optical  delusion.  They  imagined  that,  from 
time  to  time,  they  beheld  a  vast  island  to  the 
westward,  with  lofty  mountains  and  deep  val- 
leys. Nor  Avas  it  seen  in  cloudy  and  dubious 
weather,  but  in  those  clear  days  common  to  trop- 
ical climates,  and  with  all  the  distinctness  with 
which  distant  objects  may  be  discerned  in  their 
pure,  transparent  atmosphere.  The  island,  it  is 
true,  was  only  seen  at  intervals,  while  at  other 
times,  and  in  the  clearest  weather,  not  a  vestige 
of  it  was  to  be  descried.  When  it  did  appear, 
however,  it  was  always  in  the  same  place,  and 
under  the  same  form.  So  persuaded  were  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Canaries  of  its  reality,  that 
application  was  made  to  the  King  of  Portugal 
for  permission  to  discover  and  take  possession  of 
it ;  and  it  actually  became  the  object  of  several 
expeditions. — Irving's  Columbus,  ch.  4 


DELUSION— DEPENDENCE, 


181 


1522.  DELUSION,  Political.  Stamp  Tax.  a.d. 
1765.  Every  agent  in  England  believed  the  stamp 
tax  would  be  peaceably  levied.  Not  one  "imag- 
ined the  colonies  would  think  of  disputing  the 
matter  with  Parliament  at  the  point  of  the 
sword."  "It  is  our  duty  to  submit"  had  been 
the  words  of  Otis.  .  .  .  Franklin  .  .  .  never 
doubting  that  it  would  go  into  eflfect.  .  .  .  Still 
less  did  the  statesmen  of  England  doubt  the  re- 
sult.—  Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  11. 

1523.  DELUSIONS,  Popular.  Fernando  de 
Soto.  It  had  ever  been  believed  that  the  depths 
of  the  continent  at  the  north  concealed  cities  as 
magnificent  and  temples  as  richly  endowed  as 
any  which  had  yet  been  plundered  within  the  lim- 
its of  the  tropics.  Soto  desired  to  rival  Cortez  in 
glory,  and  surpass  Pizarro  in  wealth.  .  .  .  He 
demanded  permission  to  conquer  Florida  at  his 
own  cost ;  and  Charles  V.  readily  conceded. — 
Bancroft's  Hist,  op  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  2. 

1524.  DEMAGOGUE,  Changeful,  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  [He  was  a  Cabinet  minister.]  Buck- 
ingham was  a  sated  man  of  pleasure,  who  had 
turned  to  ambition  as  to  a  pastime.  As  he  had 
tried  to  amuse  himself  with  architecture  and  mu- 
sic, with  writing  farces  and  with  seeking  for  the 
philosopher's  stone,  so  he  now  tried  to  amuse  him- 
self with  a  secret  negotiation  and  a  Dutch  war. 
He  had  already,  rather  from  fickleness  and  love 
of  novelty  than  from  any  deep  design,  been  faith- 
less to  every  party.  At  one  time  he  had  ranked 
among  the  Cavaliers.  At  another  time  warrants 
had  been  out  against  him  for  maintaining  a  trea- 
sonable correspondence  with  the  remains  of  the 
Republican  party  in  the  city.  He  was  now  again 
a  courtier,  and  was  eager  to  win  the  favor  of  the 
king. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  199. 

1525.  DEMAGOGUE  Class.  Borne.  Etruriawas 
full  of  Sylla's  disbanded  soldiers,  who  had  squan- 
dered their  allotments,  and  were  hanging  about, 
unoccupied  and  starving.  Catiline  sent  down 
Manlius,  their  old  officer,  to  collect  as  many  as 
he  could  of  them  without  attracting  notice.  He 
himself,  as  the  election  day  approached,  and 
Cicero's  year  of  office  was  drawing  to  an  end, 
took  up  the  character  of  an  aristocratic  dema- 
gogue, and  asked  for  the  suffrages  of  the  people 
as  the  champion  of  the  poor  against  the  rich,  as 
the  friend  of  the  wretched  and  oppressed  ;  and 
those  who  thought  themselves  wretched  and  op- 
pressed in  Rome  were  so  large  a  body,  and  so 
bitterly  hostile  were  they  all  to  the  prosperous 
classes,  that  his  election  was  anticipated  as  a 
certainty.  In  the  Senate  the  consulship  of  Cat- 
iline was  regarded  as  no  less  than  an  impending 
national  calamity. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  11, 
p.  21. 

1526.  DEMAGOGUE,  The  First.     Menestheus. 

Menestheus,  the  son  of  Peteus,  grandson  of  Or- 
neus,  and  great-grandson  of  Erectheus,  is  said 
to  be  the  first  of  mankind  that  undertook  to  be  a 
demagogue,  and  by  his  eloquence  to  ingratiate 
himself  with  the  people.  He  endeavored  also  to 
exasperate  and  inspire  the  nobility  with  sedition, 
who  had  but  ill  borne  with  Theseus  for  some 
time,  reflecting  that  he  had  deprived  every  per- 
am  of  family,  of  his  government  and  command, 
and  shut  them  up  together  in  one  city,  where 
he  used  them  as  his  subjects  and  slaves.  Among 
tlie  common  people  he  sowed  disturbance  by  tell- 
ing: them,  that  though  they  pleased  themselves 


with  the  dream  of  liberty,  in  fact  they  were 
robbed  of  their  country  and  religion  ;  and  instead 
of  many  good  and  native  kings,  were  lorded 
over  by  one  man,  who  was  a  new-comer  and  a 
stranger. — Plutarch's  Theseus. 

1527.  DEMAGOGUE,  Marks  of  the,  Hearers. 
The  love  of  liberty,  or  the  passion  for  national 
freedom,  is  a  noble,  a  disinterested,  and  a  virtu- 
ous feeling.  Where  this  feeling  is  found  to  pre- 
vail in  any  great  degree,  it  is  a  proof  that  the 
manners  of  that  community  are  yet  pure  and  un- 
adulterated ;  for  corruption  of  manners  infalli- 
bly extinguishes  the  patriotic  spirit.  In  a  nation 
confessedly  corrupted,  liiere  is  often  found  a 
prevailing  cry  for  liberty,  which  is  heard  the 
loudest  among  the  most  profligate  of  the  com- 
munity ;  but  let  us  carefully  distinguish  that 
spirit  from  virtuous  patriotism.  Let  us  examine 
the  morals,  the  private  manners  of  the  dema- 
gogue who  preaches  forth  the  love  of  liberty ; 
remark  the  character  and  examine  the  lives  of 
those  who  listen  with  the  greatest  avidity  to  his 
harangues,  and  re-echo  his  vociferations  ;  and  let 
this  be  our  criterion  to  judge  of  the  principle 
which  actuates  them. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4, 
ch.  6. 

152§.  DEMONS,  Origin  of,  Semi-Huns.  A  fab 
ulous  origin  was  assigned,  worthy  of  their  form 
and  manners,  that  the  witches  oi  Scythia,  who, 
for  their  foul  and  deadly  practices,  had  been 
driven  from  society,  had  copulated  in  the  desert 
with  infernal  spirits  ;  and  that  the  Huns  were  the 
offspring  of  this  execrable  conjunction.  The 
tale,  so  full  of  horror  and  absurdity,  was  greed- 
ily embraced  by  the  credulous  hatred  of  the 
Goths. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26. 

1529.  DENUNCIATION,  Terrible.  Napoleon  I. 
[Having  escaped  from  exile  at  St.  Elba,  and  been 
welcomed  by  the  army  and  people  of  France,  the 
allied  sovereigns  declared,]  "He  has  deprived 
himself  of  the  protection  of  the  laws.  .  .  .  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte  has  thrown  himself  out  of  all  re- 
lations with  civilized  society ;  and  that  as  an 
enemy  and  disturber  of  the  world,  he  has  ren- 
dered himself  an  object  of  public  vengeance." — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  26. 

1530.  DEPAETUEE,  Mysterious,  Cleomedes. 
[According  to  the  Grecian  fable,  Cleomedes]  was 
a  man  of  gigantic  size  and  strength  ;  but  behav- 
ing in  a  foolish  and  frantic  manner,  he  was 
guilty  of  many  acts  of  violence.  At  last  he  went 
into  a  school,  where  he  struck  the  pillar  that 
supported  the  roof  with  his  fists,  and  broke  it 
asunder,  so  that  the  roof  fell  in  and  destroyed 
the  children.  Pursued  for  this,  he  took  refuge 
in  a  great  chest,  and  having  shut  the  lid  upon 
him,  he  held  it  down  so  fast,  that  many  men  to- 
gether could  not  force  it  open.  When  they  had 
cut  the  chest  in  pieces,  they  could  not  find  him 
either  dead  or  alive.  Struck  with  this  strange 
affair,  they  sent  to  consult  the  oracle  at  Delphi, 
and  had  from  the  priestess  this  answer  :  "The 
race  of  heroes  ends  in  Cleomedes."  —  Plu- 
tarch's Cleomedes. 

1531.  DEPENDENCE,  Needless,  Virginian  Col- 
onists. They  pretended  to  fear  starvation,  and  in 
the  latter  part  of  August  almost  compelled  Gov- 
ernor White  to  return  to  England  for  an  addi- 
tional cargo  of  supplies.  It  was  a  great  mistake. 
If  White  had  remained,  and  the  settlers  had  giveo 


182 


DEPRAVITY— DESIRES. 


themselves  to  tilling  the  soil  and  building  houses, 
no  further  help  would  be  needed.  White  set 
sail.  .  .  .  What  their  fate  was  has  never  been 
ascertained. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  eh.  6,  p.  83. 

1532.  DEPRAVITY  by  Descent.  Nero.  Though 
the  traditions  of  cruelty  and  treachery  had  been 
carried  on  from  generation  to  generation,  they 
seem  to  have  culminated  in  the  father  of  Nero, 
who  added  a  tinge  of  meanness  and  vulgarity  to 
the  brutal  manners  of  his  race.  His  loose  morals 
had  been  shocking  even  to  a  loose  age,  and  men 
told  each  other  in  disgust  how  he  had  cheated 
in  his  praitorship  ;  how  he  had  killed  one  of  his 
f  reedmen  only  because  tie  had  refused  to  drink 
as  much  as  he  was  bidden  ;  how  he  had  purpose- 
ly driven  over  a  poor  boy  on  the  Appian  Road  ; 
how  in  a  squabble  in  the  Forum  he  had  struck 
out  the  eye  of  a  Roman  knight ;  how  he  had  been 
finally  banished  for  crimes  still  more  shameful.  It 
was  a  cun-ent  anecdote  of  this  man,  who  was 
"  detestable  through  every  period  of  his  life," 
that  when,  nine  years  after  his  marriage,  the 
birth  of  his  son  Nero  was  announced  to  him,  he 
answered  the  congratulations  of  his  friends  with 
the  remark,  that  from  himself  a"d  Agrippina 
nothing  could  have  been  born  but  what  was 
hateful,  and  for  the  public  ruin. —  Fak^ar's 
Early  Days,  p.  15. 

1533.  DEPRAVITY,  Evidence  of.  Samuel 
Johnson.  [In  conversation  with  Boswell,  he 
said :]  With  respect  to  original  sin,  the  in- 
quiry is  not  necessary  ;  for  whatever  is  the 
cause  of  human  corruption,  men  are  evidently 
and  confessedly  so  corrupt,  that  all  the  laws  of 
heaven  and  earth  are  insufficient  to  restrain 
them  from  crimes. —  Boswell's  Johnson,  p. 
466. 

1534.  DEPRECIATION,  Financial.  Plymouth 
Colony.  At  the  end  of  the  fourth  year  there 
were  only  one  hundred  and  eighty  persons  in 
New  England.  The  managers  had  expected 
profitable  returns,  and  were  disappointed.  They 
had  expended  $34,000  ;  there  was  neither  profit 
nor  the  hope  of  any.  ...  In  November,  1627, 
eight  of  the  leading  men  of  Plymouth  purchased 
from  the  Londoners  their  entire  interest,  for  the 
sum  of  $9000.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  13,  p. 
135. 

1535.  DEPRECIATION,  Foolish.  Of  Luther. 
How  did  the  pope  act  in  this  violent  conflict  ? 
[Which  began  the  great  Reformation.]  Two 
of  his  utterances  are  recorded  :  "Brother  Mar- 
tin is  a  very  ingenious  fellow  ;  but  the  conflict 
itself  is  merely  a  quarrel  between  jealous 
monks."  And  again:  "A  drunken  German 
must  have  written  these  theses ;  as  soon  as  he 
becomes  sober  he  will  change  his  mind."  The 
highest  circles  of  Rome  and  the  immediate  at- 
tendants upon  the  pope  were  guilty  of  the  same 
depreciative  and  contemptuous  treatment  of  the 
Germans  and  of  Luther's  theses.  In  their  re- 
plies the  "obscure  German"  and  his  "dog- 
biting"  theses  were  treated  in  the  most  deroga- 
tory manner. — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  4,  p.  49. 

1536.  DERISION,  Public.  Beignof  James  II. 
[Obadiah  Walker  had  converted  Oxford  Univer- 
sity into  a  Roman  Catholic  seminary.]  Actors 
came  down  to  Oxford.  .  .  .  Howard's  Commit- 
tee was  performed.  This  play,  written  soon 
after  the  Restoration,  exhibited  the  Puritans  in 


an  odious  and  contemptible  light,  and  had  there> 
fore  been,  during  a  quarter  of  a  century,  a  fa- 
vorite with  Oxonian  audiences.  It  was  now  a 
greater  favorite  than  ever  ;  for,  by  a  lucky  coin- 
cidence, one  of  the  most  conspicuous  characters 
was  an  old  hypocrite  named  Obadiah.  The  au- 
dience shouted  with  delight  when,  in  the  last 
scene,  Obadiah  was  dragged  in  with  a  halter 
round  his  neck ;  and  the  acclamations  redou- 
bled when  one  of  the  players,  departing  from 
the  written  text  of  the  comedy,  proclaimed 
that  Obadiah  should  be  hanged  because  he  had 
changed  his  religion.  The  king  was  much  pro- 
voked by  this  insult. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8, 
p.  262. 

1537.  DESERTION,  Imitated.  To  William 
of  Orange.  [Colonel]  Cornbury  was  soon  kept 
in  countenance  by  a  crowd  of  deserters  superior 
to  him  in  rank  and  capacity  ;  but  during  a  fe>v 
days  he  stood  alone  in  his  shame,  and  was  bit- 
terly reviled  by  many  who  afterward  imitated 
his  example  and  envied  his  dishonorable  prece- 
dence. Among  these  was  his  own  father.  The 
first  outbreak  of  Clarendon's  rage  and  sorrow 
was  highly  pathetic.  "O  God!"  he  ejaculot- 
ed,  ' '  that  a  son  of  mine  should  be  a  rebel !"  A. 
fortnight  later  he  made  up  his  mind  to  be  a  rebel 
himself.  Yet  it  would  be  unjust  to  pronounce 
him  a  mere  hypocrite.  In  revolutions  men  live 
fast ;  the  experience  of  years  is  crowded  into 
hours  ;  old  habits  of  thought  and  action  are  vio- 
lently broken  ;  novelties,  which  at  first  sight  in 
spire  dread  and  disgust,  become  in  a  few  dajw 
familiar,  endurable,  attractive.  Many  men  o^ 
far  purer  virtue  and  higher  spirit  than  Claren 
don  were  prepared,  before  that  memorable  year 
ended,  to  do  what  they  would  have  pronounced 
wicked  and  infamous  when  it  began. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  9,  p.  464. 

153S.  DESERTION,  Shameful.  Agathocles. 
He  suffered  a  signal  reverse  of  fortune.  Dur- 
ing his  absence  in  Africa  the  Sicilian  States, 
oppressed  by  Syracuse,  formed  a  league  in  de- 
fence of  their  liberties.  Agathocles  having  re- 
embarked  a  part  of  his  troops,  with  the  design 
of  chastising  this  revolt,  the  Carthaginians  in 
the  mean  time  reduced  the  remainder  of  the  Syr- 
acusan  army  to  such  extremity,  that  even  the 
return  of  their  leader  was  insufficient  to  retrieve 
their  losses.  Regarding  their  situation  as  des- 
perate, Agathocles,  with  the  meanest  treachery, 
abandoned  his  army  in  the  night,  and  escaped 
back  to  Sicily  in  a  single  vessel,  leaving  his  two 
sons  to  the  mercy  of  the  Carthaginians,  who 
put  them  both  to  death. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  8. 

1539.  DESIRES,  Potential.  Swedenborg. 
Any  one  in  the  spiritual  world  appears  to  be 
present  if  another  intensely  desires  his  presence  ; 
for  f'om  that  desire  he  sees  him  in  thought,  and 
puts  himself  in  his  state.  Again  one  person  is 
removed  f  i-om  another  in  proportion  as  lie  holds 
him  in  aversion  ;  for  all  aversion  is  from  con- 
trariety of  the  affections  and  disagreement  of 
the  thoughts  ;  therefore  many  who  appear  to- 
gether in  one  place  in  the  spiritual  world,_  so 
long  as  they  agree,  separate  as  soon  as  they  disa- 
gree. Further :  when  any  one  goes  from  one 
place  to  another,  whether  it  be  in  his  own  city, 
in  the  courts,  or  the  gardens,  or  to  others  out  of 
his  own  city,  he  arrives  sooner  when  he  has  a 


DESOLATION— DESTRUCTION. 


183 


strong  desire  to  be  there,  and  later  when  his  desire 
is  less  strong  ;  the  way  itself  being  lengthened  or 
shortened  according  to  his  desire  of  arrival. 
Hence  again  it  is  evident  that  distances,  and 
consequently  spaces,  exist  with  the  angels  alto- 
gether according  to  the  state  of  their  minds. — 
White's  Swedenborg,  p.  112. 

1540.  DESOLATION  by  Pestilence.  London. 
Looking  back  upon  these  times,  they  seem  sad, 
black,  and  desolate  ;  the  plague  ravaged  the 
metropolis,  the  deaths  averaging  about  five 
thousand  a  week.  The  city  was  empt}^  grass 
was  growing  in  the  street ;  and  Lily,  the  astrol- 
oger, going  to  prayers  to  St.  Antholin's,  in  Wat- 
ling  Street,  from  a  house  over  the  Strand  Bridge, 
between  six  and  seven  in  a  summer  morning  of 
the  month  of  July,  testifies  that  so  few  people 
were  then  alive,  and  the  streets  so  unfrequented 
he  met  only  three  persons  in  the  way. — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  3,  p.  56. 

1541.  DESPAIR  of  the  Defeated.  American 
Revolution.  [Fort  Washington  and  Fort  Lee, 
near  New  York,  had  been  captured  by  the  Brit- 
ish. Two  thousand  prisoners  and  great  military 
stores  sorely  needed  fell  into  the  enemy's  hands.] 
The  British  pressed  forward  after  the  retreating 
Americans.  Washington,  with  his  army  now 
reduced  to  3000  men,  crossed  the  Passaic  to 
Newark  ;  but  Cornwallis  and  Knyphausen  came 
hard  after  the  fugitives.  The  patriots  retreated 
to  Elizabethtown,  thence  to  New  Brunswick, 
thence  to  Princeton,  and  finally  to  Trenton  on 
the  Delaware.  The  British  were  all  the  time  in 
close  pursuit,  and  the  music  of  their  bands  was 
frequently  heard  by  the  rear-guard  of  the  Amer- 
ican army.  Nothing  but  the  consummate  skill 
of  Washington  saved  the  remnant  of  his  forces 
from  destruction.  Despair  seemed  settling  on 
the  country  like  a  pall. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch. 
39,  p.  314. 

1542.  DESPAIB,  Determination  of.  Roman 
Emperor  Aurelian.  He  there  experienced  that 
the  most  absolute  power  is  a  weak  defence 
against  the  effects  of  despair.  He  had  threaten- 
ed one  of  his  secretaries  who  was  accused  of  ex- 
tortion ;  and  it  was  known  that  he  seldom  threat- 
ened in  vain.  The  last  hope  which  remained 
for  the  criminal  was  to  involve  some  of  the 
principal  officers  of  the  army  in  his  danger,  or 
at  least  in  his  fears.  Artfully  counterfeiting 
his  master's  hand,  he  showed  them,  in  a  long 
and  bloody  list,  their  own  names  devoted  to 
death.  Without  suspecting  or  examining  the 
fraud,  they  resolved  to  secure  their  lives  by  the 
murder  of  the  emperor.  [They  assassinated 
him.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  11. 

1543.  DESPERATION  in  Battle.  Persians. 
[Khaled,  a  Mohammedan  general,  marched  with 
20,000  men  against  Harmouz,  a  vassal  of  the 
Persian  king.]  The  battle  commenced  by  a 
chivalrous  duel,  in  view  of  both  camps,  by  the 
two  generals.  Harmouz,  slain  in  the  combat 
bv  Khaled,  left  his  army  without  a  general. 
The  Persians,  decided  either  to  die  or  vanquish, 
had  chained  themselves  to  one  another  by  the 
legs,  so  as  to  deprive  themselves  beforehand  of 
the  means  of  flight.  They  perished  in  a  body 
beneath  the  swords  and  arrows  of  the  Arabs. — 
Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  162. 

1544.  DESPERATION,  Final.  Blind  King 
John.     "The  King  of  Bohemia,  who  was  nearly 


blind,  told  his  men  to  lead  him  so  far  forward 
that  he  might  strike  one  stroke  with  his  sword  ; 
and  they  all  tied  the  reins  of  their  bridles  each  to 
the  other,  that  they  should  not  lose  him  in  the 
press  ;  and  they  were  all  slain,  the  king  in  the 
midst. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  30,  p.  462. 

1545.  DESPERATION,  Scheme  in.  Monarch- 
ical. Thomas  Wentworth,  successively  created 
Lord  Wentworth  and  Earl  of  Strafford,  a  man  of 
great  abilities,  eloquence,  and  courage,  but  of  a 
cruel  and  imperious  nature,  was  the  counsellor 
most  trusted  in  political  and  military  affairs.  He 
.  .  .  formed  a  vast  and  deeply-meditated  scheme  < 
which  very  nearly  confounded  even  the  able  tac- 
tics of  the  statesmen  by  whom  the  House  of  Com- 
mons had  been  directed.  To  this  scheme,  in  his 
confidential  correspondence,  he  gave  the  expres- 
sive name  of  Thorough.  His  object  was  to  do  in 
England  all,  and  more  than  all,  that  Richelieu 
was  doing  in  France  ;  to  make  Charles  a  monarch 
as  absolute  as  any  on  the  Continent ;  to  put  the 
estates  and  the  personal  liberty  of  the  whole  peo- 
ple at  the  disposal  of  the  Crown  ;  to  deprive  the 
courts  of  law  of  all  independent  authority,  even 
in  ordinary  questions  of  civil  right  between  man 
and  man,  and  to  punish  with  merciless  rigor 
all  who  murmured. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1, 
p.  81. 

1546.  DESPOTISM,  Revival  of.  Cardinal  WoU 
sey.  The  ten  years  which  follow  the  fall  of  Wol- 
sey  are  among  the  most  momentous  in  our  his- 
tory. The  monarchy  at  last  realized  its  power, 
and  the  work  for  which  Wolsey  had  paved  the 
way  was  carried  out  with  a  terrible  thoroughness. 
The  one  great  institution  which  could  still  offer 
resistance  to  the  royal  will  was  struck  down. 
The  church  became  a  mere  instrument  of  the 
central  despotism.  The  people  learned  their  help- 
lessness in  rebellions  easily  suppressed  and  aveng- 
ed with  ruthless  severity.  A  reign  of  terror,  or- 
ganized  with  consummate  and  merciless  skill, 
held  England  panic-stricken  at  Henry's  feet. 
The  noblest  heads  rolled  from  the  block.  Virtue 
and  learning  could  not  save  Thomas  More  ;  royal 
descent  could  not  save  Lady  Salisbury.  The  put- 
ting away  of  one  queen,  the  execution  of  anoth- 
er, taught  England  that  nothing  was  too  high 
for  Henry's  "  courage"  or  too  sacred  for  his 
' '  appetite. "  Parliament  assembled  only  to  sanc- 
tion arts  of  unscrupulous  tyranny  or  to  build 
up  by  its  own  statutes  the  fabric  of  absolute  rule. 
All  the  constitutional  safeguards  of  English  free 
dom  were  swept  away.  Arbitrary  taxation,  ar- 
bitary  legislation,  arbitrary  imprisonment,  were 
powers  claimed  without  dispute  and  unsparingly 
used  by  the  Crown. — Eng.  People,  §  555. 

1547.  DESTINY,  Unavoidable.  Napoleon  I. 
[At  the  battle  of  Friedland]  a  cannon  ball  came 
over  their  heads,  just  above  the  bayonets  of  the 
troops.  A  young  soldier  instinctively  dodged. 
Napoleon  looked  at  him,  and,  smiling,  said  : 
"  My  friend,  if  that  ball  were  destined  for  you, 
though  you  were  to  burrow  a  hundred  feet  under 
ground,  it  would  be  sure  to  find  you  there." — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  35. 

154§.  DESTRUCTION,  Difficult.  Temple  of  Ju- 
piter, In  Syria  the  divine  and  excellent  Marcel- 
lus,  as  he  is  styled  bv  Theodoret,  a  bishop  ani- 
mated with  apostolic  fervor,  resolved  to  level  with 
the  ground  the  stately  temples  within  the  diocese 
of  Apamea.     His  attack  was  resisted  by  the  skill 


184 


DESTRUCTION— DETECTIVE. 


and  solidity  with  which  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
liad  been  constructed.  The  building  was  seated 
on  an  eminence  ;  on  each  of  the  four  sides  the 
lofty  roof  was  supported  by  fifteen  massy  col- 
umns, sixteen  feet  in  circumference  ;  and  the 
large  stones  of  which  they  were  composed  were 
firmly  cemented  with  lead  and  iron.  The  force 
of  the  strongest  and  sharpest  tools  had  been  tried 
without  effect.  It  was  found  necessary  to  unde"*- 
mine  the  foundations  of  the  columns,  which  fell 
down  as  soon  as  the  temporary  wooden  props  had 
been  consumed  with  fire. — Gibbon's  Rome,  eh. 
28. 

1549.  DESTRUCTION  of  Empire.  Fall  of 
Rome.  The  decline  and  fall  of  Rome  is  the 
greatest  event  in  history.  It  occupied  a  larger 
portion  of  the  earth's  surface,  it  affected  the  lives 
and  fortunes  of  a  larger  number  of  human  be- 
ings, than  any  other  revolution  on  record.  For 
it  was  essentially  one,  though  it  took  centuries  to 
consummate,  and  though  it  had  for  its  theatre 
the  civilized  world.  Great  evolutions  and  catas- 
trophes happened  before  it,  and  have  happened 
since,  but  nothing  which  can  compare  with  it  in 
volume  and  mere  physical  size.  Nor  was  it  less 
morally.  The  destruction  of  Rome  was  not  only 
a  destruction  of  an  empire,  it  was  the  destruc- 
tion of  a  phase  of  human  thought,  of  a  system 
of  human  beliefs,  of  morals,  politics,  civilization, 
as  all  these  had  existed  in  the  world  for  ages. 
The  drama  is  so  vast,  the  cataclysm  so  appalling, 
that  even  at  this  day  we  are  hardly  removed 
from  it  far  enough  to  take  it  fully  in.  The  mind 
is  oppressed,  the  imagination  flags  under  the 
load  imposed  upon  it.  The  capture  and  sack  of 
a  town  one  can  fairly  conceive  :  the  massacre, 
outrage,  the  flaming  roofs,  the  desolation.  Even 
the  devastation  of  a  province  can  be  approxi- 
mately reproduced  in  thought.  But  what  thought 
can  embrace  the  devastation  and  destruction  of 
all  the  civilized  portions  of  Europe,  Africa,  and 
Asia  ?  "Who  can  realize  a  Thirty  Years'  War  last- 
ing five  hundred  years  ? — Morrison's  Gibbon, 
ch.  7. 

1550.  DESTRUCTION",  Terrible.  Cimbrians. 
[Caius  Marius  defeated  the  Cimbrians,  who  en- 
deavored to  escape  by  flight.]  The  Romans 
drove  back  the  fugitives  to  their  camp,  where 
they  found  the  most  shocking  spectacle.  The 
women  standing  in  mourning  by  their  carriages 
killed  those  that  fled ;  some  their  husbands, 
some  their  brothers,  others  their  fathers.  They 
strangled  their  little  children  with  their  own 
hands,  and  threw  them  under  the  wheels  and 
horses'  feet.  Last  of  all,  they  killed  themselves. 
They  tell  us  of  one  that  was  seen  slung  from  the 
top  of  a  wagon,  with  a  child  hanging  at  each  heel. 
The  men,  for  want  of  trees,  tied  themselves  by  the 
neck,  some  to  the  horns  of  oxen,  others  to  their 
legs,  and  then  pricked  them  on  ;  that  by  the  start- 
ing of  the  beasts  they  might  be  strangled  or  torn 
to  pieces.  But  though  they  were  so  industrious 
to  destroy  themselves,  above  60,000  were  taken 
prisoners. — Plutarch's  Caius  Marius. 

1551.  DETAILS,  Importance  of.  Military. 
There  were  no  stores  sent  from  Italy  to  supply 
the  daily  waste  of  material.  The  men  had  to 
mend  and  perhaps  make  their  own  clothes  and 
shoes,  and  repair  their  own  arms.  Skill  in  the 
use  of  tools  was  not  enough  without  the  tools 
themselves.     Had  the  spades  and  mattocks  been 


supplied  by  contract,  had  the  axes  been  of  soft 
iron,  fair  to  the  eye  and  failing  to  the  stroke,  not 
a  man  in  Caesar's  army  would  have  returned  to 
Rome  to  tell  the  tale  of  its  destruction.  How  the 
legionaries  acquired  these  various  arts,  whether 
the  Italian  peasantry  were  generally  educated  in 
such  occupations,  or  whether  on  this  occasion 
there  was  a  special  selection  of  the  best,  of  this 
we  have  no  information. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch. 
14. 

1552.  DETECTIVE,  Harmless.  Robert  Bm^ns. 
[He  was  an  excise  officer.  ]  Smuggling  was  then 
common  throughout  Scotland,  both  in  the  shape 
of  brewing  and  of  selling  beer  and  whiskey  with- 
out license.  Burns  took  a  serious  yet  humane 
view  of  his  duty.  To  the  regular  smuggler  he  is 
said  to  have  been  severe  ;  to  the  country  folk, 
farmers,  or  cotters,  who  sometimes  transgressed, 
he  tempered  justice  with  mercy.  Many  stories 
are  told  of  his  leniency  to  these  last.  At  Thorn- 
hill,  on  a  fair  day.  he  was  seen  to  call  at  the  door 
of  a  poor  woman  who  for  the  day  was  doing 
a  little  illicit  business  on  her  own  account.  A 
nod  and  a  movement  of  the  forefinger  brought 
the  woman  to  the  doorway.  "Kate,  are  you 
mad  ?  Don't  you  know  that  the  supervisor  and 
I  will  be  in  upon  you  in  forty  minutes  ?"  Burns 
at  once  disappeared  among  the  crowd,  and  the 
poor  woman  was  saved  a  heavy  fine. — Shairp's 
Burns,  ch.  5. 

1553.  DETECTIVE,  A  stupid.  Colonel  Jame- 
son. Major  Andre  [the  spy]  passed  the  American 
outposts  in  safety  ;  but  at  Tarrytown,  twenty -five 
miles  from  the  city,  he  was  suddenly  confronted 
by  three  militia  men,  who  stripped  him,  found 
his  papers,  and  delivered  him  to  Colonel  Jame- 
son at  North  Castle.  Through  that  officer's  amaz- 
ing stupidity  Arnold  was  at  once  notified  that 
John  Anderson — that  being  the  assumed  name  of 
Andre — had  been  taken  with  his  passport  and 
some  papers  "of  a  very  dangerous  tendency." 
Arnold  [the  American  traitor  and  commandant  at 
West  Point]  fled  to  the  river  and  escaped  on  board 
the  [British  vessel,  the]  Vulture. — Ridpatii's 
U.  S.,  ch.  43,  p.  345. 

1554.  DETECTIVE,  Useful.  Cicero.  The  am- 
bassadors of  the  AUobroges  having  fruitlessly  ap- 
plied to  the  Roman  Senate  for  a  redress  of  griev- 
ances, Publius  Lentulus,  the  praetor,  gave  them 
assurance  in  private  of  protection  and  favor,  pro- 
vided they  would  return  to  their  province,  and 
dispose  their  countrymen  to  arm  in  support  of  a 
powerful  party,  which,  he  affirmed,  would  soon 
have  the  command  of  the  republic.  Of  tliis  ne- 
gotiation Cicero  received  intelligence.  The  con- 
sul, with  infinite  prudence,  instructed  his  infor- 
mant to  encourage  the  correspondence  between 
Lentulus  and  the  ambassadors,  and  to  urge  the 
latter  to  demand  from  Lentulus  a  list  of  the  names 
of  all  his  partisans,  in  order  to  show  to  their 
countrymen  the  number  and  power  of  those 
friends  on  whose  protection  they  might  depend, 
if  they  armed  in  support  of  this  great  revolution 
in  the  State.  Lentulus  fell  into  the  snare  that 
was  laid  for  him.  He  gave  a  Hst  of  the  names  of 
all  concerned  in  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline  to  the 
ambassadors,  who,  setting  out  upon  their  jour- 
ney, were  waylaid,  and  their  despatches  seized 
by  order  of  the  consul.  Cicero  had  now  in  his 
hands  the  most  complete  evidence  against  the 
whole  of  the  conspirators.     Assembling  the  Sep 


DETERMINATION. 


185 


ate,  he  produced  first  the  written  evidence,  con- 
sisting of  letters,  under  the  hands  of  the  chief 
partisans  of  Catiline,  together  with  lists  of  arms, 
and  the  places  where  they  were  deposited,  as 
well  as  separate  instructions  for  the  ready  co- 
operation of  the  different  leaders  in  their  distinct 
departments  of  the  plot.  The  deputies  of  the 
Allobroges  were  produced  before  the  Senate,  and 
made  no  scruple  to  confirm  the  proof  arising  from 
those  documents. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4, 
ch.  1. 

1555.  DETERMINATION  asserted.  Sword. 
We  are  told  that  a  centurion  whom  Caesar  had 
sent  to  Rome,  waiting  at  the  door  of  the  Senate- 
house  for  the  result  of  the  deliberations,  and  be- 
ing informed  that  the  Senate  would  not  give  Cae- 
sar a  longer  term  in  his  commission,  laid  his  hand 
upon  his  sword,  and  said,  "But  this  shall  give 
it." — Plutarch's  C^sar. 

1556.  DETERMINATION,  Emphatic.  Ballot. 
[When  the  Persians  had  invaded  Greece,  and  the 
allies  had  evaded  a  conflict  by  removing  their 
camp,]  Amompharetus,  an  intrepid  man,  who 
had  long  been  eager  to  engage,  and  uneasy  to  see 
the  battle  so  often  put  oflt'  and  delayed,  plainly 
called  this  decampment  a  disgraceful  flight,  and 
declared  he  would  not  quit  his  post,  but  re- 
main there  with  his  troops,  and  stand  it  out 
against  Mardonius.  And  when  Pausanias  rep- 
resented to  him  that  this  measure  was  taken  in 
pursuance  of  the  counsel  and  determination  of 
the  confederates,  he  took  up  a  large  stone  with 
both  his  hands,  and  throwing  it  at  Pausanias' 
feet,  said,  "  This  is  my  ballot  for  a  battle  ;  and  I 
despise  the  timid  counsels  and  resolves  of  others." 
— Plutarch's  Aristides. 

1557.  DETERMINATION,  Fixed.  Joan  of 
.Arc.  It  was  in  vain  that  her  father,  when  he 
heard  her  purpose,  swore  to  drown  her  ere  she 
should  go  to  the  field  with  men  at  arms.  It  was 
in  vain  that  the  priest,  the  wise  people  of  the  vil- 
lage, the  captain  of  Vaucouleurs,  doubted  and 
refused  to  aid  her.  "  I  must  go  to  the  king," 
persisted  the  peasant  girl,  "even  if  I  wear  my 
limbs  to  the  very  knees.  I  had  far  rather  rest  and 
spin  by  my  mother's  side,"  she  pleaded,  with  a 
touching  pathos,  "  for  this  is  no  work  of  my 

Kjhoosing  ;  but  I  must  go  and  do  it,  for  my  Lord 
wills  it."  "And  who,"  they  asked,  "is  your 
Lord?"  "He  is  God."  Words  such  as  these 
touched  the  rough  captain  at  last ;  he  took 
.Jeanne  by  the  hand,  and  swore  to  lead  her  to  the 
king. — Eng.  People,  §  429. 

1558.  DETERMINATION,  Obstinate.  Scotch 
Presbyterians.  Persecution,  they  said,  could  onlj^ 
kill  the  body,  but  the  black  indulgence  was  dead- 
ly to  the  soul.  Driven  from  the  towns,  they  as- 
sembled on  heaths  and  mountains.  Attacked  by 
the  civil  power,  they  without  scruple  repelled 
force  by  force.  At  every  conventicle  they  mus- 
tered in  arms.  They  repeatedly  broke  out  into 
open  rebellion.  They  were  easily  defeated,  and 
mercilessly  punished  ;  but  neither  defeat  nor  pun- 
ishment could  subdue  their  spirit.  Hunted  down 
like  wild  beasts,  tortured  till  their  bones  were 
beaten  flat,  imprisoned  by  hundreds,  hanged  by 
ascores,  exposed  at  one  time  to  the  license  of  sol- 
•diers  from  England,  abandoned  at  another  time 
"to  the  mercy  of  bands  of  marauders  from  the 
Highlands,  they  still  stood  at  bay  in  a  mood  so 
aavage  that  the  boldest  and  mightiest  oppressor 


could  not  but  dread  the  audacity  of  their  despair. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  174. 

1559.  DETERMINATION,  Strange.  Joan  of 
Arc.  Orleans  had  already  been  driven  by  fam- 
ine to  offers  of  surrender  when  Jeanne  appeared 
in  the  French  court,  and  a  force  was  gathering, 
under  the  Count  of  Dunois,  at  Blois,  for  a  final 
effort  at  its  relief.  It  was  at  the  head  of  this 
force  that  Jeanne  placed  herself.  The  girl  was 
in  her  eighteenth  year,  tall,  finely  formed,  with 
all  the  vigor  and  activity  of  her  peasant  rearing, 
able  to  stay  from  dawn  till  nightfall  on  horse- 
back without  meat  or  drink.  As  she  mounted 
her  charger,  clad  in  white  armor  from  head  to 
foot,  with  a  great  white  banner  studded  with 
fleur-de-lis  waving  over  her  head,  she  seemed  "a 
thing  wholly  divine,  whether  to  see  or  hear." 
The  10,000  men  at  anns  who  followed  her  from 
Blois — rough  plunderers,  whose  only  prayer  was 
that  of  La  Hire,  ' '  Sire  Dieu,  I  pray  you  to  do  for 
La  Hire  what  La  Hire  would  do  for  you  were 
you  captain  at  arms  and  he  God" — left  off  their 
oaths  and  foul  living  at  her  word,  and  gathered 
round  the  altars  on  their  march.  .  .  .  The  people 
crowded  round  her  as  she  rode  along,  praying  her 
to  work  miracles,  and  bringing  crosses  and  chap- 
lets  to  be  blessed  by  her  touch.  "  Touch  them 
yourself,"  she  said  to  an  old  dame,  Margaret ; 
"  your  touch  will  be  just  as  good  as  mine."  But 
her  faith  in  her  mission  remained  as  firm  as  ever. 
"  The  maid  prays  and  requires  you,"  she  wrote 
to  Bedford,  "  to  work  no  more  distraction  in 
France,  but  to  come  in  her  company  to  rescue 
the  Holy  Sepulchre  from  the  Turk."  "  I  bring 
you,"  she  told  Dunois,  when  he  sallied  out  of 
Orleans  to  meet  her  after  her  two  days'  march 
from  Blois — "  I  bring  you  the  best  aid  ever  sent 
to  any  one — the  aid  of  the  King  of  heaven."  The 
besiegers  looked  on  overawed  as  she  entered 
Orleans,  and,  riding  round  the  walls,  bade  the 
people  shake  off  the  fear  of  the  forts  which  sur- 
rounded them. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  430. 

1560.  DETERMINATION  for  Success.    "  Win 

his  Spurs."  [At  the  battle  of  Cressy,  in  1346,] 
when  the  battle  was  at  its  hottest,  a  knight  came 
to  the  king  [Edward  III.]  and  said  that  War- 
wick and  Oxford  and  the  Prince  of  Wales  [the 
king's  son,  the  Black  Prince]  were  fiercely  fought 
withal,  and  were  sore  handled,  and  they  desired 
aid  from  him  and  his  men.  Then  the  king 
asked  if  his  son  were  dead  or  hurt,  or  felled  to 
the  earth;  and  the  knight  answered,  "No." 
"  Say,  then,  to  them  that  sent  you,"  replied  the 
king,  "  that  they  suffer  him  this  day  to  win  his 
spurs,  and  ask  me  not  for  aid  while  my  son  is 
alive." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  30,  p.  461. 

1561.  DETERMINATION,  Vow  of.  Philip  of 
France.  The  easy  reduction  of  Normandy  on 
the  fall  of  Ch&teau  Gaillard  at  a  later  time 
proved  Richard's  foresight ;  but  foresight  and 
sagacity  were  mingled  in  him  with  a  brutal  vio- 
lence and  a  callous  indifference  to  honor.  "I 
would  take  it  were  its  walls  of  iron  !"  Philip 
exclaimed  in  wrath  as  he  saw  the  fortress  rise. 
"  I  would  hold  it  were  its  walls  of  butter,"  was 
the  defiant  answer  of  his  foe.  It  was  church  land, 
and  the  Archbishop  of  Rouen  laid  Normandy 
under  interdict  at  its  seizure  ;  but  the  king  met 
the  interdict  with  mockery,  and  intrigued  vdth 
Rome  till  the  censure  was  withdrawn.  He  was 
just  as  defiant  of  a  "  rain  of  blood."  whose  fail 


186 


DETERMINATION— DEVOTION. 


scared  Ms  courtiers.  "  Had  an  angel  from  heav- 
en bid  him  abandon  his  work,"  says  a  cool  ob- 
server, "  he  vFould  have  answered  with  a  curse." 
■ — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  153. 

1562.  DETEEMINATION,  Youthful.  AlciMa- 
des.  One  day  he  was  playing  at  dice  with  other 
boys  in  the  street ;  and  when  it  came  to  his  turn 
to  throw  a  loaded  wagon  came  up.  At  tirst  he 
called  to  the  driver  to  stop,  because  he  was  to 
throw  in  the  way  over  which  the  wagon  was  to 
pass.  The  rustic  disregarding  him  and  driving 
on,  the  other  boys  broke  away  ;  but  Alcibiades 
threw  himself  upon  his  face  directly  before  the 
wagon,  and  stretching  himself  out,  bade  the  fel- 
low drive  on  if  he  pleased.  Upon  this  he  was 
so  startled  that  he  stopped  his  horses,  while 
those  that  saw  it  ran  up  to  him  with  terror. — 
Plutarch's  Alcibiades. 

1563.  DETESTATION,  Courage  under.  Crom- 
well. Numberless  little  coteries  of  hissing  snakes 
and  slippery  eels  were  wriggling  and  twisting 
toward  desired  eminence.  As  we  have  said, 
Cromwell  never  was  a  republican — less  so  now 
than  ever.  Shouts  of  "  Usurper  !"  "  Tyrant !" 
"Traitor!"  "Deceiver!"  from  other  factions; 
"Detestable  wretch  !"  "Murderer  !"  were  met 
by  the  calm  lightning  of  that  deep,  clear  gray 
eye.  "Very  likely,  gentlemen;  just  as  you 
please,  about  all  such  pleasant  epithets.  Mean- 
time, distinctly  understand  that  I  am  here  some- 
bow  or  other.  I  have  some  notion  that  I  have 
been  put  here  by  the  Eternal  God,  who  raiseth 
up  and  casteth  down.  Noble  natures,  you  will 
please  to  understand  that  I  am  ruler  here  to  save 
you  from  clammy  eels  or  hissing  snakes ;  and 
vou,  Messieurs  Eels  and  Snakes,  put  yourselves 
into  the  smallest  compass,  if  you  please,  or,  by 
that  Eternal  God  that  sent  me,  so  much  the 
worse  for  you  I" — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  18, 
p.  240. 

1564.  DETESTATION,  PubUc.  EutropJiius. 
[The  eunuch  and  minister  of  the  Emperor  Ar- 
cadius,  in  the  last  period  of  Roman  history.] 
Secure  as  he  now  imagined  himself  in  the  favor 
of  his  sovereign,  and  defended  by  the  terror  of 
his  own  uncontrolled  authority,  this  base  eunuch 
endeavored  to  engross  the  whole  power  of  the 
government.  He  caused  the/ weak  Arcadius  to 
create  him  a  patrician,  to  honor  him  vdth  the 
title  of  father  to  the  emperor,  and  at  length  to 
confer  on  him  the  consulship.  His  image,  pre- 
ceded by  the  fasces,  was  carried  in  triumph 
through  all  the  cities  of  the  East,  but  was  more 
generally  saluted  with  hissing  than  with  ap- 
plause.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  5. 

1565.  DEVELOPMENT,  Social.  Lombards. 
So  rapid  was  the  influence  of  climate  and  exam- 
ple, that  the  Lombards  of  the  fourth  generation 
surveyed  with  curiosity  and  affright  the  portraits 
of  their  savage  forefathers.  Their  heads  were 
shaven  behind,  but  the  shaggy  locks  hung  over 
their  eyes  and  mouth,  and  a  long  beard  repre- 
sented the  name  and  character  of  the  nation. 
Their  dress  consisted  of  loose  linen  garments, 
after  the  fashion  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  which 
were  decorated,  in  their  opinion,  with  broad 
stripes  of  variegated  colors. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  45. 

1566.  DEVIL,  Casting  out  the.  Bunyan. 
An  ale-house  keeper  in  the  neighborhood  of 


Elstow  had  a  son  who  was  half-witted.  The  fa- 
vorite amusement,  when  a  party  was  coUected^ 
drinking,  was  for  the  father  to  provoke  the  lad's, 
temper,  and  for  the  lad  to  curse  his  father  and 
wish  the  devil  had  him.  The  devil  at  last  did 
have  the  ale-house  keeper,  and  rent  and  tore  him. 
till  he  died.  "I,"  says  Bunyan,  "was  eye  and 
ear  witness  of  what  I  here  say.  ...  I  saw  him 
in  one  of  his  fits,  and  saw  his  flesh,  as  it  was- 
thought,  gathered  up  in  a  heap  about  the  bigness, 
of  half  an  egg,  to  the  unutterable  torture  and  af- 
fliction of  the  old  man.  There  was  also  one- 
Freeman,  who  was  more  than  an  ordinary  doc- 
tor, sent  for  to  cast  out  the  devil,  and  I  was 
there  when  he  attempted  to  do  it.  The  manner 
whereof  was  this.  They  had  the  possessed  in  an 
outroom,  and  laid  him  upon  his  belly  upon  a 
form,  with  his  head  hanging  down  over  the- 
form's  end.  Then  they  bound  him  down  thereto, 
which  done,  they  set  a  pan  of  coals  under  his- 
mouth,  and  put  something  therein  which  made 
a  gi'eat  smoke — by  this  means,  as  it  was  said, 
to  fetch  out  the  devil.  There  they  kept  the 
man  till  he  was  almost  smothered  in  the  smoke,, 
but  no  devil  came  out  of  him,  at  which  Freeman 
was  somewhat  abashed. — Froude's  Bunyan,, 
ch.  1. 

1567.  H'EVl'L^  teitedi.  Boston  Damsel.  Cotton 
Mather  .  .  .  invited  her  to  his  house  ;  and  the 
artful  girl  easily  imposed  on  his  credulity.  The 
devil  would  permit  her  to  read  in  Quaker  books, 
or  the  Common  Prayer,  or  Popish  books  ;  but  a 
prayer  from  Cotton  Mather  or  a  chapter  from 
the  Bible  would  throw  her  into  convulsions. 
By  a  series  of  experiments,  in  reading  aloud  pas- 
sages from  the  Bible  in  various  languages,  the 
minister  satisfied  himself,  ' '  by  trials  of  their  ca- 
pacity," that  devils  are  well  skilled  in  languages, 
and  understand  Latin,  and  Greek,  and  even. 
Hebrew,  though  he  fell  "  upon  one  inferior  Ind- 
ian language,  which  the  demons  did  not  seem 
so  well  to  understand. "  Experiments  were  made, 
with  unequal  success,  to  see  if  devils  can  know 
the  thoughts  of  others  ;  and  the  inference  was 
that  "all  devils  are  not  alike  sagacious." — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  19. 

156§.  DEVOTION,  Absolute.  Mohammedan. 
[After  one  of  Mahomet's  unsuccessful  battles,} 
one  of  the  women  encountered  the  vanquished 
army  returning  to  Medina.  "Where  is  my  fa- 
ther ?"  asked  she  of  the  soldiers.  "  He  is  slain,"" 
was  the  reply.  "  And  my  husband?"  "Slain 
also."  "And  my  son  ?"  "Slain  with  them,'' 
said  they.  "But  Mahomet?"  "  Here  is  he,  alive,' 
replied  the  wamors.  "Very  well,"  said  she, 
apostrophizing  the  prophet,  "  since  thou  livest 
still,  all  our  misfortunes  are  as  nothing!"  — ; 
Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  117. 

1569.  DEVOTION,  Commendable.  St.  Am- 
brose. Ambrose  had  devoted  his  life  and  hisi 
abilities  to  the  service  of  the  church.  Wealth 
was  the  object  of  his  contempt ;  he  had  re-  \ 
nounced  his  private  patrimony ;  and  he  sold,  i 
without  hesitation,  the  consecrated  plate  for  thei 
redemption  of  captives.  The  clergy  and  people 
of  Milan  were  attached  to  their  archbishop  ;  and 
he  deserved  the  esteem,  without  soliciting  the 
favor,  or  apprehending  the  displeasure,  of  his 
feeble  sovereigns. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  27. 

1570.  DEVOTION,  Entire.  E&v.  Thomas  Coke 
The  first  Protestant  bishop  in  the  Western  Hem 


DEVOTION— DIFFICULTIES. 


187 


isphere  expended  his  large  patrimonial  estate 
on  his  missions  and  chapels.  He  was  married 
twice  ;  both  his  wives  were  like-minded  with 
himself,  and  both  had  considerable  fortunes, 
which  were  used  like  his  o-wn.  ...  It  is  doubtful 
whether  any  Protestant  of  his  day  contributed 
more  from  his  own  property  for  the  spread  of 

the  Gospel Plying.duringnearly  forty  years, 

over  England,  Scotland,  Wales,  and  Ireland  ; 
crossing  the  Atlantic  eighteen  times  ;  traversing 
the  United  States  and  the  West  Indies  ;  the 
founder  of  Methodist  missions  in  the  West  In- 
dies, in  Africa,  and  in  Asia  ;  in  England,  Wales 
and  Ireland  ;  the  founder  of  its  first  Tract  Soci- 
ety ;  ...  he  has  been  pronounced  "  the  greatest 
man  of  the  last  century,"  in  "  labors  and  services 
as  a  minister  of  Christ."  [He  died  while  on  his 
passage  to  India  as  a  missionary,  going  at  his 
own  expense,  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven.] — Ste- 
vens' Methodism,  vol.  3,  p.  340. 

1571.  DEVOTION,  Ministerial.  Thomas  Lee 
[a  Methodist  itinerant  under  Wesley]  was  in- 
itiated at  Pateley  Bridge  into  the  common  lot  of 
Methodist  evangelists,  and  received  his  first  bap- 
tism from  the  clods,  clubs,  and  stones  of  the 
mob.  His  meek  and  pure  spirit  was  not  weak, 
but  displayed  during  this  and  later  trials  a  hero- 
ism to  be  admired.  "  We  have  done  enough," 
cried  the  mob — "  we  have  done  enough  to  make 
an  end  of  him."  "  I  did,  indeed,"  he  says,  "reel 
to  and  fro,  and  my  head  was  broken  with  a 
stone.  But  I  never  found  my  soul  more  happy, 
nor  was  ever  more  composed  in  my  closet.  It 
was  a  glorious  time,  and  there  are  several  who 
date  their  conversion  from  that  day." — Stevens' 
Methodism:,  vol.  1,  p.  356. 

1572.  DEVOTION,  Self-sacrificing.  Belisarius. 
In  the  siege  of  Osimo  the  general  was  nearly 
transpierced  with  an  arrow,  if  the  mortal  stroke 
had  not  been  intercepted  by  one  of  his  guards, 
who  lost,  in  that  pious  office,  the  use  of  his  hand. 
[It  was  the  weapon  of  a  Goth.] — Gibbon's  Rome, 
eh.  41. 

1573.  DEVOTIONS,  Morning.  Ancient  Bo- 
mans.  The  first,  second,  and  third  hours  were 
differently  employed  at  Rome  by  the  different 
ranks  of  the  people  ;  and  even  by  these  differ- 
ently according  to  their  separate  inclinations. 
It  was  the  custom  with  many  to  begin  the  day 
by  visiting  the  temples,  where,  according  as  their 
ideas  of  devotion  were  more  or  less  strict,  they 
either  sacrificed,  or  paid  their  adoration  by  sim- 

j  ply  kissing  their  hand,  or  prostrating  themselves 
i  before  their  own  particular  deity.  Those  who 
^ere  more  rigorously  devout  made  their  consci- 
entious circuit  to  most  of  the  temples  in  the  city, 
k  business  which  must  necessarily  have  occupied 
lany  hours  ;  but  the  great  bulk  of  the  citizens, 
ttached  to  temporal  concerns,  and  intent  on 
lore  substantial  duties,  employed  the  morning 
ery  differently.  —  Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4, 
4. 

1574.  DIARY,  Artful.  Samuel  Johnson.    [To 
[rs.  Thrale.]    Johnson  :  "  No,  madam  ;  a  man 

loves  to  review  his  own  mind.  That  is  the  use 
of  a  diary  or  journal."  Lord  Trimlestown  : 
"  True,  sir.  As  the  ladies  love  to  see  themselves 
in  a  glass,  so  a  man  likes  to  see  himself  in  his 
journal."  Boswell  :  "  A  very  pretty  allusion." 
Johnson:  "Yes,  indeed."  Boswell  :  "And 
as  a  lady  adjusts  her  dress  before  a  mirror,  a 


man  adjusts  his  character  by  looking  at  his  jour- 
nal."— Boswell's  Johnson. 

1575.  DICTATION,  Simultaneous.  Napoleon  I. 
At  the  four  corners  of  the  room  tables  were  set 
for  his  secretaries  ;  ...  he  was  accustomed  to 
dictate  simultaneously.  He  possessed  the  rare 
faculty  of  giving  judgment  upon  almost  any 
number  of  subjects  at  the  same  time.  He  usu- 
ally paced  the  floor  with  his  hat  on,  and  his 
hands  clasped  behind  his  back.  ...  To  one  scribe 
he  would  dictate  instructions  for  the  manoeuvres 
of  the  army.  Turning  to  another  he  would  give 
the  decisive  opinion  on  a  diflScult  question  of 
finance  or  on  the  administrative  government  of 
the  empire.  To  a  third  he  would  communicate 
answers  to  the  ambassadors  in  foreign  countries. 
A  fourth  was  not  unfrequently  intrusted  witk 
his  private  correspondence. — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  7. 

1576.  DIET,  Simplicity  in.  John  Howard'.. 
On  one  of  his  tours  he  had  a  severe  fit  of  the- 
gout,  which  led  him  to  resolve  that,  if  ever  he- 
recovered,  he  would  never  again  drink  wine  or 
spirits.  He  kept  his  resolution,  though  he  con- 
tinued to  provide  wine  for  his  guests.  Soon  af- 
ter, his  health  being  still  impaired,  he  tried  the 
experiment  of  living  without  meat ;  and,  as  a 
vegetable  diet  seemed  to  benefit  him,  he  never 
again  partook  of  animal  food.  All  this  wasr. 
highly  serviceable  to  him  in  his  philanthropic 
travels,  when  he  was  often  beyond  the  reach  of 
any  supplies  except  the  most  simple.  He  could: 
live,  and  often  did  live,  for  weeks  at  a  time,, 
upon  biscuit,  raisins,  and  tea.  Tea,  in  fact,  w/is 
his  only  luxury.  He  always  travelled  with  a 
supply  of  the  best  tea,  and  a  portable  apparatus 
for  preparing  it.  On  arriving  at  a  town  he 
would  sit  in  his  carriage  and  dine  upon  tea  and 
biscuit,  but  send  his  servant  to  the  inn  to  get  a 
good  dinner. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  40. 

1577.  DIFFICULTIES,  Firmness  amid.  Em- 
peror Olaudius.  An  original  letter  addressed  b} 
Claudius  to  the  Senate  and  people. . . .  "Conscript 
fathers,"  says  the  emperor,  "know  that  320,000 
Goths  have  invaded  the  Roman  territory.  If  I 
vanquish  them,  your  gratitude  will  reward  my 
services.  Should  I  fall,  remember  that  I  am  the. 
successor  of  Gallienus.  The  whole  republic  is 
fatigued  and  exhausted.  We  shall  fight  after 
Valerian,  after  Ingenuus,  Regillianus,  Lollianus, 
Posthumus,  Celsus,  and  a  thousand  others,, 
whom  a  just  contempt  for  Gallienus  provoked 
into  rebellion.  We  are  in  want  of  darts,  of 
spears,  and  of  shields.  The  strength  of  the  em- 
pire, Gaul,  and  Spain  are  usurped  by  Tetricus, 
and  we  blush  to  acknowledge  that  the  archers  of 
the  East  serve  under  the  banners  of  2^nobia. 
Whatever  we  shall  perform  will  be  sufficiently 
great. "  The  melancholy  firmness  of  this  epistle 
announces  a  hero  careless  of  his  fate,  conscious 
of  his  danger,  but  still  deriving  a  well-groundea 
hope  from  the  resources  of  his  own  mind.  [A 
great  victory  followed.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.ll. 

157§.  DIFFICULTIES,  Mechanical.  Charles 
Ooodyear.  The  agent  of  that  company,  however, 
had  but  a  sorry  tale  to  tell  Charles  Goodyear  in 
1833.  He  told  him  that  the  material  had  pre- 
sented unexpected  difficulties.  Shoes  made  in 
winter  melted  as  soon  as  the  summer  came. 
When  exposed  to  the  cold,  they  grew  as  bard  as^ 
stone  ;  but  a  temperature  of  one  hundred  degrees 


I 


188 


DIFFICULTIES— DIGNITY. 


reduced  a  case  of  shoes  to  a  mass  of  gum.  And, 
what  was  worse,  no  one  could  tell  of  the  winter- 
made  shoes,  whether  they  would  stand  the 
summer  heats  or  not.  The  company  feared  to 
manufacture  a  large  quantity,  since  the  first  hot 
week  in  June  would  melt  the  product  of  eight 
months'  labor,  as  readily  as  a  single  pair  of  shoes. 
In  short,  the  agent  said,  unless  a  way  could  be 
discovered  of  hardening  or  curing  this  singular 
substance,  and  that  very  soon,  the  Roxbury 
Company  would  be  obliged  to  wind  up  its  affairs 
from  the  exhaustion,  at  once,  of  its  patience  and 
it's  capital.  This  catastrophe,  in  fact,  soon  after 
happened,  to  the  ruin  of  a  large  number  of 
the  people  of  Massachusetts. — Cyclopedia  of 
BtOG.,  p.  216. 

1579.  DIFFICULTIES  overcome.  Timour. 
[Invasion  of  India.]  Between  the  Jihoon  and 
tbe  Indus  they  crossed  one  of  the  ridges  of  the 
iLOuntains  which  are  styled  by  the  Arabian 
geographers  the  Stony  Girdles  of  the  earth.  The 
h/ghland  robbers  were  subdued  or  extirpated  ; 
b/it  great  numbers  of  men  and  horses  perished  in 
tl;e  snow  ;  the  emperor  himself  was  let  down  a 
precipice  on  a  portable  scaffold — the  ropes  were 
oae  hundred  and  fifty  cubits  in  length  ;  and  be- 
fore he  could  reach  the  bottom,  this  dangerous 
operation  was  five  times  repeated. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  65. 

1580. .  Napoleon  I.  [When  cross- 
ing the  Alps  with  his  army]  two  skilful  engi- 
neers had  been  sent  to  explore  the  path,  and  to 
do  whatever  could  be  done  in  the  removal  of 
obstructions.  They  returned  with  an  appalling 
r(;cital  of  the  apparently  insurmountable  difficul- 
ties of  the  way.  "Is  it  possible,"  inquired  Na- 
poleon, "to  cross  the  pass  ?"  "Perhaps,"  was 
the  hesitating  reply  ;  "  it  is  within  the  limits  of 
possibility."  "Forward,  then,"  was  the  ener- 
getic response. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.  ,  vol.  1, 
ch.  19. 

1581.  DIFFICULTIES  removed.  Gordium 
Knot.  [When  Alexander  the  Great  took]  Gor- 
dium, which  is  said  to  have  been  the  seat  of  the 
ancient  Midas,  he  found  the  famous  chariot, 
fastened  with  cords,  made  of  the  bark  of  the 
cornel  tree,  and  was  informed  of  a  tradition, 
firmly  believed  in  among  the  barbarians,  that  the 
Fates  had  decreed  the  empire  of  the  world  to  the 
man  who  should  untie  the  knot.  Most  historians 
say  that  it  was  twisted  so  many  private  ways, 
and  the  ends  so  artfully  concealed  within,  that 
Alexander,  finding  he  could  not  untie  it,  cut  it 
asunder  with  his  sword,  and  so  made  many  ends 
instead  of  two. — Plutarch's  Alexander. 

1582.  DIGNITAEIES  multiplied.  Virginia 
Colony.  On  the  23d  of  May,  1609,  King  James, 
without  consulting  the  wishes  of  his  American 
colonists,  revoked  their  constitution,  and  granted 
to  the  London  company  a  new  charter.  .  ,  .  The 
council  was  at  once  organized  in  accordance  with 
this  charter,  and  the  excellent  Lord  De  La  Ware 
chosen  governor  for  life.  With  him  were  joined 
in  authority  Sir  Thomas  Gates,  lieutenant  gen- 
eral ;  Sir  George  Somers,  admiral ;  Christopher 
Newport,  vice-admiral ;  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  high 
marshal  ;  Sir  Ferdinand  Wainman,  master  of 
horse  ;  and  other  dignitaries  of  similar  sort .  .  . 
five  hundred  emigrants  .  ,  ,  sailed  for  America. 
[There  were  about  seven  hundred  colonists  in 
all.]— Ridpath'8  U.  S.,  ch.  10,  p.  105. 


1583.  DIGNITY  compromised.  Theodora. 
[Wife  of  the  Roman  Emperor  Theophilus.]  She 
deserved  the  love,  but  did  not  escape  the  sever- 
ity, of  her  lord.  From  the  palace  garden  he  be- 
held a  vessel  deeply  laden,  and  steering  into  the 
port ;  on  the  discovery  that  the  precious  cargo 
of  Syrian  luxury  was  the  property  of  his  wife, 
he  condemned  the  ship  to  the  flames,  with  a 
sharp  reproach,  that  her  aA^arice  had  degraded  the 
character  of  an  empress  into  that  of  a  merchant. 
^Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  48. 

1584.  DIGNITY,  Cruel.  Dejoces.  The  mon- 
archy of  the  Medes,  the  third  of  those  which 
sprang  from  the  ruins  of  the  first  Assyrian  em- 
pire, appears  to  have  begun  later  than  the  other 
two  ;  Dejoces,  its  first  sovereign  ...  is  reported  to 
have  built  the  city  of  Ecbatan,  and  to  have  be- 
stowed much  pains  in  polishing  and  civilizing 
his  people  ;  yet  those  laws  which  he  is  said  to 
have  enacted  breathed  strongly  the  spirit  of  des- 
potism. It  was  common  to  the  Asiatic  monarchs 
very  rarely  to  show  themselves  to  their  subjects. 
Dejoces  is  said  to  have  carried  the  haughtiness 
of  his  deportment  to  an  unusual  height.  It  was 
death  only  to  smile  in  his  presence. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11. 

1585.  DIGNITY  exhibited.  Samuel  Johnson. 
That  superiority  over  his  fellows,  which  he 
maintained  with  so  much  dignity  in  his  march 
through  life,  was  not  assumed  from  vanity  and 
ostentation,  but  was  the  natural  and  constant 
effect  of  those  extraordinary  powers  of  mind,  of 
which  he  could  not  but  be  conscious  by  compari- 
son ;  the  intellectual  difference,  which,  in  other 
cases  of  comparison  of  characters,  is  often  a 
matter  of  undecided  contest,  being  as  clear  in 
his  case  as  the  superiority  of  stature  in  some 
men  above  others.  Johnson  did  not  strut  or 
stand  on  tiptoe  ;  he  only  did  not  stoop. — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  7. 

1586.  DIGNITY,  Ludicrous.  Bollo.  Rollo  of 
Normandy  took  the  oath  of  fealty  to  [Charles,  the 
simple  King  of  France,]  in  the  accustomed  form  ; 
but  on  being  told  that,  in  order  to  complete  the 
ceremony,  it  was  necessary  that  he  should  kneel 
and  kiss  the  monarch's  foot,  he  started  back,  and 
disdainfully  refused  to  comply.  The  point  of 
etiquette  being  insisted  on,  Rollo  at  length  de- 
puted one  of  his  attendants  to  perform  the  duty 
in  his  stead.  The  rude  soldier,  either  intention- 
ally or  from  awkwardness,  lifted  the  king's  foot 
with  so  little  circumspection,  that  Charles  fell 
backward  from  his  seat.  His  comrades  could 
not  repress  a  shout  of  laughter,  which  the  French 
were  in  no  condition  to  resent,  —  Students'" 
France,  ch.  6,  §  10. 

1587.  DIGNITY  offended.  Bodolph.  Lewis, 
Duke  of  Bavaria,  named  for  emperor  Rodolph 
of  Hapsburg.  It  may  be  conceived  that  it 
should  be  somewhat  humiliating  to  [Ottocarus 
II.]  the  King  of  Bohemia,  who  was  one  of  the 
proudest  princes  of  his  time,  to  find  the  master 
of  his  household  elevated  to  the  rank  of  his  sov- 
ereign, and  as  such  entitled  to  exact  homage 
from  his  dominions  of  Bohemia.  When  this  de- 
mand was  made  by  the  heralds  of  the  new  em- 
peror, [Ottocarus  II.]  indignantly  replied,  "  Go 
tell  your  master  that  I  owe  him  nothing,  for  I 
have  paid  him  his  wages.".  .  .  Rodolph  instantly 
declared  war  against  him,  and  in  one  campaign 
deprived  him  of  Austria,  Stiria,  and  Carniola. . . . 


DIGNITY— DIPLOMACY. 


189 


He  now  acquainted  the  king  of  Bohemia  that  his 
dignity  as  emperor  positively  required  that  he, 
the  king,  should  perform  homage  as  his  vassal. 
Ottocarus  II.  was  obliged  to  submit ;  but  he  re- 
quired, as  a  condition,  that  the  homage  should 
be  privately  performed  in  the  emperor's  tent,  and 
before  the  officers  of  the  empire  alone.  On  the 
day  appointed,  he  repaired  in  his  robes  of  state 
to  the  camp  of  the  emperor,  who  chose  on  that 
occasion  to  be  clothed  in  the  plainest  apparel. 
When  Ottocarus  was  on  his  knees  before  Ro- 
dolph,  the  curtains  of  the  tent  were  drawn  up, 
and  the  King  of  Bohemia  was  exhibited  in  that 
attitude  to  the  whole  imperial  army.  This  pro- 
voked the  king  to  the  highest  pitcla  of  indigna- 
tion. He  immediately  renounced  his  allegiance, 
and  declared  war  against  the  emperor,  in  hopes 
of  recovering  his  dominions  of  Austria  ;  but  in 
his  first  battle  he  was  defeated  and  slain. — 
—  Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  11. 

1588.  DIGNITY  preserved.  Poms.  [Alexan- 
der invaded  India  and  defeated  Porus,  one  of  its 
princes.  ]  The  captive  prince  being  brought  into 
the  presence  of  his  conqueror,  Alexander  gener- 
ously praised  him  for  the  courage  and  ability  he 
had  displayed,  and  concluded  by  asking  him  in 
what  manner  he  wished  and  expected  to  be  treat- 
ed. "  As  a  king,"  said  Porus.  Struck  with  the 
magnanimity  of  this  answer,  Alexander  declared 
he  should  not  be  frustrated  of  his  wishes  ;  for 
from  that  moment  he  should  regard  him  as  a 
sovereign  prince  and  think  himself  honored  by 
his  friendship  and  alliance.  ...  He  added  to 
the  kingdom  of  Porus  some  of  the  adjoining 
provinces. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  4. 

1589.  DIGNITY,  Regard  for.  George  Wash- 
ington. A.D.  1776.  [In  July  Lord  Howe  arrived 
at  New  York  commissioned  to  paciflcate  the  col- 
onists.] The  person  with  whom  he  most  wished 
to  communicate  was  the  American  commander- 
in-chief.  On  the  second  day  after  his  arrival  he 
sent  a  white  flag  up  the  harbor,  with  a  copy  of 
his  declaration  enclosed  in  a  letter  addressed  to 
Washington  as  a  private  man.  But  Washington 
declined  to  receive  the  communication.  Lord 
Howe  was  grieved  at  the  rebuff ;  in  the  judg- 
ment of  Congress,  Washington  "  acted  with  dig- 
nity becoming  his  station." — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  9,  ch.  1. 

1590. .      Lucullus.      [Once  when 

Lucullus  was  to]  sup  alone,  and  saw  but  one  ta- 
ble and  a  very  moderate  provision,  he  called  the 
servant  who  had  the  care  of  these  matters,  and 
expressed  his  dissatisfaction.  The  servant  said 
he  thought,  as  nobody  was  invited,  his  master 
would  not  want  an  expensive  supper.  ' '  What," 
said  he,  "  didst  thou  not  know  that  this  evening 
Lucullus  sups  with  Lucullus  ?"  —  Plutarch's 
Lucullus. 

1591.  DILEMMA  decided.  Marcia.  Commo- 
dus  fought  as  a  common  gladiator  in  the  circus, 
and  his  favorite  epithet  was  that  of  the  Roman 
Hercules,  which  is  still  to  be  seen  upon  his  coins 
and  medals.  His  whole  conduct  was  equally 
odious  and  contemptible,  and  the  public  meas- 
ures of  his  reign  consist  of  nothing  but  the  de- 
tection of  some  conspiracies  which  the  hatred  of 
his  subjects  and  his  own  cruelty  and  inhumanity 
could  not  fail  to  excite.  One  conspiracy,  at 
length,  delivered  the  empire  of  its  tyrant.  His 
concubine  Marcia,  his  chamberlain,  and  the  com- 


mander of  his  guard  had  ventured  to  remon- 
strate with  him  on  the  indecency  of  an  emperor 
displaying  himself  as  a  combatant  in  the  public 
games.  This  was  an  offence  which  could  not  be 
forgiven,  and  he  accordingly  determined  their 
immediate  destruction.  Marcia  found  the  list 
of  his  intended  victims  written  in  his  own  hand. 
She  made  haste  to  anticipate  his  purpose,  and 
caused  this  worthless  and  inglorious  wretch  to  be 
strangled,  in  the  thirty-second  year  of  his  age 
and  the  thirteenth  of  his  reign.  —  Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  2. 

1592.  DINNER,  Bad.  Samuel  Johnson.  At 
the  inn  where  we  stopped  he  was  exceedingly 
dissatisfied  with  some  roast  mutton  which  he  had 
for  dinner.  The  ladies,  I  saw,  wondered  to  see 
the  great  philosopher,  whose  wisdom  and  wit 
they  had  been  admiring  all  the  way,  get  into  ill- 
humor  from  such  a  cause.  He  scolded  the  wait- 
er, saying,  "  It  is  as  bad  as  bad  can  be  ;  it  is  ill- 
fed,  ill-killed,  ill-kept,  and  ill-dressed."  —  Boj* 
well's  Johnson,  p.  519. 

1593.  DINNER,  Waiting.  Samuel  Johnson. 
One  of  the  company  not  being  come  at  the  aj>' 
pointed  hour,  I  proposed,  as  usual  upon  such  oc- 
casions, to  order  dinner  to  be  served,  addinjj, 
"  Ought  six  people  to  be  kept  waiting  for  one  !"' 
"  Why,  yes,"  answered  Johnson,  with  a  delicate 
humanity,  "  if  the  one  will  suffer  more  by  yoiii* 
sitting  down  than  the  six  will  do  by  waiting."-  — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  163. 

1594.  DIPLOMACY,  Effect  of.  Bdgn  of  Charles 
II.  Sunderland  was  Secretary  of  State.  In  this 
man  the  political  immorality  of  his  age  was  per- 
sonified in  the  most  lively  manner.  Nature  had 
given  him  a  keen  understanding,  a  restless  and 
mischievous  temper,  a  cold  heart,  and  an  abject 
spirit.  His  mind  had  undergone  a  training  by 
which  all  his  vices  had  been  nursed  up  to  the 
rankest  maturity.  At  his  entrance  into  public 
life  he  had  passed  several  years  in  diplomatic 
posts  abroad,  and  had  been,  during  some  time, 
minister  in  France.  Every  calling  has  its  pecul- 
iar temptations.  There  is  no  injustice  in  saying 
that  diplomatists,  as  a  class,  have  always  been 
more  distinguished  by  their  address,  by  the  art 
with  which  they  win  the  confidence  of  those  with 
whom  they  have  to  deal,  and  by  the  ease  with 
which  they  catch  the  tone  of  every  society  into 
which  they  are  admitted,  than  by  generous  en- 
thusiasm or  austere  rectitude  ;  and  the  relations 
between  Charles  and  Louis  were  such  that  no 
English  nobleman  could  long  reside  in  France  as 
envoy  and  retain  any  patriotic  or  honorable  sen- 
timent. Sunderland  came  forth  from  the  bad 
school  in  which  he  had  been  brought  up,  cun- 
ning, supple,  shameless,  free  from  all  preju- 
dices, and  destitute  of  all  principles.  —  Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.i2. 

1595.  DIPLOMACY,  Expensive.  Bntish.  [In 
1862]  the  ports  of  the  Southern  States  were  .  .  . 
so  closely  blockaded  that  war-vessels  could  no 
longer  be  sent  abroad.  In  this  emergency  the 
Confederates  turned  to  the  ship-yards  of  Great 
Britain,  and  from  that  vantage-ground  began  to 
build  and  equip  their  cruisers.  In  spite  of  the 
remonstrances  of  the  United  States,  the  British 
Government  connived  at  this  proceeding  ;  and 
here  was  laid  the  foundation  of  a  difficulty  which 
afterward  cost  the  treasury  of  England  $15,000  - 
000.     [The  award  of  a  coiirt  of  arbitration  for 


190 


DIPLOMACY— DISAPPOINTMENT. 


damages  to  American  commerce.] — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,ch.  66,  p.  533. 

1596.  DIPLOMACY  of  Falsehood.  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. Had  Elizabeth  written  the  story  of  her 
reign  she  would  have  prided  herself,  not  on  the 
triumph  of  England  or  the  ruin  of  Spain,  but  on 
the  skill  with  which  she  had  hoodwinked  and 
outwitted  every  statesman  in  Europe  during  fifty 
years.  Nothing  is  more  revolting,  but  nothing  is 
more  characteristic,  of  the  queen  than  her  shame- 
less mendacity.  It  was  an  age  of  political  lying  ; 
but  in  the  profusion  and  recklessness  of  her  lies 
Elizabeth  stood  without  a  peer  in  Christendom. 
A  falsehood  was  to  her  simply  an  intellectual 
means  of  meeting  a  difficult}'- ;  and  the  ease  with 
■which  she  asserted  or  denied  whatever  suited  her 
p  arpose  was  only  equalled  b)''  the  cynical  indiffer- 
■euee  with  which  she  met  the  exposure  of  her  lies 
as  soon  as  their  purpose  was  answered.  Her 
irricker}',  in  fact,  had  its  political  value.  Ig- 
noble and  wearisome  as  the  queen's  diplomacy 
«eems  to  us  now,  tracking  it  as  we  do  through  a 
thousand  despatches,  it  succeeded  in  its  main 
•ejid,  for  it  gained  time,  and  every  year  that  was 
gained  doubled  Elizabeth's  strength. — Hist. 
OP  Eng,  People,  §  716. 

1597.  DIPLOMACY,  Game  of.  Go-ncealment. 
Pn  1697  Bouflers,  one  of  the  marshals  of  France, 
ai;ked  his  sovereign's  permission  to  meet  Port- 
land, the  confidential  friend  and  adviser  of  Will- 
iam  III.,  at  a  point  midway  between  the  two  ar- 
ndes  of  Britain  and  France,  for  private  conver- 
sation respecting  the  possibility  of  a  peace. 
Louis  consented,  adding  this  suggestion,]  "He 
w  as  to  speak  as  little  as  possible,  and  to  draw 
fiom  Portland  all  he  could." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  5,  ch.  13,  p.  198. 

159§.  DIPLOMACY,  Inscrutable.  Bismarck. 
When  he  was  ambassador  at  Frankfort  .  ,  . 
he  saw,  with  the  clearness  of  an  honest  mind, 
all  the  humbug  of  what  is  called  diplomacy.  He 
gives  a  humorous  account  of  the  manner  in  which 
he  and  his  fellow -diplomatists  "worried  them- 
selves with  their  important  nothings."  "No- 
body," he  wrote,  "  not  even  the  most  malicious 
sceptic  of  a  Democrat,  believes  what  quackery 
and  self-importance  there  is  in  this  diplomatizing. 
...  I  am  making  enormous  progress  in  the  art 
of  saying  nothing  in  a  great  many  words.  I 
write  reports  of  many  sheets,  which  read  as 
tersely  and  roundly  as  leading  articles  ;  and  if 
the  minister  can  say  what  there  is  in  them,  after 
lie  has  read  them,  he  can  do  more  than  I  can." — 
Cyclopedia  op  Biog.  ,  p.  634. 

1599.  DIPLOMACY,  RevengefuL  French.  The 
I'rench  king  [Louis  XV.]  would  never  have 
;agreed  to  the  treaty  of  1763,  by  which  Canada 
"was  ceded  to  Great  Britain,  had  it  not  been  with 
i.l\e  hope  of  securing  American  independence. 
Ir  was  the  theory  of  France  that  by  giving  up 
Canada  on  the  north  the  English  colonies  would 
l>ecome  so  strong  as  to  renounce  their  allegiance 
to  the  Crown.  England  feared  such  a  result. 
More  than  once  it  was  proposed  in  Parliament  to 
re-cede  Canada  to  Prance  in  order  to  check  the 
growth  of  the  American  States.  "  There  now," 
said  a  French  statesman,  when  the  treaty  of  1763 
was  signed,  ' '  we  have  arranged  matters  for  an 
American  rebellion,  in  which  England  will  lose 
lier  empire  in  the  West." — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
«1l  37.  D.  286. 


1600.  DIPLOMACY,  Trained  to.  John  Quincy 
Adams.  The  new  President  was  inaugurated 
on  the  4th  of  March,  1825.  He  was  a  man  of  the 
highest  attainments  in  literature  and  statesman- 
ship. At  the  age  of  eleven  years  he  accompa- 
nied his  father,  John  Adams,  to  Europe.  At 
Paris,  at  Amsterdam,  and  St.  Petersburg  the 
son  continued  his  studies,  and  at  the  same  time 
became  acquainted  with  the  manners  and  politics 
of  the  old  world.  The  vast  opportunities  of 
his  youth  were  improved  to  the  fullest  extent. 
In  his  riper  years  he  served  his  country  as  ambas- 
sador to  the  Netherlands,  Portugal,  Prussia, 
Russia,  and  England.  Such  were  his  abilities  in 
the  field  of  diplomacy  as  to  elicit  from  Washing- 
ton the  extraordinary  praise  of  being  the  ablest 
minister  of  which  America  could  boast.  His  life 
from  1794  till  1817  was  devoted  almost  wholly 
to  diplomatic  services  at  various  European  capi- 
tals. At  that  critical  period,  when  the  relations 
of  the  United  States  with  foreign  nations  were  as 
yet  not  well  established,  his  genius  secured  the 
adoption  of  treaty  after  treaty,  in  which  the  inter- 
ests of  his  country  were  guarded  with  patriotic 
vigilance.  ...  To  the  Presidential  chair  he 
brought  the  wisdom  of  mature  years,  great  ex- 
perience, and  unusual  ability. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  53,  p.  423. 

1601.  DIBECTNESS  commanded.  Emperoi'  of 
Russia.  The  railroad  between  St.  Petersburg 
and  Moscow  was  built  by  two  American  engi- 
neers named  Winans  and  Wilson.  They  laid 
it  out  first  as  they  would  one  in  this  country,  so 
as  to  take  in  the  principal  places  on  the  way,  for 
the  purpose  of  benefiting  the  people  and  increas- 
ing the  traffic.  But  when  the  plan  was  shown 
the  emperor  he  drew  a  straight  line  between  the 
two  cities,  and  said  :  "  Lay  out  the  road  on  that 
line,"  and  they  did  so.  Cuts  and  chasms  and 
hills  were  of  no  account  to  the  imperial  will. 
This  single  anecdote  illustrates  the  difference  be- 
tween a  republic  and  a  despotism.  In  the  for- 
mer a  road  is  built  to  accommodate  the  people  ;  in 
the  latter  to  please  the  monarch. — General 
Grant's  Travels,  p.  *248. 

1602.  DISAPPOINTMENT,  Bitter.     Imenta,  s. 
In  1803  the  first  steamboat  of  Livingston  and 
Fulton  was  built  in  France  upon  the  Seine. 
When  she  was  almost  ready  for  the  experimen-j 
tal  trip  a  misfortune  befell  her  which  woulc' 
have  dampened  the  ardor  of  a  man  less  deter-l 
mined  than  Fulton.     Rising  one  morning  afterj 
a  sleepless  night,  a  messenger  from  the  boat,| 
with  horror  and  despair  written  upon  his  coim-l 
tenance,   burst  into  his  presence,  exclaiming  :| 
"  O  sir  !  the  boat  has  broken  in  pieces  and  gone] 
to  the  bottom  !"    For  a  moment  Fulton  was  ut- 
terly overwhelmed.     Never  in  his  whole  life,  he] 
used  to  say,  was  he  so  near  despairing  as  then. 
Hastening  to  the  river,  he  found,  indeed,  thatj 
the  weight  of  the  machinery  had  broken  the 
framework  of  the  vessel,  and  she  lay  on  the  bot-i 
tom  of  the  river,  in  plain  sight,  a  mass  of  timber^ 
and  iron.     Instantly,  with  his  own  hands,  he' 
began  the  work  of  raising  her,  and  kept  at  it, 
without  food  or  rest,  for  twenty-four  hours — an 
exertion  which  permanently  injured  his  health. 
His  death  in  the  prime  of  life  was,  in  all  prob- 
ability, remotely  caused  by  the  excitement,  ex- 
posure, and  toil  of  that  terrible  day  and  night. 
— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  156. 


DISAPPOINTMENT— DISASTER. 


191 


1603.  DISAPPOINTMENT,  Fatal.  Oicero. 
IfV^hen  Cicero  stood  for  the  praetorship  he  had 
jnany  competitors  who  were  persons  of  distinc- 
tion, and  yet  he  was  returned  first.  As  a  presi- 
-dent  in  the  courts  of  justice  he  acted  with  great 
integrity  and  honor.  Licinius  Macer,  who  liad 
great  interest  of  his  own,  and  was  supported,  be- 
side, with  that  of  Crassus,  was  accused  before 
him  of  some  default  with  respect  to  money.  He 
had  so  much  confidence  in  his  own  influence  and 
the  activity  of  his  friends,  that  when  the  judges 
were  going  to  decide  the  cause,  it  is  said  he  went 
home,  cut  his  hair,  and  put  on  a  white  habit,  as 
if  he  had  gained  the  victory,  and  was  about  to 
return  so  equipped  to  thefortmi.  But  Crassus 
met  him  in  his  court-yard,  and  told  him  that  all 
the  judges  had  given  a  verdict  against  him ; 
Tvhich  affected  him  in  such  a  manner  that  he 
turned  in  again,  took  to  his  bed,  and  died. — 
Plutarch's  Cicero. 

1604.  DISAPPOINTMENT  overruled.  Gem-ge 
Muller.  [He  had  collected  funds  for  building 
his  large  Orphan  House,  and,  as  usual,  he  begun 
to  pray  for  Providence  to  open  the  way  for  the 
purchase  of  a  plot  of  ground.]  After  waiting 
upon  him  for  thirteen  weeks,  he  heard  one  morn- 
ing that  a  suitable  piece  of  ground  might  be  pur- 
chased on  Ashley  Down.  At  seven  o'clock  in 
the  evening,  therefore,  of  the  same  day  he  called 
upon  the  owner  of  the  property ,  a  merchant,  who 
— he  was  told — would  at  that  hour  be  at  home  ; 
but  not  finding  him  at  his  own  house,  as  was  ex- 
pected, he  proceeded — directed  by  the  servants — 
to  his  counting-house,  where,  they  said,  he  would 
be  sure  to  meet  with  him.  Upon  arriving  there, 
however,  he  was  informed  that  the  gentleman 
had  just  left  his  counting-house  and  had  returned 
to  his  own  residence.  "Now,"  thought  Mr. 
Miiller,  "  shall  I  go  again  to  him,  or — as  the  hand 
■of  God  surely  is  in  this — shall  I  wait  until  to- 
morrow ?  but  as  I  was  told  that  he  would  cer- 
tainly be  found  either  at  home  or  at  his  count- 
ing-house, and  at  both  places  I  have  failed  to 
meet  him,  it  may  be  better  to  wait  until  to- 
morrow." Accordingly,  the  next  morning,  at 
nine  o'clock,  he  called  upon  the  merchant,  who 
.said  to  him  at  once  :  "I  have  heard  about  your 
visit,  and  of  yoxir  desire  to  purchase  land  in  or- 
der to  build  an  Orphan  House  upon  it.  For  three 
hours  last  night  I  lay  awake,  and  during  that 
time  kept  on  thinking  :  If  this  gentleman  comes 
again,  I  must  sell  the  ground  to  him  for  £120 
instead  of  £200  an  acre  ;  and  now  I  am  willing 
to  let  you  have  it  at  that  price."  This  kind  pro- 
posal was  immediately  accepted,  and  in  less  than 
ten  minutes  a  contract  was  signed  for  the  pur- 
chase of  seven  acres. — Life  of  George  MtJx,- 
LER,  p.  35. 

1605.  DISAPPOINTMENT,  Trial  by.  CoIutti- 
bus.  While  Columbus,  his  pilot,  and  several  of 
his  experienced  mariners  were  studying  the  map, 

j^and  endeavoring  to  make  out  from  it  their  actual 
[position,  they  heard  a  shout  from  the  Pinta,  and 
looking  up,  beheld  Martin  Alonzo  Pinzon  mount- 
"l  on  the  stern  of  his  vessel  crying,  ' '  Land  !  land ! 
3enor,  I  claim  my  reward  !"  He  pointed  at  the 
same  time  to  the  south-west,  where  there  was  in- 
■deed  an  appearance  of  land  at  about  twenty -five 
kagues'  distance.  Upon  this  Columbus  threw 
himself  on  his  knees  and  returned  thanks  to  God  ; 
and  I\Iartin  Alonzo  repeated  the  Gloria  in  excel- 


sis,  in  which  he  was  joined  by  his  own  crew  and 
that  of  the  admiral.  The  seamen  now  mounted 
to  the  masthead  or  climbed  about  the  rigging, 
straining  their  eyes  in  the  direction  pointed  .  .  . 
out.  The  morning  light,  however,  put  an  end 
to  all  their  hopes,  as  to  a  dream.  The  fancied 
land  proved  to  be  nothing  but  an  evening  cloud, 
and  had  vanished  in  the  night. — Irving's  Co- 
lumbus, Book  3,  ch.  4. 

1606.  DISAPPOINTMENT  with  Victory.  Rich- 
ard I.  [Richard  the  Lion-hearted.  Third  Cru- 
sade.] The  English  monarch  went  on  from  vic- 
tory to  victory.  The  most  remarkable  of  his  bat- 
tles was  that  near  to  Ascalon,  where  he  engaged 
and  defeated  Saladin  [King  of  Jerusalem],  the 
most  renowned  of  the  Saracen  monarchs,  and  left 
40,000  of  the  enemy  dead  on  the  field.  Ascalon 
surrendered,  as  did  several  other  cities,  to  the  vic- 
torious Richard,  who  now  prepared  for  the  siege 
of  Jerusalem  [the  capture  of  which  was  the  ob- 
ject of  this  great  enterprise] ;  but  at  the  most  im- 
portant crisis,  which  if  fortunate — as  everything 
seemed  to  promise — would  have  terminated  the 
expedition  in  the  most  glorious  manner,  the  King 
of  England,  on  a  review  of  his  army,  found  them 
so  wasted  with  famine,  with  fatigue,  and  even 
with  victory,  that  with  the  utmost  mortifica- 
tion of  heart  he  was  obliged  to  entirely  adandon 
the  enterprise.  The  war  was  finished  by  a  truce 
with  Saladin. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  8. 

1607.  DISAPPOINTMENTS  in  Life.  Faun- 
tain  of  Youth.  Many  Spaniards  were  killed  ;  the 
survivors  were  forced  to  hurry  to  their  ships ; 
Ponce  de  Leon  himself,  mortally  wounded  by  an 
aiTow,  returned  to  Cuba  to  die.  So  ended  the 
adventurer  who  had  coveted  immense  wealth, 
and  had  hoped  for  perpetual  youth. — Bak- 
croft's  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  ch.  2. 

160S.  DISASTER  concealed.  General  Nash  of 
NortJi  Carolina.  [At  the  battle  of  Germantown] 
a  round  shot  from  the  British  artillery  .  .  .  pass 
ing  through  his  horse  shattered  the  general's 
thigh  on  the  opposite  side.  The  fall  of  the  ani- 
mal hurled  its  unfortunate  rider  with  considera- 
ble force  to  the  ground.  With  surpassing  cour- 
age and  presence  of  mind  General  Nash,  cover- 
ing his  wound  with  both  hands,  gayly  called  to 
his  men,  "  Never  mind  me  ;  I've  had  a  devil  of  a 
tumble  ;  rush  on,  my  boys — rush  on  the  enemy  ; 
I'll  be  after  you  presently."  [In  a  few  days  he 
died.] — Custis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  4. 

1609.  DISASTER,  Energy  by.  Romans.  [At 
the  battle  of  Cannae,  Avith  Hannibal  and  his  Car- 
thaginians,] the  Roman  army  was  entirely  cut  to 
pieces.  Forty  thousand  were  left  dead  on  the 
field  .  .  .  almost  the  whole  body  of  the  Roman 
knights.  .  .  .  The  Romans,  amid  the  conster- 
nation of  so  great  disaster,  displayed  a  magna- 
nimity truly  heroic.  The  Senate,  on  the  first  re- 
port of  the  fate  of  their  army,  ordered  the  gates 
of  the  city  to  be  shut,  lest  the  exaggerated  intel- 
ligence of  those  who  fled  from  the  fight  should 
add  to  the  general  alarm.  The  women  were  forbid- 
den to  stir  out  of  their  houses,  lest  their  cries  and 
lamentations  should  dispii-it  those  who  had  their 
country  to  defend  ;  and  the  senators  exerted 
themselves  in  every  quarter  to  dispel  the  fears  of 
the  people.  Varro,  from  the  wreck  of  the  army, 
Avas  able  to  collect  10,000  men ;  with  these  he 
repaired  to  Rome  to  defend  the  city,  in  case  Han- 
nibal, as  was  expected,  should  immediately  at- 


192 


DISCHAKGE— DISCIPLINE. 


tack  it.  This  measure  was  undoubtedly  his  wis- 
est policy,  and  he  was  strongly  urged  to  it  by 
Maherbal.  one  of  his  ablest  officers.  It  appeared, 
however,  to  Hannibal  a  doubtful  enterprise  ;  and 
while  he  deliberated  the  opportunity  was  lost. 
Varro,  whose  temerity  was  the  cause  of  this  great 
disaster,  on  approaching  Rome  with  the  shat- 
tered remains  of  the  army,  whom  he  had  with 
much  pains  collected,  was  met  by  the  Senate,  and 
received  their  solemn  thanks,  because  7ie  had  not 
despaired  of  the  repubUc.  The  effect  of  this 
spirited  conduct  was  wonderful.  The  citizens 
thronged  to  carry  their  money  to  the  public  treas- 
ury. All  above  the  age  of  seventeen,  of  what- 
ever rank,  enrolled  themselves,  and  formed  an  ar- 
my of  four  legions  and  10,000  horse.  Eight 
thousand  of  the  slaves  voluntarily  offered  their 
services,  and  with  the  consent  of  their  masters 
were  embodied  and  armed,  [a.d.  214.  Hanni- 
bal failed  in  his  enterprise.] — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  9. 

1610.  DISCHARGE,  An  honored.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  Halifax .  .  .  openly  accused  Roches- 
ter of  malversation.  An  inquiry  took  place.  It  ap- 
peared that  £40,000  had  been  lost  to  the  public 
by  the  mismanagement  of  the  first  lord  of  the 
treasury.  In  consequence  of  this  discovery,  he 
was  not  only  forced  to  relinquish  his  hopes  of 
the  white  staff,  but  was  removed  from  the  direc- 
tion of  the  finances  to  the  more  dignified  but  less 
lucrative  and  important  post  of  Lord-President. 
"I  have  seen  people  kicked  down-stairs  before," 
said  Halifax,  "  but  my  Lord  Rochester  is  the  first 
person  that  I  ever  saw  kicked  up-stairs."  — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  259. 

1611.  DISCIPLESHIP,  Honor  of.  Constants.. 
The  bishops  whom  he  summoned,  in  his  last  ill- 
ness, to  the  palace  of  Nicomedia,  were  edified 
by  the  fervor  with  which  he  requested  and  re- 
ceived the  sacrament  of  baptism,  by  the  solemn 
protestation  that  the  remainder  of  his  life  should 
be  worthy  of  a  disciple  of  Christ,  and  by  his  hum- 
ble refusal  to  wear  the  imperial  purple  after  he 
had  been  clothed  in  the  white  garment  of  a  ne- 
ophyte.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  20,  p.  273. 

1612.  DISCIPLINAEIAN,  Valued.  Baron  Steu- 
ben. Baron  Steuben,  a  veteran  soldier  and  disci- 
plinarian from  the  army  of  Frederick  the  Great 
,  .  .  repaired  to  York,  where  Congress  was  in 
session.  From  that  body  he  received  a  commis- 
sion, and  at  once  joined  Washington  at  Valley 
Forge.  His  accession  to  the  American  army  was 
an  event  of  great  importance.  He  received  the 
appointment  of  Inspector-General,  and  from  the 
day  in  which  he  entered  upon  the  discharge  of 
his  duties  there  was  a  marked  improvement  in 
the  condition  and  discipline  of  the  soldiers.  The 
American  regulars  were  never  again  beaten  when 
£onf routed  by  the  British  in  equal  numbers. — 
Bidpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  41,  p.  328. 

1613.  DISCIPLINE,  Failure  of.  Bomam.  [Pe- 
rennis,  a  servile  and  ambitious  minister,  was  ob- 
noxious to  the  army.  Reign  of  Commodus.]  The 
legions  of  Britain,  discontented  with  the  admin- 
istration of  Perennis,  formed  a  deputation  of 
1500  select  men,  with  instructions  to  march  to 
Rome,  and  lay  their  complaints  before  the  em- 
peror. These  military  petitioners,  by  their  own 
determined  behavior,  by  inflaming  the  divisions 
of  the  guards,  by  exaggerating  the  strength  of 
the  British  army,  and  by  alarming  the  fears  of 


Commodus,  exacted  and  obtained  the  minister'* 
death,  as  the  only  redress  of  their  grievances- 
This  presumption  of  a  distant  army,  and  their 
discovery  of  the  weakness  of  government,  was- 
a  sure  presage  of  the  most  dreadful  convulsions, 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  4,  p.  107. 

1614.  .     Constantine's  Army.    The 

most  flourishing  cities  were  oppressed  by  the  in- 
tolerable weight  of  quarters.  The  soldiers  insen- 
sibly forgot  the  virtues  of  their  profession,  and 
contracted  only  the  vices  of  civil  life.  They  wer& 
either  degraded  by  the  industry  of  mechanic 
trades  or  enervated  by  the  luxury  of  baths  and 
theatres.  They  soon  became  careless  of  their 
martial  exercises,  curious  in  their  diet  and  ap- 
parel ;  and  while  they  inspired  terror  to  the  sub- 
jects of  the  empire,  they  trembled  at  the  hostile^ 
approach  of  the  barbarians. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  17,  p.  127. 

1615.  DISCIPLINE,  Impossible.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  [The  Earl  of  Mulgrave,  not  three 
months  afloat,]  was  appointed  captain  of  a  ship 
of  eighty -four  guns,  reputed  the  finest  in  the 
navy.  .  .  .  The  same  interest  [avarice]  which 
had  placed  him  in  a  post  for  which  he  was  unfit 
maintained  him  there.  No  admiral,  bearded  by 
these  corrupt  and  dissolute  minions  of  the  pal- 
ace, dared  to  do  more  than  mutter  something- 
about  a  court-martial.  If  any  officer  showed  a. 
higher  sense  of  duty  than  his  fellows,  he  soon 
found  that  he  lost  money  without  acquiring  hon- 
or. One  captain,  who,  by  strictly  obeying  the 
orders  of  the  Admiralty,  missed  a  cargo  [offered 
for  safe  conveyance  on  board  a  man-of-war] 
which  would  have  been  worth  £4000  to  him, 
was  told  by  Charles  [II.],  with  ignoble  levity, 
tnat  he  was  a  great  fool  for  his  pains. — Ma 
caulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  3,  p.  282. 

1616.  DISCIPLINE,  Military.  Belisarius^ 
[The  Roman  general]  was  endeared  to  the  hus- 
bandmen by  the  peace  and  plenty  which  thej 
enjoyed  under  the  shadow  of  his  standard.  In- 
stead of  being  injured,  the  country  was  enriched 
by  the  march  of  the  Roman  armies  ;  and  such 
was  the  rigid  discipline  of  their  camp,  that 
not  [a  complaint  was  made  against  the  presence 
of  his  army]. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  41,  p.  183, 

1617. .  Boman.  [Roman  Emper- 
or Aurelian.]  His  military  regulations  are  con- 
tained in  a  very  concise  epistle  to  one  of  his  in- 
ferior officers,  who  is  commanded  to  enforce, 
them,  as  he  wishes  to  become  a  tribune  or  as  he= 
is  desirous  to  live.  Gaming,  drinking,  and  the 
arts  of  divination  were  severely  prohibited.  Au- 
relian expected  that  his  soldiers  should  be  mod- 
est, frugal,  and  laborious ;  that  their  armor 
should  be  constantly  kept  bright,  their  weapons- 
sharp,  their  clothing  and  horses  ready  for  imme- 
diate service  ;  that  they  should  live  in  their  quar- 
ters with  chastity  and  sobrietj^  without  damag- 
ing the  cornfields,  without  stealing  even  a  sheep, 
a  fowl,  or  a  bunch  of  grapes,  without  exacting, 
from  their  landlords  either  salt,  or  oil,  or  wood. 
"  The  public  allowance,"  continues  the  emperor, 
"is  sufficient  for  their  support;  their  wealth 
should  be  collected  from  the  spoils  of  the  enemj, 
not  from  the  tears  of  the  provincials." — Gibbon's. 
Rome,  ch.  11,  p.  340. 

1618.  DISCIPLINE  resented,  Athalanc.  [The 
young  Emperor  of  Rome .  ]   O  n  a  solemn  festival. 


DISCIPLINE— DISCORD, 


193 


Tvhen  the  Goths  were  assembled  in  the  palace  of 
Ravenna,  the  royal  youth  escaped  from  his  moth- 
er's apartment,  and,  with  tears  of  pride  and  an- 
^er,  complained  of  a  blow  which  his  stubborn 
disobedience  had  provoked  her  to  inflict.  The 
barbarians  resented  the  indignity  which  had  been 
ofl'ered  to  their  king  ;  accused  the  regent  of  con- 
spiring against  his  life  and  crown  ;  and  imperi- 
ously demanded  that  the  grandson  of  Theodoric 
should  be  rescued  from  the  dastardly  discipline 
of  women  and  pedants,  and  educated,  like  a  val- 
iant Goth,  in  the  society  of  his  equals  and  the 
glorious  ignorance  of  his  ancestors.  .  .  .  The 
King  of  Italy  was  abandoned  to  wine,  to  women, 
:and  to  rustic  sports.  ...  At  the  age  of  sixteen 
was  consumed  by  premature  intemperance. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  41 ,  p.  148. 

1619.  DISCIPLINE,  Severe.  Bomam.  [In  the 
Roman  army  it]  was  impossible  for  cowardice 
or  disobedience  to  escape  the  severest  punish- 
ment. The  centurions  were  authorized  to  chas- 
tise with  blows,  the  generals  had  a  right  to  pun- 
ish with  death  ;  and  it  was  an  inflexible  maxim 
•of  Roman  discipline,  that  a  good  soldier  should 
dread  his  ofiicers  far  more  than  the  enemy.  .  .  . 
The  valor  of  the  Imperial  troops  received  a  degree 
•of  firmness  and  docility  unattainable  by  the  im- 
petuous and  irregular  passions  of  barbarians.  — 
■Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1,  p.  13. 

1620. .     Henry  VI.     [The  boy 

Henry  (Henry  VI.),  in  accordance  with  the  will 
of  his  dying  father,  was  placed  under  the  tutelage 
of  the  Earl  of  Warwick.]  The  system  of  educa- 
tion .  .  .  pursued  might  not  have  been  the  best 
fitted  for  a  sensitive  boy.  The  tutor  applied  to 
the  council  for  powers,  which  were  granted,  to 
hold  the  pupil  under  the  strictest  discipline,  even 
after  he  had  been  crowned  king  in  1429  [Henry 
being  nine  years  old].  He  was  not  to  be  spoken 
to  unless  in  the  presence  of  Warwick  and  of  the 
four  knights  appointed  to  be  about  his  person, 
"  as  the  king,  by  the  speech  of  others  private, 
has  been  stirred  from  his  learning,  and  spoken 
to  of  divers  matters  not  behooveful."  The  coun- 
■cil  promised  that  they  would  firmly  assist  the 
■earl  in  chastising  the  king  for  his  defaults. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  5,  p.  79. 

1621. .     Cromwell.    An  interesting 

incident  illustrates  Cromwell's  strict  severity  in 
exacting  compliance  from  his  own  army,  with 
its  articles.  When  information  was  laid  before 
him  by  the  vanquished  that  they  had  been  plun- 
dered by  some  of  his  soldiers  on  leaving  the  city, 
contrary  to  the  terms  granted  to  them,  he  or- 
dered the  offenders  to  be  tried  by  a  court-martial, 
&X  which  they  were  sentenced  to  death.  Where- 
upon he  ordered  the  unfortunate  men,  who  were 
•six  in  number,  to  cast  lots  for  the  first  sufferer  ; 
and  after  his  execution  sent  the  remaining  five, 
with  a  suitable  explanation,  to  Sir  Thomas  Glen- 
ham,  Governor  of  Oxford,  requesting  him  to 
deal  with  them  as  he  thought  fit ;  a  piece  of 
conduct  which  so  charmed  the  Royalist  ofllcer, 
that  he  immediately  returned  the  men  to  Crom- 
Mell,  with  a  grateful  compliment,  and  expression 
of  much  respect. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  10, 
p.  139. 

1622.  DISCIPLINE,  Value  of.  The  Aril  In 
the  Lygian  nation  the  Arii  held  the  first  rank 
by  their  numbers  and  fierceness.     "The  Arii" 


(it  is  thus  that  they  are  described  by  the  energy 
of  Tacitus)  "study  to  improve  by  art  and  cir- 
cumstances the  innate  terrors  of  their  barbarism. 
Their  shields  are  black,  their  bodies  are  painted 
black.  They  choose  for  the  combat  the  darkest 
hour  of  the  night.  Their  host  advances,  covered 
as  it  were  with  a  funeral  shade ;  nor  do  they 
often  find  an  enemy  capable  of  sustaining  so 
strange  and  infernal  an  aspect.  Of  all  our 
senses,  the  eyes  are  the  first  vanquished  in  battle. " 
Yet  the  arms  and  discipline  of  the  Romans  easily 
discomfited  these  horrid  phantoms. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  12,  p.  380. 

1623.  DISCIPLINE,  Want  of.  Military.  [Ju- 
lian, who  bought  the  office  of  Emperor  of  Rome 
at  auction,  was  endangered  by  the  approach  of 
Severus  with  his  legions.]  Fear  and  shame  pre- 
vented the  guards  from  deserting  his  standard  ; 
but  they  trembled  at  the  name  of  the  Pannonian 
legions,  commanded  by  an  experienced  general, 
and  accustomed  to  vanquish  the  barbarians  on 
the  frozen  Danube.  They  quitted  with  a  sigh 
the  pleasures  of  the  baths  and  theatres,  to  put  on 
arms,  whose  use  they  had  almost  forgotten,  and 
beneath  the  weight  of  which  they  were  oppress- 
ed. The  unpractised  elephants,  whose  uncouth 
appearance,  it  was  hoped,  would  strike  terror 
into  the  army  of  the  north,  threw  their  unskilful 
riders  ;  and  the  awkward  evolutions  of  the  ma- 
rines, drawn  from  the  fleet  of  Misenum,  were  an 
object  of  ridicule  to  the  populace  ;  while  the 
Senate  enjoyed,  with  secret  pleasure,  the  distress 
and  weakness  of  the  usurper. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  5,  p.  136. 

1624.  DISCORD,  Dangers  of.  At  Marcianap- 
olis.  Lupicinus  [the  military  governor  of  Thrace] 
had  invited  the  Gothic  chiefs  to  a  splendid  en- 
tertainment ;  and  their  martial  train  remained 
under  arms  at  the  entrance  of  the  palace.  But 
the  gates  of  the  city  were  strictly  guarded,  and 
the  barbarians  were  sternly  excluded  from  the 
use  of  a  plentiful  market,  to  which  they  asserted 
their  equal  claim  of  subjects  and  allies.  Their 
humble  prayers  were  rejected  with  insolence  and 
derision  ;  and  as  their  patience  was  now  exhaust- 
ed, the  townsmen,  the  soldiers,  and  the  Goth.s 
were  soon  involved  in  a  conflict  of  passionate  al- 
tercation and  angry  reproaches.  A  blow  was 
imprudently  given  ;  a  sword  was  hastily  drawn  ; 
and  the  first  blood  that  was  spilt  in  this  acci- 
dental quarrel  became  the  signal  of  a  long  and 
destructive  war.  In  the  midst  of  noise  and  bru- 
tal intemperance  Lupicinus  was  informed,  by  a 
secret  messenger,  that  many  of  his  soldiers  were 
slain  and  despoiled  of  their  arms ;  and  as  he 
was  already  inflamed  by  wine  and  oppressed  by 
sleep,  he  issued  a  rash  command,  that  their  death 
should  be  revenged  by  the  massacre  of  the  guards 
of  Fritigern  and  Alavivus.  [The  Romans  were 
defeated,  and  the  Goths  became  independent  cit- 
izens of  the  empire.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26, 
p.  36. 

1625.  DISCOBD,  Perverted  by.  Crusaders. 
[About  200,000  crusaders  joined  the  second  at- 
tempt  to  rescue  the  Holy  Sepulchre  in  a.d.  1146.] 
The  Turks  cut  them  entirely  to  pieces,  and  Hugh, 
their  leader,  died  helpless  and  abandoned  in 
Asia.  The  situation  of  Jerusalem  at  this  time 
was  extremely  weak  ;  the  numbers  of  the  garri- 
son were  greatly  reduced.  Even  the  monks, 
who  were  at  first  instituted  to  serve  the  sick  and 


194 


DISCORD— DISCOVERY. 


wounded,  were  obliged  to  arm  in  the  common 
defence,  and  they  associated  themselves  into  a 
military  society  called  Templars  and  Hospital- 
lers. This  was  the  origin  of  these  two  orders  of 
knights,  who  afterward  signalized  themselves 
by  their  exploits,  and  becoming  rivals,  fought 
agaiiut  each  other  with  as  much  keenness  as  ever 
they  had  done  against  the  infidels. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  9,  p.  158. 

1626.  DISCORD,  Shameful.  Emperors.  [Car- 
acalla  and  Geta,  the  sons  of  Servius,  were  both 
chosen  by  the  army  to  succeed  their  deceased 
father.]  Such  a  divided  form  of  government 
would  have  proved  a  source  of  discord  between 
the  most  affectionate  brothers.  It  was  impossible 
that  it  could  long  subsist  between  two  implacable 
enemies,  who  neither  desired  nor  could  trust  a  rec- 
onciliation. It  was  visible  that  one  only  could 
reign,  and  that  the  other  must  fall  ;  and  each  of 
them,  judging  of  his  rival's  designs  by  his  own, 
guarded  his  life  with  the  most  jealous  vigilance 
from  the  repeated  attacks  of  poison  or  the  sword. 
Their  rapid  journey  through  Gaul  and  Italy, 
during  which  they  never  ate  at  the  same  table 
or  slept  in  the  same  house,  displayed  to  the  prov- 
inces the  odious  spectacle  of  fraternal  discord. 
On  their  arrival  at  Rome  they  immediately  di- 
vided the  vast  extent  of  the  imperial  palace.  No 
communication  was  allowed  between  their  apart- 
ments ;  the  doors  and  passages  were  diligently 
fortified,  and  guards  posted  and  relieved  with 
the  same  strictness  as  in  a  besieged  place.  The 
emperors  met  only  in  public,  in  the  presence  of 
their  atflicted  mother,  and  each  surrounded  by 
a  numerous  train  of  armed  followers.  Even  on 
these  occasions  of  ceremony  the  dissimulation 
of  courts  could  ill  disguise  the  rancor  of  their 
hearts. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6,  p.  155. 

1627.  DISCOURAGEMENT  difficult.  Pilgrims' 
Petition  to  the  London  Company.  "  We  are  well 
weaned,"  added  Robinson  and  Brewster,  "from 
the  delicate  milk  of  our  mother  country,  and 
inured  to  the  difficulties  of  a  strange  land  ;  the 
people  are  industrious  and  frugal.  We  are 
knit  together  as  a  body  in  a  most  sacred  cove- 
nant of  the  Lord,  of  the  violation  whereof  we 
make  great  conscience,  and  by  virtue  whereof 
we  hold  ourselves  straitly  tied  to  all  care  of  each 
other's  good,  and  of  the  whole.  It  is  not  with 
us  as  with  men  whom  small  things  can  discour- 
age."— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  8. 

162§.  DISCOURAGEMENT,  Discontent  of.    Be- 

siegenhent  of  New  York.  a.d.  1776.  Howe  and 
forty-five  ships,  or  more,  laden  with  troops,  had 
arrived  off  Sandy  Hook,  and  the  whole  fleet 
[was]  expected  in  a  day  or  two.  .  .  .  [Wash- 
ington wrote  to  Congress  :]  I  am  hopeful.  .  .  . 
Reed,  the  new  adjutant-general,  quailed  before 
the  inequality  of  the  British  and  American  force, 
and  thus  in  private  described  the  state  of  the 
American  camp  :  "  With  an  army  of  force  be- 
fore and  a  secret  one  behind,  we  stand  on  a 
point  of  land  with  6000  old  troops — if  a  year's 
service  of  about  half  can  entitle  them  to  the 
name — and  about  1500  new  levies  of  this  [New 
York]  province,  many  disaffected  and  more 
doubtful ;  every  man,  from  the  general  to  the 
private,  acquainted  with  our  true  situation  is 
exceedingly  discouraged  ;  had  I  known  the  true 
posture  of  affairs,  no  consideration  would  have 
tempted  me  to  have  taken  an  active  part  in  this 


scene;  and  this  sentiment  is  universal." — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  8,  ch.  69. 

1629.  DISCOURAGEMENT,  Superior  to.  Sam- 
uel Adams.  Difficulties  could  not  discourage 
his  decision,  nor  danger  appall  his  fortitude.  .  .  . 
Of  despondency  he  knew  nothing ;  trials  only 
nerved  him  for  superior  struggles  ;  his  sublime 
and  unfaltering  hope  had  a  cast  of  solemnity, 
and  was  as  much  a  part  of  his  nature  as  if  his 
confidence  sprung  from  insight  into  the  divine 
decrees,  and  was  as  firm  as  a  sincere  Calvinist's- 
assurance  of  his  election. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  5,  ch.  10. 

1630.  DISCOURAGEMENTS,  Ministerial.  Ma- 
homet. One  evening,  after  passing  all  the  day 
in  the  city  engaged  in  preaching  to  deaf  ears  the 
convictions  which  he  was  so  full  of,  and  whick 
he  deemed  it  duty  to  cast  abroad  at  any  hazard, 
even  on  the  rock,  he  returned  home  without 
having  met,  said  he,  a  single  being,  man  or 
woman,  free  or  slave,  who  had  not  flouted  him 
as  an  impostor,  or  who  had  been  willing  to  pay 
a  moment's  attention  to  his  preaching. — Lamar- 
tine's  Turkey,  p.  79. 

1631.  DISCOVERIES,  Accumulative.  Isaaa 
Newton.  With  his  noble  modesty,  he  said  :  "If 
I  have  seen  farther  than  Descartes  it  is  by  stand- 
ing on  the  shoulders  of  giants."  In  a  corporeal 
sense  he  was  seated  in  his  mother's  orchard,  but 
it  was  from  the  height  which  Copernicus  and 
Galileo  had  brought  the  science  of  astronomy 
that  he  contemplated  the  fall  of  the  apples.  The 
grand  mystery  that  remained  to  be  elucidated 
was.  What  is  the  force  that  retains  the  planets 
and  moons  in  their  spheres  ?  Why  does  not  the 
moon  fly  off  into  space  ? — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  , 
p.  251. 

1632.  DISCOVERY,  Age  of.  Age  of  Galileo. 
The  age  of  Kepler  and  Galileo  was  the  era  of 
great  discoveries  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  The  in- 
vention of  the  telescope  gave  rise  to  a  thousand 
experiments  by  means  of  glasses  ;  and  the 
science  of  optics  received  great  improvements. 
The  new  discoveries  in  astronomy  led  to  im- 
provements in  navigation ;  and  geometry,  of 
course,  made  rapid  advances  toward  perfection. 
The  science  of  algebra,  which  Europe  is  said  to 
have  owed  to  the  Arabians,  as  well  as  the  num- 
eral ciphers,  contributed  greatly  to  abridge  the 
labor  of  calculation,  as  did  still  more  the  inven- 
tion of  logarithms,  discovered  in  the  year  1614, 
by  Napier  of  Merchiston.  The  improvement  of 
mechanics  kept  pace  with  the  advancement  of 
geometry  ;  and  the  science  of  natural  philosophy 
was  successfully  cultivated  in  all  its  branches. 
The  Torricellian  experiment,  made  about  the 
year  1640,  determined  the  height  of  the  atmos- 
phere. Experiments  upon  the  oscillations  of 
pendulums,  which  were  found  always  to  pre- 
serve an  equal  time,  though  the  spaces  de- 
scribed were  unequal,  suggested  the  idea  of 
applying  the  pendulum  to  regulate  the  motions 
of  a  clock  ;  and  the  observation  that  adding  to  its 
weight  adds  nothing  to  the  celerity  of  its  motion 
led  to  the  conclusion  that  the  velocity  with 
which  a  body  gravitates  to  the  centre  is  not  in 
proportion  to  its  weight.  Galileo  had  discovered 
the  laws  which  determine  this  velocity.  The 
ardor  of  prosecuting  discoveries  extended  itself 
through  the  whole  of  the  sciences.  In  the  year 
1616  Dr.  Harvey  made  the  great  discovery  ot 


DISCOVERY— DISEASE. 


195 


the  circulation  of  the  blood. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  36. 

1633.  DISCOVERY,  Ambition  for.  Prince 
Henry.  Prince  Henry,  the  son  of  John,  King  of 
Portugal,  was  a  young  man  of  great  talents, 
possessed  of  that  ardor  which  is  fitted  to  patron- 
ize and  promote  every  beneficial  design,  and 
that  enthusiasm  which  the  dangers  and  difficul- 
ties of  an  enterprise  rather  inflame  than  relax. 
Struck  with  the  success  of  this  first  attempt  of 
his  countrjanen,  he  endeavored  to  engage  in 
his  service  all  who  were  eminent  for  their  skill 
in  navigation,  both  Portuguese  and  foreigners. 
His  first  effort,  however,  was  with  a  single  ship, 
which  was  despatched  with  instructions  to  at- 
tempt, if  possible,  the  doubling  of  Cape  Boya- 
dor.  The  mariners,  as  usual,  were  afraid  to 
quit  the  coasts,  and  consequently  encountered 
numberless  difficulties.  A  squall  of  wind,  how- 
ever, driving  them  out  to  sea,  landed  them  on  a 
small  island  to  the  north  of  Madeira,  which  they 
named  Porto  Santo ;  thence  they  returned  to 
Portugal  to  give  an  account  of  their  discovery. 
Three  ships  were  fitted  out  by  Prince  Henry  the 
subsequent  year,  which,  passing  Porto  Santo, 
discovered  the  island  which  they  denominated 
Madeira,  from  its  being  covered  with  wood.  Here 
they  fixed  a  small  colony,  and  planted  slips  of 
the  Cyprus  vine,  and  of  the  sugar-cane  from 
Sicily,  for  both  which  productions  the  island  was 
remarkably  favorable.  I  have  formerly  observed 
that  it  was  from  this  island  that  the  sugar-cane 
was  transplanted  to  the  West  Indies,  of  which  it 
is  not  a  native. — Tytler'sHist.,  Book  6,  ch.l8. 

1634.  DISCOVERY,  Heart-breaking.  Henry  II. 
[His  two  sons,  Geoffrey  and  Richard,  joined 
Philip,  King  of  France,  in  the  invasion  and  plun- 
dering of  their  father's  continental  dominions. 
He  agreed  to  a  treaty  with  mortifying  conces- 
sions. He  agreed]  ...  to  give  a  free  pardon  to 
all  his  rebellious  lords  and  vassals.  A  list  was 
presented  to  him  of  their  names,  among  whom 
he  saw  that  of  his  son  John,  his  favorite  child, 
whom  he  had  till  that  moment  believed  faithful 
to  his  duty.  The  unhappy  father  broke  out  in  ex- 
pressions of  the  utmost  despair  ;  cursed  the  day 
on  which  he  had  received  his  miserable  being, 
and  bestowed  on  his  ungrateful  children  a  male- 
diction, which  he  could  never  be  prevailed  on 
to  retract ;  a  lingering  fever,  caused  by  a  broken 
heart,  soon  after  terminated  his  life.  Richard,  it 
is  said,  came  to  view  the  body  of  his  father,  and, 
struck  with  remorse,  accused  himself  in  the 
deepest  terms  with  having  contributed  by  his 
unnatural  conduct  to  bring  his  parent  to  the 
grave.  Thus  died  Henry,  in  the  fifty-eighth 
year  of  his  age,  an  ornament  to  the  English 
throne  and  a  monarch  surpassing  all  his  contem- 
poraries in  the  valuable  qualities  of  a  sovereign. 
— Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  6,  ch.  8. 

1635.  DISCOVERY,  A  simple.  Charles  Good- 
year. In  the  fifth  year  of  his  investigations  a 
glorious  success  rewarded  him.  He  made  one 
of  the  simplest  and  yet  one  of  the  most  useful 
discoveries  which  has  ever  been  made  in  the 
United  States.  It  was  this  :  take  a  piece  of 
common,  sticky  India  rubber,  sprinkle  upon  it 
powdered  sulphur,  put  it  into  an  oven  heated  to 
two  hundred  and  seventy-five  degrees,  bake  it 

w  a  short  time,  and  it  comes  out  a  new  material, 
which  has  all  the  good  properties  of  India  rub- 


ber, without  that  liability  to  harden  in  cold 
weather  and  dissolve  in  warm,  which  had  hither- 
to baffled  all  his  endeavors  to  turn  it  to  useful 
account.  ...  By  varying  the  proportions  of 
heat  he  could  make  it  as  soft  or  as  hard  as  he 
pleased. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  218. 

1636.  DISCOVERY  unappreciated.  Potato. 
[Columbus  and  his  men  were  searching  for 
gold  and  spices  in  the  West  Indies.]  In  the 
course  of  their  researches  in  the  vegetable  king- 
dom, in  quest  of  the  luxuries  of  commerce, 
they  met  with  the  potato,  a  humble  root,  little 
valued  at  the  time,  but  a  more  precious  acqui- 
sition to  man  than  all  the  spices  of  the  East. — 
Irving's  Cohtmbus,  Book  4,  ch.  4. 

1637.  DISCRETION  better  than  Valor.  Charles 
V.  [When  the  English  invaded  France  in 
1373]  Charles  strictly  charged  his  generals  to 
adhere  to  the  plan  of  cautious  defensive  warfare, 
and  never  to  accept  a  great  battle.  "  Let  the 
storm  rage,"  said  he  ;  "  retire  before  it ;  it  will 
soon  exhaust  itself."  [Such  was  the  result.] — 
Studekts'  France,  ch.  10,  §  17. 

163§.  DISEASE,  Destructive.  Army.  Among: 
the  cities  which  the  barbarians  ruined,  Genoa,, 
not  yet  constructed  of  marble,  is  particularly 
enumerated  ;  and  the  deaths  of  thousands,  ac- 
cording to  the  regular  practice  of  war,  appear 
to  have  excited  less  horror  than  some  idolatrous 
sacrifices  of  women  and  children,  which  were 
performed  with  impunity  in  the  camp  of  the 
most  Christian  king.  If  it  were  not  a  melan- 
choly truth,  that  the  first  and  most  cruel  suffer- 
ings must  be  the  lot  of  the  innocent  and  help- 
less, history  might  exult  in  the  misery  of  the  con- 
querors, who,  in  the  midst  of  riches,  were  left 
destitute  of  bread  or  wine,  reduced  to  drink  the 
waters  of  the  Po,  and  to  feed  on  the  flesh  of 
distempered  cattle.  The  dysentery  swept  away 
one  third  of  their  army. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
41,  p.  177. 

1630.  DISEASE,  "Literary."  Leigh  Hunt. 
[He  aided  his  brother  in  conducting  a  London 
paper.]  In  the  midst  of  his  labors  he  fell  into 
ill-health  and  melancholy  ;  palpitations,  hypo- 
chondria, dyspepsia — in  other  words,  the  "lite- 
rary disease  "  had  attacked  him.  He  recovered 
by  ceasing  his  occupation  for  a  time  and  taking 
exercise. — Smiles'  Brief  Biographies,  p.  305. 

1640.  DISEASE,  Peculiarities  of.  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  Twelve  days  before  the  final  failure — 
which  was  announced  to  him  on  the  17th  of 
January,  1836 — he  enters  in  his  diary  :  "  Much 
alarmed.  I  had  walked  till  twelve  with  Skene 
and  Russell,  and  then  sat  down  to  my  work. 
To  my  horror  and  surprise  I  could  neither  write 
nor  spell,  but  put  down  one  word  for  another,, 
and  wrote  nonsense.  I  was  much  overpowered  at 
the  same  time,  and  could  not  conceive  the  rea» 
son.  I  fell  asleep,  however,  in  my  chair,  and 
slept  for  two  hours.  On  my  waking  my  head 
was  clearer,  and  I  began  to  recollect  that  last 
night  I  had  taken  the  anodyne  left  for  the  pur- 
pose by  Clarkson,  and  being  disturbed  in  the 
course  of  the  night,  I  had  not  slept  it  off."  In 
fact,  the  hyoscyamus  had,  combined  with  his 
anxieties,  given  him  a  slight  attack  of  what  is. 
now  called  apJiasia,  that  brain  disease  the  most 
striking  symptom  of  which  is  that  one  word  is 
mistaken  for  another. — Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  16. 


196 


DISEASE— DISGUISE. 


1641.  DISEASE,  Preventable.  Cromwell.  A 
slow  intermittent  fever  seized  him.  He  strug- 
gled with  the  first  attack  so  successfully,  that 
no  one  about  him  suspected  he  was  seriously 
ill.  The  fever  became  tertian  and  more  acute  ; 
his  strength  was  rapidly  giving  way.  The  phy- 
sicians summoned  from  London  attributed  the 
disease  to  the  bad  air  engendered  by  the  marshy 
and  ill-drained  banks  of  the  Thames,  which 
joined  the  gardens  of  Hampton  Court.  He  was 
brought  back  to  AVhitehall,  as  if  Providence  had 
decreed  that  he  should  die  before  the  same  win- 
dow of  the  same  palace,  in  front  of  which  he 
had  ordered  to  be  constructed,  ten  years  before, 
the  scaffold  of  his  royal  victim  [Charles  I.] — 
Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  77. 

1642.  DISEASE,  Protection  from.  Ohio  Set- 
tleinent.  A  contagious  disease  invaded  the  mix- 
ed population  [of  Canadians  and  Indians]  ;  the 
Indians,  with  extravagant  ceremonies,  sacrificed 
forty  dogs  to  appease  their  manitou  ;  and  when 
they  began  to  apprehend  that  the  manitou  of 
the  French  was  more  powerful  than  their  own, 
the  medicine  men  would  walk  round  the  fort  in 
circles,  crying  out,  "We  are  dead;  gently, 
manitou  of  the  French,  strike  gently,  do  not 
kill  us  all.  Good  manitou,  master  of  life  and 
death,  leave  death  within  thy  coffer  ;  give  life." 
.  .  .  The  dreadful  mortality  broke  up  the  set- 
tlement.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  21. 

1643.  DISEASE  in  Beligion.  Mahomet.  He 
affected  a  solitary  life  ;  bestowed  a  great  deal 
in  charity ;  retired  at  times  to  the  desert,  and 
pretended  that  he  held  conferences  with  the 
angel  Gabriel.  The  epilepsy,  a  disease  to  which 
he  was  subject,  was,  he  pretended,  a  divine  ec- 
stasy, or  rapture,  in  which  he  was  admitted  to 
the  contemplation  of  Paradise.  He  made  his 
wife  an  accomplice  in  the  cheat,  and  she  pub- 
lished his  visions  and  revelries  to  all  the  neigh- 
borhood. In  a  short  time  the  whole  city  of 
Mecca  talked  of  nothing  but  Mahomet. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  1. 

1644.  DISEASE,  Survival  of.  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  In  the  second  year  of  Scott's  apprentice- 
ship, at  about  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  had  an  at- 
tack of  hemorrhage,  no  recurrence  of  which 
took  place  for  some  forty  years,  but  which  was 
then  the  beginning  of  the  end.  During  this  ill- 
ness silence  was  absolutely  imposed  upon  him 
— two  old  ladies  putting  their  fingers  on  their 
lips  whenever  he  offered  to  speak. — Hutton's 
Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  ch.  2. 

1645.  DISOBACE,  Humiliating.  Oeneral  Lee. 
A-t  Monmouth  [N.  J.]  .  .  .  the  British  were  over- 
waken.  .  .  .  General  Lee  was  ordered  to  attack 
ifle  enemy.  The  first  onset  was  made  by  the 
American  cavalry,  under  Lafayette,  but  they 
were  driven  back  by  Cornwallis  and  Clinton. 
Lc-e,  who  had  opposed  the  battle,  and  was  not 
anxious  for  victory,  ordered  his  line  to  fall  back 
to  a  stronger  position  ;  but  the  troops  mistook 
the  order,  and  began  a  retreat,  the  British  charg- 
ing after  them.  Washington  met  the  fugitives, 
rallied  them,  administered  a  severe  rebuke  to 
Lee,  and  ordered  him  to  the  rear.  [The  Ameri- 
cans succeeded,  and  the  British  withdrew  in  the 
night.]— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  41,  p.  331. 

1646.  DISOBACE,  Insupportable.  Clotilda. 
[Clotilda  was  one  of  the  early  queens  of  France.] 


By  a  base  artifice  Childebert  and  Clotaire  decoy- 
ed their  nephews  into  their  power,  and  then  sent 
a  messenger  to  Clotilda  with  a  pair  of  scissors 
and  a  naked  sword,  bidding  her  decide  whether 
the  royal  youths  should  be  shaven,  and  thus 
made  incapable  of  reigning,  or  be  put  to  death 
outright.  The  queen,  almost  beside  herself  with 
horror,  exclaimed  that  she  would  rather  see 
them  dead  than  degraded.  Clotaire,  on  receiv- 
ing this  reply,  murdered  the  two  elder  princes 
with  his  own  hand. — Students'  France,  ch.  4, 
§  10,  p.  41. 

1647.  DIS6BACE,  Punishment  by.  In  Den- 
mark. Criminals  were  still  executed  by  beheads 
ing,  and,  not  unfrequently,  by  breaking  on  the 
wheel.  Petty  thefts  were  punished  by  inserting 
the  head  of  the  thief  in  the  head  of  a  barrel,  so 
that  the  barrel  covered  him  like  a  cloak,  and  in 
this  costume  he  was  marched  about  the  streets, 
attended  by  a  guard.  No  penalty,  he  says,  was 
so  much  dreaded  by  petty  criminals  as  this. 
[Time  of  John  Howard.]  —  Cyclopedia  op 
BiOG.,  p.  65. 

1648.  DIS(xBACE,  Unmerited.  Columbus.  No 
sooner  did  Bobadilla  hear  of  his  arrival  than  ha 
gave  orders  to  put  him  in  irons  and  confine  him 
in  the  fortress.  This  outrage  to  a  person  of  such 
dignified  and  venerable  appearance  and  such 
eminent  merit  seemed  for  the  time  to  shock  even 
his  enemies.  When  the  irons  were  brought, 
every  one  present  shrank  from  the  task  of  put- 
ting them  on  him,  either  from  a  sentiment  of 
compassion  at  so  great  a  reverse  of  fortune,  or 
out  of  habitual  reverence  for  his  person.  To  fill 
the  measure  of  ingratitude  meted  out  to  him,  it 
was  one  of  his  own  domestics,  ' '  a  graceless  and 
shameless  cook. "...  He,  with  his  brothers,  was 
put  in  irons  and  confined  on  board  of  a  caravel. 
They  were  kept  separate  from  each  other,  and 
no  communication  permitted  between  them. 
Bobadilla  did  not  see  them  himself,  nor  did  he 
allow  others  to  visit  them,  but  kept  them  in  ig- 
norance of  the  cause  of  their  imprisonment^  the 
crimes  with  which  they  were  charged,  and  the , 
process  that  was  going  on  against  them.  [Boba 
dilla  exceeded  his  authority.  Columbus  was  fo^ 
a  time  a  victim  to  false  representations.  ]^Ii  ' 
vino's  Columbus,  Book  13,  ch.  4. 

1649.  DISGUISE  betrayed.    Ex- Queen  Mary\ 
[In  1568  Mary,  ex-queen  of  Scots,  made  her  ea 
cape  from  captivity  at  Lochleven,  in  the  disguis< 
of  a  laundress.]     Mary  had  put  on  the  hood  ol 
her  laundress,  and  had  covered  her  face  with 
muffler  or  veil ;  and  so,  with  a  bundle  of  clothesj 
she  entered  a  boat  that  was  about  to  cross  the 
Loch.     After  some  space  one  of  them  that  rowj 
ed  said  merrily,  "  Let  us  see  what  manner  of 
dame  this  is,"  and  therewith  offered  to  pull  do^ 
her  muffler,  which  to  defend  she  put  up  hei 
hands,  which  they  espied  to  be  very  fair  and^ 
white.     [The  boatmen  carried  her  back  to  tW 
castle.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  10,  p.  154.: 

1650.  DISGUISE,  Clerical.  Bunyan.  It  maj 
be  doubted  whether  any  English  Dissenter  ha 
suffered  more  severely  under  the  penal  laws  than 
John  Bunyan.  Of  the  twenty-seven  years  whicl 
had  elapsed  since  the  Restoration,  he  had  passed 
twelve  in  confinement.  He  still  persisted 
preaching ;  but,  that  he  might  preach,  he  wa 
under  the  necessity  of  disguising  himself  like 
carter.     He  was  often  introduced  into  meeting 


DISGUISE— DISLIKE. 


197 


through  back  doors,  with  a  smock  frock  on  his 
back  and  a  whip  in  his  hand. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  210. 

1651.  DISGUISE,  Dangerous.  Longchamp. 
[William  de  Longchamp,  the  extortionate  chan- 
cellor of  Richard  I.,  attempted  to  escape  the 
popular  fury  at  Dover.]  He  was  lame,  and  walk- 
ed down  from  the  heights  of  the  castle  to  the 
beach,  disguised  in  a  woman's  green  gown  of  in- 
convenient length,  having  some  brown  cloth  in 
his  hand,  as  if  for  sale,  and  carrying  a  measuring 
rod.  He  sits  upon  a  rock  on  the  shore,  and  a 
fisherman  is  rude  to  the  supposed  lady.  A  wom- 
an comes  up  and  asks  the  price  of  an  ell  of  cloth, 
to  which  the  unhappy  chancellor  can  give  no 
answer,  for  he  understands  not  a  word  of  Eng- 
lish. Other  women  gather  about  him,  and 
having  pulled  off  his  hood,  beheld  a  swarthy 
man  recently  shaved.  He  is  then  rabbled  and 
dragged  through  the  town,  the  men  and  women 
crying,  "  Come,  let  us  stone  this  monster ;  he  is  a 
.disgrace  to  either  sex." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1, 

ch.  22,  p.  316. 

1652.  DISGUISE  detected.  Clodius  PulcJier. 
He  was  bold,  clever,  unprincipled,  and  unscru- 
pulous, with  a  slender,  diminutive  figure,  and  a 
delicate  woman's  face.  His  name  was  Clodius 
Pulcher.  Cicero  played  upon  it,  and  called  him 
Pulchellus  Puer,  "  the  pretty  boy."  Between 
this  promising  young  man  and  Caesar's  wife 
Pompeia  there  had  sprung  up  an  acquaintance, 
which  Clodius  was  anxious  to  press  to  further 
extremes.  Pompeia  was  difficult  of  access,  her 
mother-in-law  Aurelia  keeping  a  strict  watch 
over  her  ;  and  Clodius,  who  was  afraid  of  noth- 
ing, took  advantage  of  the  Bona  Dea  festival  to 
make  his  way  into  Caesar's  house  dressed  as  a 
woman.  Unfortunately  for  him,  his  disguise 
was  detected.  The  insulted  Vestals  and  the  other 
ladies  who  were  present  flew  upon  him  like  the 
dogs  of  Actaeon,  tore  his  borrowed  garments 
from  him,  and  drove  him  into  the  street  naked 
and  wounded.  [See  result  at  No.  1942.]  — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  12,  p.  24. 

1653.  DISGUISE,  Difficult.  Charles  I.  Some- 
times the  [fugitive]  king  was  "  Will  Jones,"  a 
woodman;  then  he  was  changed  into  "Will 
Jackson,"  a  groom,  clad  in  gray  cloth.  Once  he 
had  to  take  Jane  Lane's  horse  to  a  smitliy  ;  it 
had  cast  a  shoe,  and  the  smith  begun  wailing  the 
non-capture  of  [King]  Charles  Stuart  [now  be- 
fore him  in  disguise]  ;  and  the  king  chimed  in 
that  if  that  rogue  could  only  be  taken,  he  deserv- 
ed hanging  more  than  all  the  rest,  for  bringing 
in  the  Scots.  Once,  close  to  Stratford,  "Will 
Jackson,"  in  pursuance  of  his  disguise,  was  sent 
into  the  kitchen,  where  the  cook-maid,  who  was 
providing  supper,  desired  him  to  wind  up  the 
jack  ;  he  was  obedient,  but  he  did  not  do  it  in 
the  right  way,  which  led  the  maid  with  some 
passion  to  ask, ' '  What  countryman  are  you,  that 
you  know  not  how  to  wind  up  a  jack  ?"  "  Will 
Jackson"  appears  to  have  answered  very  satisfac- 
torily :  "I  am  a  poor  tenant's  son  of  Colonel 
Lane,  in  Staffordshire ;  we  seldom  have  roast 
meat,  and  when  we  have,  we  don't  make  use  of 
a  jack,"  and  so  the  maid's  anger  was  appeased. 
— Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  13,  p.  172. 

1654.  DISGUISE,  Successful.  Majorian.  [The 
Emperor  Majorian  possessed  a  courage  which 
exceeded  his  prudence.]     Anxious  to  explore, 


with  his  own  eyes,  the  state  of  the  Vandals,  he 
ventured,  after  disguising  the  color  of  his  hair, 
to  visit  Carthage,  in  the  character  of  his  own. 
ambassador  ;  and  Genseric  was  afterward  mor- 
tified by  the  discovery  that  he  had  entertained 
and  dismissed  the  emperor  of  the  Romans.  Such 
an  anecdote  may  be  rejected  as  an  improbable 
fiction  ;  but  it  is  a  fiction  which  would  not  have 
been  imagined  unless  in  the  life  of  a  hero.  — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  36,  p.  481. 

1655.  DISHONESTY,  General.  Beign  of  James 
II.  [He  was  his  own  minister  of  marine.]  It 
would  have  been  easy  to  find  an  abler  minister 
of  marine  than  James,  but  it  would  not  have 
been  easy  to  find,  among  the  public  men  of  that 
age,  any  minister  of  marine,  except  James,  who 
would  not  have  embezzled  stores,  taken  bribes 
from  contractors,  and  charged  the  Crown  with 
the  cost  of  repairs  which  had  never  been  made. 
The  king  Avas,  in  truth,  almost  the  only  person 
who  could  be  trusted  not  to  rob  the  king.  There 
had,  therefore,  been  during  the  last  three  years 
much  less  waste  and  pilfering  in  the  dockyards 
than  formerly.  Ships  had  been  built  which  were 
fit  to  go  to  sea. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  426. 

1656.  DISHONOB,  Insensible  to.  Exiled 
Princes  of  Spain.  Without  firing  a  gun,  he  [Na- 
poleon] overturned  the  monarchy  of  Spain.  A 
proud  and  powerful  dynasty  he  removed  from 
the  throne  of  their  ancestors.  He  sent  them  into 
exile.  He  placed  his  own  brother  upon  their 
throne.  And  yet  these  exiled  princes  thanked 
him  for  the  deed,  and  were  never  weary  of  pro- 
claiming his  praises. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  2,  ch.  1. 

1657.  DISHONOB,  Posthumous.  Admiral 
Blake.  When  Charles  II.  returned  to  his  coun- 
try, the  purely  national  glory  which  surrounded 
the  memory  of  this  great  English  hero  did  not 
exempt  his  body  from  the  indecent  and  inhu- 
man indignities  which  were  heaped  upon  the  re- 
mains of  the  great  Republicans.  By  the  king's 
command  the  remains  of  this,  perhaps  the  great- 
est English  admiral  that  ever  walked  a  deck, 
were  torn  from  the  tomb  and  cast  into  a  pit  in 
St.  Margaret's  churchyard.  —  Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  16,  p.  209. 

165S.  DISHONOB  recompensed.  Cicero.  His 
great  acquisition  of  fame  had  now  sensibly  ob- 
scured the  glory  of  Pompey,  whose  infiuence  was 
visibly  on  the  decline.  To  strengthen  himself  by 
the  interest  and  by  the  talents  of  Cicero,  whom 
he  had  before  so  meanly  abandoned,  he  now  pro- 
cured the  recall  of  that  illustrious  exile,  and  the 
repeal  of  the  sentence  of  confiscation  which  had 
deprived  him  of  his  whole  property.  Cicero  re- 
turned to  his  country  after  an  absence  of  sixteen 
months.  His  journey  from  Brundisium  to  Rome 
was  a  triumphal  procession.  All  Italy,  as  he  said 
himself,  seemed  to  flock  together  to  hail  his 
auspicious  return  ;  that  single  day  made  his 
glory  immortal.  He  was  loaded  with  honors  ; 
and  his  houses  and  villas,  which  had  been  razed 
to  the  ground,  were  rebuilt  with  increased  mag- 
nificence at  the  expense  of  the  public. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  1. 

1659.  DISLIKE,  Natural.  Wife  of  James  II. 
Arabella  Churchill  had,  more  than  twenty  years 
before,  borne  him  a  son,  afterward  widely  re- 
nowned as  one  of  the  most  skilful  captains  of 


198 


DISLOYALTY— DISPOSITION. 


Europe.  The  youth,  named  James  Fitzjames, 
had  as  yet  given  no  promise  of  tlie  eminence 
which  he  afterward  attained  ;  but  his  manners 
were  so  gentle  and  inoffensive  that  he  had  no 
enemy  except  Mary  of  Modena,  who  had  long 
hated  the  child  of  the  concubine  with  the  bitter 
hatred  of  a  childless  wife.  [Queen  Mary.]  A 
small  part  of  the  Jesuitical  faction  had,  before 
the  pregnancy  of  the  queen  was  announced,  seri- 
ously thought  of  setting  him  up  as  a  competitor 
of  the  Princess  of  Orange. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  8,  p.  805. 

1660.  DISLOYALTY  detested.  Bewlutionary 
War.  Threats  and  promises  were  used  to  induce 
captive  American  sailors  to  enlist  in  the  British 
service.  "  Hang  me  if  you  will  to  the  yard-arm 
of  your  ship,  but  do  not  ask  me  to  beco;me  a 
traitor  to  my  country,"  was  the  answer  of  Na- 
than Coffin. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  18. 

1661.  DISMISSAL,  Humiliating.  Beign  of 
James  II.  [Lord  Castlemaine  was  English  min- 
ister to  Rome.]  He  positively  declared  that  the 
rule  which  excluded  Jesuits  from  ecclesiastical 
preferment  should  not  be  relaxed  in  favor  of 
Father  Petre.  Castlemaine,  much  provoked, 
threatened  to  leave  Rome.  Innocent  [XIH.] 
replied',  with  a  meek  impertinence,  which  was 
the  moi'e  provoking  because  it  could  scarcely  be 
distinguished  from  simplicity,  that  his  excel- 
lency might  go  if  he  liked.  "  But  if  we  must 
lose  him,"  added  the  venerable  pontiff,  "  I  hope 
that  he  will  take  care  of  his  health  on  the  road. 
English  people  do  not  know  how  dangerous  it 
is  in  this  country  to  travel  in  the  heat  of  the  day. 
The  best  way  is  to  start  before  dawn,  and  to  take 
.some  rest  at  noon."  With  this  salutary  advice, 
:and  with  a  string  of  beads,  the  unfortunate  am- 
bassador was  dismissed.  In  a  few  months  ap- 
peared, both  in  the  Italian  and  in  the  English 
tongue,  a  pompous  history  of  the  mission,  mag- 
nificently printed  in  folio,  and  illustrated  with 
plates.  The  frontispiece,  to  the  great  scandal  of 
all  Protestants,  represented  Castlemaine  in  the 
robes  of  a  peer,  with  his  coronet  in  his  hand, 
kissing  the  toe  of  Innocent. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
c\\.  7,  p.  248. 

166!2.  DISOBEDIENCE  atoned.  Dr.  Johnson. 
[Dr.  Samuel  Johnson's  father  had  a  book-stand 
at  Lichfield  and  surrounding  towns  every  mar- 
ket day.  Being  sick,  he  directed  his  son  to  attend 
in  his  place,  which  he  refused  to  do  because  of 
his  pride.  Fifty  years  later,]  on  a  rainy  day, 
somewhere  about  1780,  a  man  of  advanced  age 
stood  bareheaded  in  the  market  of  Uttoxeter, 
making  strange  contortions  of  visage,  while  he 
remained  for  an  hour  in  front  of  a  particular 
stall.  It  was  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  who  had 
gone  from  Lichfield  to  this  small  market  town, 
.to  subject  himself  to  the  penance  of  rough 
weather  and  mocking  bystanders,  for  expiation 
-of  an  act  of  filial  disobedience  which  he  had  com- 
mitted fifty  years  before. — Knight's  Eng., vol. 
7,  ch.  5,  p.  83. 

1663.  DISOBEDIENCE  necessary.  Mary  Bo- 
■sanquet.  [She  became  one  of  the  most  useful  and 
devoted  of  the  early  Methodists  ;  was  the  accom- 
plished daughter  of  wealthy  and  fashionable 
parents,  who  were  greatly  displeased  with  her 
religious  zeal.]  One  day  her  father  said  to  her  : 
"There  is  a  particular  promise  which  I  require 
XI f  you — that  is,  that  you  will  never,  on  any  occa- 


sion, neither  now  nor  hereafter,  attempt  to  make 
your  brothers  what  you  call  a  Christian."  "  I 
answered,"  she  writes,  "looking  to  the  Lord,  I 
think,  sir,  I  dare  not  consent  to  that."  He  re- 
plied :  "  Then  you  force  me  to  put  you  out  of  my 
house."  "Yes,  sir,"  she  answered,  "according 
to  your  views  of  things,  I  acknowledge  it ;  and 
if  I  may  but  have  your  approval,  no  situation 
will  be  disagreeable."  [She  removed  a  short 
distance  from  her  father's  house.] — Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  2,  p.  266. 

1664.  DISPARAGEMENT,  Intellectual.  Oliver 
Ooldsmith.  On  a  certain  occasion,  when  he  was 
conversing  in  company  with  great  vivacity,  and 
apparently  to  the  satisfaction  of  those  around 
him,  an  honest  Swiss,  who  sat  near,  one  George 
Michael  Moser,  keeper  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
perceiving  Dr.  Johnson  rolling  himself  as  if 
about  to  speak,  exclaimed,  "  Stay,  stay  !  Toctor 
Shonson  is  going  to  say  something."  "  And  are 
you  sure,  sir,"  replied  Goldsmith,  sharply,  "that 
you  can  comprehend  what  he  says  ?" — Ieving's 
Goldsmith,  ch.  41,  p.  233. 

1665.  DISPATCH  demanded.  Napoleon  I. 
[When  preparing  for  his  Egyptian  expedition, 
he  said  to  one  of  his  assistants  :]  Now,  sir,  use 
dispatch.  Remember  that  the  world  was  created 
in  six  days.  Ask  me  for  whatever  you  please, 
except  time  ;  that  is  the  only  thing  which  is  be- 
yond my  power. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

1666.  DISPLAY,  Confusing.  Gharlemagne. 
[Seeking  a  treaty  of  alliance,  the]  ambassadors  of 
Nicephorus  found  Charlemagne  in  his  camp,  on 
the  banks  of  the  river  Sala  ;  and  he  affected  to 
confound  their  vanity  by  displaying,  in  a  Fran- 
conian  village,  the  pomp,  or  at  least  the  pride, 
of  the  Byzantine  palace.  The  Greeks  were  suc- 
cessively led  through  four  halls  of  audience  ;  in 
the  first  they  were  ready  to  fall  prostrate  before 
a  splendid  personage  in  a  chair  of  state,  till  he 
informed  them  that  he  was  only  a  servant,  the 
constable,  or  master  of  the  horse,  of  the  emper- 
or. The  same  mistake  and  the  same  answer 
were  repeated  in  the  apartments  of  the  count 
palatine,  the  steward,  and  the  chamberlain  ;  and 
their  impatience  was  gradually  heightened,  till 
the  doors  of  the  presence-chamber  were  thrown 
open,  and  they  beheld  the  genuine  monarch,  on 
his  throne,  enriched  with  the  foreign  luxury 
which  he  despised,  and  encircled  with  the  love 
and  reverence  of  his  victorious  chiefs.  —  Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  49,  p.  57. 

1667.  DISPLAY,  Distasteful,  Julian.  [Soon 
after  the  Emperor  Julian's]  entrance  into  the 
palace  of  Constantinople,  he  had  occasion  for 
the  service  of  a  barber.  An  officer,  magnificently 
dressed,  immediately  presented  himself.  "  It  is 
a  barber,"  exclaimed  the  prince,  with  affected 
surprise,  "  that  I  want,  and  not  a  receiver-gen- 
eral of  the  finances  !"  — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  22, 
p.  396. 

166§.  DISPOSITION,  Alarming.  Wwdsworih. 
[The  poet's  mother  died  when  he  was  eight  years 
old.]  An  intimate  friend  of  hers  told  me  that 
she  once  said  to  her  that  the  only  one  of  her  five 
children  about  whose  future  life  she  was  anxious 
was  William ;  and  he,  she  said,  would  be  re- 
markable, either  for  good  or  for  evil.  The  cause 
of  this  was  that  I  was  of  a  stiff,  moody,  and 


DISPOSITION— DISSEMBLING. 


199 


violent  temper ;  so  much  so  that  I  remember 
going  once  into  the  attics  of  my  grandfather's 
house  at  Penrith,  upon  some  indignity  having 
been  put  upon  me,  with  an  intention  of  destroy- 
ing myself  with  one  of  the  foils  which  I  knew 
was  kept  there.  I  took  the  foil  in  my  liand,  but 
my  heart  failed.  Upon  another  occasion,  while 
I  was  at  my  gi'andf ather's  house  at  Penrith,  along 
with  my  eldest  brother,  Richard,  we  were  whip- 
ping tops  together  in  the  large  drawing-room,  on 
which  the  carpet  was  only  laid  down  upon  partic- 
ular occasions.  The  walls  were  hung  round 
with  family  pictures,  and  I  said  to  my  brother, 
' '  Dare  you  strike  your  whip  through  that  old 
lady's  petticoat?"  He  replied,  "No,  I  won't." 
"  Then,"  said  I,  "here  goes  !"  and  I  struck  my 
lash  through  her  hooped  petticoat ;  for  which, 
no  doubt,  though  I  liave  forgotten  it,  I  was  prop- 
erly punished.  But,  possiblj^  from  some  want  of 
judgment  in  punishments  inflicted,  I  had  be- 
come perverse  and  obstinate  in  defying  chastise- 
ment, and  rather  proud  of  it  than  otherwise. — 
Meyer's  Wordsworth,  ch.  1. 

1669.  DISPOSITION,  An  evil.  Charles  tlie  Bad. 
Charles  the  Bad,  King  of  Navarre,  was  a  singular 
instance  of  the  combination  of  great  mental  en- 
dowments with  the  worst  dispositions,  by  which 
all  his  gifts  were  perverted  into  instruments  of 
evil.  He  had  received  from  nature  talents  of  a 
high  order  ;  he  possessed  a  remarkable  power  of 
eloquence,  keen  penetration,  popular,  insinuating 
manners  ;  but  beneath  this  attractive  exterior  he 
concealed  a  malicious,  treacherous,  revengeful 
heart,  capable  of  the  most  atrocious  crimes  ;  nor 
Tvas  he  ever  known  to  hesitate  at  any  sacrifice  to 
his  ambition,  hatred,  or  other  dominant  passion. 
— Students'  France,  ch.  10,  §  10. 

1670.  DISPOSITION,  Gloomy.  Dr.  Young.  I... 
Informed  Dr.  Johnson  that  Mr.  Young,  son  of 
Dr.  Young,  the  author  of  "Night  Thoughts," 
whom  I  had  just  left,  desired  to  have  the  honor 
of  seeing  him  at  the  house  where  his  father 
lived.  I  said  to  Mr.  Young  that  I  had  been 
told  his  father  was  cheerful.  "Sir,"  said  he, 
"he  was  too  well  bred  a  man  not  to  be  cheerful 
In  company ;  but  he  was  gloomy  when  alone. 
He  never  was  cheerful  after  my  mother's  death, 
and  he  had  met  with  many  disappointments." 
Dr.  Johnson  observed  to  me  afterward  "  that  this 
was  no  favorable  account  of  Dr.  Young  ;  for  it 
is  not  becoming  in  a  man  to  have  so  little  acqui- 
•escence  in  the  ways  of  Providence." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  467. 

1671.  DISPOSITION,  Quarrelsome.  Ij)uisXIV. 
Louis  gave  a  proof  of  his  haughty  and  imperious 
temper  on  the  occasion  of  a  quarrel  between  his 
ambassador  in  England,  the  Count  D'Estrades, 
and  the  Spanish  envoy  at  the  same  court,  who 
had  insisted  on  taking  precedence  of  the  repre- 
sentative of  France  at  a  diplomatic  reception. 
Louis  recalled  his  ambassador  from  Madrid,  de- 
manded full  and  immediate  reparation,  and 
threatened  war  in  case  of  refusal.  Philip  IV. 
made  an  unqualified  submission,  and  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  whole  diplomatic  body  assembled  at 
Fontainebleau,  his  ambassador  declared  that  the 
•Spanish  agents  would  no  longer  contest  the  pre- 
tensions of  the  crown  of  France. — Students' 
France,  ch.  21,  §3. 

1672.  DISPOSITION,  Savage.  Frederick  Will- 
iam.   The  nature  of  Frederick  William  was  hard 


and  bad,  and  the  habit  of  exercising  arbitrary 
power  had  made  him  frightfully  savage.  His 
rage  constantly  vented  itself  to  right  and  left 
in  curses  and  blows.  When  his  Majesty  took  a 
walk,  every  human  being  fled  before  him,  as  if 
a  tiger  had  broken  loose  from  a  menagerie.  If 
he  met  a  lady  in  the  street  he  gave  her  a  kick, 
and  told  her  to  go  home  and  mind  her  brats.  If 
he  saw  a  clergyman  staring  at  the  soldiers,  h& 
admonished  the  reverend  gentleman  to  betake 
himself  to  study  and  prayer,  and  enforced  this 
pious  advice  by  a  sound  caning,  administered  on 
the  spot. — Macaulay's  Frederick  the  Great, 
p.  10. 

1673.  DISPOSITION,  Variable.  Alexander. 
Portraits  of  the  same  person,  taken  at  different 
periods  of  life,  though  they  differ  greatly  from 
each  other,  retain  a  resemblance  upon  the  whole. 
And  so  it  is  in  general  with  the  characters  of  men. 
But  Alexander  seems  to  be  an  exception ;  for 
nothing  can  admit  of  greater  dissimilarity  than 
that  which  entered  into  his  disposition  at  differ- 
ent times  and  in  different  circumstances.  He 
was  brave  and  pujiillanimous,  merciful  and  cruel, 
modest  and  vain,  abstemious  and  luxurious,  ra- 
tional and  superstitious,  polite  and  overbearing, 
politic  and  imprudent.  Nor  were  these  changes 
casual  or  temporal ;  the  style  of  his  character 
underwent  a  total  revolution,  and  he  passed  from 
virtue  to  vice  in  a  regular  and  progressive  man- 
ner. Munificence  and  pride  were  the  only  char- 
acteristics that  never  forsook  him.  If  there  wer» 
any  vice  of  which  he  was  incapable,  it  was  ava- 
rice ;  if  any  virtue,  it  was  humility. — Pjuu- 
tarch's  Alexander,  Langhorne's  Note. 

1674.  DISPUTATION  rewarded.  Oliver  Gold- 
smith. He  had  acquired,  as  has  been  shown,  a 
habit  of  shifting  along  and  living  by  expedients, 
and  a  new  one  presented  itself  in  Italy.  ' '  My 
skill  in  music,"  says  he,  in  the  ' '  Philosophic  Vag- 
abond," "  could  avail  me  nothing  in  a  country 
where  every  peasant  was  a  better  musician  thau 
I ;  but  by  this  time  I  had  acquired  another  tal- 
ent, Avhich  answered  my  purpose  as  well,  and 
this  was  a  skill  in  disputation.  In  all  the  foreign 
universities  and  convents  there  are,  upon  certain 
days,  philosophical  theses  maintained  against 
every  adventitious  disputant ;  for  which,  if  the 
champion  opposes  with  any  dexterity,  he  can 
claim  a  gratuity  in  money,  a  dinner,  and  a  bed 
for  one  night." — Irving's  Goldsmith,  ch.  7, 
p.  50. 

1675.  DISSEMBLING,  Successful.  Faustina. 
Faustina  .  .  .  has  been  as  much  celebrated  for  her 
gallantries  as  for  her  beauty.  .  .  .  The  Cupid 
of  the  ancients  was,  in  general,  a  very  sensual 
deity ;  and  the  amours  of  an  empress,  as  they 
exact  on  her  side  the  plainest  advances,  are  sel- 
dom susceptible  of  much  sentimental  delicacy. 
Marcus  was  the  only  man  in  the  empire  who 
seemed  ignorant  or  insensible  of  the  irregularities 
of  Faustina  ;  which,  according  to  the  prejudices 
of  every  age,  reflected  some  disgrace  on  the  in- 
jured husband.  He  promoted  several  of  her 
lovers  to  posts  of  honor  and  profit,  and  during 
a  connection  of  thirty  years  invariably  gave 
her  proofs  of  the  most  tender  confidence,  and  of 
a  respect  which  ended  not  with  her  life.  In  his 
"Meditations"  he  thanks  the  gods,  who  had  be- 
stowed on  him  a  wife  so  faithful,  so  gentle,  and 
of  such  a  wonderful  simplicity  of  manners.  The 


200 


DISSEMBLING— DISSIPATION. 


obsequious  Senate,  at  his  earnest  request,  de- 
clared her  a  goddess.  She  was  represented  in 
her  temples  with  the  attributes  of  Juno,  Vesta, 
and  Ceres  ;  and  it  was  decreed  that,  on  the  day 
of  their  nuptials,  the  youth  of  either  sex  should 
pay  their  vows  before  the  altar  of  their  chaste 
patroness. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  2,  p.  102. 

1676.  DISSEMBLING,  Unsuccessful.  Charles 
I.  A  prince,  therefore,  who  is  habitually  a  de- 
ceiver when  at  the  height  of  power,  is  not  likely 
to  learn  frankness  in  the  midst  of  embarrassments 
and  distresses.  Charles  was  not  only  a  most  un- 
scrupulous, but  a  most  unlucky  dissembler. 
There  never  was  a  politician  to  whom  so  many 
frauds  and  falsehoods  were  brought  home  by 
undeniable  evidence.  He  publicly  recognized 
the  houses  at  Westminster  as  a  legal  Parliament, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  made  a  private  minute  in 
council  declaring  the  recognition  null.  He  pub- 
licly disclaimed  all  thought  of  calling  in  foreign 
aid  against  his  people  ;  he  privately  solicited  aid 
from  France,  from  Denmark,  and  from  Lorraine. 
He  publicly  denied  that  he  employed  papists  ; 
at  the  same  time  he  privately  sent  to  his  generals 
directions  to  employ  every  papist  that  would 
serve.  He  publicly  took  the  sacrament  at  Ox- 
ford as  a  pledge  that  he  never  would  even  con- 
nive at  popery ;  he  privately  assured  his  wife 
that  he  intended  to  tolerate  popery  in  England, 
and  he  authorized  Lord  Glamorgan  to  promise 
that  popery  should  be  established  in  Ireland. 
Then  he  attempted  to  clear  himself  at  his  agent's 
expense.  Glamorgan  received,  in  the  royal  hand- 
writing, reprimands  intended  to  be  read  by  oth- 
ers, and  eulogies  which  were  to  be  seen  only  by 
himself.  To  such  an  extent,  indeed,  had  insin- 
cerity now  tainted  the  king's  whole  nature,  that 
his  most  devoted  friends  could  not  refrain  from 
complaining  to  each  other,  with  bitter  grief  and 
shame,  of  his  crooked  politics.  His  defeats,  they 
said,  gave  them  less  pain  than  his  intrigues. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  118. 

1677.  DISSIMULATION,  Dangers  of.  Charles 
I.  [While  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  his  Parlia- 
ment. ]  The  three  leading  parties  were  the  army, 
the  Parliament,  and  the  Scotch.  Cromwell  and 
his  son-in-law,  Ireton,  were  confident  in  their 
personal  intiuence  over  the  king ;  an  accident 
undeceived  them.  The  king,  having  written  a 
private  letter  to  his  wife,  charged  one  of  his  con- 
fidential servants  to  conceal  this  letter  in  his 
horse's  saddle,  and  convey  it  to  Dover,  where 
the  fishing-boats  served  to  transmit  his  corre- 
spondence to  the  Continent.  .  .  .  [The  letter  was 
taken  by  Cromwell,  who  says  :]  We  read  the 
king's  letter  to  his  wife.  He  told  her  that  each 
faction  was  anxious  that  he  should  join  them, 
but  he  thought  he  ought  to  conclude  with  the 
Scotch  in  preference  to  any  other.  We  returned 
to  the  camp,  and  seeing  that  our  cause  had  noth- 
ing to  expect  from  the  king,  from  that  moment 
we  resolved  on  his  destruction. — Lamartine's 
Cromwell,  p.  39. 

1678.  DISSIMULATION,  Polite.  Courtiers. 
Burnet,  describing  the  general  character  of 
Charles  [II.],  says  :  "  He  was  affable  and  easy, 
and  loved  to  be  made  so  by  all  about  him.  The 
great  art  of  k-eeping  him  long  was  the  being 
easy,  and  the  making  every  thing  easy  to  him." 
The  modern  phrase  is  "to  make  things  pleas- 
ant ;"  and  both  phrases  mean  that  there  shall  be 


a  large  ingredient  of  falsehood  in  human  affairs, 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  14,  p.  237. 

1679.  DISSIMULATION,  Political.  JDiike  of 
Newcastle.  [The  Duke  of  Newcastle  was  the- 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  under  George  II. ;]  liis 
thirst  for  power  was  insatiable.  Jealous  of  every 
man  of  ability  to  whom  it  was  necessary  to  en- 
trust some  share  of  authority,  he  was  always  in 
terror  that  his  subalterns  might  be  called  to  com- 
mand, although  ever  professing  his  anxiety  for 
their  promotion.  Always  seeking  the  doubtful 
support  of  "  troops  of  friends,"  he  never  offend- 
ed any  man  by  a  plain  "No,"  and  was  often 
"under  the  same  engagements  to  at  least  ten 
competitors." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  13, 
p.  198. 

16§0. .   Turks.    When  Sir  Dudley 

North  was  pressed  [by  the  tools  of  James  II.  to 
favor  the  abolition  of  the  Test  Act]  he  remem- 
bered an  old  Turkish  saying — viz.,  that  a  man  is 
to  say  "no" only  to  the  devil. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  4,  ch.  26,  p.  418. 

16§1.  DISSIMULATION,  Eeligious.  Boman^ 
Emperor  Julian.  His  sentiments  were  changed  ;; 
but  as  it  would  have  been  dangerous  to  have 
avowed  his  sentiments,  his  conduct  still  contin- 
ued the  same.  Very  different  from  the  ass  in 
^sop,  who  disguised  himself  with  a  lion's  hide, 
our  lion  was  obliged  to  conceal  himself  under 
the  skin  of  an  ass  ;  and,  while  he  embraced  the 
dictates  of  reason,  to  obey  the  laws  of  prudence 
and  necessity.  The  dissimulation  of  Julian 
lasted  about  ten  years,  from  his  secret  initiation 
at  Ephesus  to  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war, 
when  he  declared  himself  at  once  the  implacable 
enemy  of  Christ  and  of  Constantius. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  23,  p.  420. 

1682.  DISSIMULATION,  Eoyal.  George  III. 
[He  was  on  a  morning  ride  when  a  messenger 
reached  him  with  a  note,  bearing  a  private  mark, 
which  indicated  the  death  of  George  II.  and  his 
own  elevation  to  royal  authority.]  Saying  his- 
horse  was  lame,  he  turned  back  to  Kew,  and  dis- 
mounting, said  to  his  groom  :  "  I  have  said  this, 
horse  is  lame  ;  I  forbid  you  to  say  to  the  con- 
trary." Walpole  comments  :  "  The  first  moment, 
of  the  new  reign  affords  a  symptom  of  the  prince's, 
character  ;  of  that  cool  dissimulation  in  which 
he  had  been  so  well  initiated  by  his  mother,  and 
which  comprehended  almost  the  whole  of  what 
she  had  taught  him." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,. 
ch.  12,  p.  241. 

16§3.  DISSIPATION,  Philosopher's.  Samuel 
Johnson.  One  night,  when  Beauclerk  and  Lang- 
ton  had  supped  at  a  tavern  in  London,  and  sat 
till  about  three  in  the  morning,  it  came  into  their  ; 
heads  to  go  and  knock  up  Johnson,  and  see  if 
they  could  prevail  on  him  to  join  them  in  a  ram- 
ble. They  rapped  violently  at  the  doors  of  his^ 
chambers  in  the  Temple,  till  at  last  he  appeared 
in  his  shirt,  with  his  little  black  wig  on  the  top 
of  his  head  instead  of  a  nightcap,  and  a  poker  in 
his  hand,  imagining,  probably,  that  some  ruffians- 
were  coming  to  attack  him.  When  he  discov- 
ered who  they  were,  and  was  told  their  errand, 
he  smiled,  and  with  great  good-humor  agreed  to 
their  proposal  :  "  What,  is  it  you,  you  dogs  !  I'll 
have  a  frisk  with  you."  He  was  soon  dressed, 
and  they  sallied  forth  together. .  . .  Garrick  bein^ 
told  of  this  ramble,  said  to  him,  smartly, "  I  hearc 


DISSIPATION— DIVISION. 


201 


of  your  frolic  t'other  night.  You'll  be  in  the 
Chranicle."  Upon  which  Johnson  afterward 
observed,  "  He  durst  not  do  such  a  thing.  His 
mfe  would  not  let  him  !" — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  65. 

16§4.  DISSIPATION,  Youthful.  Edgar  Allan 
Poe.  [He  was  awarded  the  prize  for  the  best 
story  and  the  best  poem  by  the  Baltimore  Visit- 
or.'\  The  author  was  sent  for.  .  .  .  He  was 
in  the  utmost  state  of  destitution,  pale,  ghastly, 
filthy.  His  seedy  frock  coat,  buttoned  up  to  his 
throat,  concealed  the  absence  of  a  shirt,  and  his 
dilapidated  boots  disclosed  the  want  of  stock- 
ings.— Smiles'  Brief  Biographies,  p.  338. 

16§5.  DISSUASION  impossittle.  Oort^z.  fHe 
set  out  for  the  conquest  of  Mexico.]  The  am- 
bassadors [of  Montezuma]  tried  in  vain  to  dis- 
suade the  terrible  Spaniard  [from  advancing  on 
their  capital].  They  made  him  costly  presents, 
and  then  hastened  back  to  their  alarmed  sover- 
eign. Montezuma  immediately  despatched  them 
a  second  time  with  presents  still  more  valu- 
able, and  with  urgent  appeals  to  Cortez  to  pro- 
ceed no  farther.  .  .  .  The  Mexican  emperor, 
by  his  messengers,  forbade  their  approach  to  his 
city  ;  still  they  pressed  on. — Ridpath's  U.  S.  , 
ch.  4,  p.  58. 

16§6.  DISTINCTION,  Military.  BelisaHus. 
Whenever  he  appeared  in  the  streets  and  public 
places  of  Constantinople  Belisarius  attracted  and 
satisfied  the  eyes  of  the  people.  His  lofty  stat- 
ure and  majestic  countenance  fulfilled  their  ex- 
pectations of  a  hero  ;  the  meanest  of  his  fellow- 
citizens  were  emboldened  by  his  gentle  and  gra- 
cious demeanor  ;  and  the  martial  train  which  at- 
tended his  footsteps  left  his  person  more  accessi- 
ble than  in  a  day  of  battle.  Seven  thousand 
horsemen,  matchless  for  beauty  and  valor,  were 
maintained  in  the  service,  and  at  the  private  ex- 
pense, of  the  general.  Their  prowess  was  always 
conspicuous  in  single  combats,  or  in  the  fore- 
most ranks  ;  and  both  parties  confessed  that  in 
the  siege  of  Rome  the  guards  of  Belisaiius  had 
alone  vanquished  the  barbarian  host. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  41,  p.  183. 

leiT.  DISTRUST  concealed.  Ramans.  It  was 
dangerous  to  trust  the  sincerity  of  Augustus  ; 
to  seem  to  distrust  it  was  still  more  dangerous. 
The  respective  advantages  of  monarchy  and  a 
republic  have  often  divided  speculative  inquir- 
ers ;  the  present  greatness  of  the  Roman  State, 
the  corruption  of  manners,  and  the  license  of 
the  soldiers  supplied  new  arguments  to  the  ad- 
vocates of  monarchy  ;  and  these  general  views 
of  government  were  again  warped  by  the  hopes 
and  fears  of  each  individual.  Amid  this  confu- 
sion of  sentiments  the  answer  of  the  Senate  was 
unanimous  and  decisive.  They  refused  to  ac- 
cept the  resignation  of  Augustus  ;  they  conjured 
him  not  to  desert  the  republic,  which  he  had 
saved.  After  a  decent  resistance  the  crafty  ty- 
rant submitted  to  the  orders  of  the  Senate,  and 
consented  to  receive  the  government  of  the  prov- 
inces, and  the  general  command  of  the  Roman 
armies,  under  the  well-known  names  of  Pro- 
consul and  Imperator. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  3, 
p.  75. 

16§§.  DISUNION,  Weakness  of.  Samuel  John- 
son. Boswell:  "  So,  sir,  you  laugh  at  schemes  of 
political  improvement. "    Johnson:  "  Why,  sir, 


most  schemes  of  political  improvement  are  very 
laughable  things."  He  observed  :  "Providence 
has  wisely  ordered  that  the  more  numerous  men 
are,  the  more  difficult  it  is  for  them  to  agree  in 
anything,  and  so  they  are  governed.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  if  the  poor  should  reason,  '  We'll  be 
the  poor  no  longer,  we'll  make  the  rich  take  their 
turn,'  they  could  easily  do  it,  were  it  not  that 
they  can't  agree.  So  the  common  soldiers,  though 
so  much  more  numerous  than  their  officers,  are 
governed  by  them  for  the  same  reason." — Bos- 
well's Johnson,  p.  168. 

16S9.  DIVERSION,  Mental.  Dangerous.  Ar- 
temidorus  .  .  .  had  got  intelligence  of  [the  con- 
spiracy to  assassinate  Caesar,  and  he]  approached 
Caesar  with  a  paper,  explaining  what  he  had  to 
discover.  Observing  that  he  gave  the  papers,  a& 
fast  as  he  received  them,  to  his  officers,  he  got 
up  as  close  as  possible,  and  said  :  "  Caesar,  read 
this  to  yourself,  and  quickly ;  for  it  contains 
matters  of  great  consequence,  and  of  the  last  con- 
cern to  you."  He  took  it,  and  attempted  several 
times  to  read  it,  but  was  always  prevented  by 
one  application  or  other.  He  therefore  kept  that 
paper,  and  that  only,  in  his  hand,  when  he  en- 
tered the  house. — Plutarch's  C^sar. 

1690.  DIVERSITY  of  Interests.  Society.  [About 
1593  Sidney  writes  in  his  "  Arcadia"  concerning 
the  popular  temper  of  his  times  :]  "When  they 
begin  to  talk  of  their  griefs,  never  bees  made 
such  confused  humming.  The  town-dwellers 
demand  putting  down  of  imposts,  the  coun- 
try fellows  laying  out  of  commons  ;  some  would 
have  the  prince  to  keep  his  court  in  one  place, 
some  in  another  ;  all  cried  out  to  have  new  coun- 
sellors ;  but  when  they  should  think  of  any  new 
counsellors,  they  liked  them  as  well  as  any  that 
they  could  remember ;  .  .  .  the  artisans  they 
would  have  corn  and  wine  set  at  a  lower  price  ; 
.  .  .  the  plough-men,  vine-laborers,  and  farmers 
would  have  none  of  that.  The  peasants  would 
have  all  the  gentlemen  destroyed  ;  the  citizens, 
specially  the  cooks,  barbers,  and  those  other  that 
lived  most  on  gentlemen  would  but  have  them 
reformed. — Knight's Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  17,  p. 262. 

1691.  DIVINITY,  Proof  of.  Fernando  de 
Soto.  He  attempted  to  overawe  a  tribe  of  Indians 
near  Natchez,  by  claiming  a  supernatural  birth 
and  demanding  obedience  and  tribute.  "You 
say  you  are  the  child  of  the  sun,"  replied  the  un- 
daunted chief  ;  "dry  up  the  river,  and  I  will 
believe  you.  You  desire  to  see  me  ?  visit  the 
town  where  I  dwell.  If  you  come  in  peace,  I 
will  receive  you  with  special  good-will ;  if  in 
war,  I  will  not  shrink  one  foot  back." — Ban 
croft's  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  2. 

1692.  DIVISION,  Helpless  by.  Roman  Em- 
peror Aurelian.  The  emperor  was  almost  at  the 
same  time  informed  of  the  irruption  and  of  the 
retreat  of  the  barbarians.  Collecting  an  active 
body  of  troops,  he  marched  with  silence  and 
celerity  along  the  skirts  of  the  Hyrcanian  forest ; 
and  the  Alemanni,  laden  with  the  spoils  of  Italy, 
arrived  at  the  Danube,  without  suspecting  that 
on  the  opposite  bank,  and  in  an  advantageous 
post,  a  Roman  army  lay  concealed  and  prepared 
to  intercept  their  return.  Aurelian  indulged  the 
fatal  security  of  the  barbarians,  and  permitted 
about  half  their  forces  to  pass  the  river  without 
disturbance  and  without  precaution.     Their  sit- 


^02 


DIVISION— DIVORCE. 


nation  and  astonishment  gave  him  an  easy  vic- 
tory.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  11,  p.  343. 

1693.  DIVISION  necessary.  Barbarian  Allies. 
Among  the  useful  conditions  of  peace  imposed 
by  Probus  [the  emperor]  on  the  vanquished  na- 
tions of  Germany  was  the  obligation  of  supply- 
ing the  Roman  army  with  16,000  recruits,  the 
bravest  and  most  robust  of  their  youth.  The 
emperor  dispersed  them  through  all  the  prov- 
inces, and  distributed  this  dangerous  re-enforce- 
ment, in  small  bands  of  fifty  or  sixty  each, 
•among  the  national  troops,  judiciously  observ- 
ing that  the  aid  which  the  republic  derived 
from  the  barbarians  should  be  felt  but  not  seen. 
—Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12,  p.  383. 

1694.  DIVISION,  Partisan.  Beign  of  Charles 
II.  His  object  was  not  to  destroy  our  [Eng- 
lish] Constitution,  but  to  keep  the  various  ele- 
ments of  which  it  was  composed  in  a  perpetual 
state  of  conflict,  and  to  set  irreconcilable  enmity 
between  those  who  had  the  power  of  the  purse 
and  those  who  had  the  power  of  the  sword. 
With  this  view  he  bribed  and  stimulated  both 
parties  in  turn,  pensioned  at  once  the  ministers 
of  the  Crown  and  the  chiefs  of  the  Opposition, 
encouraged  the  court  to  withstand  the  seditious 
-encroachments  of  the  Parliament,  and  conveyed 
to  the  Parliament  intimations  of  the  arbitrary 
designs  of  the  court.  [Charles  sought  aid  of 
Louis  XIV.  to  make  him  independent  of  Parlia- 
ment.]— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  195. 

1695.  DIVISION,  Euinous.  Roman  Empire. 
The  decay  of  Rome  has  been  frequently  ascribed 
to  the  translation  of  the  seat  of  empire  ;  but  this 
history  has  already  shown  that  the  powers  of 
government  were  divided  rather  than  removed. 
■The  throne  of  Constantinople  was  erected  in  the 
East,  while  the  West  was  still  possessed  by  a 
jBeries  of  emperors  who  held  their  residence  in 

Italy,  and  claimed  their  equal  inheritance  of  the 
legions  and  provinces.  This  dangerous  novelty 
impaired  the  strength  and  fomented  the  vices 
of  a  double  reign  ;  the  instruments  of  an  oppres- 
sive and  arbitrary  system  were  multiplied. — 
Oibbon's  Rome,  ch.  38,  p.  635. 

1696.  DIVISION  by  Civil  War.  IMgn  of 
Charles  I.  Soon  the  two  straggling  parties  were 
locked  in  deadly  conflict,  and  the  spot  became 
memorable  for  ages  for  the  blood  shed  in  a  skir- 
mish which  could  not  be  dignified  by  the  name 
of  a  battle.  Throughout  the  land  family  ties 
were  severed  ;  everywhere  ' '  a  man's  foes  were 
of  his  own  household."  "  Old  armor  came  down 
from  a  thousand  old  walls,  and  clanked  upon  the 
anvil  of  every  village  smithy  ;"  "  boot  and  sad- 
dle !"  was  the  order  of  the  day  and  night ;  every 
buff  coat  and  every  piece  of  steel  that  could 
turn  or  deal  a  blow  became  of  value.  Even 
the  long-bow,  the  brown  bill,  and  cross-bow  re- 
sumed their  almost  forgotten  use ;  rude  spears 
and  common  staves  and  Danish  clubs  assumed 
the  rank  of  weapons.  The  trumpets  of  the  Cav- 
aliers rang  out  fearlessly  through  the  half  of 
England,  and  thrilled  the  spirits  of  the  people 
with  the  cries  of  loyalty ;  responded  to  by  the 
thrill  blast  of  the  Roundhead  and  the  cry  of 
liberty.  "  Those,"  says  Carlyle,  "  were  the  most 
confused  months  England  ever  saw ;"  in  every 
shire,  in  every  parish,  in  court-houses,  ale- 
houses, churches,  and  markets,  wheresoever  men 
were  gathered  together.      England  was,  with 


sorrowful  confusion  in  every  fibre,  tearing  itself 
into  hostile  halves,  to  carry  on  the  voting  by  pike 
and  bullet  henceforth.  The  spirit  of  war  stalked 
forth  ;  many  times  we  find  the  record  of  men 
who  slew  an  enemy,  and  found  a  parent  in  the 
corpse  they  were  about  to  spoil. — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  6,  p.  96. 

1697.  DIVISION,  Weakness  by.  Germans. 
[Ancient]  Germany  was  divided  into  more  than 
forty  independent  states  ;  and  even  in  each  state 
the  union  of  the  several  tribes  was  extremely 
loose  and  precarious.  The  barbarians  were 
easily  provoked  ;  they  knew  not  how  to  forgive 
stn  injury,  much  less  an  insult ;  their  resent- 
ments were  bloody  and  implacable.  The  casual 
disputes  that  so  frequently  happened  in  their 
tumultuous  parties  of  hunting  or  drinking  Avere 
sufficient  to  inflame  the  minds  of  whole  nations ; 
the  private  feuds  of  any  considerable  chieftains 
diffused  itself  among  their  followers  and  allies. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  275. 

1698.  DIVORCE  advocated.  John  Milton.  The 
suggestion,  which  I  believe  was  first  made  by  a 
writer  in  the  Athenmum,  is  that  Milton's  young 
wife  refused  him  the  consummation  of  the  mar- 
riage. The  supposition  is  founded  upon  a  cer- 
tain passage  in  Milton's  pamphlet.  ...  If  the 
' '  Doctrine  and  Discipline"  [of  divorce]  was  in  the 
hands  of  the  public  on  August  1  ;  if  Milton  was 
brooding  over  this  seething  agony  of  passion  all 
through  July,  with  the  young  bride,  to  whom  he 
had  been  barely  wedded  a  month,  in  the  house 
where  he  was  writing,  then  the  only  apology  for 
this  outrage  upon  the  charities,  not  to  say  decen 
cies  of  home,  is  that  which  is  suggested  by  the 
passage  referred  to.  Then  the  pamphlet,  however 
imprudent,  becomes  pardonable.  It  is  a  passion- 
ate cry  from  the  depths  of  a  great  despair. — 
Milton,  by  M.  Pattison,  ch.  5. 

1699.  DIVORCE,  Agonizing.  Napoleon  I.  [Af- 
ter a  dinner  in  painful  silence]  he  took  her 
hand,  and  placed  it  upon  his  heart,  and  with  a 
faltering  voice  said  :  "  Josephine,  my  own  good 
Josephine,  you  know  how  I  have  loved  you  !  It 
is  to  you  alone  that  I  owe  the  only  few  moments' 
happiness  I  have  known  in  the  world.  Josephine, 
my  destiny  is  stronger  than  my  will.  My  dear- 
est affections  must  yield  to  the  welfare  of  France. " 
The  cruel  blow,  all  expected  as  it  was,  pierced 
that  loving  heart.  Josephine  fell  lifeless  to  the 
floor.  Napoleon  alarmed  rushed  to  the  door  and 
called  for  assistance.  [They]  .  .  .  conveyed  the 
Empress  Josephine  up  a  flight  of  stairs  to  her 
apartment.  She  murmured,  as  they  bore  her 
along,  "Oh,  no,  no  !  you  cannot  do  it !  You 
surely  would  not  kill  me."  Napoleon  was  intense- 
ly agitated.  ...  He  paced  the  floor  in  anguish 
until  the  dawn  of  the  morning,  .  .  .  trembling 
with  emotion  and  his  eyes  filled  with  tears,  .  .  . 
articulating  with  diflSculty.  [He  declared  the  in- 
terest of  France  made  a  divorce  his  painful 
duty.  It  was  consummated  on  December  15, 
1809.] — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  10. 

1700.  DIVORCE,  Causes  of.  Confucius.  He 
permits  divorce  for  any  one  of  seven  reasons : 
' '  When  a  woman  cannot  live  in  peace  with  her 
father-in-law  or  mother-in-law  ;  when  she  can- 
not bear  children  ;  when  she  is  unfaithful ;  when, 
by  the  utterance  of  calumnies  or  indiscreet 
words,  she  disturbs  the  peace  of  the  house ; 
when  her  husband  has  for  her  an  unconquerabl* 


DIVORCE— DOMINION. 


203 


.•repugnance  ;  when  she  is  an  inveterate  scold ; 
"when  she  steals  anything  from  her  husband's 
house  ;"  in  any  of  these  cases  her  husband  may 
put  her  away. — Cyclopedia  of  BioG.,  p.  418. 

1701.  DIVOECE,  Convenient.  Carinus.  In 
the  Gallic  war  he  discovered  some  degree  of  per- 
sonal courage  ;  but  from  the  moment  of  his 
arrival  at  Rome  he  abandoned  himself  to  the 
luxury  of  the  capital  and  to  the  abuse  of  his 
fortune.  He  was  soft,  yet  cruel  ;  devoted  to 
pleasure,  but  destitute  of  taste  ;  and  though  ex- 
quisitely susceptible  of  vanity,  indifferent  to  the 
public  esteem.  In  the  course  of  a  few  months 
he  successively  married  and  divorced  nine  wives, 
most  of  whom  he  left  pregnant ;  and  notwith- 
standing this  legal  inconstancy,  found  time  to 
indulge  such  a  variety  of  irregular  appetites  as 
brought  dishonor  on  himself  and  on  the  noblest 
houses  of  Rome.  He  beheld  with  inveterate 
hatred  all  those  who  might  remember  his  former 
obscurity,  or  censure  his  present  conduct.  He 
banished  or  put  to  death  the  friends  and  coun- 

:sellors  whom  his  father  [Emperor  Carus]  had 
placed  about  him,  to  guide  his  inexperienced 
youth  ;  and  he  persecuted  with  meanest  revenge 
his  school-fellows  and  companions,  who  had  not 
-sufficiently  respected  the  latent  majesty  of  the 
emperor.  .  .  .  From  the  dregs  of  that  populace 
he  selected  his  favorites,  and  even  his  ministers. 
The  palace  and  even  the  Imperial  table  were 
filled  with  singers,  dancers,  prostitutes,  and  all 
the  various  retinue  of  vice  and  folly. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  11,  p.  364. 

1702.  DIVORCE,  Demoralized  by.  Romans. 
When  the  Roman  matrons  became  the  equal  and 
voluntary  companions  of  their  lords,  a  new  ju- 
risprudence was  introduced,  that  marriage,  like 
other  partnerships,  might  be  dissolved  by  the 
abdication  of  one  of  the  associates.  In  three 
centuries  of  prosperity  and  corruption  this  prin- 
ciple was  enlarged  to  frequent  practice  and  per- 
nicious abuse.  Passion,  interest,  or  caprice  sug- 
gested daily  motives  for  the  dissolution  of  mar- 
riage ;  a  word,  a  sign,  a  message,  a  letter,  the 
mandate  of  a  freedman,  declared  the  separation  ; 
the  most  tender  of  human  connections  was  de- 
graded to  a  transient  society  of  profit  or  pleasure. 
According  to  the  various  conditions  of  life,  both 
sexes  alternately  felt  the  disgrace  and  injury  ;  an 
inconstant  spouse  transferred  her  wealth  to  a  new 
family,  abandoning  a  numerous,  perhaps  a  spu- 
rious, progeny  to  the  paternal  authority  and  care 
of  her  late  husband  ;  a  beautiful  virgin  might  be 
dismissed  to  the  world,  old,  indigent,  and  friend- 
less.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  349. 

1703.  DIVOECE  disallowed.  Puritans  of  New 
England.  Of  divorce  I  have  found  no  exam- 
ple. .  .  .  Divorce  from  bed  and  board,  the  sep- 
:arate  maintenance  without  the  dissolution  of  the 
marriage  contract — an  anomaly  in  Protestant  leg- 
islation, that  punishes  the  innocent  more  than 
the  guilty — was  utterlyabhorrent  from  their  prin- 
•ciples  ...  the  sanctity  of  the  marriage-bed  is  the 
safeguard  of  families  ;  ...  its  purity  was  pro- 
tected by  the  penalty  of  death — a  penalty  which 
■was  inexorably  enforced  against  the  guilty  wife 
vand  her  paramour. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  ch.  10, 

vol.  1. 

1704.  DIVOECE,  First.  Roman.  Time  bears 
"witness  to  the  conjugal  modesty,  tenderness,  and 
^fidelity  which  he  established  ;    for  during  two 


hundred  and  thirty  years  no  man  attempted  to 
leave  his  wife,  nor  any  woman  her  husband. 
And  as  the  very  curious  among  the  Greeks  can 
tell  you  who  was  the  first  person  that  killed  his 
father  and  mother,  so  all  the  Romans  know  that 
Spurius  Carvilius  was  the  first  that  divorced  his 
wife,  alleging  her  barrenness.  —  Plutarch's 
Romulus  and  Theseus. 

1705.  DIVOECE  of  Mothers.  Amenean  Indian 
Marriage.  Children  were  the  strongest  bond  ;  for 
if  the  mother  was  discarded,  it  was  the  unwrit- 
ten law  of  the  red  man  that  she  should  herself 
retain  those  whom  she  had  borne  and  nursed. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.  ,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

1706.  DIVOECE,  One-sided.  Roman.  The 
causes  of  the  dissolution  of  matrimony  have 
varied  among  the  Romans  ;  but  the  most  solemn 
sacrament,  the  confarreation  itself,  might  always 
be  done  away  by  rites  of  a  contrary  tendency. 
In  the  first  ages  the  father  of  a  family  might  sell 
his  children,  and  his  wife  was  reckoned  in  the 
number  of  his  children  ;  the  domestic  judge  might 
pronounce  the  death  of  the  offender,  or  his  mercy 
might  expel  her  from  his  bed  and  house  ;  but 
the  slavery  of  the  wretched  female  was  hopeless 
and  perpetual,  unless  he  asserted  for  his  own 
convenience  the  manly  prerogative  of  divorce. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  43,  p.  248. 

1707.  DIVOECE  permissible.  Roman  Law. 
In  the  most  rigorous  laws  a  wife  was  condemned 
to  support  a  gamester,  a  drunkard,  or  a  liber- 
tine, unless  he  were  guilty  of  homicide,  poison, 
or  sacrilege,  in  which  cases  the  marriage,  as  it 
should  seem,  might  have  been  dissolved  by  the 
hand  of  the  executioner.  But  the  sacred  right 
of  the  husband  was  invariably  maintained,  to 
deliver  his  name  and  family  from  the  disgrace 
of  adultery  ;  the  list  of  mortal  sins,  either  male 
or  female,  was  curtailed  and  enlarged  by  succes- 
sive regulations,  and  the  obstacles  of  incurable 
impotence,  long  absence,  and  monastic  profes- 
sion were  allowed  to  rescind  the  matrimonial 
obligation. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  349. 

170§.  DIVOECE  regulated.  Emperor  Augus- 
tus. Augustus,  who  vinited  the  powers  of  both 
magistrates,  adopted  their  different  modes  of  re- 
pressing or  chastising  the  license  of  divorce. 
The  presence  of  seven  Roman  witnesses  was  re- 
quired for  the  validity  of  this  solemn  and  delib- 
erate act ;  if  any  adequate  provocation  had  been 
given  by  the  husband,  instead  of  the  delay  of 
two  years,  he  was  compelled  to  refund  immedi- 
ately, or  in  the  space  of  six  months  ;  but  if  he 
could  arraign  the  manners  of  his  wife,  her  guilt 
or  levity  was  expiated  by  the  loss  of  the  sixth  or 
eighth  part  of  her  marriage  portion. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  350. 

1709.  DIVOECE,  Views  of.  Reformers.  [The 
early  English  Reformers,  as  represented  by  Cran- 
mer,]  did  not  regard  marriage  as  indissoluble. 
Divorce  for  adultery  might  be  pronounced  by  the 
ecclesiastical  courts,  with  libeity  to  marry  again 
by  the  party  sinned  against,  and  not  sinning. 
Divorce  was  also  held  lawful  in  cases  of  mortal 
enmities,  the  desertion  of  a  husband,  his  lasting 
cruelty,  or  his  prolonged  absence.  —  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  3,  p.  40. 

1710.  DOMINION,  Boundless.  Roman.  The 
slave  of  Imperial  despotism  .  .  .  expected  his  fate 
in  silent  despair.    To  resist  was  fatal,  and  it  was 


204 


DOMINION— DRAMA. 


impossible  to  fly.  On  every  side  he  was  encom- 
passed with  a  vast  extent  of  sea  and  land,  which 
he  could  never  hope  to  traverse  without  being 
discovered,  seized,  and  restored  to  his  irritated 
master.  Beyond  the  frontiers  his  anxious  view 
could  discover  nothing,  except  the  ocean,  inhos- 
pital  deserts,  hostile  tribes  of  barbarians,  of  fierce 
manners  and  unknown  language,  or  dependent 
kings,  who  would  gladly  purchase  the  emperor's 
protection  by  the  sacrifice  of  an  obnoxious  fugi- 
tive. "Wherever  you  are,"  said  Cicero  to  the 
exiled  Marcellus,  "  remember  that  you  are  equal- 
ly within  the  power  of  the  conqueror." — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  3,  p.  100. 

1711.  DOMINION,  Proofs  of.  Water.  Dinon 
informs  us  that  the  kings  of  Persia  used  to  have 
water  fetched  from  the  Nile  and  the  Danube,  and 
put  among  their  treasures,  as  a  proof  of  the  extent 
of  their  dominions,  and  their  being  masters  of  the 
world.  — Plutarch. 


1713.  DOUBT  expressed.  Marcus 
He  was  drawing  his  troops  out  of  winter  quar- 
ters when  ambassadors  came  from  Arsaces,  and 
addressed  him  in  this  short  speech :  "If  this 
army  was  sent  against  the  Parthians  by  the  Ro- 
man people,  that  people  has  nothing  to  expect 
but  perpetual  war  and  enmity  irreconcilable. 
But  if  Crassus,  against  the  inclinations  of  his 
country  (which  they  were  informed  was  the 
case),  to  gratify  his  own  avarice,  has  undertaken 
this  war,  and  invaded  one  of  the  Parthian  prov- 
inces, Arsaces  will  act  with  more  moderation. 
He  will  take  compassion  on  Crassus's  age,  and 
let  the  Romans  go,  though  in  fact  he  considers 
them  rather  as  in  prison  than  in  garrison."  To 
this  Crassus  made  no  return  but  a  rhodomon- 
tade ;  he  said  he  would  give  them  his  answer 
at  Seleucia.  Upon  which  Vagises,  the  oldest  of 
the  ambassadors,  laughed  ;  and  turning  up  the 
palm  of  his  hand,  replied,  "Crassus,  here  will 
hair  grow  before  thou  shalt  see  Seleucia." — 
Plutarch's  Crassus. 

1713.  DOUBT,  Philosophic.  Academics.  Next 
to  the  Epicurean  system  the  doctrines  most  prev- 
alent at  that  time  were  those  of  the  new  Acad- 
emy, very  different  from  those  of  the  old  Acad- 
emy, founded  by  Plato.  The  new  Academics  as- 
serted the  impossibility  of  arriving  at  truth,  and 
held  it  entirely  a  matter  of  doubt  whether  vice 
or  virtue  were  preferable.  These  opinions  evi- 
dently struck  at  the  foundation  not  only  of  relig- 
ion, but  of  morality. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5, 
ch.  4. 

1714.  DOUBTS  overcome.  George  Fox,  the 
Quaker,  a.d.  1648.  One  morning  as  Fox  sat 
silently  by  the  fire  a  cloud  came  over  his  mind  ; 
a  baser  instinct  seemed  to  say,  "  All  things  come 
by  nature  ;"  and  the  elements  and  the  stars  op- 
pressed his  imagination  with  the  vision  of  pan- 
theism. But  as  he  continued  musing,  a  true 
voice  arose  within  him  and  said,  "  There  is  a 
God."  At  once  the  clouds  of  scepticism  rolled 
away  .  .  .  his  soul  enjoyed  the  sweetness  of  re- 
pose .  .  .  the  paradise  of  contemplation. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  ch.  16,  vol.  2. 

1715.  DRAINAGE,  Scheme  of.  Charles  I.  In 
those  days  some  millions  of  acres  of  the  finest 
plains  in  the  counties  of  Cambridge,  Hunting- 
don, Northampton,  and  Lincoln  lay  undrained. 
Several  vears  before  the  period  to  which  we  now 


refer  the  Earl  of  Oxford  and  other  noblemen  of 
that  day  had  proposed  to  drain  large  portions  of 
them,  and  in  fact  had  done  so.  The  Bedford 
Level,  containing  nearly  400,000  acres,  had  beeu 
completed,  when  it  was  found  necessary  to  call 
in  other  aid  ;  and  a  proposition  was  made  to  the 
Crown,  offering  a  fair  proportion  of  the  land  for 
its  assistance  and  authority  in  the  completion  of 
the  whole.  Until  now  all  had  gone  on  well ; 
but  hungry  Charles  saw  here  an  opportunity  of 
gratifying  his  cupidity.  A  number  of  commis- 
sioners came  from  the  king  to  Huntingdon  ; 
they,  instructed  by  the  king's  own  letter,  pro- 
ceeded to  lay  claim  under  various  pretexts,  such 
as  corrupt  and  servile  ministers  know  how  to 
use,  to  95,000  acres  of  land  already  drained. 
Cromwell  stepped  upon  the  stage  of  action,  and 
the  draining  of  the  fens  was  entirely  stopped. — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  4,  p.  78. 

1716.  DRAINAGE,  Success  by.  Bomans.  The 
lake  of  Alba  increased  prodigiously,  and  depu- 
ties were  sent  to  inquire  what  the  gods  meant  by 
that  extraordinary  phenomenon.  The  deputies, 
brought  back  word  that  the  conquest  of  Veil  de- 
pended on  draining  the  lake,  and  that  particular 
care  should  be  taken  to  convey  the  waters  to  the 
sea  (a  most  wise  and  salutary  advice,  in  a  sea- 
son of  contagious  disease).  The  work  was  imme- 
diately begun  ;  and  that  fine  canal  was  cut, 
which  subsists  at  this  day,  and  conveys  the  wa- 
ters of  the  lake  Albano,  by  Castel-Gondolfo,  to 
the  sea.  This  was  likewise  an  instance  in  which 
the  faith  of  the  people  in  the  veracity  of  the  pre- 
diction might  have  greatly  aided  its  accomplish- 
ment.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  8,  ch.  6. 

1717.  DRAMA,  Indecent.  Ticelfth  Century. 
In  one  of  them,  which  is  entitled  a  Play  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testament,  Adam  and  Eve  are 
introduced  upon  the  stage  naked,  and  conversing 
in  very  strange  terms  about  their  nakedness. 
Mr.  Warton  has  given  a  curious  account  of  this 
play  in  his ' '  History  of  English  Poetry. "  In  some 
of  the  first  scenes  of  this  play  God  is  represent- 
ed creating  the  world  ;  He  breathes  life  into 
Adam,  leads  him  into  Paradise,  and  opens  his 
side  while  sleeping.  Adam  and  Eve  appear 
naked  in  the  garden,  and  not  ashamed,  and  the 
Old  Serpent  enters,  lamenting  his  fall.  He  con- 
verses with  Eve ;  she  eats  of  the  forbidden 
fruit ;  they  are  cursed  by  God  ;  the  Serpent  exit* 
hissing  ;  they  are  driven  from  Paradise  by  the 
Cherubim,  with  a  fiaming  sword,  and  Adam 
then  appears  digging  the  ground,  and  Eve  spin- 
ning.— Note  in  Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  16. 

171§.  DRAMA,  Literature  of  the.  Greece. 
We  see  from  this  short  review  of  the  origin  of 
literature  among  the  Romans,  that  its  earliest 
efforts  were  exclusively  confined  to  dramatic 
composition.  The  Romans,  in  a  word,  borrow- 
ed their  literature  from  Greece,  and  first  attempt- 
ed the  species  of  literature  then  most  popular  in 
Greece  ;  if,  indeed,  their  Plautus  and  Terence, 
and  the  rest,  did  more  than  translate  or  adapt  the 
then  most  popular  pieces  of  the  Greek  stage.  It 
was  not  until  the  golden  age  of  Augustus  that,  by 
the  revolutions  which  tlien  took  place  in  the 
public  taste,  the  other  high  departments  of  liter- 
ature were  introduced  at  Rome. —  Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  3. 

1719.  DRAMA,  Origin  of  the.  Borne.  About 
the  390th  year  of  Rome  the  city  had  been  re- 


DRAMA— DRESS. 


2oa 


duced  to  extreme  distress  by  a  pestilence,  and  an 
uncommon  method  was  adopted  to  appease  tlie 
wrath  of  the  gods,  in  sending  into  Etruria  for 
drolls  or  stage-dancers.  The  dances  of  these  Etru- 
rians, according  to  Livy,  were  not  ungi-aceful, 
and  the  Roman  youth  readily  learned  to  imitate 
their  performances,  adding  to  them  their  own 
fescennine  ballads,  which  they  recited  to  the 
sound  of  music,  with  appropriate  gestures.  Here 
evidently  was  the  first  rise  of  dramatic  perform- 
ances among  the  Romans  ;  but,  as  yet,  all  was 
rude  and  imperfect,  and  they  were  altogether 
ignorant  of  the  regular  structure  of  a  dramatic 
composition.  This  they  acquired  the  first  idea 
of  from  the  Greeks.  Euripides  and  Sophocles 
had  flourished  nearly  one  hundred  and  sixty 
years,  and  Menander  above  fifty  years,  before 
this  period.  The  dramatic  poem  was  at  this 
time  in  the  highest  celebrity  in  Greece,  and  was 
tit  length,  about  the  year  of  Rome  514,  intro- 
duced into  that  commonwealth  by  Livius  Andron- 
icus,  a  Greek  slave. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4, 
ch.  3. 

1720.  DEAMA,  Eeligious.  ChurcJies.  The 
first  dramatic  representations  known  in  Europe 
were  devotional  pieces,  acted  by  the  monks,  in  the 
■churches  of  their  convents,  representative  of  the 
life  and  actions  of  our  Saviour  and  of  His  apos- 
tles. In  England  these  representations  were  term- 
•ed  mysteries,  and  sometimes  miracles  and  moral- 
ities. They  were  brought  into  use  about  the 
twelfth  century,  and  continued  to  be  performed 
in  England  even  to  the  sixteenth  century.  There 
is,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. ,  a  prohibition,  by 
the  bishop  of  London,  against  the  performance 
of  any  plays  or  interludes  in  churches  or  chapels. 
Perhaps  at  this  time  profane  stories  had  begun  to 
take  the  place  of  the  sacred  mysteries  ;  it  is  cer- 
tain, at  least,  that  these  sacred  mysteries  them- 
selves often  contained  great  absurdities  and  very 
gross  indecency.  [See  No.  1717.] — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  16. 

1721.  DREAM,  Directed  by  a.  Gonstantine. 
He  affirms,  with  the  most  perfect  confidence, 
that  in  the  night  which  preceded  the  last  battle 
against  Maxentius,  Gonstantine  was  admonished 
in  a  dream  to  inscribe  the  shields  of  his  soldiers 
with  the  celestial  sign  of  Ood,  the  sacred  mono- 
gram of  the  name  of  Christ ;  that  he  executed 
the  commands  of  heaven,  and  that  his  valor  and 
obedience  were  rewarded  by  the  decisive  victory 
of  the  Milvian  Bridge. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  30, 
p.  263. 

1722.  DEE  AM  realized.  Cicero's.  Cicero,  it 
seems,  had  a  dream,  in  which  he  thought  he 
called  some  boys,  the  sons  of  senators,  up  to  the 
Capitol,  because  Jupiter  designed  to  pitch  upon 
one  of  them  for  sovereign  of  Rome.  The  citi- 
zens ran  with  all  the  eagerness  of  expectation, 
and  placed  themselves  about  the  temple  ;  and 
the  boys  in  their  prastextse  sat  silent.  The  doors 
suddenly  opening,  the  boys  rose  up  one  by  one, 
and,  in  their  order,  passed  round  the  god,  who 
reviewed  them  all  and  sent  them  away  disappoint- 
ed ;  but  when  Octavius  approached,  he  stretch- 
ed out  his  hand  to  him  and  said, ' '  Romans,  this  is 
the  person  who,  when  he  comes  to  be  your  prince, 
will  put  an  end  to  your  civil  wars."  This  vis- 
ion, they  tell  us,  made  such  an  impression  upon 
Cicero,  that  he  perfectly  retained  the  figure  and 
countenance  of  the  boy,  though  he  did  not  yet 


know  him.  Next  day  he  went  down  to  the  Cam- 
pus Martins,  when  the  boys  were  just  returning 
from  their  exercises  ;  and  the  first  who  struck 
his  eye  was  the  lad  in  the  very  form  that  he  had 
seen  in  his  dream.  Astonished  at  the  discovery, 
Cicero  asked  him  who  were  his  parents  ;  and  he 
proved  to  be  the  son  of  Octavius,  a  person  not 
much  distinguished  in  life,  and  of  Attia,  sister 
to  Caesar.  As  he  was  so  near  a  relation,  and 
Caesar  had  no  children  of  his  own,  he  adopted 
him,  and,  by  will,  left  him  his  estate.  Cicero, 
after  his  dream,  whenever  he  met  young  Octa< 
vius,  is  said  to  have  treated  him  with  particular 
regard,  and  he  received  those  marks  of  his 
friendship  with  great  satisfaction.  Beside,  he 
happened  to  be  born  the  same  year  that  Cicero 
was  consul. — Pltitarcii's  Cicero. 

1723.  DEEAMS,  Eegard  for.  American  Ind- 
ians. Dreams  are  to  the  wild  man  the  avenue 
to  the  invisible  world;  he  reveres  them  as  divine 
revelations,  and  believes  he  shall  die  unless  they 
are  carried  into  effect.  The  capricious  visions 
in  a  feverish  sleep  are  obeyed  by  the  village  or  the 
tribe  ;  the  whole  nation  would  contribute  its  har- 
vest, its  costly  furs,  .  .  .  rather  than  fail  in  their 
fulfilment,  .  .  .  even  if  it  required  the  surren- 
der of  women  to  public  embrace. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

1724.  DREAMS  verified.  Bev.  Richard  Board- 
man.  [On  his  way  to  Parkgate,  his  jour 
ney  took  him  across  the  sands,  where  the  tide 
returning,  and  a  blinding  snow  concealing  his 
course,  his  condition  became  extremely  perilous. 
A  wall  of  perpendicular  rocks  on  one  side,  the 
sea  on  the  other,  left  him  little  hope  of  escape, 
till  he  observed  two  men  running  down  a  hill 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  water,  who  pushed 
out  a  boat,  and  came  to  take  him  off  from  his 
horse,  just  as  the  sea  had  reached  his  knees  as 
he  sat  in  the  saddle.]  While  we  were  in  the 
boat,  one  of  the  men  said,  "  Surely,  God  is  with 
you."  I  answered,  "I  trust  He  is."  The  man 
replied,  "I  know  He  is;  last  night  I  dreamed 
that  I  must  go  to  the  top  of  such  a  hill.  When 
I  awoke  the  dream  made  such  an  impression 
that  I  could  not  rest.  I  went  and  called  upon 
this  man  to  accompany  me,  .  .  .  and  there  we 
saw  your  distressed  condition." — Stevens'  M.  E. 
Church,  vol.  1,  p.  96. 

1725.  DEEAMS,  Visionary.  Napoleon  I. 
[At  St.  Helena,  in  his  last  illness,  one  morning,] 
Napoleon  started  up  and  exclaimed,  in  dreamy 
delirium,  "  I  have  just  seen  my  good  Josephine, 
but  she  would  not  embrace  me.  She  disappear- 
ed at  the  moment  when  I  was  about  to  take  her 
in  my  arms.  She  was  seated  there.  .  .  .  She 
is  not  changed.  She  is  still  the  same,  full  of  de- 
votion to  me.  She  told  me  we  were  about  to 
see  each  other  again,  never  more  to  part.  Did 
you  see  her  ?" — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2. 
ch.  34. 

1726.  DEESS,  Criminal.  Joan  of  Arc.  She 
feared  in  fact  among  the  soldiery  those  outrages 
to  her  honor,  to  guard  against  which  she  had  from 
the  first  assumed  the  dress  of  a  man.  In  the  eyes 
of  the  church  her  dress  was  a  crime,  and  she 
abandoned  it ;  but  a  renewed  affront  forced  her 
to  resume  the  one  safeguard  left  her,  and  the  re- 
turn to  it  was  treated  as  a  relapse  into  heresy, 
which  doomed  her  to  death.  At  the  close  of 
May,  1431,  a  great  pile  was  raised  in  the  market- 


»06 


DRESS. 


place  of  Rouen,  where  her  statue  stands  now. 
Even  the  brutal  soldiers  who  snatched  the  hated 
"  witch"  from  the  hands  of  the  clergy  and  hur- 
ried her  to  her  doom  were  hushed  as  she  reached 
the  stake.  One  indeed  passed  to  her  a  rough 
cross  he  had  made  from  a  stick  he  held,  and  she 
clasped  it  to  her  bosom.  As  her  eyes  ranged  over 
the  city  from  the  lofty  scaffold,  she  was  heard  to 
murmur,  "O  Rouen,  Rouen,  I  have  great  fear 
lest  you  suffer  for  my  death  !"  "  Yes,  my  voices 
were  of  God  !"  she  suddenly  cried  as  the  last 
moment  came  ;  ' '  they  have  never  deceived  me  !" 
Soon  the  flames  reached  her,  the  girl's  head  sank 
on  her  breast,  there  was  one  cry  of  "Jesus  !" 
"We  are  lost,"  an  English  soldier  muttered  as 
the  crowd  broke  up  ;  "we  have  burnt  a  saint !" 
— Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  433. 

1T27.  DRESS  exchanged.  Joan  of  Arc.  To 
travel  at  such  a  time  with  five  or  six  men-at-arms 
was  enough  to  alarm  a  young  girl.  An  English 
woman  or  a  German  would  never  have  risked 
such  a  step  ;  the  indelicacy  of  the  proceeding 
would  have  horrified  her.  Jeanne  was  nothing 
moved  by  it ;  she  was  too  pure  to  entertain  any 
fears  of  the  kind.  She  wore  a  man's  dress — a 
dress  she  wore  to  the  last ;  this  close  and  closely 
fastened  dress  was  her  best  safeguard.  Yet  was 
she  young  and  beautiful.  But  there  was  around 
her,  even  to  those  who  were  most  with  her,  a 
barrier  raised  by  religion  and  fear. — Michelet's 
Joan  of  Arc,  p.  8. 

172§.  DRESS,  Extravagance  in.  By  Example. 
[The  period  of  proud  Henry  VIII.  and  the  os- 
tentatious Cardinal  Wolsey]  was  an  age  of  dis- 
play, when  the  king  set  the  example  to  his  court 
of  the  most  extravagant  splendor,  which  many 
of  the  nobles  ruined  themselves  to  imitate. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  17,  p.  278. 

1729. .  Middle  Ages.     [From  1450 

to  1485  was  a  most  luxurious  period.]  It  has 
been  truly  said  [by  Sir  N.  H.  Nichols]  that  ex- 
travagance in  dress  "was a  peculiar  characteris- 
tic of  the  middle  ages  throughout  Europe."  The 
handsome  Edward  IV.  and  the  misshapen  Rich- 
ard HI.  were  equally  careful  of  the  splendor  of 
their  array.  Lewis  XI.  of  France  ...  in  his  last 
days  his  gowns  were  all  crimson  satin  lined  with 
rich  martins'  furs. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch. 
7,  p.  103. 

1730. .  Bomans.  It  was  a  com- 
plaint worthy  of  the  gravity  of  the  Senate,  that, 
in  the  purchase  of  female  ornaments,  the  wealth 
of  the  State  was  irrecoverably  given  away  to  for- 
eign and  hostile  nations.  The  annual  loss  is 
computed,  by  a  writer  of  an  inquisitive  but  cen- 
sorious temper,  at  upward  of  £800,000  sterling. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  2,  p.  69. 

1731,  DRESS,  Impressed  by.  Luther.  On 
Sunday  morning  early  Luther  sent  for  his  bar- 
ber. When  he  had  arrived  he  asked  Luther, 
"  Doctor,  how  comes  it  that  you  desire  to  be 
shaved  at  so  early  an  hour  ?"  Luther  replied, 
' '  I  am  called  to  meet  the  ambassador  of  his  Holy 
Father,  the  Pope  ;  hence  I  must  prepare  and 
adorn  myself  to  appear  before  him  as  if  I  were 
young  ;  then  the  legate  will  think,  '  The  deuce  ! 
if  Luther  in  his  youth  has  done  us  so  much  mis- 
chief, what  may  he  not  do  hereafter  ?'  " — Rein's 
Luther,  ch.  22,  p.  177. 

1732.  DRESS,  Investment  in,  Samuel  John- 
son. A  gentleman  told  him  he  had  bought  a  suit 


of  lace  for  his  lady  ;  he  said:  "Well,  sir,  you. 
have  done  a  good  thing  and  a  wise  thing."  "  I . 
havedoneagood  thing,"  said  the  gentleman,  "but 
I  do  not  know  that  I  have  done  a  wise  thing.  "^ 
Johnson  :  "  Yes,  sir  ;  no  money  is  better  spent 
than  what  is  laid  out  for  domestic  satisfaction. 
A  man  is  pleased  that  his  wife  is  dressed  as  well 
as  other  people  ;  and  a  wife  is  pleased  that  she 
is  dressed." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  248. 

1733.  DRESS,  Legislation  on.  England.  [The 
statute  of  1463  declares]  the  squire  and  gentle- 
man having  £40  a  j^ear  may  indulge  in  damask 
or  satin,  forbidden  to  their  less  wealthy  neigh- 
bors. Mayors,  sheriffs,  and  aldermen  have 
special  exemptions.  Below  the  class  of  esquire 
and  gentleman  are  those  who  have  obtained  po- 
sition by  their  wealth  ;  and  those  who  have  £40' 
of  yearly  value  may  rejoice  in  furs  and  gilt  gir- 
dles. The  men  possessed  of  less  than  £40  yearly 
are  debarred  from  furs  and  fustian  and  scarlet 
cloth.  The  yeomen  and  the  persons  under  this 
degi'ee  are  to  have  no  stuffing  in  their  doublets. 
Lastly,  the  servants  in  husbandly  and  artificers 
are  to  wear  no  clothing  of  which  the  cloth  shall 
cost  more  than  two  shillings  the  broad  yard. 
The  second  statute  of  1483  prescribes  what  pe- 
culiar cloth  of  gold  or  silk  shall  be  forbidden  tO' 
all  below  the  royal  rank  ;  what  to  those  below 
a  duke  ;  what  to  those  below  a  lord,  of  whont 
the  knight  only  shall  wear  velvet  in  his  doublet. 
By  a  comprehensive  clause,  no  man  under  the^ 
estate  of  a  lord  should  wear  cloth  of  foreign 
manufacture  ;  and  the  old  price  of  cloth  is  again 
fixed  for  laborers  and  artificers. — Knight's  Eng.  ,, 
vol.  2,  ch.  7,  p.  101. 

1734. .  Sumptuary.     [In  1593  the 

sumptuary  laws  of  Henry  VIII.  were  not  repeal- 
ed, but  could  not  be  enforced.]  Those  who  were 
winning  wealth  by  industry  would   no  longer 
submit,  if  they  ever  did  submit,  to  be  told  by 
statute  what  they  were  not  to  wear,  according  tO' 
a  scale  of  income  varying  from  £200  to  £5. 
They  utterly  despised  the  reason  set  forth  for 
such  arbitrary  regulation — namely,  to  prevent 
"the  subversion  of  good  and  politic  order  in 
knowledge  and  distinction  of  people,  according 
to  their  estates,  pre-eminences,  dignities,  and  de- 
grees." A  statute  of  Philip  and  Mary  was  direct- 
ed against  the  wearing  of  silk,  except  by  certain 
privileged  classes.  .  .  .  By  statute  of  1562-63  . 
"foreign  stuff  or  wares"  ...  if  sold  to  any 
person  not  possessing  £3000  a  year,  in  lands  or 
fees,  not  being  paid  for  in  ready  money,  the  sell- 
er was  debarred  of  any  legal  remedy  for  the  recov- 
ery of  the  debt.     By  a  statute  of  1566   velvet 
hats  or  caps  were  prohibited  to  all  persons  under 
the  degree  of  a  knight ;  and  by  that  of  1571 
every  person,  except  ladies,  lords,  knights,  and 
gentlemen  having  twenty  marks  by  the  year  iaJ 
land,  was  to  wear  upon  his  head,  on  Sundays  and-jj 
holidays,  a  home-made  cap  of  wool,  very  decent 
and  comely  for  all  states  and  degrees.  If  Stubbes 
is  to  be  relied  upon,  all  states  and  degrees  re-j 
jected  the  statutory  notion  of  what  was  decent  and  j 
comely.     They  wore  hats  "  perking  up  like  the  I 
spear  or  shaft  of  a  temple  ;"  or  hats  "  flat  and? 
broad  and  flat  on  the  crown,  like  the  battlements  \ 
of  a  house  ;  "  or  "  round  crowns,"  with  bands  of  I 
every  color.    They  wore  hats  of  silk,  velvet,  taf-l 
fety,  sarsenet,  wool,  and  of  "fine  hair,  whickj 
they  called  beaver."   ....  He  was  in  no  esti- 


DRESS— DRINKING. 


2or 


mation  among  them  who  had  not  a  velvet  or  taffe- 
ty  hat ;  ' '  and  so  common  a  thing  it  is,  that  every 
serving-man,  country-man,  or  other,  even  all  in- 
differently, do  wear  of  these  hats." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.3,  ch.  16,  p.  246. 

1735. .      Henry    VIII.      In  1536 

Henry  VIII.  writes  to  his  "  well  beloved  "  of  the 
town  of  Galway,  straightly  charging  and  com- 
manding that  they  should  perpetually  observe 
certain  articles  set  forth  for  their  weal  and  profit : 
"  Itsm,  That  every  inhabitant,  as  well  within 
the  said  town  as  the  suburbs  of  the  same,  do 
shave  their  over  [upper]  lips,  called  crompeaulis  ; 
and  suffer  the  hair  of  their  heads  to  grow  till  it 
cover  their  ears  ;  and  that  every  of  them  wear 
English  caps.  Item,  That  no  man  nor  manchild 
do  wear  mantles  in  the  streets,  but  cloaks  or 
gowns,  coats,  doublets,  hose,  shapen  after  the 
English  fashion,  of  the  country  cloth,  or  any 
other  cloth  shall  please  them  to  buy."  ...  In 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth  ..."  the  ancient  dress  " 
was  still  worn.  The  mantle  was  still  "  a  fit  house 
for  an  outlaw,  a  neet  bed  for  rebel,  and  an  apt 
cloak  for  a  thief." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch. 
24,  p.  396. 

1 736. .  England.  [In  1351  a  statute 

was  passed  to]  restrain  the  outrageous  and  exces- 
sive apparel  of  divers  people  against  their  estate 
and  degree.  ' '  Servants,  artificers,  .  .  .  tradesmen 
.  .  .  and  their  wives  are  to  wear  cloth  of  a  cer- 
tain low  price,  with  no  gold,  or  silver,  or  silk,  or 
embroidery.  .  .  .  Laborers  in  husbandry,  .  .  . 
if  they  had  not  forty  shillings  of  goods  or  chat- 
tels, they  were  to  wear  only  a  blanket  and  russet, 
and  girdles  of  linen,  according  to  their  estate. 
In  these  two  classes  must  have  been  comprised 
the  bulk  of  the  population." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  31,  p.  479. 

1737.  DBESS  an  Obstacle.  Oliver  Goldsmith. 
We  have  stated  his  great  objection  to  clerical 
life,  the  obligation  to  wear  a  black  coat ;  and, 
whimsical  as  it  may  appear,  dress  seemed  in  fact 
to  have  formed  an  obstacle  to  his  entrance  into 
the  church.  He  had  ever  a  passion  for  clothing 
his  sturdy  but  awkward  little  person  in  gay  col- 
ors ;  and  on  this  solemn  occasion,  when  it  was  to 
be  supposed  his  garb  would  be  of  suitable  gravity, 
he  appeared  luminously  arrayed  in  scarlet  breech- 
es !  He  was  rejected  by  the  bishop. — Irving's 
Goldsmith,  ch.  3,  p.  30. 

173§.  DBESS,  Preaching  against.  Bishop  of 
London.  [Queen  Elizabeth  carried  her  love  of 
foreign  dress  almost  into  a  mania.  It  was  the 
only  expenditure  of  which  she  was  profuse.  Sir 
John  Harrington  says  :]  On  Sunday  my  lord  of 
London  preached  to  the  Queen's  Majesty,  and 
seemed  to  touch  the  vanity  of  decking  the  body 
too  finely.  Her  Majesty  told  the  ladies  that  "if 
the  bishop  held  more  discourse  on  such  matters, 
she  would  fit  him  for  heaven,  but  he  should  walk 
thither  without  a  staff,  and  leave  his  mantle  be- 
hind him."  —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  16, 
p.  247. 

1739.  DRESS,  Sinful.  Joan  of  Arc.  What 
illustrates  the  time,  the  uninformed  mind  of  these 
doctors,  and  their  blind  attachment  to  the  letter 
without  regard  to  the  spirit,  is,  that  no  point 
seemed  graver  to  them  than  the  sin  of  having  as- 
sumed male  attire.  They  represented  to  her  that, 
according  to  the  canons,  those  who  thus  change 


the  liabit  of  their  sex  are  abominable  in  the  sight 
of  God.  At  first  she  would  not  give  a  direct  an- 
swer, and  begged  for  a  respite  till  the  next  day  -^ 
but  her  judges  insisting  on  her  discarding  the 
dress,  she  replied  that  she  was  not  empowered 
to  say  when  she  could  quit  it.  —  Michelet's 
Joan,  p.  43. 

1740.  DRINKING,  Ancient.  England.  They 
were  hard  drinkers,  no  doubt,  as  they  were  hard 
toilers,  and  the  "ale-feast"  was  the  centre  of 
their  social  life.  But  coarse  as  the  revel  might 
seem  to  modern  eyes,  the  scene  within  the  tim- 
bered hall,  which  rose  in  the  midst  of  their  vil- 
lages, was  often  Homeric  in  its  simplicity  and 
dignity.  Queen  or  earl's  wife, with  a  train  of  maid- 
ens, bore  ale-bowl  or  mead-bowl  round  the  hall,, 
from  the  high  settle  of  king  or  ealdorman  in  the 
midst  to  the  mead  benches  ranged  around  its- 
walls,  while  the  gleeman  sang  the  hero-songs  of 
his  race. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  19. 

1741.  DRINKING,  Art  in.  SaniuelJohnson. 
Talking  of  the  effects  of  drinking,  he  said  : 
"  Drinking  may  be  practised  with  great  pru- 
dence ;  a  man  who  exposes  himself  when  he  is 
intoxicated  has  not  the  art  of  getting  drunk ;  a 
sober  man,  who  happens  occasionally  to  get 
drunk,  readily  enough  goes  into  a  new  company , 
which  a  man  who  has  been  drinking  should  never' 
do.  Such  a  man  will  undertake  anything  ;  he- 
is  without  skill  in  inebriation.  I  used  to  slink 
home  when  I  had  drunk  too  much.  A  man  ac- 
customed to  self-examination  will  be  conscious 
when  he  is  drunk,  though  an  habitual  drunkard 
will  not  be  conscious  of  it.  I  knew  a  physician 
who  for  twenty  years  was  not  sober ;  yet  in  a 
pamphlet,  which  he  wrote  upon  fevers,  he  appeal- 
ed to  Garrick  and  me  for  his  vindication  from  a. 
charge  of  drunkenness.  A  bookseller  (naming, 
him)  who  got  a  large  fortune  by  trade  was  sa 
habitually  and  equally  drunk,  that  his  most  in- 
timate friends  never  perceived  that  he  was  more- 
sober  at  one  time  than  another." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  411. 

1742.  DRINKING,  Effects  of.  Samtiel  John- 
son.  I  dined  with  him  at  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds'^ 
I  have  not  marked  what  company  was  there. 
Johnson  harangued  upon  the  qualities  of  different, 
liquors,  and  spoke  with  great  contempt  of  claret, 
as  so  weak  that  "  a  man  would  be  drowned  by 
it  before  it  made  him  drunk."  He  was  persuad. 
ed  to  drink  one  glass  of  it,  that  he  might  judge, 
not  from  recollection,  which  might  be  dim,  but 
from  immediate  sensation.  He  shook  his  head,, 
and  said  :  "  Poor  stuff  !  No,  sir  ;  claret  is  the 
liquor  for  boys ;  port  for  men  ;  but  he  who- 
aspires  to  be  a  hero  (smiling)  must  drink  brandy. 
In  the  first  place,  the  flavor  of  brandy  is  most 
grateful  to  the  palate  ;  and  then  brandy  will  do 
soonest  for  a  man  what  drinking  can  do  for  him. " 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  409. 

1743. .  Samuel  Johnson.  We  dis- 
cussed the  question  whether  drinking  improved 
conversation  and  benevolence.  Sir  Joshua  main- 
tained it  did.  Johnson  :  ' '  No,  sir  ;  before  din- 
ner men  meet  with  great  inequality  of  under- 
standing ;  and  those  who  are  conscious  of  their 
inferiority  have  the  modesty  not  to  talk.  When 
they  have  drunk  wine  every  man  feels  himself 
happy,  and  loses  that  modesty,  and  grows  impu- 
dent and  vociferous  ;  but  he  is  not  improved  ;  he- 
is  only  not  sensible  of  his  defects.    I  admit  that> 


208 


DRUNKENNESS— DUEL. 


the  spirits  are  raised  by  drinking,  as  by  the  com- 
mon participation  of  any  pleasure ;  cock-fight- 
ing or  bear-baiting  will  raise  the  spirits  of  a 
company,  as  drinking  does,  though  surely  they 
will  not  improve  conversation.  I  also  admit 
that  there  are  some  sluggish  men  who  are  im- 
proved by  drinking,  as  there  are  fruits  which 
are  not  good  till  they  are  rotten.  There  are  such 
men,  but  they  are  meddlers.  I  indeed  allow  that 
there  have  been  a  very  few  men  of  talents  who 
were  improved  by  drinking." — ^Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  299. 

1744.  DRUNKENNESS,  Melancholy.  Alexan- 
der, [During  adrunken  carousal  offence  wasgiven 
to  Alexander  the  Great  by  one  of  his  officers.  An 
opportunity  being  presented ,  ]  Alexander  snatched 
a  spear  from  one  of  his  guards,  and  meeting  Cli- 
tus,  as  he  was  putting  by  the  curtain,  ran  him 
through  the  body.  He  fell  immediately  to  the 
ground,  and  with  a  dismal  groan  expired.  Alex- 
ander's rage  subsided  in  a  moment ;  he  came  to 
himself  ;  and  seeing  his  friends  standing  in  silent 
astonishment  by  him,  he  hastily  drew  the  spear 
•out  of  the  dead  body,  and  was  applying  it  to  his 
own  throat,  when  his  guards  seized  his  hands, 
and  carried  him  by  force  into  his  chamber.  He 
passed  that  night  and  the  next  day  in  anguish  in- 
expressible ;  and  when  he  had  wasted  himself 
■with  tears  and  lamentations,  he  lay  in  speechless 
ffrief ,  uttering  only  now  and  then  a  groan.  His 
friends,  alarmed  at  this  melancholy  silence, 
forced  themselves  into  the  room,  and  attempted 
to  console  him. — Plutarch's  Alexander. 

1 745.  DRUNKENNESS  punished.  Drunkard's 
Cloak.  [In  1793  there  were  punishments  for 
low  debauchery,  such  as  the  drunkard's  cloak, 
consisting  of  a  barrel  minus  the  lower  head,  hav- 
ing an  opening  in  the  upper  part  for  the  projec- 
tion of  the  head  of  the  wearer,  whose  body  was 
enclosed  by  it ;  small  openings  on  the  sides  per- 
mitted the  extension  of  the  hands,  which  could 
not  reach  the  mouth.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  16. 

1746.  DUEL,  Combat  by.  Alexander.  Alex- 
ander having  subdued  all  on  this  side  the  Eu- 
phrates, began  his  march  against  Darius,  who 
had  taken  the  field  with  1,000,000,  men.  Dur- 
ing this  march  one  of  his  friends  mentioned  to 
him,  as  a  matter  that  might  divert  him,  that  the 
servants  of  the  army  had  divided  themselves  into 
two  bands,  and  that  each  had  chosen  a  chief, 
one  of  which  they  called  Alexander,  and  the 
other  Darius.  They  began  to  skirmish  with 
clods,  and  afterward  fought  with  their  fists  ;  and 
at  last,  heated  with  a  desire  of  victory,  many  of 
them  came  to  stones  and  sticks,  insomuch  that 
they  could  hardly  be  parted.  The  king,  upon 
this  report,  oi-dered  the  two  chiefs  to  fight  in  sin- 
gle combat,  and  armed  Alexander  with  his  own 
hands,  while  Philotas  did  the  same  for  Darius. 
The  whole  army  stood  and  looked  on,  consider- 
ing the  event  of  this  combat  as  a  presage  of  the 
issue  of  the  war.  The  two  champions  fought 
with  great  fury  ;  but  he  who  bore  the  name  of 
Alexander  proved  victorious.  He  was  reward- 
ed with  a  present  of  twelve  villages,  and  allowed 
to  wear  a  Persian  robe,  as  Eratosthenes  tells  the 
story. — Plutarch's  Alexander. 

1747.  DUEL,  Murder  by.  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton. In  the  summer  of  1804  the  country  was 
ishocked  by  the  intelligence  that  Vice-President 


Burr  had  killed  Alexander  Hamilton  in  a  duel. 
[Burr  was  ambitious  to  secure  the  Presidential 
chair  after  Mr.  Jefferson's  second  term.  To  this 
end  he  became  a  candidate  for  the  governor's 
oflice  in  New  York.]  But  Hamilton's  powerful 
influence  in  New  York  prevented  Burr's  elec- 
tion, and  his  Presidential  ambition  received  a 
stunning  blow.  From  that  day  he  determined 
to  kill  the  man  whom  he  pretended  to  regard  as 
the  destroyer  of  his  hopes.  He  accordingly  sought 
a  quarrel  with  Hamilton  ;  challenged  him  ;  met 
him  at  Weehawken,  opposite  New  York,  on  the 
morning  of  the  11th  of  July,  and  deliberately 
murdered  him  ;  for  Hamilton  had  tried  to  avoid 
the  challenge,  and  when  face  to  face  with  hia 
antagonist  refused  to  fire.  Thus,  under  the  sav- 
age and  abominable  custom  of  duelling,  was  put 
out  the  brightest  intellect  in  America. — Rid- 
PATH's  U.  S.,  ch.  48,  p.  382. 

174§.  DUEL,  Naval.  Paul  Jones.  Dr.  Frank- 
lin succeeded  in  getting  him  another  ship,  the 
ever  famous  Bon  Homme  Richard,  thus  named 
by  Captain  Jones  in  honor  of  the  venerable  edi- 
tor of  Poor  Richard's  Almanac.  She  was  a 
large,  slow,  rotten  old  ship,  carrying  forty  guns, 
and  manned  by  three  hundred  and  eighty  sail- 
ors and  landsmen  of  all  nations — French,  Irish, 
Scotch,  Portuguese,  Malays,  Maltese,  and  a 
sprinkling  of  Americans.  It  was  in  this  ship 
that  the  indomitable  Jones  fought  the  Serapis,  a 
new  British  ship  of  forty -four  guns,  one  of  the 
stoutest  vessels  in  the  English  navy.  This  was 
perhaps  the  most  desperate  and  bloody  contest 
that  ever  took  place  between  single  ships.  It 
was  fought  in  the  evening  of  September  23d, 
1778,  so  near  the  Yorkshire  coast  that  the  battle 
was  witnessed  by  hundreds  of  spectators  on  the 
shore.  ...  At  half -past  ten  in  the  evening,  the 
British  ship  being  on  fire  in  many  places,  her 
captain  struck  his  colors.  The  Bon  Homme 
Richard  was  so  completely  knocked  to  pieces, 
that  she  could  not  be  kept  afloat.  She  sank  the  j 
next  day,  and  Captain  Jones  went  into  port  in 
the  captured  ship,  with  700  prisoners.  This  great 
victory  raised  his  fame  to  the  highest  point.  The 
King  of  France  gave  him  a  magnificent  diamond  ] 
hilted  sword,  and  Congress  voted  him  a  gold  med- 
al.— Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  337. 

1749.  DUEL  proposed.  Monarchs.  The  French] 
army  had  passed  the  Alps,  when  Charles  V. 
set  out  from  Rome,  and  obliged  them  again] 
to  retreat  across  the  mountains,  and  entering  j 
Provence,  advanced  as  far  as  Marseilles,  anaj 
laid  siege  to  Aries,  while  another  army  ray- 
aged  Champagne  and  Picardy.     It  was  on  this  J 
occasion  of  the  enterprise  against  the  Milanese  j 
that  Francis  [I.]  took  it  into  his  head  to  send] 
Charles  a  challenge  to  engage  him  in  single  J 
combat,  staking  as  a  prize  Milan  on  the  one' 
part,  and  Burgundy  on  the  other.     The  chal- 
lenge was  accepted,  but  it  may  be  believed  that^ 
this  extraordinary  duel  was  never  fought. — Tyt-  | 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  19. 

1750.  DUEL,  Religious.      Wellington.      [Onj 
the  31st  of  March,  1829,  the  Duke  of  Wellington  1 
had  a  hostile  meeting  in  Battersea  fields  with  the 
Earl  of  Winchelsea,  occasioned  by  an  insinuation , 
respecting  the  duke's  sincere  attachment  to  Prot- 
estantism.]      The  Duke    of  Wellington   fired: 
without  effect ;    the  Earl  of   Winchelsea  dis- 
charged his  pistol  in  the  air,  and  then  tendered 


DUELS— EARTHQUAKES. 


30^ 


a  written  apology. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch. 
13,  p.  240. 

1751.  BXTELS,  Inequality  in.  Josiah  Quincy. 
His  ardor  in  debate  would  have  led  to  frequent 
challenges  and  duels  if  he  had  not  from  the  first 
made  up  his  mind  never  to  be  bullied  into  an  ac- 
quiescence with  so  barbarous  a  custom.  In  con- 
versation with  Southern  members  on  the  sub- 
ject, he  would  say  :  "We  do  not  stand  upon 
equal  grounds  in  this  matter.  If  we  fight  and 
you  kill  me,  it  is  a  feather  in  your  cap,  and  your 
constituents  will  think  all  the  better  of  you  for 
it.  If  I  should  kill  you,  it  would  ruin  me  with 
mine,  and  they  would  never  send  me  to  Congress 
again." — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  752. 

1752.  DUPLICITY,  National.  Treacherous.  An 
amount  of  duplicity  and  treachery,  happily  un- 
paralleled in  the  future  conduct  of  our  coun- 
try, [was  practised  by  the  ministry  of  Queen 
Anne  toward  the  allies,  with  whom  she  was 
bound,  by  special  treaties,  to  resist  France].  The 
ministry  were  afraid  of  some  brilliant  success  in 
Flanders  that  might  derange  their  plans  ;  and  to 
prevent  such  a  calamity,  they  gave  secret  infor- 
mation to  the  enemy  of  the  military  projects  of 
the  allies,  and  at  the  most  critical  moment  of  the 
campaign  they  withdrew  their  troops  from  the 
contest.  [Their  general  was  commanded  to  keep 
Tip  the  pretence  of  co-operation,  but  to  prevent 
any  engagement  before  he  was  ordered  home 
with  his  army.] — Knight's Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  25, 
p.  392. 

1753.  DUTIES,  High. /Sa«.  [During  the  reign 
of  William  III.  the  duty  on  salt  was  raised  to 
forty  times  the  value  of  the  article  taxed.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  2,  p.  22. 

1754.  DWELLINGS,  Plainness  in.  Lycurgus 
ilie  Lawgiver.  He  issued  an  ordinance  which 
levelled  against  magnificence  and  expense,  direct- 
ed that  the  ceilings  of  houses  should  be  wrought 
with  no  tool  but  the  axe,  and  the  doors  with 
nothing  but  the  saw.  For  Epaminondas  is  re- 
ported to  have  said,  afterward . . .  such  a  house  ad- 
mits of  no  luxury  and  needless  splendor.  Indeed, 
no  man  could  be  so  absurd  as  to  bring  into  a 
dwelling  so  homely  and  simple,  bedsteads  with 
silver  feet,  purple  coverlets,  golden  cups,  and  a 
train  of  expense  that  follows  these,  but  all  would 
necessarily  have  the  bed  suitable  to  the  room, 
the  coverlet  of  the  bed  and  the  rest  of  their 
utensils  and  furniture  to  that.  —  Plutarch's 
Lycurgus. 

1755.  EARNESTNESS,  Eloquence  of.  Peter  the 
Hermit.  [Heinstigated  the  Crusades.]  When  he 
painted  the  sufferings  of  the  natives  and  pilgrims 
of  Palestine,  every  heart  was  melted  to  compas- 
sion ;  every  breast  glowed  with  indignation  when 
he  challenged  the  warriors  of  the  age  to  defend 
their  brethren  and  rescue  their  Saviour  ;  his  igno- 
rance of  art  and  language  was  compensated  by 
sighs  and  tears  and  ejaculations  ;  and  Peter  sup- 
plied the  deficiency  of  reason  by  loud  and  fre- 
quent appeals  to  Christ  and  His  mother,  to  the 
saints  and  angels  of  paradise,  with  whom  he  had 
personally  conversed.  The  most  perfect  orator 
of  Athens  might  have  envied  the  success  of  his 
eloquence  ;  the  rustic  enthusiast  inspired  the 
passions  which  he  felt,  and  Christendom  expect- 
'■(1  with  impatience  the  counsels  and  decrees  of 
the  supreme  pontiff. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58, 
p.  538. 


1756.  EARNESTNESS  vs.  Humor.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  A  radical  member  of  .  .  .  Congress 
.  .  .  during  the  dark  days  of  1862  .  .  .  called 
upon  the  President.  Mr.  Lincoln  commenced 
telling  some  trifling  incident,  which  the  Con- 
gressman was  in  no  mood  to  hear.  He  rose  to 
his  feet,  and  said,  "  Mr.  President,  I  did  not  come 
here  this  morning  to  hear  stories  ;  it  is  too  serious- 
a  time."    Instantly  the  smile  disappeared  from 

Mr.  Lincoln's  face,  who  exclaimed,  "A ,  sit 

down  !  I  respect  you  as  an  earnest  and  sincere 
man.  You  cannot  be  more  anxious  than  I  am 
constantly,  and  I  say  to  you  now,  that  were  it 
not  for  this  occasional  vent,  I  should  die  !"  — 
Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  726. 

1757.  EARNESTNESS,  Success  by.  Woodenr 
Sword.  Abdel-Mourad,  a  dervish  and  a  favor- 
ite warrior  of  Orkhan,  made  a  vow  never  to  em- 
ploy in  battle  but  a  sabre  made  of  the  wood  of  the 
plane-tree.  The  vigor  of  his  arm  gave,  it  is  said, 
to  this  weapon  the  weight  and  the  edge  of  one  of 
iron.  Orkhan,  at  the  death  of  Abd-el-Mourad, 
caused  the  weapon  to  be  treasured  in  the  archives- 
of  the  empire. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  220. 

175§.  EARTHQUAKE,  Destructive.  Ancient. 
In  the  second  year  of  the  reign  of  Valentinian 
and  Valens,  on  the  morning  of  the  twenty-first 
day  of  July,  the  greatest  part  of  the  Roman  world 
was  shaken  by  a  violent  and  destructive  earth- 
quake. The  impression  was  communicated  to- 
the  waters  ;  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  were^ 
left  dry  by  the  sudden  retreat  of  the  sea  ;  great 
quantities  of  fish  were  caught  with  the  hand ; 
large  vessels  were  stranded  on  the  mud  ;  and  a 
curious  spectator  amused  his  eye,  or  rather  his- 
fancy,  by  contemplating  the  various  appearance 
of  valleys  and  mountains,  which  had  never,  since 
the  formation  of  the  globe,  been  exposed  to  the 
sun.  But  the  tide  soon  returned,  with  the  weight 
of  an  immense  and  irresistible  deluge,  which  was- 
severely  felt  on  the  coasts  of  Sicily,  of  Dalmatia, 
of  Greece,  and  of  Egypt ;  large  boats  were  trans- 
ported and  lodged  on  the  roofs  of  houses,  or  at 
the  distance  of  two  miles  from  the  shore ;  the- 
people,  with  their  habitations,  were  swept  away 
by  the  waters  ;  and  the  city  of  Alexandria  annu- 
ally commemorated  the  fatal  day  on  which 
fifty  thousand  persons  had  lost  their  lives  in  the 
inundation. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26. 

1759.  EARTHQUAKES,  Period  of.  Ancient. 
[The  historian  observes]  that  this  fever  of  the 
earth  raged  with  uncommon  violence  during  the 
reign  of  Justinian.  Each  year  is  marked  by  the^ 
repetition  of  earthquakes,  of  such  duration  tha 
Constantinople  has  been  shaken  above  forty  days  y 
of  such  extent,  that  the  shock  has  been  commu 
nicated  to  the  whole  surface  of  the  globe,  or  8^^ 
least  of  the  Roman  empire.  An  impulsive  or 
vibratory  motion  was  felt ;  enormous  chasms 
were  opened,  huge  and  heavy  bodies  were  dis- 
charged into  the  air,  the  sea  alternately  advanced 
and  retreated  beyond  its  ordinary  bounds,  and  a 
mountain  was  torn  from  Libanus  and  cast  into 
the  waves,  where  it  protected,  as  a  mole,  the  new 
harbor  of  Botrys  in  Phoenicia.  The  stroke  that 
agitates  an  ant-hill  may  crush  the  insect-myriads- 
in  the  dust ;  yet  truth  must  extort  confession  that 
man  has  industriously  labored  for  his  own  de- 
struction. The  institution  of  great  cities,  which 
include  a  nation  within  the  limits  of  a  wall,  al- 
most realizes  the  wish  of  Caligula,  that  the  Ro- 


.^10 


EASE— ECONOMY. 


man  people  had  but  one  neck.  Two  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  persons  are  said  to  have  per- 
ished in  the  earthquake  of  Antioch,  whose  do- 
mestic multitudes  were  swelled  by  the  conflux 
of  strangers  to  the  festival  of  the  Ascension. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  43. 

1760.  EASE,  Irreligious.  Samuel  Johnson. 
In  Ms  "Meditations"  he  thus  accuses  himself: 
"  Good  Friday,  April  20,  1764.  I  have  made 
no  reformation  ;  I  have  lived  totally  useless, 
more  sensual  in  thought,  and  more  addicted 
to  wine  and  meat."  And  next  morning  he 
thus  feelingly  complains  :  "  My  indolence,  since 
my  last  reception  of  the  sacrament,  has  sunk 
into  grosser  sluggishness,  and  my  dissipation 
spread  into  wilder  negligence.  My  thoughts 
have  been  clouded  with  sensuality ;  and  ex- 
cept that  from  the  beginning  of  this  year  I 
have,  in  some  measure,  forborne  excess  of  strong 
drink,  my  appetites  have  predominated  over  my 
reason.  A  kind  of  strange  oblivion  has  over- 
^spread  me,  so  that  I  know  not  what  has  become 
of  the  last  year  ;  and  perceive  that  incidents  and 
intelligence  pass  over  me  without  leaving  any 
impression."  He  then  solemnly  says  :  "  This  is 
not  the  life  to  which  heaven  is  promised  ;"  and 
he  earnestly  resolves  an  amendment.  —  Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  134. 

1761.  EATING,  Custom  in.  Manchester.  The 
■social  condition  of  Manchester  at  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century  was  very  primitive.  Its  man- 
ufactures were  carried  on  by  small  masters,  who 
had  apprentices  residing  in  their  houses.  The 
master  and  his  young  men  breakfasted  together 
upon  "  water  pottage  boiled  thick,"  and  a  bowl 
of  milk  stood  upon  the  table,  into  which  all 
dipped  their  spoons. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  2,  p.  24. 

1762. .    Roman.     The  custom  of 

reclining  on  couches  came  not  into  use  till  the 
.end  of  the  sixth  century,  and  for  some  time  after 
it  was  adopted  by  the  men  the  Roman  ladies, 
from  motives  of  decency,  continued  to  sit  up- 
right at  table  ;  but  these  scruples  were  soon  re- 
moved, and  all  promiscuously  adopted  the  re- 
cumbent posture,  except  the  youth  who  had  not 
yet  attained  the  age  of  putting  on  the  manly  robe. 
They  sat  in  a  respectful  posture  at  the  bottom  of 
the  couch.  These  couches  were  ranged  along 
three  sides  of  a  square  table,which  was  then  called 
triclinium,  as  was  likewise  the  chamber  itself  in 
which  they  supped.  The  fourth  side  of  the  table 
remained  open  for  the  servants  to  place  and  re- 
move the  dishes.  Above  was  a  large  canopy  of 
cloth  suspended  by  the  corners,  to  prevent  the 
company  being  incommoded  with  dust.  It  was 
this  custom  that  enables  Horace  to  introduce  a 
ludicrous  accident,  which  he  describes  as  occur- 
ring at  a  supper  given  by  the  niggardly  but  os- 
tentatious Nasidienus  to  Mecsenas,  and  some 
other  courtiers.  While  the  landlord  is  enlarging 
on  the  praises  of  a  favorite  dish,  and  discussing 
the  merits  of  the  component  ingredients  of  the 
sauce,  the  canopy  falls  down  and  involves  every- 
thing— host,  guest,  supper  and  dishes — in  a  cloud 
of  dust  and  darkness. — Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  4, 
ch.  4. 

1763.  ECONOMY,  Habit  of.  Treasure.  For 
their  relief  [the  people],  as  often  as  they  had 
suffered  by  natural  or  hostile  calamities,  he  was 
impatient  to  remit  the  arrears  of  the  past,  or  the 


demands  of  future  taxes  ;  he  sternly  rejected  the 
servile  offerings  of  his  ministers,  which  were 
compensated  by  tenfold  oppression  ;  and  the  wise 
and  equitable  laws  of  Tiberius  excited  the  praise 
and  regret  of  succeeding  times.  Constantinople 
believed  that  the  emperor  had  discovered  a  treas- 
ure ;  but  his  genuine  treasure  consisted  in  the 
practice  of  liberal  economy,  and  the  contempt  of 
all  vain  and  superfluous  expense.  The  Romans 
of  the  East  would  have  been  happy,  if  the  best 
gift  of  Heaven,  a  patriot  king,  had  been  con- 
firmed as  a  proper  and  permanent  blessing.  [Ti- 
berius was  emperor  of  the  Eastern  Empire.] — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  45,  p.  404. 

1764.  ECONOMY  misrepresented.  Meanness. 
[It  is  common  to  impute  blame  to  Elizabeth  for 
parsimony,  as  she  was  not  accustomed  to  spend 
her  revenues  for  her  own  luxurious  gratification. 
She  used  them  to  pay  the  crown  debt  of  four 
millions,  and  to  repair  her  decayed  navy.  She 
consumed  little  or  nothing  in  her  pleasures.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  15,  p.  238. 

1765.  ECONOMY,  National.  Frederick  the 
Qreat.  [Every  seventh  man  in  the  vigor  of  life 
was  a  soldier — army  expenses  enormous.]  In 
order  that  it  might  not  be  utterly  ruinous,  it  was 
necessary  that  every  other  expense  should  be  cut 
down  to  the  lowest  possible  point.  Accordingly, 
Frederick,  though  his  dominions  bordered  on 
the  sea,  had  no  navy.  He  neither  had  nor  wished 
to  have  colonies.  His  judges,  his  fiscal  officers, 
were  meanly  paid.  His  ministers  at  foreign 
courts  walked  on  foot,  or  drove  shabby  old  car- 
riages till  the  axletrees  gave  way.  Even  to  his 
highest  diplomatic  agents,  who  resided  at  Lon- 
don and  Paris,  he  allowed  less  than  £1000  ster- 
ling a  year.  The  royal  household  was  managed 
with  a  frugality  unusual  in  the  establishments  of 
opulent  subjects — unexampled  in  any  other  pal- 
ace. The  king  loved  good  eating  and  drinking, 
and  during  a  great  part  of  his  life  took  pleasure 
in  seeing  his  table  surrounded  by  guests  ;  yet  the 
whole  charge  of  his  kitchen  was  brought  within 
the  sum  of  £2000  sterling  a  year.  He  examined 
every  extraordinary  item  with  a  care  which  might 
be  thought  to  suit  the  mistress  of  a  boarding- 
house  better  than  a  great  prince. — Macaijlay's 
Frederick  the  Great,  p.  46. 

1766.  ECONOMY  and  Thrift. /mpmaZ.  [John 
Ducas  Vataces,  ruler  of  the  Eastern  Empire  in 
1222,  rescued  the  provinces  from  national  and 
foreign  usurpers.]  The  calamities  of  the  times 
had  wasted  the  numbers  and  the  substance  of 
the  Greeks  ;  the  motives  and  the  means  of  agri- 
culture were  extirpated ;  and  the  most  fertile 
lands  were  left  without  cultivation  or  inhabi- 
tants. A  portion  of  this  vacant  property  was 
occupied  and  improved  by  the  command,  and 
for  the  benefit,  of  the  emperor  ;  a  powerful  hand 
and  a  vigilant  eye  supplied  and  surpassed,  by  a 
skilful  management,  the  minute  diligence  of  a 
private  farmer ;  the  royal  domain  became  the 
garden  and  granary  of  Asia ;  and  without  im- 
poverishing the  people,  the  sovereign  acquired  a 
fund  of  innocent  and  productive  wealth.  Ac- 
cording to  the  nature  of  the  soil,  his  lands  were 
sown  with  corn  or  planted  with  vines  ;  the  past- 
ures were  filled  with  horses  and  oxen,  with  sheep 
and  hogs  ;  and  when  Vataces  presented  to  the 
empress  a  crown  of  diamonds  and  pearls,  he  in- 
formed her,  with  a  smile,  that  this  precious  oma- 


ECONOMY— EDUCATION. 


ari 


ment  arose  from  the  sale  of  the  eggs  of  his  innu- 
merable poultry.  The  produce  of  his  domain 
was  applied  to  the  maintenance  of  his  palace  and 
hospitals,  the  calls  of  dignity  and  benevolence  ; 
the  lesson  was  still  more  useful  than  the  revenue  ; 
the  plough  was  restored  to  its  ancient  security 
and  honor  ;  and  the  nobles  were  taught  to  seek 
a  sure  and  independent  revenue  from  their  es- 
tates, instead  of  adorning  their  splendid  beggary 
by  the  oppression  of  the  people,  or  (what  is  al- 
most the  same)  by  the  favors  of  the  court. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  42. 

1767.  ECONOMY,  Wise.  William  Penn.  a.d. 
1683.  [When  about  to  leave  his  family  for 
America,]  his  wife,  who  was  the  love  of  his 
youth,  was  reminded  of  his  impoverishment  be- 
cause of  his  public  spirit,  and  recommended  econ- 
omy. "  Live  low  and  sparingly  till  my  debts  be 
paid."  Yet  for  his  children  he  adds  :  "  Let  their 
learning  be  liberal ;  spare  no  cost,  for  by  such 
parsimony  all  is  lost  that  is  saved." — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  16. 

176§.  ECSTASY,  Eeligious,  Bunyan.  The 
suffering  was  over  now,  and  he  felt  that  it  had 
been  infinitely  beneficial  to  him.  He  understood 
better  the  glory  of  God  and  of  His  Son.  The 
Scriptures  had  opened  their  secrets  to  him,  and 
he  had  seen  them  to  be  in  very  truth  the  keys  of 
the  kingdom  of  heaven.  Never  so  clearly  as 
after  this  "temptation"  had  he  perceived  "the 
heights  of  grace  and  love  and  mercy."  Two 
or  three  times  "he  had  such  strange  apprehen- 
sions of  the  grace  of  God  as  had  amazed  him." 
The  impression  was  so  overpowering,  that  if  it 
had  continued  long  "it  would  have  rendered 
him  incapable  for  business." — Froude's  Bun- 
yan, ch.  4. 

1769.  EDIFICE,  Monumental.  Pericles.  The 
orators  of  Thucydides'  party  raised  a  clamor 
•against  Pericles,  asserting  that  he  wasted  the 
public  treasure,  and  brought  the  revenue  to  noth- 
ing. Pericles,  in  his  defence,  asked  the  people 
in  full  assembly  whether  they  thought  he  had 
expended  too  much.  Upon  their  answering  in 
the  affirmative,  "  Then  belt,"  said  he,  "  charged 
to  my  account,  not  yours  ;  only  let  the  new  edi- 
fice be  inscribed  with  my  name,  not  that  of  the 
people  of  Athens."  Whether  it  was  that  they 
admired  the  greatness  of  his  spirit,  or  were  am- 
"bitious  to  share  the  glory  of  such  magnificent 
works,  they  cried  out  that  he  might  spend  as 
much  as  he  pleased  of  the  public  treasure,  with- 
out si^aring  it  in  the  least. — Plutarch's  Per- 
icles. 

1770.  EDUCATION,  Ancient.    Persians.  Yet 
I  amid  this  wantonness  of  Asiatic  magnificence, 

the  care  which  those  princes  bestowed  on  the 

education  of  their  children  merited  the  highest 

I  praise.     They  were,  almost  as  soon  as  born,  re- 

!  moved  from  the  palace,  and  committed  to  the 

I  •charge  of  eunuchs  of  approved  fidelity  and  dis- 

•  «rotion.     At  seven  years  of  age  they  learned  the 

exercise  of  riding,  and  went  daily  to  the  chase, 

to  inure  them  betimes  to  fatigue  and  intrepidity. 

At  the  age  of  fourteen  they  were  put  under  the 

care  of  four  preceptors  eminently  distinguished 

by  their  wisdom  and  abilities.     The  first  opened 

to  them  the  doctrines  of  the  magi ;  the  second 

impressed  them  with  a  veneration  for  truth  ;  the 

third  exercised  them  in  the  habits  of  fortitude 

and  magnanimity ;  and  the  fourth  inculcated 


the  most  diflacult  of  all  lessons,  especially  to  the 
great — the  perfect  command  and  government  of 
their  passions. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11. 

1771.  .     Popular.     The  Persians 

in  general,  above  every  other  nation,  were  noted 
for  their  extreme  attention  to  the  education  of 
youth.  Before  the  age  of  five  the  children  were 
exclusively  under  the  tuition  of  the  mother  and 
assistant  females.  After  that  age  they  were 
committed  to  the  charge  of  the  magi,  an  order  of 
men  whose  proper  function  was  that  of  priests 
or  ministers  of  the  national  religion,  but  who 
spent  their  lives  in  the  pursuit  of  wisdom  and 
the  practice  of  the  strictest  morality.  By  their 
precepts  and  their  example,  the  Persian  youth 
were  early  trained  to  virtue  and  good  morals. 
They  were  taught  the  most  sacred  regard  to  truth, 
the  highest  veneration  for  their  parents  and  su- 
periors, the  most  perfect  submission  to  the  laws 
of  their  country,  and  respect  for  its  magistrates. 
Nor  was  the  culture  of  the  body  neglected.  The 
youth  were  trained  to  every  manly  exercise — a 
preparative  to  their  admission  into  the  body 
of  the  king's  guards,  in  which  they  were  enrolled 
at  the  age  of  seventeen.  The  general  system  of 
education  among  the  Persians  is  thus  laconically 
described  by  Herodotus:  "From  the  age  of 
five  to  that  of  twenty  they  teach  their  children 
three  things  alone — to  manage  a  horse,  to  use 
the  bow  with  dexterity,  and  to  speak  truth." — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11. 

1772.  EDUCATION,  Anti-Classical.  Frederick 
the  Great.  The  Latin  was  positively  interdicted. 
"My  son,"  his  Majesty  wrote,  "shall  not  learn 
Latin  ;  and,  more  than  that,  I  will  not  suffer  any- 
body even  to  mention  such  a  thing  to  me."  One 
of  the  preceptors  ventured  to  read  the  Goldekn 
Bull  in  the  original  with  the  Prince  Royal. 
Frederick  William  entered  the  room,  and  broke 
out  in  his  usual  kingly  style.  "Rascal,  what 
are  you  at  there  ?"  "  Please,  your  Majesty,"  an- 
swered the  preceptor,  "  I  was  explaining  the 
Golden  Bull  to  his  royal  Highness."  "  I'll  Gold- 
en Bull  you,  you  rascal,"  roared  the  majesty 
of  Prussia.  Up  went  the  king's  cane,  away  ran 
the  terrified  instructor,  and  Frederick's  classical 
education  was  ended. — Macaulay's  Freder- 
ick THE  Great,  p.  16. 

1773.  EDUCATION,  Apportionment  for.  Massa- 
chusetts Colony.  The  governor  assigned  for  the 
support  of  the  [Harvard]  college  the  profits  of 
the  ferry  over  the  Charles  River,  and  the  people 
were  called  upon  to  make  an  annual  contribution 
to  it,  of  at  least  one  peck  of  corn  !  For  many,  many 
years,  however,  the  college  was  a  heavy  charge 
upon  the  people,  and  the  tutors  and  president 
were  most  scantily  and  precariously  maintained. 
.  .  .  Nine  years  after  their  winter  march  through 
the  wilderness  the  Connecticut  colonists  begun 
to  contribute  a  little  toward  the  support  of  Har- 
vard College,  each  family  being  requested  by  the 
legislature  to  give  one  peck  of  wheat  per  annum. 
— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  pp.  584,  591. 

1774.  EDUCATION  appreciated.  Ancient  Ro- 
mans. Plutarch,  in  his  comparison  between 
Numa  and  Lycurgus,  has  bestowed  a  severe  cen- 
sure on  the  Roman  lawgiver,  for  his  neglecting 
to  establish  a  system,  or  to  institute  any  fixed 
rules  for  the  education  of  the  Roman  youth. 
But  the  truth  is,  that  although  the  laws  prescrib- 
ed no  such  system,  or  general  plan  of  discipline- 


213 


EDUCATION. 


like  those  of  Sparta,  yet  there  never  existed  a 
people  who  bestowed  more  attention  on  the  ed- 
ucation of  their  youth.  In  the  dialogue,  "  De 
Oratoribus,"  attributed  by  some  authors  to  Taci- 
tus, by  others  to  Quintilian,  there  is  a  fine  passage 
which  shows  in  a  remarkable  manner  that  extreme 
care  bestowed,  even  in  the  earliest  infancy,  to 
form  the  manners  and  disposition  of  the  Roman 
children.  From  this  passage  we  learn,  that  in 
the  earlier  ages  of  the  Roman  commonwealth, 
such  was  that  anxious  care  bestowed  on  their 
children  by  the  Roman  matrons — such  that  jeal- 
ousy of  their  receiving  any  of  their  earliest  im- 
pressions from  slaves  or  domestics — that  they 
not  only  educated  their  own  children,  but  ac- 
counted it  an  honorable  employment  to  superin- 
tend and  assist  in  educating  the  children  of  their 
relations. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  3. 

1775. .  Richard  Arkwright.  [Rich- 
ard Arkwright,  the  inventor  of  the  spinning-ma- 
chine, was,  after  a  severe  struggle,  raised  from 
poverty  to  wealth.]  As  he  rose  into  rank  and 
importance,  he  felt  the  necessity  of  correcting 
the  defects  of  his  early  education  ;  and  after  his 
fiftieth  year  he  applied  two  hours  of  each  day, 
snatched  from  sleep,  to  improve  himself  in 
grammar,  orthography,  and  writing. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  3,  p.  49. 

1776. .    Sir  William  Jones.  There 

was  a  little  boy  who  some  years  back  entered 
Harrow  School,  and  was  put  into  a  class  beyond 
his  years,  wherein  all  the  other  boys  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  previous  instruction.  His  master 
used  to  reprove  his  dulness,  but  all  his  efforts 
could  not  raise  him  from  the  lowest  place  in  the 
form.  But  the  boy,  nothing  daunted,  procured 
the  grammar  and  other  elementary  books  which 
the  others  had  previously  studied ;  he  devoted 
the  hours  of  play,  and  not  a  few  of  the  hours  of 
sleep,  to  the  mastery  of  these,  till,  in  a  few  weeks, 
he  began  gradually  to  rise,  and  it  was  not  long 
before  he  shot  far  ahead  of  his  companions,  and 
became  not  only  the  leader  of  his  class  but  the 
pride  of  Harrow.  The  statue  of  that  boy,  who 
thus  zealously  began  his  career,  is  in  St  Paul's 
Cathedral ;  for  he  lived  to  be  the  greatest  Orien- 
tal scholar  in  modern  Europe. 

1777. .  Bobert  Stephenson's  Father. 

When  Robert  was  a  little  boy,  I  saw  how  defi- 
cient I  wa«  in  education,  and  I  made  up  my  mind 
that  he  should  not  labor  under  the  same  defect, 
but  that  I  would  put  him  to  a  good  school,  and 
give  him  a  liberal  training.  I  was,  however,  a 
poor  man. ...  I  betook  myself  to  mending  my 
neighbors'  clocks. — Smiles'  Brief  Biogra- 
phies, p.  56. 

177§.  EDUCATION,  Athletic.  Boman.  The 
exercises  of  the  body  were  .  .  .  particularly  at- 
tended to.  Wrestling,  running,  boxing,  swim- 
ming, using  the  bow  and  javelin,  managing  the 
horse,  and,  in  short,  whatever  might  harden  the 
body  and  increase  its  strength  and  activity,  were 
all  reckoned  necessary  parts  of  education. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.  ,  Book  4,  ch.  3. 

1779.  EDUCATION,  Beginning  in.  Colony 
of  Massachusetts.  It  was  ever  the  custom,  and  it 
soon  became  a  law,  in  Puritan  New  England, 
that  "  none  of  the  brethren  should  suffer  so  much 
barbarism  in  their  families  as  not  to  teach  their 
children  and  apprentices  so  much  learning  as 


may  enable  them  perfectly  to  read  the  English 
tongue." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch,  10. 

17§0.  EDUCATION,  Christian.  England,  1510. 
John  Colet  .  .  .  seized  the  opportunity  to  com- 
mence the  work  of  educational  reform  by  devot- 
ing, in  1510,  his  private  fortune  to  the  founda- 
tion of  a  grammar  school  beside  St.  Paul's.  The 
bent  of  its  founder's  mind  was  shown  by  the 
image  of  the  child  Jesus  over  the  master's  chair, 
with  the  words  "  Hear  ye  Him  "  graven  beneath 
it.  "Lift  up  your  little  white  hands  for  me," 
wrote  the  dean  to  his  scholars  in  words  which, 
prove  the  tenderness  that  lay  beneath  the  stern 
outer  seeming  of  a  man — "  forme  which  prayeth. 
for  you  to  God."  All  the  educational  designs  of 
the  reformers  were  carried  out  in  the  new  f otinda- 
tion.  The  old  methods  of  instruction  were  super- 
seded by  fresh  grammars  composed  by  Erasmus, 
and  other  scholars  for  its  use.  Lily,  an  Oxford  stu- 
dent who  had  studied  Greek  in  the  East,  wa» 
placed  at  its  head.  The  injunctions  of  the  founder 
aimed  at  the  union  of  rational  religion  with  sound 
learning,  at  the  exclusion  of  the  scholastic  logic, 
and  at  the  steady  diffusion  of  the  two  classical 
literatures. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  509. 

1781.  EDUCATION,  Civilization  by.  Ancient 
Germans.  The  Germans,  in  the  age  of  Tacitus, 
were  unacquainted  with  the  use  of  letters  ;  and 
the  use  of  letters  is  the  principal  circumstance 
that  distinguishes  a  civilized  people  from  a  herd 
of  savages  incapable  of  knowledge  or  reflection. 
Without  that  artificial  help,  the  human  memory- 
soon  dissipates  or  corrupts  the  ideas  intrusted  to- 
her  charge  ;  and  the  nobler  faculties  of  the  mind, 
no  longer  supplied  with  models  or  with  materials,, 
gradually  forget  their  powers  ;  the  judgment  be- 
comes feeble  and  lethargic,  the  imagination  lan- 
guid or  irregular.  Fully  to  apprehend  this  im- 
portant truth  let  us  attempt,  in  an  improved  so-^ 
ciety,  to  calculate  the  immense  distance  between 
the  man  of  learning  and  the  illiterate  peasant. 
The  former,  by  reading  and  reflection,  multiplies- 
his  own  experience,  and  lives  in  distant  ages  and 
remote  countries ;  while  the  latter,  rooted  to  a 
single  spot,  and  confined  to  a  few  years  of  exist- 
ence, surpasses  but  very  little  his  fellow-laborer, 
the  ox,  in  the  exercise  of  his  mental  faculties. 
The  same,  and  even  a  greater  difference,  will  be 
found  between  nations  than  between  individuals ; 
and  we  may  safely  pronounce  without  some  spe- 
cies of  writing,  no  people  .  .  .  has  ever  made  any 
considerable  progress  in  the  abstract  sciences,  or 
ever  possessed  in  any  tolerable  degree  of  perfec- 
tion the  useful  and  agreeable  arts  of  life. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  258. 

1782.  EDUCATION,  Collegiate.  Southey.  Of 
all  the  months  of  his  life,  those  passed  at  Oxford, 
Southey  declared,  were  the  most  unprofitable. 
"  All  I  learnt  was  a  little  swimming  .  .  .  and  a 
little  boating.  ...  I  never  remember  to  have 
dreamt  of  Oxford — a  sure  proof  how  little  it  en- 
tered into  my  moral  being  ;  of  school,  on  the  con- 
trary, I  dream  perpetually."  The  miscellaneous 
society  of  workers,  idlers,  dunces, bucks,  men  of 
muscle  and  men  of  money,  did  not  please  him ; 
he  lacked  what  Wordsworth  calls  "  the  congre- 
gating temper  that  pervades  our  unripe  years." 
— Dowden's  Southey,  ch.  3. 

1783.  EDUCATION,  Contributions  for.  TaU 
College.  "  1  give  these  books  for  the  founding 
of  a  college  in  this  colony."     Such  were  the 


EDUCATION. 


213 


•words  of  ten  ministers  who,  in  the  year  1700, 
assembled  at  the  village  of  Branford,  a  few  miles 
£ast  of  New  Haven.  Each  of  the  worthy  fathers 
-deposited  a  few  books  on  the  table  around  which 
'.they  were  sitting  ;  such  was  the  founding  of  Yale 
College.  .  .  .  One  of  the  most  liberal  patrons  was 
Elihu  Yale.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  eh.  21,  p.  192. 

iy§4.  EDUCATION,  Deficiency  in.  George 
Washington.  The  son  of  a  widow  .  .  .  born  .  .  . 
beneath  the  roof  of  a  "Westmoreland  farmer; 
almost  from  infancy  his  lot  had  been  the  lot  of 
an  orphan.  No  academy  had  welcomed  him  to 
its  shades,  no  college  crowned  him  with  its  hon- 
ors ;  to  read,  to  write,  to  cipher — these  had  been 
his  degrees  in  knowledge. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
<;h.  24,  vol.  3. 

17§5.  EDUCATION,  Deprived  of.  Peter  Coo- 
j)er,  LL.D.  From  his  delicacy  of  constitution 
chiefly,  he  was  never  able  to  endure  the  confine- 
ment of  school ;  in  fact,  he  never  attended  school 
more  than  one  year,  and  then  only  a  portion  of 
the  time  for  a  part  of  the  day.  Owing  to  this 
cause,  more  than  to  the  poverty  of  his  father,  he 
was  deprived  of  all  school  training.  But  this 
turned  out  in  after  years  a  blessing,  although  he 
could  never  so  regard  it ;  for  one  of  the  deepest 
influences  that  shaped  his  character  and  acts  was 
the  high  estimate  he  put  upon  knowledge,  which 
he  was  not  able  to  obtain  in  his  boyhood,  and  to 
this  fact  we  owe  the  existence  of  the  Cooper  In- 
;stitute.  He  often  said  to  his  friends  that  he  was 
determined,  as  far  as  in  him  lay,  to  save  as  many 
_young  people  as  he  could  from  what  he  called 
his  misfortune — the  lack  of  early  education. 
"This  is  one  of  the  instances  in  which  some  of  the 
greatest  gifts  of  fortune  turn  out  to  have  been 
blessings  in  disguise  ...  he  persisted  to  the  last  in 
Tegarding  "the  lack  of  schooling"  as  the  great 
misfortune  of  his  life.  "  If  I  could  have  had 
;such  advantages  as  we  can  give  the  poorest  boy 
now,  how  much  more  could  I  have  done !" 
These  words  often  fell  from  his  lips. — Lester's 
Life  of  Peter  Cooper,  p.  11. 

17§6.  EDUCATION,  Devoted  to.  Gonfudus. 
Returning  to  his  native  country  after  his  journey 
in  search  of  wisdom,  he  entered  seriously  upon 
the  great  work  of  his  life,  which  was  to  record 
all  that  he  had  himself  learned  and  thought,  as 
well  as  all  which  he  considered  worthy  of  preser- 
vation iu  the  works  of  the  ancients.  His  object 
was  to  gather  and  to  arrange  the  whole  wisdom 
of  his  country  so  that  it  could  be  conveniently 
communicated  to  his  people  and  their  descendants 
forever.  To  this  labor  he  devoted  all  the  leisure 
of  the  rest  of  his  life,  and  he  produced  a  series  of 
works  upon  which  the  soul  of  China  has  ever 
:since  subsisted,  and  which  do  really  contain  a 
very  pure  and  exalted  system  of  morals. — Cy- 

•CLOPEDIA   OF  BlOG.,  p.  411. 

17§7.  EDUCATION  difficult.  Abraham  Lin- 
■coln.  During  the  twelve  years  that  the  family 
remained  in  Indiana,  Abraham's  father  encourag- 
ed him  to  improve  all  the  opportunities  offered 
for  mental  development.  How  scanty  these 
privileges  were  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that 
the  entire  number  of  days  that  he  was  able  to  at- 
tend school  hardly  exceeded  one  year. — Ray- 
mond's Lincoln,  ch.  1,  p.  21. 

iy§8. .     George    Washington.     At 

•eleven  years  old  left  an  orphan  to  the  care  of 


...  an  unlettered  mother,  he  grew  up  without 
learning.  Of  arithmetic  and  geometry  he  ac- 
quired just  knowledge  enough  to  be  able  to  prac- 
tise measuring  land ;  but  all  his  instruction  at 
school  taught  him  not  so  much  as  the  orthogra- 
phy or  rules  of  grammar  of  his  own  tongue.  His 
culture  was  altogether  his  own  work,  and  he  was 
in  the  strictest  sense  a  self-made  man  ;  yet  from 
his  early  life  he  never  seemed  uneducated. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  37. 

17§9.  EDUCATION  disparaged.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  [His  mother]  had  instructed  him  in 
the  rudiments  of  writing,  and  Mr.  Lincoln,  in 
spite  of  the  disparaging  remarks  of  his  neigh- 
bors, who  regarded  the  accomplishment  as  en- 
tirely unnecessary,  encouraged  his  son  to  perse- 
vere. .  .  .  One  of  the  very  first  efforts  of  his  fal- 
tering pen  was  writing  a  letter  to  an  old  friend  of 
his  mother's,  a  travelling  preacher,  urging  him 
to  come  and  deliver  a  sermon  over  her  grave. 
,  .  .  Abraham's  pen  thereafter  found  frequent 
employment  in  writing  letters  for  the  same  neigh- 
bors who  had  before  pretended  to  esteem  lightly 
the  accomplishment. — Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch. 
1,  p.  21. 

1790.  Education,  Distinction  by.  Belative. 
Our  estimate  of  personal  merit  is  relative  to  the 
common  faculties  of  mankind.  The  aspiring 
efforts  of  genius  or  virtue,  either  in  active  or 
speculative  life,  are  measured  not  so  much  by 
their  real  elevation  as  by  the  height  to  which 
they  ascend  above  the  level  of  their  age  or  coun- 
try ;  and  the  same  stature  which  iu  a  people  of 
giants  would  pass  unnoticed  must  appear  con- 
spicuous in  a  race  of  pygmies.  Leonidas  and 
his  three  hundred  companions  devoted  their 
hves  at  Thermopylae  ;  but  the  education  of  the 
infant,  the  boy,  and  the  man  had  prepared  and 
almost  insured  this  memorable  sacrifice  ;  and 
each  Spartan  would  approve  rather  than  admire 
an  act  of  duty  of  which  himself  and  eight  thou- 
sand of  his  fellow-citizens  were  equally  capable. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  42,  p.  190. 

1791.  EDUCATION,  Donations  to.  Harvard 
College,  Some  of  the  early  donations  were  very 
simple  and  curious.  A  clergyman,  for  example, 
having  neither  money  nor  lands  to  bestow,  gave 
the  coTlege  two  cews,  valued  at  £9.  A  gentleman 
presented  nine  shillings'  worth  of  cotton  cloth. 
Another  contributed  forty  shillings  a  year  for  ten 
years  ;  and  a  farmer,  who  lived  in  Hartford,  be- 
queathed £100  to  be  paid  in  corn  and  meal,  the 
college  to  defray  the  cost  of  transportation.  One 
of  the  Bahama  Islands,for  which  at  a  time  of  fam- 
ine collections  had  been  made  in  New  England, 
now  in  its  turn  made  a  collection  for  the  college, 
"out  of  their  poverty,"  as  they  said,  and  sent 
£124. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  ,  p.  583. 

1792.  EDUCATION,  End  of.  Cooper  Institute. 
The  corner-stone  of  the  Union  was  laid.  Within 
that  stone  was  placed  a  scroll  which  bore  this 
inscription  :  "The  great  object  that  I  desire  to 
accomplish  by  the  erection  of  this  institution,  is 
to  open  the  avenues  of  scientific  knowledge  to 
the  youth  of  our  city  and  country,  and  so  un- 
fold the  volume  of  nature,  that  the  young  may 
see  the  beauties  of  creation,  enjoy  its  blessings, 
and  learn  to  love  the  Author  from  whom  cometh 
every  good  and  perfect  gift." — Lester's  Life 
OF  Peter  Cooper,  p.  34. 


214 


EDUCATION. 


1793.  EDUCATION,  Errors  in.  Luther's.  In 
Mansfield  he  received  his  first  instruction,  being 
sent  to  school  at  a  very  early  age.  .  .  .  The 
discipline  was  so  severe  that  Luther  never  forgot 
it.  He  tells  of  severe  tortures  with  declensions 
and  conjugations.     "  The  schoolmasters  in  my 

/  days,"  says  he,  "  v^ere  tyrants  and  executioners  ; 
the  schools  were  jails  and  hells  !  And  in  spite 
of  fear  and  misery,  floggings  and  tremblings, 
nothing  was  learned.  The  young  people  were 
treated  altogether  too  severely,  so  that  they 
might  well  have  been  called  martyrs.  Time 
was  wasted  over  many  useless  things,  and  thus 
many  an  able  mind  was  ruined."  He  himself 
was  innocently  lashed  fifteen  times  in  the  course 
of  a  single  morning  because  he  did  not  know 
what  had  not  been  tai  ght  him. — Rein's  Lu- 
ther, ch.  2,  p.  21. 

1794.  EDUCATION,  General.  New  England. 
In  matters  of  education  New  England  took 
the  lead.  Her  system  of  free  schools  extended 
everywhere,  from  the  Hudson  to  the  Penobscot. 
Every  village  furnished  the  facilities  for  ac- 
quiring knowledge.  So  complete  and  universal 
were  the  means  of  acquiring  instruction,  that  in 
the  times  preceding  the  Revolution  there  was 
not  to  be-found  in  all  New  England  an  adult, 
born  in  the  country,  who  could  not  read  and 
write.  Splendid  achievement  of  Puritanism  ! — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  36,  p.  282. 

1795.  EDUCATION  guarded.  Books.  [Ordi- 
nances for  the  daily  conduct  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales  were  drawn  up  by  his  father,  just  before 
his  death,]  which  prescribed  his  morning  attend- 
ance at  mass,  his  occupation  "at  his  school," 
his  meals,  and  his  sports.  No  man  is  to  sit  at 
his  board  but  such  as  Earl  Rivers  shall  allow  ; 
and  at  this  hour  of  meat  it  is  ordered  "that 
there  be  read  before  him  noble  stories,  as  be- 
hooveth  a  prince  to  understand  ;  and  that  the 
communication  at  all  times,  in  his  presence,  be 
of  virtue,  honor,  cunning  [knowledge],  wisdom, 
and  deeds  of  worship,  and  of  nothing  that  shall 
move  him  to  vice. "...  [The  prince  was  twelve 
years  old  at  the  time  of  his  father's  death,  in 
1483.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11,  p.  176. 

1796.  EDUCATION,  Helps  to.  Robert  Burns. 
He  appears  not  onlj^  as  a  true  British  poet,  but 
as  one  of  the  most  considerable  British  men  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  Let  it  not  be  objected 
that  he  did  little  ;  he  did  much,  if  we  consider 
where  and  how.  If  the  work  performed  was 
small,  we  must  remember  that  he  had  his  very 
materials  to  discover  ;  for  the  metal  he  worked  in 
lay  hid  under  the  desert,  where  no  eye  but  his 
had  guessed  its  existence ;  and  we  may  almost 
say,  that  with  his  own  hand  he  had  to  construct 
the  tools  for  fashioning  it.  For  he  found  himself 
in  deepest  obscurity,  without  help,  without 
instruction,  without  models,  or  with  models  only 
of  the  meanest  sort.  An  educated  man  stands, 
as  it  were,  in  the  midst  of  a  boundless  arsenal 
and  magazine,  filled  with  all  the  weapons  and 
engines  which  man's  skill  has  been  able  to  devise 
from  the  earliest  time  ;  and  he  works,  accord- 
ingly, with  a  strength  borrowed  from  all  past 
ages.  How  different  is  his  state  who  stands  on 
the  outside  of  that  storehouse,  and  feels  that  its 
gates  must  be  stormed,  or  remain  forever  shut 
against  him  ?  His  means  are  the  commonest  and 
rudest ;  the  mere  work  done  is  no  measure  of  his 


strength.  A  dwarf  behind  his  steam-engine  may 
remove  mountains  ;  but  no  dwarf  will  hew  them 
down  with  the  pickaxe  ;  and  he  must  be  a  Titan 
that  hurls  them  abroad  with  his  arms. — Car- 
lyle's  Burns,  p.  15. 

-  1797.  EDUCATION,  Higher  Life  by.  Aris- 
totle. Those  who  have  not  forgotten  their  Greek 
Reader  remember  the  list  of  Aristotle's  wise  say- 
ings given  in  that  work.  Being  asked  in  what 
the  educated  differ  from  the  uneducated,  he  said, 
"  As  the  living  differ  from  the  dead." — Cyc.  of- 
BioG.,  p.  558. 

179§.  EDUCATION,  Imperfect.  Washington. 
Washington  .  .  .  before  he  became  a  public  man 
was  a  bad  speller.  People  were  not  so  particular 
then  in  such  matters  as  they  are  now,  and,besides, 
there  really  was  no  settled  system  of  spelling  a 
hundred  years  ago.  When  the  general  wrote  for 
a  "  rheam  of  paper,"  a  beaver  "  hatt,"  a  suit  of 
"  cloaths,"  and  a  pair  of  "  sattin  shoes,"  there 
was  no  Webster  unabridged  to  keep  people's- 
spelling  within  bounds. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  9. 

1 799.  EDUCATION  imperilled.  Reign  of  James: 
11.  Soon  after  the  acquittal  of  the  bishops,  th& 
venerable  Ormond,  the  most  illustrious  of  the 
cavaliers  of  the  great  civil  war,  sank  under  his. 
infirmities.  The  intelligence  of  his  death  was- 
conveyed  with  speed  to  Oxford.  Instantly  the 
university,  of  which  he  had  long  been  chancellor, 
met  to  name  a  successor.  One  party  was  for  the 
eloquent  and  accomplished  Halifax  ;  another  for 
the  grave  and  orthodox  Nottingham.  Some  men- 
tioned the  Earl  of  Abingdon,  who  resided  near" 
them,  and  had  recently  been  turned  out  of  ther 
lieutenancy  of  the  county  for  refusing  to  join, 
with  the  king  against  the  established  religion. 
But  the  majority,  consisting  of  a  hundred  and 
eighty  graduates,  voted  for  the  young  Duke  of 
Ormond,  grandson  of  their  late  head,  and  son  of 
the  gallant  Ossory.  The  speed  with  which  they 
came  to  this  resolution  was  caused  by  their  ap-  \ 
prehension  that,  if  there  were  a  delay  even  of  a 
day,  the  king  would  attempt  to  force  on  them 
some  chief  who  would  betray  their  rights.  The 
apprehension  was  reasonable  ;  for  only  two 
hours  after  they  had  separated  came  a  mandate 
from  Whitehall  requiring  them  to  choose  Jef- : 
freys  [the  infamous  and  brutal  chief-justice]. 
Happily,  the  election  of  young  Ormond  was-, 
already  complete  and  irrevocable. — Macaulay's- 
Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  389. 

1§00.  EDUCATION,  Indecision  in.  Samuei- 
Johnson.  We  talked  of  the  education  of  chil- 
dren ;  and  I  asked  him  what  he  thought  was^ 
best  to  teach  them  first.  Johnson  :  "  Sir,  it  is 
no  matter  what  you  teach  them  first,  any  more 
than  what  leg  you  shall  put  into  your  breeches- 
first.  Sir,  you  may  stand  disputing  which  ia 
best  to  put  in  first,  but  in  the  mean  time  your ; 
breach  is  bare.  Sir,  while  you  are  considering 
which  of  iwo  things  you  should  teach  your  child 
first,  another  boy  has  learnt  them  both." — Bos-  ; 
well's  Johnson,  p.  125.  < 

1801.  EDUCATION,  Independent.  Gibbon. 
I  spent  fourteen  months  at  Magdalen  College  ; . 
they  proved  the  most  idle  and  unprofitable  of 
my  whole  life.  .  .  .  Oxford  and  Cambridge  for 
nearly  a  century  have  been  turning  out  crowds 
of  thorough-paced  scholars  of  the  orthodox  pat- 
tern.    It  is  odd  that  the  two  greatest  historian* 


EDUCATION. 


215- 


who  have  been  scholars  as  "well — Gibbon  and 
Grote — were  not  university-bred  men.  ...  As  if 
to  prove  by  experiment  where  the  fault  lay,  in 
"  the  school  or  the  scholar,"  Gibbon  had  no 
sooner  left  Oxford  for  the  long  vacation  than 
his  taste  for  study  returned,  and,  not  content 
with  reading,  he  attempted  original  composition. 
— Morrison's  Gibbon,  ch.  1. 

1§02.  EDUCATION  vs.  Legislation.  Lycur- 
gus.  [Lycurgus,  the  lawgiver,]  resolved  the 
whole  business  of  legislation  into  the  bringing 
up  of  youth.  And  this,  as  we  have  observed,  was 
the  reason  why  one  of  his  ordinances  forbade 
them  to  have  any  written  laws.  —  Plutarch's 
Lycurgus. 

1§03.  EDUCATION  vs.  Licentiousness.  Reign 
of  Charles  II.  Ladies  liiglily  born,  highly  bred, 
and  naturally  quick-witted,  were  unable  to  write 
a  line  in  their  mother-tongue  without  solecisms 
and  faults  of  spelling  such  as  a  charity  girl 
would  now  be  ashamed  to  commit.  .  .  .  The  ex- 
planation may  easily  be  found.  Extravagant 
licentiousness,  the  natural  effect  of  extravagant 
austerity,  was  now  the  mode  ;  and  licentiousness 
had  produced  its  ordinary  effect,  the  moral  and 
intellectual  degradation  of  women.  To  their 
personal  beauty  it  was  the  fashion  to  pay  rude 
and  impudent  homage.  But  the  admiration  and 
desire  which  they  inspired  were  seldom  mingled 
with  respect,  with  affection,  or  with  any  chival- 
rous sentiment.  The  qualities  which  fit  them  to 
be  companions,  advisers,  confidential  friends, 
rather  repelled  than  attracted  the  libertines  of 
Whitehall.  In  that  court  a  maid  of  honor  who 
dressed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  do  full  justice  to 
a  white  bosom,  who  ogled  significantly,  who 
danced  voluptuously,  who  excelled  in  pert  rep- 
artee, who  was  not  ashamed  to  romp  with 
lords  of  the  bed-chamber  and  captains  of  the 
guards,  to  sing  sly  verses,  with  sly  expression,  or 
to  put  on  a  page's  dress  for  a  frolic,  was  more 
likely  to  be  followed  and  admired,  more  likely 
to  be  honored  with  royal  attentions,  more  likely 
to  win  a  rich  and  noble  husband  than  Jane  Grey 
or  Lucy  Hutchinson  would  have  been.  .  .  .  The 
standard  of  female  attainments  was  necessarily 
low,  and  it  was  more  dangerous  to  be  above  that 
standard  than  to  be  beneath  it.  —  Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  366. 

1§04.  EDUCATION,  Ministerial.  Benevolent. 
Lady  Huntingdon  opened  a  school  in  a  dilapi- 
dated castle  of  the  twelfth  century,  at  Trevecca, 
for  the  education  of  young  men  for  the  ministry, 
who,  without  regard  to  their  denominational 
preference,  were  welcomed,  and  provided,  at  the 
countess's  expense,  with  board,  tuition,  and  a 
yearly  suit  of  clothes.  —  Stevens'  Methodism, 
vol.  1,  p.  170. 

1§05.  EDUCATION  misdirected.  Accomplish- 
ments. [The  children  of  the  nobility  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  eighteenth  century  were]  taught 
dancing,  fencing,  and  riding.  It  looks  like  a 
satire  when  Burnet  recommends  that  the  sons  of 
the  nobility  should  be  instructed  in  geography 
and  history. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  6, 
p.  57. 

1§06.  EDUCATION,  Necessary.  Alfred  the 
Great.  This  excellent  prince  wisely  considered 
the  cultivation  of  letters  as  the  most  effectual 
means  of  thoroughly  eradicating  barbarous  dis- 
positions.    The  ravages  of  the  Danes  had  totally 


extinguished  any  small  sparks  of  learning,  by 
the  dispersion  of  the  monks,  and  the  burning 
their  monasteries  and  libraries.  To  repair  these 
misfortunes,  Alfred,  like  Charlemagne,  invited 
learned  men  from  all  quarters  of  Europe  to  re- 
side in  his  dominions.  He  established  schools, 
and  enjoined  every  freeholder  possessed  of  two- 
ploughs  to  send  his  children  there  for  instruc- 
tion. He  is  said  to  have  founded,  or,  at  least, 
to  have  liberally  endowed  the  illustrious  semi- 
nary afterward  known  as  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford.— Tytler'sHist.,  Book  6,  ch.  5. 

l§07.  EDUCATION  neglected.  Ireland.  Dur- 
ing the  vain  struggle  which  two  generations  of 
Milesian  princes  maintained  against  the  Tudors, 
religious  enthusiasm  and  national  enthusiasm  be- 
came inseparably  blended  in  the  minds  of  the 
vanquished  race.  The  new  feud  of  Protestant 
and  papist  inflamed  the  old  feud  of  Saxon  and 
Celt.  The  English  conquerors,  meanwhile, 
neglected  all  legitimate  means  of  conversion.  No 
pains  were  taken  to  provide  the  conquered  na- 
tion with  instructors  capable  of  making  them- 
selves understood.  No  translation  of  the  Bible 
was  put  forth  in  the  Erse  language.  The  gov- 
ernment contented  itself  with  setting  up  a  vast 
hierarchy  of  Protestant  archbishops,  bishops, 
and  rectors,  who  did  nothing,  and  who,  for 
doing  nothing,  were  paid  out  of  the  spoils  of  a 
Church  loved  and  revered  by  the  great  body  of 
the  people. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  64. 

1§0§. .  Reign  of  Charles  II.  Many 

lords  of  manors  had  received  an  education  dif- 
fering little  from  that  of  their  menial  servants. 
The  heir  of  an  estate  often  passed  his  boyhood 
and  youth  at  the  seat  of  his  family,  with  no  bet- 
ter tutors  than  grooms  and  gamekeepers,  and 
scarce  attained  learning  enough  to  sign  his  name 
to  a  mittimus.  If  he  went  to  school  and  to  col- 
lege, he  generally  returned  before  he  was  twenty 
to  the  seclusion  of  the  old  hall,  and  there,  unless 
his  mind  was  very  happily  constituted  by  nature, 
soon  forgot  his  academical  pursuits  in  rural  busi- 
ness and  pleasures.  His  chief  serious  employ- 
ment was  the  care  of  his  property.  He  exam- 
ined samples  of  grain,  handled  pigs,  and  on  mar- 
ket days  made  bargains  over  a  tankard  with 
drovers  and  hop-merchants.  His  chief  pleasures 
were  commonly  derived  from  field-sports  and 
from  an  unrefined  sensuality.  —  Macaulay's. 
ENG.,ch.  3,  p.  298. 

1§09.    ^— .      Sam  Houston.      What 

were  the  means  of  education  offered  to  this  Vir- 
gina  boy.  We  have  learned  that  he  never 
could  get  into  a  schoolhouse  till  he  was  eight 
years  old,  nor  that  he  ever  accomplished  much, 
in  a  literary  way,  after  he  did  enter.  Vir- 
ginia, which  has  never  become  very  famous 
for  her  common  schools,  had  still  less  to  boast  of 
eighty  years  ago.  The  State  made  little  or  no 
provision,  by  law,  for  the  education  of  its  chil- 
dren, and  each  neighborhood  was  obliged  to  take 
care  of  its  rising  population. — Lester's  Hous- 
ton, p.  13. 

1§10.  EDUCATION  opposed..  Colonial  Govern- 
or of  Virginia,  1671.  "  The  ministers,"  continu- 
ed Sir  William  [Berkeley,]  ".  .  .  should  pray  of  t- 
ener  and  preach  less.  But  I  thank  God  there 
are  no  free  schools  nor  printing  ;  and  I  hope  we 
shall  not  have  these  hundred  years  ;  for  learning 
has  brought  disobedience  and  heresy  and  sects 


^16 


EDUCATION. 


into  the  world,  and  printing  has  divulged  them, 
.and  libels  against  the  best  government.  God 
keep  us  from  both  !" — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol. 
5,  ch.  14. 

1811.  EDUCATION,  Patron  of.  Luther's. 
Martin  Luther  vf&s  obliged  to  help  himself,  since 
his  parents  could  not  provide  a  complete  support. 
But  good-fortune  awaited  him.  For,  because 
of  his  singing  and  heartfelt  praying,  he  won  the 
favor  of  Ursula  Cotta,  who  invited  him  to  a  seat 
.at  her  table.  She  was  of  the  family  of  Schalbe, 
and  the  wife  of  Conrad  Cotta,  one  of  the  fore- 
most citizens  of  the  town. — Rein's  Luther,  ch. 
.2,  p.  23. 

1812.  EDUCATION,  Philanthropic.  Smithso- 
iian  Institute.  [In  1824]  an  eminent  English 
hemistand  philanthropist,  named  James  Smith- 
on,  .  .  .  died  at  Genoa,  bequeathing,  on  certain 

■conditions,  a  large  sum  of  money  to  the  United 
.States.  In  the  fall  of  1838,  by  the  death  of 
Smithson's  nephew,  the  proceeds  of  the  estate, 
amounting  to  $515,000,  were  secured  by  the 
agent  of  the  national  government  and  deposited 
in  the  mint.  It  had  been  provided  in  the  will 
that  the  bequest  should  be  used  for  the  establish- 
ment at  Washington  of  an  institution /or  the  in- 
crease and  diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men. — 
RiDPATH's  U.  S.,  ch.  56,  p.  460. 

1813.  EDUCATION,  PoUtical.  Alexander. 
Alexander  was  in  the  twentieth  year  of  his  age 
when  he  succeeded,  by  the  death  of  Philip,  to  the 
throne  of  Macedonia.  This  prince  possessed 
all  the  military  abilities  of  his  father,  inherited  a 
.soul  more  truly  noble,  and  an  ambition  yet  more 
unbounded.  .  ,  .  Under  the  tutelage  of  the  phi- 
losopher Aristotle,  he  received  not  only  a  taste 
for  learning  and  the  sciences,  but  those  excel- 
lent lessons  of  politics  of  which  that  great 
teacher  was  qualified,  beyond  all  his  contempo- 
raries, to  instruct  him. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
2,  ch.  4. 

1814.  EDUCATION,  Power  of.  Reign  of 
Charles  II.  In  Ireland,  at  present,  a  peer  holds 
a  far  higher  station  in  society  than  a  Roman 
Catholic  priest ;  yet  there  are  in  Munster  and 
<3onnaught  few  counties  where  a  combination 
of  priests  would  not  carry  an  election  against  a 
combination  of  peers.  In  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury the  pulpit  was  to  a  large  portion  of  the  popu- 
lation what  the  periodical  press  now  is.  Scarce 
any  of  the  clowns  who  came  to  the  parish  church 
ever  saw  a  gazette  or  a  political  pamphlet.  Ill 
informed  as  their  spiritual  pastor  might  be,  he 
was  yet  better  informed  than  themselves ;  he 
had  every  week  an  opportunity  of  haranguing 
them  ;  and  his  harangues  were  never  answered. 
At  every  important  conjecture,  invectives  against 
the  Whigs  and  exhortations  to  obey  the  Lord's 
anointed  resounded  at  once  from  many  thou- 
.  sands  of  pulpits  ;  and  the  effect  was  formidable 

indeed.  Of  all  the  causes  which,  after  the 
dissolution  of  the  Oxford  Parliament,  produced 
the  violent  reaction  against  the  Exclusionists, 
the  most  potent  seems  to  have  been  the  ora- 
tory of  the  country  clergy. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  3,  p.  311. 

1815.  EDUCATION,  Precocity  in.  Samuel 
Johnson.  I  hate  by-roads  in  education.  Edu- 
cation is  as  well  known,  and  has  long  been  as 
well  kno^vn,  as  ever  it  can  be.     Endeavoring 


to  make  children  prematurely  wise  is  useless  la- 
bor. Suppose  they  have  more  knowledge  at 
five  or  six  years  old  than  other  children,  what 
use  can  be  made  of  it  ?  It  will  be  lost  before  it 
is  wanted,  and  the  waste  of  so  much  time  and 
labor  of  the  teacher  can  never  be  repaid.  Too 
much  is  expected  from  precocit}^,  and  too  little 
performed. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  266. 

1816.  EDUCATION  prohibited.  Ireland,  a.d. 
1763.  No  Protestant  in  Ireland  might  instruct 
a  papist.  Papists  could  not  supply  their  want 
by  academies  and  schools  of  their  own  ;  for  a 
Catholic  to  teach,  even  in  a  private  family  or  as 
usher  to  a  Protestant,  was  a  felony,  punishable  by 
imprisonment,  exile,  or  death.  Thus  papiste 
were  excluded  from  all  opportunity  of  education 
at  home.  .  .  .  By  a  statute  of  King  William,  to 
be  educated  in  any  foreign  Catholic  school  was 
an  "  unalterable  and  perpetual  outlawry."  The 
child  sent  abroad  for  education,  no  matter  of 
how  tender  an  age,  .  .  .  could  never  sue  in  law 
or  equity,  or  be  guardian,  executor,  or  adminis- 
trator, or  receive  any  legacy  or  deed  of  gift ;  he 
forfeited  all  his  goods  and  chattels,  and  forfeit- 
ed for  his  life  all  his  lands.  Whoever  sent  him ; 
abroad  ...  or  assisted  him  with  money 
incurred  the  same  liabilities  and  penalties.  The  j 
Crown  divided  the  forfeiture  with  the  informer,  i 
— ^Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  4. 

1817.  EDUCATION,  PubUc.  Spartan.  Amonj 
the  principal  objects  of  the  institutions  of  Lycui^ 
gus,  the  education  of  the  youth  of  the  republi<j 
was  that  on  which  the  legislator  had  bestowed 
the  most  particular  attention.     Children,  afte 
they  had  attained  the  age  of  seven,  were  nd 
longer  the  charge  of  their  parents,  but  of  thd 
State.     Before  that  period  they  were  taught 
home  the  great  lessons  of  obedience  and  frugall 
ity.     Afterward,  under   public  masters. 
"They  were  taught  to  despise  equally  danger  an<3 
pain.     To  shrink  under  the  stroke  of  punish.1 
ment  was  a  sufficient  reason  for  having  that  puaj 
ishment    redoubled.      Their    very  sports  ancf 
amusements  were  such  as  are  fitted  to  promot 
a  strength  of  constitution  and  vigor  and  agilit 
of  body.     The  athletic  exercises  were  prescril 
ed  alike  for  both  sexes,  as  the  bodily  vigor  ol 
the  mother  is  essential  to  that  of  her  offspringj 
To  run,  to  swim,  to  wrestle,  to  hunt,  were  th<[ 
constant  exercise  of  the  youth.     With  regard 
the  culture  of  the  mind,  the  Spartan  discipline 
admitted  none  of  those  studies  which  tend 
refine  or  embellish  the  understanding.     But  th^ 
duties  of  religion,  the  inviolable  bond  of  apror 
ise,  the  sacred  obligation  of  an  oath,  the  respe 
due  to  parents,  the  reverence  for  old  age,  the 
strictest  obedience  to  the  laws,  and,  above  all, 
the  love  of  their  country,  the  noble  flame  of  pa- 
triotism, were  early  and  assiduously  inculcated. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  9. 

1818.  EDUCATION,  Religious.  Napoleon  I. 
Though  not  established  in  the  belief  that  Chris- 
tianity was  of  divine  origin,  he  ever  cherished 
a  profound  reverence  for  the  religion  of  the  Bi- 
ble. .  .  .  When  the  schedule  of  study  for 
Madame  Campan's  female  school  was  presented 
to  him,  he  found  as  one  regulation,  "The^oung 
ladies  shall  attend  prayers  twice  a  week.'''  He 
immediately  erased  with  his  pen  the  words 
"  twice  a  week,"  and  substituted  "Every  day." 
— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  32. 


EDUCATION— EFFEMINACY. 


^17 


li§19. .      Weslei/'s.     [The  home  in 

which  John  Wesley  was  reared  was  a  model 
Christian  household,  a  sanctuary  of  domestic 
and  Christian  virtues.]  '  Ten  of  the  children  at- 
tained adult  years ;  all  these  became  devoted 
Christians,  and  every  one  of  them  "  died  in  the 
Lord." — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  58. 

1S20.  EDUCATION,  Sacrifices  for.  Mother's. 
"  My  father,"  thus  narrates  Dr.  Martin  Luther, 
"  was  a  poor  miner.  My  mother  gathered  wood 
and  carried  it  home  on  her  back,  in  order  that 
her  children  might  be  educated.  Both  toiled 
slavishly  for  our  sakes.  In  these  days  people 
would  not  do  so."  But  after  a  little  while  they 
reached  more  comfortable  circumstances.  — 
Rein's  Luther,  ch.  2,  p.  20. 

1§21.  EDUCATION  and  the  State.  Alexander. 
[After  the  conquest  of  Persia  Alexander  the 
Great  accommodated  himself]  to  the  manners  of 
the  Asiatics,  and  at  the  same  time  persuaded 
them  to  adopt  some  of  the  Macedonian  fashions; 
for,  by  a  mixture  of  both,  he  thought  a  union 
might  be  promoted  much  better  than  by  force, 
and  his  authority  maintained  when  he  was  at  a 
distance.  For  the  same  reason  he  elected  thirty 
thousand  boys,  and  gave  them  masters  to  in- 
struct them  in  the  Grecian  literature,  as  well  as 
to  train  them  to  arms  in  the  Macedonian  man- 
ner.— Plutarch's  Alexander. 

1822.  EDUCATION,  State.  Spartan.  The 
Spartan  children  were  not .  .  .  under  tutors  pur- 
chased or  hired  with  money,  nor  were  the 
parents  at  liberty  to  educate  them  as  they  pleased  ; 
but  as  soon  as  they  were  seven  years  old  Lycur- 
gup  ordered  them  to  be  enrolled  in  companies, 
^vhere  they  were  all  kept  under  the  same  order 
nnd  discipline,  and  had  their  exercises  and  rec- 
reations in  common.  He  who  showed  the  most 
conduct  and  courage  among  them  was  made 
captain  of  the  company.  The  rest  kept  their 
(yes  upon  him,  obeyed  his  orders,  and  bore  with 
patience  the  punishment  he  inflicted ;  so  that 
I  lieir  Avhole  education  was  an  exercise  of  obedi- 
ence. ...  As  for  learning,  they  had  just  what 
Avas  absolutely  necessary.  All  the  rest  of  their 
(ducaticn  was  calculated  to  make  them  subject 
to  command,  to  endure  labor,  to  fight  and  con- 
quer. They  added,  therefore,  to  their  discipline, 
iis  they  advanced  in  age  :  cutting  their  hair  very 
close,  making  them  go  barefoot,  and  play,  for 
the  most  part,  quite  naked.  At  twelve  years 
of  age  their  under  garment  was  taken  away, 
and  but  one  upper  one  a  year  allowed  them! 
Hence  they  were  necessarily  dirty  in  their  per- 
sons, and  not  indulged  the  great  favor  of  baths 
and  oils,  except  on  some  particular  days  of  the 
year.  They  slept  in  companies,  on  beds  made 
of  the  tops  of  reeds,  which  they  gathered  with 
their  own  hands,  without  knives,  and  brought 
from  the  banks  of  the  Eurotas.  In  winter  they 
were  permitted  to  add  a  little  thistle-down,  as  that 
seemed  to  have  some  warmth  in  it.  —  Plu- 
tarch's Lycurgus. 

1§23.  EDUCATION  substituted.  Bunyan. 
He  had  studied  no  great  model  of  composition, 
with  the  exception — an  important  exception  un- 
doubtedly— of  our  noble  translation  of  the  Bible. 
His  spelling  was  bad.  He  frequently  transgressed 
the  rules  of  grammar.  Yet  the  native  force 
of  genius,  and  his  experimental  knowledge  of 
all  the  religious  passions,  from  despair  to  ecstasy, 


amply  supplied  in  him  the  want  of  learning. 
His  rude  oratory  roused  and  melted  hearers  who 
listened  without  interest  to  the  labored  discourses 
of  great  logicians  and  Hebraists. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  209. 

1§24.  EDUCATION  suspected.  By  Jesuits. 
The  opposition  of  the  Protestant  mind  of  the 
latter  years  of  the  seventeenth  century  to  the 
secular  teaching  of  the  Jesuits  was  natural  and 
inevitable.  No  consideration  of  their  ability  as 
teachers  could  disarm  the  suspicion  that  they 
sought  to  make  converts,  under  the  guise  of 
affording  instruction. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  25,  p.  410. 

1825.  EDUCATION,  Tax  for.  Harvard  Tlni- 
versity.  Once  at  least  every  family  in  each  of 
the  colonies  gave  to  the  college  at  Cambridge 
twelve  pence,  or  a  peck  of  corn,  or  its  value  in 
unadulterated  wompompeage,  while  the  magis- 
ti-ates  and  wealthier  men  were  profuse  in  their 
liberality. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

1826.  EDUCATION,  Trials  in.  Samuel  John- 
son. His  debts  in  college,  though  not  great, 
were  increasing  ;  and  his  scanty  remittances 
from  Lichfield,  which  had  all  along  been  made 
with  great  difficulty,  could  be  supplied  no  long- 
er, his  father  having  fallen  into  a  state  of  insol- 
vency. Compelled,  therefore,  by  irresistible  ne- 
cessity, he  left  the  college  in  autumn,  1731,  with- 
out a  degree,  having  been  a  member  of  it  little 
more  than  three  years. — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  15. 

1827.  EDUCATION,  Varied.  Military.  [The 
training  of  the  Roman  soldiers]  comprehended 
whatever  could  add  strength  to  the  body,  activity 
to  the  limbs,  or  grace  to  the  motions.  The  sol- 
diers were  diligently  instructed  to  march,  to  run, 
to  leap,  to  swim,  to  carry  heavy  burdens,  to 
handle  every  species  of  arms  that  was  used  either 
for  offence  or  for  defence,  either  in  distant  en- 
gagement or  in  a  closer  onset ;  to  form  a  variety 
of  evolutions  ;  and  to  move  to  the  sound  of  fiutes 
in  the  Pyrrhic  or  martial  dance. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  1,  p.  13. 

1828.  EDUCATION,  Wealth  for.  Cooper  Insti 
tute.  Believing,  as  few,  very  few,  rich  men  do, 
that  his  wealth  was  a  sacred  trust  to  be  used  for  the 
benefit  of  his  fellow-creatures,  Mr.  Cooper  gave 
not  merely  of  his  money,  but  his  life  thenceforth, 
and  anxious  thought  to  the  building  up  and 
maintenance  of  the  Cooper  Union  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  science  and  art.  ,  .  .  The  advance 
ment  of  science  and  art  is  well  enough ;  but 
to  teach,  without  one  cent  of  charge,  forty  thou- 
sand men  and  women  to  earn  a  good  living  at 
skilled  trades  ;  to  cultivate,  without  money  and 
without  price,  the  hands  and  brains  of  scores  of 
thousands  so  that  they  may  advance  themselves 
in  the  world,  and  to  exalt,  mentally,  morally,  and 
physically,  the  poor  and  friendless,  are  far  nobler 
objects.  [Quoted  from  the  New  York  Herald.] — 
Lester's  Life  of  Peter  Cooper,  p.  40. 

1829.  EFFEMINACY,  Eoyal.  Boman  Em- 
peror Elagabalus.  As  the  attention  of  the  new 
emperor  was  diverted  by  the  most  trifling  amuse- 
ments, he  wasted  many  months  in  his  luxurious 
progress  from  Syria  to  Italy,  passed  at  Nicome- 
dia  his  first  winter  after  his  victory,  and  deferred 
till  the  ensuing  summer  his  triumphal  entry  into 
the  capital.     A  faithful  picture,  however,  which 


218 


EFFORT— ELECTION. 


preceded  his  arrival,  and  was  placed  by  his  im- 
mediate order  over  the  altar  of  Victory  in  the 
senate  house,  conveyed  to  the  Romans  the  just 
but  unworthy  resemblance  of  his  pei'son  and 
manners.  He  was  drawn  in  his  sacerdotal  robes 
of  silk  and  gold,  after  the  loose,  flowing  fashion 
of  the  Medes  and  Phoenicians  ;  his  head  was  cov- 
ered with  a  lofty  tiara,  his  numerous  collars  and 
bracelets  were  adorned  with  gems  of  an  inesti- 
mable value.  His  eyebrows  were  tinged  with 
black,  and  his  cheeks  painted  with  an  artificial  red 
and  white.  The  grave  senators  confessed  with  a 
sigh  that,  after  having  long  experienced  the 
stern  tyranny  of  their  own  countrymen,  Rome 
was  at  length  humbled  beneath  the  effeminate 
luxury  of  Oriental  despotism. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  6,  p.  170. 

1§30.  EFFORT,  Misdirected.  OalUenus.  [The 
Emperor  Gallienus  was  celebrated  for  his  de- 
baiichery.]  In  every  art  that  he  attempted  his 
lively  genius  enabled  him  to  succeed  ;  and  as  his 
genius  was  destitute  of  judgment,  he  attempted 
every  art,  except  the  important  ones  of  war  and 
government.  He  was  a  master  of  several  curi- 
ous but  useless  sciences,  a  ready  orator,  an  ele- 
gant poet,  a  skilful  gardener,  an  excellent  cook, 
and  most  contemptible  prince.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  10,  p.  320. 

1§31.  EFFORT,  Useless.  Frederick  tlie  Great. 
Dazzled  by  hope  .  .  .  Frederick  went  forth 
[against  the  Austrian  commander],  and  attempt- 
ed to  storm  his  intrenchments  on  tlie  heights  of 
Colin.  His  brave  battalions  were  repelled  with 
disastrous  loss.  Left  almost  unattended,  as  he 
gazed  at  the  spectacle,  "  Will  you  carry  the  bat- 
tery alone  ?"  demanded  one  of  his  lieutenants  ; 
on  which  the  hero  rode  calmly  toward  the  left 
wing,  and  ordered  a  retreat. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  4,  ch.  13. 

1§32.  EGOTISM  of  Caste.  Byron.  On  leav- 
ing college,  he  again  resided  with  his  mother, 
whose  furious  temper  age  had  not  subdued.  In 
her  paroxysms  of  anger,  she  would  throw  at  him 
the  poker  and  tongs,  and  not  unfrequently  he 
had  to  fly  from  the  house  before  her.  At  the  age 
of  nineteen  his  first  volume  of  verses  appeared, 
entitled,  "  Hours  of  Idleness.  A  Series  of  Poems, 
original  and  translated.  By  George  Gordon — 
Lord  Byron — a  minor.  New  York,  1807." — Cy- 
clopedia OF  BioG.,  p.  293. 

1§33.  EGOTISM,  Characteristic.  President  John 
Adams.  [He  wrote  his  wife  of  his  inaugural 
address.]  I  had  not  slept  well  the  night  be- 
fore, and  did  not  sleep  well  the  night  after.  I 
was  unwell,  and  did  not  know  whether  I  should 
get  through  or  not.  I  did,  however.  How  the 
business  was  received,  I  know  not,  only  I  have 
been  told  that  Mason,  the  treaty-publisher,  said 
we  should  lose  nothing  by  the  change,  for  he 
never  heard  such  a  speech  in  public  in  his  life. 
All  agree  that,  taken  altogether,  it  was  the  sub- 
limest  thing  ever  exhibited  in  America. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BioG. ,  p.  194. 

]§34.  EGOTISM,  Contrast  in.  Coisar— Cicero. 
Like  all  real  great  men,  he  rarely  speaks  of  him- 
self. He  tells  us  little  or  nothing  of  his  own  feel- 
ings or  his  own  purposes.  Cicero  never  forgets 
his  individuality.  In  every  line  that  he  wrote 
Cicero  was  attitudinizing  for  posterity,  or  reflect- 
ing on  the  effect  of  his  conduct  upon  his  interests 


or  his  reputation.  Csesar  is  lost  in  his  work ; 
his  personality  is  scarcely  more  visible  thau 
Shakespeare's. — Froude's  C.<esar,  ch.  14. 

1§35.  EGOTISM  of  Genius.  Oliver  Ooldsmith. 
When  accompanying  two  beautiful  young  ladies 
with  their  mother  on  a  tour  in  France,  he  waS' 
seriously  angry  that  more  attention  was  paid  to 
them  than  to  him  ;  and  once  at  the  exhibition 
of  the  Fantoccini  in  London,  when  those  who  sat 
next  him  observed  with  what  dexterity  a  puppet 
was  made  to  toss  a  pike,  he  could  not  bear  that 
it  should  have  such  praise,  and  exclaimed,  with 
some  warmth,  "Pshaw  !  I  can  do  it  better  my- 
self." Note. — He  went  home  with  Mr.  Burke 
to  supper,  and  broke  his  shin  by  attempting  to 
exhibit  to  the  company  how  much  better  he  could 
jump  over  a  stick  than  the  puppets. — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  114. 

1§36.  EGOTISM,  Royal.  James  XL  [James 
had  pei'sonal  merits,]  but  liis  personal  merits 
were  as  fuel  to  nourish  the  fire  of  his  intense  ego- 
tism. Every  action  of  his  life  had  reference  to 
his  personality.  James,  the  king,  was  the  one 
power  in  the  State  which  was  to  counterbalance 
every  other  power. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch. 
25,  p.  402. 

1837.  ELECTION,  A  close.  John  Adams.  Pres- 
ident Washington  had  announced  his  inten- 
tion to  retire.  The  withdrawal  of  that  august 
and  commanding  name  threw  the  great  prize 
open  to  competition,  and  all  the  fierce  passions 
of  party  were  enlisted  in  the  strife.  The  Federal 
candidates  were  Adams  and  Pinckney  ;  the  Re- 
publican, Jefferson  and  Burr.  After  a  very  ani- 
mated contest,  John  Adams  was  elected  to  the 
Presidency  by  a  majority  of  one  electoral  vote  ; 
and  Jefferson,  having  received  next  to  the  high- 
est number,  was  elected  vice-president.  Neither 
party,  therefore,  had  won  a  complete  triumph  ; 
for,  though  the  Federalists  elected  their  presi- 
dent, the  Republicans  were  partially  consoled  by 
placing  their  favorite  in  the  second  office. — Cy- 
clopedia OF  BlOG.,  p.  191. 

1 83§.  ELECTION,  Coercion  in.  Samuel  John- 
son. He  observed  that  "  the  statutes  against 
bribery  were  intended  to  prevent  upstarts  with 
money  from  getting  into  Parliament ;"  adding, 
that  "  if  he  were  a  gentleman  of  landed  property, 
he  would  turn  out  all  his  tenants  who  did  not  vote 
for  the  candidate  whom  he  supported."  Lang- 
ton  :  "  Would  not  that,  sir,  be  checking  the 
freedom  of  election  ?"  Johnson  :  "  Sir,  the  law 
does  not  mean  that  the  privilege  of  voting  should 
be  independent  of  old  family  interest ;  of  the 
permanent  property  of  the  country."  —  Bos- 
well's Johnson,  p.  244. 

1839.  ELECTION  expenses.  Treating.  Eve- 
lyn laments  that  so  many  from  the  country  came 
in  to  vote  for  his  brother  as  knight  for  the  shire 
of  Surrey,  "that  I  believe  they  ate  and  drank 
him  out  near  to  £2000,  by  a  most  abominable 
custom." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  21,  p.  341. 

1840.  ELECTION  frustrated.  John  Howard. 
In  1774  the  liberal  party  in  Bedfordshire  nomi 
nated  him  for  Parliament,  and,  after  a  most  sc 
vere  contest,  he  was  elected  by  a  small  majority. 
The  "  issue"  in  this  election  was,  whether  the 
king  and  Lord  North  should  be  sustained  in  their 
American  policy  ;  and  the  election  of  Howard 
was,  therefore,  a  defeat  for  the  administration. 


ELECTION. 


219 


The  ministry,  however,  succeeded  in  finding  a 
pretext  for  annulling  the  election.  Some  of 
Howard's  votes  were  declared  illegal — enough 
to  give  the  seat  to  a  tory.  Tlie  loss  of  a  seat  in 
Parliament  was  not  much  regretted  b}"  him  for 
his  own  sake,  but  he  felt  acutely  the  wrong  done 
to  the  great  and  patriotic  party  which  had  elected 
him.  "I  was  a  victim  of  the  ministry,"  he 
wrote,  after  leai'ning  the  result  of  the  struggle. 
"  Most  surely  I  should  not  have  fallen  in  with 
all  their  severe  measures  relative  to  the  Ameri- 
cans, and  my  constant  declaration  that  not  one 
emolument  of  five  shillings,  were  I  in  Parliament, 
would  I  ever  accept  of,  marked  me  out  as  an 
object  of  their  aversion."  —  Cyclopedia  of 
Bigg.,  p.  47. 

1  §41.  ELECTION  of  Grace.  Cromwell.  [On 
his  death-bed.]  "  It  is  terrible,  yea,  it  is  very  ter- 
rible," he  muttered  three  times  in  succession, "  to 
fall  into  the  hands  of  the  living  God  !"  "  Do  you 
think,"  said  he  to  his  chaplain,  "  that  a  man  who 
has  once  been  in  a  state  of  grace  can  ever  perish 
eternally?"  "No,"  replied  the  chaplain,  "there 
is  no  possibility  of  such  a  relapse."  "  Then  I  am 
safe,"  replied  Cromwell ;  "  for  at  one  time  I  am 
confident  that  I  was  chosen."  All  his  inquiries 
tended  toward  futurity  ;  none  bore  reference  to 
the  present  life.  "lam  the  most  insignificant 
of  mortals,"  continued  he  after  a  momentary 
lapse  ;  "  but  I  have  loved  God,  praised  be  His 
name,  or,  rather,  I  am  beloved  by  Him  !" — Lam- 
artine's  Cromwell,  p.  78. 

1842.  ELECTION  resented.-  Beign  of  James  II. 
[The  fellows  of  Magdalen  College  refused  to 
elect  as  president  the  infamous  Anthony  Farmer, 
whom  the  king  urged.]  Early  in  June  the  fel- 
lows were  cited  to  appear  before  the  High  Com- 
mission at  Whitehall.  Five  of  them,  deputed 
by  the  rest,  obeyed  the  summons.  Jeffreys  treat- 
ed them  after  his  usual  fashion.  When  one  of 
them,  a  grave  doctor  named  Fairfax,  hinted  some 
doubts  as  to  the  validity  of  the  commission,  the 
chancellor  began  to  roar  like  a  wild  beast.  '  'Who 
is  this  man  ?  What  commission  has  he  to  be 
impudent  here  ?  Seize  him.  Put  him  into  a 
dark  room.  What  does  he  do  without  a  keeper  ? 
He  is  under  my  care  as  a  lunatic.  I  wonder  that 
nobody  has  applied  to  me  for  the  custody  of 
I  him."  But  when  this  storm  had  spent  its  force, 
i  and  the  depositions  concerning  the  moral  char- 
acter of  the  king's  nominee  had  been  read,  none 
of  the  commisioners  had  the  front  to  pronounce 
I  that  such  a  man  could  properly  be  made  the  head 
of  a  great  college.  [See  more  at  No.  2891.]— 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  269. 

I  §43.  ELECTION,  A  scandalous.  James  II. 
[lie  sought  to  complete  the  religious  revolution 
of  England  by  securing  a  Roman  Catholic  suc- 
cession to  the  throne.]  By  corruption,  by  in- 
timidation, by  violent  exertions  of  prerogative, 
by  fraudulent  distortions  of  law,  [he  sought]  an 
assembly  which  might  call  itself  a  Parliament, 
md  might  be  willing  to  register  any  edict  of  the 
sovereign.  Returning  ofiicers  must  be  appointed 
who  would  avail  themselves  of  the  slightest  pre- 
;«nce  to  declare  the  king's  friends  duly  elected. 
Every  placeman,  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest, 
imst  be  made  to  understand  that,  if  he  wished 
o  retain  his  oftice,  he  must,  at  this  conjuncture, 
npport  the  throne  by  his  vote  and  interest.  The 
Hgh  Commission,  meanwhile,  would  keep  its 


eye  on  the  clergy.  The  boroughs  which  had 
just  been  remodelled  to  serve  one  turn  might  be 
remodelled  again  to  serve  another.  By  such 
means  the  king  hoped  to  obtain  a  majority  in  the 
House  of  Commons.  [See  No.  1850.] — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  293. 

1§44.  ELECTION,  A  "tie."  Jefferson— Burr. 
The  Democratic  party  triumphed  in  1801,  and 
that  triumph  placed  Thomas  Jefferson  in  the 
Presidential  chair.  But  there  was  a  "tie"  be- 
tween Thomas  Jefferson  and  Aaron  Burr,  each 
of  them  having  received  seventy-three  electoral 
votes.  Not  that  any  single  voter  had  expected 
or  desired  the  elevation  of  Aaron  Burr  to  the  first 
ofliice.  The  diflSculty  arose  from  the  law,  which 
provided  that  the  person  receiving  the  greatest 
number  of  electoral  votes  should  be  President, 
and  that  the  person  who  received  the  number 
next  to  the  highest  should  be  the  Vice-President. 
Jefferson  and  Burr  were  the  Republican  candi- 
dates for  President  and  Vice-President,  and  as 
each  chanced  to  receive  the  same  number  of 
electoral  votes,  neither  of  them  was  elected  to 
either  oflTice,  and  the  choice  devolved  upon  the 
House  of  Representatives.  —  Cyclopedia  op 
BiOG.,  p.  350. 

1§45.  ELECTION,  A  timely.  Rev.  Robert 
NeiDton.  That  Calvinism  was  not  very  dark  or 
sulphurous  seems  to  be  shown  from  his  repeat- 
ing with  gusto  the  saying  of  one  of  the  old  wom- 
en of  Olney  when  some  preacher  dwelt  on  the 
doctrine  of  predestination — "  Ah,  I  have  long 
settled  that  point ;  for  if  God  had  not  chosen  me 
before  I  was  born,  I  am  sure  He  would  have  seen 
nothing  to  have  chosen  me  for  afterward  !" — 
Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  3. 

1§46.  ELECTION,  Unanimous.  Washington. 
The  first  Wednesday  of  January,  1789,  was 
named  as  the  time  for  the  election  of  a  chief 
magistrate.  The  people  had  but  one  voice  as  to 
the  man  that  should  be  honored  with  that  trust. 
Early  in  April  the  ballots  of  the  electore  were 
counted  in  the  presence  of  Congress,  and  George 
Washington  was  unanimously  chosen  President 
and  John  Adams  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  45,  p.  362.  Not 
only  was  every  electoral  vote  cast  for  General 
Washington,  but,  so  far  as  is  known,  he  was  the 
choice  of  every  individual  voter  in  every  State 
of  the  Union. — James  Parton,   Cyclopedia 

OF  BlOG.,  p.  16. 

1§47.  ELECTION,  Unique.  Spartan.  The 
manner  of  the  election  was  this  :  When  the  peo- 
ple were  assembled,  some  persons  appointed  for 
the  purpose  were  shut  up  in  a  room  near  the 
place,  where  they  could  neither  see  nor  be  seen, 
and  only  hear  the  shouts  of  the  constituents  ;  for 
by  them  they  decided  this  and  most  other  affairs. 
Each  candidate  walked  silently  through  the  as- 
sembly, one  after  another,  according  to  lot. 
Those  that  were  shut  up  had  writing-tables,  in 
which  they  set  down  in  different  columns  the 
number  and  loudness  of  the  shouts,  without 
knowing  who  they  were  for  ;  only  they  marked 
them  as  first,  second,  third,  and  so  on,  according  ' 
to  the  number  of  the  competitors.  He  that  had 
the  most  and  loudest  acclamations  was  declared 
duly  elected. — Plutarch's  Lycurgus. 

1§4§. .  Captain  John  Smith.  [Three 

of  the  five  Virginia  councilmen  attempted  to  de- 


^20 


ELECTION— ELOQUENCE. 


sert  the  colony,  and  were  caught  and  impeached 
and  removed.]  Only  Martin  and  Smith  now  re- 
mained ;  the  former  elected  the  latter  president 
of  Virginia  !  It  was  a  forlorn  piece  of  business, 
but  very  necessary  for  the  public  good. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  9,  p.  97. 

1S49.  ELECTION,  Vociferous.  Em,perar  Pom- 
pey.  The  mob  was  packed  so  thick  that  the 
house-tops  were  covered.  A  yell  rose  from  tens 
of  thousands  of  throats,  so  piercing  that  it  was 
said  a  crow  flying  over  the  Forum  dropped  dead 
at  the  sound  of  it.  The  old  patrician  Catulus 
tried  to  speak,  but  the  people  would  not  hear 
him.  The  vote  passed  by  acclamation,  and  Pom- 
pey  was  for  three  years  sovereign  of  the  Roman 
world. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  10. 

1850.  ELECTIONS,  Farcical.  Beign  of  James 
11.  [He  failed  to  secure  a  packed  Parliament, 
by  which  he  hoped  to  destroy  the  established 
church.]  There  was.  .  .  only  one  way  in  which 
they  could  hope  to  effect  their  object.  The  char- 
ters of  the  boroughs  must  be  resumed,  and  other 
charters  must  be  granted  confining  the  elective 
franchise  to  very  small  constituent  bodies  ap- 
pointed by  the  sovereign.  The  judges  them- 
selves were  uneasy.  They  represented  that  what 
they  were  required  to  do  was  in  direct  opposition 
to  the  plainest  principles  of  law  and  justice  ;  but 
all  remonstrance  was  vain.  The  boroughs  were 
commanded  to  surrender  their  charters.  Few 
complied  ;  and  the  course  which  the  king  took 
with  those  few  did  not  encourage  others  to  trust 
him.  In  several  towns  the  right  of  voting  was 
taken  away  from  the  commonalty,  and  given  to 
a  very  small  number  of  persons,  who  were  re- 
quired to  bind  themselves  by  oath  to  support  the 
candidates  recommended  by  the  government.  At 
Tewkesbury,  for  example,  the  franchise  was 
confined  to  thirteen  persons.  Yet  even  this  num- 
ber was  too  large.  Hatred  and  fear  had  spread 
so  widely  through  the  community  that  it  was 
scarcely  possible  to  bring  together,  in  any  town, 
by  any  process  of  packing,  thirteen  men  on 
whom  the  court  could  absolutely  depend.  It  was 
rumored  that  the  majority  of  the  new  constitu- 
ent body  of  Tewkesbury  was  animated  by  the 
same  sentiment  which  was  general  throughout 
the  nation,  and  would,  when  the  decisive  day 
should  arrive,  send  true  Protestants  to  Parlia- 
ment. The  regulators,  in  great  wrath,  threat- 
ened to  reduce  the  number  of  electors  to  three. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  311. 

1 85 1 .  ELECTIONS,  Free.  William  of  Orange. 
[He  ordered  elections  for  members  of  Parliament.  ] 
The  prince  gave  strict  orders  that  no  person  in 
the  public  service  should,  on  this  occasion,  prac- 
tise those  arts  which  had  brought  so  much  oblo- 
quy on  the  late  government.  He  especially  di- 
rected that  no  soldiers  should  be  suffered  to  ap- 
pear in  any  town  where  an  election  was  going 
on. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  559. 

1852.  ELECTIONS,  Venal.  Parliament,  a.d. 
1768.  [Reign  of  George  III.]  Boroughs  were 
sold  openly,  and  votes  purchased  at  advanced 
prices.  The  market  value  of  a  seat  in  Parlia- 
ment was  £4000  ;  at  which  rate  the  whole  venal 
House  would  have  been  bought  for  not  much 
over  £2,000,000,  sterling,  and  a  majority  for  not 
much  over  £1,000,000.  Yet  in  some  places  a 
contest  cost  the  candidates  £20,000  or  £30,000 
apiece,   and  it  was  atfirmed  that  in  Cumber- 


land one  person  lavished  £100,000.  [It  was  the 
last  Parliament]  which  ever  legislated  for  Amer- 
ica.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  33. 

1853.  ELECTEICITY,  Light  of.  Columbus. 
[On  his  second  voyage,]  toward  the  latter  part 
of  October,  they  had  in  the  night  a  gust  of  heavy 
rain,  accompanied  by  the  severe  thunder  and 
lightning  of  the  tropics.  It  lasted  for  four  hours, 
and  they  considered  themselves  in  much  peril, 
until  they  beheld  several  of  those  lambent  flames 
playing  about  the  tops  of  the  masts,  and  gliding 
along  the  rigging,  which  have  always  been  ob- 
jects of  superstitious  fancies  among  sailors.  Fer- 
nando Columbus  makes  remarks  on  them  strong- 
ly characteristic  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived. 
"  On  the  same  Saturday,  in  the  night,  was  seen 
St.  Elmo,  with  seven  lighted  tapers  at  the  top- 
mast :  there  was  much  rain  and  great  thunder ; 
I  mean  to  say,  that  those  lights  were  seen,  which 
mariners  affirm  to  be  the  body  of  St.  Elmo,  on 
beholding  which  they  chant  litanies  and  orisons, 
holding  it  for  certain  that  in  the  tempest  in 
which  he  appears  no  oncls  in  danger." — Irv- 
lng's  Columbus,  Book  6,  ch.  1. 

1854.  ELOQUENCE  of  Action.  Samuel  John- 
son. At  Mr.  Thrale's  in  the  evening,  he  repeat- 
ed his  usual  paradoxical  declamation  against  ac- 
tion in  public  speaking.  ' '  Action  can  have  no 
effect  upon  reasonable  minds.  It  may  augment 
noise,  but  it  never  can  enforce  argument.  If  you 
speak  to  a  dog,  you  use  action ;  you  hold  up 
your  hand  thus,  because  he  is  a  brute ;  and  in 
proportion  as  men  are  removed  from  brutes,  ac- 
tion will  have  the  less  influence  upon  them." 
Mrs.  Thrale  :  "What  then,  sir,  becomes  of 
Demosthenes'  saying,  '  Action,  action,  action '  ?" 
Johnson  :  "  Demosthenes,  madam,  spoke  to  an 
assembly  of  brutes ;  to  a  barbarous  people." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  204. 

1855.  ELOQUENCE  of  Facts.  Appius  Claudius. 
[He  was  a  tyrannical  consul,  and  sought  to  sup- 
press the  plebeians.  ]  In  the  midst  of  the  public  as- 
sembly, a  venerable  figure,  hoary  with  age,  pale 
and  emaciated,  his  countenance  furrowed  with 
anguish,  and  his  whole  appearance  expressive  of 
misery  and  calamity,  stood  up  before  the  tribu- 
nal of  the  consuls,  and  prayed  aloud  for  mercy 
against  the  oppression  of  an  inhuman  creditor. 
Disfigured  as  he  was,  his  countenance  was  known, 
and  many  remembered  to  have  seen  him  in  the 
wars,  where  he  fought  with  great  courage,  and 
had  received  many  honorable  wounds  in  the  ser- 
vice of  his  country.  He  told  his  story  with  af- 
fecting simplicity.  The  enemy,  in  an  mcursion, 
had  ravaged  his  little  farm,  and  set  fire  to  his 
cottage.  Bereft  of  subsistence,  he  had  borrowed, 
to  support  life,  a  small  sum  from  one  of  the  rich 
citizens  ;  the  interest  had  accumulated,  and  be- 
ing quite  unable  to  discharge  the  debt,  he  had 
delivered  himself,  with  two  of  his  children,  into 
bondage.  In  this  situation  he  affirmed  that  his 
merciless  creditor  had  treated  him  as  the  worst 
of  malefactors ;  and  throwing  aside  his  garment, 
he  showed  his  back  all  covered  with  blood  from 
the  recent  strokes  of  the  whip.  This  miserable 
sight  roused  the  populace  to  the  highest  pitch  of 
fury.  They  rushed  upon  the  consul's  tribunal ; 
and  Appius  would  have  been  torn  to  pieces  had 
not  the  lictors  cleared  for  him  a  passage  and  car- 
ried him  off  to  a  place  of  safety.— Tytler's 
Hist..  Book  3.  ch.  3. 


ELOQUENCE— EMIGRATIOI*r. 


221 


1§56.  ELOQUENCE,  Fear  of.  Deinosthenes.  It 
was  in  a  similar  strain  of  glowing  eloquence  that 
Demosthenes  roused  the  torpid  spirits  of  his  coun- 
trymen to  a  vigorous  effort  to  preserve  their  in- 
dependence against  the  designs  of  this  artful  and 
ambitious  prince  ;  and  Philip  had  just  reason  to 
say  that  he  was  more  afraid  of  that  man  than  of 
all  the  fleets  and  armies  of  the  Athenians.  It  was 
highly,  therefore,  to  the  honor  of  the  Athenians 
that  tliey  listened  to  the  counsels  of  this  excel- 
lent orator,  and,  however  unequal  to  the  contest, 
determined  that  they  would  dearly  sell  their  free- 
dom.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3. 

1§57.  ELOQUENCE,  Necessary.  Romans.  It 
must  not  appear  extraordinary  that  this  mode  of 
education  should  have  been  common  to  all  the 
young  patricians,  whether  their  inclination  led 
them  to  the  camp  or  to  the  bar  ;  for  as  every  cit- 
izen of  Rome  was  a  branch  of  its  legislative  sys- 
tem, the  profession  of  arms  became  no  apology 
for  the  want  of  that  ability  of  maintaining  the 
rights  of  the  State  in  the  assemblies  of  the  peo- 
ple, which  was  equally  necessary  with  the  ca- 
pacity of  defending  them  in  the  field.  If  a  pub- 
lic officer  was  accused,  it  was  reckoned  shame- 
ful if  he  could  not  himself  give  an  account  of  his 
conduct,  and  plead  his  own  cause.  A  senator 
who  could  not  support  his  opinion  by  the  inge- 
nuity of  argument  or  force  of  eloquence  was  an 
object  of  contempt  to  the  people. — Tytler's 
Hist.  ,  Book  4,  ch.  3. 

185§.  ELOPEMENT,  Eoyal.  Beauty.  During 
a  visit  which  he  paid  at  Tours  to  Foulques  le 
Rechin,  Count  of  Anjou,  the  king  conceived  a 
violent  passion  for  Bertrade  de  Montfort,  the 
Count's  wife,  reputed  the  most  beautiful  wom- 
an in  the  kingdom.  The  countess,  who  had 
married  her  husband  not  from  affection,  but 
for  the  sake  of  his  rank  and  power,  was  easily 
persuaded  to  elope  from  him  and  to  join  [King] 
Phihp  at  Orleans. — Students'  France,  ch.  7, 
gl4. 

1S59.  EMANCIPATION  advocated.  Massachu- 
netts.  Massachusetts,  where  the  first  planters  as- 
sumed to  themselves  "a  right  to  treat  the  Ind- 
ians on  the  foot  of  Canaanites  or  Amalekites," 
always  opposed  the  introduction  of  slaves  from 
abroad ;  and  in  1701  the  town  of  Boston  in- 
structed its  representatives  "to  put  a  period  to 
negroes  being  slaves." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol. 
8,  ch.  24. 

1860.  EMBARRASSMENT  in  Public.  Bisliop 
Roberts  [was  reared  on  the  Western  frontier,  and 
in  early  life  was  greatly  embarrassed  when  in 
public,  owing  to  a  constitutional  diffidence]. 
For  a  long  time  after  his  appointment  as  class- 
leader  among  his  rustic  neighbors,  he  could  not 
assume  courage  enough  to  address  them  indi- 
vidually, and  it  became  necessary  to  supersede 
him  by  another  leader  until  he  conquered  his 
timidity.  In  his  first  attempt  at  public  exhorta- 
tion he  suddenly  sat  down,  appalled  at  the  intent 
look  of  a  good  man,  whose  favorable  interest  he 
took  for  disapprobation.  At  another  time,  when 
he  was  expected  to  exhort,  he  was  so  alarmed  as 
to  retire  in  agony  and  conceal  himself  in  a  barn. 
In  the  third  attempt  he  proceeded  some  time 
with  good  effect,  but  fearing  he  had  made  a 
blunder,  stopped  short  in  confusion. —  Stevens' 
M.  E.  Church,  vol.  4,  p.  89. 


1§61.  EMBLEM,  Significant.  Wolf.  [Among 
the  early  Turks]  the  emperor's  throne  was  turned 
toward  the  east,  and  a  golden  wolf  on  the  top 
of  a  spear  seemed  to  guard  the  entrance  of  his 
tent. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  42,  p.  202. 

1862.  EMERGENCY,  Deliverance  in.  m7fe»i. 
Prince  of  Orange.  [Invasion  of  England.]  Tor- 
bay  was  the  place  where  the  prince  intended  to 
land.  But  the  morning  of  Monday,  the  5th  of 
November,  was  hazy.  The  pilot  of  the  Brill 
could  not  discern  the  sea-marks,  and  carried  the 
fleet  too  far  to  the  west.  The  danger  was  great. 
To  return  in  the  face  of  the  wind  was  impossi- 
ble. Plymouth  was  the  next  port ;  but  at  Plym- 
outh a  garrison  had  been  posted  under  the 
command  of  Lord  Bath.  The  landing  might  be 
opposed ;  and  a  check  might  produce  serious 
consequences.  There  could  be  little  doubt,  more- 
over, that  by  this  time  the  royal  fleet  had  got 
out  of  the  Thames,  and  was  hastening  full  sail 
down  the  Channel.  Russell  saw  the  whole  ex- 
tent of  the  peril,  and  exclaimed  to  Burnet,  "  You 
may  go  to  prayers,  doctor  ;  all  is  over  !"  At  that 
moment  the  wind  changed  ;  a  soft  breeze  sprang 
up  from  the  south  ;  the  mist  dispersed  ;  the  sun 
shone  forth  ;  and  under  the  mild  light  of  an 
autumnal  noon,  the  fleet  turned  back,  passed 
round  the  lofty  cape  of  Berry  Head,  and  rode 
safe  in  the  harbor  of  Torbay.  [See  more  at 
No.  4550.] — Mac  AULA  y's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  445. 

1§63.  EMIGRANTS,  City  of.  New  Ym-k.  New 
York  was  always  a  city  of  the  world.  Its  set- 
tlers were  relics  of  the  first-fruits  of  the  Refor- 
mation, chosen  from  the  Belgic  provinces  and 
England,  from  France  and  Bohemia,  and  the 
Italian  Alps. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

1S64.  EMIGRANTS,  Dangerous.  Criminals. 
Thieves  or  homicides,  the  spendthrift  or  the 
fraudulent  bankrupt,  the  debtors  to  justice  or 
its  victims,  prisoners  rightfully  or  wrongfully 
detained,  excepting  only  those  arrested  for  trea- 
son or  counterfeiting  money — these  were  to  be 
the  people  by  whom  the  colony  (of  New  France) 
was,  in  part,  to  be  established.  .  .  .  During  the 
winter  one  was  hanged  for  theft ;  several  were 
put  in  irons,  and  "  divers  persons,"  as  well  men  as 
women,  were  whipped. — Bancroft's  Hist,  of 
U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

1865.  EMIGRATION,  Benefits  of.  Greeks.  At 
all  events,  it  is  universally  allowed  that,  from 
the  period  of  those  strangers  settling  among 
them,  the  Greeks  assumed  a  new  character,  and 
exhibited  in  some  respects  the  manners  of  a  civ- 
ilized nation.  The  dawnings  of  a  national  re- 
ligion began  to  appear  ;  for  the  Titans  were  a 
religious  people.  They  taught  the  savages  to 
worship  the  Phoenician  gods,  Ouranos,  Saturn, 
Jupiter,  etc. ,  who  were  nothing  more  than  dei- 
fied heroes  ;  and  by  a  progress  of  ideas  not  un- 
natural, this  rude  people  confounded  in  after 
times  those  gods  with  the  Titans  who  introduced 
them. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  6. 

1866.  EMIGRATION,  MUitary.  Goths.  The 
march  of  Theodoric  must  be  considered  as  the 
emigration  of  an  entire  people  ;  the  wives  and 
children  of  the  Goths,  their  aged  parents,  and 
most  precious  effects  were  carefully  transported; 
and  some  idea  may  be  forrqed  of  the  heavy 
baggage  that  now  followed  the  camp,  by  the  loss 
of  two  thousand  wagons,  which  had  been  sus- 


.)>22 


EMINENCE— EMPLOYMENT. 


tained  in  a  single  action  in  the  war  of  Epirus. 
For  tlieir  subsistence  the  Goths  depended  on 
the  magazines  of  corn,  which  was  ground  in 
portable  mills  by  the  hands  of  their  women  ;  on 
the  milk  and  flesh  of  their  flocks  and  herds  ;  on 
che  casual  produce  of  the  chase,  and  upon  the 
contributions  which  they  might  impose  on  all 
who  should  presume  to  dispute  the  passage,  or 
to  refuse  their  friendly  assistance. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  39,  p.  9. 

1§67.  EMINENCE,  Cowardly.  Roman  Em- 
peror Honorius.  The  Emperor  Honorius  was 
distinguished,  above  his  subjects,  by  the  pre- 
eminence of  fear,  as  well  as  of  rank.  The  pride 
and  luxury  in  which  he  was  educated  had  not 
allowed  him  to  suspect  that  there  existed  on  the 
earth  any  power  presumptuous  enough  to  invade 
the  repose  of  the  successor  of  Augustus.  The 
arts  of  flattery  concealed  the  impending  danger, 
till  Alaric  approached  the  palace  of  Milan. 
[Honorius  fled  from  Alaric,  the  king  of  the  Vis- 
igoths.]— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  30,  p.  201. 

186§.  EMINENCE  by  Worth.  Henry  Wilson. 
On  the  22d  of  November,  1875,  Vice-President 
Wilson,  whose  health  had  been  gradually  fail- 
ing since  his  inaiiguration,  sank  under  a  stroke 
of  paralysis,  and  died  at  Washington  City.  Like 
Roger  Sherman,  he  had  risen  from  the  shoe- 
maker's bench  to  the  highest  honors  of  his  coun- 
try. Without  the  learning  of  Seward  and  Sum- 
ner— without  the  diplomatic  skill  of  the  one 
or  the  oratorial  fame  of  the  other,  he  never- 
theless possessed  those  great  abilities  and  sterling 
merits  which  transmitted  his  name  in  after  times 
on  the  roll  of  patriot  statesmen. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  68,  p.  563 

1869.  EMOTION,  Overpowered  by.  Empress 
Josephine.  [The  imperial  family  and  most  illus- 
trious officers  of  the  empire  were  assembled  at 
the  Tuileries  to  receive  from  Napoleon  and  Jo- 
sephine the  official  announcement,  from  each,  of 
their  intended  divorce.]  Josephine,  holding  a  pa- 
per in  her  hand,  began  to  read.  But  her  heart 
was  broken  with  grief.  Uncontrollable  sobs 
choked  her  voice.  She  handed  the  paper  to  M. 
Reynaud,  and  burying  her  face  in  her  hands,  sank 
into  a  chair.  [In  the  paper  she  declared  her  sac- 
rifice of  personal  happiness  in  the  interest  of  the 
French  people,  who  had  no  hope  of  an  heir  to 
the  throne  from  the  present  union.] — Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.  ,  vol.  2,  ch.  10. 

1870.  EMOTIONS,  Hidden.  American  Indian. 
He  has  little  flexibility  of  features  or  transparency 
of  skin,  and  therefore  if  he  depicts  his  passions, 
it  is  by  strong  contortions,  or  the  kindling  of  the 
eye,  that  seems  ready  to  burst  from  its  socket. 
He  cannot  blush  ;  the  movement  of  the  blood 
does  not  visibly  represent  the  movement  of 
his  aflfections  ...  he  cannot  paint  to  the  eye 
the  emotions  of  moral  sublimity. — Bancroft's 
HiST.U.  S.,  vol.  3,ch.  22. 

1871.  EMOTIONS  from  Success.  Newton. 
Newton  could,  therefore,  at  once  put  his  conject- 
ure to  the  test  of  arithmetic.  He  could  ascer- 
tain two  things  with  the  greatest  exactness  :  1, 
how  much  force  was  required  to  keep  the  mpon 
in  its  orbit ;  and,  2,  with  how  much  force  the 
earth  did  attract  the  moon,  supposing  that  the 
law  of  attraction,  as  established  by  Galileo,  held 
good.     If  these  two  calculations  agreed,  his  con- 


jecture was  a  discovery.  He  tried  them.  They 
did  not  agree.  Busy  with  other  investigations,  j 
he  laid  aside  this  inquiry  for  nineteen  years. 
He  then  learned  that  he,  in  common  with  all  the 
English  astronomers,  was  in  error  as  to  the  dis- 
tance of  the  moon  from  the  earth.  This  error 
being  corrected,  he  repeated  his  calculations. 
When  he  had  brought  them  so  near  to  a  conclu- 
sion that  he  was  all  but  sure  of  the  truth  of  his 
theory,  he  became  so  agitated  that  he  was  un- 
able to  go  on,  and  he  was  obliged  to  ask  a  friend 
to  complete  them.  When  they  were  brought  to 
a  close,  he  saw  that  his  youthful  thought  was  in- 
deed a  sublime,  demonstrated  truth.  Thus  it  was 
that  the  great  law  of  the  attraction  of  gravitation 
was  discovered — the  most  brilliant  and  valuable 
discovery  ever  achieved  by  a  human  mind. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  ,  p.  252. 

1872.  EMPLOYMENT,  Agreeable.  Audubon. 
One  of  the  happiest  men,  and  one  of  the  most 
interesting  characters  we  have  had  in  America, 
was  John  James  Audubon,  the  celebrated  painter 
and  biographer  of  American  birds.  He  was  one 
of  the  few  men  whose  pursuits  were  in  perfect 
accordance  with  his  tastes  and  his  talents.  .  .  . 
Up  with  the  dawn,  and  rambling  about  all  day, 
he  was  the  happiest  of  men  if  he  returned  to  his 
camp  at  evening  carrying  in  his  game-bag  a  new 
specimen  with  which  to  enrich  his  collection. 
He  had  no  thought  whatever  of  publishing  his 
pictures.  "  It  was  no  desire  of  glory,"  he  assures 
us,  "which  led  me  into  this  exile;  I  wished 
only  to  enjoy  nature." — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  163. 

1873.  EMPLOYMENT,  Humble.  Washington. 
He  became  convinced  of  the  defective  nature  of 
the  working  animals  employed  in  the  agriculture 
of  the  Southern  States,  and  set  about  remedying  \ 
the  evil  by  the  introduction  of  mules,  .  .  .  the 
mule  being  longer-lived,  less  liable  to  disease,  re- ' 
quires  less  food,  .  .  .  more  serviceable.  .  .  .  Hej 
received  a  present  from  the  King  of  Spain  of  i 
jack  and  two  jennies.  .  .  .  The  jack,  called  th« 
Boyal  Gift,  was  sixteen  hands  high.  .  .  .  Lafay| 
ette  sent  out  a  jack  and  jennies  from  the  islanfl 
of  Malta.  [Washington  bred  very  superior  mule 
from  his  coach  mares.]— Custis'  WashingtonJ 
vol.  1,  ch.  22. 

1874.  EMPLOYMENT,     Opportune.     Stephet 
A.  Douglas.    In  the  autumn  of  the  year  1833, 
the  town  of  Winchester,  in  Illinois,  there  was 
be  a  great  auction  sale  of  property,  which  dre\ 
to  the  place  a  large  concourse  of  people  from  the 
neighboring  country.    When  the  sale  was  abou| 
to  begin,  the  auctioneer  was  still  unprovide 
with  a  clerk  to  enter  the  goods  as  they  were  sold^ 
and  he  looked  about  for  a  person  to  perform  tha " 
indispensable  labor.    At  that  moment  he  noticed 
on  the  outskirts  of  the  crowd  a  pale,  short,  sickly^ 
looking  young  man,  with  his  coat  upon  hisarmi 
apparently  about  nineteen,  a  stranger  in  the  vij 
cinity,  who  looked  as  though  he  might  be  able 
to  write  and  keep  accounts  well  enough  for  the 
purpose.     He  hailed  him  and  offered  him  the 
place  of  clerk,  at  two  dollars  a  day.     It  so  hap 
pened  that  this  young  man  was  in  very  pressina 
need  of  employment,  for  he  had  recently  arrived 
in  the  State,  and  having  walked  into  Winchester 
that  morning  with  all  his  worldly  effects  upoir 
his  person,  including  a  few  cents  in  his  pockd 
— and  but  a  few — he  was  anxious  how  he  should 


EMPLOYMENT— END. 


223 


get  through  the  week.  He  had  not  a  friend 
within  a  thousand  miles  of  the  spot,  and  his  en- 
tire property  would  not  have  brought  under  the 
hammer  |5.  He  accepted  the  clerkship,  and 
mounted  to  his  place  near  the  auctioneer. — Cy- 
clopedia OP  BroG.,  p.  196. 

I  §75.  EMPLOYMENT  refused.  Oliver  Oold- 
smith.  He  applied  at  one  place,  we  are  told,  for 
employment  in  the  shop  of  a  country  apothecary ; 
but  all  his  medical  science  gathered  in  foreign 
universities  could  not  gain  him  the  management 
of  a  pestal  and  mortar.  He  even  resorted,  it  is 
said,  to  the  stage  as  a  temporary  expedient,  and 
figured  in  low  comedy  at  a  country  town  in 
Kent. — Irving's  GoLDSMixn,  ch.  6,  p.  52. 

1876.  EMPLOYMENT,  Seeking.  John  Fitch. 
[The  great  inventor.  His  wife  was  a  vixen  and 
unendurable.]  Henceforth  he  was  a  wanderer. 
Trudging  along  the  road,  he  offered  himself  as 
.•a  farm-laborer  ;  but  was  refused  on  account  of 
his  slender  and  weakly  frame.  He  tried  to  en- 
list as  a  soldier,  but  could  not  for  the  same  rea- 
son. He  roamed  the  country,  cleaning  clocks 
from  house  to  house.  At  length,  after  many 
wanderings,  he  reached  Trenton,  where  he  lived 
awhile  on  three  pence  a  day,  making  brass  but- 
tons, and  selling  them  about  the  country.  Hav- 
ing,obtained  a  few  shillings  of  his  own,  he  in- 
Tested  them  in  the  purchase  of  an  old  brass  ket- 
tle, which  he  made  up  into  buttons  and  sold  to 
great  advantage. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  149. 

l§yr.  EMPLOYMENT,  Unworthy.  Roman 
Emperor  llonorius.  Honorius  was  without  pas- 
sions, and  consequently  without  talents ;  and 
his  feeble  and  languid  disposition  was  alike  in- 
capable of  discharging  the  duties  of  his  rank, 
or  of  enjoying  the  pleasures  of  his  age.  In  his 
■early  youth  he  made  some  progress  in  the  exer- 
cises of  riding  and  drawing  the  bow ;  but  he 
soon  relinquished  these  fatiguing  occupations, 
.and  the  amusement  of  feeding  poultry  became 
the  serious  and  daily  care  of  the  monarch  of  the 
West,  who  resigned  the  reins  of  empire  to  the 
firm  and  skilful  hand  of  his  guardian  Stilicho. 
The  experience  of  history  will  countenance  the 
suspicion  that  a  prince  who  was  born  in  the  pur- 
ple received  a  worse  education  than  the  meanest 
peasant  of  his  dominions  ;  and  that  the  ambitious 
minister  suffered  him  to  attam  the  age  of  man- 
liood  without  attempting  to  excite  his  courage 
or  to  enlighten  his  understanding.  .  .  .  The  son 
•of  Theodosius  passed  the  summer  of  his  life,  a 
captive  in  his  palace,  a  stranger  in  his  country, 
and  the  patient,  almost  the  indifferent,  spectator 
of  the  ruin  of  the  Western  Empire,  which  was  re- 
peatedly attacked,  and  finally  subverted,  by  the 
|.  -arms  of  the  barbarians.  In  the  eventful  history  of 
a,  reign  of  twenty -eight  years,  it  will  seldom  be 
necessary  to  mention  the  name  of  the  emperor 
Honorius.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  29,  p.  188. 

1§7§. .     Roman    Emperor  Theoclo- 

*ius.  Tlae  ample  leisure  which  he  acquired  by 
neglecting  the  essential  duties  of  his  high  office 
^was  filled  by  idle  amusements  and  unprofitable 
tudies.  Hunting  was  the  only  active  pursuit  that 
bould  tempt  him  beyond  the  limits  of  the  palace  ; 
"but  he  most  assiduously  labored,  sometimes  by 
the  light  of  a  midnight  lamp,  in  the  mechanic 
occupations  of  painting  and  carving  ;  and  the  ele- 
trance  with  which  he  transcribed  religious  books 
■nlitled  the  Roman  emperor  to  the  singular  epi- 


thet of  GalUgraphes,  or  a  fair  writer.  Separated 
from  the  world  by  an  impenetrable  veil,  Theodo- 
sius trusted  the  persons  whom  he  loved  ;  he  loved 
those  who  were  accustomed  to  amuse  and  flat- 
ter his  indolence ;  and  as  he  never  perused  the 
papers  that  were  presented  for  the  royal  signa- 
ture, the  acts  of  injustice  the  most  repugnant  to 
his  character  were  frequently  perpetrated  in  his 
name. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  32,  p.  354. 

1§79.  ENCOURAGEMENT,  Timely.  Lutlier. 
As  Luther  was  passing  to  the  assembly  room  of 
the  diet,  a  noted  commander,  George  von  Frunds- 
berg,  touched  him  on  the  shoulder  and  said, 
"  My  dear  monk,  thou  art  now  about  taking  a 
step  the  like  of  which  neither  I  nor  many  a  com- 
mander on  the  hardest-fought  battle-field  has 
ever  taken.  If  thou  art  right  and  sure  of  thy 
cause,  proceed  in  God's  name,  and  be  of  good 
cheer  ;  God  will  not  forsake  thee." — Rein's  Lu- 
ther, ch.  9,  p.  85. 

18§0. .    Columbus.     [His  crews 

threatened  mutiny.]  Fortunately  the  manifes- 
tations of  the  vicinity  of  land  were  such  on  the 
following  day  as  no  longer  to  admit  a  doubt.  Be- 
sides a  quanity  of  fresh  weeds,  such  as  grow  in 
rivers,  they  saw  a  green  fish  of  a  kind  which 
keeps  about  rocks  ;  then  a  branch  of  thorn  with 
berries  on  it,  and  recently  separated  from  the  tree, 
floated  by  them  ;  then  they  picked  up  a  reed,  a 
small  board,  and,  above  all,  a  staff  artificially 
carved.  All  gloom  and  mutiny  now  gave  way  to 
sanguine  expectation  ;  and  throughout  the  day 
each  one  was  eagerly  on  the  watch,  in  hopes  of 
being  the  first  to  discover  the  long-sought-for 
land. — Irving's  Columbus,  Book  3,  ch.  4. 

1881.  ENCOURAGEMENT,  Visionary.  Colum- 
bus. He  says,  about  the  festival  of  Christmas, 
when  menaced  by  Indian  war  and  domestic  re- 
bellion, when  distrustful  of  those  around  him  and 
apprehensive  of  disgrace  at  court,  he  sank  for  a 
time  into  complete  despondency.  In  this  hour  of 
gloom,  when  abandoned  to  despair,  he  heard  in 
the  night  a  voice  addressing  him  in  words  of  com- 
fort, ' '  O  man  of  little  faith  !  why  art  thou  cast 
down  ?  Fear  nothing,  I  will  provide  for  thee. 
The  seven  years  of  the  term  of  gold  are  not  ex- 
pired ;  in  that,  and  in  all  other  things,  I  will  take 
care  of  thee."  The  seven  years'  term  of  gold  here 
mentioned  alludes  to  a  vow  made  by  Columbus 
on  discovering  the  New  World,  and  recorded  by 
him  in  a  letter  to  the  sovereigns,  that  within 
seven  years  he  would  furnish,  from  the  profits  of 
his  discoveries,  fifty  thousand  foot  and  five  thou- 
sand horse,  for  the  deliverance  of  the  holy  sepul- 
chre, and  an  additional  force  of  like  amount 
within  five  years  afterward.  The  comforting  as- 
surance given  him  by  the  voice  was  corroborated, 
he  says,  that  very  day,  by  intelligence  received 
of  the  discovery  of  a  large  tract  of  country  rich 
in  mines.  This  imaginary  promise  of  divine  aid, 
thus  mysteriously  given,  appeared  to  him  at  pres- 
ent in  still  greater  progress  of  fulfilment.  The 
troubles  and  dangers  of  the  island  had  been  suc- 
ceeded by  tranquillity. — Irving's  Columbus, 
Book  12,  ch.  7. 

1882.  END  recorded.  The.  "  Cliarter  Oak." 
In  1686.  .  .  Andros  was  made  royal  governor  of' 
New  England.  .  .  .  On  the  day  of  his  arrival 
[at  Hartford]  he  invaded  the  provincial  assembly 
while  in  session,  seized  the  minutes,  and  wrote 
Finis  at  the  bottom  of  the  page.     He  demanded 


224 


ENDURANCE— ENERGY. 


the  immediate  surrender  of  the  colonial  char- 
ter. Governor  Treat  pleaded  long  and  earnest- 
ly for  the  precious  document.  Andros  was  in- 
exorable. The  shades  of  evening  fell.  Joseph 
Wadsworth  found  in  the  gathering  darkness  an 
opportunity  to  conceal  the  cherished  parchment 
— a  deed  which  has  made  his  name  and  the  name 
of  a  tree  immortal.  [The  liberties  of  Connecti- 
cut were  restored  two  years  later.] — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  21,  p.  191. 

1§§3.  ENDUEANCE,  German.  General  Dan- 
iel Morgan,  [of  Revolutionar}^  fame,  said :]  As 
to  the  fighting  part  of  the  matter,  the  men  of  all 
nations  are  pretty  much  alike  ;  they  fight  as  much 
as  they  find  necessary,  and  no  more.  But,  sir,  for 
the  grand  essential  in  the  composition  of  the  good 
soldier,  give  me  the  Dutchman — he  starves  well. 
— CusTis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  12. 

1§§4.  ENEMIES,  Detraction  of.  "  Adtocatus 
diaboU."  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the 
person  who  shows  cause  against  the  canoniza- 
tion of  one  proposed  for  sainthood  is  called  advo- 
catus  diaboli.  He  insists  upon  the  weak  points 
in  the  good  man's  or  woman's  life.  Hence  the 
name  is  sometimes  applied  to  all  who  delight  in 
detracting  from  the  characters  of  good  men. 
Most  men  have  their  adwcatus  diaboli. — Ameri- 
can Cyclopedia,  "Advocate." 

1§§5,  ENEMIES  divided.  Spanish  Armada. 
The  Armada  lay  oif  Calais,  with  its  largest  ships 
ranged  outside,  "like  strong  castles  fearing  no 
assault,  the  lesser  placed  in  the  middle  ward." 
The  English  admiral  could  not  attack  them  in 
their  position  without  great  disadvantage,  but  on 
the  night  of  the  29th  he  sent  eight  fire-ships 
among  them,  with  almost  equal  effect  to  that  of 
the  fire-ships  which  the  Greeks  so  often  employ- 
ed against  the  Turkish  fleets  in  their  late  war  of 
independence.  The  Spaniards  cut  their  cables, 
and  put  to  sea  in  confusion.  One  of  the  largest 
galeasses  ran  foul  of  another  vessel,  and  was 
stranded.  The  rest  of  the  fleet  was  scattered 
about  on  the  Flemish  coast,  and  when  the  morn- 
ing broke  it  was  with  difficulty  and  delay  that 
they  obeyed  their  admiral's  signal  to  range  them- 
selves round  him  near  Graveliness.  Now  was 
the  golden  opportunity  for  the  English  to  assail 
them,  and  prevent  them  from  ever  letting  loose 
Parma's  flotilla  against  England,  and  nobly  was 
that  opportunity  used.  Drake  and  Fenner  were 
the  first  English  captains  who  attacked  the  un- 
wieldy leviathans. — Decisive  Battles,  §  430. 

1§86.  ENEMIES  neglected.  Turkmans.  The 
shepherds  were  converted  into  robbers  ;  the  bands 
of  robbers  were  collected  into  an  army  of  con- 
querors ;  as  far  as  Ispahan  and  the  Tigris,  Per- 
sia was  afflicted  by  their  predatorj'^  inroads  ;  and 
the  Turkmans  were  not  ashamed  or  afraid  to 
measure  their  courage  and  numbers  with  the 
proudest  sovereigns  of  Asia.  Massoud,  the  son 
and  successor  of  Mahmud,  had  too  long  neglect- 
ed the  advice  of  his  wisest  Omrahs.  "  Your  ene- 
mies," they  repeatedly  urged,  "were  in  their 
origin  a  swarm  of  ants ;  they  are  now  little 
snakes  ;  and,  unless  they  be  instantly  crushed, 
they  will  acquire  the  venom  and  magnitude  of 
serpents." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  57,  p.  506. 

1§87.  ENEMIES.  Partiality  to.  Philip  of  Mace- 
don.  Scarcely  was  he  seated  on  the  throne,  when 
lie  was  attacked  from  every  quarter.     The  Illy- 


rians  and  the  Pa?onians  made  inroads  upon  his 
territories.  Two  rival  princes,  Pausanias  and 
Argaeus,  relations  of  the  last  monarch,  disputed 
his  title,  each  claiming  the  sovereignty  for  him- 
self. The  Thracians  armed  for  Pausanias,  the 
Athenians  for  Argaeus.  Philip  disarmed  the  Paeo- 
nians  by  bribes  and  promises.  The  Thracians 
were  won  by  a  similar  policy.  He  gained  a  vic- 
tory over  the  Athenians,  in  which  his  rival  Ar^ 
gaeus  lost  his  life  ;  and  having  thus  accomplished 
the  security  of  his  title  to  the  throne,  he  attained 
with  the  people  of  Athens  the  character  of  ex- 
treme moderation  and  generosity,  by  sending 
back  to  their  country,  without  ransom,  all  the 
prisoners  he  had  taken  in  battle.  In  this  manner, 
by  the  most  dexterous  policy,  he  removed  a  part 
of  his  enemies,  that  he  might  have  the  rest  at  his 
mercy. — Tytler'sHist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3,  p.  169. 
1 8§8.  ENEMY,  Generous.  Luther.  Miltitz 
[the  Pope's  ambassador]  had  made  an  appoint- 
ment to  meet  Tetzel  at  Altenburg,  in  Saxony,  to 
reprimand  him  for  his  excesses.  But  the  latter, 
fearing  the  popular  wrath,  did  not  dare  to  under- 
take the  journey.  After  Miltitz  had  concluded 
his  conference  with  Luther,  he  went  to  Leipsic, 
and  meeting  Tetzel  he  administered  so  severe  a 
reproof  that  he  sickened  and  died  of  chagrin  in 
a  Dominican  cloister,  July  4,  1519.  Luther  wrote 
Tetzel  a  comforting  letter  during  his  sickness — 
an  evidence  of  the  nobility  of  soul  and  large- 
heartedness  of  the  great  Reformer. — Rein's  Lu- 
ther, ch.  5,  p.  59. 

18§9.  ENEMY,  Weapons  from  the.  Revolution- 
ary War.  [For  Sumter's  regiment  in  South 
Carolina]  bullets  were  cast  of  pewter,  collected 
from  housekeepers.  With  scarcely  three  rounds 
of  cartridges  to  a  man,  they  could  obtain  no 
more  but  from  their  foes  ;  and  the  arms  of  the 
dead  and  wounded  in  one  engagement  must 
equip  them  for  another. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  10,  ch.  15. 

1 8S0.  ENEEGY  complimented.  Napoleon  I. 
With  such  tremendous  energy  did  he  do  this  [at- 
tack English  and  Austrian  armies],  that  he  re- 
ceived from  his  antagonists  the  complimentary 
sobriquet  of  the  one  hundred  thousand  men. 
Wherever  Napoleon  made  his  appearance  in  the 
field,  his  presence  alone  was  considered  equal  to 
that  force. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  19. 

1§91.  ENEEGY,  Expression  of.  General  Grant. 
[At  the  battle  of  Fort  Donelson,  when  ready  for 
the  final  assault.  General  Buckner,  the  Confed- 
erate commander,  proposed  an  armistice  to  settle 
terms  of  capitulation.]  Grant  wanted  no  armis- 
tice. He  knew  hi?;  advantage ;  ...  he  replied  : 
' '  No  terms  but  unconditional  and  immediate  sur- 
render can  be  accepted.  I  propose  to  mm>e  imme- 
diately upon  your  works."  [Buckner  surrender- 
ed.]— Headley's  Grant,  p.  68. 

1§92.  ENEEGY,  Individual.  Tribune  Biemi. 
Never  perhaps  has  the  energy  and  effect  of  a  sin- 
gle mind  been  more  remarkably  felt  than  in  the 
sudden  though  transient  reformation  of  Rome 
by  the  tribune  Rienzi.  A  den  of  robbers  was 
converted  to  the  discipline  of  a  camp  or  a  con- 
vent ;  patient  to  hear,  swift  to  redress,  inexora- 
ble to  punish,  his  tribunal  was  always  accessible 
to  the  poor  and  the  stranger ;  nor  could  birth 
or  dignity  or  the  immunities  of  the  Church  pro- 
tect the  offender  or  his  accomplices.     The  priv 


ENERGY— ENTERPRISE. 


225 


ileged  houses,  the  private  sanctuaries  in  Rome, 
on  which  no  officer  of  justice  would  presume  to 
trespass,  were  abolished  ;  and  he  applied  the  tim- 
ber and  iron  of  their  barricades  in  the  fortifica- 
tions of  the  Capitol.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  70, 
p.  477. 

1§93.  ENERGY,  Military.  Emperor  Trajan. 
Careless  of  the  difference  of  seasons  and  of  cli- 
mates, he  marched  on  foot,  and  bareheaded,  over 
the  snows  of  Caledonia  and  the  sultry  plains  of 
Upper  Egypt ;  nor  was  there  a  province  of  the 
empire  which,  in  the  course  of  his  reign,  was 
not  honored  with  the  presence  of  the  monarch. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1,  p.  9. 

1§94.  ENERGY  of  Patriotism.  Israel  PutTiam. 
A.D  1775.  On  the  morning  [following  the  fight 
at  Concord]  .  .  ,  Israel  Putnam,  ...  in  leather 
frock  and  apron,  was  assisting  hired  men  to  build 
a  stone  wall  on  his  farm,  when  he  heard  the  cry 
from  Lexington.  Leaving  them  to  continue  their 
task,  he  set  off  instantly  to  rouse  the  militia  offi- 
cers of  the  nearest  towns.  On  his  return  he 
found  hundreds  who  had  mustered  and  chosen 
him  their  leader.  Issuing  orders  for  them  to 
follow,  he  himself  pushed  forward,  without 
changing  the  checked  shirt  he  had  worn  in  the 
field,  and  reached  Cambridge  at  sunrise,  .  .  . 
having  rode  the  same  horse  one  hundred  miles 
in  eighteen  hours. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  29. 

1§95.  E]NERGY,  Success  by.  Wolsey.  [Thom- 
as Wolsey,  afterward  the  great  cardinal,  was  a 
priest  at  Magdalen  College,  and  subsequently 
chaplain  of  Henry  VII.]  His  promotion  in  that 
€0urt  arose  out  of  his  capacity  to  seize  upon  a  fit 
occasion  for  the  display  of  remarkable  energy. 
It  is  an  attribute  of  genius  thus  to  make  its  op- 
portunities, while  the  ordinary  man  passes  them 
by.  [Wolsey  was  sent  as  a  confidential  messen- 
ger to  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  then  in  Flan- 
ders.] Having  received  his  instructions  from 
the  king,  he  left  Richmond  at  noon,  took  the 
ferry-boat  at  Gravesend,  went  on  with  horses  to 
Dover,  had  a  quick  passage  to  Calais,  discharged 
his  commission  to  the  emperor  on  the  second 
night,  travelled  back  to  Calais  the  next  day,  and 
was  again  at  Richmond  on  the  fourth  evening. 
This  was  an  extraordinary  journey  for  those 
times.  Presenting  himself  to  the  king  on  the  fol- 
lowing morning,  he  was  angrily  asked  why  he 
had  not  set  forth  on  his  travel.  [Henry  present- 
ed him  with  the  deanery  of  Lincoln.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  16,  p.  265. 

1896.  ENERGY,  Surpassing.  Malwmet  II.  [To 
the  ambassadors  of  Constantine,  who  protested 
against  the  erection  of  a  threatening  fortress  :] 
"  Return  and  inform  your  king  that  the  present 
Ottoman  is  far  different  from  his  predecessors  ; 
that  Ms  resolutions  surpass  their  wishes ;  and 
that  he  performs  more  than  they  could  resolve. 
Return  in  safety  ;  but  the  next  who  delivers  a 
similar  message  may  expect  to  be  flayed  alive." 
After  this  declaration  Constantine,  the  first  of 
the  Greeks  in  spirit  as  in  rank,  had  determined 
to  unsheathe  the  sword,  and  to  resist  the  ap- 
proach and  establishment  of  the  Turks  on  the 
Bosphorus. —Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  68,  p.  375. 

1§97.  ENGINEERS,  Service  of.  War  in  Nether- 
lands. When  we  contemplate  [William,  Prince 
of  Orange]  this  feeble-bodied  man,   with  the 


most  heroic  spirit,  one  day  in  the  trenches,  an- 
other day  on  horseback  from  morning  till  night, 
.  .  .  we  can  understand  the  confidence  he  won  ; 
,  .  .  but  while  we  admire  the  perseverance  of 
William  and  the  undaunted  courage  of  all  the 
troops  of  the  allies,  we  must  not  forget  that 
much  of  the  success  was  due  to  the  science  of 
the  engineer,  Coehorn,  the  great  rival  of  Vau- 
ban. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  12,  p.  180. 

1§9§.  ENGRAVING  invented.  Mezzotinto.  It 
was  invented  by  the  celebrated  Prince  Rupert, 
son  of  the  Elector  Palatine,  about  the  year  1650  ; 
and  the  hint  was  conceived  from  observing  the 
effect  of  rust  upon  a  soldier's  fusil,  in  covering 
the  surface  of  the  iron  with  innumerable  small 
holes  at  regular  distances.  Rupert,  who  was  a 
great  mechanical  genius  and  virtuoso,  concluded 
that  a  contrivance  might  be  found  to  cover  a  plate 
of  copper  with  such  a  regular  ground  of  holes 
so  closely  pierced  as  to  give  a  black  impression, 
which,  if  scraped  away  in  proper  parts,  would 
leave  the  rest  of  the  paper  white  ;  that  thus  light 
and  shade  might  be  as  finely  blended,  or  as 
strongly  distinguished,  as  by  the  pencil  in  paint- 
ing. He  tried  the  experiment  by  means  of  an 
indented  steel  roller,  and  it  succeeded  to  his 
wishes.  A  crenulated  chisel  is  now  used  to 
make  the  rough  ground  in  place  of  the  roller. 
This  art  has  been  brought  to  very  high  perfec- 
tion. Its  characteristic  is  a  softness  equal  to 
that  of  the  pencil,  and  it  is  therefore  particularly 
adapted  to  portraits ;  and  nothing  except  the 
power  of  colors  can  express  flesh  more  naturally, 
the  flowing  of  hair,  the  folds  of  drapery,  or  the 
reflection  from  polished  surfaces.  Its  defect  is, 
that  where  there  is  one  great  mass  of  shade  in 
the  picture  it  wants  an  outline  to  detach  and 
distinguish  the  different  parts,  Avhich  are  thus 
almost  lost  in  one  entire  shade  ;  but  in  the  blend- 
ing of  light  and  shade  there  is  no  other  mode  of 
engraving  that  approaches  to  it  in  excellence. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  22. 

1899.  ENMITY,  Persistent.  Cato.  [Cato  gave] 
a  stronger  instance  of  his  enmity  to  Carthage  ; 
he  never  gave  his  opinion  in  the  Senate  upon  any 
other  point  whatever  without  adding  these 
words :  "  And  my  opinion  is,  that  Carthage 
should  be  destroyed."  Scipio,  surnamed  Nasica, 
made  it  a  point  to  maintain  the  contrary,  and 
concluded  all  his  speeches  thus  :  "  And  my  opin- 
ion is,  that  Carthage  should  be  left  standing."— 

PliUTARCH. 

1 900.  ENMITY,  Race.  Normans.  In  no  coun- 
try has  the  enmity  of  race  been  carried  far- 
ther than  in  England.  .  .  .  His  ordinary  form 
of  indignant  denial  was,  "Do  you  take  me  for 
an  Englishman  ?"  The  descendant  of  such  a 
gentleman  one  hundred  years  later  was  proud 
of  the  English  name. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1, 
p.  15. 

1901.  ENTERPRISE,  Vast.  Pacific  Railroad. 
This  vast  enterprise  was  projected  as  early  as 
1853,  but  ten  years  elapsed  before  the  work  of 
construction  actually  began.  The  first  division 
extended  from  Omaha  .  to  Ogden,  ...  a 
thousand  and  thirty -two  miles  ;  the  western  di- 
vision, called  the  Central  Pacific,  .  .  .  from  Og- 
den to  San  Francisco,  a  distance  of  eight  hun- 
dred and  eighty-two  miles.  On  the  10th  of  May, 
1869,  the  great  work  was  completed. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  68,  p.  553. 


226 


ENTERTAINMENT— ENVY. 


1902.  ENTEETAINMENT,  Genius  for.  Paulus 
JEmilius.  [After  Paulus  ^milius  had  subdued 
the  Macedonians,  he  made  great  entertainments.] 
And  he  showed  so  just  a  discernment  in  the  order- 
ing, the  placing,  and  saluting  of  his  guests,  and 
in  distinguishing  what  degree  of  civility  was  due 
to  every  man's  rank  and  quality,  that  the  Greeks 
were  amazed  at  his  knowledge  of  matters  of 
mere  politeness,  and  that  amid  his  great  actions 
even  trifles  did  not  escape  his  attention,  but  were 
conducted  with  the  greatest  decorum.  That 
which  afforded  him  the  highest  satisfaction 
was,  that,  notwithstanding  the  magnificence 
and  variety  of  his  preparations,  he  himself  gave 
the  greatest  pleasure  to  those  he  entertained. 
And  to  those  that  expressed  their  admiration  of 
his  management  on  these  occasions,  he  said  that 
it  required  the  same  genius  to  draw  up  an  army 
and  to  order  an  entertainment ;  that  the  one 
might  be  most  formidable  to  the  enemy,  and  the 
other  most  agreeable  to  the  company. — Plu- 
tarch's Paulus  ^mililus. 

1903.  ENTHUSIASM,  Patriotic.  "Indepen- 
dence Hall."  All  day  long  the  old  bellman  of 
the  State  House  had  stood  in  the  steeple,  ready 
to  sound  the  note  of  freedom  to  the  city  and  the 
nation.  The  hours  went  by ;  the  gray -haired 
veteran  in  the  belfry  grew  discouraged,  and  be- 
gan to  say,  "They  will  never  do  it — they  will 
never  do  \t"\i.e.  ,sign  the  Declaration  of  American 
Independence].  Just  then  the  lad  who  had  been 
stationed  below  ran  out  and  exclaimed,  at  the  top 
of  his  voice,  "  Ring  !  ring  !"  and  the  aged  patriot 
did  ring  as  he  never  did  before.  .  .  .  Everywhere 
the  declaration  was  received  with  enthusiastic 
applause. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  39,  p.  309. 

1901.  ENTHUSIASM,  Persistent.  Lord  Nel- 
son. [At  the  battle  of  Copenhagen,  1801,  Nel- 
son was  vice-admiral,  and  led  the  attack  against 
the  Danish  fleet.  By  accident  one  fourth  of 
the  fleet  were  unable  to  participate,  and  the 
battle  became  very  destructive.  Admiral  Parker, 
a  conservative  and  aged  ofiicer,  seeing  how  little 
progress  was  made  after  three  hours'  conflict, 
signalled  the  fleet  to  discontinue  the  engagement.  ] 
That  signal  was  No.  39.  Nelson  continued  to 
walk  the  deck,  without  appearing  to  notice  the 
signal.  "  Shall  I  repeat  it  ?  "  said  the  signal 
lieutenant.  "No  ;  acknowledge  it."  He  turned 
to  the  captain  :  "  You  know,  Foley,  I  have  only 
one  eye.  I  can't  see  it,"  putting  his  glass  to  his 
blind  eye.  "  Nail  my  signal  for  close  action  to 
the  mast,"  cried  Nelson.  [The  battle  was  a  suc- 
cess, and  the  Danish  fleet  destroyed.  J — Knight's 
Eno.,  vol.  7,  ch.  23,  p.  404. 

1 905 .  ENTHUSIASM  for  Philosophy.  Archim- 
edes. It  is  related  of  him,  that  being  perpetu- 
ally charmed  by  a  domestic  siren—  that  is,  his 
geometry,  he  neglected  his  meat  and  drink,  and 
took  no  care  of  his  person ;  that  he  was  often 
carried  by  force  to  the  baths,  and  when  there  he 
would  make  mathematical  figures  in  the  ashes, 
and  with  his  finger  draw  lines  upon  his  body 
when  it  was  anointed  ;  so  much  was  he  transport- 
ed with  intellectual  delight,  such  an  enthusiast 
in  science.  And  though  he  was  the  author  of 
many  curious  and  excellent  discoveries,  yet  he 
is  said  to  have  desired  his  friends  only  to  place 
on  his  tombstone  a  cylinder  containing  a  sphere, 
and  to  set  down  the  proportion  which  the  contain- 


ing solid  bears  to  the  contained. — Plutarch's 
Marcellus. 

1906.  ENTHUSIASM,  Remarkable.  Joan  of 
Arc.  She  honestly  believed  herself  inspired  by 
Heaven,  and  she  infused  into  others  that  belief. 
An  enthusiast  herself,  she  filled  a  dispirited  sol- 
diery and  a  despairing  people  with  enthusiasm. 
The  great  secret  of  her  success  was  the  boldness 
of  her  attacks. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  4, 
p.  87. 

1907.  ENTHUSIASM,  A  Soldier's.  Battle  of 
Manassas.  [A  Confederate  soldier,  wounded  in 
the  breast,  was  being  carried  off  the  field  by  his 
comrades.  An  officer  expressed  his  sympathy.  ] 
"Yes,  yes!"  was  his  reply,  "they  have  done 
for  me  now,  but  my  father's  there  yet !  our  army 
is  there  yet  !  our  cause  is  there  yet !"  and  rais- 
ing himself  from  the  arms  of  his  companions, 
his  face  lighting  up  like  a  sunbeam,  he  cried 
with  an  enthusiasm  I  shall  never  forget,  "and 
Liberty  is  there  yet !"  His  spasmodic  exertion 
was  too  much  for  him  ;  .  .  .  he  swooned  away. — 
Pollard's  First  Year  of  the  War,  ch.  4, 
p.  121. 

1908.  ENTHUSIASTS,  Gospel.  Quakers. 
George  Fox  did  not  fail  by  letter  to  catechise 
Innocent  XI.  Ploughmen  and  milkmaids,  be- 
coming itinerant  preachers,  sounded  the  alarm 
throughout  the  world,  and  appealed  to  the  con- 
sciences of  Puritans  and  Cavaliers,  of  the  Pope 
and  the  Grand  Turk,  of  the  negro  and  the  sav- 
age. The  plans  of  the  Quakers  designed  no  less 
than  the  establishment  of  a  universal  religion  ; 
their  apostles  made  their  way  to  Rome  and  Je- 
rusalem, to  New  England  and  Egypt ;  and  some 
were  even  moved  to  go  toward  China  and  Japan. 
The  rise  of  the  people  called  Quakers  is  one  of 
the  memorable  events  in  the  history  of  man.  It 
marks  the  moment  when  intellectual  freedom 
was  claimed  unconditionally  by  the  people  as  an 
inalienable  birthright. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  ch, 
16,  vol.  2. 

1909.  ENVY  rebuked.  Oliver  Goldsmith.  Upon 
another  occasion,  when  Goldsmith  confessed 
himself  to  be  of  an  envious  disposition,  I  contend- 
ed with  Johnson  that  we  ought  not  to  be  angry 
with  him,  he  was  so  candid  in  owning  it.  "Nay, 
sir,"  said  Johnson,  ' '  we  must  be  angry  that  a  man 
has  such  a  superabundance  of  an  odious  quality 
that  he  cannot  keep  it  within  his  own  breast,  but 
it  boils  over."  In  my  opinion,  however,  Gold- 
smith had  not  more  of  it  than  other  people  have, 
but  only  talked  of  it  freely. — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  220. 

1910.  ENVY  of  Reputation.  Aristides.  At  the 
time  that  Aristides  was  banished,  when  the  people 
were  inscribing  the  names  on  the  shells,  it  is  re- 
ported that  an  illiterate  burgher  came  up  to  Aris- 
tides, whom  he  took  for  some  ordinary  person, 
and  giving  him  his  shell,  desired  him  to  write 
Aristides  upon  it.  The  good  man,  surprised  at 
the  adventure,  asked  him  whether  Aristides  had 
ever  injured  him.  "No,"  said  he,  "nor  do  I 
even  know  him  ;  but  it  vexes  me  to  hear  him 
everywhere  called  the  Just."  Aristides  made  no 
answer,  but  took  the  shell,  and  having  Avritten 
his  own  name  upon  it,  returned  it  to  the  man. 
When  he  quitted  Athens,  he  lifted  up  his  hand* 
toward  Heaven,  and,  agreeably  to  his  character, 
made  a  prayer,   very  different    from  that  of 


ENVY— EQUIVOCATION. 


237 


Achilles — namely,  that  the  people  of  Athens 
might  never  see  the  day  which  should  force 
them  to  remember  Aristides.— Plutakch's  Akis- 

TIDES. 

191 1.  ENVY,  TTnhappiness  of.  Henry  III. 
[After  his  victory  over  the  German  auxiliaries] 
the  king  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  made  his  tri- 
umphal entry, . . .  but  found,  to  his  extreme  mor- 
tification, that  the  entire  credit  and  glory  of  the 
campaign  was  assigned  by  the  Parisians  to  their 
idol,  the  Duke  of  Guise.  "  Saul  has  slain  his 
thousands,"  cried  the  multitude,  "but  David  his 
ten  thousands." — Students'  France,  ch.  17, 
§  8,  p.  355. 

1912.  EPIDEMIC,  Destructive.  India.  [In 
1818  the  British  army  in  India]  was  encamped 
in  low  ground,  on  the  banks  of  a  tributary  of 
the  Jumna.  The  Indian  cholera  morbus  had  as- 
cended the  valley  of  the  Ganges,  and  reaching 
the  camp  of  the  main  British  army  destroyed, 
in  a  little  more  than  a  week,  one  tenth  of  the 
number  there  crowded  together.  —  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  12,  p.  417. 

1913.  EPICUEES,  Eeputed.  English.  [The 
English  people  were  called  epicures  by  the  impov- 
erished Scots,  who  opposed  the  union  of  the  two 
nations.  They  were  said  to  be]  devoted  to  Dutch 
cabbages  and  wheaten  bread,  and  despising  hon- 
est kale  and  oatmeal. — Knight's  Eng.,vo1.  5, 
ch.  21,  p.  322. 

1914.  EPISCOPACY,  Fictitious.  Roman. 
[Reign  of  James  II.  Adda,  the  Pope's  nuncio 
in  England,]  had,  by  a  fiction  often  used  in  the 
Church  of  Rome,  been  lately  raised  to  the  epis- 
copal dignity  without  having  the  charge  of  any 
see.  He  was  called  Archbishop  of  Amasia,  the 
birthplace  of  Mithridates,  an  ancient  citj"^  of 
■which  all  trace  had  long  disappeared.  —  Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  249. 

1915.  EPITAPH,  Unique.  Kihu  Yale.   [Chief 
founder  of  Yale  College.]     Elilm  Yale  lived  to 
the  age  of  seventy-three  years,  dying  in  1721,  and 
was  buried  at  Wrexam.'in  Wales.     The  epitaph 
on  his  tombstone  is  still  legible.     After  the  date 
of  his  birth  and  death  these  lines  follow  : 
Born  in  America,  in  Europe  bred, 
In  Africa  travelled,  and  in  Asia  wed, 
Where  long  he  lived  and  thrived  :  at  London, 

dead. 
Much  good,  some  ill,  he  did  ;  so  hope  all's  even. 
And  that  his  soul  through  mercy's  gone  to  heav- 
en. 

>You  that  survive  and  read,  take  care 
For  this  most  certain  exit  to  prepare  ; 
For  only  the  actions  of  the  just 
Smell  sweet  and  blossom  in  the  dust. 

— Cyclopedia  op  Bigg.  ,  p.  594. 
1S16.  EQUALITY,  Religious.    Mohammedan. 

■  One  of  the  princes  of  Roman  Syria,  Djabalah, 
adopted  the  faith  of  the  conquerors.  .  .  .  Omar 
took  him  along  with  him,  at  the  epoch  of  the 
pilgrimage,  to  accomplish  the  rites  of  Islamism  at 
'  Medina.  The  Syrian  prince,  arrayed  in  silken  ap- 
parel, and  wearing  a  crown  decked  with  priceless 
pearls — which  resembled  the  ear-drop  of  Maria, 
of  which  this  princess  had  made  a  present  to  the 
temple  of  Mecca  at  the  moment  of  her  conver- 
sion— followed  by  magnificent  horses  of  Nedjid, 
which  his  .slaves  were  leading  by  the  hand,  ac- 
companied Omar  in  his  stations  around  the  holy 


edifice.  A  Bedouin  of  the  tribe  of  Fezara,  who 
was  walking  behind  him,  trod  on  the  tail  of  his 
cloak,  and  made  it  fall  from  his  shoulders.  Dja- 
balah turned  around  angry,  gave  this  man  a  slap, 
and  cut  him  on  the  face.  'The  Fezarian  claimed 
of  Omar  satisfaction  for  this  outrage.  "Thou 
hast  stricken  him  ?"  asked  the  Khalif  of  Dja- 
balah. "  Yes,"  replied  the  latter,  "  and  but  for 
my  veneration  for  the  Kaaba,  I  would  have  clo- 
ven his  hand  with  my  sword."  "  Thou  avo west 
the  act,"  rejoined  Omar  ;  "  thoii  must  purchase 
then  from  the  offended  party  a  desistance  from 
tlie  complaint."  "  And  if  I  am  unwilling  to  do 
it  ?"  ' '  Then  thou  wilt  be  subject  to  the  penalty  of 
retaliation.  I  will  order  that  this  Bedouin  shall 
strike  thee  upon  the  face,  as  thou  hast  stricken 
him."  "  But  I  am  a  king,  and  he  is  but  an  ob- 
scure individual."  "The  king  and  the  beggar 
are  equal  before  the  Mussulman  law  ;  thou  hast 
over  him  but  the  superiority  of  physical  force." 
' '  I  had  thought  I  would  be  still  more  honored 
in  Islamism  than  in  my  former  religion."  "  No 
more  words  ;  satisfy  the  complainant,  or  submit 
to  retaliation." — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  173. 

1917.  EQUALITY,  Sentimental.  Napoleon  I. 
[He  professed  to  believe  in  the  nobility  of  merit 
and  the  equality  of  men.]  Murat  sought  Napo- 
leon's sister  Caroline  for  a  bride.  ' '  Murat ! 
Murat  !"  said  Napoleon,  thoughtfully  and  hesi- 
tatingly. "  He  is  the  son  of  an  inn-keeper.  In 
the  elevated  rank  [of  First  Consul]  to  which  I 
have  attained,  I  cannot  mix  my  blood  with  his." 
[He  afterward  consented  as  a  matter  of  policy.] 
— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  16. 

191§.  EQUIVOCATION  declined.  John  Huss. 
Huss .  .  .  railed  against  the  ecclesiastical  hier- 
archy and  the  disorderly  lives  of  the  popes  and 
bishops.  He  was  cited  to  appear  before  the 
council  of  Constance,  and  was  examined  touch- 
ing the  most  obnoxious  passages  of  his  writings. 
To  deny  the  hierarchy,  and  to  reproach  the  con- 
duct and  morals  of  the  bishops,  were  sufficient 
crimes  in  the  judgment  of  a  council  of  these 
bishops,  and  Huss  was  condemned  to  be  burnt 
alive.  He  might  have  saved  his  life  by  simply 
declaring  that  he  abjured  all  his  errors.  The 
Emperor  Sigismund,  who  wanted  to  save  him, 
thus  reasoned  with  him  :  "  What  harm  can  there 
be,"  said  he,  "  in  any  man  declaring  that  he  ab- 
jures his  errors  ?  I  am  ready  this  moment  to 
declare  that  I  abjure  all  my  errors ;"  but  John 
Huss  was  too  sincere  to  save  his  life  by  an  equiv- 
ocation, and  he  suffered  death  with  heroic  cour- 
age.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  11. 

1919.  EQUIVOCATION,  Ingenious.  Beign  of 
James  II.  [William,  Prince  of  Orange,  issued  a 
manifesto  announcing  the  invitation  of  the  prel- 
ates to  an  invasion  of  England.]  Bishop  Comp- 
ton  was  called  into  the  royal  closet  and  asked 
whether  he  believed  that  there  was  the  slightest 
ground  for  the  prince's  assertion.  The  bishop 
was  in  a  strait,  for  he  was  himself  one  of  the 
seven  who  had  signed  the  invitation ;  and  his 
conscience,  not  a  very  enlightened  conscience, 
would  not  suffer  him,  it  seems,  to  utter  a  direct 
falsehood.  "  Sir,"  he  said,  "  I  am  quite  confi- 
dent that  there  is  not  one  of  my  brethren  who  is 
not  as  guiltless  as  myself  in  this  matter."  The 
equivocation  was  ingenious ;  but  whether  the 
difference  between  the  sin  of  such  an  equivoca- 
tion and  the  sin  of  a  lie  be  worth  any  expense  of 


228 


EQUIVOCATION— ETIQUETTE. 


ingenuity  may  perhaps  be  doubted.  The  king 
was  satisfied.  "I  fully  acquit  you  all,"  he 
said  ;  "  but  I  think  it  necessary  that  you  should 
publiclycontradict  the  slanderous  charge  brought 
against  you  in  the  prince's  declaration."  The 
bishop  very  naturally  begged  that  he  might  be 
allowed  to  read  the  paper  which  he  was  required 
to  contradict ;  but  the  king  would  not  suffer 
him  to  look  at  it.  [At  another  interview,  J  when 
Compton's  turn  came,  he  parried  the  question 
with  an  adroitness  which  a  Jesuit  might  have 
envied.  "  I  gave  your  Majesty  my  answer  yes- 
terday."— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  440. 

1920.  EQUIVOCATION,  Oracular.  FaU.  [Con- 
stantine  was  approaching  the  city  with  a  great 
army.]  Before  Maxentius  left  Rome,  he  consult- 
ed the  Sibylline  books.  The  guardians  of  these 
ancient  oracles  were  as  well  versed  in  the  arts  of 
this  world  as  they  were  ignorant  of  the  secrets  of 
fate  ;  and  they  returned  him  a  very  prudent  an- 
swer, which  might  adapt  itself  to  the  event,  and 
secure  their  reputation,  whatever  should  be  the 
chance  of  arms. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  14,  p.  480. 

1921.  EBBOB  from  Vastness.  Explorer. 
[Seeking  a  western  passage  from  Europe  to 
Asia.]  August  10,  1519,  Admiral  Magalhaens 
sailed  from  Seville,  and  reached  the  coast  of 
Brazil  in  the  middle  of  December.  He  then 
steered  to  the  south,  and,  sailing  close  in  shore, 
looked  out  anxiously  to  find  a  break  in  the  con- 
tinent which  would  let  him  into  the  great  ocean 
that  washed  the  shores  of  Asia,  and  encircled 
the  rich  islands  of  which  he  was  in  quest.  The 
broad  mouth  of  the  La  Plata  lured  him  in  at 
length.  He  entered  it,  but  discovering  soon 
that  it  was  only  a  river,  he  dropped  down  the 
stream,  and  resumed  his  run  along  the  coast. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  297. 

1922.  ESCAPE  by  Bravery.  Battle  of  Hast- 
ings. [William  the  Norman  addressed  his  troops  :] 
There  will  be  no  safety  in  asking  quarter  or  in 
flight ;  the  English  will  never  love  or  spare  a  Nor- 
man. Felons  they  were,  and  felons  they  are  ;  false 
they  were,  and  false  they  will  be.  Show  no 
weakness  toward  them,  for  they  will  have  no 
pity  on  you ;  neither  the  coward  for  running 
well,  nor  the  bold  man  for  smiting  well,  will  be 
the  better  liked  by  the  English,  nor  will  any  be 
the  more  spared  on  either  account.  You  may 
fly  to  the  sea,  but  you  can  fly  no  farther ;  you 
will  find  neither  ships  nor  bridge  there ;  there 
•Will  be  no  sailors  to  receive  you  ;  and  the  Eng- 
lish will  overtake  you  there,  and  slay  you  in 
your  shame.  More  of  you  will  die  in  flight 
than  in  battle.  Then,  as  flight  will  not  secure 
you,  flglit,  and  you  will  conquer. — Decisive 
Battles,  §  308. 

1923.  ESCAPE  difficult.  Luther.  Luther's 
friends,  fearing  that  he  would  not  be  permitted 
to  depart  from  the  city,  provided  for  him  a 
horse  and  an  old  companion  at  arms,  and  dis- 
missed him  at  night  through  a  secret  gate  in  the 
city  walls.  Thus  he  escaped  upon  a  hard-riding 
trotter,  in  his  monk's  coat,  without  boots  or 
pants,  spurs  or  sword,  travelling  about  forty 
miles  before  he  sought  rest.  When  he  dismount- 
ed at  the  inn  at  Monheim  he  could  hardly  stand, 
and  for  weariness  fell  down  upon  the  straw. — 
Rein's  Luther,  ch.  5,  p.  55. 

1924.  ESTBANGEMENT,  Connubial.  William 
and  Mary.     A  time  would  come  when  the  prin- 


cess [Mary],  who  had  been  educated  only  to 
work  embroidery,  to  play  on  the  spinet,  and  to 
read  the  Bible  and  the  "  Whole  Duty  of  Man," 
would  be  the  chief  of  a  great  monarchy  [the 
English],  and  would  hold  the  balance  of  Europe, 
while  her  lord  [William,  Prince  of  Orange,]  am- 
bitious, versed  in  affairs,  and  bent  on  great  en- 
terprises, .  .  .  would  hold  power  only  from  her 
bounty  and  during  her  pleasure.  .  .  .  The  Prin- 
cess of  Orange  had  not  the  faintest  suspicion  of 
her  husband's  feelings.  Her  preceptor.  Bishop 
Compton,  had  instructed  her  carefully  in  relig- 
ion, and  had  especially  guarded  her  mind  against 
the  arts  of  Roman  Catholic  divines,  but  had 
left  her  profoundly  ignorant  of  the  English 
Constitution  and  of  her  own  position.  She 
knew  that  her  marriage  vow  bound  her  to  obey 
her  husband  ;  and  it  had  never  occurred  to  her 
that  the  relation  in  which  they  stood  to  each 
other  might  one  day  be  inverted.  She  had  been 
nine  years  married  before  she  discovered  the 
cause  of  William's  discontent ;  nor  would  she 
ever  have  learned  it  from  himself.  In  general, 
his  temper  inclined  him  rather  to  brood  over  his 
griefs  than  to  give  utterance  to  them ;  and  in 
this  particular  case  his  lips  were  sealed  by  a 
very  natural  delicacy.  At  length  a  complete 
explanation  and  reconciliation  were  brought 
about  by  the  agency  of  Gilbert  Burnet. — Ma- 
caulay's Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  161. 

1925.  ETIQUETTE  burdensome.  Edward  IV. 
[In  1466  a  Bohemian  nobleman  and  suite  were 
entertained  by  Edward  I V. ]  Having  been  feast- 
ed himself  ...  he  was  conducted  into  a  costly  or- 
namented room,  where  the  queen  was  to  dine. 
.  .  ,  "  The  queen  sat  down  on  a  golden  stool, 
alone  at  her  table  ;  and  her  mother  and  the  king's 
sister  stood  far  below  her.  And  when  the  queen 
spoke  to  [them]  they  kneeled  down  every  time 
before  her,  and  remained  kneeling  until  the 
queen  drank  water.  And  all  her  ladies  and 
maids,  and  those  who  waited  upon  her,  even 
great  lords,  had  to  kneel  while  she  was  eating, 
which  continued  three  hours.  After  dinner 
there  was  dancing,  but  the  queen  continued  sit- 
ting upon  her  stool,  and  her  mother  knelt  before 
her." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11,  p.  170. 

1926.  ETIQUETTE,  Questions  of.  Ainerican. 
In  the  first  months  of  his  administration  Wash- 
ington was  much  vexed  about  questions  of  cere- 
mony and  etiquette.  How  should  he  appear  in 
public  ?  How  often  ?  What  kind  of  entertain- 
ment should  he  give  ?  What  title  should  he  bear, 
and  in  what  manner  be  introduced  ?  .  .  .  He 
must  not,  on  the  one  hand,  demean  himself  like 
a  king,  surrounded  with  peers  and  courtiers  ;  nor, 
on  the  other  hand,  must  he  degrade  his  high  oflice 
by  such  blunt  democratic  ceremonies  as  would 
render  himself  ridiculous  and  the  Presidency 
contemptible.  In  this  embarrassment  Washing- 
ton sought  the  advice  of  Adams,  Jefferson,  Ham- 
ilton, and  others.  .  .  .  Adams,  in  answer,  would 
have  much  ceremony  ;  Jefferson,  none  at  all. 
The  letter  said  :  "I  hope  that  the  terms  Excel 
lency.  Honor,  Worship,  Esquire,  and  even  Mr. 
shall  shortly  and  forever  disappear  from  among 
us."  Hamilton's  reply  favored  a  moderate  and 
simple  formality,  and  this  view  was  adopted  by 
Washington. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  46,  p.  365. 

1927.  ETIQUETTE,  Bestraints  of.  Princess 
Anne.     The  princess  became  impatient  of  the  re- 


EULOGISM— EVIDENCE. 


229 


straints  which  etiquette  imposed  ou  her.  She 
could  not  bear  the  words  Madam  and  Royal 
Highness  from  [Sarah  Churchill]  the  lips  of  one 
who  was  more  to  her  than  a  sister.  .  .  .  Anne 
was  Mrs.  Morley  ;  Lady  Churchill  was  Mrs.  Free- 
man ;  and  under  those  childish  names  was  car- 
ried on,  during  twenty  years,  a  correspondence 
on  which,  at  last,  the  fate  of  administrations  and 
dynasties  depended. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7, 
p.  238. 

1928.  EULOGISM,  Sublime.  By  General  Hen- 
ry Lee.  Washington  ..."  First  in  war,  first  in 
peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen." 
— CcsTis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  16, 

1929.  EVASION,  Deceptive.  Samuel  John- 
son. [He  wrote  for  the  Adveniurer.']  Johnson's 
saying,  ' '  I  have  no  part  in  the  paper  beyond  now 
and  then  a  motto,"  may  seem  inconsistent  with 
his  being  the  author  of  the  papers  marked  T. 
But  he  had,  at  this  time,  written  only  one  num- 
ber ;  and  besides,  even  at  any  after  period,  he 
might  have  used  the  same  expression,  consider- 
ing it  as  a  point  of  honor  not  to  own  them  ;  for 
Mrs.  Williams  told  me  that,  "as  he  had  given 
those  essays  to  Dr.  Bathurst,  who  sold  them  at 
two  guineas  each,  he  never  would  own  them  ; 
nay,  he  used  to  say  he  did  not  write  them  ;  but 
the  fact  was,  that  he  dictated  them,  while  Bath- 
urst wrote." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  66. 

1930.  EVASION,  Legal.  Reversal.  It  is  said, 
that  when  the  ambassadors  from  Lacedaemon 
came  ...  to  Athens  [to  arrange  the  terms  of 
peace,  they  were  deterred  by  a  decree  against  the 
Megarensians,  their  enemies].  Pericles  pretended 
there  was  a,  law  which  forbade  the  taking  down 
any  tablet  on  which  a  decree  of  the  people  was 
written.  "Then,"  said  Polyarces,  one  of  the 
ambassadors,  "  do  not  take  it  down,  but  turn  the 
other  side  outward  ;  there  is  no  law  against 
that."  Notwithstanding  the  pleasantry  of  this 
answer,  Pericles  relented  not  in  the  least. — Plu- 
tarch's Pericles. 

1931.  EVIDENCE,  Abundant.  Imposdble.  [Ma- 
homet was  inclined  to  jealousy,  yet  he]  pub- 
lished a  law  of  domestic  peace,  that  no  woman 
should  be  condemned  unless  four  male  witnesses 
had  seen  her  in  the  act  of  adultery. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  150. 

1932.  EVIDENCE,  Circumstantial.  Nero's 
Persecution.  When  once  the  Christians  were 
pointed  out  to  the  popular  vengeance,  many  rea- 
sons would  be  adduced  to  prove  their  connection 
with  the  conflagration.  Temples  had  perished 
— and  were  they  not  notorious  enemies  of  the 
temples  ?  Did  not  popular  rumor  charge  them 
with  nocturnal  orgies  and  Thyestaean  feasts  ? 
Suspicions  of  incendiarism  were  sometimes 
brought  against  Jews  ;  but  the  JewsAvere  not  in 
the  habit  of  talking,  as  these  sectaries  were,  about 
a  fire  which  should  consume  the  world,  and  re- 
joicing in  the  prospect  of  that  fiery  consumma- 
tion. Nay,  more,  when  Pagans  had  bewailed 
the  destruction  of  the  city  and  the  loss  of  the  an- 
cient monuments  of  Rome,  had  not  these  perni- 
cious people  used  ambiguous  language, as  though 
they  joyously  recognized  in  these  events  the  signs 
of  a  coming  end  ?  Even  when  they  tried  to  sup- 
press all  outward  tokens  of  exultation,  had  they 
not  listened  to  the  fears  and  lamentations  of 
their  fellow-citizens    witli  some  sparkle  in  the 


eyes,  and  had  they  not  answered  with  something 
of  triumph  in  their  tones  ? — Farrar's  Early 
Days,  ch.  4,  p.  37. 

1933.  EVIDENCE,  Conflicting.  Napoleon  I. 
[After  defeating  the  mob  in  the  streets  of.  Paris] 
a  fish-woman,  of  enormous  rotundity  of  person, 
exhorted  the  mob,  with  the  most  vehement  volu- 
bility, not  to  disperse,  exclaiming,  "  Nevermind 
those  coxcombs  with  epaulets  on  their  shoul- 
ders ;  they  care  not  if  we  poor  people  all  starve,  if 
they  can  but  feed  well  and  grow  fat !"  Napoleon, 
who  was  thin  and  meagre  as  a  shadow,  turned 
to  her  and  said  :  "  Look  at  me,  my  good  woman, 
and  tell  me  which  of  us  two  is  the  fatter."  The 
Amazon  was  completely  disconcerted  by  this  hap- 
py repartee,  and  the  crowd  in  good-humor  dis- 
persed.— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3. 

1934.  EVIDENCE,  Constructive.  Trial  of 
Strafford.  Never  did  an  arraigned  prisoner  reply 
with  greater  majesty  of  innocence  than  did 
Strafford  in  his  last  defence  before  his  accusers 
and  his  king.  Neither  Athens  nor  Rome  records 
any  incident  of  more  tragic  sublimity  in  the 
united  aanals.  "  Unable  to  find  in  my  conduct," 
said  Strafford  to  his  judges, ' '  anything  to  which 
might  be  applied  the  name  or  punishment  of 
treason,  my  enemies  have  invented,  in  defiance 
of  all  law,  a  chain  of  constructive  and  accumu- 
lative evidence,  by  which  my  actions,  although 
innocent  and  laudable  when  taken  separately, 
viewed  in  this  collected  light,  become  treason- 
able. It  is  hard  to  be  questioned  on  a  law  which 
cannot  be  shown.  Where  hath  this  fire  lain  hid 
so  many  hundreds  of  years,  without  smoke  to 
discover  it,  till  it  thus  bursts  forth  to  consume  me 
and  my  children  ?  It  is  better  to  be  without 
laws  altogether  than  to  persuade  ourselves  that 
we  have  laws  by  which  to  regulate  our  conduct, 
and  to  find  that  they  consist  only  in  the  enmity 
and  arbitrary  will  of  our  accusers.  If  a  man 
sails  upon  the  Thames  in  a  boat,  and  splits  him- 
self upon  an  anchor,  and  no  buoy  be  floating 
to  discover  it,  he  who  owneth  the  anchor  shall 
make  satisfaction ;  but  if  a  buoy  be  set  there, 
every  one  passeth  it  at  his  own  peril.  Now,  where 
is  the  mark,  Avhere  the  tokens  upon  this  crime, 
to  declare  it  to  be  high  treason  ?  It  has  remained 
hidden  under  the  water  ;  no  human  prudence 
or  innocence  could  preserve  me  from  the  ruin 
with  which  it  menaces  me.  For  two  hundred 
and  forty  years  every  species  of  treason  has  been 
defined,  and  during  that  long  space  of  time  I  am 
the  first,  I  am  the  only  exception  for  whom  the 
definition  has  been  enlarged,  that  I  may  be  en- 
veloped in  its  meshes." — Lamartine's  Crom- 
well, p.  11. 

1935.  EVIDENCE,  Convincing.  SamuelJohn- 
son.  After  we  came  out  of  the  church,  we 
stood  talking  for  some  time  together  of  Bishop 
Berkeley's  ingenious  sophistry  to  prove  the  non- 
existence of  matter,  and  that  everything  in  the 
imiverse  is  merely  ideal.  I  observed,  that 
though  we  are  satisfied  his  doctrine  is  not  true, 
it  is  impossible  to  refute  it.  I  never  shall  forget 
the  alacrity  with  which  Johnson  answered,  strik- 
ing his  foot  with  mighty  force  against  a  large 
stone,  till  he  rebounded  from  it,  "I  refute  it 
thus." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  131. 

1936.  EVIDENCE  discredited.  James  II. 
James  informed  this  great  assembly  [of  notables] 
that  he  thought  it  necessary  to  produce  proofs 


aso 


EVIDENCE. 


of  the  birth  of  his  son.  The  arts  of  bad  men 
had  poisoned  the  public  mind  to  such  an  extent 
that  very  many  believed  the  Prince  of  Wales  to 
be  a  supposititious  child  ;  but  Providence  had 
graciously  ordered  things  so  that  scarcely  any 
prince  had  ever  come  into  the  world  in  the  pres- 
ence of  so  many  witnesses.  All  who  were  pres- 
ent appeared  to  be  satisfied.  The  evidence  was 
instantly  published,  and  was  allowed  by  judi- 
cious and  impartial  persons  to  be  decisive.  But 
the  judicious  are  always  a  minority  ;  and  scarce- 
ly anybody  was  then  impartial.  The  whole  na- 
tion was  convinced  that  all  sincere  papists  thought 
it  a  duty  to  perjure  themselves  whenever  they 
could,  by  perjury,  serve  the  interests  of  their 
Church.  Men  who,  having  been  bred  Protes- 
tants, had,  for  the  sake  of  lucre,  pretended  to  be 
converted  to  popery,  were,  if  possible,  less  trust- 
worthy even  than  sincere  papists.  The  deposi- 
tions of  all  who  belonged  to  these  two  classes 
were  therefore  regarded  as  mere  nullities. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  434. 

1937.  EVIDENCE,  External.  Gnostics.  As  the 
Christian  religion  was  received,  at  first,  by  many, 
from  the  conviction  of  its  truth  from  exter- 
nal evidence,  and  without  a  due  examination  of 
its  doctrines,  it  was  not  surprising  that  many 
who  called  themselves  Christians  should  retain 
the  doctrines  of  a  prevailing  philosophy  to  which 
they  have  been  accustomed,  and  endeavor  to  ac- 
commodate these  to  the  system  of  revelation, 
which  they  found  in  the  sacred  volumes.  Such, 
for  example,  were  the  Christian  Gnostics,  who 
intermixed  the  doctrines  of  the  Oriental  philoso- 
phy concerning  the  two  separate  principles,  agood 
and  an  evil,  with  the  precepts  of  Christianity, 
and  admitted  the  authority  of  Zoroaster,  as  an 
inspired  personage,  equally  with  that  of  Jesus 
Christ.  Such  likewise  were  the  sect  of  the  Am- 
monians,  who  vainly  endeavored  to  reconcile  to- 
gether the  opinions  of  all  the  different  schools  of 
the  pagan  philosophy,  and  attempted,  with  yet 
greater  absurdity,  to  accommodate  all  these  to  the 
doctrines  of  Christianity.  From  this  confusion  of 
the  pagan  philosophy  with  the  plain  and  simple 
doctrines  of  the  Christian  religion,  the  Church, 
in  this  period  of  its  infant  state,  suffered  in  a 
most  essential  manner. — Tytlkr's  Hist.,  Book 
5,  ch.  4. 

1938.  EVIDENCE  of  common  Fame,  Mon- 
mouth's Bebellion.  The  fact  that  Monmouth  was 
in  arms  against  the  government  was  so  notorious 
that  the  bill  of  attainder  became  a  law  with  only 
a  faint  show  of  opposition  from  one  or  two  peers, 
and  has  seldom  been  censured  even  by  "Whig  his- 
torians ;  yet  when  we  consider  how  important  it 
is  that  legislative  and  judicial  functions  should 
be  kept  distinct,  how  important  it  is  that  com- 
mon fame,  however  strong  and  general,  should 
not  be  received  as  a  legal  proof  of  guilt,  how  im- 
portant it  is  to  maintain  the  rule  that  no  man 
shall  be  condemned  to  death  without  an  oppor- 
tunity of  defending  himself,  and  how  easily  and 
speedily  breaches  in  great  principles,  when  once 
made,  are  widened,  we  shall  probably  be  dis- 
posed to  think  that  the  course  taken  by  the  Par- 
liament was  open  to  some  objection.  Neither 
house  had  before  it  anything  which  even  so  cor- 
rupt a  judge  as  Jeffreys  could  have  directed  a 
jury  to  consider  as  proof  of  Monmouth's  crime. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  538. 


1939.  EVIDENCE,  Forced.  Knights  Templars. 
On  the  13th  of  October,  1307,  not  only  Du  Mo- 
lay,  but  all  the  Knights  Templars  throughout  the 
realm  of  France,  were  arrested  and  thrown  into 
prison ;  and  Philip  [IV.]  proceeded  in  per- 
son to  the  vast  fortress  of  the  Temple  at  Paris, 
of  which  he  took  forcible  possession.  Certain  se- 
cret revelations  had  been  made  to  the  king  by 
two  renegade  members  of  the  Order,  who  had 
been  condemned  for  gross  misconduct  and  im- 
prisoned for  life  ;  and  the  Templars  were  charged 
upon  their  testimony  with  the  most  monstrous 
crimes,  including  systematic  blasphemy  and  im- 
piety, shameless  immorality,  and  deliberate  apos- 
tasy from  the  Christian  faith.  One  hundred  and 
forty  of  the  prisoners  were  immediately  examined 
before  the  Grand  Inquisitor  at  Paris  ;  and  the 
severest  tortures  having  been  employed  to  ex- 
tract confession,  admissions  were  obtained  which 
seemed  to  a  great  extent  to  establish  their  guilt. 
— Students'  France,  ch.  9,  §  19,  p.  188. 

1940.  EVIDENCE,  Impossible.  Mutiny.  In 
their  secret  conferences  they  exclaimed  against 
him  as  a  desperado,  bent,  in  a  mad  phantasy,  upon 
doing  something  extravagant  to  render  himself 
notorious.  What  were  their  sufferings  and  dan- 
gers to  one  evidently  content  to  sacrifice  his  own 
life  for  the  chance  of  distinction  ?  ...  As  an  ef- 
fectual means  of  preventing  his  complaints,  they 
might  throw  him  into  the  sea,  and  give  out  that 
he  had  fallen  overboard  while  busy  with  his  in- 
struments contemplating  the  stars ;  a  report 
which  no  one  would  have  either  the  inclination 
or  the  means  to  controvert.  Columbus  was  not 
ignorant  of  the  mutinous  disposition  of  his  crew, 
but  he  still  maintained  a  serene  and  steady  coun- 
tenance ;  soothing  some  with  gentle  words  ;  en- 
deavoring to  stimulate  the  pride  or  avarice  of 
others,  and  openly  menacing  the  refractory  with 
signal  punishment,  should  they  do  anything  to 
impede  the  voyage. — Irving's  Columbus,  Book 
3,  ch.  4. 

1941.  EVIDENCE,  Indisputable.  Coat  of  Mail. 
[In  1405  Archbishop  Scrope  joined  a  rebellion 
against  Henry  IV.  He  was  taken  and  behead- 
ed. The  pope  claimed  that  the  king  had  no 
jurisdiction  over  a  prelate — that  it  was  an  offence 
against  the  Church,  and  he]  issued  a  temporary 
sentence  of  excommunication  against  all  who 
had  been  concerned  in  his  death.  There  is  a 
story  [that  Henry]  charged  a  messenger  to  de- 
liver the  armor  of  the  archbishop  to  the  pope, 
with  these  words  of  the  brothers  of  Joseph : 
"  Lo!  this  we  have  found  ;  we  know  not  wheth- 
er it  be  thy  son's  coat  or  no." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  2,  ch.  3,  p.  50. 

1942.  EVIDENCE,  Inferential.  Coesar.  [The 
young  desperado  Clodius  evidently  sought  to 
corrupt  the  wife  of  Caesar.]  Caesar  .  .  .  divorced 
Pompeia  ;  yet,  when  called  as  an  evidence  on 
the  trial,  he  declared  he  knew  nothing  of  what 
was  alleged  against  Clodius  [who  was  reputed 
to  have  injured  her  virtue].  As  this  declaration 
appeared  somewhat  strange,  the  accuser  demand- 
ed why,  if  that  was  the  case,  he  had  divorced 
his  wife  :  "  Because,"  said  he,  "I  would  have 
the  chastity  of  my  wife  clear  even  of  suspicion." 
— Plutarch's  Cesar. 

1943.  EVIDENCE  manufactured.  Nicias, 
[The  Athenian  general]  gave  not  only  to  those 
who  deserved  his  bounty,  but  to  such  as  might 


EVIDENCE. 


231 


be  able  to  do  him  harm  ;  and  bad  men  found  re- 
sources in  his  feare,  as  well  as  good  men  in  his 
liberality.  .  . .  Teleclides  introduced  a  trading  in- 
former speaking  thus:  "  Charicles  would  not 
give  one  mina  to  prevent  my  declaring  that  he 
was  the  first-fruits  of  his  mother's  amours  ;  but 
Nicias,  the  son  of  Niceratus,  gave  me  four. 
Why  he  did  it,  I  shall  not  say,  though  I  know  it 
perfectly  well.  For  Nicias  is  my  friend,  a  very 
wise  man  besides,  in  my  opinion." — Plutarch's 
Nicias. 

1944.  EVIDENCE  perverted.  Mahomet.  Some 
authors  consider  the  fits  of  the  prophet  as  the 
principal  evidence  of  his  mission.  .  ,  .  They 
were  preceded  by  great  depression  of  spirits, 
and  his  face  was  clouded  ;  and  they  were  ush- 
ered in  by  coldness  of  the  extremities  and  shiv- 
ering. He  shook  as  if  he  were  suffering  from 
ague,  and  called  out  for  covering.  His  mind 
was  in  a  most  painfully  excited  state.  He  heard 
a  tinkling  in  his  ears,  as  if  bells  were  ringing,  or 
a  humming,  as  if  bees  were  swarming  round  his 
head,  and  his  lips  quivered  ;  but  this  motion  was 
under  the  control  of  volition.  If  the  attack  pro- 
ceeded beyond  this  stage,  his  eyes  became  fixed 
and  staring,  and  the  motions  of  his  head  con- 
vulsive and  automatic.  At  length  perspiration 
broke  out,  which  covered  his  face  in  large  drops  ; 
and  with  this  ended  the  attack.  Sometimes, 
however,  if  he  had  a  violent  fit,  he  fell  comatose 
to  the  ground,  like  a  person  who  is  intoxicated  ; 
and  (at  least  at  a  later  period  of  his  life)  his  face 
was  flushed,  and  his  respiration  stertorous,  and 
he  remained  in  that  state  for  some  time.  The 
bystanders  sprinkled  water  in  his  face. — Note  in 
Gtibbon's  Mahomet,  p.  53. 

1945.  EVIDENCE  of  Prejudice.  James  I.  In 
the  second  year  of  this  reign  was  framed  another 
plot, ,  . .  oneof  the  most  infernal  that  ever  entered 
into  the  human  breast  to  conceive — the  Gun- 
powder Treason.  .  .  .  This  conspiracy .  .  .  had  for 
its  object  to  cut  off  at  one  blow  the  king  and  the 
whole  body  of  the  Parliament.  ...  It  had  origi- 
nated from  the  disgust  and  disappointment  of  the 
Catholics,  who,  on  the  accession  of  James,  the 
son  of  a  Catholic,  had  formed  to  themselves  illu- 
sive hopes  of  the  establishment  of  their  religion. 
.  .  .  The  conduct  of  the  king  in  the  punishment 
of  this  conspiracy  was  an  instance  of  moderation, 
if  not  of  humanity.  The  majority  of  his  people 
would  have  gladly  seen  an  utter  extinction  of  all 
the  Catholics  in  the  kingdom.  But  James  con- 
fined the  vengeance  of  the  laws  to  those  only 
who  were  actually  engaged  in  the  plot — a  meas- 
ure which  was  by  a  great  part  of  his  subjects 
construed  into  his  own  tacit  inclination  to  favor 
the  popish  superstitions — an  idea,  of  which  the 
absurdity  was  yet  greater  than  its  illiberality. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  29. 

1946.  EVIDENCE,  Presumptive.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  [During  the  fight  occasioned  by 
Titus  Gates'  pretended  popery  plot.]  Edward 
Coleman,  a  very  busy  and  not  very  honest  Ro- 
man Catholic  intriguer,  had  been  among  the  per- 
sons accused.  Search  was  made  for  his  papers. 
It  was  found  that  he  had  just  destroyed  the 
greater  part  of  them  ;  but  a  few  which  had 
escaped  contained  some  passages  which,  to  minds 
strongly  prepossessed,  might  seem  to  confirm  the 
evidence  of  Gates.  .  .  .  But  the  country  was  not 
then  inclined  to  construe  the  letters  of  papists 


candidly  ;  and  it  was  urged,  with  some  show  of 
reason,  that  if  papers  which  had  been  passed 
over  as  unimportant  were  filled  with  matter  so 
suspicious,  some  great  mystery  of  iniquity  must 
have  been  contained  in  those  documents  which 
had  been  carefully  committed  to  the  flames. — 
Macaulay's  Hist.,  ch.  2,  p.  218. 

1947.  EVIDENCE,  Purchase  of.  Beign  of 
James  II.  [Papists]  accused  [William  Douglas,] 
the  treasurer,  not  only  of  extenuating  the  crime 
of  the  insurgents,  but  of  having  himself  prompt- 
ed it,  and  did  all  in  their  power  to  obtain  evi- 
dence of  his  guilt.  One  of  the  ringleaders,  who 
had  been  taken,  was  offered  a  pardon  if  he  would 
own  that  Queensberry  had  set  him  on  ;  but  the 
same  religious  enthusiasm  which  had  impelled 
the  unhappy  prisoner  to  criminal  violence  pre- 
vented him  from  purchasing  his  life  by  a  cal- 
umny. He  and  several  of  his  accomplices  were 
hanged.  [James  sought  to  advance  the  Catholic 
religion  in  Scotland,  and  a  riot  ensued.] — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  6,  p.  107. 

1948.  EVIDENCE,  Refuted  by.  Peculation. 
The  younger  Scipio  (Asiaticus)  was  soon  after 
impeached  for  the  same  crime  which  had  been 
matter  of  accusation  against  his  brother.  The 
tribunes,  it  seems,  were  determined  to  have  at 
least  one  victim  from  that  illustrious  house  of 
the  Cornelii.  He  was  condemned  to  pay  a  heavy 
fine,  as  is  generally  believed,  upon  false  evi- 
dence :  for  when  his  whole  property  was  seized, 
his  poverty  disproved  the  calumnious  accusa- 
tion, and  the  Senate  decreed  him  a  high  recom. 
pense  for  the  injury  he  had  sustained. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  9,  p.  381. 

1949.  EVIDENCE  rejected.  Roman  General 
Belisarius.  Before  her  marriage  with  Belisarius, 
Antonina  had  one  husband  and  many  lovers  ; 
Photius,  the  son  of  her  former  nuptials,  was  of 
an  age  to  distinguish  himself  at  the  siege  of 
Naples  ;  and  it  was  not  till  the  autumn  of  her 
age  and  beauty  that  she  indulged  a  scandalous 
attachment  to  a  Thracian  youth.  Theodosius 
had  been  educated  in  the  Eunomian  heresy  ;  the 
African  voyage  was  consecrated  by  the  baptism 
and  auspicious  name  of  the  first  soldiei*  who  em- 
barked ;  and  the  proselyte  was  adopted  into  the 
family  of  his  spiritual  parents,  Belisarius  and 
Antonina.  Before  they  touched  the  shores  of 
Africa,  this  holy  kindred  degenerated  into  sen- 
sual love  ;  and  as  Antonina  soon  overleaped  the 
bounds  of  modesty  and  caution,  the  Roman  gen- 
eral was  alone  ignorant  of  his  own  dishonor. 
During  their  residence  at  Carthage,  he  surprised 
the  two  lovers  in  a  subterraneous  chamber,  sol- 
itary, warm,  and  almost  naked.  Anger  flashed 
from  his  eyes.  "With  the  help  of  this  young 
man,"  said  the  unblushing  Antonina,  "1  was 
secreting  our  most  precious  effects  from  the 
knowledge  of  Justinian." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
41,  p.  184. 

1950.  EVIDENCE,  Religious.  Joan  of  Arc. 
The  English,  wild  with  hate  and  humiliation, 
urged  and  threatened.  So  great  was  their  rage 
against  the  Pucelle,  that  they  burned  a  woman 
alive  for  speaking  well  of  her.  If  the  Pucelle 
herself  were  not  tried,  condemned,  and  burned  as 
a  sorceress — if  her  victories  were  not  set  down  as 
due  to  the  devil,  they  would  remain  in  the  eyes  of 
the  people  miracles,  God's  own  works.  The  infer- 
ence would  be  that  God  was  against  the  English, 


232 


EVIDENCE— EXAGGERATION. 


that  they  had  been  rightfully  and  loyally  de- 
feated, and  that  their  cause  was  the  devil's.  Ac- 
cording to  the  notions  of  the  time,  there  was  no 
medium.  A  conclusion  like  this,  intolerable  to 
English  pride,  was  infinitely  more  so  to  a  gov- 
ernment of  bishops  like  that  of  England,  and  to 
the  cardinal,  its  head. — Michelet's  Joan  of 
Arc,  p.  39. 

1951.  EVIDENCE,  Secondary.  Samueljohn- 
8on.  As  to  the  Christian  religion,  sir,  besides  the 
strong  evidence  which  we  have  for  it,  there 
is  a  balance  in  its  favor  from  the  number  of 
great  men  who  have  been  convinced  of  its  truth, 
after  a  serious  consideration  of  the  question. 
Grotius  was  an  acute  man,  a  lawyer,  a  man  ac- 
customed to  examine  evidence,  and  he  was  con- 
vinced. Grotius  was  not  a  recluse,  but  a  man 
of  the  world,  who  certainly  had  no  bias  to  the 
side  of  religion.  Sir  Isaac  Newton  set  out  an 
infidel,  and  came  to  be  a  very  firm  believer. — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  125. 

1952.  EVIDENCE,  Slender.  Trial  of  Straffai'd. 
Strafford  was  brought  to  trial ;  he  defended  him- 
self with  great  ability.  The  charge  upon  the 
whole  was  certainly  relevant ;  but  though  it  was 
apparent  he  had  acted  with  great  intemperance 
and  indiscretion,  nothing  was  proved  which  was 
sufficient  to  justify  a  penal  conclusion.  His  ene- 
mies now  found  it  necessary  to  attempt  a  new 
mode  of  prosecution,  and  this  was  the  most  un- 
justifiable part  of  their  procedure.  A  bill  of  at- 
tainder was  brought  into  the  House  of  Commons, 
in  which  the  principal  proof  adduced  of  Straf- 
ford's guilt  was  a  scrap  of  paper  in  the  hand- 
writing of  Sir  Henry  Vane,  consisting  of  notes 
taken  of  a  debate  in  the  privy  council  on  the 
subject  of  the  war  against  the  Scots,  in  which 
Strafford  was  said  to  have  urged  the  king  to  go 
on  to  levy  the  ship-money,  and  to  have  hinted 
that  he  was  now  absolved  from  all  rules  of  gov- 
ernment. Six  counsellors,  together  with  Vane, 
had  been  present  at  this  debate.  Four  of  tliese 
declared  that  they  recollected  no  such  expres- 
sions of  Strafford's  ;  the  other  two  could  give  no 
evidence,  as  one  had  left  the  country  and  the 
other  was  a  state-prisoner.  Vane's  evidence, 
therefore,  stood  single  and  unsupported  ;  yet  a 
majority  of  the  Commons  passed  the  bill  of  at- 
tainder ;  and  the  Peers,  intimidated  by  these  vio- 
lent and  desperate  measures,  which  made  every 
man  tremble  for  his  own  safety,  [approved.] — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  29,  p.  403. 

1953. .  Roman  Emperor  Domitian. 

The  monster — for  such  his  life  declared  him — 
contrived,  like  some  of  his  unworthy  predeces- 
sors, for  awhile  to  conceal  his  vices.  He  affect- 
ed to  show  a  moderation  and  a  love  of  justice, 
which  gave  promise  of  a  happy  reign  ;  but  his 
natural  position  soon  unveiled  itself.  An  insur- 
rection, which  happened  at  that  time  in  Ger- 
many, gave  him  an  opportunity  of  satiating  him- 
self with  blood.  The  rebellion  itself  was  speedi- 
ly quelled,  but  its  consequences  were  long  de- 
plored in  the  innumerable  murders  of  the  most 
respected  among  the  citizens,  for  which  the  bare 
suspicion  of  having  been  concerned  in  the  re- 
bellion afforded  always  a  sufficient  pretext.  In- 
formers, that  despicable  brood,  the  scourge  of 
men  of  worth,  began  again  to  swarm  through- 
out the  country  ;  slaves  were  bribed  to  give  evi- 
dence against  their  masters  ;  pretenders  to  astrol- 


ogy were  appointed  to  draw  the  horoscope  of  the 
principal  citizens,  the  emperor  ordering  those 
to  be  put  to  death  to  whom  fortune  promised 
anything  great  or  successful.  — Tytler's  Hist.  , 
Book  5,  ch.  3. 

1954.  EVIDENCE  by  Symbols.  Barbarians. 
Some  of  the  northern  barbarous  nations  use,  at 
this  day,  a  mode  of  authenticating  contracts  by 
symbols,  Avhich  is  a  nearer  approach  to  the  so- 
lemnity of  writing.  After  the  agreement  is  made, 
the  parties  cut  a  piece  of  Avood  irregularlj^  into 
two  tallies ;  each  party  keeps  one  of  these, 
and  both  are  given  up  and  destroyed  when  the 
bargain  is  fulfilled.  A  custom  of  this  kind  sup- 
poses a  state  of  society  where  all  agreements  are 
of  the  simplest  nature  ;  for  these  tallies,  though 
they  might  certify  the  existence  of  a  contract, 
could  never  give  evidence  of  its  tenor. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  3. 

1955.  EVIL  overruled.  Henry  VII I.  The  ori- 
gin of  the  Reformation  in  England  is  to  be  traced 
to  a  cause  still  more  remote  from  the  real  inter- 
ests of  religion  than  that  which  gave  rise  to  the 
Reformation  in  Germany.  As  early  as  the  middle 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  the  learned  Wicliffe 
had  begun  an  attack  against  many  of  the  abuses  in 
the  Church  of  Rome,  both  in  his  sermons  to  the 
people  and  in  his  writings.  .  .  .  Such  was  the 
state  of  things  at  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.,  who  was  a  prince  zealously  at- 
tached from  education  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
Church  of  Rome  ;  but  he  wasj'^et  more  addicted 
to  the  unrestrained  gratification  of  his  passions, 
and  this,  in  fact,  was  one  of  the  minor  though 
immediate  causes  of  the  Reformation  in  Eng- 
land.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  20. 

1956.  EXAGGEEATION,  Barbarian.  Majesty. 
The  barbarian  princes  [underiAttilaJ  confessed, in 
the  language  of  devotion  or  flattery,  that  they 
could  not  presume  to  gaze,  with  a  steady  eye,  on 
the  divine  majesty  of  the  king  of  the  Huns. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  34,  p.  391. 

1957.  EXAGGEEATION  detected.  Samuel 
Johnson.  The  king  then  asked  him  what  he 
thought  of  Dr.  Hill.  Johnson  answered  that  he 
was  an  ingenious  man,  but  had  no  veracity  ; 
and  immediately  mentioned,  as  an  instance  of  it, 
an  assertion  of  that  writer,  that  he  had  seen 
objects  magnified  to  a  much  greater  degree  by 
using  three  or  four  microscopes  at  a  time  than 
by  using  one.  "  Now,"  added  Johnson,  "  every 
one  acquainted  with  microscopes  knows  that 
the  more  of  them  he  looks  through  the  less  the 
object  will  appear."  "  Why,"  replied  the  king, 
"  this  is  not  only  telling  an  untruth,  but  telling  it 
clumsily  ;  for,  if  that  be  the  case,  every  one  who 
can  look  through  a  microscope  will  be  able  to 
detect  him." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  151. 

1958.  EXAGGEEATION,  Impious.  Political. 
There  was  launched  from  the  Hague,  in  March, 
1652,  a  virulent  royalist  piece  in  Latin,  under  the 
title  of  Regii  sanguinis  clamm'  ad  ccelum  (Cry  of 
the  King's  blood  to  Heaven  against  the  English 
parricides).  Its  one  hundred  and  sixty  pages 
contained  the  usual  royalist  invective  in  a  rather 
common  style  of  hyperbolical  declamation,  such 
as  that ' '  in  compaiison  of  the  execution  of 
Charles  I.,  the  guilt  of  the  Jews  in  crucifying 
Christ  was  as  nothing." — Milton,  by  M.  Pat- 
TISON,  ch.  10. 


EXAMINATION— EXCELLENCE. 


233 


1959.  EXAMINATION  needless.  Samuel  John- 
son. Mrs.  Montague,  a  lady  distinguished  for 
having  written  an  essay  on  Shakespeare,  being 
mentioned.  Reynolds  :  "  I  think  that  essay  does 
her  honor."  Johnson:  "Yes,  sir,  it  does  her 
honor,  but  it  would  do  nobodj'^  else  honor.  I  have 
indeed  not  read  it  all.  But  when  I  take  up  the 
ead  of  a  web,  and  find  it  pack-thread,  I  do  not 
expect,  by  looking  farther,  to  find  embroidery." 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  164. 

1960.  EXAMPLE  followed.  Death.  [The  Mo- 
guls invaded  China.]  The  obstinate  remnant 
of  independence  and  hostility  was  transported 
from  the  land  to  the  sea.  But  when  the  fleet  of 
the  Song  was  surrounded  and  oppressed  by  a  su- 
perior armament,  their  last  champion  leaped  into 
the  waves  with  his  infant  emperor  in  his  arms. 
"  It  is  more  glorious,"  he  cried,  "  to  die  a  prince 
than  to  live  a  slave  \"  A  hundred  thousand  Chi- 
nese imitated  his  example  ;  and  the  whole  em- 
pire, from  Tonkin  to  the  gi-eat  wall,  submitted 
to  the  dominion  of  Cublai. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  63. 

1961.  EXAMPLE,  Instruction  by.  Gauls. 
[Siege  of  Rome.]  Some  of  the  barbarians  employ- 
ed in  the  siege,  happening  to  pass  by  the  place 
where  Pontius  had  made  his  way  by  night  up  to 
the  [Roman]  Capitol,  observed  many  traces  of  his 
feet  and  hands,  as  he  had  worked  himself  up  the 
rock,  torn  off  what  grew  there,  and  tumbled  down 
the  mould.  Of  this  they  informed  the  king,  who, 
coming  and  viewing  it,  for  the  present  said  noth- 
ing ;  but  in  the  evening  he  assembled  the  light- 
est and  most  active  of  his  men,  who  were  the 
likeliest  to  climb  any  diflicult  height,  and  thus 
addressed  them  :  ' '  The  enemy  have  themselves 
shown  us  a  way  to  reach  them,  which  we  were 
ignorant  of,  and  have  proved  that  this  rock  is 
neither  inaccessible  nor  imtrodden  by  human  feet. 
What  a  shame  would  it  be,  then,  after  having 
made  a  beginning,  not  to  finish  ;  and  to  quit  the 
place  as  impregnable,  when  the  Romans  them- 
selves have  taught  us  how  to  take  it !  Where  it 
was  easy  for  one  man  to  ascend  it  cannot  be  dif- 
ficult for  many,  one  by  one."  .  .  .  The  foremost, 
having  gained  the  top,  put  themselves  in  order, 
and  were  ready  to  take  possession  of  the  wall, 
and  to  fall  upon  the  guards,  who  were  fast 
asleep  ;  for  neither  man  nor  dog  perceived  their 
coming.  However,  there  were  certain  sacred 
geese  kept  near  Juno's  temple.  .  .  .  They  imme- 
diately perceived  the  coming  of  the  Gauls,  and 
running  at  them  with  all  the  noise  they  could 
make,  they  awoke  all  the  guards. — Plutabch's 
Camxllus. 

1963.  EXAMPLE,  Power  of.  Patriotism,  a.d. 
1 774.  But  what  most  animated  the  country  was 
the  magnanimity  of  Boston;  "  suffering  amaz- 
ing loss,  but  determined  to  endure  poverty  and 
death  rather  than  betray  America  and  poster- 
ity." Its  people,  under  the  eyes  of  the  [British] 
ueneral,  disregarding  alike  his  army,  his  proc- 
lamations against  a  provincial  congress,  and  the 
British  statute  against  town-meetings,  came  to- 
gether, according  to  their  ancient  foi-ms ;  and 
with  Samuel  Adams  as  moderator  elected  dele- 
gates to  the  next  provincial  congress  of  Massa- 
chusetts.—Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  16. 

1963. .  General  Jackson,  1812.  Dur- 
ing the  winter  Jackson's  troops,  unprovided  and 
Starving, became  mutinous.and  Avere going  home. 


But  the  general  set  the  example  of  living  on 
acorns  ;  tlien  rode  before  the  rebellious  line,  and 
threatened  with  death  the  first  mutineer  that 
stirred.  And  no  man  stirred. — Ridpath's  U.  S. , 
ch.  50,  p.  403. 

1964. .  John  Huss.  A  few  months 

afterward  Jerome  of  Prague,  the  disciple  and 
the  friend  of  John  Huss,  underwent  the  same 
fate  with  his  master.  He  was  a  man  of  superior 
talents  and  of  great  eloquence.  The  fear  of  death 
was  at  first  too  powerful,  and  he  signed  a  recan- 
tation of  his  opinions  ;  but  no  sooner  had  he 
heard  how  his  master  had  encountered  death 
than  he  was  ashamed  to  live.  He  publicly  re- 
tracted his  recantation,  preached  forth  his  doc- 
trines, and  was  condemned  to  the  flames.  .  .  . 
These  executions  were  attended  with  conse- 
quences to  the  emperor  of  which  he  had  little  ex- 
pectation. The  succession  to  the  kingdom  of  Bo- 
hemia was  opened  to  him  by  the  death  of  his 
brother  Winceslaus  ;  but  the  Bohemians  were  so 
exasperated  at  the  fate  of  their  two  countrymen, 
that  it  cost  Sigismund  a  bloody  war  of  sixteen 
years'  continuance  before  he  acquired  the  full 
possession  of  these  dominions. — Tytler's  Hist.> 
Book  6,  ch.  11. 

1965. .  Peter  the  Great.   The  Stre- 

litzes,  a  body  of  militia  consisting  of  about 
30,000  men,  like  the  Turkish  Janizaries,  had 
frequently  embroiled  the  empire  by  their  sedi- 
tions. Peter  determined  to  abolish  entirely  this 
dangerous  body,  and  for  that  purpose  began 
with  the  formation  of  a  regiment,  which,  by  de- 
grees, he  increased  to  the  number  of  12,000  men. 
To  set  an  example  of  subordination  to  his  nobil- 
ity, he  served  himself  in  the  quality  of  a  private 
soldier  ;  thence  advancing  gradually  to  the  rank, 
of  captain  and  general  officer. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  35. 

1966.  EXAMPLE  quoted.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Dr.  Percy  called  upon  Johnson  to  take  him  to 
Goldsmith's  lodgings  ;  he  found  Johnson  arrayed 
with  unusual  care  in  a  new  suit  of  clothes,  a  new 
hat,  and  a  well-powdered  wig,  and  could  not. 
but  notice  his  uncommon  spruceness.  "Why, 
sir,"  replied  Johnson,  "I  hear  that  Goldsmith, 
who  is  a  very  great  sloven,  justifies  his  disre- 
gard of  cleanliness  and  decency  by  quoting  my 
practice,  and  I  am  desirous  this  night  to  show 
him  a  better  example." — Irving's  Goldsmith, 
ch.  12,  p.  91. 

1967.  EXASPERATION,  Rashness  of.  Colonel 
Ethan  Allen,  a.d.  1775.  [He  failed  in  the  at- 
tempt to  surprise  Montreal,  and  was  taken  pris- 
oner.] At  the  barrack  yard  in  Montreal,  Pres- 
cott,  a  British  brigadier,  asked  the  prisoner, 
"  Are  you  that  Allen  who  took  Ticonderoga  ?'' 
"  I  am  the  very  man,"  quoth  Allen.  Then  Pres- 
cott,  in  great  rage,  called  him  a  rebel  and  other 
hard  names,  and  raised  his  cane.  At  this  Allen 
shook  his  fist,  telling  him  :  "This  is  the  beetle 
of  mortality  to  you,  if  you  offer  to  strike." — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.  ,  vol.  8,  ch.  52. 

196§.  EXCELLENCE,  Cost  of.  Time.  Antis- 
tlienes . .  .  when  he  was  told  that  Ismenias  played 
excellently  upon  the  flute,  answered  properly 
enough,  "Then  he  is  good  for  nothing  else; 
otherwise  he  would  not  have  played  so  well." 
Such  also  was  Philip's  saying  to  his  son,  when 
at  a  certain  entertainment  he  sang  in  a  verT'^ 


234 


EXCESS— EXCITEMENT, 


agreeable  and  skilful  manner:  "Are  you  not 
ashamed  to  sing  so  well  ?"  It  is  enough  for  a 
prince  to  bestow  a  vacant  hour  upon  hearing 
others  sing ;  and  he  does  the  muses  sufficient 
honor  if  he  attends  the  performances  of  those  who 
excel  in  their  arts. ...  If  a  man  applies  himself  to 
servile  or  mechanical  employments,  his  industry 
in  those  things  is  a  proof  of  his  inattention  to 
nobler  studies. — Plutarch's  Periclbs. 

1969.  EXCESS,  Eeaction  of.  Execution  of 
Charles  I.  His  long  misgovernment,  his  innu- 
merable perfidies,  were  forgotten.  His  memory 
was,  in  the  minds  of  the  great  majority  of  his 
subjects,  associated  with  those  free  institutions 
which  he  had,  during  many  years,  labored  to 
destroy  ;  for  those  free  institutions  had  perished 
with  him,  and,  amid  the  mournful  silence  of  a 
community  kept  down  by  arms,  had  been  defend- 
ed by  his  voice  alone.  From  that  day  began 
a  reaction  in  favor  of  monarchy  and  of  the  ex- 
iled house — a  reaction  which  never  ceased  till 
the  throne  had  again  been  set  up  in  all  its  old 
dignity. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  120. 

1970.  EXCESSES,  Ruinous.  Charles  XII. 
[King  of  Sweden.]  His  character,  in  a  few  words, 
is  well  summed  up  by  Voltaire  :  "  He  carried 
all  the  virtues  of  a  hero  to  that  excess  that  they 
became  as  dangerous  as  their  opposite  vices. 
The  obstinacy  of  his  resolution  occasioned  all  his 
misfortunes  in  the  Ukraine,  and  kept  him  five 
years  in  Turkey.  His  liberality  degenerating 
into  profusion  ruined  his  kingdom  of  Sweden. 
His  courage  pushed  to  temerity  was  the  occa- 
sion of  his  death.  His  justice  often  amounted 
to  cruelty  ;  and  in  the  last  years  of  his  life  the 
maintenance  of  his  authority  approached  to  tyr- 
anny. His  many  great  qualities,  of  which  a  sin- 
gle one  might  have  immortalized  another  prince, 
were  the  ruin  of  his  country.  He  never  was  the 
first  to  attack,  but  he  was  not  always  as  prudent 
as  he  was  implacable  in  his  revenge.  He  was 
the  first  who  had  the  ambition  to  be  a  conqueror 
without  the  desire  of  aggrandizing  his  domin- 
ions. He  wished  to  gain  empires  only  to  give 
them  away.  His  ])assion  for  glory,  for  war,  and 
for  revenge  prevented  his  being  a  good  politi- 
cian, a  quality  without  which  there  can  be  no 
great  conqueror.  Before  he  gave  battle,  and 
after  he  gained  a  victory,  he  was  all  modesty  ; 
after  a  defeat  he  was  all  resolution,  rigid  to 
others  as  to  himself,  counting  for  nothing  the 
fatigues  or  the  lives  of  his  subjects  any  more 
than  his  own.  He  was,  in  short,  a  singular  man 
rather  than  a  great  one — a  character  more  to  be 
admired  than  imitated. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
6,  ch.  35,  p.  482. 

1971.  EXCISE,  Laws  of.  First  English.  The 
first  imposition  of  a  tax  known  as  excise  was 
by  the  Parliament  after  the  civil  war.  Beer, 
ale,  cider,  and  perry  were  so  taxed  in  1645.  The 
Royalists  raised  money  by  a  similar  tax.  These 
duties  were  continued  at  the  Restoration,  with 
additional  imposts  on  the  new  luxuries  of  tea 
and  coffee.  In  the  reign  of  James  II.  there  was 
a  temporary  excise  upon  wine.  In  the  reign  of 
William  distilled  liquors  were  thus  taxed.  The 
customs  duties  were  greatly  diminished  by  frauds 
of  enormous  magnitude. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  6,  ch.  4,  p.  69. 

1972.  EXCISE,  Unexecuted.  Robert  Burns. 
[When  excise  officer,]  a  woman  who  had  been 


brewing,  on  seeing  Burns  coming  with  another 
exciseman,  slipped  out  by  the  back  door,  leaving 
a  servant  and  a  little  girl  in  the  house.  ' '  Has 
there  been  ony  brewing  for  the  fair  here  the  day?" 
"  Oh  no,  sir,  we  hae  nae  license  for  that,"  an- 
swered the  servant  maid.  "  That's  no  true,"  ex- 
claimed the  child ;  "  the  muckle  black  kist  is 
fou'  o'  the  bottles  o'  yill  that  my  mither  sat  up 
a'  nicht  brewing  for  the  fair."  ..."  We  are  in 
a  hurry  just  now,"  said  Burns,  "but  when  we 
return  from  the  fair,  we'll  examine  the  muckle 
black  kist." — Shairp's  Burns,  ch.  5. 

1973.  EXCITEMENT,  Delusive.  William  of 
Orange.  [In  Devonshire]  the  very  senses  of  the 
multitude  were  fooled  by  the  imagination.  News- 
letters conveyed  to  every  part  of  the  kingdom 
fabulous  accounts  of  the  size  and  strength  of  the 
invaders.  It  was  affirmed  that  they  were,  with 
scarcely  an  exception,  above  six  feet  high,  and 
that  they  wielded  such  huge  pikes,  swords,  and 
muskets,  as  had  never  before  been  seen  in  Eng- 
land.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  452. 

1974.  EXCITEMENT  of  Discovery.  Califor- 
nia Gold.  In  the  evening  of  February  2,  1848, 
James  Marshall  suddenly  rode  into  the  fort — 
his  horse  foaming,  and  both  horse  and  rider  spat- 
tered all  over  with  mud.  The  man  was  laboring 
under  wild  excitement.  Meeting  Captain  Sutter, 
he  asked  to  be  conducted  to  a  room  where  they 
could  converse  alone.  The  astonished  Sutter 
complied  with  his  desire,  and  they  entered  a  se- 
cluded apartment.  Marshall  closed  the  door, 
and  asked  Captain  Sutter  if  he  was  certain  they 
were  safe  from  intrusion,  and  begged  him  to  lock 
the  door.  The  honest  Sutter  began  to  think  the 
man  was  mad,  and  was  a  little  alarmed  at  the  idea 
of  being  locked  in  with  a  maniac.  He  assured 
Marshall  that  they  were  safe  from  interruption, 
Satisfied,  at  length,  upon  this  point,  he  took  from 
his  pocket  a  pouch,  from  which  he  poured  upon 
the  table  half  a  thimbleful  of  yellow  grains  of 
metal,  with  the  exclamation  that  he  thought  they 
were  gold.  "  Where  did  you  get  it  ?"  asked  Cap- 
tain Sutter.  Marshall  replied  that,  early  that 
morning,  the  water  being  shot  off  from  the  mill, 
race,  as  usual,  he  noticed,  in  passing  along,  shin- 
ing particles  scattered  about  on  the  bottom.  He 
picked  up  several,  and,  finding  them  to  be  metal, 
the  thought  had  burst  upon  his  mind  that  they 
might  be  gold.  Having  gathered  about  an  ounce 
of  them,  he  had  mounted  his  horse  and  ridden 
forty  miles  to  impart  the  momentous  secret  to 
his  employer,  and  bring  the  yellow  substance  to 
some  scientific  test.  Captain  Sutter  was  at  first 
disposed  to  laugh  at  his  excited  friend.  Among 
his  stores,  however,  he  happened  to  have  a  bot- 
tle of  aqua-fortis,  and  the  action  of  this  power- 
ful acid  upon  the  yellow  particles  at  once  proved 
them  to  be  pure  gold  ! — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  525. 

1975.  EXCITEMENT,  Popular.  Assassination 
of  Coesar.  Mark  Antony  took  advantage  of  these 
favorable  dispositions.  The  body  being  laid  on 
a  couch  of  state  in  theforuwi,  he  mounted  the 
consul's  tribunal,  and  after  reading  the  decree 
of  the  Senate,  which  had  conferred  upon  Caesar 
even  the  honors  due  to  a  divinity,  he  entered  into 
an  enumeration  of  all  his  illustrious  achieve- 
ments for  the  glory  and  aggrandizement  of  the 
state  ;  he  then  proceeded  to  recount  the  examples 
of  his  clemency,  and  heightened  all  his  virtues 


EXCOMMUNICATION— EXPECTATION. 


235 


with  the  most  pathetic  eloquence.  "By  these 
titles  we  have  sworn  that  his  person  should  be 
held  sacred  and  inviolable  ;  and  here,"  said  he, 
"  behold  the  force  of  our  oaths."  At  these  words 
he  lifted  up  the  robe  which  covered  the  body, 
and  holding  it  out  to  the  people,  who  melted  into 
tears,  he  showed  it  all  covered  with  blood  and 
pierced  with  the  daggers  of  the  conspirators.  A 
general  cry  of  vengeance  was  heard. — Tytler's 
iliST.,  Book  4,  ch.  2,  p.  416. 

1976.  EXCOMMUNICATION  or  Money.  Papal. 
[Henry  III.  had  received  at  the  hands  of  the 
j)ope  the  crown  of  Sicily  for  his  son  Edmund.] 
The  pope  had  really  advanced  a  large  sum,  which 
Henry  could  not  repay  ;  and  a  Roman  agent 
came  before  Parliament,  and  followed  up  his  de- 
mand for  instant  payment  by  a  threat  of  excom- 
munication and  general  interdict. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  24,  p.  367. 

1 977.  EXCUSE  abandoned.  Lig arius.  In 
Pompey's  part^  [against  Caesar]  there  was  one 
Quintus  Liganus,  whom  Caesar  had  pardoned, 
though  he  had  borne  arms  against  him.  This 
man,  less  grateful  for  the  pardon  he  had  received 
than  offended  with  the  powers  which  made  him 
stand  in  need  of  it,  hated  Caesar,  but  was  the  in- 
timate friend  of  Brutus.  The  latter  one  day 
visited  him,  and  finding  him  not  well,  said,  "  O 
Ligarius  !  what  a  time  is  this  to  be  sick  !"  Upon 
which  he  raised  himself  on  his  elbow,  and  taking 
Brutus  by  the  hand,  answered,  "  If  Brutus  has 
any  design  worthy  of  himself,  Ligarius  is  well." 
—Plutarch's  Marcus  Brutus. 

197§.  EXCUSES,  Ignominious.  James  11.  [He 
had  been  accused  of  acting]  undutif  ully  and  dis- 
respectfully toward  France  [the  national  enemy 
of  England].  He  led  [the  French  minister]  Baril- 
lon  into  a  private  room,  and  there  apologized  for 
having  dared  to  take  so  important  a  step  [as  to 
call  a  Parliament]  without  the  previous  sanction 
of  Louis.  "Assure  your  master,"  said  James, 
"  of  my  gratitude  and  attachment.  I  know  that 
withoixt  his  protection  I  can  do  nothing.  I  know 
what  troubles  my  brother  brought  upon  himself 
for  not  steadily  adhering  to  France.  I  will  take 
good  care  not  to  let  the  houses  meddle  with  for- 
eign affairs.  If  I  see  in  them  any  disposition  to 
make  mischief,  I  will  send  them  about  their  bus- 
iness. Explain  this  to  my  good  brother.  I  hope 
that  he  will  not  take  it  amiss  that  I  have  acted 
without  consulting  him." — Mac  aula  y's  Eng., 
ch.  4,  p.  435. 

1979.  EXECUTION,  Brutal.  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth. The  hangman  addressed  himself  to  his 
office ;  but  he  had  been  disconcerted  by  what 
the  duke  had  said.  The  first  blow  inflicted  only 
a  slight  wound.  The  duke  struggled,  rose  from 
the  block,  and  looked  reproachfully  at  the  exe- 
cutioner. The  head  sank  down  once  more. 
The  stroke  was  repeated  agt^in  and  again  ;  but 
still  the  neck  was  not  severed,  and  the  body  con- 
tinued to  move.  Yells  of  rage  and  horror  rose 
from  the  crowd.  Ketch  flung  down  the  axe  with 
a  curse.  "  I  cannot  do  it,"  he  said  ;  "  my  heart 
fails  me."  "  Take  up  the  axe,  man,"  cried  the 
sheriff.  "  Fling  him  over  the  rails,"  roared  the 
mob.  At  length  the  axe  was  taken  up.  Two 
more  blows  extinguished  the  last  remains  of 
life  ;  but  a  knife  was  used  to  separate  the  head 
from  the  shoulders.  The  crowd  was  wrought 
up  to  such  an  ecstasy  of  rage  that  the  executioner 


was  in  danger  of  being  torn  in  pieces,  and  w^as 
conveyed  away  under  a  strong  guard. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  581. 

19§0.  EXECUTION,  Inhuman.  Kirke.  [Com- 
mander under  James  II.;  execution  of  rebels 
under  the  Duke  of  Monmouth.]  The  sign-post 
of  the  White  Hart  Inn  served  for  a  gallows.  It 
is  said  that  the  work  of  death  went  on  in  sight 
of  the  windows  where  the  officers  of  the  Tangier 
regiment  were  carousing,  and  that  at  every  health 
a  wretch  was  turned  off.  When  the  legs  of  the 
dying  men  quivered  in  the  last  agony,  the  col- 
onel ordered  the  drums  to  strike  up.  He  would 
give  the  rebels,  he  said,  music  to  their  dancing. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  587. 

19§1.  EXEBCISE,  Important.  Military.  So 
sensible  were  the  Romans  of  the  imperfection 
of  valor  without  skill  and  practice,  that  in  their 
language  the  name  of  an  army  was  borrowed 
from  the  word  which  signified  exercise.  Mili- 
tary exercises  were  the  important  and  unremitted 
object  of  their  discipline.  The  recruits  and 
young  soldiers  were  constantly  trained,  both  in 
the  morning  and  in  the  evening,  nor  was  age 
or  knowledge  allowed  to  excuse  the  veterans 
from  the  daily  repetition  of  what  they  had  com- 
pletely learned.  Large  sheds  were  erected  in  the 
winter  quarters  of  the  troops,  that  their  useful 
labors  might  not  receive  any  interruption  from 
the  most  tempestuous  weather  ;  and  it  was  care- 
fully observed  that  the  arms  destined  to  this 
imitation  of  war  should  be  of  double  the  weight 
which  was  required  in  real  action. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  1,  p.  13. 

19§2.  EXERTION,  Absorbed  by.  Napoleon 
I.  [The  night  before  the  battle  of  Waterloo.] 
For  eighteen  hours  the  emperor  had  tasted  nei- 
ther sleep,  repose,  nor  nourishment.  His  clothes 
were  covered  with  mud  and  soaked  with  rain. 
But  regardless  of  exposure  and  fatigue,  he  did 
not  seek  even  to  warm  himself  by  the  fires. — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  37. 

19S3.  EXHIBITION,  Immense.  Centennial. 
The  entire  area  of  the  ground  floor  [of  the  Main 
Building]  was  872,330  square  feet ;  of  the  floors 
of  the  projections,  37,344 feet ;  of  the  tower  floors, 
26,344,  making  an  aggregate  area  of  936,008 
square  feet,  or  21  and  ^  acres  !  The  ground 
floor  proper  covered  a  space  of  a  little  more 
than  20  acres.  [Length,  1880  feet ;  breadth,  464 
feet ;  general  height  within,  70  feet ;  principal 
arcades,  100  feet  high.] — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch. 
68,  p.  577. 

19§4.  EXPECTATION,  Delusive.  Columbus. 
[On  his  second  voyage.]  One  old  man  brought 
two  pieces  of  virgin  ore,  weighing  an  ounce,  and 
thought  himself  richly  repaid  when  he  received 
a  hawk's  bell.  On  remarking  that  the  admiral 
was  struck  with  the  size  of  these  specimens,  he 
affected  to  treat  them  with  contempt,  as  insig- 
nificant, intimating  by  signs  that  in  his  country, 
which  lay  within  half  a  day's  journey,  they 
found  pieces  of  gold  as  big  as  an  orange.  Other 
Indians  brought  grains  of  gold  weighing  ten  and 
twelve  drachms,  and  declared  that  in  the  country 
whence  they  got  them  there  were  masses  of  ore 
as  large  as  the  head  of  a  child.  As  usual,  how- 
ever, these  golden  tracts  were  always  in  some 
remote  valley,  or  along  some  rugged  and  seques- 
tered stream  ;  and  the  wealthiest  spot  was  sure 


236 


EXPECTATIONS— EXPERIMENT. 


to  be  at  the  greatest  distance — for  the  land  of 
promise  is  ever  beyond  the  mountain. — Irving's 
Columbus,  Book  6,  ch.  9. 

19§5.  EXPECTATIONS,  Popular.  Ciml  War. 
It  was  said  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  that 
while  cotton  would  "  bring  Europe  to  its  knees," 
the  Southern  privateers  would  cut  up  the  com- 
merce of  the  North,  and  soon  bring  the  merce- 
nary and  money-making  spirits  of  that  section 
to  repentance.  Neither  result  was  realized. — 
Pollard's  First  Year  of  the  War,  ch.  8, 
p.  212. 

1986.  EXPEDITION,  Remarkable.  Fernando 
de  Soto.  At  his  own  dictation  he  was  .  .  .  ap- 
pointed [a.d.  1537J  governor  of  Cuba  and  Flor- 
ida, with  the  privilege  of  exploring  and  conquer- 
ing the  latter  country.  ...  A  great  company  of 
young  Spaniards,  nearly  all  of  them  wealthy 
and  high  born,  flocked  to  his  standard  Of 
these  he  selected  600  of  the  most  gallant  and 
daring.  They  were  clad  in  costly  suits  of  armor 
of  the  knightly  pattern,  with  airy  scarfs  and 
silken  embroidery  and  all  the  trappings  of  chiv- 
alry. Elaborate  preparations  were  made  for  the 
great  conquest.  .  .  .  Arms  and  stores ;  shackles 
.  .  .  for  the  slaves  ;  tools  ;  .  .  .  bloodhounds 
were  bought  and  trained  for  the  hunting  of  fugi- 
tives ;  cards  to  keep  the  young  knights  excited 
with  gaming  ;  twelve  priests  ;  and,  last  of  all,  a 
drove  of  swine  to  fatten  on  the  maize  and  mast  of 
the  country.  .  .  .  After  a  year  of  impatience  and 
delay  .  .  .  the  gay  Castilian  squadron,  ten  ves- 
sels in  all,  left  the  harbor  of  San  Lucas  to  con- 
quer imaginary  empires  in  the  New  World. 
[A  constantly  wasting  number  marched  from 
Florida  northward  and  westward,  until  over- 
come by  melancholy  and  exhaustion.  De  Soto 
died,  and  was  buried  in  the  Mississippi  River 
near  Natchez.  Mexico  was  no  longer  sought. 
After  great  sufferings  the  311  heart-broken  fugi- 
tives reached  the  Gulf.]  Thus  ended  the  most 
marvellous  expedition  in  the  early  history  of  our 
country. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  4,  p.  66. 

19§T.  EXPENSE,  Divisions  by.  Thirteen  States. 
After  [the  Revolutionary  War]  the  first  great 
duty  of  the  new  government  was  to  provide 
for  the  payment  of  the  war  debt,  which  had 
now  reached  the  sum  of  $38,000,000.  Congress 
could  only  recommend  to  the  several  States 
the  levying  of  a  sufficient  tax  to  meet  the 
indebtedness.  Some  of  the  States  made  the 
required  levy  ;  others  were  dilatory  ;  others  re- 
fused. At  the  very  outset  the  government  was 
balked  and  thwarted.  The  serious  troubles 
that  attended  the  disbanding  of  the  army 
were  traceable  rather  to  the  inability  than  the 
indisposition  of  Congress  to  pay  the  soldiers. 
The  princely  fortune  of  Robert  Morris  was 
exhausted,  and  himself  brought  to  poverty  in  a 
vain  effort  to  sustain  the  credit  of  the  govern- 
ment. For  three  years  after  the  treaty  of  peace 
public  affairs  were  in  a  condition  bordering  on 
chaos.  ...  It  was  seen  unless  the  Articles  of 
Confederation  could  be  replaced  with  a  better 
system,  the  nation  would  go  to  ruin.  [Hence 
came  the  present  national  union  of  the  States.] 
—Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  45,  p.  358. 

198§.  EXPERIENCE,  Guidance  of.  Bartholo- 
mew Dias.  [Exploring  the  west  coast  of  Africa.] 
As  the  ships  advanced  toward  the  south,  the  as- 
tonishment of  the  navigators  was  unbounded 


when  they  found  the  weather  daily  growing  cold- 
er. This  was  contrary  to  all  past  experience. 
No  European  had  ever  before  gone  far  enough 
south  of  the  equator  to  discover  that  the  temper- 
ature lowers  as  you  go  south  of  the  equator  in 
the  same  proportion  as  when  you  go  north  of  it. 
This  fact  was  the  first  great  discovery  of  Dias 
and  his  followers.  —  Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  , 
p.  285. 

19§9.  EXPERIENCE,  Needless.  Tfaro/1812. 
The  waters  of  Lake  Erie  were  commanded  by  a 
British  squadron  of  six  vessels,  carrying  sixty- 
three  guns.  It  was  seen  that  a  successful  inva- 
sion of  Canada  could  only  be  made  by  first  gain- 
ing control  of  the  lake.  This  serious  undertak- 
ing was  imposed  on  Commodore  Oliver  H.  Perry, 
of  Rhode  Island,  a  young  man  not  twenty-eight 
years  old,  who»had  never  been  in  a  naval  battle. 
His  antagonist,  Commodore  Barclay,  was  a  vet- 
eran from  the  sea-service  of  Europe.  With  in- 
defatigable energy  Perry  directed  the  construc- 
tion of  nine  ships  carrying  fifty-four  guns.  [After 
the  battle]  he  sent  to  General  Harrison  this  fa- 
mous despatch  :  "  We  have  met  the  enemy,  and 
they  are  ours — two  ships,  two  brigs,  one  schoon- 
er, and  one  sloop." — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  50, 
p.  401. 

1990.  EXPERIENCE,  Personal.  John  Howard. 
[The  vessel  in  which  he  was  sailing  for  Lisbon 
was  captured  by  a  French  privateer,  and  all  on 
board  were  made  prisoners  of  war.]  He  now  .  .  . 
was  called  to  endure  the  anguish  "  which  wretch 
es  feel,"  and  which  he  spent  laborious  years  in 
assuaging.  The  privateer  was  forty  hours  in 
reaching  the  nearest  French  port;  and  during  that 
time  the  prisoners  had  not  a  drop  of  water  nor 
an  atom  of  food.  Arriving  at  Brest,  they  were 
thrust  into  a  filthy  dungeon  under  ground,  and 
there  again  they  were  kept  miserable  hours 
without  nourishment.  At  length  a  joint  of 
mutton  was  thrown  down  into  their  dungeon, 
like  meat  into  a  dog-kennel  ;  and  this,  for  want 
of  a  knife,  they  were  obliged  to  tear  to  pieces 
with  their  hands.  For  six  days  and  nights  they 
were  detained  in  this  damp  and  stinking  hole, 
gnawing  bones,  and  sleeping  upon  wet  straw. 
[This  was  the  beginning  of  his  great  life-work  in 
ameliorating  the  sufferings  of  prisoners.] — Cy- 
clopedia OF  BiOG.,  p.  34. 

1991.  EXPERIENCE,  Test  of.  Samuel  John- 
son. The  conversation  then  took  a  philosophi- 
cal turn.  Johnson  :  "  Human  experience,  which 
is  constantly  contradicting  theory,  is  the  greatest 
test  of  truth.  A  system,  built  upon  the  discov- 
eries of  a  great  many  minds,  is  always  of  more 
strength  than  what  is  produced  by  the  mere 
workings  of  any  one  mind,  which,  of  itself,  can 
do  little.  There  is  not  so  poor  a  book  in  the 
world  that  would  not  be  a  prodigious  effort  were 
it  wrought  out  entirely  by  a  single  mind,  with- 
out the  aid  of  prior  investigators.  The  French 
writers  are  superficial,  because  they  are  not  schol- 
ars, and  so  proceed  upon  the  mere  power  of  their 
own  minds  ;  and  we  see  how  very  little  power 
they  have." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  125. 

1992.  EXPERIMENT,  Incomplete.  Professor 
Benjamin  Silliman.  [The  great  American  scien- 
tist.] An  instance  of  the  lecturer's  want  of  skill 
used  to  be  related  by  Professor  Silliman.  After  in- 
forming the  class,  one  day,  that  life  could  not  be- 


EXPERIMENT— EXPULSION. 


237 


sustained  in  hydrogen  gas.a  hen  was  placed  under 
a  bell  glass  filled  with  hydrogen.  The  hen  gasp- 
ed, kicked,  and  was  still.  "  There,  gentlemen," 
said  the  lecturer, '  'you  see  she  is  dead. "  He  had  no 
sooner  uttered  these  words  than  the  hen  over- 
turned the  bell  glass  and  flew  screaming  across 
the  room,  flapping  with  her  wings  the  heads  of 
the  students,  who  roared  with  laughter. — Cy- 
clopedia OF  Bigg.,  p.  597. 

1993.  EXPERIMENT,  Scientific.  Isaac  JVew- 
ton.  On  the  day  of  Cromwell's  death,  when 
[Sir  Isaac]  Newton  was  sixteen,  a  great  storm 
raged  over  all  England.  He  used  to  say  in  his 
old  age,  that  on  that  day  he  made  his  first  purely 
scientific  experiment.  To  ascertain  the  force  of 
the  wind,  he  first  jumped  with  the  wind  and  then 
against  it ;  and  by  comparing  these  distances 
with  the  extent  of  his  own  jump  on  a  calm  day, 
he  was  enabled  to  compute  the  force  of  the 
storm.  When  the  wind  blew  thereafter,  he  used 
to  say  it  was  so  many  feet  strong. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BiOG.,  p.  248. 

1994.  EXPERT  by  Practice.  Sir  George  Jef- 
freys.  During  many  years  his  chief  business  was 
to  examine  and  cross-examine  the  most  hardened 
miscreants  of  a  great  capital.  Daily  conflicts 
with  prostitutes  and  thieves  called  out  and  exer- 
cised his  powers  so  effectually,  that  he  became 
the  most  consummate  bully  ever  known  in  his 
profession.  All  tenderness  for  the  feelings  of 
others,  all  self-respect,  all  sense  of  the  becoming, 
were  obliterated  from  his  mind.  He  acquired  a 
boundless  command  of  the  rhetoric  in  which  the 
vulgar  express  hatred  and  contempt.  The  pro- 
fusion of  maledictions  and  vituperative  epithets 
which  composed  his  vocabulary  could  hardly 
have  been  rivalled  in  the  fish-market  or  the  bear- 
garden. His  countenance  and  his  voice  must  al- 
ways have  been  unamiable ;  but  these  natural 
advantages — for  such  he  seems  to  have  thought 
them — he  had  imjjroved  to  such  a  degree  tbat 
there  were  few  who,  in  his  paroxysms  of  rage, 
could  see  or  hear  him  without  emotion.  Impu- 
dence and  ferocity  sat  upon  his  brow.  The  glare 
of  his  eyes  had  a  fascination  for  the  unhappy 
victim  on  whom  they  were  fixed  ;  yet  his  brow 
and  eye  were  said  to  be  less  terrible  than  the 
savage  lines  of  his  mouth.  His  yell  of  fury,  as 
was  said  by  one  who  had  often  heard  it,  sounded 
like  the  thunder  of  the  judgment-day.  These 
qualifications  he  carried,  while  still  a  young 
man,  from  the  bar  to  the  bench. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  418. 

1 995 .  EXPLANATION,  Relief  by.  Louis  Phi- 
lippe. [A  disguised  exile,  with  a  great  reward 
offered  for  his  arrest.]  Once,  and  once  only,  he 
heard  his  ancestral  name  pronounced.  Having 
spent  a  day  in  the  country  with  the  family  at 
whose  house  he  boarded  (in  Christiana,  Norway), 
just  as  they  were  about  to  summon  their  vehicles 
to  return  to  the  town,  a  young  man  of  the  party 
cried  out  in  French:  "The  carriage  of  the 
Duke  of  Orleans  !"  Penetrated  with  alarm,  the 
prince  had  self-control  enough  not  to  betray  any 
agitation ;  and  seeing  that  the  young  man  did 
not  look  at  him,  he  ventured  to  inquire  in  a  care- 
less tone  why  he  had  called  the  Duke  of  Or- 
leans' carriage,  and  what  relations  he  had  with 
the  duke.  "  None,"  replied  the  youth;  "but 
when  I  was  at  Paris,  whenever  we  came  from 
the  opera,  I  heard  repeated  from  all  quarters. 


'  The  carriage  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans.'  I  have 
been  more  than  once  stunned  with  the  noise, 
and  I  just  took  it  into  my  head  to  make  the  same 
exclamation."  The  prince,  as  may  be  imag- 
ined, was  much  relieved  by  this  explanation. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  ,  p.  506. 

1996.  EXPOSURE  of  Purpose.  James  II. 
[Clarendon,  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and 
Halifax,  Lord-Treasurer  of  England,  two  noted 
Protestants,  were  dismissed  from  office.]  The 
dismission  of  the  two  brothers  is  a  great  epoch  in 
the  reign  of  James.  From  that  time  it  was  clear 
that  what  he  really  wanted  was  not  liberty  of 
conscience  for  the  members  of  his  own  church, 
but  liberty  to  persecute  the  members  of  other 
churches.  Pretending  to  abhor  tests,  he  had 
himself  imposed  a  test.  He  thought  it  monstrous 
that  able  and  loyal  men  should  be  excluded  from 
the  public  service  solely  for  being  Roman  Cath- 
olics. Yet  he  had  turned  out  of  office  a  treas- 
urer whom  he  admitted  had  been  both  loyal  and 
able,  solely  for  being  a  Protestant.  The  cry 
was,  that  a  general  proscription  was  at  hand, 
and  that  every  public  functionary  must  make 
up  his  mind  to  lose  his  soul  or  lose  his  place. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  148. 

1997.  EXPOSURE,  Threat  of.  Beign  of  James 
II.  [Tyrconnel  was  anxious  to  be  Lord-Lieuten- 
ant of  Ireland.]  All  opposition,  however,  yield- 
ed to  Tyrconnel's  energy  and  cunning.  He 
fawned,  bullied,  and  bribed  indefatigably.  Pe- 
tre's  help  was  secured  by  flattery.  Sunderland 
was  plied  at  once  with  promises  and  menaces. 
.  .  .  Tyrconnel  threatened  to  let  the  king 
know  that  [Sunderland]  the  lord  president  had, 
at  the  Friday  dinners,  described  his  Majesty 
as  a  fool,  who  must  be  governed  either  by  a 
woman  or  by  a  priest.  Sunderland,  pale  and 
trembling,  offered  to  procure  for  Tyrconnel  su- 
preme military  command,  enormous  appoint- 
ments— anything  but  the  vice-royalty  ;  but  all 
compromise  was  rejected  ;  and  it  was  necessary 
to  yield.  .  .  .  With  a  chain  of  pearls  he  .  .  . 
boasted  ...  he  had  purchased  the  support  of  the 
queen.  [He  succeeded.]  —  Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  6,  p.  145. 

199§.  EXPULSION  of  Scholars.  Jam£s  II. 
[The  fellows  of  Magdalen  College  refused  to  vote 
for  James'  nominee  for  president,  as  he  favor- 
ed the  overthrow  of  the  Protestant  faith.]  Then 
the  king,  as  he  had  threatened,  laid  on  them 
the  whole  weight  of  his  hand.  They  were  by 
one  sweeping  edict  condemned  to  expulsion. 
Yet  this  punishment  was  not  deemed  sufficient. 
It  was  known  that  many  noblemen  and  gentlemen 
who  possessed  church  patronage  would  be  dis- 
posed to  provide  for  men  who  had  suffered  so 
much  for  the*  laws  of  England  and  for  the 
Protestant  religion.  The  High  Commission 
therefore  pronounced  the  ejected  fellows  inca- 
pable of  ever  holding  any  church  preferment. 
Such  of  them  as  were  not  yet  in  holy  orders 
were  pronounced  incapable  of  receiving  the 
clerical  character.  James  might  enjoy  the 
thought  that  he  had  reduced'  many  of  them 
from  a  situation  in  which  they  were  surround- 
ed by  comforts,  and  had  before  them  the  fairest 
professional  prospects,  to  hopeless  indigence. 
But  all  these  severities  produced  an  effect  direct- 
ly the  opposite  of  that  which  he  had  anticipated. 
[See  No.  3.]— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  279. 


238 


EXTERMINATION— EXTRAVAGANCE. 


1999.  EXTERMINATION,  War  of.  Queen 
Anne's  War.  The  Indians  vanished  when  their 
homes  were  invaded ;  they  could  not  be  re- 
duced by  the  usual  methods  of  warfare  ;  hence  a 
bounty  was  offered  for  every  Indian  scalp  ;  to 
regular  forces  .  .  .  the  grant  was  £10  ;  to  volun- 
teers in  actual  service  twice  that  sum  ;  but  if  men 
would  of  themselves  .  .  .  make  up  parties  and 
patrol  the  forests  in  search  of  Indians,  as  .  .  . 
for  wild  beasts,  .  .  .  £50  per  scalp. — Ba:n- 
croft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  21. 

2000.  EXTOETION  complete.  England. 
Longchamp  [who  had  charge  of  the  English 
Government  in  the  absence  of  Richard  I.,  the 
crusader]  and  his  revellers  had  so  exhausted  the 
whole  kingdom,  that  they  did  not  leave  a  man 
his  belt,  a  woman  her  necklace,  nor  a  nobleman 
his  ring. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  22,  p.  315, 

2001.  EXTOETION,  Cruel.  Jew8.\  [In  1211] 
the  memorable  expedient  of  drawing  a  tooth 
daily  from  a  Jew  at  Bristol,  until  he  paid  down 
10,000  marks,  is  recorded  in  connection  with 
the  expedition  of  [King  John]  into  Ireland. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  23,  p.  839. 

2002. .  Massachusetts  Colony.    The 

summer  of  1621  was  unfruitful,  and  the  pil- 
grims were  brought  to  the  point  of  starvation. 
To  make  their  condition  still  more  grievous,  a 
new  company  of  emigrants,  without  provisions 
or  stores,  arrived,  and  were  quartered  on  the 
colonists  during  the  fall  and  winter.  For  six 
months  together  the  settlers  were  obliged  to 
subsist  on  half -allowance.  At  one  time  only  a 
few  grains  of  parched  corn  remained  to  be  dis- 
tributed, and  at  another  there  was  absolute  des- 
titution. In  this  state  of  aflfairs  English  fishing 
vessels  came  to  Plymouth  and  charged  the  starv- 
ing colonies  two  prices  for  food  enough  to  keep 
them  alive. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  13,  p.  125. 

2003.  EXTORTION,  Dilemma  in.  Henry  VII. 
The  chief  aim  of  the  king  was  the  accumulation 
of  a  treasure  which  should  relieve  him  from  the 
need  of  ever  appealing  for  its  aid.  Subsidies 
granted  for  the  support  of  wars  which  Henry 
evaded  formed  the  base  of  royal  treasure,  which 
was  swelled  by  the  revival  of  dormant  claims  of 
the  Crown,  by  the  exaction  of  fines  for  the  breach 
of  forgotten  tenures,  and  by  a  host  of  petty  ex- 
tortions. Benevolences  were  again  revived.  A 
dilemma  of  Henry's  minister,  which  received 
the  name  of  "  Morton's  fork,"  extorted  gifts  to 
the  exchequer  from  men  who  lived  handsomely 
on  the  ground  that  their  wealth  was  manifest, 
and  from  those  who  lived  plainly  on  the  plea 
that  economy  had  made  them  wealthy.  Still 
greater  sums  were  drawn  from  those  who  were 
compromised  in  the  revolts  which  checkered  the 
king's  rule. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  496. 

2004.  EXTORTION  of  Government.  Charles 
I.  [In  1633  Charles  I.  employed  a  commission 
to  harass  every  owner  of  a  new  house,  by  levy- 
ing enormous  fines  or  commanding  the  houses 
to  be  pulled  down.  There  had  been  proclama- 
tions by  James  and  Charles  against  the  increase 
of  buildings  in  London,  in  order  to  preserve  the 
health  of  the  city  ;  fines  were  accepted  in  lieu 
of  removal  of  buildings.  A  Mr.  Moore  was  fined 
£2000  by  the  Star-Chamber  for  not  having  pulled 
his  houses  down  by  Easter.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol  3,  ch.  26,  p.  416. 


2005.  EXTOETION  misnamed.  Edward  IV. 
Edward  IV.  had  been  accustomed  to  plunder  his 
subjects  under  the  name  of  "Benevolences," 
which  practice  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  defined 
to  be  "  that  every  man  should  pay,  not  what  he 
of  his  own  good-will  list,  but  what  the  king  of 
his  own  good-will  list  to  take." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  2,  ch.  12,  p.  199. 

2006.  EXTORTION,  Outrageous.  Bomatis  in 
Briton.  [The  Roman  officials,  after  the  conquest 
of  Briton,]  seized  upon  the  corn,  and  made  the 
people  buy  it  for  their  own  consumption. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3,  p.  35. 

2007.  EXTORTION,  Royal.  Richard  IL  lu 
the  face  of  his  declared  amnesty  for  all  offences, 
he  extorted  fines  from  fifteen  counties,  to  whose 
population  he  imputed  crimes  connected  with 
the  levying  of  arms  in  1387  [eleven  years  pre- 
vious]. Under  forced  confession  of  treason  done 
at  that  period,  he  compelled  rich  individuals  to 
give  blank  obligations,  which  his  officers  filled 
up  vdth  large  sums,  having  no  limitation  tut 
their  despotic  caprice. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  2,  p.  32. 

200§.  EXTORTION,  Submission  to.  Marcus 
Crassus.  [He  was  charged  with  wasting]  his 
money  upon  those  who  made  a  trade  of  impeach- 
ments to  prevent  their  doing  him  any  harm  ;  it 
was  a  circumstance  which  exposed  him  to  ridi- 
cule, and  unworthy,  perhaps,  of  the  characters 
of  Pericles  and  Aristides,  but  necessary  for  him, 
who  had  a  timidity  in  his  nature.  It  was  a  thing 
which  Lycurgus  the  orator  afterward  made  a 
merit  of  to  the  people  ;  when  censured  for  hav- 
ing bought  off  one  of  these  trading  informers, 
"  I  rejoice,"  said  he,  "  that  after  being  so  long 
employed  in  the  administration,  I  am  discovered 
to  have  given  money,  and  not  taken  it." — Plu- 
tarch's NiciAs  AND  Crassus  Compared. 

2009.  EXTRAVAGANCE,  Domestic.  Richard 
II.  Richard's  household  consisted  of  ten  thou- 
sand persons  ;  he  had  three  hundred  in  his  kitch- 
en ; ...  all  his  oflSces  were  furnished  in  like  pro- 
portion.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  2,  p.  23. 

2010.  EXTRAVAGANCE  in  Food.    Coffee  and 

Tea.  In  the  reign  of  George  I.  it  was  held  that 
"  the  luxury  of  the  age  will  be  the  ruin  of  the 
nation ;"  one  of  the  proofs  of  this  degeneracy 
was  that  "the  wholesome  breakfast  of  water- 
gruel  and  milk  pottage  is  changed  for  coffee  and 
tea." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  2,  p.  24. 

2011.  EXTRAVAGANCE,  Oppression  by. 
Charles  I.  While  the  people  were  starving  be- 
neath the  weight  of  oppression  and  forced  loans, 
so  that  for  the  first  twelve  years  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  scarcely  any  one  dared  to  call  his 
property  his  own,  and  a  morning  never  rose 
upon  an  English  family  which  was  not  dreaded 
as  the  possible  herald  of  some  new  oppression,  it 
is  quite  curious,  and  moves  to  a  natural  indigna- 
tion, to  notice  the  enormous  sums  expended  by 
the  king  on  diamonds,  jewels,  and  chains  of 
gold,  either  for  himself  or  for  personal  presents. 
We  read  of  £10,400  paid  to  one  William  Rogers, 
a  goldsmith  ;  we  read  of  £10,000  paid  to  Philip 
Jacobson,  a  jeweller,  for  a  ring,  etc.  ;  we  read 
of  £2000  paid  to  Henry  Garway,  Esq.,  for  one 
large  thick  table  diamond  ;  we  read  of  £8000 
paid  to  Sir  Manrill  Abbott  for  a  diamond  set  ia 
a  collar  of  gold  ;  and,  in  fact,  their  lie  before  us 


EXTRAVAGANCE— FACTS. 


239 


a  long  catalogue  of  similar  items,  indicating  the 
reckless  extravagance  of  the  king.  —  Hood's 
Cromwell,  eh.  3,  p.  55. 

2012.  EXTRAVAGANCE  of  wounded  Pride. 
Aged  William  Pitt.  [By  accepting  the  peerage 
as  Lord  Chatham  he  lost  his  popularity  with  the 
people  and  his  power  with  Parliament.]  A 
morbid  restlessness  now  led  him  to  great  and  ex- 
travagant expense,  in  which  he  vied  with  those 
who  were  no  more  than  his  equals  in  the  peer- 
age, but  who  were  besides  the  inheritors  of  vast 
estates.  He  would  drive  out  with  ten  outriders 
and  with  two  carriages,  each  drawn  by  six  horses. 
His  vain  magnificence  deceived  no  one  but  him- 
self, and  was  but  the  poor  relief  of  humbled 
pride. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  31. 

201 3.  EXTRAVAGANCE  rebuked.  Washington. 
A  single  shad  was  caught  in  the  Delaware  in  Feb- 
ruary. .  .  .  When  the  fish  was  served,  "Washing- 
ton suspected  a  departure  from  his  orders  touch- 
ing the  provision  to  be  made  for  his  table,  and 
said  to  Fraunces,  ..."  What  fish  is  this  ?"  "A 
shad,  a  very  fine  shad,"  was  the  reply  ;  "  I  knew 
your  Excellency  was  particularly  fond  of  this 
kind  of  fish,  and  was  so  fortunate  as  to  procure 
this  one  in  market — a  solitary  one,  and  the  first 
of  the  season."  "The  price,  sir;  the  price  I" 
continued  Washington,  in  a  stern,  commanding 
tone  ;  "the  price,  sir  ?"  "  Three — three — three 
dollars,"  stammered  the  conscience-stricken 
steward.  ' '  Take  it  away,"  thundered  the  chief — 
"  take  it  away,  sir ;  it  shall  never  be  said  that 
my  table  sets  such  an  example  of  luxury  and 
extravagance." — Custis'  Washington,  vol.  1, 
ch.  21. 

2014.  EXTRAVAGANCE,  Ruinous.  Eomans. 
[Cato  the  Censor  reproved  the  Romans  for  their 
extravagant  habits.]  One  day  when  the  Romans 

,  clamored  violently  and  unseasonably  iov  a  dis- 
tribution of  corn,  to  dissuade  them  from  it  he 
thus  began  his  address  :  "  It  is  a  difficult  task,  my 
fellow-citizens,  to  speak  to  the  belly,  because  it 
hath  no  ears. "  Another  time,  complaining  of  the 
luxury  of  the  Romans,  he  said  :  "  It  was  a  hard 
matter  to  save  that  city  from  ruin,  where  a  fish 
was  sold  for  more  than  an  ox." — Plutarch's 
Cato. 

2015.  EXTREMITY,  Desperate.  Siege  of  Rome. 
[See  No.  2079.]  A  crowd  of  spectres,  pale  and 
emaciated,  their  bodies  oppressed  with  disease 
and  their  minds  with  despair,  surrounded  the 
palace  of  the  governor,  urged,  with  unavail- 
ing truth,  that  it  was  the  duty  of  a  master  to 
maintain  his  slaves,  and  humbly  requested 
that  he  would  provide  for  their  subsistence,  per- 
mit their  flight,  or  command  their  immediate 
execution.  Bessas  replied,  with  unfeeling  tran- 
quillity, that  it  was  impossible  to  feed,  unsafe  to 
dismiss,  and  unlawful  to  kill,  the  subjects  of  the 
ernperor.  Yflt  the  example  of  a  private  citizen 
might  have  shown  his  countrymen  that  a  tyrant 
cannot  withhold  the  privilege  of  death.  Pierced 
by  the  cries  of  five  children,  who  vainly  called 
on  their  father  for  bread,  he  ordered  them  to 
follow  his  steps,  advanced  with  calm  and  silent 
despair  to  one  of  the  bridges  of  the  Tiber,  and, 
covering  his  face,  threw  himself  headlong  into 
the  stream,  in  the  presence  of  his  family  and  the 
Roman  people. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  43,  p.  255. 

2016.  EXTREMITY,  Miserable.  Britons.  Pul- 
cheria,  the  sister  of  Theodosius,  who  had  in  real- 


ity governed  the  empire  during  the  whole  reign 
of  her  weak  and  insignificant  brother,  now  bold- 
ly placed  herself  on  the  throne,  and  at  the  same 
time  married  Marcianus,  a  soldier  of  fortune,  and 
their  joint- title  was  acknowledged  by  the  Eastern 
Empire.  The  West  was  in  the  lowest  state  of 
imbecility.  Rome,  unable  to  defend  her  prov- 
inces, allowed  them  to  drop  off  without  an  at 
tempt  to  retain  them.  It  was  at  this  time  that 
the  Britons,  by  a  very  melancholy  deputation, 
implored  the  Romans  to  protect  them  against  the 
Picts  and  Scots.  "  We  are,"  said  they,  "  in  the 
utmost  misery,  nor  have  we  any  refuge  left  us  ; 
the  barbarians  drive  us  to  the  sea,  the  sea  drives 
us  back  upon  the  barbarians."  In  return  to  this 
miserable  supplication,  the  Romans  gave  them 
to  understand  that  their  own  situation  was  such 
that  they  could  now  afford  them  nothing  but 
compassion. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  5. 

2017.  EYE,  Disfigured.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Young  Johnson  had  the  misfortune  to  be  much 
afflicted  with  the  scrofula,  or  king's  evil,  which 
disfigured  a  countenance  naturally  well  formed, 
and  hurt  his  visual  nerves  so  much,  that  he  did 
not  see  at  all  with  one  of  his  eyes,  though  its 
appearance  was  little  different  from  that  of  the 
other.  There  is  among  his  prayers  one  inscribed 
"  When  my  eye  vsas  restored  to  its  use." — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  6. 

2018.  EYES,  Useless.  Siamese  JunTcs.  Great 
clumsy  junks  were  lying  here  and  there  at 
anchor,  with  two  great  eyes  in  their  prows,  to 
let  them  see  their  way  on  the  sea — the  natives 
believing  that  they  are  as  necessary  to  a  ship  as 
to  a  man.  [Seen  at  Bangkok.]  —  General 
Grant's  Travels,  p.  362. 

2019.  FACTIONS,  Dangerous.  Constantinople. 
The  city  .  .  .  had  been  harassed  during  the  two 
last  reigns  with  violent  popular  factions,  which 
had  arisen  from  the  intemperate  fondness  of  the 
people  for  the  diversions  of  the  circus — a  strik- 
ing indication  of  the  most  irretrievable  degener- 
acy of  national  character.  The  factions  took 
the  names  of  the  green,  the  blue,  and  the  red, 
from  the  dresses  worn  by  the  charioteers  of  the 
different  parties.  Justinian  espoused  with  zeal 
the  faction  of  the  blue,  while  his  queen  Theo- 
dora, with  equal  intemperance,  took  part  with  the 
green.  Her  party  proceeded  so  far  as  publicly 
to  insult  the  emperor ;  and  upon  the  punish- 
ment of  some  of  their  ringleaders  took  up  arms 
to  avenge  their  caiuse,  and  proclaimed  Hypatius, 
a  man  allied  to  the  blood-royal,  for  their  mon- 
arch. Justinian  appeared  and  offered  indem- 
nity, on  condition  of  their  returning  to  their 
duty,  but  they  compelled  him  to  retreat  for  safety 
to  his  palace. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  5, 
p.  23. 

2020.  FACTS  assumed.  Anstotle.  He  mis- 
states many  things  which  he  could  have  verified 
with  the  utmost  ease.  He  says,  for  example, 
that  a  man  has  more  teeth  than  a  woman,  and 
that  the  ox  and  the  horse  have  each  a  bone  in 
its  heart.  Mice,  he  informs  us,  die  if  they  drink 
in  summer  ;  and  all  animals  bitten  by  mad  dogs 
go  mad,  except  man.  He  also  says  that  horses 
feeding  in  meadows  suffer  from  no  disease  ex- 
cept gout,  which  destroys  their  hoofs,  and  that 
one  sign  of  this  disease  is  the  appearance  of  a 
deep  wrinkle  beneath  the  nose. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BiOG.,  p.  562. 


240 


FAILURE. 


2021.  fAILUBE,  Beginning  with.  Demos- 
thenes. In  his  first  address  to  the  people  .  .  .  was 
laughed  at  and  interrupted  by  their  clamors  ;  for 
the  violence  of  his  manner  threw  him  into  a 
confusion  of  periods,  and  a  distortion  of  his 
argument.  Beside,  he  had  a  weakness  and  a 
stammering  in  his  voice,  and  a  want  of  breath, 
which  caused  such  a  distraction  in  his  discoui'se, 
that  it  was  difficult  for  the  audience  to  under- 
stand him.  At  last,  upon  his  quitting  the  as- 
sembly, Eunomus,  the  Thracian,  a  man  now  ex- 
tremely old,  found  him  wandering  in  a  dejected 
condition  in  the  Piraeus,  and  took  upon  him  to 
set  him  right.  "  You,"  said  he,  "have  a  man- 
ner of  speaking  very  like  that  of  Pericles  ;  and 
yet  you  lose  yourself  out  of  mere  timidity  and 
cowardice.  You  neither  bear  up  against  the 
tumults  of  a  popular  assembly,  nor  prepare  your 
body  by  exercise  for  the  labor  of  the  rostrum, 
but  suffer  your  parts  to  wither  away  in  negli- 
gence and  indolence." — Plutarch's  Demos- 
thenes. 

2022.  FAILUEE,  Cause  of.  First  Cable.  The 
cable  was  found,  picked  up,  and  joined  to  the 
rest ;  and  this  wonder  of  the  world  was  accom- 
plished. The  cable  was  taken  out  of  the  ocean 
where  it  was  two  and  a  half  miles  deep.  "  In 
taking  up  the  first  cable,"  Mr.  Cooper  continued, 
"  the  cause  of  the  first  failure  was  discovered. 
In  passing  it  into  the  vat  manufactured  for  it 
where  it  was  intended  to  lie  under  water,  the 
workmen  neglected  to  keep  it  immersed,  and  on 
one  occasion  when  the  sun  shone  very  hot  down 
into  the  vat,  its  rays  melted  the  gutta-percha,  so 
that  the  copper  wire  inside  sunk  down  against 
the  outer  covering." — Lester's  Life  of  Peter 
Cooper,  p.  27. 

2023.  FAILUEE,  Discouragement  by.  Bis7i(yp 
M' Kendree.  [He  became  celebrated  as  a  pulpit 
orator,  yet  he]  hardly  escaped  total  discomfiture 
in  his  first  trial.  At  one  of  his  appointments, 
after  singing  and  prayer,  he  took  his  text,  and 
attempted  to  look  at  his  audience  ;  but  such  was 
his  embarrassment,  that  he  could  not  lift  his  eyes 
from  the  Bible  till  he  finished  his  sermon.  After 
the  sermon  his  host  left  the  house,  supposing  the 
preacher  would  follow  him  ;  but  not  seeing  him 
lie  returned  to  the  church,  and  there  found  him 
seated  on  the  lowest  step  of  the  pulpit  stairs,  his 
face  covered  with  his  hands,  looking  forlorn  and 
dejected,  as  if  he  had  not  a  friend  on  earth. 
He  invited  him  to  go  home  with  him.  M'Ken- 
dree  said,  in  a  mournful  tone,  "  I  am  not  fit 
to  go  home  with  anybody." — Stevens'  M.  E. 
Church,  vol.  3,  p.  85. 

2024.  FAILUEE  at  First.  Battle  of  Molwitz. 
Frederick's  first  battle  was  fought  at  Molwitz, 
and  never  did  the  career  of  a  great  commander 
open  in  a  more  inauspicious  manner.  .  .  .  The 
cavalry  which  he  commanded  in  person  was  put 
to  flight.  Unaccustomed  to  the  tumult  and  car- 
nage of  a  field  of  battle,  he  lost  his  self-posses- 
sion, and  listened  too  readily  to  those  who  urged 
him  to  save  himself.  His  English  gray  carried 
him  many  miles  from  the  field,  while  Schwerin, 
though  wounded  in  two  places,  manfully  upheld 
the  day.  The  skill  of  the  old  field-marshal  and 
the  steadiness  of  the  Prussian  battalions  prevail- 
ed ;  and  the  Austrian  army  was  driven  from  the 
field  with  the  loss  of  8000  men.  The  news  was 
carried  late  at  night  to  a  mill  in  which  the  king 


had  taken  shelter.  It  gave  him  a  bitter  pang. 
He  was  successful ;  but  he  owed  his  success  to 
dispositions  which  others  had  made,  and  to  the 
valor  of  men  who  had  fought  while  he  was  fly- 
ing. So  unpromising  was  th^  first  appearance 
of  the  greatest  warrior  of  that  age  ! — Macau- 
lay's  Frederick  the  Great,  p.  33. 

2025.  FAILUEE  by  Incompetence.  Invasion 
of  Canada.  Vast  preparations  were  now  made 
for  the  invasion  of  Canada  [by  the  British].  .  . . 
But  for  the  utter  incompetence  of  [Sir  Hovenden 
Walker]  the  admiral,  success  would  have  been 
assured.  For  six  weeks  in  midsummer  the  great 
fleet  lay  idly  in  Boston  harbor.  Sir  Hovenden 
was  getting  ready  to  sail.  .  .  .  The  Indians  car- 
ried the  new^s  to  Canada,  and  every  day  added 
strength  to  the  ramparts.  At  last,  on  the  30th  of 
July,  when  no  further  excuse  could  be  invented, 
the  ships  set  sail  for  the  St.  Lawrence.  ...  On 
the  22d  of  August  were  enveloped  in  a  fog. 
The  wind  blew  hard.  .  .  .  The  commander  was 
cautioned  to  remain  on  deck,  but  he  quietly 
went  to  bed.  .  .  .  Eight  of  his  best  vessels  were 
dashed  on  the  rocks  . . .  884  men  went  down.  .  . . 
A  council  of  war  was  held,  and  all  voted  that  it 
was  impossible  to  proceed.  In  a  letter  to  the 
English  Government,  Walker  expressed  great 
gratitude  that  by  the  loss  of  1000  men  the  rest 
had  been  s&\ed  from  freezing  to  death  at  Quebec. 
— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  17,  p.  155. 

2026.  FAILUEE,  Lesson  of.  Minvdus.  [Mi- 
nucius,  the  Roman  general,  was  envious  of  the 
success  of  Fabius  Maximus,  who  had  held  the 
chief  command  of  the  Roman  army  operating 
against  Hannibal.  He  obtained  command  of  a 
part  of  the  anriy,  and  was  overwhelmingly  de- 
feated by  the  Carthaginians  in  an  unwise  attack.] 
Minucius,  having  called  his  men  together,  lie 
thus  expressed  himself:  "Friends  and\fellow-_ 
soldiers  !  not  to  err  at  all  in  the  management  of 
great  affairs  is  above  the  wisdom  of  men  ;  but  it 
is  the  part  of  a  prudent  and  a  good  man  to  learn, 
from  his  errors  and  miscarriages,  to  correct  him- 
self for  the  future. ...  I  confess . . .  what  I  could 
not  be  brought  to  be  sensible  of  in  so  long  a  time, 
I  have  learned  in  the  small  compass  of  one  day 
that  I  know  not  how  to  command,  but  have  need 
to  be  under  the  direction  of  another  ;  and  from 
this  moment  I  bid  adieu  to  the  ambition  of  get- 
ting the  better  of  a  man  whom  it  is  an  honor  to  be 
foiled  by.  In  all  other  respects  the  dictator  shall 
be  your  commander  ;  but  in  the  due  expressions 
of  gratitude  to  him,  I  will  be  your  leader  still, 
by  being  the  first  to  show  an  example  of  obedi- 
ence and  submission."  —  Plutarch's  Fabius 
Maximus. 

2027.  FAILUEE  in  Life.  Robert  Burns.  If 
success  were  that  which  most  secures  men's  sym- 
pathy, Burns  would  have  won  but  little  regard  ; 
for  in  all  but  his  poetry  his  was  a  defeated  life — 
sad  and  heart-depressing  to  contemplate  beyond 
the  lives  even  of  most  poets.  Perhaps  it  may  be 
the  very  fact  that  in  him  so  much  failure  and 
shipwreck  were  combined  with  such  splendid 
gifts,  that  has  attracted  to  him  so  deep  and  com- 
passionate interest. — Shairp's  Burns,  ch.  1. 

202S.  FAILUEE,  Signal.  Spanish  Armada. 
This  vast  project  was  dissipated  like  a  summer's 
cloud.  The  English  met  the  Invincible  Armada 
with  100  ships  of  smaller  size  and  80  fire-ships- 
The  fire-ships  attacked  them  in  the  night,  whick 


FAILURES— FAITH. 


241 


threw  them  into  the  utmost  confusion  ;  an  en- 
gagement ensued,  in  which  the  English  were 
favored  by  a  storm,  which  drove  the  Spaniards 
upon  the  coast  of  Zealand  ;  many  of  their  vessels 
were  taken,  a  great  number  beaten  to  pieces 
upon  the  rocks  and  sand-banks,  and  only  50 
ships  with  about  6000  men  of  all  this  prodigious 
armament  returned  to  Spain.  When  intelligence 
of  this  great  national  misfortune  arrived  at  Mad- 
rid, the  behavior  of  Philip  [II.]  upon  that  oc- 
casion was,  it  must  be  owned,  truly  magnani- 
mous. "  QodJslwly  will  he  done"  said  he  ;  "/ 
tliought  myself  a  match  for  tliepower  of  England, 
but  Idid  not  pretend  to  fight  against  tJie  elements." 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  26,  p.  370. 

2029.  FAILURES  misunderstood.  Oeorge 
Whitefield.  [The  burning  of  Whitefield's  Orphan 
House,  near  Savannah,  occasioned  the  failure  of 
the  ostensible  design  of  its  founder,  but]  it  had 
accomplished  a  greater  result,  Avhich  was  destin- 
ed never  to  fail :  it  had  been  the  centre  of  Ameri- 
can attraction  to  its  founder,  had  prompted  his 
thirteen  passages  across  the  Atlantic,  and  had 
thus  Idd  to  those  extraordinary  evangelical  labors 
and  travels,  from  Georgia  to  Maine,  which  quick- 
ened the  spiritual  life  of  the  continent. — Ste- 
vens' M.  E.  Church,  vol.  3,  p.  50. 

2030.  FAILURES  in  Professions.  Oliver  Gold- 
smith's.  [He  met  Dean  Goldsmith.]  This  august 
dignitary  was  pleased  to  discover  signs  of  talent 
in  Oliver,  and  suggested  that  as  he  had  attempt- 
ed divinity  and  law  without  success,  he  should 
now  try  physic.  The  advice  cajne  from  too  im- 
portant a  source  to  be  disregarded,  and  it  was 
determined  to  send  him  to  Edinburgh  to  com- 
mence his  studies.     The  dean  having  given  the 

'  advice,  added  to  it,  we  trust,  his  blessing,  but 
no  money  ;  that  was  furnished  from  the  scantier 
purses  of  Goldsmith's  brother,  his  sister  (Mrs. 
Hodson),  and  his  ever-ready  uncle,  Contarine. 
It  was  in  the  autumn  of  1752  that  Goldsmith 
arrived  in  Edinburgh. — Irving's  Goldsmith, 
ch.  3,  p.  37. 

203 1.  FAILURES  surmounted.  Atlantic  Ca- 
ble. After  a  few  weeks  of  successful  opera- 
tion, the  first  Atlantic  cable,  laid  by  Mr.  Field  in 
1858,  had  ceased  to  work.  The  friends  of  the 
enterprise  were  greatly  disheartened.  Not  so 
with  Mr.  Field. .  . .  He  made  fifty  voyages  across 
the  Atlantic,  and  finally  secured  sufficient  capi- 
tal to  begin  the  laying  of  the  second  cable  .  .  . 
in  1865.  When  the  steamer  Great  Eastern  had 
proceeded  more  than  twelve  hundred  miles  [from 
Ireland],  .  .  .  the  cable  parted  and  was  lost.  Six 
millions  of  money  had  been  spent  in  unsuccess- 
ful attempts,  but  still  he  persevered.  In  July  of 
1866  a  third  cable,  two  thousand  miles  in  length, 
was  coiled  in  the  Great  Eastern,  and  again  the 
vessel  started  on  her  way.  This  time  the  work 
was  completely  successful.  After  twelve  years 
of  unremitting  effort  Mr.  Field  received  a  gold 
medal  from  the  Congress  of  his  country  and  the 
plaudits  of  all  civilized  nations. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  67,  p.  545. 

2032.  FAITH  conditioned.  John  Bunyan.  His 
wife  had  been  overtaken  by  a  premature  con- 
finement, and  was  suffering  acutely.  It  was  at 
the  time  when  Bunyan  was  exercised  with  ques- 
tions about  the  truth  of  religion  altogether.  As 
the  poor  woman  lay  crying  at  his  side,  he  had 
said,  mentally,  "Lord,  if  Thou  wilt   now  re- 


move this  sad  affliction  from  my  wife,  and  cause 
that  she  be  troubled  no  more  therewith  this  night, 
then  I  shall  know  that  Thou  canst  discern  the 
more  secret  thoughts  of  the  heart."  In  a  mo- 
ment the  pain  ceased,  and  she  fell  into  a  sleep 
which  lasted  till  morning.  Bunyan,  though 
surprised  at  the  time,  forgot  what  had  happened 
till  it  rushed  back  upon  his  memory,  when  he 
had  committed  himself  by  a  similar  mental  as- 
sent to  selling  Christ.  He  remembered  the 
proof  which  had  been  given  to  him  that  God 
could  and  did  discern  his  thoughts.  God  had 
discerned  this  second  thought  also,  and  in  pun- 
ishing him  for  it  had  punished  him  at  the  same 
time  for  the  doubt  which  he  had  allowed  him- 
self to  feel .  "I  should  have  believed  His  word , " 
he  said,  ' '  and  not  have  put  an  'if  upon  the  all- 
seeingness  of  God." — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  4. 

2033.  FAITH,  Defenders  of  the.  Henry  VIII. 
One  of  the  first  champions  of  the  see  of  Rome 
who  took  up  his  pen  against  Luther  was  Henry 
VIII.,  King  of  England — the  person  who  we 
shall  see  became  a  few  years  afterward  the  most 
inveterate  enemy  of  the  pope's  jurisdiction. 
Henry  had  been  educated  in  all  the  subtleties  of 
the  schools,  and  was  fond  of  passing  for  a  man 
of  learning,  and  an  adept  in  the  vain  philosophy 
of  the  times.  He  asked  leave  of  Leo  to  read  and 
to  examine  the  works  of  Luther,  which  at  that 
time  were  prohibited  under  pain  of  excommuni- 
cation ;  and  in  a  short  time  he  composed  a  trea- 
tise in  defence  of  the  seven  sacraments,  against 
the  attacks  of  Luthei,  which  was  received  by 
Pope  Leo  (who  very  probably  never  read  it)  with 
the  highest  approbation.  Henry  and  his  succes- 
sors (in  return  for  this  service  done  to  the  church) 
had  the  title  given  them  of  Defenders  of  the 
Faith.— Tytj^er's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  20,  p.  293. 

2034.  FAITH  despised.  Science.  A  just  and 
severe  censure  has  been  inflicted  on  the  law  of 
[the  Emperor  Julian]  which  prohibited  the  Chris- 
tians from  teaching  the  arts  of  grammar  and 
rhetoric.  The  motives  alleged  by  the  emperor 
to  justify  this  partial  and  oppressive  measure 
might  command,  during  his  lifetime,  the  silence 
of  slaves  and  the  applause  of  flatterers.  Julian 
abuses  the  ambiguous  meaning  of  a  word  which 
might  be  indifferently  applied  to  the  language 
and  the  religion  of  the  Greeks ;  he  contempt- 
uously observes,  that  the  men  who  exalt  the 
merit  of  implicit  faith  are  unfit  to  claim  or  to  en- 
joy the  advantages  of  science  ;  and  he  vainly  con- 
tends, that  if  they  refuse  to  adore  the  gods  of 
Homer  and  Demosthenes,  they  ought  to  content 
themselves  with  expounding  Luke  and  Matthew 
in  the  churches  of  the  Galilaeans. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  23,  p.  442. 

2035.  FAITH,  Fed  by.  George  Milller.  Chil- 
dren's clothing,  wearing  appai'el,  new  and  sec- 
ond-hand, material  for  dresses,  ladies'  bags,  pin- 
cushions, needle-cases,  toilet-covers,  antimacas- 
sars, pen-wipers,  sofa-cushions,  etc.,  etc.,  were 
received  and  disposed  of  for  the  benefit  of  the 
institution.  Sometimes  it  would  happen  that  at 
nine  o'clock  in  the  morning  there  were  no  pro- 
visions in  the  houses,  neither  was  there  money 
in  hand  to  purchase  the  food  needed  for  the  din- 
ner ;  then,  in  answer  to  the  earnest  cries  of  those 
who  were  engaged  in  the  work,  money  was  re- 
ceived in  time  to  procure  supplies  and  get  the 
meal  ready  by  the  dinner  hour  at  one  o'clock : 


242 


FAITH— FALSEHOOD. 


but  often  afterward  there  was  nothing  left  for 
supper.  Another  united  prayer-meeting  was, 
therefore,  held,  in  order  that  they  might  beseech 
the  Lord  mercifully  to  appear  on  their  behalf  ; 
and  this  He  invariably  did. — Life  of  George 
MiiLLER,  p.  30. 

2036.  FAITH  invigorated.  Difficulties.  The 
contemporaries  of  Moses  and  Joshua  had  beheld 
with  careless  indifference  the  most  amazing  mir- 
acles. Under  the  pressure  of  every  calamity, 
the  belief  of  those  miracles  has  preserved  the 
Jews  of  a  later  period  from  the  universal  conta- 
gion of  idolatry  ;  and  in  contradiction  to  every 
known  principle  of  the  human  mind,  that  singu- 
lar people  seem  to  have  yielded  a  stronger  and 

■  more  ready  assent  to  the  traditions  of  their  re- 
mote ancestors  than  to  the  evidence  of  their  own 
senses. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  15,  p.  510. 

2037.  FAITH,  Living  by.  George  MvZler.  In 
Bristol,  as  at  Teignmouth,  though  he  continued 
to  live  without  any  regular  income,  God  never 
allowed  him  nor  his  family  to  want,  and,  with 
the  Apostle  Paul,  he  was  generally  able  to  say, 
"  I  have  all  and  abound."  On  the  other  hand, 
however,  it  is  right  to  state,  that  times  without 
number  his  faith  was  sorely  tried — because  when 
God  gives  faith  He  always  tries  it ;  but  when- 
ever there  was  no  money  left,  instead  of  being 
discouraged,  he  and  his  beloved  wife  would 
kneel  down  and  ask  God  graciously  to  send 
them  help  ;  which,  sooner  or  later,  was  invaria- 
bly granted.  Sometimes  it  happened,  too,  that 
not  only  was  there  no  money  left,  but  that 
all  the  provisions  likewise  in  the  house  were  gone 
■ — a  trying  state  of  things  indeed ;  the  Lord 
Uever  suffered  them,  however,  to  be  confounded. 
—Life  of  George  Miiller,  p.  34. 

203$.  FAITH,  Power  of.  Puritans.  There 
is  nothing  more  remarkable,  in  the  course  of 
this  civil  war,  than  the  fact  that  men  who  had 
just  come  from  the  market  and  plough  should 
meet  the  Cavaliers  on  their  own  ground,  and  de- 
feat them.  The  Royalists  prided  themselves  on 
their  military  character  ;  war  was  their  trade 
and  their  boast ;  swordsmen,  they  professed  to 
be  skilled  in  all  the  discipline  and  practice  of  the 
field.  It  was  their  ancestral  character ;  it  was 
the  crest  and  crown  of  their  feudalism,  and,  de- 
feated in  war,  they  had  nothing  further  to  boast 
of.  How  was  it  ?  The  history  we  have  given  in 
some  degree  explains  it ;  but  the  principal  rea- 
son, after  all,  is  found  in  the  higher  faith.  Look 
at  the  watchwords  of  the  two  armies  as  they 
rushed  on  to  conflict:  "Truth  and  Peace!" 
"  God  is  vrith  us  !"  "  The  Lord  of  Hosts  !"  such 
mottoes  contrast  favorably  with  "  The  King  and 
Queen  Mary  !"  "  Hey  !  for  Cavaliers  !"  or  even 
that  of  "  The  Covenant !"  These  men  charged 
in  battle  as  if  beneath  the  eye  of  God  ;  to  them 
it  was  no  play,  but  business :  they  knew  that 
they  rushed  on,  many  of  them,  to  their  death, 
but  they  heeded  not,  for  their  spirit's  eye  caught 
visions  of  waiting  chariots  of  fire,  and  horses  of 
fire,  hovering  round  the  field  ;  and  they  ad- 
vanced to  the  conflict,  mingling  with  the  roar  of 
musketry  and  the  clash  of  steel  the  sound  of 
psalms  and  spiritual  songs. — Hood's  Cromwell, 
ch.  6,  p.  103. 

2039.  FAITH,  Victory  by.  Sit  Henry  Vane. 
[After  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  Sir  Henry 
N'^ane,  who  supported  the  Commonwealth,  was 


pronounced  guilty  of  treason,  and  confined  in  the 
Tower.  His  enemies  urged  his  execution.  He 
writes  his  wife  from  prison  :]  ' '  They  that  press 
so  earnestly  to  carry  on  my  trial  do  little  know 
what  presence  of  God  may  be  afforded  me  in  it, 
and  issue  out  of  it,  to  the  magnifying  of  Christ 
in  my  body,  by  life  or  by  death.  Nor  can  they, 
I  am  sure,  imagine  how  much  I  desire  to  be  dis- 
solved and  be  with  Christ,  which  of  all  things 
that  can  befall  me  I  account  thebest." — Knight's 
England,  vol.  4,  ch.  16,  p.  260. 

2040.  FAITHFULNESS  rewarded.  By  the 
People.  [In  1637  William  Prynne  was  brought 
up  from  his  prison  with  his  ears  sewed  on,  to  be 
punished  by  the  Star-Chamber  for  publishing 
a  book  against  Sabbath-breaking.  Also  came 
Henry  Burton,  who  had  offended  in  a  sermon, 
and  in  a  tract.  And  Robert  Bastwick,  who  had 
published  prelacy  as  identical  with  popery.  Each 
were  fined  £5000,  to  be  degraded  from  their  pro- 
fessions, to  be  placed  in  the  pillory,  to  have  their 
ears  cut  off,  and  their  cheeks  and  foreheads 
branded,  and  to  be  confined  for  life  in  distant 
prisons.  Three  years  later  their  principles  have 
borne  fruit.  Their  petitions  reach  the  House. 
These  prisoners  were  ordered  to  be  brought  to 
London.  Burton  and  Prynne  made  a  triumph- 
al entry.  Baillie  says,  "Never  here  such  a 
like  show  :  about  a  thousand  horse,  and,  as  some 
of  good  note  say,  above  four  thousand  ;  above  a 
hundred  coaches  and,  as  many  say,  above  two 
hundred."  Bastwick  returned  with  trumpets 
sounding,  and  ^rches  burning,  and  a  thousand 
horse  for  his  convoy.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  28,  p.  444. 

2041.  FALSEHOOD,  Confirmed  in.  Charles  I. 
Cromwell,  we  believe,  all  along  used  the  circum- 
stances as  they  transpired  as  best  he  could. 
What  would  we  have  had  him  do?  When  the  king 
was  conquered,  would  we  have  had  him  place 
the  conquered  tyrant  once  more  upon  the  throne, 
without  any  promise  or  constitution  ?  We  have 
seen  that  there  was  no  reliance  on  his  faith ; 
yet  there  are  those  who  have  ever  a  good  word 
for  him.  But  he  could  not  be  true,  he  could 
not  be  sincere.  "  I  wonder  you  don't  leave  off 
this  abominable  custom  of  lying,  George,"  said 
Lord  Muskerry  to  the  celebrated  George  Rooke, 
when  they  were  sailing  together.  ' '  I  can't  help 
it,"  said  George.  "Pooh  !  pooh  !"  said  his 
lordship  ;  "  it  may  be  done  by  degrees.  Suppose 
you  were  to  begin  by  uttering  one  truth  a  day  !" 
If  Charles  had  only  told  the  truth  "  by  degrees," 
had  he  been  sincere  only  now  and  then,  he 
might  have  been  saved  !  He  signed  the  death 
warrant  of  his  best  friend  and  strongest  servant. 
Lord  Strafford,  after  he  had  most  faithfully 
pledged  that  he  would  rather  lose  his  crown  than 
perform  such  an  act  of  unfealty,  and  "on  the 
word  of  a  king"  became  a  proverb  and  byword 
from  that  circumstance  through  all  ages.  Then 
came  the  revelations  of  the  letters  seized  on  the 
field  of  Naseby.  Then,  when  the  king  was  in 
the  power  of  the  Parliament,  Cromwell  desired 
to  save  him,  and  Cromwell  was  willing  to  do  so. 
The  king  had  appealed  to  him,  in  his  despair, 
from  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  and  the  letters,  in  the 
saddle-bags  of  the  king's  private  messenger,  to 
the  queen  in  France,  seized  at  the  Blue  Boar,  in 
Holborn,  revealed  the  king  as  saying  of  Crom- 
well, whose  hand  was  graciously  at  his  own 


FALSEHOOD— FAME. 


243 


peril  saving  him,  "  He  thinks  that  I  may  confer 
upon  him  the  Oart»r  and  the  Star,  but  I  shall 
know  in  good  time  how  to  fit  his  neck  to  a  hal- 
ter !" — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  14,  p.  181. 

2042.  FALSEHOOD,  Governmental.  Bonaparts. 
It  is  difficult  to  determine  whether  his  procla- 
mations to  the  people  of  Egypt  or  his  despatch- 
es to  the  French  Directory  contain  the  greater 
number  of  lies  and  exaggerations  in  reference  to 
Ms  Sj^rian  campaign. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  22,  p.  381. 

2043.  FALSEHOOD,  Growth  of.  Samuel  John- 
son. While  we  were  at  breakfast,  Johnson  gave 
a  very  earnest  recommendation  of  what  he  him- 
self practised  with  the  utmost  conscientious- 
ness :  I  mean  a  strict  attention  to  truth,  even  in 
the  most  minute  particulars.  "  Accustom  your 
children,"  said  he,  "  constantly  to  this  ;  if  a  thing 
happened  at  one  window,  and  they,  when  relat- 
ing it,  say  that  it  happened  at  another,  do  not 
let  it  pass,  but  instantly  check  them  ;  you  do  not 
know  where  deviation  from  truth  will  end."  .  .  . 
■"  It  is  more  from  carelessness  about  truth  than 
from  intentional  lying  that  there  is  so  much 
falsehood  in  the  world." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  361. 

2044.  FALSEHOOD  justified.  By  Jesuits. 
[When  Henry  Garnet,  a  Jesuit,  was  tried  as  a 
conspirator  in  the  Gunpowder  Plot,  he  expressed 
his  general  principles  in  a  paper  written  before 
his  trial.  He  had  been  made  privy  to  the  design 
through  the  confessional.]  "  Concerning  equiv- 
•ocation,  this  is  my  opinion  :  in  moral  affairs,  and 
in  the  common  intercourse  of  life,  when  the 
truth  is  asked  among  friends,  it  is  not  lawful  to 
use  equivocation.  But  in  cases  where  it  becomes 
necessary  to  an  individval  for  his  defence,  or  for 
avoiding  any  injustice  or  loss,  or  for  obtaining 
any  important  advantage,  without  danger  or 
mischief  to  any  other  person,  there  equivocation 
is  lawful."  In  an  examination  after  the  trial  he 
goes  further,  and  holds  that  an  oath  might  be 
lawfully  used  to  confirm  a  simple  equivocation. 
"  In  cases  of  lawful  equivocation,  the  speech  by 
equivocation  being  saved  from  a  lie,  the  same 
speech,  without  perjury,  may  be  confirmed  by 
oath,  or  by  any  other  usual  way,  though  it  were 
by  receiving  the  sacrament,  if  just  necessity  so 
require."— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  21,  p. 
337. 

2045.  .      Samuel  Johnson.      We 

talked  of  the  casuistical  question.  Whether  it  was 
allowable  at  any  time  to  depart  from  Truth? 
Johnson  :  "  The  general  rule  is,  that  Truth 
should  never  be  violated,  because  it  is  of  the  ut- 
most importance  to  the  comfort  of  life,  that  we 
should  have  a  full  security  by  mutual  faith ; 
and  occasional  inconveniences  should  be  willing- 
ly suffered,  that  we  may  preserve  it.  There 
must,  however,  be  some  exceptions.  If,  for  in- 
stance, a  murderer  should  ask  you  which  way  a 
man  is  gone,  you  may  tell  him  what  is  not  true, 
because  you  are  under  a  previous  obligation  not 
to  betray  a  man  to  a  murderer."  Boswell  : 
"  Supposing  the  person  who  wrote  '  Junius '  were 
asked  whether  he  was  the  author,  might  he  deny 
it  ?"  Johnson  :  "  I  don't  know  what  to  say  to 
this.  If  you  were  sure  that  he  wrote  '  Junius,' 
Avould  you,  if  he  denied  it,  think  as  well  of  him 
afterward  ?  Yet  it  may  be  urged,  that  what  a 
m  in  has  a  right  to  ask  yon  may  refuse  to  com- 


municate ;  and  there  is  no  other  effectual  mode 
of  preserving  a  secret  and  an  important  secret, 
the  discovery  of  which  may  be  very  hurtful  to 
you,  but  a  flat  denial ;  for  if  you  are  silent,  or 
hesitate,  or  evade,  it  will  be  held  equivalent  to 
a  confession.  But  stay,  sir  ;  here  is  another  case. 
Supposing  the  author  had  told  me  confidentially 
that  he  had  written  '  Junius,'  and  I  were  asked  if 
he  had,  I  should  hold  myself  at  liberty  to  deny 
it,  as  being  under  a  previous  promise,  express 
or  implied,  to  conceal  it.  Now  what  I  ought 
to  do  for  the  author,  may  I  not  do  for  myself  ? 
But  I  deny  the  lawfulness  of  telling  a  lie  to  a 
sick  man,  for  fear  of  alarming  him.  You  have 
no  business  with  consequences  ;  you  are  to  tell 
the  truth.  Besides,  you  are  not  sure  what  ef- 
fect your  telling  him  that  he  is  in  danger  may 
have.  It  may  bring  his  distemper  to  a  crisis, 
and  that  may  cure  him.  Of  all  lying,  I  have 
the  greatest  abhorrence  of  this,  because  I  believe 
it  has  been  frequently  practised  on  myself." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  526. 

2046.  FAME  belated.  John  Quiney  Adams. 
His  career  was  in  many  respects  remarkable.  He 
had  been  minister  to  five  different  European 
courts.  Senator  of  the  United  States,  appointed 
to  the  Supreme  bench,  had  been  eight  years  Sec- 
retary of  State,  and  four  years  President.  ,  .  . 
But  it  may  fairly  be  doubted  whether  if  his  pres- 
idency had  closed  his  public  life,  his  fame  would 
have  attracted  special  observation.  .  .  .  But  in 
his  sixty-fifth  year,  when  the  public  life  of  the 
most  favored  "^draws  to  a  close,  the  noble  and 
shining  career  of  Mr.  Adams  began.  He  entered 
the  House  of  Representatives  in  1831,  and  for 
the  remainder  of  his  life — a  period  of  seventeen 
years — he  was  the  one  grand  figure  in  that  assem- 
bly. .  .  .  His  warfare  ...  in  favor  of  the  hum- 
blest to  petition  for  redress  of  grievances  are 
among  the  memorable  events  in  the  parliament- 
ary history  of  the  United  States.  It  was  in  a  large 
degree  the  moral  courage  of  his  position  that 
first  fixed  the  attention  of  the  country,  and  then 
attracted  its  admiration.  —  Blaine's  Twenty 
Years  of  Congress,  p.  69. 

2047.  FAME  by  Competition,  ^r  William 
Parry.  In  order  to  be  very  much  distinguished 
in  this  busy  world,  it  is  necessary  to  do  some- 
thing that  nobody  else  ever  did.  Admiral  Parry 
could  boast  that  he  had  been  nearer  the  North 
Pole  than  any  other  human  being.  It  is  doubt- 
ful if  a  polar  bear  ever  went  nearer,  or  even  a 
seal.  Four  hundred  and  ninety-five  miles  more 
would  have  brought  him  to  the  pole  itself,  and 
he  would  have  lived  forever  in  history  as  the 
first  man  who  ever  performed  that  feat. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  Biog.  ,  p.  385. 

204§.  FAME,  Costly.  Sir  Walter  Scott.  In 
those  days  of  high  postage  Scott's  bill  for  letters 
"  seldom  came  under  £150  a  year,"  and  "  as  to 
coach  parcels,  they  were  a  perfect  ruination." 
On  one  occasion  a  mighty  package  came  by  post 
from  the  United  States,  for  which  Scott  had  to 
pay  £5  sterling.  It  contained  a  ms.  play  called 
"The  Cherokee  Lovers,"  by  a  young  lady  of 
New  York,  who  begged  Scott  to  read  and  correct 
it,  write  a  prologue  and  epilogue,  get  it  put  on  the 
stage  at  Drury  Lane,  and  negotiate  with  Consta- 
ble or  Murray  for  the  copyright.  In  about  a 
fortnight  another  packet  not  less  formidable  ar- 
rived, charged  with  a  similar  postage,  whicli 


244 


FAME. 


Scott,  not  grown  cautious  through  experience, 
recklessly  opened  ;  out  jumped  a  duplicate  copy 
of  "  The  Cherokee  Lovers,''  with  a  second  letter 
from  the  authoress,  stating  that  as  the  weather 
had  been  stormy,  and  she  feared  that  something 
might  have  happened  to  her  former  ms.  ,  she  had 
thought  it  prudent  to  send  him  a  duplicate. — 
Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  12. 

2049.  FAME  by  Discovery.  North-west  Passage. 
Martin  Frobisher,  an  Englishman,  well  versed 
in  various  navigation,  had  revolved  the  design  of 
accomplishing  the  discovery  of  the  North-west- 
ern passage,  esteeming  it  ' '  the  only  thing  of 
the  world  that  was  yet  left  undone,  by  which  a 
notable  mind  might  be  made  famous  and  fortu- 
nate."— Bancroft's  Hist,  of  U.S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3. 

2050.  FAME,  Distant.  Lincoln.  Since  Garibal- 
di overthrew  the  Bourbon  King  of  Naples,  and 
the  unification  of  Italy,  Sicily  has  felt  the  spirit 
of  the  age,  and  various  modern  improvements 
have  been  made,  and  among  them  the  laying 
out  of  several  new  avenues,  one  of  which  bears 
the  name  of  Lincoln. — Travels  of  General 
Grant,  p.  106. 

205 1 .  FAME,  Impostor's.  Beign  of  Charles  11. 
The  tale  of  Gates  .  .  .  sufficient  to  convulse  the 
whole  realm,  would  not,  until  confirmed  by  other 
■evidence,  suffice  to  destroy  the  humblest  of  those 
whom  he  had  accused  ;  for,  by  the  old  law  of 
England,  two  witnesses  are  necessary  to  establish 
a  charge  of  treason.  But  the  success  of  the  first 
impostor  produced  its  natural  consequences.  In 
a  few  weeks  he  had  been  raised  from  penury  and 
obscurity  to  opulence,  to  power  which  made  him 
the  dread  of  princes  and  nobles,  and  to  notoriety 
such  as  has  for  low  and  bad  minds  all  the  attrac- 
tions of  glory.  He  was  not  long  without  coad- 
jutors and  rivals. — Macaula-k's  Eng.,  ch.  2, 
■p.  222. 

2052.  FAME  by  Infamy.  Assassination.  A 
young  Saxon,  twenty  years  of  age,  named  Von 
der  Sulhn,  was  arrested  in  Paris.  He  confessed 
that  it  was  his  intention  to  assassinate  the  emper- 
or, and  thus  to  immortalize  his  own  name  by 
connecting  it  with  that  of  Napoleon.  [He  was 
confined,  but  not  executed.] — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11. 

2053.  FAME,  Locality  for.  Napoleon  I.  "Eu- 
rope," said  he,  "  presents  no  fields  for  glorious  ex- 
ploits ;  no  great  empires  or  revolutions  are  to  be 
found  but  in  the  East.  .  .  .  [He  had  conquered 
the  Italians  and  the  Austrians.]  .  .  .  My  glory 
is  declining.  This  little  corner  of  Europe  is  too 
small  to  supply  it.  We  must  go  to  the  East.  All 
the  great  men  of  the  world  have  there  acquired 
their  celebrity." — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol. 
1,  ch.  10. 

2054.  FAME,  Perverted.     Columbus.    Of  all 

the  wrongs  done  to  the  memory  of  Columbus, 
perhaps  the  greatest  was  that  which  robbed  him 
of  the  name  of  the  new  continent.  This  was  be- 
stowed upon  one  of  the  least  worthy  of  the  many 
adventurers  whom  the  genius  and  success  of 
Columbus  had  drawn  to  the  west.  .  .  .  [Amer- 
igo] Vespucci's  only  merit  consisted  in  his  recog- 
nition of  the  fact  that  the  recent  discoveries  were 
not  a  portion  of  that  India  already  known,  but 
in  reality  another  continent. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  3,  p.  59. 


2055.  FAME,  Posthumous.  Columbus.  Colum- 
bus ...  in  his  lifetime  met  with  no  adequate  rec- 
ompense. The  self-love  of  the  Spanish  monarch 
was  offended  at  receiving  from  a  foreigner  in  his 
employ  benefits  too  vast  for  requital ;  and  the 
contemporaries  of  the  great  navigator  persecuted 
the  merit  which  they  could  not  adequately  re- 
ward.— Bancroft's  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  ch.  1. 

2056.  FAME  regarded.  Cicero.  In  Decem- 
ber it  Avas  known  that  an  agrarian  law  would  be 
at  once  proposed  under  plea  of  providing  for 
Pompey's  troops  ;  and  Cicero  had  had  to  decide 
whether  he  would  act  in  earnest  in  the  spirit 
which  he  had  begun  to  show  when  the  tribunes 
bill  was  under  discussion,  or  would  fall  back 
upon  resistance  with  the  rest  of  his  party,  or 
evade  the  difficult  dilemma  by  going  on  foreign 
service,  or  else  would  simply  absent  himself  from 
Rome  while  the  struggle  was  going  on.  "  I 
may  either  resist,"  he  said,  "  and  there  will  be 
an  honorable  fight ;  or  I  may  do  nothing,  and 
withdraw  into  the  country,  which  will  be  hon- 
orable also  ;  or  I  may  give  active  help,  which  I 
am  told  Caesar  expects  of  me.  .  .  .  What  will 
history  say  of  me  six  hundred  years  hence  ?  I 
am  more  afraid  of  that  than  of  the  chatter  of  my 
contemporaries." — Froude's  C.<esar,  ch.  12. 

2057.  FAME,  Sudden.  Lord  Byron.  The  fame, 
however,  of  Lord  Byron  dates  from  his  twenty- 
fourth  year,  when  the  publication  of  the  first 
cantos  of  "  Childe  Harold"  revealed  to  England 
the  full  splendor  of  his  talents.  .  .  .  "I  awoke 
one  morning,"  said  he,  "and  found  myself  fa- 
mous." .  .  .  Such  was  his  popularity  at  one  time, 
that  ten  thousand  copies  of  one  of  his  poems 
were  sold  on  the  day  of  its  publication  at  a  price 
equal  to  nearly  $10  each.  But  his  errors  as  a  man 
soon  lost  him  the  esteem  of  his  countrymen ; 
he  was  almost  as  extravagant  as  his  father,  and 
quite  as  dissolute,  and,  like  his  father,  he  squan- 
dered the  fortune  of  his  wife  after  he  had  ceased 
to  be  a  husband  to  her. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,. 
p.  294. 

205§. .     "  Berner's  Street  Hoax." 

[Theodore  Hook  bet  a  guinea  that  in  one  week 
he  could  make  a  neat  and  modest  house  the 
most  famous  in  all  London.]  The  bet  was  taken, 
and  in  four  or  five  days  Hook  had  written  and 
posted  one  thousand  letters,  annexing  orders  to 
•tradesmen  of  every  sort .  .  .  all  to  be  executed 
on  one  particular  day,  and  as  nearly  as  possible 
at  a  fixed  hour.  From  "wagons  of  coals  and 
potatoes,  to  books,  prints,  feathers,  ices,  jellies, 
and  cranberry  tarts,"  nothing  whatever  available 
to  any  human  being  but  was  commanded  from 
scores  of  rival  dealers,  scattered  all  over  the  city. 
.  .  .  The  mayor  and  his  chaplain  were  invited 
to  take  the  death-bed  confession  of  a  peculating 
common  councilman.  There  also  came  the 
Governor  of  the  Bank,  Chairman  of  the  East  In- 
dia Company,  the  Lord  Chief  Justice,  and  the 
Prime  Minister, ...  his  Grace  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  and  his  Royal  Highness  the  Com- 
mander in  Chief.  [All  came  at  the  call  of 
Hook's  letters.]  They  could  not  all  reach  Ber- 
ner's  Street.  —  Smiles'  Brief  Biographies, 
p.  354. 

2059.  FAME,  Trials  of.  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
At  one  time  as  many  as  sixteen  parties  of  visitors 
applied  to  see  Abbotsford  in  a  single  day. 
Strangers — especially  the  American    travellers 


FAME— FAMILY. 


245 


of  that  day,  who  were  much  less  reticent  and 
more  irrepressible  than  the  American  travellers 
of  this — would  come  to  him  without  introduc- 
tions, facetiously  cry  out  "Prodigious !"  in  imita- 
tion of  Dominie  Sampson,  at  whatever  they  were 
shown,  inquire  whether  the  new  house  was  called 
TuUyveolan  or  Tillytudlem,  cross-examine,  with 
open  note-books,  as  to  Scott's  age  and  the  age 
of  his  wife,  and  appear  to  be  taken  quite  by  sur- 
prise when  they  were  bowed  out  without  being 
asked  to  dine. — Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  12. 

2060.  FAME  undesired.  Emperor  Maximin. 
The  emperor  of  the  East  commanded  a  disci- 
plined and  veteran  army  of  above  70,000  men  ; 
4md  Licinius,  who  had  collected  about  30,000 
Ulyrians,  was  at  first  oppressed  by  the  superior- 
ity of  numbers.  His  military  skill  and  the 
firmness  of  his  troops  restored  the  day,  and  ob- 
tained a  decisive  victory.  The  incredible  speed 
which  Maximin  exerted  in  his  flight  is  much 
more  celebrated  than  his  prowess  in  the  battle. 
Twenty-four  hours  afterward  he  was  seen,  pale, 
trembling,  and  without  his  Imperial  ornaments, 
at  Nicomedia,  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles  from 
the  place  of  his  defeat. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
14,  p.  486. 

2061.  FAMILIARITY,  Ill-mannered.  Jarrm 
Hogg.  [Sir  Walter  Scott's  poet-friend.]  In  a 
shepherd's  dress,  and  with  hands  fresh  from 
sheep-shearing,  he  came  to  dine  for  the  first  time 
with  Scott  in  Castle  Street,  and  finding  Mrs. 
Scott  lying  on  the  sofa,  immediately  stretched 
himself  at  full  length  on  another  sofa ;  for, 
as  he  explained  afterward,  "I  thought  I  could 
not  do  better  than  to  imitate  the  lady  of  the 
house. "  At  dinner,  as  the  wine  passed,  he  ad- 
vanced from  "  Mr.  Scott,"  to  "  Shirra"  (Sher- 
iff), "Scott,"  "Walter,"  and  finally  "  Wattie," 
till  at  supper  he  convulsed  every  one  by  address- 
ing Mrs.  Scott  familiarly  as  "  Charlotte." — Hut- 
ton's  Life  op  Scott,  ch.  6. 

2062.  FAMILIARITY,  Mistake  of.  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots.  The  page  of  the  Marechal  de 
Damville,   the  young    Du   Chatelard,   had  re- 

■  mained,  as  we  have  seen,  at  Holyrood,  for  the 
purpose  of  entertaining  his  master  with  letters 
about  all  that  related  to  the  queen,  his  idol.  Du 
Chatelard,  treated  as  a  child  by  the  playful  in- 
dulgence of  the  queen,  had  conceived  for  his 
mistress  a  passion  bordering  on  madness.  The 
queen  had  encouraged  him  too  much  to  retain 
the  right  of  punishing  him.  Du  Chatelard,  con- 
stantly admitted  to  the  most  intimate  familiarity 
with  his  mistress,  ended  by  mistaking  sport  for 
earnest,  persuading  himself  that  she  only  desired 
a  pretext  for  yielding  to  his  audacity.  The  la- 
dies of  the  palace  discovered  him  one  night  hid- 
den under  the  queen's  bed ;  he  was  expelled 
with  indignation,  but  his  boldness  was  placed 
to  the  account  of  the  thoughtlessness  of  his  age 
and  character.  Raillery  was  his  only  punish- 
ment.— Lamartine's  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
p.  15. 

2063.  FAMILIES,  Old.  Adams.  People  are 
mistaken  who  suppose  that  we  have  in  America 
no  old  families.  We  have  perhaps  as  many  as 
other  countries,  only  the  torrent  of  emigration, 
and  the  suddenness  with  which  new  fortunes  are 
made  and  lost,  conceal  the  fact  from  our  obser- 
vation. The  Adams  family,  for  example,  which 
descended  from  Thomas  Adams,  one  of  the  first 


proprietors  of  Massachusetts,  has  gone  on  stead- 
ily increasing  in  wealth  and  numbers  from  1620 
to  the  present  time,  and  the  family  estate  still 
comprises  the  lands  originally  bought  by  the 
Adams  who  was  grandfather  to  the  second  Pres- 
ident of  the  United  States.  John  Adams  died 
worth  $100,000.  His  son,  John  Quincy  Adams, 
left,  it  is  said,  twice  as  much ;  and  his  son, 
Charles  Francis  Adams,  late  minister  to  London, 
is  supposed  to  be  worth  $2,000,000.— Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BioG.,  p.  173. 

2064.  FAMILY,  Benefits  of  the.  Lvther.  In 
place  of  the  monk's  cowl  the  habit  of  the  citizen 
was  assumed.  Because  of  this  the  heart  of  the 
German  people  went  out  to  the  great  Reformer. 
As  a  struggling  monk  he  excited  wonder  and 
surprise.  But  as  a  husband  and  father  he  is 
loved  and  revered  by  the  German  people. — 
Rein's  Luther,  ch.  16,  p.  137. 

2065.  FAMILY  deteriorated.  Borne.  Even 
in  the  days  of  Tiberius  the  Senate,  as  Tacitus 
tells  us,  had  rushed  headlong  into  the  most  ser- 
vile flattery,  and  this  would  not  have  been  pos- 
sible if  its  members  had  not  been  tainted  by  the 
prevalent  deterioration.  It  was  before  the  once 
grave  and  pure-minded  Senators  of  Rome — the 
greatness  of  whose  state  was  founded  on  the 
sanctity  of  family  relationships — that  the  Censor 
Metellus  had  declared  in  a.u.c.  602,  without  one 
dissentient  murmur,  that  marriage  could  only 
be  regarded  as  an  intolerable  necessity.  Before 
that  same  Senate,  at  an  earlier  period,  a  leading 
consular  had  not  scrupled  to  assert  that  there 
was  scarcely  one  among  them  all  who  had  not 
ordered  one  or  more  of  his  own  infant  children 
to  be  exposed  to  death. — Farrar's  Early 
Days,  ch.  1,  p.  7. 

2066.  FAMILY  discord.  Of  Charles  IV.  of 
Spain.  [Prince  Ferdinand  accused  his  mother, 
Louisa  Maria,  of  shameless  licentiousness  with 
one  of  the  king's  body-guard  named  Godroy, 
She  charged  him  with  ignoble  birth,  her  hus- 
band not  being  his  father.  Napoleon  was  solic- 
ited to  favor  each  side  in  the  possession  of  the 
throne  of  Spain.  He  held  an  interview  with 
all.]  The  imbecile  old  king  brandished  over 
the  head  of  Ferdinand  a  long  gold-headed  cane 
.  .  .  loaded  him  with  reproaches  and  impreca- 
tions. Suddenly  the  mother  ,  .  .  fell  upon  the 
culprit.  A  flood  of  most  uncourtly  epithets  she 
poured  upon  the  victim.  ...  As  Napoleon  left 
the  room  he  exclaimed  ..."  What  a  mother  ! 
What  a  son  !" — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  1. 

2067.  FAMILY  interest.  Theodoric.  [The 
conquest  of]  Italy  .  .  .  was  finally  decided  by 
the  abilities,  experience,  and  valor  of  the  Gothic 
king.  Immediately  before  the  battle  of  Verona 
he  visited  the  tent  of  his  mother  and  sister,  and 
requested  that  on  a  day,  the  most  illustrious 
festival  of  his  life,  they  would  adorn  him  with 
the  rich  garments  which  they  had  worked  with 
their  own  hands.  "Our  glory,"  said  he,  "is 
mutual  and  inseparable.  You  are  known  to  the 
world  as  the  mother  of  Theodoric  ;  and  it  be- 
comes me  to  prove  that  I  am  the  genuine  off- 
spring of  those  heroes  from  whom  I  claim  my 
descent." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  39,  p.  10. 

206§.  FAMILY  kinship.  Lines.  Among  civ- 
ilized nations  the  family  is  so  constructed  that 


246 


FAMILY. 


the  lines  of  kinship  diverge  constantly  from  the 
line  of  descent,  so  that  collateral  kinsmen  with 
each  generation  stand  at  a  still  greater  remove 
from  each  other.  .  .  .  this  is  traceable  to  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  male  line  of  descent.  In  the 
Indian  family  this  is  all  reversed.  The  descent 
is  established  in  the  female  line.  .  .  .  Ties  of  kin- 
ship converge  upon  each  other  until  they  all 
meet  in  the  granddaughter.  .  .  .  Every  grand- 
son and  granddaughter  was  the  grandson  and 
granddaughter  of  the  whole  tribe.  .  .  .  All  the  un- 
cles were  reckoned  as  his  fathers  ;  also  all  mothers' 
sisters  as  mothers  ;  all  the  cousins  were  sisters  and 
brothers  ;  all  the  nieces  v/ere  daughters  ;  all  the 
nephews,  sons. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  1,  p.  46. 

2069.  FAMILY,  Prestige  of.  IrisJi.  The  dis- 
tinction between  those  Irish  Avho  were  of  Celtic 
blood  and  those  Irish  who  sprang  from  Strongbow 
and  De  Burgh  was  not  altogether  effaced.  ...  In 
the  preceding  generation  one  of  the  most  powerful 
of  the  O'Neills  refused  to  pay  any  mark  of  re- 
spect to  a  Roman  Catholic  gentleman  of  old 
Norman  descent.  "  They  say  that  the  family 
has  been  here  four  hundred  years.  No  matter.  I 
hate  the  clown  as  though  he  had  come  here  yes- 
terday."— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  ]).  121. 

2070.  FAMILY,  Religion  in  the.  Mahomet. 
Islamism  commenced  like  a  family.  It  was  prac- 
tised for  a  longtime  in  the  dwelling  of  Mahomet, 
before  it  was  diffused  and  exercised  in  any  meet- 
ing of  the  Khoreishites.  The  first  of  the  faitli- 
ful  were  himself,  his  wife,  his  nephew,  his  daugh- 
ters, and  his  domestics.  He  seems  to  have  been 
long  content  with  this  conversion  of  himself  and 
household  to  the  pure  faith  of  Abraham,  hoping 
that  God  would  be  content  with  this  restricted 
worship,  and  would  not  ask  of  him  a  more  on- 
erous propagation  of  the  truth. — Lamartine's 
Turkey,  p.  69. 

2071.  FAMILY,  Eesponsibility  to.  Beign  of 
James  II.  Every  battered  old  cavalier  who,  in 
return  for  blood  and  lands  lost  in  the  royal 
cause,  had  obtained  some  small  place  under  the 
keeper  of  the  wardrobe  or  the  master  of  the  har- 
riers, was  called  upon  to  choose  between  the 
king  and  the  church.  The  commissioners  of 
customs  and  excise  were  ordered  to  attend  his 
Majesty  at  the  treasury.  There  he  demanded 
from  them  a  promise  to  support  his  policy,  and 
directed  them  to  require  a  similar  promise  from 
all  their  subordinates.  One  custom-house  offi- 
cer notified  his  submission  to  the  royal  will  in  a 
way  which  excited  both  merriment  and  compas- 
sion. "  I  have,"  he  said,  "  fourteen  reasons  for 
obeying  his  Majesty's  commands,  a  wife  and 
thirteen  young  children." — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  8,  p.  313. 

2072.  FAMILY,  Sanguinary.  Gmar's.  On 
the  parents,  and  the  three  sons  in  succession,  the 
hopes  of  Rome  were  fixed.  But  Germanicus 
was  poisoned  by  order  of  Tiberius,  and  Agrip- 
pina  was  murdered  in  banishment,  after  the  en- 
durance of  the  most  terrible  anguish.  Their  two 
elder  sons,  Nero  and  Drusus,  lived  only  long 
enough  to  disgrace  themselves,  and  to  be  forced 
to  die  of  starvation.  The  third  was  the  monster 
Gains.  Of  the  three  daughters,  the  youngest, 
Julia  Livia,  was  put  to  death  by  the  orders  of 
Messalina,  the  wife  of  her  uncle  Claudius. 
Drusilla  died  in  prosperous  infamy,  and  Agrip- 
pina  the  younger,  after  a  life  of  crime  so  abnor- 


mal and  so  detestable  that  it  throws  into  the  shade- 
even  the  monstrous  crimes  of  many  of  her  con- 
temporaries, murdered  her  husband,  and  was 
murdered  by  the  orders  of  the  son  for  whose 
sake  she  had  waded  through  seas  of  blood.  .  .  . 
That  son  was  Nero  !  Truly  the  palace  of  the 
Caesars  must  have  been  haunted  by  many  a  rest- 
less ghost,  and  amid  its  vast  and  solitary  cham- 
bers the  guilty  lords  of  its  splendor  must  have 
feared  lest  they  should  come  upon  some  spec- 
tre weeping  tears  of  blood. — Farrar's  Early 
Days,  ch.  1,  p.  13. 

207JI.  FAMILY,  Sorrowful.  Martyr's.  [At 
two  o'clock  in  the  morning  Dr.  Rowland  Tay- 
lor was  delivered  to  the  sheriff  in  Aldgate.]  Now 
when  the  sheriff  and  his  company  came  against 
St.  Botolph  Church,  Elizabeth,  his  daughter, 
cried,  saying,  "O  my  dear  father!  Mother, 
mother,  here  is  my  father  led  away  !"  Then 
cried  his  wife,  "  Rowland,  Rowland,  where  art 
thou  ?"  for  it  was  a  very  dark  morning,  that  the 
one  could  not  see  the  other.  Dr.  Taylor  an- 
swered, "  Dear  wife,  I  am  here,"  and  stayed. 
The  sherifl"s  men  would  have  led  him  forth,  but 
the  sheriff  said,  "  Stay  a  little,  masters,  I  pray 
3-ou,  and  let  him  speak  to  his  wife  ;"  and  so 
they  stayed.  Then  came  she  to  him  ;  and  he 
took  his  daughter  Mary  in  his  arms,  and  he,  his 
wife,  and  Elizabeth  kneeled  down  and  said  the 
Lord's  Prayer  ;  at  which  sight  the  sheriff  wept 
apace,  and  so  did  divers  others  of  the  company. 
After  they  had  prayed,  he  rose  up  and  kissed  his 
wife,  and  shook  her  by  the  hand  and  said, 
"  Farev.  ell,  my  dear  wife  ;  be  of  good  comfort, 
for  I  am  quiet  in  my  conscience.  God  shall  stir 
up  a  father  for  my  children."  Then  he  kissed 
his  daughter  Mary  and  said,  "  God  bless  thee  ;  I 
pray  you  all  stand  strong  and  steadfast  unto 
Christ  and  His  words,  and  keep  you  from  idola- 
try." Then  said  his  wife,  "  God  be  with  thee,, 
dear  Rowland.  I  will  with  God's  grace  meet 
thee  at  Hadleigh."  [Afterward  he  said  :]  "  Come 
hither,  my  son  Thomas  ;"  then  John  Hull  lifted 
up  the  child,  and  set  him  on  the  horse  before  his 
father.  Then  lifted  he  up  his  eyes  toward  heaven  • 
and  prayed  for  his  son,  laid  his  hand  on  the 
child's  head,  and  blessed  him.  [He  then  went 
to  the  stake.  ] — Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  3,  ch.  6. 

2074.  FAMILY,  Substitutes  in  the.  Indians. 
When  one  party  prevailed,  it  was  a  rule  to  pur- 
sue their  success  by  an  undistinguishing  car- 
nage, as  long  as  the  enemy  gave  the  smallest 
resistance.  When  that  was  over,  they  bound 
and  carried  off  the  prisoners,  who  were  re- 
served for  the  most  cruel  and  tormenting  death. 
This  the  captives  themselves  knew,  and  were 
prepared  for.  They  had,  however,  one  chance 
of  life  ;  for,  on  returning  to  their  village,  the 
victors  made  offer  to  each  family  of  a  captive 
for  every  relation  they  had  lost  in  the  war.  This 
offer  they  might  either  accept  or  reject.  If  ac- 
cepted, the  captive  became  a  member  of  the 
family  ;  if  rejected,  he  was  doomed  to  die  imder 
the  most  excruciating  tortures.  In  these  exe- 
cutions the  women  would  bear  their  part,  and 
seem  actuated  by  the  spirit  of  furies.  .  What  i.si 
most  remarkable  is  the  fortitude  with  which 
these  unhappj'^  wretches  submitted  to  their  fate. 
There  was  a  contest  between  them  and  their 
tormentors  which  should  exceed,  these  in  inflict- 
ing, or  the  others  in  enduring  the  greatest  ex- 


FAMILY— FANATICISM. 


24-? 


acerbations  of  pain.  It  is  even  said  that  by  insults 
they  endeavored  to  provoke  their  executioners 
and  stimulate  their  fury  by  telling  them  of  the 
cruelties  they  had  themselves  inflicted  on  their 
countrymen. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  eh.  21. 

2075.  FAMILY  sufferings.  House  of  the  Qe- 
sars.  It  has  been  well  said  that  no  page,  even 
of  Tacitus,  has  so  sombre  and  tragic  an  eloquence 
as  the  mere  Stemma  Ccesarum.  The  great  Julius, 
robbed  by  death  of  his  two  daughters,  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  nephew  Augustus,  who,  in  order- 
ing the  assassination  of  Csesarion,  the  natural 
son  of  Julius  by  Cleopatra,  extinguished  the 
direct  line  of  the  greatest  of  the  Caesars.  Augus- 
tus by  his  three  marriages  was  the  father  of  but 
one  daughter,  and  that  daughter  disgraced  his 
family  and  embittered  his  life.  He  saw  his  two 
elder  grandsons  die  under  circumstances  of  the 
deepest  suspicion ;  and  being  induced  to  disin- 
herit the  third  for  the  asserted  stupidity  and 
ferocity  of  his  disposition,  was  succeeded  by 
Tiberius,  who  was  only  his  stepson,  and  had 
not  one  drop  of  the  Julian  blood  in  his  veins. 
Tiberius  had  but  one  son,  who  was  poisoned  by 
his  favorite,  Sejanus,  before  his  own  death. 
This  son,  Drusus,  left  but  one  son,  who  was 
compelled  to  commit  suicide  by  his  cousin, 
Gains  ;  and  one  daughter,  whose  son,  Rubellius 
Plautus,  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Nero. — 
Farrar's  Early  Days,  ch.  1,  p.  13. 

2076.  FAMINE,  Brutalizing.  .4 /^ema/i«.  [Ath- 
ens was  besieged  by  Demetrius,  and  famine  fol- 
lowed.] In  the  course  of  it  va»M\  dreadful  things 
happened,  and  this  is  related  among  the  rest.  A 
father  and  his  son  were  sitting  in  the  same  room, 
in  the  last  despair  ;  when  a  dead  mouse  happen- 
ing to  fall  from  the  roof  of  the  house,  they  both 
started  up  and  fought  for  it. — Plutarch's  De- 
metrius. 

2077.  FAMINE,  Cannibals  in.  France.  A 
fearful  famine,  by  which  France  was  visited  in 
1033,  occasioned  throughout  the  country  mise- 
ries almost  unparalleled  in  history.  For  three 
years  in  succession  the  harvest  had  failed.  .  .  , 
Food  was  obtainable  only  at  exorbitant  prices  ; 
and  the  poorer  classes  .  .  .  were  driven  at  last 
to  the  most  revolting  expedients  to  appease  their 
hunger.  An  innkeeper  near  Macon  was  burnt 
alive  for  having  massacred  no  less  than  forty- 
eight  unhappy  wayfarers,  whose  bodies  had 
afterward  been  devoured.  Human  flesh  was 
publicly  exposed  for  sale  in  the  market  of  Tour- 
nus. — Students'  France,  ch.  7,  §  8,  p.  110. 

207§.  FAMINE,  Depopulated  by.  Bengal, 
1770.  [In  1770]  there  was  a  terrible  famine  in 
Bengal,  in  which  it  is  supposed  one  third  of  the 
inhabitants  perished. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  21,  p.  334. 

2079.  FAMINE,  Distress  of.  Borne,  a.d.  546. 
Totila  proceeded,  not  to  assault,  but  to  encom- 
pass and  starve,  the  ancient  capital.  Rome  was 
afflicted  by  the  avarice  and  guarded  by  the 
valor  of  Bessas,  a  veteran  chief  of  Gothic  ex- 
traction, who  filled,  with  a  garrison  of  3000 
soldiers,  the  spacious  circle  of  her  venerable 
walls.  From  the  disti'ess  of  the  people  he  ex- 
tracted a  profitable  trade,  and  secretly  rejoiced 
in  the  continuance  of  the  siege.  It  was  for  his 
use  that  the  granaries  had  been  replenished ; 
the  charity  of  Pope  Vigilius  had  purchased  and 


embarked  an  ample  supply  of  Sicilian  corn ; 
but  the  vessels  which  escaped  the  barbarians 
were  seized  by  a  rapacious  governor,  who  im- 
parted a  scanty  sustenance  to  the  soldiers,  and 
sold  the  remainder  to  the  wealthy  Romans. 
The  medimnus,  or  fifth  part  of  the  quarter  of 
wheat,  was  exchanged  for  seven  pieces  of  gold  ; 
fifty  pieces  were  given  for  an  ox,  a  rare  and 
accidental  prize ;  the  progress  of  famine  en- 
hanced this  exorbitant  value,  and  the  mercenaries 
were  tempted  to  deprive  themselves  of  the  allow- 
ance which  was  scarcely  suflScient  for  the  sup- 
port of  life.  A  tasteless  and  unwholesome 
mixture,  in  which  the  bran  thrice  exceeded  the 
quantity  of  flour,  appeased  the  hunger  of  the 
poor ;  they  were  gradually  reduced  to  feed  on 
dead  horses,  dogs,  cats,  and  mice,  and  eagerly 
to  snatch  the  grass,  and  even  the  nettles,  which 
grew  among  the  ruins  of  the  city. — [See  No. 
2015.]     Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  43,  p.  255. 

20§0.  FAMINE,  Eesource  in.  Hoises.  [When 
Bonaparte's  army  was  retreating  from  Moscow, 
during  a  month  there  were  no  rations,  and 
dead  horses  were  the  only  resource.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  30,  p.  359. 

20S1.  FAMINE,  Trials  of.  Plymouth  Colony. 
The  arrival  of  new  emigrants,  who  came  un- 
provided with  food,  compelled  the  whole  colony, 
for  six  months  in  succession,  to  subsist  on  half- 
allowance  only.  "  I  have  seen  men,"  says  Wins- 
low,  "stagger  by  reason  of  faintness  for  want 
of  food."  ...  In  the  third  year  of  their  settle- 
ment their  victuals  were  so  entirely  spent  that 
"they  knew  not  at  night  where  to  have  a  bit  in 
the  morning."  .  .  .  When  a  few  of  their  old 
friends  arrived  to  join  them,  a  lobster  or  a  piece 
of  fish,  without  bread  or  anything  else  but  a 
cup  of  fair  spring  water,  was  the  best  dish  the 
whole  colony  could  offer. — B^vncroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  1,  ch.  8. 

20§2.  FAMINE  by  War.  Canada,  a.d.  1758. 
In  the  general  dearth  [caused  by  the  prolonga- 
tion of  the  war]  the  soldiers  could  receive  but 
a  half  pound  of  bread  daily  ;  the  inhabitants  of 
Quebec  but  two  ounces.  .  .  .  Artisans  and  day 
laborers  were  so  enfeebled  that  they  were  unfit 
for  toil,  and  tottered  from  debility.— Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  13. 

20S3.  FANATIC,  Insane.  Puritan.  A  mad 
tailor,  named  Ludowick  Muggleton,  wandered 
from  pot-house  to  pot-house,  tippling  ale,  and 
denouncing  eternal  torments  against  those  who 
refused  to  believe,  on  his  testimony,  that  the 
Supreme  Being  was  only  six  feet  high,  and  that 
the  sun  was  just  four  miles  from  the  earth. 
George  Fox  had  raised  a  tempest  of  derision  by 
proclaiming  that  it  was  a  violation  of  Christian 
sincerity  to  designate  a  single  person  by  a  plural 
pronoun,  and  that  it  was  an  idolatrous  homage 
to  Janus  and  Woden  to  talk  about  January  and 
Wednesday. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  153. 

20§4.  FANATICISM,  Danger  from.  Befor- 
mation.  Karlstadt  forbade  the  paying  and 
taking  of  interest  on  money  loaned,  and  even 
went  so  far  as  to  recommend  the  introduction 
of  the  system  of  polygamy  as  practised  by  the 
ancient  Hebrews.  [Luther  wrote  the  elector] 
he  thought  that  Karlstadt  had  always  ignored 
the  praise  of  Christ,  and  that  he  would  alwayr, 
do  so.     "  His  own  insane  desire  for  fame  and 


us 


FANATICISM. 


praise  has  brought  him  to  this.  He  has  proved 
to  be  our  most  dangerous  enemy,  so  that  I  am 
incHned  to  believe  the  poor,  miserable  wretch 
is  possessed  of  an  evil  spirit." — Rein's  Luther, 
ch.  14,  p.  125. 

20§5.  FANATICISM,  Idolatrous.  Bassianus 
Antoninus.  In  a  solemn  procession  through  the 
streets  of  Rome,  the  way  was  strewed  with  gold 
dust ;  the  black  stone,  set  in  precious  gems,  was 
placed  on  a  chariot  drawn  by  six  milk-white 
horses,  richly  caparisoned.  The  pious  emperor 
held  the  reins,  and,  supported  by  his  ministers, 
moved  slowly  backward,  that  he  might  per- 
petually enjoy  the  felicity  of  the  divine  presence. 
In  a  magnificent  temple  raised  on  the  Palatine 
Mount,  the  sacrifices  of  the  god  Elagabalus  were 
celebrated  with  every  circumstance  of  cost  and 
solemnity.  The  richest  wines,  the  most  extraor- 
dinary victims,  and  the  rarest  aromatics  were 
profusely  consumed  on  the  altar.  Around  the 
altar  a  chorus  of  Syrian  damsels  performed 
their  lascivious  dances  to  the  sound  of  barbarian 
music,  while  the  gravest  personages  of  the  state 
and  army,  clothed  in  long  Phoenician  tunics, 
oificiated  in  the  meanest  functions,  with  affected 
zeal  and  secret  indignation. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  6,  p.  171. 

2086.  FANATICISM  inflamed.  Orleans.  And 
the  Pucelle,  left  behind,  found  herself  absolute 
mistress  of  the  city,  where  all  authority  but  hers 
seemed  to  be  at  an  end.  She  caracolled  round  the 
walls,  and  the  people  followed  her  fearlessly.  The 
next  day  she  rode  out  to  reconnoitre  the  English 
bastilles,  and  young  women  and  children  went 
too,  to  look  at  these  famous  bastilles,  where  all 
remained  still  and  betrayed  no  sign  of  movement. 
She  led  back  the  crowd  with  her  to  attend  ves- 
pers at  the  church  of  Saint  Croix ;  and  as  she 
wept  at  prayers,  they  all  wept  likewise.  The 
citizens  were  beside  themselves  ;  they  were  raised 
above  all  fears,  were  drunk  with  religion  and 
with  war — seized  by  one  of  those  formidable  ac- 
cesses of  fanaticism  in  which  men  can  do  all  and 
believe  all,  and  in  which  they  are  scarcely  less 
terrible  to  friends  than  to  enemies. — Michelet's 
Joan  of  Arc,  p.  14. 

20§r.  FANATICISM,  Miracles  of.  Test.  [A 
bitter  contest  existed  between  the  Catholics  and 
Arsenite  faction  in  the  thirteenth  century.]  In 
the  confidence  of  fanaticism,  they  had  proposed 
to  try  their  cause  by  a  miracle ;  and  when  the 
two  papers  that  contained  their  own  and  the 
adverse  cause  were  cast  into  a  fiery  brasier,  they 
expected  that  the  Catholic  verity  would  be  re- 
spected by  the  flames.  Alas  !  the  two  papers  were 
indiscriminately  consumed,  and  this  unforeseen 
accident  produced  the  union  of  a  day,  and  re- 
newed the  quarrel  of  an  age. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  62,  p.  155. 

20§§.  FANATICISM,  Religious.  "Prophets." 
Three  of  the  prime  movers  came  to  Wittenberg 
during  the  Christmas  holidays  in  the  year  1521. 
They  were  curious  fellows  in  warlike  attire. 
Wonderful  experiences  did  they  relate  :  God  had 
conversed  with  them  ;  they  could  foretell  future 
events  ;  in  short,  they  claimed  to  be  prophets 
and  apostles  !  Melanchthon  thought  that  they 
were  possessed  of  a  particular  spirit,  whatever 
be  its  nature,  and  that  Luther  alone  could  deter- 
mine its  true  character.  But  Luther  did  not  vdsh 
to  return  on  that  account,  especially  since  it  was 


not  the  desire  of  the  Elector.  He  wrote  to  Me- 
lanchthon, and  also  to  his  friend  Amsdorf ,  that 
the  prophets  of  Zwickau  should  not  be  heard  at 
once,  but  that  the  matter  should  quietly  take 
its  course.  An  investigation  of  their  claims  to 
a  special  calling  should  be  held,  and  their  spirits 
should  be  tried  according  to  the  advice  of  St. 
John  (I.  4  : 1),  whether  they  be  to  God.— Rein's 
Luther,  ch.  11,  p.  103. 

20§9. .    Gunpowder  Plot.    [Henry 

Garnet,  a  Catholic  priest,  received  through  the 
confessional  information  of  the  Gunpowder  Plot, 
which  he  did  not  ]-eveal.  He  defended  his  course 
with  ability.  He  acknowledged]  that  he  had 
done  more  than  he  could  excuse  by  law  in  having 
concealed  his  privity  to  the  design,  yet  he  main- 
tained that  "  he  had  acted  upon  a  conscientious 
persuasion  that  he  was  bound  to  disclose  noth- 
ing that  he  had  heard  in  sacramental  confession." 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  21,  p.  336. 

3090. .     Peter  the  Hermit.     In  this 

austere  solitude  his  body  was  emaciated,  his 
fancy  was  inflamed  ;  whatever  he  wished,  he 
believed  ;  whatever  he  believed,  he  saio  in  dreams 
and  revelations.  From  Jerusalem  the  pilgrim 
returned  an  accomplished  fanatic  ;  but  as  he  ex- 
celled in  the  popular  madness  of  tlie  times.  Pope 
Urban  II.  received  him  as  a  prophet,  applaud- 
ed his  glorious  design,  promised  to  support  it 
in  a  general  council,  and  encouraged  him  to  pro- 
claim the  deliverance  of  the  Holy  Land.  [Thus 
began  the  crusades.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58, 
p.  538. 

2091 . .  Fifth  Monarchy.  The  Fifth- 
Monarchy  men  rose  on  the  6th  of  January,  1661, 
under  their  old  leader,  Thomas  Venner,  the  wine 
cooper.  Some  fifty  or  sixty  of  them,  after  an 
encounter  with  the  feeble  municipal  police, 
marched  to  Caen  Wood,  near  Highgate,  and  hav- 
ing been  there  concealed  for  two  days,  returned 
to  encounter  the  trained  bands,  and  even  a  regu- 
lar body  of  guards,  in  the  confidence  that  their 
cause — the  establishment  of  the  reign  of  Christ 
on  earth,  and  the  suppression  of  all  other  author- 
ity— would  be  miraculously  upheld.  The  capital 
was  in  fearful  alarm  ;  the  shops  were  shut ;  the 
city  gates  were  barricaded.  But  these  wild  men 
drove  all  before  them,  till  a  rally  was  made,  and 
they  were  for  the  most  part  slaughtered,  refus- 
ing quarter. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  15, 
p.  251. 

2092. .  Fifth  Monarchy.     [In  1657 1 

there  was  a  great  tumult  in  London  over  the  Fifth  j 
Monarchy.  The  Assyrian  monarchy,  the  Per- 
sian, the  Greek,  and  the  Roman,  being  all  four' 
extinct,  it  was  announced  that  the  Fifth  Mon- 
archy— the  greatest  of  all — the  reign  of  the  saints 
on  earth,  was  at  hand.  Thomas  Venner,  a  wine 
cooper,  with  its  standard  of  the  Lion  of  the  tribe 
of  Judah,  was  to  proclaim  it  as  its  herald  on  the 
9th  of  April,  on  Mile  End  Green  :  a  troop  of 
horse  arrested  the  Fifth  Monarchy.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  13,  p.  206. 

2093. .  Protestant.     [When  Mary 

Stuart,  Queen  of  Scots,  was  on  the  scaffold,]  the 
Dean  of  Peterborough,  Dr.  Fletcher,  standing 
outside  the  rail,  directly  before  her,  began  an  ex- 
hortation ;  but  she  stopped  him,  saying:  "Mr, 
Dean,  I  am  settled  in  the  ancient  Catholic  Ro- 
man religion,  and  mind  to  spend  my  blood  in  de- 
fence of  it. "    The  pertinacious  dignitary  replied. 


FANATICISM— FASHION. 


249 


with  more  zeal  than  charity,  "Madam,  change 
your  opinion,  and  repent  of  your  former  wicked- 
ness, and  settle  your  faith  only  in  Jesus  Christ, 
l3y  Him  to  be  saved."  Mary  told  him  to  trouble 
himself  no  further  ;  and  Shrewsbury  and  Kent 
said  they  would  pray  for  her.  She  thanked  them  ; 
"but  to  join  with  you  in  prayer  I  will  not,  for 
ihat  you  and  I  are  not  of  one  religion."  The  dean 
then  prayed  aloud  from  the  English  liturgy  ;  and 
Mary,  with  steadfast  voice,  having  in  her  hand  a 
crucifix,  began  to  pray  in  Latin  ;  and  she  finally 
prayed  in  English  for  Christ's  afiiicted  church, 
for  her  son,  and  for  the  Queen  of  England.  The 
callous  Earl  of  Kent  was  not  moved  even  by  this 
solemn  earnestness,  but  told  her  to  "leaAC  those 
trumperies."  Such  is  fanaticism,  from  whatever 
perverted  view  of  the  religion  of  love  it  may 
spring. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  13,  p.  303. 

2094.  FANATICISM,  Scandalous.  Quaker.  [In 
1656  James  Nayler,  one  of  the  new  sect  of  Qua- 
kers, in  his  frantic  enthusiasm  had  proclaimed 
that  the  Redeemer  was  incarnate  in  His  person  ; 
and  he  had  given  a  great  public  scandal  in  going 
about  in  a  state  of  nudity.  The  madman  nar- 
rowly escaped  hanging.] — Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  4, 
ch.  13,  p.  203. 

2095.  FANATICISM,  Visions  of.  Crusaders. 
Their  victory,  or  even  their  attempt,  would  im- 
mortalize the  names  of  the  intrepid  heroes  of 
the  cross  ;  and  the  purest  piety  could  not  be  in- 
sensible to  the  most  splendid  prospect  of  military 
glory.  .  .  ,  The  vulgar,  both  the  great  and 
small,  were  taught  to  believe  every  wonder,  of 
lands  flowing  with  milk  and  honey,  of  mines 
and  treasures,  of  gold  and  diamonds,  of  palaces 
of  marble  and  jasper,  and  of  odoriferous  groves 
of  cinnamon  and  frankincense.  In  this  earthly 
paradise  each  warrior  depended  on  his  sword 
to  carve  a  plenteous  and  honorable  establish- 
ment, which  he  measured  only  by  the  extent  of 
his  wishes. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58,  p.  550. 

2096.  FAEEWELL  to  Country.  Napoleon  I. 
[A  captive,  and  sailing  for  St.  Helena.  Behold- 
ing the  receding  vision  of  his  native  land,]  he 
then  uncovered  his  head,  bowed  to  the  distant 
hills,  and  said,  with  deep  emotion,  "Land  of  the 
brave,  I  salute  thee  !  Farewell  I  France,  fare- 
well !" — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  30. 

2097.  FAREWELL  desired,  A  final.  James  IT. 
[When  James  II.  left  France  to  head  an  insur- 
rection in  Ireland,  Louis  XIV.  said  at  their 
parting,  "  The  I>»est  thing  I  can  desire  for  you  is 
never  to  see  you  back  again." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  5,  ch.  6,  p.  81. 

209§.  FAEEWELL,  The  last.  Ghristiam. 
[Maccail,  a  probationer  preacher,  was  arrested 
for  joining  the  insurgents  in  Scotland  against 
Charles  II.  He  died  in  torture,  having  a  pair  of 
iron  boots  on  his  legs,  with  wedges  driven  be- 
tween iron  and  flesh.  He  was  in  rapture  of 
soul ;]  his  last  words  were,  Farewell,  sun,  moon, 
and  stars — farewell,  kindred  and  friends — fare- 
well, world  and  time — farewell,  weak,  frail  body 
— ^welcome,  eternity — welcome,  angels  and  saints 
: — welcome.  Saviour  of  the  world,  and  welcome, 
God  the  Judge  of  all. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
en.  17,  p.  297. 

2099.  FAEEWELL,  A  touching.  Washing- 
ton's. [Nine  days  after  the  evacuation  of  New 
Vork  by  the   British]   "Washington  assembled 


his  officers,  and  bade  them  a  final  adieu.  When 
they  were  met,  the  chieftain  spoke  a  few  afflec 
tionate  words  to  his  comrades,  who  came  for- 
ward in  turn,  and  with  tears  and  sobs,  which  the 
veterans  no  longer  cared  to  conceal,  bade  him 
farewell.  Washington  then  walked  to  White- 
hall, foPowed  by  a  vast  concourse  of  citizens 
and  soldiers,  and  thence  departed  to  Annapolis, 
where  Congress  was  in  session.  On  his  way  he 
paused  at  Philadelphia,  and  made  to  the  proper 
offic3rs  a  report  of  his  expenses  during  the  war. 
The  account  was  in  his  own  handwriting,  and 
covered  a  total  expenditure  of  $74,485,  all  cor- 
rect to  a  cent.  The  route  of  the  chief  from 
Paulus'  Hook  to  Annapolis  was  a  continuous 
triumph.  The  people  by  hundreds  and  thou- 
sands flocked  to  the  villages  and  roadsides  to 
see  him  pass  :  gray-haired  statesmen  to  speak 
words  of  praise  ;  young  men  to  shout  with  en- 
thusiasm ;  maidens  to  strew  his  way  with  flow- 
ers.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  44,  p.  355. 

2100.  FAEMEE,  An  unsuccessful.  Isaac  New- 
ton. Isaac  was  taken  from  school  to  assist  his 
mother  in  the  management  of  her  farm.  But 
nature  claimed  him  for  higher  work.  He  could 
not  be  a  farmer.  Being  sent  to  market  once  a 
week,  with  an  aged  and  faithful  servant,  no 
sooner  were  the  horses  put  into  the  stable  than 
he  would  shut  himself  up  in  a  garret  with  his 
books,  till  the  produce  was  sold  and  it  was  time 
to  return.  In  summer  he  would  choose  a  shady 
nook  on  the  road-side,  out  of  town,  and  there 
await  the  return  of  the  wagon.  If  he  was  sent 
to  the  fields  to  watch  the  sheep  and  cattle,  he 
would  be  found,  hours  ftfter,  perched  in  a  tree, 
absorbed  in  a  book,  or  on  the  banks  of  a  stream, 
eagerly  watching  the  operation  of  a  water- 
wheel  ;  while  the  cattle,  perhaps,  were  rioting 
in  a  corn-field,  and  the  sheep  were  wandering 
down  the  road. — Parton's  Newton,  p.  76. 

2101. .  Edmund  Burke.  The  read- 
er may  smile  as  he  recognizes  the  ardor,  the 
earnestness,  the  fervid  gravity  of  the  political 
speeches,  in  letters  which  discuss  the  merits  of 
carrots  in  fattening  porkers,  and  the  precise  de- 
gree to  which  they  should  be  boiled.  Burke 
throws  himself  just  as  eagerly  into  white  peas 
and  Indian  com,  into  cabbages  that  grow  into 
head  and  cabbages  that  shoot  into  leaves,  into 
experiments  with  pumpkin-seed  and  wild  par- 
snip, as  if  they  had  been  details  of  the  Stamp 
Act,  or  justice  to  Ireland.  When  he  complains 
that  it  is  scarcely  possible  for  him,  with  his 
numerous  avocations,  to  get  his  servants  to  en- 
ter fully  into  his  views  as  to  the  right  treatment 
of  his  crops,  we  can  easily  understand  that  his 
farming  did  not  help  him  to  make  money.  It 
is  impossible  that  he  should  have  had  time  or 
attention  to  spare  for  the  effectual  direction  of 
even  a  small  farm. — Morley's  Burke,  ch.  6. 

2102.  FASHION,  Depreciated  by.  Science. 
Charles  [II.]  himself  had  a  laboratory.  ...  It 
was  almost  necessary  to  the  character  of  a  fine 
gentleman  to  have  something  to  say  about  air- 
pumps  and  telescopes  ;  and  even  fine  ladies, 
now  and  then,  thought  it  becoming  to  affect  a 
taste  for  science,  went  in  coaches  and  six  to  visit 
the  Gresham  curiosities,  and  broke  forth  into 
cries  of  delight  at  finding  that  a  magnet  reallj' 
attracted  a  needle,  and  that  a  microscope  really 
made  a  fly  look  as  large  as  a  sparrow.  ...  It  is 


250 


FASHION— FEAR. 


the  universal  law,  that  whatever  pursuit,  what- 
ever doctrine  becomes  fashionable,  shall  lose  a 
portion  of  that  dignity  which  it  had  possessed 
while  it  was  confined  to  a  small  but  earnest 
minority,  and  was  loved  for  its  own  sake  alone. 
It  is  true  that  the  follies  of  some  persons  who, 
without  any  real  aptitude  for  science,  professed 
a  passion  for  it,  furnished  matter  of  contemptu- 
ous mirth  to  a  few  malignant  satirists  who  be- 
longed to  the  preceding  generation. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  380. 

2103.  FASHION  disregarded.  Benjamin 
TVanklin.  December,  1776.  Franklin  [the  Am- 
erican commissioner]  reached  Paris, . . .  and  was 
welcomed  with  wonderful  unanimity.  His  fame 
as  a  philosopher,  his  unfailing  good-humor,  the 
dignity,  self-possession,  and  ease  of  his  manners, 
the  plainness  of  his  dress,  his  habit  of  wearing 
his  straight  thin  gray  hair  without  powder,  con- 
trary to  the  fashion  of  that  day  in  France,  acted 
as  a  spell. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  16. 

2104.  FASHION,  Struggle  for.  French.  Hats 
were  a  French  invention  of  1449  ;  a  belted  knight 
writes:  "  Send  me  a  hat  and  a  bonnet  by  the  same 
man  ;  and  let  him  bring  the  hat  on  his  head,  for 
fear  of  misfashioning  of  it." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  8,  p.  121. 

2105.  FASTS,  Eeligious.  Early  Methodists. 
Four  fasts  were  appointed  for  each  year  on 
every  circuit,  and  the  preachers  were  ordered 
to  write  on  all  class  papers :  ' '  The  first  Friday 
after  every  Quarterly  Meeting  is  to  be  observed 
as  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer."  The  earliest 
historian  of  Methodism  remarks  that  it  was  the 
custom  of  its  people  "to  observe  formerly  all 
Fridays  as  days  of  fasting  or  abstinence." — Ste- 
vens' M.  E.  Church,  vol.  2,  p.  134. 

2106.  FATE,  Belief  in.  Mohammedans.  The 
Koran  inculcates,  in  the  most  absolute  sense,  the 
tenets  of  fate  and  predestination,  which  would 
extinguish  both  industry  and  virtue,  if  the  ac- 
tions of  man  were  governed  by  his  speculative 
belief.  Yet  their  influence  in  every  age  has  ex- 
alted the  courage  of  the  Saracens  and  Turks. 
The  first  companions  of  Mahomet  advanced  to 
battle  with  a  fearless  confidence ;  there  is  no 
danger  where  there  is  no  chance  ;  they  were  or- 
dained to  perish  in  their  beds  ;  or  they  were  safe 
and  invulnerable  amid  the  darts  of  the  enemy. 
— Gibbon's  Mahomet,  p.  39. 

2107.  FATHER,  A  confiding.  John  Milton's. 
There  is  no  attempt  on  the  part  of  Milton  to  take 
up  a  profession,  not  even  for  the  sake  of  appear- 
ances. The  elder  Milton  was  content  to  provide 
the  son,  of  whom  he  was  proud,  with  the  means 
of  prosecuting  his  eccentric  scheme  of  life,  to 
continue,  namely,  to  prepare  himself  for  some 
great  work,  nature  unknown.  For  a  young  man 
of  simple  habits  and  studious  life  a  little  suffices. 
The  chief  want  is  books. — Milton,  by  M.  Pat- 
TISON,  ch.  3. 

210§.  FATHERHOOD,  Experience  of.  Agesi- 
laus.  Agesilaus  [the  Lacedaemonian  king]  was 
certainly  a  most  affectionate  father.  It  is  said, 
when  his  children  were  small,  he  would  join 
in  their  sports  ;  and  a  friend  happening  to  find 
him  one  day  riding  among  them  upon  a  stick, 
he  desired  him  ' '  not  to  mention  it  until  he  was 
\  father  himself. " — Plutarch's  Agesilaus. 


2109.  FATHERHOOD  suppressed.  War  of 
Rebellion.  [At  the  battle  of  Malvern  Hill  in 
Virginia]  the  son  of  [Confederate]  Major  Pey- 
ton, but  fifteen  years  of  age,  called  to  his  father 
for  help.  A  ball  had  shattered  both  his  legs. 
"When  we  have  beaten  the  enemy,  then  I  will 
help  you,"  answered  Peyton  ;  "  I  have  here  other 
sons  to  lead  to  glory.  Forward  !"  But  the  col- 
umn had  advanced  only  a  few  paces  when  the 
major  himself  fell  to  the  earth  a  corpse. — Pol- 
lard's Second  Year  of  the  War,  p.  323. 

2110.  FAVORITISM,  Scandalous.  Charles  IT. 
Whoever  could  make  himself  agreeable  to  the 
prince,  or  could  secure  the  good  offices  of  the 
mistress,  might  hope  to  rise  in  the  world  with- 
out rendering  any  service  to  the  government, 
without  being  even  known  by  sight  to  any  min- 
ister of  State.  This  courtier  got  a  frigate,  and 
that  a  company  ;  a  third  the  pardon  of  a  rich 
offender  ;  a  fourth,  a  lease  of  crown  land  on 
easy  terms.  If  the  king  notified  his  pleasure 
that  a  briefless  lawyer  should  be  made  a  judge, 
or  that  a  libertine  baronet  should  be  made  a 
peer,  the  gravest  counsellors,  after  a  little  mur- 
muring, submitted. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3, 
p.  340. 

2111.  FEAR  conquered  by  Faith.  Moravians. 
[When  John  Wesley  came  as  a  missionary  to  the 
American  colonists  and  Indians,  he  had  not  ob 
tained  the  experience  of  the  conscious  favor  of 
God.  While  on  his  passage,  in  the  midst  of  a 
fearful  storm  which  endangered  the  lives  of  all, 
he  observed  the  calmness  of  a  little  band  of  Mo- 
ravian passengers  who  were  holding  religious 
service.  When  in  the  midst  of  the  psalm  which 
they  were  singing,]  the  sea  broke  over  the  ship, 
split  the  mainsail  into  pieces,  and  poured  in  be- 
tween the  decks  as  if  the  great  deep  had  already 
swallowed  them  up.  A  terrible  outcry  arose 
from  the  English,  but  the  Moravians  calmly 
sung  on.  Wesley  asked  one  of  them,  "  Were 
you  not  afraid  ?"  He  answered  :  "  I  thank  God, 
no."  "  But  were  not  your  women  and  children?" 
"  No  ;  our  women  and  children  are  not  afraid  to 
die." — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  78. 

2112.  FEAR,  Contagious.  Romans.  They  had 
never  yet  looked  Germans  in  the  face,  and  im- 
agination magnifies  the  unknown.  Roman 
merchants  and  the  Gauls  of  the  neighborhood 
brought  stories  of  the  gigantic  size  and  strength 
of  these  northern  warriors.  The  glare  of  their 
eyes  was  reported  to  be  so  fierce  that  it  could  not 
be  borne.  They  were  wild,  wonderful,  and 
dreadful.  Young  officers,  patricians,  and 
knights,  who  had  followed  Caesar  for  little  mild 
experience,  began  to  dislike  the  notion  of  these 
new  enemies.  Some  applied  for  leave  of  ab- 
sence ;  others,  though  ashamed  to  ask  to  be  al- 
lowed to  leave  the  army,  cowered  in  their  tents 
with  sinking  hearts,  made  their  wills,  and  com- 
posed last  messages  for  their  friends.  The  centu- 
rions caught  the  alarm  from  their  superiors,  and 
the  legionaries  from  the  centurions. — Froude's 
C^SAR,  ch.  14,  p.  32. 

2113.  FEAR  and  Courage.  War.  [While  at  | 
war  witli  each  other  a  small  company  of  The-  | 
bans  under  Pelopidas  imexpectedly  met  their  j 
Lacedaemonian  enemies  on  the  road.]  As  soon  | 
as  they  were  perceived  to  be  passing  the  straits,  j 
one  ran  and  told  Pelopidas,  "  We  are  fallen  into*  j: 


FEAR— FEARS. 


251 


the  enemy's  hands. "  ' '  And  why  not  they,"  said 
he,  "  into  ours  ?"— Plutarch's  Pelopidas. 

2114.  FEAR,  Government  by.  England.  [Ed- 
mund Burke  said  of  the  success  of  the  Revolu- 
tionists of  France  :]  I  believe  very  few  were  able 
to  enter  into  the  effects  of  mere  terror.  .  .  .  For 
four  years  we  have  seen  loans  made,  treasuries 
supplied,  and  armies  levied  and  maintained, 
more  numerous  than  France  ever  showed  in  the 
field,  by  the  effects  of  fear  alone. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  15,  p.  268. 

2115. .     ScJwol.  Fashion,  and  even 

convenience,  soon  persuaded  the  conquerors  of 
Rome  to  assume  the  more  elegant  dress  of  the 
natives;  but  they  still  persisted  in  the  use  of  their 
mother-tongue  ;  and  their  contempt  for  the  Latin 
schools  was  applauded  by  Theodoric  himself, 
who  gratified  their  prejudices,  or  his  own,  by 
declaring  that  the  child  who  had  trembled  at  a 
rod  would  never  dare  to  look  upon  a  sword. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  39. 

2116.  FEAR  overcome.  Joan  of  Arc.  In 
the  midst  of  her  triumph  Jeanne  still  remained 
the  pure,  tender-hearted  peasant  girl  of  the 
Vosges.  Her  first  visit  as  she  entered  Orleans  was 
to  the  great  church,  and  there,  as  she  knelt  at 
mass,  she  wept  in  such  a  passion  of  devotion  that 
' '  all  the  people  wept  with  her. "  Her  tears  burst 
forth  afresh  at  her  first  sight  of  bloodshed  and 
of  the  corpses  strewn  over  the  battlefield.  She 
grew  frightened  at  her  first  wound,  and  only 
threw  off  the  touch  of  womanly  fear  when  she 
heard  the  signal  for  retreat. — Hist,  of  Eng. 
■  People,  §  431. 

I  2117.  FEAR,  Panic  of.  Borne.  Meanwhile 
i  the  report  reached  Rome  that  Caesar  had  crossed 
!  the  Rubicon.  The  aristocracy  had  nursed  the 
pleasant  belief  that  his  heart  would  fail  him,  or 
;  that  his  army  would  desert  him.  His  heart  had 
!  not  failed,  his  army  had  not  deserted ;  and,  in 
:  their  terror,  they  saw  him  already  in  their  midst 
i  like  an  avenging  Marius.  He  was  coming.  His 
j  horse  had  been  seen  on  the  Apennines.  Flight, 
I  instant  flight,  was  the  only  safety.  Up  they 
i  rose,  consuls,  praetors,  senators,  leaving  wives 
I  and  children  and  property  to  their  fate,  not  halt- 
:  ing  even  to  take  the  money  out  of  the  treasury, 

■  but  contenting  themselves  with  leaving  it  lock- 
)  ed.  On  foot,  on  horseback,  in  litters,  in  car- 
I  riages,  they  fled  for  their  lives  to  find  safety  un- 
i  der  Pompey's  wing  in  Capua. — Froude's  C^- 

■  BAR,  ch.  31. 

2118.  FEAR  of  Retribution.  Reign  of  James 
I  //.  [Lord  Sunderland,  his  prime-minister  and 
I  tool, apprehended  the  revolution  which  dethroned 
;  James.]  Visions  of  an  innumerable  crowd  cov- 
[  ering  Tower  Hill  [the  place  of  execution],  and 
f  shouting  with  savage  joy  at  the  sight  of  the  apos- 
'  tate  [who  sought  to  betray  James  to  William, 
f  Prince  of  Orange],  of  a  scaffold  hung  with  black, 

!  of  [Bishop]  Burnet  reading  the  prayer  for  the 
i  departing,  and  of  Ketch  [the  executioner]  lean- 
'  ing  on  the  axe  with  which  Russell  and  Monmouth 
had  been  mangled  in  so  butcherly  a  fashion,  be- 
gan to  haunt  the  unhappy  statesman. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  411. 

2119.  FEAR,  Shameless.  Duke  of  Monmouth. 
\  \S\s  rebellion  against  James  II.  was  suppressed.] 
■  The  spoiled  darling  of  the  court  and  of  the  pop- 
ulace, accustomed  to  be  loved  and  worshipped 


wherever  he  appeared,  was  now  surrounded  by 
stern  jailers,  in  whose  eyes  he  read  his  doom. 
Yet  a  few  hours  of  gloomy  seclusion,  and  he 
must  die  a  violent  and  shameful  death.  His 
heart  sank  within  him.  Life  seemed  to  be  worth 
purchasing  by  any  humiliation  ;  nor  could  his 
mind,  always  feeble,  and  now  distracted  by  ter- 
ror, perceive  that  humiliation  must  degi'ade 
but  could  not  save  him. ...  He  wrote  to  the  king. 
The  letter  was  that  of  a  man  whom  a  craven  fear 
had  made  insensible  to  shame.  He  professed  in 
vehement  terms  his  remorse  for  his  treason.  He 
affirmed  that,  when  he  promised  his  cousins  at 
the  Hague  not  to  raise  troubles  in  England,  he 
had  fuily  meant  to  keep  his  word.  Unhappily, 
he  had  afterward  been  seduced  from  his  alle- 
giance by  some  horrid  people  who  had  heated 
his  mind  by  calumnies  and  misled  him  by  soph- 
istry :  but  now  he  abhorred  them  ;  he  abhorred 
himself.  He  begged  in  piteous  terms  that  he 
might  be  admitted  to  the  royal  presence. — Ma- 
caulay'sEng.,  ch.  5,  p.  573. 

2120.  FEAR,  Stranger  to.  Colony  of  Oeorgia. 
A  Cherokee  appeared  among  the  English.  ' '  Fear 
nothing,"  said  Oglethorpe  [the  governor],  "but 
speak  freely ;"  and  the  mountainer  answered, 
"  I  always  speak  freely.  Why  should  I  fear  ? 
I  am  now  among  friends  ;  I  never  feared  even 
among  my  eneJiies." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  24. 

2121.  FEARLESSNESS,  Astonishing.  Bomans. 
[Hannibal's  approach  to  Rome.]  Hannibal  was 
astonished  by  the  constancy  of  the  Senate,  who, 
without  raising  the  siege  of  Capua,  or  recalling 
their  scattered  forces,  expected  his  approach.  He 
encamped  on  the  banks  of  the  Anio,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  three  miles  from  the  city ;  and  he  was 
soon  informed  that  the  ground  on  which  he  had 
pitched  his  tent  was  sold  for  an  adequate  price 
at  a  public  auction,  and  that  a  body  of  troops 
was  dismissed  by  an  opposite  road,  to  re-enforce 
the  legions  of  Spain. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31, 
p.  245. 

2122.  FEARLESSNESS,  Boyish.  Benedict  Ar- 
nold. He  was  no  common  boy.  The  most  strik- 
ing trait  of  his  character  was  fearlessness.  He 
would  place  himself  in  situations  of  extreme 
peril,  for  no  other  motive  than  to  terrify  his 
elders,  or  to  "show  off"  his  courage.  ...  It 
was  often  the  duty  of  the  boy  Arnold  to  carry 
bags  of  Indian  corn  to  a  mill,  two  miles  from 
home,  himself  riding  upon  the  bags  that  were 
thrown  over  the  horse's  back.  While  he  was 
waiting  for  his  grist,  it  was  his  delight  to  aston- 
ish the  miller  with  his  wild,  daring  tricks.  As 
he  was  bathing  in  the  mill-stream,  he  would  seize 
hold  of  one  of  the  spokes  of  the  great  water- 
wheel,  and  go  around  with  it,  now  dangling  in 
the  air,  now  buried  in  the  foaming  water,  while 
the  miller  stood  horror-stricken  at  his  reckless- 
ness. He  was  a  most  daring  and  headlong  rider. 
Horses  that  he  was  accustomed  to  ride  were  ob- 
served to  fall  into  bad  habits,  such  as  kicking, 
starting,  and  running  away. — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  229. 

2123.  FEARS,  Imaginary.  Coesar.  Sixty  thou- 
sand picked  men  left  the  Gauls'  camp  before 
dawn  ;  they  stole  round  by  a  distant  route,  and 
were  allowed  to  rest  concealed  in  a  valley  till 
the  middle  of  the  day.  At  noon  they  came  over 
the  ridge  at  the  Romans'  back  ;.and  they  had  the 


252 


FEAST— FIGHTING. 


best  of  the  position,  being  able  to  attack  from 
above.  Their  appearance  was  the  signal  for  a 
general  assault  on  all  sides,  and  for  a  determined 
sally  by  Vercingetorix  from  within.  Thus  be- 
fore, behind,  and  everywhere,  the  legions  were 
assailed  at  the  same  moment ;  and  Caesar  ob- 
serves that  the  cries  of  battle  in  the  rear  are  al- 
ways more  trying  to  men  than  the  fiercest  onset 
upon  them  in  front ;  because  what  they  cannot 
see  they  imagine  more  formidable  than  it  is,  and 
they  depend  for  their  own  safety  on  the  courage 
of  others.  [Caesar's  genius  saved  the  army.] — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  19. 

2124.  FEAST,  Intellectual.  Mahomet.  He 
assembled  his  relatives  to  the  number  of  forty, 
at  a  feast  served  in  the  court  of  his  house,  as  was 
the  usage  of  the  grand  councils  which  preceded 
great  revolutions  among  the  Arabs.  They  were 
all  the  sons  and  descendants  of  his  uncle  and 
adoptive  father,  Aboutaleb.  The  banquet,  fru- 
gal, like  the  life  of  the  desert,  was  composed  but 
of  a  leg  of  mutton  and  some  rice.  Mahomet  sup- 
plied its  meagreness  by  the  nutriment  of  the  soul ; 
he  entertained  his  guests  with  so  much  inspira- 
tion and  persuasion  that  they  felt  themselves 
quite  satisfied  by  his  words.  These  simple  minds, 
astonished  to  find  they  had  their  fill  despite  the 
pitiful  supply  upon  the  table,  attributed  to  the 
magic  of  the  infernal  spirits  this  charm  and  re- 
pletion, which  were  but  the  magic  of  the  divine 
word.  They  retired  uneasy,  interrogating  each 
other,  and  promising  not  to  return  to  expose 
themselves  to  such  enchantments. — Lamar- 
tine's  Turkey,  p.  73. 

2125.  FEES,  Extortionate.  Jailers.  [At  that 
day  a  jailer  had  no  salary,  but  was  supported 
chiefly  by  fees  extorted  from  the  prisoners  on 
their  leaving  jail.  Custom  had  established,  with 
the  force  of  law,  that  every  prisoner,  whether 
felon  or  debtor,  whether  discharged  because  the 
jury  had  acquitted  him,  or  because  no  bill  of  in- 
dictment was  found  against  him,  or  because  his 
term  of  imprisonment  had  expired,  should  pay, 
before  leaving  the  jail,  a  fee  of  15s.  ^d.  to  the  jail- 
er, and  another  fee  of  2«.  to  the  turnkey — about 
$5  in  all.  If  a  prisoner  could  not  pay  this  sum 
the  jailer  was  allowed  to  keep  him  in  prison  till 
he  could. .  .  .  [John]  Howard  discovered  one  man 
who  .  .  .  had  been  confined /owr  years  solely  be- 
cause .  .  .  unable  to  pay  the  fees  for  delivery. 
He  found  some  prisoners,  who  had  been  proved 
innocent,  and  against  whom  no  bill  had  been 
found,  still  languishing  in  a  loathsome  dungeon, 
because  there  was  no  one  on  earth  able  and 
willing  to  lend  them  the  trifling  sum  of  19«.  M,., 
while  the  county  was  at  the  expense  of  support- 
ing them.  Such  frightful  abuses  .  .  .  come  of 
great  men  putting  their  duties  upon  deputies. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  43. 

3126.  FEMALES,  Imitation  of.  Theseus. 
[When  Theseus  went  with  a  tribute  of  seven 
young  men  and  as  many  virgins  to  be  sacrificed 
in  the  labyrinth  at  Crete,  or  save  themselves  by 
destroying  the  Minotaur,]  he  did  not  take  with 
him  all  the  virgins  upon  whom  the  lot  had  fall- 
en, but  selected  two  young  men  of  his  acquaint- 
ance who  had  feminine  and  florid  aspects,  but 
were  not  wanting  in  spirit  and  presence  of  mind. 
These  by  warm  bathing,  and  keeping  them  out 
of  the  sun,  by  providing  unguents  for  their  hair 
and  complexions,  and  everything  necessary  for 


their  dress,  by  forming  their  voice,  their  man- 
ner, and  their  step,  he  so  effectually  altered,  thai 
they  passed  among  the  virgins  designed  foi 
Crete,  and  no  one  could  discern  the  difference. — ■ 
Plutarch's  Theseus. 

2127.  FESTIVAL,  A  coronation.  Edward  I. 
[On  the  19th  of  August,  1274,  King  Edward  I. 
and  his  queen  were  crowned  at  Westminster.] 
The  coronation  feast  presents  a  curious  illustra- 
tion of  the  rude  hospitality  of  that  age. . . .  There 
were  two  halls  ;  .  .  .  many  new  halls  were  built 
up,  in  which  tables  were  fixed  in  the  ground,  at 
which  all  who  came — princes,  nobles,  the  rich, 
and  the  poor — were  feasted  for  fifteen  days.  In- 
numerable kitchens  were  built  beside  the  halls, 
and  numberless  leaden  cauldrons  were  placed 
outside  the  kitchens,  for  additional  cooking. 
Oxen,  sheep,  and  pigs  were  consumed  in  num- 
bers exceeding  those  of  a  crowded  market  day  in 
recent  Smithfield  ;  and  Leadenhall  market  at 
Christmas  could  not  vie  with  this  royal  poultry- 
show.  The  Pipe-rolls  record  that  three  hundred 
barrels  of  wine  were  purchased  for  this  occasion. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  25,  p.  383. 

2128.  FIDELITY  tested.  Roman  General  Beli- 
sarins.  He  marched  to  the  gates  of  Rome, 
which  surrendered  without  an  attack  ;  he  pos- 
sessed himself  of  the  city,  and  with  5000  men  un- 
dertook to  defend  it  against  100,000  of  the  rebel 
Ostrogoths,  who  sat  down  to  besiege  him.  .  .  . 
After  various  successes  the  Goths  themselves, 
filled  with  admiration  at  the  character  of  Beli- 
sarins,  requested  him  to  accept  of  the  crown  of 
Italy  ;  but  that  generous  and  heroic  man  refused 
the  offer  of  a  kingdom,  incapable  of  betraying 
the  interests  of  his  sovereign,  although  he  had 
repeatedly  experienced  his  ingratitude. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  5,  p.  24. 

2129.  FIGHTING  in  Death.  Persians.  [When 
Alexander  defeated  Darius,  the  Persians  were 
completely  routed.]  A  few  of  the  best  and 
bravest  of  them,  indeed,  met  their  death  before 
the  king's  chariot ;  and  falling  in  heaps  one  upon 
another,  strove  to  stop  the  pursuit ;  for  in  the 
very  pangs  of  death  they  clung  to  the  Macedo- 
nians, and  caught  hold  of  their  horses'  legs  as 
they  lay  upon  the  ground. — Plutarch's  Alex- 
ander. 

2130.  FIGHTING,  Desperate.  BatUe  of  Man- 
beuge.  [Caesar's  wars  in  Gaul.]  The  Nervii 
fought  with  a  courage  which  filled  Caesar  with 
admiration  ;  men  of  greater  spirit  he  said  that  he 
had  never  seen.  As  their  first  ranks  fell,  they 
piled  the  bodies  of  their  comrades  into  heaps, 
and  from  the  top  of  them  hurled  back  the  Roman 
javelins.  They  would  not  fly ;  they  dropped 
where  they  stood ;  and  the  battle  ended  only 
with  their  extermination.  Out  of  600  senators 
there  survived  but  three ;  out  of  60,000  men 
able  to  bear  arms,  only  500.  The  aged  of  the 
tribe,  and  the  women  and  children,  who  had 
been  left  in  the  morasses  for  security,  sent  in 
their  surrender,  their  warriors  being  all  dead. — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  14. 

2131.  FIGHTING  and  Praying.  Admiral 
Blake.  It  was  against  those  splendid  Spanish  gal- 
leons and  India-built  merchantmen,  their  holds 
full  of  the  choicest  products  of  the  far  Westr— 
gold  and  silver,  pearls  and  precious  stones,  hides, 
indigo,  cochineal,  sugar,  and  tobacco — that  be 


FILTH— FIRE. 


253 


and  his  men  set  forth  ;  and  abundant  were  the 
treasures  of  sparkling  silver  pieces  which  fell 
into  the  horny  hands  of  Blake's  men.  He  made 
his  first  seizure  on  this  venture,  and  sent  it  home  ; 
the  bullion  was  conveyed  to  London,  under  the 
charge  of  soldiers,  and  eight-and-thirty  wagon- 
loads  of  silver  reeled  along  through  the  streets  of 
London  to  the  Tower,  amid  the  cheerful  ap- 

Elause  of  the  multitude.  Blake  did  not  come 
ome ;  he  was  still  out  on  those  distant  seas 
waiting  for.  and  ready  to  pounce  upon,  more 
prizes.  Perhaps  many  of  our  readers  will  think 
it  a  difficult  thing  to  conceive  of  this  warlike 
Bailor  as  a  God-fearing  man,  following  up  all 
this  mischief  against  the  Spaniards  in  the  fear  of 
the  Lord  ;  but  it  was  even  so  ;  not  an  oath  was 
heard  on  board  his  vessel  or  vessels,  the  ordi- 
nances of  religion  were  followed  up  punctilious- 
ly. Why  not  ?  he  was  fighting  the  cause  of  free- 
dom and  faith  against  popery  and  absolutism, and 
their  persecutions  ;  and  whereas  Spain  and  Rome 
had  made  Protestants  everywhere  tremble,  this 
Gustavus  of  the  seas,  in  turn,  made  Spain  and 
Kome  to  tremble,  and  perhaps  stirred  some  new 
thoughts  about  Protestant  heroism  within  their 
cruel  souls.  He  appears  to  have  seen  plainly  the 
*phere  in  which  he  had  to  play  his  part.  "  It  is 
aotforus,"  said  he,  "to  mind  State  affairs,  but 
<o  keep  the  foreigners  from  fooling  us  ;"  and  his 
aame  became  as  terrible  to  the  foes  of  England 
on  the  sea  as  Cromwell's  on  the  land. — Hood's 
4:!romwell,  ch.  16,  p.  207. 

2132.  FILTH  and  Disease.  England,.  The 
sweating-sickness  was  the  terror  of  England  at 
tiue  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century,  as  the 
pUgue  was  in  the  seventeenth  and  the  cholera  in 
the  nineteenth.'  Filth  and  imperfect  ventilation 
were  among  the  main  causes  of  epidemic  disease 
in  each  of  these  periods. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol. 
2,  ca.  15,  p.  254. 

2133.  FILTH,  EquaUty  in.  Daniel  Webster. 
Daniel  Webster  whep  a  lad  .  .  .  was  one  day 
called  up  by  the  teacher  for  punishment. .  ,  . 
His  hands  happened  to  be  very  dirty.  Knowing 
this,  ho  spit  upon  the  palm  of  his  right  hand, 
wiping  it  off  on  the  side  of  his  pantaloons.  "Give 
me  youi*  hand,"  said  the  teacher,  very  sternly. 
Out  went  the  right  hand,  partly  cleansed.  The 
teacher  looked  at  it  a  moment,  and  said,  "  Daniel, 
if  j'ou  will  find  another  hand  in  this  room  as 
filthy  as  tnat,  I  will  let  you  off  this  time  !"  In- 
stantly from  behind  his  back  came  the  left  hand. 
"  Here  it  is»,"  was  the  ready  reply.  "That  will 
do,"  said  the  teacher,  "  for  this  time  ;  you  can 
take  your  s^at,  sir." — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p. 
748. 

2134.  FINANCE,  Delusions  in.  John  Law.  [A 
Scotchman  who  financiered  for  Louis  XIV.]  A 
bank  was  Law's  first  scheme— capital  6,000,000 
francs,  in  shares  of  5000  francs  each  ;  the 
shares  to  he  paid  for  in  four  instalments — one 
fourth  in  coin  and  three  fourtlis  in  royal  bonds 
at  their  -par  value  !  .  .  .  All  tax-gatherers  [were 
ordered]  to  receive  the  notes  of  the  bank  in  pay- 
ment of  all  sums  due  the  government.  To  the 
bank  was  soon  added  a  company,  called  the 
"  Company  of  the  West,"  designed  to  settle  and 
trade  with  the  French  province  of  Louisiana. 
Shares  in  this  company  where  also  purchasable 
with  the  same  roj^al  bonds  at  their  par  value, 
with  the  addition  of  a  small  percentage  in  coin 


or  bank-notes.  A  "  Guinea  Company"  was  also 
started  for  trading  with  the  coast  of  Africa.  .  .  . 
The  schemes  having  been  launched,  the  next 
thing  was  to  impose  upon  the  credulity  and  in- 
flame the  avarice  of  the  public.  A  large  engrav- 
ing was  posted  .  .  .  exhibiting  a  number  of 
Louisiana  Indians  running  to  meet  a  group  of 
Frenchmen,  each  holding  out  a  piece  of  gold- 
[^The  collapse  of  these  schemes  was  more  aston 
ishing  than  their  rise.] — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  454. 

2135.  FINANCE,  Fraudulent.  Borne!  K.Ji.  544. 
The  improvement  of  the  revenue  was  commit- 
ted to  Alexander,  a  subtle  scribe,  long  prac- 
tised in  the  fraud  and  oppression  of  the  Byzan- 
tine schools,  and  whose  name  of  Psalliction,  the 
scissors,  was  drawn  from  the  dexterous  artifice 
with  which  he  reduced  the  size,  without  defac- 
ing the  figure,  of  the  gold  coin.  Instead  of  ex- 
pediting the  restoration  of  peace  and  industry, 
he  imposed  a  heavy  assessment  on  the  fortunes 
of  the  Italians. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  43,  p.  252. 

2136.  FINANCE,  Patriotism  in.  William  of 
Orange.  The  city  of  London  undertook  to  ex- 
tricate the  prince  from  his  financial  difficulties. 
The  common  council,  by  a  unanimous  vote, 
engaged  to  find  him  £200,000.  It  was  thought 
a  great  proof,  both  of  the  wealth  and  of  the 
public  spirit  of  the  merchants  of  the  capital, 
that  in  forty-eight  hours  the  whole  sum  was 
raised  on  no  security  but  the  prince's  word. 
A  few  weeks  before  James  had  been  unable  to 
procure  a  much  smaller  sum,  though  he  had 
offered  to  pay  higher  interest,  and  to  pledge 
valuable  property. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  10, 
p.  550. 

2137.  FINANCES,  Unsoundness  in.  Bestora- 
tion.  [The  selfish  and  profligate  government  of 
Charles  II.  appropriated  moneys  designed  to 
support  the  navy.  The  Dutch  invaded  England, 
and  found  sailors  demoralized  and  ships  rotting 
in  the  ports.  Many  English  sailors  on  Dutch 
ships  cried  out  to  their  companions,]  "  We  did 
heretofore  fight  for  tickets ;  now  we  fight  for 
dollars."  .  .  .  The  sailors'  wives  went  up  and 
down  the  streets  of  Wapping,  crying,  "  This 
comes  of  your  not  paying  our  husbands."  [Eng- 
land received  a  dishonor  never  to  be  wiped  off, 
from  the  corruption  of  national  honor  at  the 
fountain-head.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  17, 
p.  298. 

2138.  FINE  nullified.  Charles  I.  [He  pre- 
sented a  declaration  against  illegal  taxation  and 
innovations  in  the  religion  of  the  State  ;  Parlia- 
ment was  not  reassembled  for  eleven  years.] 
Eliot  was  fined  £2000  ;  he  very  likely  increased 
the  spite  of  the  king  by  taking  precautions 
against  his  pouncing  upon  this  valuable  little 
peculation  ;  he  said  he  had  two  cloaks,  a  few 
books,  a  few  pairs  of  boots,  and  that  was  all  his 
personal  substance,  and  if  they  could  turn  this 
into  £2000,  much  good  might  it  do  them.  So 
the  sheriffs  appointed  to  seize  upon  his  posses- 
sions in  Cornwall,  for  the  king,  were  obliged  to 
return  anihil. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  3,  p.  75. 

2139.  FIRE,  Ancient.  Persians.  The  ancient 
religion  of  Zoroaster,  too,  is  yet  preserved  among 
the  Persian  Guebres,  who  pretend  in  their  tem- 
ples to  have  kept  alive  the  sacred  fire  from  the 
dnys  of  the  great  founder  of  their  religion  down 


254 


FIRE— FIRMNESS. 


to  the  present  time. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  23,  p.  331. 

2140.  FIRE,  Calamity  by.  Eome.  Fire  is 
the  most  powerful  agent  of  life  and  death  ;  the 
rapid  mischief  may  be  kindled  and  propagated 
by  the  industry  or  negligence  of  mankind  ;  and 
every  period  of  the  Roman  annals  is  marked  by 
the  repetition  of  similar  calamities.  A  memo- 
rable conflagration,  the  guilt  or  misfortune  of 
Nero's  reign,  continued,  though  with  unequal 
fury,  either  six  or  nine  days.  Innumerable 
buildings,  crowded  in  close  and  crooked  streets, 
supplied  perpetual  fuel  for  the  flames  ;  and  when 
they  ceased,  four  only  of  the  fourteen  regions 
were  left  entire  ;  three  were  totally  destroyed, 
and  seven  were  deformed  by  the  relics  of  smok- 
ing and  lacerated  edifices.  —  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  71,  p.  520. 

2141. .     Borne.     In  the  tenth  year 

of  the  reign  of  Nero,  the  capital  of  the  empire 
was  afflicted  by  a  fire  which  raged  beyond  the 
memory  or  example  of  former  ages.  The  mon- 
uments of  Grecian  art  and  of  Roman  virtue,  the 
trophies  of  the  Punic  and  Gallic  wars,  the  most 
holy  temples,  and  the  most  splendid  palaces 
were  involved  in  one  common  destruction. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16,  p.  17. 

2142.  FIBE,  Destruction  by.  By  Oovernrnent. 
Louis  XI v., unable  to  maintain  his  conquests,. . . 
gave  orders  for  the  wholesale  devastation  of  the 
Palatinate  by  fire  and  sword,  for  the  purpose  of 
preventing  the  enemy's  army  from  reoccupying 
the  country.  This  inhuman  decree  was  instantly 
earned  into  execution,  and  with  far  more  disas- 
trous effect  than  in  the  former  campaign  under 
Turenne.  Having  warned  the  population  to  re- 
tire, the  French  generals  set  fire  to  Heidelberg, 
with  the  magnificent  palace  of  the  electors,  and 
reduced  it  to  a  mass  of  blackened  ruins.  Man- 
heim.  Spires,  Worms,  Oppenheim,  Bingen,  were 
condemned  in  succession  to  the  flames.  Crops, 
farms,  vines,  orchards,  fruit-trees,  were  all  de- 
stroyed ;  and  this  once  rich  and  smiling  land 
was  converted  into  a  desolate  wilderness.  The 
houseless  peasants,  to  the  number  of  a  hundred 
thousand,  wandered  about  in  abject  misery,  im- 
precating the  vengeance  of  Heaven  upon  the 
heartless  tyrant  who  had  caused  their  ruin. — 
Students'  France,  ch.  22,  §  13,  p.  443. 

2143.  riEE,  Destructive.  Greek  Fire.  The 
principal  ingredient  of  the  Greek  fire  was  the 
napJitha,  or  liquid  bitumen,  a  light,  tenacious, 
and  inflammable  oil,  which  springs  from  the 
earth,  and  catches  fire  as  soon  as  it  comes  in  con- 
tact with  the  air.  The  naphtha  was  mingled,  I 
know  not  by  what  methods  or  in  what  propor- 
tions, with  sulphur  and  with  the  pitch  that  is 
extracted  from  evergreen  firs.  From  this  mixt- 
ure, which  produced  a  thick  smoke  and  a  loud 
explosion,  proceeded  a  fierce  and  obstinate  flame, 
which  not  only  rose  in  perpendicular  ascent,  but 
likewise  burnt  with  equal  vehemence  in  descent 
or  lateral  progress ;  instead  of  being  extin- 
guished, it  was  nourished  and  quickened  by  the 
element  of  water  ;  and  sand,  urine,  or  vinegar 
were  the  only  remedies  that  could  damp  the 
fury  of  this  powerful  agent,  which  was  justly 
denominated  by  the  Greeks  the  liquid  or  the 
ma/ritime  fire.  .  .  .  This  important  art  was  pre- 
served at  Constantinople,  as  the  palladium  of  the 
State  ;  the  galleys  and  artillery  might  occasion- 


ally be  lent  to  the  allies  of  Rome  ;  but  the  com- 
position of  the  Greek  fire  was  concealed  with  the 
most  jealous  scruple,  and  the  terror  of  the  ene- 
mies was  increased  and  prolonged  by  their  igno- 
rance and  surprise. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  52, 
p.  283. 

2144.  FIRE,  Helpful.  London.  The  [great] 
fire  of  London  [in  1666]  had  rendered  it  impos- 
sible to  carry  on  the  spiritual  instruction  of  the 
people  by  the  established  clergy  (the  parish 
churches  being  in  ruins),  and  therefore  assem- 
blies to  hear  the  sermons  of  Presbyterians  and 
Independents  were  not  visited  with  the  penal- 
ties of  the  Conventicle  Act  [which  forbid  five  or 
more  Non-conformists  to  unite  in  independent 
worship].  "It  was,"  says  Baxter,  "at  the  first 
a  thing  too  gross  to  forbid  an  undone  people  aU 
worshipping  of  God,  with  too  great  rigor  ;  and  if 
they  had  been  so  forbidden,  poverty  had  left 
them  so  little  to  lose  as  would  have  made  them 
desperate  to  go  on." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  18,  p.  307. 

2145.  FIRE,  Holy.  Altar  of  Jupiter.  [After 
the  Greeks  had  defeated  the  Persians  they  of- 
fered sacrifice.]  They  were  directed  by  Apollo 
"  To  build  an  altar  to  Jupiter,  the  deliverer,  but 
not  to  offer  any  sacrifice  upon  it  until  they  had 
extinguished  all  the  fire  in  the  country  (because 
it  had  been  polluted  by  the  barbarians),  and  sup- 
plied themselves  with  pure  fire  from  the  common 
altar  at  Delphi."  Hereupon  the  Grecian  gener- 
als went  all  over  the  country,  and  caused  the  fires 
to  be  put  out ;  and  Euchidas,  a  Platsean,  under- 
taking to  fetch  fire,  with  all  imaginable  speed, 
from  the  altar  of  the  god,  went  to  Delphi,  sprin- 
kled and  purified  himself  there  with  water,  put 
a  crown  of  laurel  on  his  head,  took  fire  from  the 
altar,  and  then  hastened  back  to  Plataea,  where 
he  arrived  before  sunset,  thus  performing  a 
journey  of  a  thousand  furlongs  in  one  day.  But 
having  saluted  his  fellow-citizens,  and  delivered 
the  fire,  he  fell  down  on  the  spot  and  presently 
expired.  The  Platseans  carried  him  to  the  tem- 
ple of  Diana,  sumamed  Eucleia,  and  buried  him 
there,  putting  this  short  inscription  on  his  tomb  : 
"  Here  lies  Euchidas,  who  went  to  Delphi,  and 
returned  the  same  day." — Plutarch's  Aristi- 

DES. 

2146.  FIRE,  Ignorance  of.  Pacific  Islanders. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  Marian  Islands,  when  they 
were  discovered  by  Magellan  in  1521,  had,  till 
that  time,  never  seen  fire,  and  expressed  the  ut- 
most astonishment  at  it.  They  believed  it  to  be 
an  animal  which  fixed  itself  upon  wood  and  fed 
upon  it,  and  when  approaching  so  near  as  to  be 
burnt,  they  thought  they  were  bit  by  it.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  Philippine  and  Canary  Islands 
were,  at  their  first  discovery,  in  a  state  of  equal 
ignorance. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  7, 
p.  59. 

2147.  FIRMNESS,  Callto.  William  III.  [Wil- 
liam of  Orange,  afterward  King  of  England, 
said  he  learned  a  word  while  crossing  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  which  he  would  never  forget.] 
When  in  a  great  storm  the  captain  was  all  night 
crying  out  to  the  men  at  the  helm,  "  Steady ! 
steady  !  steady  !"  —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch. 
70,  p.  330. 

2148.  FIRMNESS,  Effect  of.  Alexander  8ev- 
erus.     While  the  emperor  lay  at  Antioch,  in  his 


FISHING— FLATTERY. 


255 


;  Persian  expedition,  the  particulars  of  which  we 
shall  hereafter  relate,  the  punishment  of  some 
soldiers,  who  had  been  discovered  in  the  baths 
of  women,  excited  a  sedition  in  the  legion  to 
which  they  belonged.  Alexander  ascended  his 
tribimal,  and  with  a  modest  firmness  represented 
to  the  armed  multitude  the  absolute  necessity,  as 
well  as  his  inflexible  resolution,  of  correcting  the 
vices  introduced  by  his  impure  predecessor,  and 
of  maintaining  the  discipline,  which  could  not 
be  relaxed  without  the  ruin  of  the  Roman  name 
and  empire.  Their  clamors  interrupted  his  mild 
expostulation.  "  Reserve  your  shout,"  said  the 
undaunted  emperor,  "till  you  take  the  field 
against  the  Persians,  the  Germans,  and  the  Sar- 
matians.  Be  silent  in  the  presence  of  your  sov- 
ereign and  benefactor,  who  bestows  upon  you 
the  corn,  the  clothing,  and  the  money  of  the 
provinces.  Be  silent,  or  I  shall  no  longer  style 
you  soldiers,  but  citizens,  if  those  indeed  who 
disclaim  the  laws  of  Rome  deserve  to  be  ranked 
among  the  meanest  of  the  people."  His  menaces 
inflamed  the  fury  of  the  legion,  and  their  bran- 
dished arms  already  threatened  his  person. 
"  Your  courage  .  .  .  would  be  more  nobly  dis- 
played on  the  field  of  battle  ;  me  you  may  destroy, 
you  cannot  intimidate ;  and  the  severe  justice 
of  the  republic  would  punish  your  crime  and  re- 
venge my  death."  .  ,  .  The  emperor  pronounced 
the  decisive  sentence,  "  Citizens,  lay  down  your 
arms  !"  [They  were  overwhelmed  with  shame 
and  repentance.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6,  p.  183. 

2149.  FISHING,  Fraud  in.  Antony.  [When 
visiting  Cleopatra  in  Egypt  he  was  guilty  of 
many  follies.]  He  was  a  fishing  one  day  with 
Cleopatra,  and  had  ill  success,  which,  in  the 
presence  of  his  mistress,  he  looked  upon  as  a  dis- 
grace ;  he  therefore  ordered  one  of  his  assist- 
ants to  dive  and  put  on  his  hook  such  as  had 
been  taken  before.  This  scheme  he  put  in  prac- 
tice three  or  four  times,  and  Cleopatra  perceived 
it.  She  affected,  however,  to  be  surprised  at  his 
success  ;  expressed  her  wonder  to  the  people 
about  her ;  and  the  day  following  invited  them 
to  see  fresh  proofs  of  it.  When  the  day  follow- 
ing came,  the  vessel  was  crowded  with  people  ; 
and  as  soon  as  Antony  had  let  down  his  line,  she 
ordered  one  of  her  divers  immediately  to  put  a 
salt  fish  on  his  hook.  When  Antony  found  he 
had  caught  his  fish,  he  drew  up  his  line  ;  and 
this,  as  may  be  supposed,  occasioned  no  small 
mirth  among  the  spectators.  "  Go,  general !" 
said  Cleopatra  ;  "  leave  fishing  to  us  petty  princes 
of  Pharos  and  Canopus ;  your  game  is  cities, 
kingdoms,  and  provinces."  — Plutarch's  An- 
tony. 

21 50.  FLAG,  A  despised.  United  States. 
[During  the  war  with  England  in  1812.]  In  the 
course  of  the  year  250  British  ships,  carrying 
3000  sailors  and  cargoes  of  immense  value, 
were  captured  by  American  cruisers.  .  .  .  France 
was  well  pleased.  .  .  .  For  awhile  the  Eng- 
lish themselves  were  well-nigh  paralyzed.  The 
British  newspapers  burst  forth  raging,  and  de- 
clared that  the  time-honored  flag  of  England  had 
been  disgraced  "by  a  piece  of  striped  bunting 
flying  at  the  mast-head  of  a  few  fir-built  frig- 
ates manned  by  a  handful  of  .  .  .  outlaws  !" 
And  the  comment,  though  stated  in  unpleasant 
language,  was  true  !— Ridpath's  U.  S.  ,  ch.  49, 
p.  398.  I 


2151.  FLAG,  Devotion  to  the.  Sergeant  Jasper. 
For  eight  hours  [June  28,  1776]  the  vessels  of 
the  [British]  fleet  poured  a  tempest  of  balls  upon 
.the  fort  [Sullivan,  South  Carolina]  ;  but  the 
walls,  built  of  the  spongy  palmetto,  were  little 
injured.  The  400  militiamen  who  composed 
the  garrison  fought  like  veterans. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  89,  p.  308.  In  the  fort,  William  Jas- 
per, a  sergeant,  perceived  that  the  flag  had  been 
cut  down  by  a  ball  from  the  enemy,  and  had 
fallen  over  the  ramparts.  "  Colonel,"  said  he  to 
Moultrie,  "don't  let  us  fight  without  a  flag." 
"What  canyon  do?"  asked  Moultrie;  "the 
staff  is  broken  off."  "  Then,"  said  Jasper,  "  I'll 
fix  it  on  a  halberd,  and  place  it  on  the  merlon  of 
the  bastion  next  the  enemy;"  and  leaping  through 
an  embrasure,  and  braving  the  thickest  fire  from 
the  ship,  he  took  up  the  flag,  returned  with  it  in 
safety,  and  planted  it,  as  he  had  promised,  on  the 
summit  of  the  merlon. — ^Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol. 
8,  ch.  66. 

2152.  FLATTEKY,  Artful.  Captive  queen 
Zenobia.  When  the  Syrian  queen  was  brought 
into  the  presence  of  Aurelian,  he  sternly  asked 
her  how  she  had  presumed  to  rise  in  arms 
against  the  emperors  of  Rome.  The  answer  of 
Zenobia  was  a  prudent  mixture  of  respect  and 
firmness.  "  Because  I  disdained  to  consider  as 
Roman  emperors  an  Aureolus  or  a  Qallienus. 
You  alone  I  acknowledge  as  my  conqueror  and 
my  sovereign." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  11,  p.  357. 

2153.  FLATTERY,  False.  Henry  VIII.  [Rich, 

the]  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  1537, 
compared  Henry  [VIII.]  to  Solomon  for  pru- 
dence, to  Samson  for  strength,  and  to  Absalom 
for  beauty — the  very  sun  which  warmed  and 
enlightened  the  universe.  [History  distinguishes 
him  as  the  licentious  tyrant  and  infamous  hus- 
band of  six  successive  wives.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  2,  ch.  23,  p.  380. 

2154.  FLATTERY,  Fulsome.  James  I.  [He 
was  called  the  "wisest  fool  in  Christendom."] 
His  vanity  was  abundantly  gratified  in  being 
king  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland — an  absolute 
king  as  he  believed — and  not  only  a  king,  but  a 
master  of  all  learning,  and  especially  of  theolog- 
ical learning,  of  whom  his  chancellor  declared, 
at  the  Hampton  Court  conference,  that  never 
since  our  Saviour's  time  had  the  king  and  the 
priest  been  so  wonderfully  united  in  the  same 
person.  .  .  .  His  figure  was  ungainly  ;  his  habits 
were  slovenly  ;  he  was  by  nature  a  coward. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  20,  p.  319. 

2155.  FLATTERY,  Irritating.  Frederick  the 
Great.  [Voltaire  was  made  a  member  of  the 
court  with  great  honor.]  But  even  amid  the 
delights  of  the  honeymoon,  Voltaire's  sensitive 
vanity  began  to  take  alarm.  A  few  days  after 
his  arrival  he  could  not  help  telling  his  niece 
that  the  amiable  king  had  a  trick  of  giving  a  sly 
scratch  with  one  hand  while  patting  and  strok- 
ing with  the  other. — Macaulay's  Frederick 
THE  Great,  p.  63. 

2156.  FLATTERY  resented.  Alexander. 
While  sailing  down  the  Hydaspes,  Aristobulus, 
a  mean  sycophant,  who  had  composed  a  narra- 
tion of  the  king's  battles,  was  reading  to  him  for 
his  amusement  the  accounts  of  the  Indian  expe- 
dition, in  which  the  writer  had  exaggerated  in 
many  circumstances  palpably  beyond  the  truth. 


»56 


FLATTERY— FOGYISM. 


Alexander  seized  the  book,  and  threw  it  with 
indignation  into  the  river,  telling  the  author  that 
he  merited  the  same  treatment  for  having  ab- 
surdly endeavored  to  magnify  by  fiction  those 
deeds  which  needed  no  embellishment  to  attract 
the  admiration  of  mankind. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  4,  p.  192. 

2157.  FLATTEEY  rewarded.  Excessive.  One 

of  his  flatterers , . .  procured  a  decree  that  Deme- 
trius, whenever  he  visited  Athens,  should  be  re- 
ceived with  the  same  honors  that  were  paid  to 
Ceres  and  Bacchus  ;  and  that  whoever  exceeded 
the  rest  in  the  splendor  and  magnificence  of  the 
reception  he  gave  that  prince  should  have  money 
out  of  the  treasury  to  enable  him  to  set  up 
some  pious  memorial  of  his  success.  These  in- 
stances of  adulation  concluded  with  their  chang- 
ing the  name  of  the  month  Munychion  to  Deme- 
trion,  with  calling  the  last  day  of  every  month 
Demetrias ;  and  the  Dionysia,  or  feasts  of  Bac- 
chus, Demetria. — Plutarch's  Demetrius. 

215S.  FLEET,  Immense.  Powerless.  Herac- 
lian.  Count  of  Africa,  who,  under  the  most  difii- 
cult  and  distressful  circumstances,  had  support- 
ed with  active  loyalty  the  cause  of  Honorius, 
was  tempted,  in  the  year  of  his  consulship,  to 
assume  the  character  of  a  rebel  and  the  title  of 
emperor.  The  ports  of  Africa  were  immediately 
filled  with  the  naval  forces,  at  the  head  of  which 
he  prepared  to  invade  Italy  ;  and  his  fleet,  when 
it  cast  anchor  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  indeed 
surpassed  the  fleets  of  Xerxes  and  Alexander,  if 
all  the  vessels,  including  the  royal  galley  and 
the  smallest  boat,  did  actually  amount  to  the  in- 
credible number  of  3200.  Yet  with  such  an  ar- 
manent,  which  might  have  subverted  or  restored 
the  greatest  empires  of  the  earth,  the  African 
usurper  made  a  very  faint  and  feeble  impression 
on  the  provinces  of  his  rival.  As  he  marched 
from  the  port,  along  the  road  which  leads  to  the 
gates  of  Rome,  he  was  encountered,  terrified, 
and  routed  by  one  of  the  Imperial  captains  ;  and 
the  lord  of  this  mighty  host,  deserting  his  fort- 
une and  his  friends,  ignominiously  fled  with  a 
single  ship. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31. 

2159.  FLOGGING,  Comfort  under.  Bev.  8am- 
xiel  Johnson.  [He  had  written  tracts  against 
Roman  Catholicism.  Reign  of  James  II.]  The 
day  appointed  for  the  flogging  came.  A  whip 
of  nine  lashes  was  used.  Three  hundred  and 
seventeen  stripes  were  inflicted  ;  but  the  suf- 
ferer never  winced.  He  afterward  said  that 
the  pain  was  cruel,  but  that,  as  he  was  dragged 
at  the  tail  of  the  cart,  he  remembered  how 
patiently  the  cross  had  been  borne  up  Mount 
Calvary,  and  was  so  much  supported  by  the 
thought  that,  but  for  the  fear  of  incurring  the 
suspicion  of  vainglory,  he  would  have  sung  a 
psalm  with  as  firm  and  cheerful  a  voice  as  if  he 
had  been  worshipping  God  in  the  congregation. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  6,  p.  99. 

2160.  FLOGGING,  Excessive.  Titus  Oates.  [Ti- 
tus Gates,  the  infamous  scoundrel  and  perjurer, 
was  flogged  seventeen  hundred  lashes  in  two 
days.]  Flogging  under  the  government  of  James 
II.  became  a  favorite  punishment. — Knight's 
Enq.,  vol.  4,  ch.  24,  p.  367. 

2161 .  FLOWEE,  Mysterious.  Oolden  Base.  The 
mission  of  Miltitz  was  to  deprive  Luther  of  his 
patron's  support,  and  then  to  lead  him  away  to 


Rome.  To  this  end  the  papal  ambassador  i.p- 
peared  before  the  Elector,  presenting  him  with  a 
distinguished  emblem  of  gi'acious  favor,  the 
golden  rose.  This  was  "a  very  precious  and 
mysterious  present,"  which  the  pope  was  accus- 
tomed annually  to  bestow  upon  that  eminent 
Christian  prince  who  had  rendered  good  service 
to  the  apostolic  authority,  the  Pope  at  Rome. 
Miltitz  was  commissioned  to  present  this  golden 
rose  to  the  Elector  of  Saxony,  to  the  intent  that 
the  divine  fragrance  of  this  flower  should  pene- 
trate the  heart  of  Frederick,  so  that  he  might  re- 
ceive the  requests  of  the  ambassador  with  a  pious 
regard,  and  be  disposed  with  glowing  ardor  to 
carry  out  the  sacred  wishes  of  the  Pope.  At 
least  this  much  was  expected  in  Rome  from  the 
fragrance  of  the  golden  rose.  Irreverent  wits 
remarked,  that  if  the  rose  had  arrived  sooner  in 
Wittenberg  its  perfume  would  have  been  more 
agreeable  ;  for  it  had  lost  its  fragrance  on  the 
long  and  wearisome  journey  1 — Rein's  Luther, 
ch.  5,  p.  58. 

2162.  FLOWEES  in  Blood.  War  of  the  Bases. 
[Gloucester  had  been  adverse  to  the  marriage  of 
Margaret  of  Anjou  to  Henry  VII.]  The  Duke 
of  Gloucester  was  arrested  soon  after  on  an  accu- 
sation of  treason,  and  was  next  morning  found 
dead  in  his  bed.  These  outrageous  proceedings 
produced  the  greatest  disgust  in  the  minds  of  the 
people  against  the  queen  and  the  cardinal  of 
Winchester,  and  rendered  the  king's  name,  who 
was  supposed  at  least  to  countenance  these  enor- 
mities, both  odious  and  despicable.  It  was  the 
time  for  a  competitor  to  start  forth  and  to  avail 
himself  of  this  general  disaffection  to  the  prince 
on  the  throne.  This  competitor  was  Richard, 
duke  of  York,  a  descendant,  by  the  mother's 
side,  from  Lionel,  who  was  one  of  the  sons  of 
Edward  III. ,  and  elder  brother  to  John  of  Gaunt, 
from  whom  the  present  monarch  was  descended. 
Richard,  therefore,  stood  plainly  in  right  of  suc- 
cession before  Henry.  He  bore  for  his  ensign  a 
white  rose,  while  Henry  bore  a  red  one  ;  and  this 
circumstance  gave  the  name  to  the  two  factions 
which  deluged  England  in  blood. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  14. 

2163.  FLOWEES,  Influence  of.  Wordsworth. 
[The  poet's  mother  died  when  he  was  eight  years 
old.]  I  remember  my  mother  only  in  some 
few  situations,  one  of  which  was  her  pinning  a 
nosegay  to  my  breast  when  I  was  going  to  cate- 
chism in  the  church,  as  was  customary  before 
Easter. — Myer's  Wordsworth,  ch.  1. 

2164.  FOGYISM,  Judicial.  Lear rdtig  needless. 
Lord  Campbell  says,  "  I  have  heard  the  late  Lord 
Ellenborough,  from  the  bench,  regret  the 
change  [requiring  lawyers  to  plead  in  English  in- 
stead of  Latin],  on  the  ground  that  it  has  had 
the  tendency  to  make  attorneys  illiterate." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  4,  p.  66. 

2165.  FOGYISM  an  Obstacle.  Manufactures. 
An  act  of  1668  recites,  that  the  wood  and  timber 
of  the  crown  in  the  forest  of  l3ean  had  become 
totally  destroyed.  The  manufacture  of  iron  was 
unpopular.  Many  said,  "  It  were  well  if  there 
were  no  iron  works  in  England,  and  it  was  bet- 
ter when  no  iron  was  made  in  England  ;  the  iron 
works  destroy  all  the  woods,  and  foreign  iron 
from  Spain  will  do  better  and  last  longer.'' — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  5,  ch.  1,  p.  12. 


FOGYISM— FOOD. 


25? 


2166.  FOGYISM  unveiled.  British.  It  is  nat- 
ural that,  being  dissatisfied  with  the  present,  we 
should  form  a  too  favorable  estimate  of  the  past. 
...  It  is  now  the  fashion  to  place  the  golden 
age  of  England  in  times  when  noblemen  were 
destitute  of  comforts  the  want  of  which  would 
be  intolerable  to  a  modern  footman  ;  when  farm- 
ers and  shop-keepers  breakfasted  on  loaves  the 
very  sight  of  which  would  raise  a  riot  in  a  mod- 
ern work-house ;  when  men  died  faster  in  the 
purest  country  air  than  they  now  die  in  the  most 
pestilential  lanes  of  our  towns  ;  and  when  men 
died  faster  in  the  lanes  of  our  towns  than  they 
now  die  on  the  coast  of  Guiana. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  eh.  3,  p.  396. 

2167.  FOLLOWER,  An  inferior.  Greek  Em- 
peror. I  should  perhaps  compare  the  Emperor 
Alexius  to  the  jackal,  who  is  said  to  follow  the 
steps  and  to  devour  the  leavings  of  the  lion. 
Whatever  had  been  his  fears  and  toils  in  the  pas- 
sage of  the  first  crusade,  they  were  amply  recom- 
pensed by  the  subsequent  benefits  which  he  de- 
rived from  the  exploits  of  the  Franks. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  59,  p.  1. 

216§.  FOLLY,  Delight  in.  Z)%e7ies.  Discours- 
ing one  day,  in  a  grave  tone,  on  the.  practice  of 
virtue,  when  he  observed  his  auditors  dropping 
off,  he  began  all  at  once  to  bawl  out  a  song  of 
ribaldry  and  nonsense,  when  immediately  a  great 
•crowd  gathered  around  him.  "  See,"  said  he, 
"how  willingly  a  fool  is  listened  to,  when  a 
wise  man  is  neglected." — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
2,  ch.  9,  p.  270. 

2169.  FOLLY  incurable.  James  II.  James, 
as  usual,  came  to  the  help  of  his  enemies.  A 
letter  from  him  to  the  convention  had  just  ar- 
rived in  London.  .  .  .  No  member  of  either 
house  ventured  to  propose  that  a  paper  which 
came  from  such  a  quarter  should  be  read.  The 
•contents,  however,  were  well  known  to  all  the 
town.  His  Majesty  exhorted  the  Lords  and  Com- 
mons not  to  despair  of  his  clemency,  and  gra- 
•ciously  assured  them  that  he  would  pardon  those 
who  had  betrayed  him,  some  few  excepted, 
whom  he  did  not  name.  How  was  it  possible  to 
■do  anything  for  a  prince  who,  vanquished,  de- 
serted, banished,  living  on  alms,  told  those  who 
were  the  arbiters  of  his  fate  that,  if  they  would 
«et  him  on  his  throne  again,  he  would  only  hang 
a  few  of  them.  [After  the  overthrow  of  James 
s.  convention  met  to  dispose  of  the  throne.] — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  594. 

2170.  FOLLY,  Learned.  Disputes.  [Pericles 
was  abused  by  his  son  Xanthippus  in  this  man- 
ner :]  He  exposed  and  ridiculed  the  company 
he  kept  in  his  house  and  the  conversations  he 
held  with  the  philosophers.  He  said  that  Epiti- 
mius,  the  Pharsalian,  having  undesignedly  killed 
a  horse  with  a  javelin  which  he  threw  at  the  pub- 
lic games,  his  father  spent  a  whole  day  in  dis- 
puting with  Protogorus  which  might  be  prop- 
erly deemed  the  cause  of  his  death — the  javelin, 
■or  the  man  that  threw  it,  or  the  president  of  the 
^ames. — Plutarch's  Pericles. 

2171.  FOLLY  rebuked.  Joan  of  Arc.  At  Bour- 
ses, when  the  woman  prayed  her  to  touch  crosses 
■&nd  chaplets,  she  began  laughing,  and  said  to 
Dame  Marguerite,  at  whose  house  she  was  stay- 
ing, ' '  Touch  them  yourself  ;  they  will  be  just  as 

good." — MiCHELET  S  JOAK  OF  ArC,  p.  25. 


2172.  FOLLY,  Religious.  Egyptians.  The  ex- 
travagant length  to  which  the  Egyptians  car- 
ried their  veneration  for  their  consecrated  ani- 
mals exceeds  all  belief.  The  sacred  crocodile, 
the  dog,  or  the  cat  were  kept  in  an  enclosed 
space  set  apart,  adjoining  to  the  temples  dedicat- 
ed to  their  worship.  They  were  constantly  at- 
tended by  men  of  the  highest  rank,  whose  busi- 
ness was  to  provide  them  with  the  choicest  victu- 
als, which  they  were  at  pains  to  dress  in  the  man- 
ner they  supposed  most  agreeable  to  their  palate. 
They  washed  them  in  warm  baths,  and  anointed 
them  with  the  richest  perfumes.  The  finest  car- 
pets were  spread  for  them  to  lie  on  ;  chains  of 
gold  and  circlets  of  precious  stones  were  hung 
around  their  legs  and  necks  ;  and  when  the  stu- 
pid animal,  insensible  of  the  honors  that  were 
bestowed  on  him,  died  like  the  rest  of  his  kind, 
the  whole  province  was  filled  with  lamentation  ; 
and  not  only  the  fortunes  of  the  priests  but  the 
public  revenue  was  without  scruple  expended  in 
the  performance  of  the  most  sumptuous  funeral 
obsequies. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4. 

2173.  FOOD,  Abominable.  Tartars.  Corn  is 
a  bulky  and  perishable  commodity ;  and  the 
large  magazines,  which  are  indispensably  neces- 
sary for  the  subsistence  of  our  troops,  must  be 
slowly  transported  by  the  labor  of  men  or  horses. 
But  the  flocks  and  herds  which  accompany  the 
march  of  the  Tartars  afford  a  sure  and  increasing 
supply  of  flesh  and  milk  ;  in  the  far  greater  part 
of  the  uncultivated  waste  the  vegetation  of  the 
grass  is  quick  and  luxuriant ;  and  there  are  few 
places  so  extremely  barren  that  the  hardy  cattle 
of  the  North  cannot  find  some  tolerable  pasture. 
The  supply  is  multiplied  and  prolonged  by  the 
undistinguishing  appetite  and  patient  abstinence 
of  the  Tartars.  They  indifferently  feed  on  the 
flesh  of  those  animals  that  have  been  killed 
for  the  table  or  have  died  of  disease.  Horse- 
flesh, which  in  every  age  and  country  has  been 
proscribed  by  the  civilized  nations  of  Europe 
and  Asia,  they  devour  with  peculiar  greediness  ; 
and  this  singular  taste  facilitates  the  success  of 
their  military  operations.  The  active  cavalry  of 
Scythia  is  always  followed,  in  their  most  distant 
and  rapid  incursions,  by  an  adequate  number  of 
spare  horses,  who  may  be  occasionally  used, 
either  to  redouble  the  speed  or  to  satisfy  the 
hunger  of  the  barbarians.  —  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  26. 

2 1 74.  FOOD,  Animal.  King  of  tlie  Huns.  The 
dress  of  Attila,  his  arms,  and  the  furniture  of 
his  horse  were  plain,  without  ornament,  and  of 
a  single  color.  The  royal  table  was  served  in 
wooden  cups  and  platters ;  flesh  was  his  only 
food  ;  and  the  conqueror  of  the  North  never 
tasted  the  luxury  of  bread. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  34. 

2175.  FOOD,  Changes  in.  Reign  of  Charles  II. 
The  rotation  of  crops  was  very  imperfectly  un- 
derstood. ...  It  was,  therefore,  by  no  means  easy 
to  keep  [cattle]  alive  during  the  season  when 
the  grass  is  scanty.  They  were  killed  in  great 
numbers,  and  salted  at  the  beginning  of  the  cold 
weather;  and  during  several  months  even  the  gen- 
try tasted  scarcely  any  fresh  animal  food,  except 
game  and  river  fish.  ...  In  the  reign  of  Henry 
VII.  fresh  meat  was  never  eaten,  even  by  the 
gentlemen  attendant  on  a  great  earl,  except  dur- 
ing tiie  short  interval  between  midsummer  and 


.258 


FOOD— FORCE. 


Michaelmas.  But  in  the  course  of  two  centuries 
an  improvement  had  taken  place ;  and  under 
Charles  II.  it  was  not  till  the  beginning  of  No- 
vember that  families  laid  in  their  stock  of  salt 
provisions,  then  called  Martinmas  beef. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  293. 

2176.  FOOD,  Chosen.  Lord  Palmerston.  It  is 
reported  of  Lord  Palmerston,  the  late  prime 
minister  of  England,  that  whenever  he  engaged 
a  new  cook  he  used  to  say  to  him  :  "  I  wish 
you  to  prepare  what  is  called  a  good  table  for 
volw  guests  ;  but  for  7ne  there  must  always  be  a  leg 
of  mutton  and  an  apple-pie. "  .  .  .A  life  like  this 
Lord  Palmerston  led  for  fifty -seven  years,  sup- 
porting the  animal  man  on  such  fare  as  roast 
mutton  and  apple-pie.  He  could  not  have  done 
it  on  turtle  and  venison,  still  less  on  our  Ameri- 
can hot  bread,  buckwheat  cakes,  and  fried  meat. 
— Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  499. 

2177.  FOOD,  Dangerous.  PoisonYuea.  The  Ind- 
ians .  .  .  brought .  .  .  cakes  of  a  kind  of  bread 
called  cassava,  which  constituted  a  principal  part 
of  their  food,  and  was  afterward  an  important 
article  of  provisions  with  the  Spaniards.  It  was 
formed  from  a  great  root  called  yuca,  which 
they  cultivated  in  fields.  This  they  cut  into 
small  morsels,  which  they  grated  or  scraped,  and 
strained  in  a  press,  making  a  broad  thin  cake, 
which  was  afterward  dried  hard,  and  would 
keep  for  a  long  time,  being  steeped  in  water 
when  eaten.  It  was  insipid,  but  nourishing, 
though  the  water  strained  from  it  in  the  prepa- 
ration was  a  deadly  poison.  There  was  another 
kind  of  yuca  destitute  of  this  poisonous  quality 
which  was  eaten  in  the  root,  either  boiled  or 
roasted. — Ibving's  Columbus,  Book  4,  ch.  15. 

217S.  FOOD,  Extravagance  in.  Singing  Birds. 
^sopus  Clodius,  a  famous  Roman  actor,  lived  in 
the  most  luxurious  manner,  and  once  served  up 
a  dish  of  singing  birds  that  cost  $4000  at  a  ban- 
quet.— Am.  Cyclopedia,  "^sopus." 

2179.  FOOD,  Figure  by.  Spartans.  The  first 
intention  of  their  spare  diet,  a  subordinate  one, 
is  to  make  them  grow  tall.  For  when  the  ani- 
mal spirits  are  not  too  much  oppressed  by  a  great 
quantity  of  food,  which  stretches  itself  out  in 
breadth  and  thickness,  they  mount  upward  by 
their  natural  lightness,  and  the  body  easily  and 
freely  shoots  up  in  height.  This  also  contributes 
to  make  them  handsome  ;  for  thin  and  slender 
habits  yield  more  freely  to  nature,  which  then 
gives  a  fine  proportion  to  the  limbs,  while  the 
heavy  and  gross  resist  her  by  their  weight. — 
Plutarch's  Lycurgus. 

21  SO.  FOOD,  Mind  affected  by.  Mahomet.  [The 
Arabs  relate  that  the  king  of  Persia,  hearing  the 
renown  of  Mahomet,]  asked  :  "  What  aliment 
is  he  fed  upon?"  "Bread  and  cheese,"  it  was 
replied.  "  So  I  thought,"  rejoined  the  monarch, 
"  for  milk  and  dates  could  not  produce  this  sub- 
tlety."— Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  66. 

21S1.  FOOD,  Poor.  England.  Meat  was  also 
cheaper,  but  was  still  so  dear  that  there  were 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  families  who  scarcely 
knew  the  taste  of  it.  In  the  cost  of  wheat  there 
has  been  very  little  change.  The  average  price 
of  the  quarter,  during  the  last  twelve  years  of 
Charles  II. ,  was  fifty  shillings.  Bread,  therefore, 
such  as  is  now  given  to  the  inmates  of  a  work- 
bouse,  was  then  seldom  seen,  even  on  the  tren- 


cher of  a  yeoman  or  of  a  shopkeeper.  The  great 
majority  of  the  nation  lived  almost  entirely  on 
rye,  barley,  and  oats. — Macaulay'sEng.,  ch.  3, 
p.  391. 

2182.  FOOD,  Public.  Spartan  Tables.  The 
whole  citizens  of  the  republic  were  divided 
into  vicinages  of  fifteen  families,  and  each  vi- 
cinage had  a  common  table,  where  all  were 
obliged  to  dine .  . .  without  distinction  of  ranks — 
the  kings,  senators,  and  magistrates,  indiscrimi- 
nately with  the  people.  Here  all  partook  of  the 
same  homely  fare,  dressed  in  the  simplest  and 
most  frugal  manner.  At  those  public  tables  the 
youth  not  only  learned  moderation  and  temper- 
ance, but  wisdom  and  good  morals.  The  conver- 
sation was  regulated  and  prescribed.  It  turned 
solely  on  such  subjects  as  tended  to  instil  into  the 
minds  of  the  rising  generation  the  principles  of 
virtue,  and  that  affection  for  their  country  which 
characterizes  the  worthy  citizens  of  every  gov- 
ernment, but  was  peculiarly  eminent  under  the 
Spartan  constitution. — Tytler'sHist.,  Book  1, 
ch.  9. 

2 1  §3.  FOOD,  Regard  for.  Samuel  Johnson. 
I  never  knew  any  man  who  relished  good  eating 
more  than  he  did.  When  at  table  he  was  to- 
tally absorbed  in  the  business  of  the  moment ; 
his  looks  seemed  riveted  to  his  plate  ;  nor  would 
he,  unless  when  in  very  high  company,  say  one 
word,  or  even  pay  the  least  attention  to  what 
was  said  by  others,  till  he  had  satisfied  his  appe- 
tite, which  was  so  fierce,  and  indulged  with 
such  intenseness,  that  while  in  the  act  of  eating 
the  veins  of  his  forehead  swelled,  and  generally 
a  strong  perspiration  was  visible.  To  those 
whose  sensations  were  delicate  this  could  not 
but  be  disgusting  ;  and  it  was  doubtless  not  very 
suitable  to  the  character  of  a  philosopher,  who 
should  be  distinguished  by  self-command. — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  130. 

21  §4.  FOOD,  Suspicious.  Watering-place.  Eng- 
land, however,  was  not,  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, destitute  of  watering-places.  The  gentry 
of  Derbyshire  and  of  the  neighboring  counties 
repaired  to  Buxton,  where  they  were  crowded 
into  low  wooden  sheds,  and  regaled  with  oat- 
cake and  with  a  viand  which  the  hosts  called 
mutton,  but  which  the  guests  strongly  suspected 
to  be  dog. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  322. 

2185.  FOOD,  Variety  in.  Emperor  Elagah- 
alus.  The  invention  of  a  new  sauce  was  liber- 
ally rewarded  ;  but  if  it  was  not  relished,  the 
inventor  was  confined  to  eat  of  nothing  else  till 
he  had  discovered  another  more  agreeable  to 
the  Imperial  palate. — Note  in  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  6,  p.  172. 

2186.  FOOD,  Wonder  in.  London.  The  great- 
est wonder  that  London  presented  to  a  New  Zea- 
lander,  who  was  brought  to  England  some  years 
ago,  was  the  mystery  of  feeding  an  immense 
population,  as  he  saw  neither  cattle  nor  crops. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  22,  p.  388. 

2187.  FOECE,  Distinguished  by.  Charles  Mat- 
tel.  [The  deliverer  of  Europe  from  the  Saracens.} 
The  Arabian  fleet  might  have  sailed  without  a 
naval  combat  into  the  mouth  of  the  Thames. 
Perhaps  the  interpretation  of  the  Koran  would 
now  be  taught  in  the  schools  of  Oxford,  and  her 
pulpits  might  demonstrate  to  a  circumcised  peo- 
ple the  sanctity  and  truth  of  the  revelation  of 


FORCE— FORGERY. 


259 


Mn'oorset.  From  such  calamities  was  Christen- 
dom delivered  by  the  genius  and  fortune  of  one 
m«B.  Charles,  the  illegitimate  son  of  the  elder 
Pepin,  was  content  with  the  titles  of  mayor  or 
duke  of  the  Franks  ;  but  he  deserved  to  become 
the  father  of  a  line  of  kings.  .  .  .  The  epithet 
of  Martel,  the  Hammer,  which  has  been  added 
flo  the  name  of  Charles,  is  expressive  of  his 
(weighty  and  irresistible  strokes.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome.  ch.  51. 

218§.  FOECE,  Fictitious.  Qtieen  of  Scots.  Some 
|days  after  the  Mth  of  April,  while  returning 
f)om  Stirling,  where  she  had  been  visiting  her 
son,  Bothwell,  with  a  body  of  his  friends,  await- 
ed her  at  Almond  Bridge,  six  miles  from  Edin- 
burgh. He  dismounted  from  his  horse,  respect- 
fully took  hold  of  the  bridal  of  the  queen's  pal- 
fry,  feigned  a  slight  compulsion,  and  conducted 
his  voluntary  cap'ive  to  the  castle  of  Dunbar,  of 
which  he  was  governor,  as  warden  of  the  bor- 
ders. There  she  passed  with  him  eight  days,  as 
if  suffering  violence,  and  returned  on  the  8th  of 
May  with  him  to  Edinburgh,  "resigned,"  she 
said,  "  to  marry  with  her  consent  him  who  had 
disposed  of  her  by  force."  This  comedy  deceived 
no  one,  but  saved  Mary  from  the  open  accu- 
sation of  espousing  from  choice  the  assassin 
of  her  husband.  Bothwell  .  .  .  had  three  other 
wives  living.  By  gold  or  threats  he  got  rid  of 
two,  and  he  divorced  the  third  ;  ...  to  secure 
this  divorce,  he  consented  to  be  found  guilty 
of  adultery. — Lamartine's  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  p.  31. 

21  §9.  FOEEIGNEES,  Antipathy  to.  Egyptians. 
We  have  seen  the  Egyptians,  a  people  remark- 
able for  their  early  civilization,  for  the  antiquity 
of  their  government,  the  systematic  order  of  their 
civil  policy,  the  wisdom  of  many  of  their  laws, 
and  their  singular  progress  in  the  arts,  at  a  pe- 
riod when  almost  all  the  nations  of  the  earth  were 
sunk  in  ignorance  and  barbarism.  It  must, 
therefore,  without  doubt,  appear  extraordinary 
that,  with  all  these  advantages,  the  character  of 
this  people  was  held  extremely  low,  and  even 
despisable  among  the  contemporary  nations  of 
antiquity.  This  peculiarity  may,  perhaps,  be 
traced  up  to  a  single  cause.  They  were  a  peo- 
ple who  chose  to  sequester  themselves  from  the 
rest  of  mankind,  and  obstinately  or  fastidiously 
refused  all  correspondence  with  other  nations. 
They  were  not  known  to  them  by  their  conquests; 
they  had  no  connection  with  them  by  their  com- 
merce ;  and  they  had  a  rooted  antipathy  to  the 
manners,  and  even  to  the  persons  of  all  stran- 
gers.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4. 

2190.  FOEEIGNEES  dishonored.  Athem.  It 
was  a  law  at  Athens,  that  every  citizen  who  had 
a  foreigner  to  his  mother  should  be  deemed  a 
bastard,  though  born  in  wedlock,  and  should  con- 
.sequently  be  incapable  of  inheriting  his  father's 
estate.  —  Plutarch's  Themistocles,  Lanq- 
flOBNE's  Note. 

2191.  FOEEIGNEES  feared.  Sparta.  [Lycur- 
gus  forbid  strangers]  to  resort  to  Sparta  who 
could  not  assign  a  good  reason  for  their  coming  ; 
not,  as  Thucydides  says,  out  of  fear  they  should 
imitate  the  constitution  of  that  city,  and  make 
improvements  in  virtue,  but  lest  they  should 

;    teach  his  own  people  some  evil.     For  along  with 

I    foreigners  come  new  subjects  of  discourse  ;  new 

discourse  produces  new  opinions  ;  and  from  these 


there  necessarily  spring  new  passions  and  desires, 
which,  like  discords  in  music,  would  disturb  the 
established  government.  He  therefore  thought 
it  more  expedient  for  the  city  to  keep  out  of 
it  corrupt  customs  and  manners,  than  even  to 
prevent  the  introduction  of  a  pestilence. — Plu- 
tarch's Lycurgus. 

2192.  FOEGEEY  confessed.  Deed.  Upon  the 
accession  of  Philip  [VI.]  Robert,  Count  of  Ar- 
tois,  became  one  of  the  most  influential  and 
powerful  persons  in  the  kingdom,  and  he  deter- 
mined to  make  a  third  attempt  to  recover  the 
possessions  of  his  ancestors.  It  was  not  likely, 
however,  that  the  Court  of  Peers  would  be  in- 
duced to  reverse  its  former  judgments,  except 
upon  the  strength  of  fresh  and  conclusive  evi- 
dence ;  and  the  count  accordingly  gave  out  that 
certain  missing  documents  had  lately  come  to 
light  which  would  establish  his  claim  beyond 
dispute.  The  trial  proceeded,  and  Robert's  prin- 
cipal witness,  a  young  lady  of  Bethune,  named 
Jeanne  de  Divion,  at  length  produced  a  packet 
of  papers,  which  had  hitherto  been  secreted,  she 
said,  by  the  late  Bishop  of  Arras,  the  friend  and 
minister  of  the  last  Count  of  Artois,  and  placed 
in  her  hands  by  the  deceased  prelate  on  his 
death-bed.  Among  these  papers  was  a  deed  by 
which  the  county  of  Artois  was  formerly  be- 
queathed to  Philip,  son  of  Robert  II.,  and  father 
of  the  present  claimant,  who  would  of  course 
have  succeeded  as  the  natural  heir.  The  evi- 
dence, however,  upon  this  critical  point  being 
severely  sifted,  the  witnesses  began  to  hesitate, 
grew  confused,  prevaricated,  contradicted  each 
other,  and  the  Demoiselle  de  Divion,  struck  with 
remorse,  at  length  confessed  that  she  had  been 
guilty  of  a  wholesale  forgery,  denouncing  at 
the  same  time  Jeanne  of  Valois,  Robert's  wife, 
as  her  accomplice  in  the  fraud.  .  .  .  Jeanne 
de  Divion  was  at  once  condemned,  and  paid  the 
forfeit  of  her  crime  by  being  burnt  at  the  stake, 
together  with  others  of  the  perjured  witnesses. 
— Students'  France,  ch.  10,  §  3. 

2193.  FOEGEEY,  Convenient.  Roman  Em- 
peror Garinus.  A  confidential  secretary,  who 
had  acquired  uncommon  skill  in  the  art  of  for- 
gery, delivered  the  indolent  emperor,  with  his 
own  consent,  from  the  irksome  duty  of  signing 
his  name. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12. 

2194.  FOEGEEY,  A  delusive.  William  of  Ch . 
ange.  [He  had  invaded  England.  A  manifesto 
appeared  under  the  apparent  hand  and  seal  of 
the  prince.]  Vengeance  alien  from  the  usages 
of  Christian  and  civilized  nations  was  denounced 
against  all  papists  who  should  dare  to  espouse 
the  royal  cause.  They  should  be  treated,  not  ajs 
soldiers  or  gentlemen,  but  as  freebooters.  The 
ferocity  and  licentiousness  of  the  invading  army, 
which  had  hitherto  been  restrained  with  a  strong 
hand,  should  be  let  loose  on  them.  Good  Prot- 
estants, and  especially  those  who  inhabited  the 
capital,  were  adjured,  as  they  valued  all  that 
was  dear  to  them,  and  commanded,  on  peril  of 
the  prince's  highest  displeasure,  to  seize,  disarm, 
and  imprison  their  Roman  Catholic  neighbors. 
This  document,  it  is  said,  was  found  by  a  Whig 
bookseller  one  morning  imder  his  shop  door. 
He  made  haste  to  print  it.  Many  copies  were 
dispersed  by  the  post,  and  passed  rapidly  from 
hand  to  hand.  Discerning  men  had  no  difBcul- 
^yiji  pronouncing  it  a  forgery  devised  by  some 


260 


FORGERY— FORSAKEN. 


unquiet  and  unprincipled  adventurer,  such  as, 
in  troubled  times,  are  always  busy  in  the  foulest 
and  darkest  offices  of  faction.  But  the  multitude 
was  completely  duped. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  eh. 
9,  p.  491. 

2195.  FORGERY,  Perilous.  Paris,  a.d.  1812. 
[When  Napoleon  was  retreating  from  Moscow,] 
an  officer  by  the  name  of  Mallet  forged  an  ac- 
count of  the  death  of  Napoleon.  Availing 
himself  of  the  panic  which  the  announcement 
caused,  he  gathered  around  him  a  few  hundred 
of  the  National  Guard,  and  made  the  most  auda- 
cious attempt  to  take  into  his  own  hands  the 
reigns  of  power.  The  conspirator,  however,  was 
soon  arrested  and  shot. — Abbott's  Napoleon 
B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  14. 

2196.  FORGETFULNESS  desired.  Themlsto- 
cles.  When  Simonides  offered  to  teach  The- 
mistocles  the  art  of  memory,  he  answered,  "  Ah  ! 
rather  teach  me  the  art  of  forgetting  ;  for  I  often 
remember  what  I  would  not,  and  cannot  forget 
what  I  would." — Plutarch's  Themistocles, 
Langhorne's  Note. 

2197.  FORGIVENESS,  Christian.  The  Turk. 
[Romanus]  the  successor  of  Constantine,  in  a  ple- 
beian habit,  was  led  into  the  Turkish  divan,  and 
commanded  to  kiss  the  ground  before  the  lord 
of  Asia.  He  reluctantly  obeyed  ;  and  Alp  Ars- 
lan,  starting  from  his  throne,  is  said  to  have 
planted  his  foot  on  the  neck  of  the  Roman  em- 
peror. ...  In  the  preliminaries  of  negotiation. 
Alp  Arslan  asked  him  what  treatment  he  expect- 
ed to  receive,  and  the  calm  indifference  of  the 
emperor  displays  the  freedom  of  his  mind.  "  If 
you  are  cruel,"  said  he,  "you  will  take  my  life; 
if  you  listen  to  pride,  you  will  drag  me  at  your 
chariot- wheels  ;  if  you  consult  your  interest,  you 
will  accept  a  ransom,  and  restore  me  to  my 
country."  "  And  what,"  continued  the  sultan, 
"would  have  been  your  own  behavior  had  fort- 
une smiled  on  your  arms  ?"  The  reply  of  the 
Greek  betrays  a  sentiment  which  prudence,  and 
even  gratitude,  should  have  taught  him  to  sup- 
press. "Had  I  vanquished,"  he  fiercely  said, 
' '  I  would  have  inflicted  on  thy  body  many  a 
stripe."  The  Turkish  conqueror  smiled  at  the 
insolence  of  his  captive  ;  observed  that  the 
Christian  law  inculcated  the  love  of  enemies  and 
forgiveness  of  injuries  ;  and  nobly  declared  that 
he  would  not  imitate  an  example  which  he  con- 
demned.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  57. 

219§.  FORGIVENESS  for  the  Dead.  Napoleon 
I.  [At  the  battle  of  Wagram]  Napoleon  recog- 
nized among  the  slain  a  colonel  who  had  given 
him  cause  for  displeasure.  He  stopped  and  gazed 
for  a  moment  upon  his  sadly  mutilated  body 
stretched  upon  the  gory  field,  and  said,  with 
emotions  which  every  generous  heart  will  un- 
derstand, ' '  I  regret  not  having  been  able  to  speak 
to  him  before  the  battle,  in  order  to  tell  him  that 
I  had  long  forgotten  everything." — Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  9. 

2199.  FORGIVENESS,  Gen^-rous.  John  Wes- 
ley. Joseph  Bradford  was  for  many  years  the 
travelling  companion  of  the  Rev.  John  Wesley, 
and  considered  no  assistance  to  him  too  servile, 
but  was  subject  to  changes  of  temper.  Wesley 
directed  him  to  carry  a  package  of  letters  to  the 
post ;  Bradford  wished  to  hear  his  seWnon  first ; 
Wesley  was  urgent  and  insisted  ;  Bradford  re- 


fused. "  Then,"  said  Wesley,  "  you  and  I  must 
part."  "Very  good,  sir,"  replied  Bradford.  . .  . 
They  slept  over  it.  On  rising  the  next  morning 
Wesley  accosted  his  old  friend  and  asked  if  he 
had  considered  what  he  had  said,  that  "they 
must  part."  "Yes,  sir,"  replied  Bradford. 
"And  must  we  part  ?"  inquired  Wesley. 
"Please  yourself,  sir,"  was  the  reply.  "Will 
you  ask  my  pardon  ?"  rejoined  Wesley.  "  No, 
sir."  "  You  won't  ?""  No,  sir."  "Then  I  will 
ask  yours  !"  replied  the  great  man.  Bradford 
melted  tmder  the  example,  and  wept  like  a 
child. — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  2,  p.  386. 

2200. .    Louis  XII.    [When  Louis 

XII.  was  made  king  the]  magistrates  of  Or- 
leans, who  sent  a  deputation  to  ask  pardon  .  .  . 
for  indignities  which  he  had  suffered  while  a  pris- 
oner in  that  city,  were  dismissed  with  the  gener- 
ous and  celebrated  answer  that  "it  did  not  be- 
come the  King  of  France  to  resent  the  injuries 
of  the  Duke  of  Orleans." — Students'  France, 
ch.  13,  §  1. 

2201.  FORGIVENESS  impossible.  Divorce  of 
Josephine.  It  is  the  great  and  the  ineffable  stain 
which  rests  upon  the  character  of  Napoleon. 
Josephine  the  gentle,  the  loving,  the  magnani- 
mous, forgave  him.  The  world  never  can.  .  .  . 
Napoleon  himself  was  constrained  to  confess 
that  it  was  the  greatest  calamity  of  his  life. — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  3. 

2202.  FORGIVENESS,  Prospective.  Freder- 
ick William.  [On  his  death-bed  the  minister 
reminded  him  of  the  need  of  confession  of  sin.] 
"  Well — is  there  anything  more  ?  Out  with  it, 
then  ;  better  now  than  too  late  !"  [And  certain 
building  operations  of  an  oppressive  character 
come  under  review.]  .  .  .  "And  then  there  is 
forgiveness  of  enemies  ;  your  Majesty  is  bound 
to  forgive  all  men,  or  how  can  you  ask  to  be 
forgiven  ?"  "  Well,  I  will ;  I  do.  You  Feekin 
[his  wife.  Queen  Sophie],  write  to  your  brother 
(unforgiveablest  of  beings),  after  I  am  dead,  that 
I  forgave  him,  died  in  peace  with  him. "  ' '  Better 
her  Majesty  should  write  at  once,"  suggests 
Roloff.  "  No,  after  I  am  dead,"  persists  the  son 
of  nature,  "  that  will  be  safer  !"  An  unwedgeable 
and  gnarled  big  block  of  manhood  and  simplicity 
and  sincerity  ;  such  as  we  rarely  get  sight  of 
among  the  modern  sons  of  Adam,  among  the 
crowned  sons  nearly  never.  At  parting  he  said  to 
Roloff,  ' '  You  {Er,  He)  do  not  spare  me  ;  it  is 
right.  You  do  your  duty  like  an  honest  Christian 
man." — Carlyle's  Frederick  the  Great, 
vol.  2,  pp.  681-683. 

2203.  FORSAKEN,  Justly.  James  II.  On  the 
morning  of  the  26th  [his  Protestant  daughter] 
Anne's  apartment  was  found  empty  ;  the  con- 
sternation was  great  in  Whitehall.  The  ladies 
of  her  bed-chamber  ran  up  and  down  the  courts 
of  the  palace,  screaming  and  wringing  their 
hands.  ...  In  the  midst  of  this  distress  and  ter- 
ror arrived  the  news  of  Prince  George's  flight. 
The  courier  who  brought  these  evil  tidings  was 
fast  followed  by  the  king  himself.  The  even- 
ing was  closing  in  when  James  arrived,  and 
was  informed  that  his  daughter  had  disappeared. 
After  all  that  he  had  suffered,  this  affliction 
forced  a  cry  from  his  lips.  "  God  help  me,"  he 
said  ;  "  my  own  children  have  forsaken  me  J" — 
Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  9,  p.  480. 


FORTITUDE— FORTUNE. 


261 


2204.  FOETITUDE,  Esteem  for.  Mucins.  [He 
entered  into  the  camp  of  Porsena,  a  powerful 
Italian  prince,  to  assassinate  him.  Not  knowing 
which  man  was  Porsena,  he  killed  the  wrong 
man.]  Upon  this  he  was  seized  and  examined. 
Meantime,  as  there  happened  to  be  a  portable 
altar  there,  with  fire  upon  it,  where  the  king  was 
about  to  offer  sacrifice,  Mucius  thrust  his  right 
hand  into  it ;  and  as  the  flesh  was  burning,  he 
kept  looking  upon  Porsena  with  a  firm  and 
menacing  aspect,  until  the  king,  astonished  at  his 
fortitude,  returned  him  his  sword  with  his  own 
hand.  He  received  it  with  his  left  hand,  from 
whence  we  are  told  he  had  the  surname  of  Sccr- 
vola,  which  signifies  left-Jianded  ;  and  thus  ad- 
dressed himself  to  Porsena:  "Your  threatenings  I 
regarded  not,  but  am  conquered  by  your  gener- 
osity, and  out  of  gratitude  will  declare  to  you 
what  no  force  should  have  wrested  from  me. 
There  are  three  hundred  Romans  that  have  taken 
the  same  resolution  with  mine,  who  now  walk 
about  your  camp,  watching  their  opportunity.  It 
was  my  lot  to  make  the  first  attempt,  and  I  am 
not  sorry  that  my  sword  was  directed  by  fortune 
against  another,  instead  of  a  man  of  so  much 
honor,  who,  as  such,  should  rather  be  a  friend 
than  an  enemy  to  the  Romans."  Porsena  be- 
lieved this  account,  and  was  more  inclined  to 
hearken  to  terms,  not  so  much  in  my  opinion 
through  fear  of  three  hundred  assassins,  as  ad- 
miration of  the  dignity  of  the  Roman  valor. — 
Plutarch's  Publicola. 

2205.  FORTITUDE,  Puritanic.  Hugh  Peter's. 
[Once  minister  of  Salem.  Condemned  for  regi- 
cide— death  of  Charles  I.]  He  was  allowed  no 
council.  ...  At  the  gallows  he  was  compelled 
to  wait  while  the  body  of  his  friend  Cooke,  who 
had  just  been  hanged,  was  cut  down  and  quar- 
tered before  his  eyes.  "  How  like  you  this?" 
cried  the  executioner,  rubbing  his  bloody  hands. 
"  I  thank  Ood,"  replied  the  martyr,  "  I  am  not 
terrified  at  it  ;  you  may  do  your  worst."  To  his 
friends  he  said,  "  Weep  not  for  me  ;  my  heart  is 
full  of  comfort." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  11. 

2206.  FORTUNE,  Change  of.     Columbus. 

\    Great  was  the  agitation  of  the  inhabitants,  there- 
I    fore,  when  they  beheld  one  of  the  ships  standing 
i    up  the  river  ;  but  when  they  learned  that  she 
\    returned  in  triumph  from  the   discovery  of  a 
>    world,  the  whole  community  broke  forth  into 
transports  of  joy.     The   bells  were  rung,  the 
shops  shut,  all  business  was  suspended ;  for  a 
time  there  was  nothing  but  hurry  and  tumult. 
Some  were  anxious  to  know  the  fate  of  a  rela- 
tive, others  of  a  friend,  and  all  to  learn  the  par- 
ticulars of  so  wonderful  a  voyage.     When  Co- 
lumbus landed,  the  multitude  thronged  to  see 
and  welcome  him,  and  a  grand  procession  was 
formed  to  the  principal  church,  to  return  thanks 
to  God  for  so  signal  a  discovery  made  by  the 
people  of  that  place — forgetting,  in  their  exulta- 
tion, the  thousand  difficulties  they  had  thrown  in 
the  way  of  the  enterprise.     Wherever  Columbus 
passed  he  was  hailed  with  shouts  and  acclama- 
tions.    What  a  contrast  to  his  departure  a  few 
months  before,  followed  by  murmurs  and  exe- 
crations ;  or,  rather,  what  a  contrast  to  his  first 
:  arrival  at  Palos,  a  poor  pedestrian,  craving  bread 
'  and  water  for  his  child  at  the  gate  of  a  convent  ! 
— Irving's  Columbus,  Book  5,  ch.  5. 


2207.  FORTUNE,  Contrasts  in.  Inheritance. 
"  How  different,"  said  the  younger  Andronicus, 
"  is  my  situation  from  that  of  the  son  of  Philip  ! 
Alexander  might  complain  that  his  father  would 
leave  him  nothing  to  conquer  ;  alas  !  my  grand- 
sire  will  leave  me  nothing  to  lose." — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  63. 

220S.  FORTUNE,  Favors  of.  Charles  V.  The 
siege  of  Metz  is  one  of  the  most  memorable 
episodes  in  the  struggle  between  the  rival  houses 
of  France  and  Austria.  For  two  months  the  Im- 
perialists .  .  .  battered  the  walls  with  a  ceaseless 
cannonade,  and  exhausted  all  other  resources  of 
the  art  of  war,  with  a  total  want  of  success.  The 
defenders  repaired  by  night  the  breaches  effected 
by  the  enemy  during  the  day.  .  .  .  Thousands 
were  slain  by  the  well-directed  fire  from  the  ram- 
parts ;  and  as  the  winter  advanced,  the  besiegers 
suffered  still  greater  losses  from  the  pitiless  sever- 
ity of  the  weather,  from  sickness,  hardship,  and 
famine.  The  siege  became  at  length  evidently 
hopeless  ;  and  Charles,  bitterly  observing  that 
"Fortune,  like  the  rest  of  her  sex,  favored  the 
young  and  neglected  those  advanced  in  years," 
gave  orders  to  abandon  it. — Students'  France, 
ch.  15,  §  4. 

2209.  FORTUNE,  Forsaken  by.  Louis  XIV. 
Louis  received  the  news  of  the  disheartening  re- 
verses [of  his  forces  at  Blenheim  and  Ramillies] 
with  unmoved  composure.  His  behavior  to  the 
unfortunate  marshal  Villeroi  was  magnanimous. 
"  Monsieur  le  Marechal,"  said  the  king,  when 
he  made  his  appearance  at  Versailles,  "at  our 
age  one  is  no  longer  fortunate." — Students' 
France,  ch.  22,  §  8. 

2210.  FORTUNE  reversed.  Duke  of  Exeter. 
[After  the  triumph  of  the  Yorkists  Edward 
IV.  was  crowned,  and  Lancastrians  went  into 
exile  and  poverty.]  "Some  of  them,"  says 
Comines,  "  were  reduced  to  such  extremity  of 
want  before  the  Duke  of  Burgundy  received 
them,  that  no  common  beggar  could  have  been 
in  greater.  I  saw  one  of  them,  who  was  Duke 
of  Exeter,  but  who  concealed  his  name,  follow- 
ing the  Duke  of  Burgundy's  train  bare-foot  and 
bare-legged,  begging  his  bread  from  door  to 
door.  This  man  was  next  of  the  house  of  Lan- 
caster ;  had  married  King  Edward's  sister  ;  and 
being  afterward  known,  had  a  small  pension 
allowed  him  for  his  subsistence." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  10,  p.  151. 

2211. .  Nicetas.  [Sacking  of  Con- 
stantinople by  crusaders.]  His  stately  palace 
had  been  reduced  to  ashes  .  .  .  and  the  senator 
[Nicetas], with  his  family  and  friends,  found  an 
obscure  shelter  in  another  house,  which  he  pos- 
sessed near  the  church  of  St.  Sophia.  It  was 
the  door  of  this  mean  habitation  that  his  friend, 
the  Venetian  merchant,  guarded  in  the  disguise 
of  a  soldier,  till  Nicetas  could  save,  by  a  pre- 
cipitate flight,  the  relics  of  his  fortune  and  the 
chastity  of  his  daughter.  In  a  cold,  wintry 
season,  these  fugitives,  nursed  in  the  lap  of 
prosperity,  departed  on  foot ;  his  wife  was  with 
child ;  the  desertion  of  their  slaves  compelled 
them  to  carry  their  baggage  on  their  shoulders  ; 
and  their  women,  whom  they  placed  in  Ihe  cen- 
tre, were  exhorted  to  conceal  their  beauty  with 
dirt,  instead  of  adorning  it  with  paint  and  jew- 
els. Every  step  was  exposed  to  insult  and  dan 
ger.' — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  60. 


.362 


FORTUNE— FRIEND. 


2212.  FOETUNE,  Reverses  of.  Beggar.  John 
of  Cappadocia,  whose  actions  had  deserved  a 
thousand  deaths,  was  at  last  condemned  for  a 
crime  of  which  he  was  innocent.  A  great  minis- 
ter, who  had  been  invested  with  the  honors  of 
consul  and  patrician,  was  ignominiously  scourged 
like  the  vilest  of  malefactors  ;  a  tattered  cloak 
was  the  sole  remnant  of  his  fortunes  ;  he  was 
transported  in  a  bark  to  the  place  of  his  banish- 
ment at  Antinopolis  in  Upper  Egypt,  and  the 
prefect  of  the  East  begged  his  bread  through  the 
cities  which  had  trembled  at  his  name. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  40. 

2213.  FORTUNE,  Sensitiveness  of.  Timothe- 
us.  The  enemies  of  Timotheus  ascribed  all  his 
success  to  fortune,  and  got  a  picture  drawn  in 
which  he  was  represented  asleep,  and  Fortune 
by  his  side  taking  cities  for  him  in  her  net.  Upon 
this  he  gave  way  to  an  indecent  passion,  and 
complained  that  he  was  robbed  of  the  glory  due 
to  his  achievements.  Nay,  afterward,  on  his 
return  from  a  certain  expedition,  he  addressed 
the  people  in  these  terms  :  ' '  My  fellow-citizens, 
you  must  acknowledge  that  in  this  Fortune  has 
no  share."  It  is  said  the  goddess  piqued  her- 
self so  far  on  being  revenged  on  this  vanity  of 
Timotheus,  that  he  could  never  do  anything 
extraordinary  afterward,  but  was  baffled  in  all 
his  undertakings,  and  became  so  obnoxious  to 
the  people  that  they  banished  him. — Plutarch's 
Sylla. 

2214.  FRAUD,  Gigantic.  South  Sea  Scheme. 
[In  July  of  1720]  .  .  .  the  crowds  of  those  that 
possess  the  redeemable  annuities  is  so  great  that 
the  bank  .  .  .  has  been  forced  to  set  tables 
with  clerks  in  the  streets.  The  £100  shares 
went  up  to  £1000  in  August.  [The  company 
sought  to  lessen  the  number  of  their  compet- 
itors. A  panic  ensued.]  By  the  middle  of  Sep- 
tember holders  of  South  Sea  Stock  were  crowd- 
ing the  Exchange,  not  as  buyers,  but  as  more 
eager  sellers.  The  stock  was  at  850  on  the  18th 
of  August ;  in  a  month  it  had  fallen  to  410. 
...  On  the  29th  of  September  ...  it  was  175. 
[The  consternation  was  inexpressible  ;  thousands 
of  families  were  red-uoed  to  beggary ;]  mer- 
chants, lawyers,  physicians,  clergy,  passed  from 
their  dream  of  fabulous  wealth  and  from  their 
wonted  comforts  into  poverty.  Some  died  of 
broken  hearts,  others  withdrew  to  remote  parts 
of  the  world,  and  never  returned.  [The  sufferers 
reproached  every  one  but  themselves  who 
sought  sudden  wealth  by  gambling  rather  than 
by  work.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  3,  p.  40. 

2215.  FRAUD,  Governmental.  Charles  II. 
The  first  object  of  Charles  was  to  obtain  from 
the  Commons  supplies  which  might  be  employ- 
ed in  executing  the  secret  treaty  [with  France]. 
...  It  was  necessary  to  have  recourse  to  fraud. 
The  king  accordingly  professed  great  zeal  for 
the  principles  of  the  Triple  Alliance,  and  pre- 
tended that,  in  order  to  hold  the  ambition  of 
France  in  check,  it  would  be  necessary  to  aug- 
ment the  fleet.  The  Commons  fell  into  the 
snare,  and  voted  a  grant  of  £800,000.  The  Par- 
liament was  instantly  prorogued  ;  and  the  court, 
thus  emancipated  from  control,  proceeded  to 
the  execution  of  the  great  design. — Macatjlay's 
Eng.,  ch.  2,  p,  201. 

2216.  FRAUD,  Suspicions  of.  First  Gdhle. 
This  was  placed  upon  two  ships,  which  were  to 


meet  in  mid-ocean.  They  did  meet ;  the  two 
ends  of  the  cable  were  joined  and  laid  down 
successfully.  At  the  Newfoundland  end  four 
hundred  messages  were  received  from  Europe, 
when  the  current  became  weaker  and  weaker, 
and  finally  ceased  to  make  any  mechanical  move- 
ment. On  this  side  people  were  sceptical ;  few 
believed  that  any  message  had  been  sent  at  all ; 
they  looked  upon  the  whole  thing  as  a  gigantic 
humbug. — Lester's  Life  of  Peter  CoOpeb, 
p.  26. 

2217.  FRAUD  in  Trade.  "  Honest  Leather." 
[In  1536  Parliament  passed]  acts  to  protect  the 
public  against  the  frauds  of  money-making 
tradesmen  ;  to  provide  that  shoes  and  boots 
should  be  made  of  honest  leather ;  that  food 
should  be  sold  at  fair  prices  ;  that  merchants 
should  part  with  their  goods  at  fair  profits. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  23,  p.  369. 

2218.  FREEDOM,  Determined  for.  William 
Wallace.  Wallace  in  September,  1297,  encamped 
near  Stirling,  the  pass  between  the  north  and  the 
south,  and  awaited  the  English  advance.  It  was 
here  that  he  was  found  by  the  English  army. 
The  offers  of  John  of  Warenne  were  scornfully 
rejected.  "  We  have  come,"  said  the  Scottish 
leader,  "  not  to  make  peace,  but  to  free  our  coun- 
try." The  position  of  Wallace  behind  a  loop  of 
Forth  was,  in  fact,  chosen  with  consummate 
skill.  The  one  bridge  which  crossed  the  river 
was  only  broad  enough  to  admit  two  horsemen 
abreast ;  and  though  the  English  army  had  been 
passing  from  daybreak,  but  half  its  force  was 
across  at  noon,  when  Wallace  closed  on  it  and 
cut  it,  after  a  short  combat,  to  pieces  in  sight  of 
its  comrades. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  291. 

2219.  FREEDOM  of  Speech.  In  Parliament. 
[James  I.  attempted  a  despotism  in  the  govern- 
ment of  England.]  On  the  18th  of  December, 
1681,  the  Commons  deliberately  recorded  their 
opinions  in  a  memorable  protestation,  in  which 
they  solemnly  affirmed  that  the  liberties  and  ju- 
risdictions of  Parliament  are  the  ancient  and  un- 
doubted birthright  and  inheritance  of  the  subjects 
of  England  ;  that  the  affairs  of  the  kine  and  the 
State,  of  the  defence  of  the  realm,  and  of  the 
Church  of  England,  the  making  of  laws,  the  re- 
dress of  grievances,  are  proper  subjects  of  debate 
in  Parliament ;  that  in  handling  such  business 
every  member  of  the  House  hath,  and  of  right 
ought  to  have,  freedom  of  speech ;  and  that 
every  member  hath  like  freedom  from  all  im- 
peachment, imprisonment,  and  molestation,  ex- 
cept by  the  censure  of  the  House  itself.— 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  24,  p.  382. 

2220.  FRIEND,  Chosen.  Alexander's.  Hephsea- 
tion  was  the  constant  companion  of  his  pleas- 
ures, and  dear  to  him  through  the  sweetness  of 
his  nature  ;  they  were  nearly  of  the  same  age, 
but  Hephaestion  was  the  more  handsome.  When 
Sysigambis,  the  captive  mother  of  Darius,  entered 
Alexander's  tent,  she  threw  herself  at  Hephaes- 
tion's  feet ;  he  modestly  retired,  and  the  empress 
felt  abashed  at  her  mistake.  The  generous  con- 
queror said,  "  You  have  not  erred,  madam,  for 
he  too  is  Alexander." 

2221.  FRIEND  or  Foe.  Agesilaus.  When  the 
[King  of  Sparta]  had  crossed  the  Hellespont,  he 
marched  through  Thrace  without  asking  leave 
of  any  of  the  barbarians.     He  only  desired  to 


FRIEND— FRIENDS. 


263 


know  of  each  people  whether  they  would  have 
him  pass  as  a  friend  or  as  an  enemy.  All  the  rest 
received  him  with  tokens  of  friendship,  and 
showed  him  all  the  civilities  in  their  power  on 
his  way  ;  but  the  Trallians,  of  whom  Xerxes  is 
«aid  to  have  bought  a  passage,  demanded  of 
Agesilaus  100  talents  of  silver,  and  as  many 
women.  He  answered  the  messenger  ironically, 
"  Why  did  not  they  then  come  to  receive  them  ?" 
At  tlie  same  time,  he  marched  forward,  and 
finding  them  drawn  up  to  oppose  him,  he  gave 
them  battle,  and  routed  them  with  great  slaugh- 
ter. He  sent  some  of  his  people  to  put  the  same 
question  to  the  King  of  Macedon,  who  answered, 
"I  will  consider  of  it."  "Let  him  consider," 
said  he  ;  "  in  the  mean  time  we  march."  The 
king,  surprised  and  awed  by  his  spirit,  desired 
him  to  pass  as  a  friend. — Plutarch's  Agesi- 
laus. 

2222.  FRIEND,  Otsequions.  Ccesar's.  One  ob- 
sequious senator  proposed  that  every  woman  in 
Rome  should  be  at  his  disposition,  and  filthy  li- 
T)els  against  him  were  set  floating  under  the  sui-- 
face.  The  object,  he  perfectly  understood,  "  was 
to  draw  him  into  a  position  more  and  more  in- 
vidious, that  he  might  the  sooner  perish." — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  26. 

2223.  FRIEND  in  Sickness,  A.  Priiice  of  Gr- 
ange. [Seized  by  the  small -pox.]  The  public  con- 
sternation was  great.  .  .  .  His  escape  was  attrib- 
uted partly  to  his  own  singular  equanimity,  and 
partly  to  the  intrepid  and  indefatigable  friend- 
ship of  Bentinck  [a  noble  BatavianJ.  From  the 
hands  of  Bentinck  alone  William  took  food  and 
medicine.  By  Bentinck  alone  William  was  lifted 
from  bed  and  laid  down  in  it.  "  Whether  Ben- 
tinck slept  or  not  while  I  was  ill,"  said  William 
to  Temple,  with  great  tenderness,  "  I  know  not ; 
but  this  I  know,  that,  through  sixteen  days  and 
nights,  I  never  once  called  for  anything  but  that 
Bentinck  was  instantly  at  my  side,  bentinck 
took  the  disease,  but  recovered.]  [See  No.  2235.] 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  157. 

2224.  FRIEND,  A  sordid.  Oliver  Ooldsmith's. 
[He  went  out  to  see  the  world,  and  fell  short  of 
cash  to  return  home.  Called  on  an  old  ' '  friend.  "1 
I  again  renewed  the  tale  of  my  distress,  and  asked 
"  how  he  thought  I  could  travel  above  a  hundred 
miles  upon  one  half  crown  ?"  I  begged  to  borrow 
a  single  guinea,  which  I  assured  him  would  be  re- 
paid with  thanks.  "And  you  know,  sir,"  said 
I,  "it  is  no  more  than  I  have  done  for  you."  To 
which  he  firmly  answered,  "  Why,  look  you,  Mr. 
Goldsmith,  that  is  neither  here  nor  there.  I  have 
paid  you  all  you  ever  lent  me,  and  this  sickness  of 
mine  has  left  ^e  bare  of  cash.  But  I  have  be- 
thought myself  of  a  conveyance  for  you  ;  sell 
your  horse,  and  I  will  furnish  you  a  much  bet- 
ter one  to  ride  on."  I  readily  grasped  at  his  pro- 
posal, and  begged  to  see  the  nag  ;  on  which  he 
led  me  to  his  bed-chamber,  and  from  under  the 
bed  he  pulled  out  a  stout  oak  stick.  "  Here  he 
is,"  said  he  ;  "take  this  in  your  hand,  and  it  will 
carry  you  to  your  mother's  with  more  safety 
than  such  a  horse  as  you  ride."  I  was  in  doubt, 
when  I  got  it  into  my  hand,  whether  I  should 
not,  in  the  first  place,  apply  it  to  his  pate. — Ir- 
ving's  Goldsmith,  ch.  3,  p.  34. 

2225.  FRIEND,  A  welcome.  Lafayette.  At 
last  the  Republicans  of  France,  displeased  with 
the  double-dealing  of  their  government,  began  to 


embark  for  America.  Foremost  of  all  came  the 
gallant  young  Marquis  of  Lafayette.  Though 
the  [French]  king  withheld  permission,  though 
the  British  minister  protested,  though  family 
and  home  and  kindred  beckoned  the  youthfui 
nobleman  to  return,  he  left  all  to  fight  the  battle 
of  freedom  in  another  land.  Fitting  a  vessel  al 
his  own  expense,  he  eluded  the  oflBcers,  and  witK 
the  brave  De  Kalb  and  a  small  company  of  fol- 
lowers reached  Georgetown,  South  Carolina,  in 
April  of  1777.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  40,  p.  320. 

2220.  FRIEND,  A  wounded.  "  StonewallJach- 
son."  [On  the  2d  of  May,  1863,  he  led  a  destruc- 
tive attack  on  the  right  wing  of  General  Hook- 
er's Union  army.]  As  night  came  on,  with  ruin 
impending  over  the  Federal  army,  the  brave 
Confederate  leader,  riding  through  the  gathering 
darkness,  received  a  volley  from  his  own  lines, 
and  fell  mortally  wounded. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  65,  p.  518. 

2227 .  FRIENDS  in  Battle.  Locked  their 
Shields.  Being  placed  together  among  the  heavy- 
armed  infantry,  and  fighting  with  the  Arca- 
dians, that  wing  of  the  Lacedaemonians  in  which 
they  were  gave  way,  and  was  broken ;  where- 
upon Pelopidas  and  Epaminondas  locked  their 
shields  together,  and  repulsed  all  that  attacked 
them,  until  at  last  Pelopidas,  having  received  sev- 
en large  wounds,  fell  upon  a  heap  of  friends  and 
enemies  who  lay  dead  together.  Epaminondas, 
though  he  thought  there  was  no  life  left  in  him, 
yet  stood  forward  to  defend  his  body  and  his 
arms,  and  being  determined  to  die  rather  than 
leave  his  companion  in  the  power  of  his  enemies, 
he  engaged  with  numbers  at  once.  He  was  now 
in  extreme  danger,  being  wounded  in  the  breast 
with  a  spear  and  in  the  arm  with  a  sword,  when 
Agesipolis,  King  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  brought 
succors  from  the  other  wing,  and,  beyond  all 
expectation,  delivered  them  both. — Plutarch's 
Pelopidas. 

222§.  FRIENDS,  Complemental.  Lady  Church- 
ill— Princess  Anne.  Differences  of  taste,  under 
standing,  and  disposition  are  no  impediment* 
to  friendship,  and  .  . .  the  closest  intimacies  ofte» 
exist  between  minds  each  of  which  supplier 
what  is  wanting  to  the  other.  Lady  Churchill 
was  loved  and  even  worshipped  by  Anne.  The 
princess  could  not  live  apart  from  the  object  of 
her  romantic  fondness.  She  manied,  and  was 
a  faithful  and  even  an  affectionate  wife  ;  but 
Prince  George,  a  dull  man,  whose  chief  pleasures 
were  derived  from  his  dinner  and  his  bottle,  ac- 
quired over  her  no  influence  comparable  to  that 
exercised  by  her  female  friend,  and  soon  gave 
himself  up  with  stupid  patience  to  the  dominion 
of  that  vehement  and  commanding  spirit  by 
which  his  wife  was  governed.  [Also  see  No. 
1927.]— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  239. 

2229.  FRIENDS,  Discouraging.  Luther's. 
"Go  to  your  ceU  and  pray,  my  brother,  that  the 
Lord  will  have  mercy  upon  you" — thus  said 
many  a  one  that  thought  so  vast  an  undertaking 
by  an  insignificant  monk  against  the  pope — of 
whose  might  and  influence  kings  were  afraid — 
would  surely  come  to  grief.  "  My  dear  Brother 
Martin,"  said  an  aged  Westphalian  clergyman, 
"if  you  can  do  away  with  purgatory  and  the 
traffic  in  indulgences,  you  are  indeed  a  great 
man  !"  .  .  .  Luther's  prior  and  sub-prior  came 
and, entreated  him  not  to  bring  reproach  upon 


264 


FRIENDS— FRIENDSHIP. 


his  order,  for  the  other  orders  were  already 
leaping  with  joy,  saying  that  they  were  not  the 
only  ones  guilty  of  offences,  but  that  now  the 
Augustinians  were  also  in  the  fire  and  bearers 
of  shame.  Luther  replied  to  them,  ' '  Dear  fa- 
thers, if  this  work  has  not  been  begun  in  God's 
name,  it  will  soon  come  to  naught ;  but  if  it  has 
been  begun  in  His  name,  then  let  Him  rule  as 
He  will !" — Rein's  Luthek,  ch.  4,  p.  47. 

2230.  FRIENDS,  Faults  of.  Napoleon  I. 
[During  his  captivity  at  St.  Helena  a  paper  was 
presented]  to  all  the  companions  [who  had  chosen 
to  go  into  exile  with  him]  and  the  domestics  of 
the  Emperor,  stating  that  they  were  at  liberty  to 
leave  St.  Helena  and  return  to  Europe  if  they 
wished  to  do  so.  If  they  desired  to  remain  .  .  . 
they  were  required  to  submit  to  all  the  restric- 
tions which  might  be  imposed  upon  the  emperor, 
.  .  .  and  remaining  on  the  dreary  rock  during 
the  lifetime  of  the  emperor.  All  promptly 
signed  it  [to  remain]  but  General  Bertrand.  His 
hesitation  wounded  the  feelings  of  the  emperor. 
He  simply  remarked,  however,  "  Bertrand  is  al- 
ways the  same.  Although  he  constantly  speaks 
of  going,  when  the  time  comes  he  will  not  have 
the  courage  to  leave.  We  must  be  able  to  love 
our  friends  with  all  their  faults." — Abbott's 
Napoleon,  vol.  2,  ch.  31. 

2231.  FEIENDS,  Unlike.  Halifax— Burnet. 
Halifax  and  Burnet  had  long  been  on  terms  of 
friendship.  No  two  men,  indeed,  could  resem- 
ble each  other  less.  Burnet  was  utterly  desti- 
tute of  delicacy  and  tact.  Halifax's  taste  was 
fastidious,  and  his  sense  of  the  ludicrous  mor- 
bidly quick.  Burnet  viewed  every  act  and  every 
character  through  a  medium  distorted  and  col- 
ored by  party  spirit.  The  tendency  of  Halifax's 
mind  was  always  to  see  the  faults  of  his  allies 
more  strongly  than  the  faults  of  his  opponents. 
Burnet  was,  with  all  his  infirmities,  and  through 
all  the  vicissitudes  of  a  life  passed  in  circum- 
stances not  very  favorable  to  piety,  a  sincerely 
pious  man.  The  sceptical  and  sarcastic  Halifax 
lay  under  the  imputation  of  infidelity.  Halifax, 
therefore,  often  incurred  Burnet's  inaignant  cen- 
sure, and  Burnet  was  often  the  butt  of  Halifax's 
keen  and  polished  pleasantry.  Yet  they  were 
drawn  to  each  other  by  a  mutual  attraction, 
liked  each  other's  conversation,  appreciated  each 
other's  abilities,  interchanged  opinions  freely, 
and  interchanged  also  good  offices  in  perilous 
times.  [Lord  Halifax  was  a  statesman,  and 
Bishop  Burnet  the  religious  adviser  of  Queen 
Mary.]— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  499. 

2232.  FEIENDSHIP  applauded.  Napoleon  I. 
[In  1808  there  was  a  notable  meeting  of  kings 
and  emperors  at  Erfurth.  Princes  and  court- 
iers were  numerous.  ]  The  town  was  illuminated. 
A  tragedy  developing  the  noblest  traits  of  hu- 
man nature  was  performed  by  the  most  accom- 
plished actors  of  France.  [Emperor]  Alexander 
[of  Russia]  sat  by  the  side  of  Napoleon.  As  the 
sentiment  was  expressed  from  the  stage, 

"  The  friendship  of  a  great  man  is  a  gift  from 

the  gods  !" 
Alexander  gracefully  rose,  took  the  hand  of 
Napoleon,  and  bowing  said,  "I  experience 
the  truth  of  that  sentiment  to-day."  An  instinc- 
tive burst  of  applause  from  a  pit  full  of  princes, 
nobles,  and  kings  shook  the  walls  of  the  theatre. 
— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.  ,  vol.  2,  ch.  3. 


2233.  FRIENDSHIP,  Commanding.  Reign  of 
James  II.  Ever  since  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
the  Talbots  had  sat  among  the  peers  of  the 
realm.  .  . .  [The  Earl  of  Shrewsbury  was  Charles 
Talbot.]  His  person  was  pleasing,  his  tem- 
per singularly  sweet,  his  parts  such  as,  if  he 
had  been  born  in  a  humble  rank,  might  well 
have  raised  him  to  the  height  of  civil  greatness. 
All  these  advantages  he  had  so  improved,  that 
before  he  was  of  age  he  was  allowed  to  be  one 
of  the  finest  gentlemen  and  finest  scholars  of  his 
time,  .  .  .  though  his  principles  were  unsteady, 
his  impulses  were  so  generous,  his  temper  so 
bland,  his  manners  so  gracious  and  easy,  that  it 
was  impossible  not  to  love  him.  He  was  early 
called  the  King  of  Hearts,  and  never,  through 
a  long,  eventful,  and  checkered  life,  lost  his 
right  to  that  name. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8, 
p.  296. 

2234.  FRIENDSHIP,  Complemental.  William 
of  Orange.  [See  No.  2235.]  The  friends  [Wil- 
liam and  Bentinck]  were  indeed  made  for  each 
other.  William  wanted  neither  a  guide  nor  a 
flatterer.  Having  a  firm  and  just  reliance  on 
his  own  judgment,  he  was  not  partial  to  coun- 
sellors who  dealt  much  in  suggestions  and  ob- 
jections. At  the  same  time,  he  had  too  much 
discernment  and  too  much  elevation  of  mind  to 
be  gratified  by  sycophancy.  The  confidant  of 
such  a  prince  ought  to  be  a  man,  not  of  inventive 
genius  or  commanding  spirit,  but  brave  and 
faithful,  capable  of  executing  orders  punctually, 
of  keeping  secrets  inviolably,  of  observing  facts 
vigilantly,  and  of  reporting  them  truly  ;  and 
such  a  man  was  Bentinck. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  7,  p.  159. 

2235.  FRIENDSHIP,  Confidential.  William, 
Prince  of  Orange.  [Bentinck  was  a  noble  Bata- 
vian  and  chosen  friend.  See  No.  2223.]  He 
whom  even  his  admirers  generally  accounted 
the  most  distant  and  frigid  of  men  here  forgets 
all  distinctions  of  rank,  and  pours  out  all  his 
feelings  with  the  ingenuousness  of  a  schoolboy. 
He  imparts  without  reserve  secrets  of  the  high- 
est moment.  He  explains  with  perfect  simplic- 
ity vast  designs  affecting  all  the  governments  of 
Europe.  Mingled  with  his  commimications  on 
such  subjects  are  other  communications  of  a 
very  different,  but  perhaps  not  of  a  less  inter- 
esting kind.  All  his  adventures,  all  his  personal 
feelings,  his  long  run  after  enormous  stags,  his 
carousals  on  St.  Hubert's  day,  the  growth  of  his 
plantations,  the  failure  of  his  melons,  the  state 
of  his  stud,  his  wish  to  procure  an  easy  pad-nag 
for  his  wife,  his  vexation  at  learning  that  one  oi 
his  household,  after  ruining  a  girl  of  good  fam- 
ily, refused  to  marry  her,  his  fits  oi  sea-sickness, 
his  coughs,  his  headaches,  his  devotional  moods, 
his  gratitude  for  the  Divine  protection  after  a 
great  escape,  his  struggles  to  submit  himself  to 
the  Divine  will  after  a  disaster,  are  described 
with  an  amiable  garrulity  hardly  to  have  been 
expected  from  the  most  discreet  and  sedate 
statesman  of  the  age.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7, 
p.  157. 

2236.  FRIENDSHIP,  Confirmed.  By  Money. 
Frederick,. .  .  the  Elector  of  Saxony — a  bold  man 
and  a  hard  drinker,  .  .  .  was  brought  into  the 
confederacy  [against  the  encroachments  of 
France  under  Louis  XIV.]  by  the  uromise  of 
money.  ' '  For,"  said  he, ' '  our  friendships,  though 


FRIENDSHIP— FRUGALITY. 


265 


ever  so  good,  must  be  confirmed  by  presents." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  cb.  8,  p.  123. 

2237.  FRIENDSHIP  by  Contrast.  Frederick 
ths  Great.  [The  infidel]  .  .  .  Marquess  D'Argens 
was  among  the  king's  favorite  companions,  on 
account,  as  it  would  seem,  of  the  strong  opposi- 
tion between  their  characters.  The  parts  of 
D'Argens  were  good  and  his  manners  those  of  a 
finished  French  gentleman  ;  but  his  whole  soul 
was  dissolved  in  sloth,  timidity,  and  self-indul- 
gence. .  . .  He  was  the  slave  of  dreams  and  omens 
— would  not  sit  down  to  the  table  with  thirteen 
in  company,  turned  pale  if  the  salt  fell  toward 
him,  begged  his  guests  not  to  cross  their  knives 
and  forks  on  their  plates,  and  would  not  for  the 
world  commence  a  journey  on  Friday.  His 
health  was  a  subject  of  constant  anxiety  to  him. 
Whenever  his  head  ached  or  his  pulse  beat  quick, 
his  dastardly  fears  and  effeminate  precautions 
were  the  jest  of  all  Berlin.  All  this  suited  the 
king's  purpose  admirably.  He  wanted  somebody 
by  whom  he  might  be  amused,  and  whom  he 
might  despise.  When  he  wished  to  pass  half  an 
hour  in  easy,  polished  conversation,  D'Argens 
was  an  excellent  companion  ;  when  he  wanted  to 
vent  his  spleen  and  contempt,  D'Argens  was  an 
excellent  butt. — Macaulay's  Frederick  the 
Great,  p.  55. 

223§.  FEIENDSHIP,  Controlling.  Alexander 
Pope.  Pope  resembled  one  of  the  inferior  bodies 
of  the  solar  system,  whose  orbit  is  dependent 
upon  that  of  some  more  massive  planet ;  and  hav- 
ing been  a  satellite  of  Swift,  he  was  now  swept 
into  the  train  of  the  more  imposing  Bolingbroke. 
— Myer's  Wordsworth,  ch.  7. 

2239.  FRIENDSHIP,  Inseparable.  Napoleon 
I.  [After  his  burial  at  St.  Helena]  the  devoted 
household  of  Napoleon  sadly  embarked  for 
Europe.  .  .  .  One  of  their  number,  however,  Ser- 
geant Hubert,  in  the  enthusiasm  of  his  death- 
less devotion,  refused  to  abandon  even  the  grave 
of  the  emperor.  For  nineteen  years  he  con- 
tinued at  St.  Helena,  daily  guarding  the  solitary 
tomb ;  and  when  .  .  .  they  were  removed  to 
repose  on  the  banks  of  the  Seine,  beneath  the 
dome  of  the  Invalides,  .  .  .  this  faithful  servant 
followed  them  to  their  last  resting-place. — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  3,  ch.  34. 

2240.  FRIENDSHIP,  Perilous.  Robert  Bums. 
[With  smugglers  and  adventurers  at  Irving.] 
Among  these  he  contracted,  says  Gilbert,  "  some 
acquaintance  of  a  freer  manner  of  thinking  and 
living  than  he  had  been  used  to,  whose  society 
prepared  him  for  overleaping  the  bonds  of  rigid 
virtue  which  had  hitherto  restrained  him."  One 
companion,  a  sailor-lad  of  wild  life  and  loose 
and  irregular  habits,  had  a  wonderful  fascination 
for  Burns,  who  admired  him  for  what  he 
thought  his  independence  and  magnanimity. 
"He  was,"  says  Burns,  "the  only  man  I  ever 
knew  who  was  a  greater  fool  than  myself  where 
woman  was  the  presiding  star  ;  but  he  spoke  of 
lawless  love  with  levity,  which  hitherto  I  had 
regarded  with  horror.  Here  his  friendship  did 
me  a  mischief." — Shairp's  Burns,  ch.  1. 

2241.  FRIENDSHIP  repaired.  Samuel  John- 
son. He  said  to  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds :  "  If  a 
man  does  not  make  new  acquaintance  as  he  ad- 
vances through  life,  he  will  soon  find  himself 
left  alone.     A  man,  sir,  should  keep  his  friend- 


ship in  constant  repair." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  80. 

2242.  FRIENDSHIP,  Schoolboy's.  Byron.  We 
have  one  of  his  school  letters,  in  which  he  re- 
proaches one  of  his  friends  for  beginning  his. 
last  letter  "My  dear  Byron,"  instead  of  "My 
dearest  Byron."  In  the  defence  of  his  friends  he 
was  a  very  valiant  champion.  One  of  them  be- 
ing weak  from  a  recent  sickness  was  ill-fitted 
to  fight  his  way  in  a  great  concourse  of  rough 
boys,  and  Bj'^ron  said  to  him  :  "  Harness,  if  any 
one  bullies  you,  tell  me,  and  I'll  thrash  him  if  I 
can."  He  kept  his  word,  and  the  two  boys  re- 
mained fast  friends  for  many  years. — Cyclope- 
dia OF  BiOG.,  p.  292. 

2243.  FRIENDSHIP,  Treacherous.  James  I. 
[In  1616  James  I.  ordered  the  arrest  of  the  Earl 
of  Somerset,  once  his  favorite,  on  suspicion  of  a 
connection  with  the  murder  of  Thomas  Over- 
bury,  in  the  Tower.]  The  king  had  a  loathsome 
way  of  lolling  his  arms  about  his  favorites' 
necks,  and  kissing  them.  In  this  posture  the 
messenger  with  the  warrant  found  the  king 
with  Somerset,  saying,  "When  shall  I  see  thee 
again  ?"  .  .  .  Somerset  exclaimed  that  never  such 
an  affront  was  offered  to  a  peer  of  England 
in  presence  of  the  king.  "  Nay,  man,"  said 
the  king;  "if  Coke  "(the  Lord  Chief  Justice) 
"sends  for  me,  I  must  go  ; "  and  when  he  was 
gone  :  "  Now  may  the  Deel  go  with  thee,"  said 
the  king,  "  for  I  will  never  see  thy  face  any 
more." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  24,  p.  365. 

2244.  FRIVOLITY, Shameful.  Charles  II. 
The  Dutch  fleet  sailed  up  the  Thames  and  burn- 
ed the  ships  of  war  which  lay  at  Chath;am.  It 
was  said  that  on  the  very  day  of  that  great  hu- 
miliation the  king  feasted  with  the  ladies  of 
his  seraglio,  and  amused  himself  with  hunting 
a  moth  about  the  supper-room. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  179. 

2245.  FRUGALITY,  Misapplied.  Charles  II. 
Our  relations  with  foreign  courts  had  been  put 
on  the  most  economical  footing.  In  this  frugal- 
ity there  was  nothing  laudable.  Charles  was, 
as  usual,  niggardly  in  the  wrong  place,  and 
munificent  in  the  wrong  place.  The  public  ser- 
vice was  starved  that  courtiers  might  be  pam- 
pered. The  expense  of  the  navy,  of  the  ord- 
nance, of  pensions  to  needy  old  officers,  of  mis- 
sions to  foreign  courts,  must  seem  small  indeed 
to  the  present  generation  ;  but  the  personal  fa- 
vorites of  the  sovereign,  his  ministers,  and  the 
creatures  of  those  ministers  were  gorged  with 
public  money. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p. 
287. 

2246.  FRUGALITY,  Plan  of.  Irish  Painter. 
[To  Samuel  Johnson.]  His  Ofellus,  in  the  "Art 
of  Living  inLondon,"!  have  heard  him  relate, was 
an  Irish  painter,  whom  he  knew  at  Birmingham, 
and  who  had  practised  his  own  precepts  of  econ- 
omy for  several  years  in  the  British  capital.  He 
assured  Johnson,  who,  I  suppose,  was  then 
meditating  to  try  his  fortune  in  London,  but  was. 
apprehensive  of  the  expense,  "that  £30  a  year- 
was  enough  to  enable  a  man  to  live  there  without 
being  contemptible.  He  allowed  £10  for  clothes 
and  linen.  He  said  a  man  might  live  in  a  garret 
at  18rf.  a  week  ;  few  people  would  inquire  where 
he  lodged  ;  and  if  they  did,  it  was  easy  to  say, 
"Sir,  lam  to  be  found  at  such  a  place."    Br 


266 


FUNERAL. 


spending  Sd.  in  a  coffee-house  he  might  be  for 
some  hours  every  day  in  very  good  company  ; 
he  might  dine  for  6^. ,  breakfast  on  bread  and 
milk  for  a  penny,  and  do  w^ithout  supper.  On 
«lean-sMrt-day  he  went  abroad  and  paid  visits. 
— Bosw^ell's  Johnson,  p.  23. 

2247.  FUNERAL  criticised.  Of  Charles  II. 
[Under  reign  of  his  brother  James  II.]  The 
funeral  called  forth  much  censure.  It  would, 
indeed,  hardly  have  been  accounted  worthy  of 
a  noble  and  opulent  subject.  The  Tories  gently 
blamed  the  new  king's  parsimony  ;  the  Whigs 
sneered  at  his  want  of  natural  affection  ;  and 
the  fiery  Covenanters  of  Scotland  exultingly  pro- 
claimed that  the  curse  denounced  of  old  against 
wicked  princes  had  been  signally  fulfilled,  and 
that  the  departed  tyrant  had  been  buried  with 
the  burial  of  an  ass. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4, 
p.  413. 

2248.  FUNERAL  Customs.  From  the  Bo- 
imans.  Our  funeral  images  and  customs  are 
Roman — the  cypress  and  the  yew,  the  flowers 
strewn  upon  the  graves,  the  black  for  mourning. 
—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3,  p.  49. 

2249.  FUNERAL,  An  expensive.  Queen 
Mary's.  The  funeral  [of  Queen  Mary]  cost 
£50,000.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  11,  p. 
174. 

2250.  FUNERAL,  Fatal.  Oeorge  Canning, 
Premier.  The  funeral  of  the  Duke  of  York 
took  place  at  Windsor  on  the  night  of  the  20th 
of  January.  .  .  .  The  Cabinet  ministers  were 
marshalled  by  the  heralds  in  the  nave  of  St. 
George's  Chapel  two  hours  before  the  arrival  of 
the  funeral  procession.  The  night  was  bitterly 
cold.  As  we  ourselves  looked  down  from  the 
organ  loft  upon  the  greatest  in  the  land,  thus 
doomed  to  stand  upon  the  unmatted  pavement, 
shivering,  and  shifting  their  uneasy  positions, 
we  observed  the  oldest  man  in  the  Cabinet  taking 
very  wise  precautions  for  his  personal  comfort 
and  safety.  One  who  was  by  the  side  of  Mr. 
Canning  attributes  to  his  kindness  of  heart  a  sug- 
gestion to  the  chancellor  that  he  should  lay 
down  his  cocked  hat  and  stand  upon  it.  The 
chancellor's  health  was  preserved  by  this  pre- 
caution. The  funeral  of  the  duke  proved  fatal 
to  Mr.  Canning.  He  caught  a  cold  there  which 
resulted  in  an  illness  from  which  he  never  really 
recovered. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  11,  p. 
202. 

2251.  FUNERAL,  Honors  of.  Julius  Ccesar's. 
Part  proposed  to  carry  it  to  the  Temple  of  Ju- 
piter, in  the  Capitol,  and  to  burn  it  under  the 
eyes  of  the  assassins  ;  part  to  take  it  into  the  Sen- 
ate house  and  use  the  meeting-place  of  the  Opti- 
mates  a  second  time  as  the  pyre  of  the  people's 
friend.  A  few  legionaries,  perhaps  to  spare  the 
city  a  general  conflagration,  advised  that  it 
should  be  consumed  where  it  lay.  The  platform 
was  torn  up  and  the  broken  timbers  piled  into 
a  heap.  Chairs  and  benches  were  thrown  on  to 
it,  the  whole  crowd  rushing  wildly  to  add  a 
chip  or  splinter.  Actors  flung  in  their  dresses, 
musicians  their  instruments,  soldiers  their 
swords.  Women  added  their  necklaces  and 
scarfs.  Mothers  brought  up  their  children  to 
contribute  toys  and  playthings.  On  the  pile  so 
composed  the  body  of  Csesar  was  reduced  to 
ashes.  The  remains  were  collected  with  affec- 
tionate care  and  deposited  in  the  tomb  of  the 


Caesars,  in  the  Campus  Martius. — Froude's 
C^SAR,  ch.  27. 

2252. .  Egyptians.   To  be  deprived 

of  funeral  rites  the}*  considered  as  one  of  the 
greatest  calamities.  The  Egyptians  did  not, 
like  most  other  nations,  consign  the  bodies  of 
the  dead  to  destruction  ;  they  preserved  them  by 
embalming,  and  celebrated  their  obsequies  with 
extraoi-dinary  solemnity.  But  these  funeral  hon- 
ors were  never  bestowed  unless  in  virtue  of  a 
solemn  and  judicial  decree.  A  court  composed 
of  forty  judges  granted  their  warrant  for  every 
funeral.  The  character  of  the  deceased  was  rig- 
orously investigated,  and  if  any  criminal  or  im- 
proper conduct  was  proved,  the  customary  hon- 
ors were  refused  to  him.  If  his  life  had  been 
virtuous  and  exempt  from  all  blame,  a  public 
panegyric  was  pronounced  on  his  memory,  and 
permission  was  granted  for  the  usual  embalming 
and  obsequies.  The  most  singular  and  at  the 
same  time  the  most  admirable  circumstance  at- 
tending this  custom  was,  that  the  sovereigns 
themselves,  though  venerated  during  their  lives 
with  an  almost  superstitious  regard,  which  for- 
bade all  scrutiny  into  their  actions,  were  yet 
after  death  subjected  to  the  same  rigorous  and 
impartial  inquest  with  the  meanest  of  their  sub- 
jects ;  and  Diodorus  assures  us  that  some  of  the 
Egyptian  kings  had  been  deprived  of  funeral  ob- 
sequies, and  their  memories  thus  consigned  to 
infamy,  by  the  judgment  of  that  solemn  tribu- 
nal.— ^Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4,  p.  37. 

2253.  FUNERAL,  Humble.  Pompey.  [His 
assassinators]  cut  off  his  head  and  cast  his  naked 
body  upon  the  sand,  where  a  faithful  slave  who 
had  attended  him,  stealing  to  the  place  during 
the  silence  of  the  night,  made  a  small  funeral  pile 
from  the  fragments  of  a  boat,  and  burnt  the 
body,  carrying  the  ashes  to  Cordelia. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  2,  p.  410. 

2254.  FUNERAL,  Immense.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. [The  funeral  cortege  stopped  at  New  York 
en  route  for  Springfield,  111.  The  remains  of  the 
assassinated  President  were  exhibited  at  the  City 
Hall.]  All  through  that  day  [April  24,  1866] 
and  the  succeeding  night  the  endless  stream 
poured  in,  while  outside  the  Park,  Broadway, 
and  the  entire  area  of  Printing  House  Square, 
reaching  up  Chatham  Street  and  East  Broad- 
way, as  far  as  the  eye  could  see,  a  vast  throng 
of  people  stood  silent  and  hopeless,  but  still  ex- 
pectant, of  a  chance  to  enter  and  see  the  body 
of  the  murdered  President.  Not  less  than 
150,000  persons  obtained  admission,  and  not 
less  than  twice  that  number  had  waited  for  it  in 
vain.  ...  On  the  25th,  .  .  .  escorted  by  the 
finest  military  display  ever  seen  in  New  York, 
and  followed  in  procession  by  great  numbers  of 
her  citizens,  the  car  moved  through  the  princi- 
pal streets  ...  to  the  depot. — Raymond's 
Lincoln,  ch.  21.  p.  710. 

2255.  FUNERAL,  Impressive.  Julius  CcBsar's. 
Caesar's  body,  after  remaining  till  evening  on  the 
floor  of  the  Senate-house,  had  been  canied  home 
in  the  dusk  in  a  litter  by  three  of  his  servants, 
and  was  now  lying  in  his  palace.  If  it  was  not 
to  be  thrown  into  the  Tiber,  what  was  to  be 
done  with  it?  .  .  .  Though  Cicero  had  advised  in 
the  Senate  that  the  discussion  whether  Caesar  ^had 
deserved  death  should  not  be  raised,  yet  it  was 
plain  to  him  and  to  every  one  that,  unless  Caesju 


FUNERAL— FUTURITY. 


267 


was  held  guilty  of  conspiring  against  the  Consti- 
tution, the  murder  was  and  would  be  regarded 
as  a  most  execrable  crime.  He  dreaded  the  ef- 
fect of  a  public  funeral.  .  .  .  The  body  was 
brought  down  to  the  Forum  and  placed  upon  the 
Rostra.  The  dress  had  not  been  changed ;  the 
^own,  gashed  with  daggers  and  soaked  in  blood, 
was  still  wrapped  about  it.  The  will  was  read 
:first.  Cicero  said:  .  .  .  "  Toward  the  gods  he  was 
High  Priest.  To  you  he  was  Consul  ;  to  the  army 
he  was  Imperator  ;  to  the  enemies  of  his  coun- 
try. Dictator.  In  sum  he  was  Pater  Patrim. 
And  this  your  father,  your  Pontifex,  this  hero, 
whose  person  was  declared  inviolable,  lies  dead 
— dead,  not  by  disease  or  age,  not  by  war  or 
visitation  of  God,  but  here  at  home,  by  conspir- 
acy within  your  own  walls,  slain  in  the  Senate- 
house,  the  warrior  unarmed,  the  peacemaker 
naked  to  his  foes.  The  righteous  judge  in  the 
«eat  of  judgment.  He  whom  no  foreign  enemy 
could  hurt  has  been  killed  by  his  fellow-coun- 
trymen— he,  who  had  so  often  shown  mercy,  by 
those  whom  he  had  spared.  Where,  Caesar,  is 
your  love  for  mankind  ?  Where  is  the  sacred- 
ness  of  your  life  ?  Where  are  your  laws  ?  Here 
you  lie  murdered — here  in  the  Forum,  through 
which  so  often  you  marched  in  triumph 
wreathed  with  garlands  ;  here  upon  the  Rostra 
from  which  you  were  wont  to  address  your  peo- 
ple. Alas  for  your  gray  hairs  dabbled  in  blood  ! 
alas  for  this  lacerated  robe  in  which  you  were 
dressed  for  the  sacrifice  !" — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  27. 

2256.  FUNERAL  panegyrics.  Criticised.  It 
was  an  ancient  custom  in  the  funerals,  as  well 
as  in  the  triumphs,  of  the  Romans,  that  the 
voice  of  praise  should  be  corrected  by  that  of 
satire  and  ridicule  ;  and  that,  in  the  midst  of  the 
splendid  pageants,  which  displayed  the  glory  of 
the  living  or  of  the  dead,  their  imperfections 
should  not  be  concealed  from  the  eyes  of  the 
world.  This  custom  was  practised  in  the  funeral 
of  Julian.  The  comedians,  who  resented  his 
contempt  and  aversion  for  the  theatre,  exhibited, 
with  the  applause  of  a  Christian  audience,  the 
lively  and  exaggerated  representation  of  the 
faults  and  follies  of  the  deceased  emperor.  His 
various  character  and  singular  manners  afforded 
an  ample  scope  for  pleasantry  and  ridicule.  In 
the  exercise  of  his  uncommon  talents  he  often 
descended  below  the  majesty  of  his  rank.  Alex- 
ander was  transformed  into  Diogenes  ;  the  phil- 
osopher was  degraded  into  a  priest.  The  purity 
of  his  virtue  was  sullied  by  excessive  vanity ; 
his  superstition  disturbed  the  peace  and  endan- 
gered the  safety  of  a  mighty  empire  ;  and  his 
irregular  sallies  were  the  less  entitled  to  indul- 
gence, as  they  appeared  to  be  the  laborious  ef- 
forts of  art,  or  even  of  affectation.  The  remains 
of  Julian  were  interred  at  Tarsus  in  Cilicia  ;  his 
stately  tomb  arose  in  that  city,  on  the  banks  of 
the  cold  and  limpid  Cydnus. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  24. 

225'}'.  FUNEEAL,  Patriotic.  Boston.  A.  d.  1770. 
A  number  of  boys  chased  Richardson  [an  in- 
former] to  his  own  house,and  threw  stones.  Pro- 
voked but  not  endangered,  he  fired  among  them 
and  killed  one  of  eleven  years  old,  the  son  of 
a  poor  German.  At  his  funeral  five  hundred 
children  walked  in  front  of  the  bier  ;  six  of  his 
school-fellows  held  the  pall ;    and  men  of  all 


ranks  moved  in  procession  from  Liberty  Tree  to 
the  Town  House,  and  thence  to  the  "burying- 
place."  Soldiers  and  officers  looked  on  with 
wounded  pride. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  cii. 
43. 

2258.  FUTURE  LIFE,  Belief  in.  GauU.  [With 
the  Gauls]  it  was  a  common  practice  to  contract 
debts  with  a  stipulation  that  they  should  be  pay- 
able in  the  next  stage  of  existence.  Hence,  let- 
ters were  thrown  upon  the  funeral  pile,  that  the 
deceased  might  carry  to  his  relatives  and  friends 
in  Paradise  information  of  the  wishes  and  pro- 
ceedings of  those  who  remained  on  earth.  And 
thus,  upon  the  death  of  a  chieftain,  whatever  he 
had  most  valued  in  this  life — armor,  ornaments, 
horses,  dogs,  sometimes  even  his  household  ser- 
vants— were  either  burned  or  interred  with  him, 
that  he  might  resume  his  treasures  at  his  entrance 
on  a  higher  sphere. — Students'  France,  ch.  1, 
§10. 

2259. .     Persians.     Man  becomes 

subject  to  death  in  consequence  of  his  sins  ;  but 
when  the  period  arrives  that  the  whole  inhabi- 
tants of  the  earth  shall  be  converted  to  the  relig- 
ion of  Zoroaster,  then  shall  be  the  resurrection 
of  the  dead,  with  their  earthly  bodies  and  souls. 
The  just  shall  be  separated  from  the  unjust,  the 
former  to  be  translated  to  Paradise,  where  they 
shall  enjoy  the  highest  pleasures,  both  of  soul 
and  body  ;  the  latter  to  be  purified  for  an  ap- 
pointed space  in  burning  metals,  and  cleansed 
from  all  their  offences  ;  after  which  all  created 
beings  shall  enjoy  the  most  perfect  happiness 
forever.  Ahriman  and  his  evil  genii  shall  un- 
dergo the  same  purification  ;  and  after  his  lim- 
ited punishment  even  he  shall  partake  of  the 
joys  of  eternity,  repeat  the  Zendavesta,  and  join 
with  all  beings  in  the  praises  of  Ormuzd. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11,  p.  123. 

2260.  FUTURE  overlooked.  Ignorance.  The 
Indian  who  fells  the  tree  that  he  may  gather  the 
fruit,  and  the  Arab  who  plunders  the  caravans 
of  commerce,  are  actuated  by  the  same  impulse 
of  savage  nature,  which  overlooks  the  future  in 
the  present,  and  relinquishes  for  momentary  ra- 
pine the  long  and  secure  possession  of  the  most 
important  blessings.  And  it  was  thus  that  the 
shrine  of  St.  Peter  was  profaned  by  the  thought- 
less Romans,  who  pillaged  the  offerings  and 
wounded  the  pilgrims,  without  computing  the 
number  and  value  of  similar  visits,  which  they 
prevented  by  their  inhospitable  sacrilege. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  69,  p.  425. 

2261.  FUTURITY  disclosed.  Impostors.  With 
a  rude  and  unenlightened  people  there  is  no 
passion  more  strong  than  the  desire  of  pene- 
trating into  futurity.  It  would  seem  that  the 
less  the  human  mind  is  aided  by  experience,  or 
enabled  from  extensive  knowledge  to  form  prob- 
able conjectures  of  the  future  from  the  past, 
the  more  it  is  apt  to  wish  for  and  to  believe  the 
possibility  of  some  secret  art  or  method  of  ob- 
taining such  anticipated  views.  All  bai'barous 
nations  have  their  augurs,  their  sorcerers,  or 
their  oracles.  The  Canadian  savages  have  in 
every  tribe  a  few  crafty  impostors,  who  pretend 
to  foretell  future  events  by  visions,  which  they 
have  in  their  sleep,  and  who  are  thence  termed 
dreamers.  When  the  tribe  marches  to  war,  these 
dreamers  constantly  attend  in  the  rear  of  the 
troop,  and  no  measure  is  ventured  upon  till  they 


268 


GAIN— GAMBLING, 


are  consulted.  The  African  negroes  have  their 
Obi  men  and  women,  who  deal  in  charms  and  in- 
cantations, and  are  firmly  believed  to  have  the 
power  of  dispensing  good  and  evil  fortune  at 
their  pleasure.  The  sorceries  of  the  Laplander 
are  well  known,  and  the  second-sight  of  the 
Scottish  Highlanders  ;  all  proceed  from  the  same 
source — ignorance  and  superstition. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  7,  p.  64. 

2262.  GAIN  or  Loss.  The  Tartar.  [When 
the  inhabitants  of  the  conquered  city  of  Ispahan 
revolted  against  the  authority  of  Timour,]  he 
despatched  instantly  100,000  men,  with  orders 
that  each  should  bring  him  the  head  of  a  Per- 
sian, under  penalty  of  losing  his  own. — Lamar- 
tine's  Turkey,  p.  311. 

2263.  GALLANTEY,  Inconsiderate.  Olimr 
Ooldsmith.  While  strolling  one  day  in  these 
gardens,  he  met  three  females  of  the  family  of  a 
respectable  tradesman  to  whom  he  was  under 
some  obligation.  With  his  prompt  disposition 
to  oblige,  he  conducted  them  about  the  garden, 
treated  them  to  tea,  and  ran  up  a  bill  in  the 
most  open-handed  manner  imaginable  ;  it  was 
only  when  he  came  to  pay  that  he  found  himself 
in  one  of  his  old  dilemmas — ^he  had  not  the 
wherewithal  in  his  pocket.  A  scene  of  perplex- 
ity now  took  place  between  him  and  the  waiter, 
in  the  midst  of  which  came  up  some  of  his  ac- 
quaintances, in  whose  eyes  he  wished  to  stand 
particularly  well.  This  completed  his  mortifica- 
tion. There  was  no  concealing  the  awkward- 
ness of  his  position.  The  sneers  of  the  waiter 
revealed  it.  His  acquaintances  amused  them- 
selves for  some  time  at  his  expense,  professing 
their  inability  to  relieve  him.  When,  however, 
they  had  enjoyed  their  banter,  the  waiter  was 
paid,  and  poor  Goldsmith  enabled  to  convoy  off 
the  ladies  with  flying  colors. — Irving's  Gold- 
BMITH,  ch.  12,  p.  95. 

2264.  GALLANTEY,  Proof  of.  Female  Rulers. 
As  Alexander  [Severus]  was  a  modest  and  duti- 
ful youth,  of  only  seventeen  years  of  age,  the 
reins  of  government  were  in  the  hands  of  two 
women — of  his  mother  Mamsea,  and  of  Maesa,  his 
grandmother.  ...  In  hereditary  monarchies, . .  . 
especially  those  of  modern  Europe,  the  gallant 
spirit  of  chivalry  and  the  law  of  succession  have 
accustomed  us  to  allow  a  singular  exception  [to 
the  confinement  of  the  female  sex  to  domes- 
tic life]  ;  and  a  woman  is  often  acknowledged 
the  absolute  sovereign  of  a  great  kingdom,  in 
which  she  would  be  deemed  incapable  of  exer- 
cising the  smallest  employment,  civil  or  military. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6,  p.  175. 

2265.  GAMBLING,  Degraded  by.  Charles  Fox. 
[When  Fox  was  opposing,  as  a  member  of  the 
government,  the  petition  of  some  of  the  clergy,] 
Gibbon  writes  :  "  Charles  Fox  prepared  himself 
for  that  holy  work  by  passing  twenty-two  hours 
in  the  pious  exercise  of  hazard  ;  his  devotion 
only  cost  him  about  £500  an  hour — in  all,  £11,- 
000. "  [In  1779  Lord  Carlisle  writes  :]  ' '  Charles 
tells  me  that  he  has  not  now,  nor  has  had  for 
some  time,  one  guinea,  and  is  happier  on  that  ac- 
count." [He  must  have  felt  the  degradation  of 
his  situation  when  he  borrowed  money  of  club- 
waiters,  and  saw  his  goods  seized  for  execution.] 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  105. 

2266. .  Earl  of  Sunderland.  [Reign 

of  James  II.]  His  ill-luck  at  the  hazard-table  was 


such  that  his  estates  were  daily  becoming  more 
and  more  encumbered.  In  the  hope  of  extricate 
ing  himself  from  his  embarrassments,  he  betray- 
ed to  Barillon  all  the  schemes  adverse  to  France 
which  had  been  meditated  in  the  English  cabi- 
net, and  hinted  that  a  secretary  of  state  could  in 
such  times  render  services  for  which  it  might  be 
wise  in  Louis  to  pay  largely.  The  ambassador 
told  his  master  that  6000  guineas  was  the  small- 
est gratification  that  could  be  offered  to  so  im- 
portant a  minister.  Louis  consented  to  go  as 
high  as  25,000  crowns,  equivalent  to  about  £5600 
sterling.  It  was  agreed  that  Sunderland  should 
receive  this  sum  yearly,  and  that  he  should,  in 
return,  exert  all  his  influence  to  prevent  the 
reassembling  of  the  Parliament. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  59. 

2267. .    Coffee-Houses.     Into  these 

places  of  public  resort  [the  coffee-houses]  the 
lowest  sharpers  found  their  way  ;  and  gentlemen 
were  not  ashamed  to  stake  their  money  against 
the  money  of  the  most  infamous  of  society.  The 
"people  of  quality"  were  not  ashamed  of  their 
companions  till  the  light  of  public  opinion  was 
let  in  on  them. — Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  5,  ch.  27, 
p.  429. 

2268.  GAMBLING,  Escape  from.  Wilberforce. 
[When  young  and  rich,  he  went  to  London  as 
Member  of  Parliament.  He  writes  his  expe- 
rience :]  The  very  first  time  I  went  to  Boodle's 
I  won  25  guineas  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  I  be- 
longed at  that  time  to  five  clubs.  The  first  time 
I  was  at  Brookes',  scarcely  knowing  any  one,  I 
joined,  from  mere  shyness,  in  play  at  the  faro- 
table.  A  friend  who  knew  my  inexperience,  and 
regarded  me  as  a  victim  decked  out  for  sacrifice, 
called  out  to  me,  "What,  Wilberforce,  is  that 
you  ?"  The  bank-keeper  resented  the  interfer- 
ence, and  said,  in  his  most  expressive  tone,  "  Oh 
sir,  don't  interrupt  Mr.  Wilberforce ;  he  could 
not  be  better  employed."  Some  time  after  he 
was  persuaded  to  keep  the  bank  at  a  faro-table 
of  one  of  the  clubs.  "  As  the  game  grew  deep," 
says  his  son,  "  he  rose  the  winner  of  £600.  Much 
of  this  was  lost  by  those  who  were  only  heirs  to 
future  fortunes,  and  could  not  therefore  meet 
such  a  call  without  inconvenience.  The  pain  he- 
felt  at  their  annoyance  cured  him  of  a  taste 
which  seemed  but  too  likely  to  become  predomi- 
nant."— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  106. 

2269.  GAMBLING,  Fashionable.  Folly.  Cowper 
wrote  :  "  It  is  in  vain  to  look  for  conversation — 
where  we  might  expect  to  find  it  in  the  greatest 
perfection — among  persons  of  fashion  ;  there  it 
is  almost  annihilated  by  universal  card-playing." 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  106. 

2270.  GAMBLING,  Losses  by.  Gibbon.  In 
July,  1776,  he  writes  :  "  I  have  undone  myself, 
and  it  is  to  no  purpose  to  conceal  from  you  my 
abominable  madness  and  folly.  I  never  lost  so 
much  in  five  times  as  I  have  to-night,  and  am  in 
debt  to  the  house  for  the  whole."  [He  lost 
£10,000.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  104. 

2271.  GAMBLING,  Passion  for.  England,  a.d. 
1752.  Peers  went  out  of  town  to  Richmond  to 
play  at  whist  on  Saturday  and  Sunday  ;  and 
Lord  Sandwich,  a  minister  of  state,  when  he 
hunted  with  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  carried 
dice  in  his  pocket,  to  throw  a  main  under  a  tree 
when  the  hounds  were  at  fault.  —  Knight's. 
Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  12,  p.  192. 


GAMBLING— GAMES. 


2G9 


2272.  GAMBLING,  Pride  in.  High  Life.  High 
play  was  then  the  reigning  pleasure  of  society 
in  every  country  in  Europe.  Louis  XIV.  was 
not  displeased  when  he  heard  that  the  Portu- 
guese ambassador  had  won  1,800,000  francs  of 
his  niece  in  a  single  night.  High  play,  he 
thought,  became  a  princess  of  the  royal  house  of 
France,  and  he  was  willing  Europe  should  know 
on  what  a  scale  of  grandeur  gambling  was  done 
at  his  court.  John  Law,  cool,  adroit,  calculat- 
ing, found  the  careless  nobles  of  the  time  an 
easy  prey.  A  stout  footman  preceded  him  to 
the  houses  of  his  antagonists,  carrying  two  heavy 
bags  of  gold,  and  the  servant  usually  had  a 
heavier  load  to  carry  home  than  the  one  he 
brought.  In  the  course  of  a  few  years,  besides 
living  like  a  prince,  he  could  produce  in  ready 
money  a  sum  equal  in  our  currency  to  $1,000,- 
000.  Indeed,  such  was  his  success,  that  he  was 
suspected  of  cheating,  and  at  last  few  ventured 
to  play  with  him. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  451. 

2273.  GAMBLING,  Ruinous.  Oliver  Goldsmith. 
[He  had  recently  lost  £30 — all  his  earnings — in  a 
short  tour  taken  to  "see  the  world."]  A  new 
consultation  was  held  among  Goldsmith's 
friends  as  to  his  future  course,  and  it  was  deter- 
mined he  should  try  the  law.  His  uncle  Conta- 
rine  agreed  to  advance  the  necessary  funds,  and 
actually  furnished  him  with  £50,  with  which  he 
set  off  for  London  to  enter  on  his  studies  at  the 
Temple.  Unfortunately,  he  fell  in  company  at 
Dublin  with  a  Roscommon  acquaintance,  one 
"Whose  wits  had  been  sharpened  about  town,  who 
beguiled  him  into  a  gambling-house,  and  soon 
left  him  as  penniless  as  when  he  bestrode  the  re- 
doubtable Fiddle-back. — Irving's  Goldsmith, 
ch.  4,  p.  35. 

2274.  .     English  Gentry.    [Henry 

St.  John  writes  in  1766  :]  You  ask  me  how  play 
uses  me  this  year  ?  I  am  sorry  to  say  very  ill, 
•as  it  has  already,  since  October,  taken  £800 
from  me  ;  nor  am  I  in  a  likely  way  to  reimburse 
myself  soon  by  the  emoluments  of  any  place  or 
military  preferment,  having  voted  the  other  even- 
ing in  a  minority.  ...  If  ruined,  there  were 
two  resources  against  starvation — a  place  or  a 
ivife.  Henry  St.  John  became  Lord  Bolingbroke. 
In  1777  Charles  Townshend  writes  of  him  :  "  He 
is  gone  to  Bath  in  pursuit  of  a  lady,  who  he 
proposes  should  recruit  his  finances.  It  is  said 
she  has  accepted  his  proposal." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  103. 

2275.  GAMBLING,  Universal,  a.d.  1194.  The 
passion  of  playing  for  money  was  so  universal, 
that  in  the  crusade,  in  which  all  ranks  of  men 
were  engaged,  the  kings  of  England  and  France 
made  the  most  stringent  regulations  to  keep 
gambling  within  limits.  No  man  in  the  army 
was  to  play  at  any  kind  of  game  for  money, 
with  the  exception  of  knights  and  the  clergy, 
and  no  knight  or  clerk  was  to  lose  more  than 
20«.  in  one  day.— Kkight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  22, 
p.  326. 

2276.  GAMBLING,  Vice  of.  Prolific.  Petro- 
nius  Maximus,  a  wealthy  senator  of  the  Ani- 
cian  family,  who  had  been  twice  consul,  was  pos- 
sessed of  a  chaste  and  beautiful  wife  ;  her  obsti- 
nate resistance  served  only  to  irritate  the  desires 
•of  Valentinian ;  and  he  resolved  to  accomplish 
them  either  by  stratagem  or  force.  Deep  gam- 
ing was  one  of  tlie  vices  of  the  court ;  the  em- 


peror, who,  by  chance  or  contrivance,  had  gained 
from  Maximus  a  considerable  sum,  uncourte- 
ously  exacted  his  ring  as  a  security  for  the  debt 
and  sent  it  by  a  trusty  messenger  to  his  wife, 
with  an  order,  in  her  husband's  name,  that  she 
should  immediately  attend  the  Empress  Eudoxia. 
The  unsuspecting  wife  of  Maximus  was  con- 
veyed in  her  litter  to  the  Imperial  palace  ;  the 
emissaries  of  her  impatient  lover  conducted  her 
to  a  remote  and  silent  bedchamber  ;  and  Valen- 
tinian violated,  without  remorse,  the  laws  of  hos- 
pitality. Her  tears,  when  she  returned  home, 
her  deep  affliction,  and  her  bitter  reproaches 
against  a  husband  whom  she  considered  as  the 
accomplice  of  his  own  shame,  excited  Maximus 
to  a  just  revenge. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  35. 

2277,  GAME,  Preservation  of.  Inhuman.  The 
African  lions,  when  pressed  by  hunger,  infest- 
ed the  open  villages  and  cultivated  country ; 
and  they  infested  them  with  impunity.  The 
royal  beast  was  reserved  for  the  pleasure  of  the 
emperor  and  the  capital ;  and  the  unfortunate 
peasant  who  killed  one  of  them,  though  in  his 
own  defence,  incurred  a  very  heavy  penalty. 
This  extraordinary  gam£-law  was  mitigated  by 
Honorius,  and  finally  repealed  by  Justinian. 
— Milman's  Note,  Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  4. 

227§.  GAMES,  Beneficial.  Ancient.  In  a  po- 
litical view,  these  public  games  were,  during  the 
fii-st  ages  of  their  institution,  of  the  most  im- 
portant consequence.  Independently  of  their 
effect  in  promoting  in  the  youth  a  hardy  and 
vigorous  conformation  of  body,  and  that  activ- 
ity and  address  in  martial  exercises  and  in  single 
combat,  which,  according  to  the  ancient  system 
of  war,  were  of  the  utmost  importance,  a  most 
beneficial  consequence  of  those  public  games 
was  the  frequent  assembling  together  of  the  in- 
habitants of  all  the  States  of  Greece,  and  thus 
promoting  a  national  union  ;  to  which  the  differ- 
ence of  their  governments,  and  their  separate  in- 
terests, were  otherwise  opposing  a  constant  re- 
sistance. Assembled  on  these  public  occasions 
from  motives  of  pleasure  and  amusement,  to 
which  was  joined  the  notion  of  performing  a 
duty  of  religion  and  indulging  in  eveiy  species 
of  festivity,  they  could  not  avoid  considering 
each  other  as  brethren  and  fellow-citizens. 
Whatever  were  the  political  interferences  of  the 
several  States,  or  their  national  animosities,  every 
grudge  of  this  kind  was  at  least  for  the  time  ob- 
literated. Thucydides  informs  us  that  all  hostile 
operations  between  States  actually  at  war  were 
suspended  during  the  performance  of  those  sol- 
emnities. Another  consequence  of  those  meet- 
ings was  the  dissemination  of  knowledge,  arts, 
science,  and  literature  ;  for  it  must  be  observed, 
that  although  the  chief  contests  in  the  sacred 
games  were  those  in  the  martial  and  athletic  ex- 
ercises, there  were  likewise  trials  of  skill  in 
poetry,  history,  and  music  ;  and  it  is  chiefly  to 
these  latter  exercises  of  genius  that  we  must  at- 
tribute the  eminence  of  the  Greeks  in  those 
sciences  above  all  the  nations  of  antiquity. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  7,  p.  66. 

2279.  GAMES,  Employment  in.  Military.  In 
a  long-continued  war  at  a  distance,  as  that  of 
Troy,  the  winter  season  was  spent  in  the  camp, 
and  there  was  a  complete  cessation  of  hostilities. 
Dictys  of  Crete  informs  us  that  the  Greeks 
during  the  winter  exercised  themselves  in  a  va- 


«70 


GAMES— GENEROSITY. 


riety  of  games,  which  tended  to  relieve  the  anx- 
iety of  the  ti'oops,  and  keep  up  the  martial 
spirit.  The  game  of  chess  is  said  to  have  been 
invented  by  Palamedes  during  this  tedious  siege. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  8. 

2280.  GAMES,  Passion  for.  Oreehs.  This  pas- 
sion of  the  Greeks  for  shows  and  games,  ex- 
tremely laudable,  and  even  beneficial,  when  con- 
fined within  due  bounds,  was  carried,  at  length, 
to  a  most  blamable  and  pernicious  excess.  The 
victor,  in  the  Olympic  games,  who  had  gained 
the  first  prize  at  running,  wrestling,  or  driving  a 
chariot,  was  crowned  with  higher  honors  than 
the  general  who  had  gained  a  decisive  battle. 
His  praises  were  sung  by  the  poets  ;  he  had 
statues,  and  even  temples,  dedicated  to  his  name. 
Cicero  remarks  that  among  the  Greeks  it  was 
accounted  more  glorious  to  carry  oflf  the  palm  at 
the  Olympic  games  than  among  the  Romans  to 
have  obtained  the  honors  of  a  triumph.  Of 
these  nations  it  was  easy  to  foretell  which  was 
doomed  to  be  the  master,  and  which  the  slave. 
—Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  8,  p.  238. 

2281.  GAMES,  Use  of.  SamuelJohnson.  John- 
son, I  believe,  did  not  play  at  draughts  after 
leaving  college,  by  which  he  suffered ;  for  it 
would  have  afforded  him  an  innocent,  soothing 
relief  from  the  melancholy  which  distressed  him 
so  often.  I  have  heard  him  regret  that  he  had 
not  learned  to  play  at  cards  ;  and  the  game  of 
draughts  we  know  is  peculiarly  calculated  to  fix 
the  attention  without  straining  it.  There  is  a 
composure  and  gravity  in  draughts  which  in- 
sensibly tranquillizes  the  mind  ;  and,  according- 
ly, the  Dutch  are  fond  of  it,  as  they  are  of 
smoking,  of  the  sedative  influence  of  which, 
though  he  himself  never  smoked,  he  had  a  high 
opinion.  Besides,  there  is  in  draughts  some  ex- 
ercise of  the  faculties  ;  and,  accordingly,  John- 
son wishing  to  dignify  the  subject  in  his  Dedica- 
tion with  what  is  most  estimable  in  it,  observes  : 
' '  Triflers  may  find  or  make  anything  a  trifle  ; 
but  since  it  is  the  great  characteristic  of  a  wise 
man  to  see  events  in  their  causes,  to  obviate  con- 
sequences, and  ascertain  contingencies,  your 
Lordship  will  think  nothing  a  trifle  by  which  the 
mind  is  inured  to  caution,  foresight,  and  circum- 
spection."— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  85. 

22§2.  GAMING  condemned.  Napoleon  I.  For 
gaming  in  all  its  branches  he  manifested  .  .  . 
through  the  whole  of  his  life  the  strongest  dis- 
approval. He  ever  refused  to  repose  confidence 
in  any  one  who  was  addicted  to  that  vice. — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  4. 

22§3.  Generalization,  Vicious.  Sophists.  As 
all  the  strength  and  skill  of  the  Sophists  lay 
in  the  application  of  general  arguments  to  the 
questions  which  they  canvassed,  nothing  more 
was  necessary  for  their  confutation  than  to  bring 
them  to  particulars — to  set  out  by  some  simple 
and  self-evident  proposition,  which  being  grant- 
ed, another  followed  equally  undeniable,  till  the 
disputant  was  conducted,  step  by  step,  by  his 
own  confessions,  to  that  side  of  the  question  on 
which  lay  the  truth.  No  method  could  be  de- 
vised more  effectual  than  this  for  the  detection 
of  sophistry ;  and  the  Athenian  logicians  very 
soon  found  that  their  general  aposatus  of  argu- 
ment would  not  avail  them  against  so  subtile  an 
antagonist.     They  lost  all  credit  and  reputation 


as  philosophers. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch. 
9,  p.  267. 

22§4.  GENEBALS,  Too  many.  Macedonians. 
When  Micion  marched  a  considerable  corps  of 
Macedonians  and  mercenaries  to  Rhamnus,  and 
ravaged  the  sea-coast  and  the  adjacent  country, 
Phocion  advanced  against  him  with  a  body  of 
Athenians.  On  this  occasion  a  number  of  them 
were  very  impertinent  in  pretending  to  dictate  or 
advise  him  how  to  proceed.  One  counselled  him 
to  secure  such  an  eminence,  another  to  send  his 
cavalry  to  such  a  post,  and  a  third  pointed  out 
a  place  for  a  camp.  "  Heavens  !"  said  Phocion, 
"how  many  generals  we  have,  and  how  few 
soldiers  !" — Plutarch's  Phocion. 

22S&.  GENERALSHIP,  Successful.  Pompey. 
Rome  had  put  out  her  real  strength,  and  at 
once,  as  before,  all  opposition  went  down  before 
her.  Asia  was  completely  conquered  up  to  the 
line  of  the  Euphrates.  ...  A  triumphal  inscrip- 
tion in  Rome  declared  that  Pompey,  the  people's 
general,  had  in  three  years  captured  1500  cities, 
and  had  slain,  taken,  or  reduced  to  submission, 
12,000,000  human  beings.  He  justified  what 
Cicero  had  foretold  of  his  moral  uprightness. 
In  the  midst  of  opportunities  such  as  had  fallen 
to  no  commander  since  Alexander,  he  outraged 
no  woman's  honor,  and  he  kept  his  hands  clean 
from  "  the  accursed  thing."  When  he  returned 
to  Rome,  he  returned,  as  he  went,  personally 
poor,  but  he  filled  the  treasury  to  overflowing. — 
Froudr's  C^sar,  ch.  10. 

22§«.  GENEROSITY,  Artful.  Boman  Emper- 
or Tacitus.  When  Tacitus  was  elected  by  the 
Senate,  he  resigned  his  ample  patrimony  to  the 
public  service,  an  act  of  generosity  specious  in 
appearance,  but  which  evidently  disclosed  his 
intention  of  transmitting  the  empire  to  his  de- 
scendants.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12. 

22§7.  GENEROSITY,  Easy.  Pope  Alexander 
VI.  Several  causes  impeded  the  career  of  Eng- 
lish discovery  during  the  greater  part  of  the  six- 
teenth century.  The  next  year  after  the  new 
world  was  found  the  pope,  Alexander  VI.,  drew 
an  imaginary  line  north  and  south,  three  hun- 
dred miles  west  of  the  Azores,  and  issued  a 
papal  bull,  giving  all  islands  and  countries  west 
of  that  line  to  Spain.  Henry  VII.  of  England 
was  himself  a  Catholic,  and  he  did  not  care  to 
begin  a  conflict  with  his  Church  by  pressing  his 
own  claims  to  the  newly  found  regions  of  the 
West.  His  son  and  successor,  Henry  VIII. ,  at 
first  adopted  the  same  policy,  and  it  was  not 
till  after  the  Reformation  had  been  accomplished 
in  England  that  the  decision  of  the  pope  came 
to  be  disregarded,  and  finally  despised  and 
laughed  at. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  6,  p.  78. 

22§§.  GENEROSITY,  Example  of.  Bev.  John 
Harvard.  After  struggling  with  disease  for  about 
a  year,  he  died  of  consumption.  When  his  will 
was  opened,  it  was  found  tliat  he  had  left  his 
whole  library  of  two  hundred  and  sixty  volumes 
and  one  half  of  his  estate  to  the  proposed  col- 
lege— his  estate  being  worth  nearly  £1600  ster- 
ling. Provided  thus  with  a  fund  of  nearly  £1200, 
the  trustees  went  forward,  erected  a  building,  es- 
tablished the  college,  and  conferred  upon  it  the 
name  of  its  first  benefactor.  The  example  of 
John  Harvard  was  more  beneficial  even  than  the 
money  which  he  bequeathed,  for  it  inspired  a 


GEiNEKOSITY— GENIUS. 


271 


large  number  of  other  persons  with  generous 
feelings  toward  the  infant  institution. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BiOG. ,  p.  583. 

22S9.  GENEROSITY,  Indiscreet.  Mohamme- 
dan. A  dispute  had  arisen,  who,  among  the  citi- 
zens of  Mecca,  was  entitled  to  the  prize  of  generos- 
ity ;  and  a  successive  application  was  made  to  the 
three  who  were  deemed  most  worthy  of  the  trial. 
Abdallah,  the  son  of  Abbas,  had  undertaken  a 
distant  journey,  and  his  foot  was  in  the  stirrup 
when  he  heard  the  voice  of  a  suppliant,  "  O  son 
of  the  uncle  of  the  apostle  of  God,  I  am  a  trav- 
eller, and  in  distress  !"  He  instantly  dismounted 
to  present  the  pilgrim  with  his  camel,  her  rich 
caparison,  and  a  purse  of  4000  pieces  of  gold,  ex- 
cepting only  the  sword,  either  for  its  intrinsic 
value,  or  as  the  gift  of  an  honored  kinsman.  The 
servant  of  Kais  informed  the  second  suppliant 
that  his  master  was  asleep  ;  but  he  immediately 
added,  "  Here  is  a  purse  of  7000  pieces  of  gold 
(it  is  all  we  have  in  the  house),  and  here  is  an 
order  that  will  entitle  you  to  a  camel  and  a  slave;" 
the  master,  as  soon  as  he  awoke,  praised  and  en- 
franchised his  faithful  steward,  with  a  gentle  re- 
proof, that  by  respecting  his  slumbers  he  had 
stinted  his  bounty.  The  third  of  these  heroes, 
the  blind  Arabah,  at  the  hour  of  prayer,  was 
supporting  his  steps  on  the  shoulders  of  two 
slaves.  "Alas!"  he  replied,  "my  coffers  are 
empty  !  but  these  you  may  sell  ;  if  you  refuse, 
I  renounce  them."  At  these  words,  pushing  away 
the  youths,  he  groped  along  the  wall  with  his 
staff. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50. 

2290.  GENEROSITY,  Noble.  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin. When,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  landed 
at  Philadelphia,  a  runaway  apprentice,  he  had 
one  silver  dollar  and  one  shilling  in  copper 
coin.  It  was  a  fine  Sunday  morning,  as  prob- 
ably the  reader  remembers,  and  he  knew  not  a 
soul  in  the  place.  He  asked  the  boatmen  upon 
whose  boat  he  had  come  down  the  Delaware  how 
much  he  had  to  pay.  They  answered.  Nothing, 
because  he  had  helped  them  row.  Franklin, 
however,  insisted  upon  their  taking  his  shilling's 
worth  of  coppers,  and  forced  the  money  upon 
them.  An  hour  after,  having  bought  three  rolls 
for  his  breakfast,  he  ate  one,  and  gave  the  other 
two  to  a  poor  woman  and  her  child,  who  had 
been  his  fellow-passengers.  These  were  small 
things,  you  may  say  ;  but  remember,  he  was  a 
poor,  ragged,  dirty  runaway,  in  a  strange  town. 
— Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  129. 

2291. .Peter  Cooper.    [Erection  of 

Cooper  Institute.]  He  bought  the  first  lot  about 
thirty  years  before  he  began  to  build,  and  from 
that  time  continued  to  buy  pieces  of  the  ground 
as  he  could  spare  the  money.  In  1854  the 
whole  block  was  his  own,  and  he  began  to 
erect  thereon  a  massive  structure  of  stone,  brick, 
and  iron,  six  stories  in  height,  and  fire-proof  in 
every  part.  It  cost  $700,000,  which  was  all  the 
fortune  the  founder  possessed,  except  that  in- 
vested in  his  business.  In  1859  he  delivered  the 
property,  with  the  joyful  and  proud  consent  of 
'is  wife  and  children,  into  the  hands  of  trustees, 
id  thus  placed  it  forever  beyond  his  control. 
?wo  thousand  pupils  immediately  applied  for 
j  admission,  a  number  which  5ias  greatly  increased 
pvery  year,  until  now  most  of  the  departments 
re  filled  during  the  winter  season  with  attentive 
tudents.    From  the  beginning,  as  many  as  three 


thousand  persons  used  the  reading  room  every 
week. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  579. 

2292.  GENEROSITY,  Patriotic.  Worth  Caro- 
lina to  Boston.  A.  D.  1774.  At  Wilmington  .  .  . 
the  sum  of  £2000  currency  was  raised  in  a  few 
days ;  the  women  of  the  place  gave  liberally  ;. 
Parker  Quince  offered  his  vessel  to  carry  a  load 
of  provisions,  freight  free,  and  master  and  mar- 
iners volunteered  to  navigate  her  without  wages. 
— Banckoft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  5. 

2293. .    South  Carolina  to  Boston. 

A.D.  1774.  [Boston  port  was  closed  by  the  Port 
Act,  and  the  people  began  to  suffer.]  The  colo- 
nies vied  with  each  other  in  liberality.  The  rec- 
ord kept  at  Boston  shows  that  ' '  the  patriotic 
and  generous  people"  of  South  Carolina  were  the 
first  to  minister  to  the  sufferers,  sending  early  in 
June  two  hundred  barrels  of  rice,  and  promising 
eight  hundred  more. — Banckoft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  5. 

2294.  GENEROSITY,  Sincerity  in.  Cromwell. 
He  was  moved  to  tears  when  he  heard  of  the 
sufferings  of  the  people  of  the  valleys.  He  sent 
immediately  the  sum  of  £2000  from  his  own 
purse  to  aid  the  exiles.  He  appointed  a  day  of 
humiliation  to  be  held  throughout  the  kingdom, 
and  a  general  collection  on  their  behalf.  The 
people  heartily  responded  to  his  call,  and  testified 
their  sympathy  with  their  distressed  brethren 
by  raising  the  sum  of  £40,000  for  distribu- 
tion among  them. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  16, 
p.  213. 

2295.  GENIUS,  Advance  of.  Isaac  NewUm.  This 
great  man,  whose  genius  far  outshone  all  who 
have  gone  before  him  in  the  path  of  philosophy, 
and  who  has,  perhaps,  exhausted  the  most  impor- 
tant discoveries  of  the  law  of  nature,  so  as  not  to 
leave  to  posterity  the  possibility  of  eclipsing  his 
fame,  had,  it  is  certain,  made  the  greatest  of  his 
discoveries  before  he  had  attained  the  age  of  twen- 
ty-four. Before  that  early  period  of  life  he  had 
discovered  the  theory  of  universal  gravitation. 
Dr.  Pemberton,  who  has  given  an  excellent  view 
of  his  philosophy,  informs  us  that  Newton,  as 
he  sat  one  day  alone  in  a  garden,  fell  into  a  rev- 
ery  or  speculation  on  the  power  of  gravity.  It 
occurred  to  him  that  as  this  power  is  not  found 
sensibly  to  diminish  at  the  remotest  distance  to 
which  we  can  ascend  from  the  centre  of  the 
earth — for  instance,  at  the  top  of  the  highest 
mountains — it  was  not  unreasonable  to  suppose 
that  it  might  extend  much  farther  than  was  usu- 
ally thought.  Why  not  (said  he  to  himself)  as 
high  as  the  moon  ?  and  if  so,  her  motion  must 
be  influenced  by  it.  Perhaps  it  is  that  which  re- 
tains her  in  her  orbit !  However,  though  the 
power  of  gravity  is  not  sensibly  weakened  in  the 
little  change  of  distance  at  which  we  can  place 
ourselves  from  the  centre  of  the  earth,  yet  it  is 
very  possible  that  so  high  as  the  moon  this  pow- 
er may  differ  much  in  strength  from  what  it  is 
here.  To  make  an  estimate  what  might  be  the 
degree  of  the  diminution,  he  considered  with 
himself  that  if  the  moon  be  retained  in  her  orbit 
by  the  force  of  gravity,  no  doubt  the  primary 
planets  are  carried  round  the  sun  by  the  like 
power ;  and  by  comparing  the  periods  of  the 
several  planets  with  their  distances  from  the  sun^ 
he  found  that  if  any  power  like  gravity  held 
them  in  their  courses,  its  strength  must  decrease 
in  the  duplicate  proportion  of  the  increase  of 


272 


GENIUS. 


distance.  Supposing,  therefore,  the  power  of 
gravity,  when  extended  to  the  moon,  to  decrease 
in  the  same  proportion,  he  computed  whether 
that  force  would  be  sufficient  to  keep  the  moon 
in  her  orbit,  and  he  found  it  would  be  sufficient. 
Newton  had  now  the  satisfaction  to  perceive 
that  this  inquiry,  which  an  accidental  thought 
had  given  rise  to,  led  to  the  discovery  of  a  uni- 
versal law  of  nature,  which  solved  the  most  strik- 
ing of  her  phenomena.  It  is  thus  that  genius 
proceeds,  step  by  step,  from  the  simplest  prin- 
ciples to  the  most  sublime  conclusions. — Tyt- 
leb's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  36,  p.  490. 

2296.  GENIUS,  Age  of.  Athenians.  Athens, 
after  her  Persian  triumphs,  adopted  the  philoso- 
phy of  Ionia  and  the  rhetoric  of  Sicily  ;  and  these 
studies  became  the  patrimony  of  a  city  whose 
inhabitants,  about  thirty  thousand  males,  con- 
densed, within  the  period  of  a  single  life,  the 
genius  of  ages  and  millions.  Our  sense  of  the 
dignity  of  human  nature  is  exalted  by  the  sim- 
ple recollection  that  Isocrates  was  the  compan- 
ion of  Plato  and  Xenophon ;  that  he  assisted, 
perhaps,  with  the  historian  Thucydides,  at  the 
first  representations  of  the  CEdipus  of  Sophocles 
and  the  Iphigenia  of  Euripedes ;  and  that  his 
pupils  ^schines  and  Demosthenes  contended 
for  the  crown  of  patriotism  in  the  presence  of 
Aristotle,  the  master  of  Theophrastus,  who 
taught  at  Athens  with  the  founders  of  the  Stoic 
and  Epicurean  sects. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  40. 

229r.  GENIUS,  Ages  of.  Age  of  Leo  X.  There 
are  periods  in  which  the  human  genius  seems  to 
turn  strongly  to  one  particular  direction.  In  one 
period  the  reasoning  faculty  seems  chiefly  to  de- 
light in  contemplating  its  own  powers,  the  na- 
ture and  operations  of  the  mind  ;  in  another,  per- 
haps the  imagination  reigns  predominant,  and 
the  general  taste  is  attracted  to  works  of  fancy  in 
poetry  or  romance.  In  another  era  the  mechanic 
or  the  useful  arts  engross  the  general  attention, 
and  are  cultivated  with  high  success  ;  in  a  fourth, 
as  in  the  period  of  which  we  now  treat,  the  pop- 
ular taste  delighted  in  the  contemplation  of 
the  beautiful. — Tytler'b  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  23, 
p.  317. 

229§.  GENIUS  by  Ancestry.  John  Milton.  A 
host  of  eminent  men  have  traced  the  first  impulse 
of  their  genius  to  their  mother.  Milton  always 
acknowledged  with  just  gratitude  that  it  was  to 
his  father's  discerning  taste  and  fostering  care 
that  he  owed  the  encouragement  of  his  studies, 
and  the  leisure  which  rendered  them  possible. 
He  has  registered  this  gratitude  in  both  prose 
and  verse. — Milton,  by  M.  Pattison,  ch.  7. 

2299.  GENIUS,  Ascendency  of.  William  Pitt. 
[See  No.  2835.]  "  I  am  sure,"  said  he  to  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire, ' '  I  can  save  this  country,  and  no- 
body else  can."  For  eleven  weeks  England  was 
without  a  ministry.  [On  his  dismissal  in  April 
no  man  had  dared  to -accept  his  place.]  So  long 
was  the  agony,  so  desperate  the  resistance,  so 
reluctant  the  surrender.  At  last  the  king  [George 
III.]  and  the  aristocracy  were  alike  compelled 
to  recognize  the  ascendency  and  yield  to  the 
guidance  of  the  man  whom  the  nation  trusted 
and  loved.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  12. 

2300.  GENIUS,  Belated.  William  Cowper. 
[Mrs.  Unwin,  his  best  friend,  took  care  of  him 
while  insane.]  Mrs.  Unwin,  who  had  terrible 
reason  for  studying  his  case,  saw  that  the  thing 


most  wanted  was  congenial  employment  for  the 
mind,  and  she  incited  him  to  try  his  hand  at 
poetry  on  a  larger  scale.  He  listened  to  her  ad- 
vice, and  when  he  was  nearly  fifty  years  of  age 
became  a  poet.  He  had  acquired  the  faculty 
of  verse-writing,  as  we  have  seen  ;  he  had  even 
to  some  extent  formed  his  manner  when  he  was 
young.  Age  must  by  this  time  have  quenched 
his  fire  and  tamed  his  imagination,  so  that  the 
didactic  style  would  suit  him  best.  In  the  length 
of  the  interval  between  his  early  poems  and  his 
great  work  he  resembles  Milton ;  but  widely 
different  in  the  two  cases  had  been  the  current  of 
the  intervening  years. — Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  4. 

2301.  GENIUS  in  Childhood.  Oliver  GolcL- 
mnith.  Before  he  was  eight  years  old  Goldsmith 
had  contracted  a  habit  of  scribbling  verses  on 
small  scraps  of  paper,  which,  in  a  little  while, 
he  would  throw  into  the  fire.  A  few  of  these 
sibylline  leaves,  however,  were  rescued  from  the 
flames  and  conveyed  to  his  mother.  The  good 
woman  read  them  with  a  mother's  delight,  and 
saw  at  once  that  her  son  was  a  genius  and  a 
poet.  From  that  time  she  beset  her  husband  with 
solicitations  to  give  the  boy  an  education  suit- 
able to  his  talents. — Irving's  Goldsmith,  ch.  1, 
p.  16. 

2302.  GENIUS,  Constructive.  Ccemr.  [Hav- 
ing driven  the  Germans  out  of  Gaul,  he  deter- 
mined to  terrify  them  by  an  invasion  of  their 
own  country.]  They  begged  Caesar  to  show 
himself  among  them,  though  his  stay  might  be 
but  short,  as  a  proof  that  he  had  power  and  will 
to  protect  them  ;  and  they  offered  him  boats  and 
barges  to  carry  his  army  over.  Caesar  decided 
to  go,  but  to  go  with  more  ostentation.  The  ob- 
ject was  to  impress  the  German  imagination , 
and  boats  and  barges,  which  might  not  always 
be  obtainable,  would,  if  they  seemed  essential, 
diminish  the  effect.  The  legions  were  skilled 
workmen,  able  to  turn  their  hand  lo  anything. 
He  determined  to  make  a  bridge,  and  he  chose 
Bon  for  the  site  of  it.  The  river  was  broad, 
deep,  and  rapid.  The  materials  were  still  stand- 
ing in  the  forest ;  yet  in  ten  days  from  the  first 
stroke  that  was  delivered  by  an  axe,  a  bridge  had 
been  made  standing  firmly  on  rows  of  piles  with 
a  road  over  it  forty  feet  wide.  A  strong  guard 
was  left  at  each  end.  Caesar  marched  across 
with  the  legions,  and  from  all  sides  deputations 
from  the  astonished  people  poured  in  to  beg  for 
peace. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  16,  p.  39. 

2303.    .     Sir  Isaac  Newton.     [In 

3'outh]  he  constructed  also  a  four-wheeled  car 
riage,  propelled  by  the  person  sitting  in  it.  To 
amuse  his  schoolfellows,  he  made  very  ingen- 
ious kites,  to  the  tails  of  which  he  attached  lan- 
terns of  crimpled  paper,  which,  being  lighted  by 
a  candle  and  sent  up  in  the  evening,  alarmed  the 
rustics  of  the  parish.  Observing  the  shadows  of 
the  sun,  he  marked  the  hours  and  half  hours  by 
driving  in  pegs  on  the  side  of  the  house,  and  at 
length  perfected  the  sun-dial  which  is  still 
shown.  Without  an  instructor  he  learned  to 
draw  so  well  as  to  adorn  his  room  with  the  por- 
traits of  his  schoolfellows  and  teachers,  the 
frames  of  which  were  very  elegantly  made  by 
his  own  hand.  .  .  .  For  the  young  ladies  of 
his  acquaintance  he  was  never  weary  of  making 
little  tables,  chairs,  cupboards,  dolls,  and  trink- 
ets.— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  247. 


GENIUS. 


273 


2304.  GENIUS,  Co-operative.  Isaac  Newton. 
Suppose  an  apple  should  fall  from  the  moon — 
then  what  ?  It  appears  to  have  been  at  this  point 
that  the  great  Conjecture  occurred  to  his  mind  : 
Perhaps  the  same  force  that  draws  the  apples  to 
the  ground  holds  the  moon  in  its  orbit !  Now, 
but  for  the  labors  of  the  giants  who  had  pre- 
ceded him,  this  mighty  thought  would  have  re- 
mained a  conjecture.  Those  giants,  however, 
had  learned  the  magnitude  of  the  moon,  its  dis- 
tance from  the  earth,  and  the  force  of  the  earth's 
attraction  at  any  distance.  Newton  could,  there- 
fore, at  once  put  his  conjecture  to  the  test  of 
arithmetic.  He  could  ascertain  two  things  with 
the  greatest  exactness  :  1,  how  much  force  was 
required  to  keep  the  moon  in  its  orbit ;  and  2, 
with  how  much  force  the  earth  did  attract  the 
moon,  supposing  that  the  law  of  attraction,  as 
established  by  Galileo,  held  good.  If  these  two 
calculations  agreed,  his  conjecture  was  a  discov- 
ery. He  tried  them.  They  did  not  a^ree.  Busy 
with  other  investigations,  he  laid  aside  this  in- 
quiry for  nineteen  years.  He  then  learned  that 
he,  in  common  with  all  the  English  astronomers, 
was  in  error  as  to  the  distance  of  the  moon  from 
the  earth.  [His  work  now  proved  correct.] — 
Parton's  Newton,  p.  83. 

2305.  GENIUS,  Creation  of.  Declaration  of 
Independence.  This  immortal  State  paper,  which 
for  its  composer  [Thomas  Jefferson]  was  the 
aurora  of  enduring  fame,  was  "  the  genuine  ef- 
fusion of  the  soul  of  the  country  at  that  time," 
the  revelation  of  its  mind,  when  in  its  youth,  its 
enthusiasm,  its  sublime  confronting  of  danger, 
it  rose  to  the  highest  creative  powers  of  which 
man  is  capable. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  8, 
ch.  70. 

2306.  GENIUS  disdained.  Robert  Fulton.  In 
September,  1807,  the  famous  Clermont,  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  tons,  was  completed.  Monday, 
September  10,  was  the  day  appointed  for  a 
grand  trial  trip  to  Albany,  and  by  noon  a  vast 
crowd  had  assembled  on  the  wharf  to  witness 
the  performance  of  what  was  popularly  called 
"  Fulton's  Folly. "  Fulton  himself  declares  that, 
at  noon  on  that  day,  not  thirty  persons  in  the 
city  had  the  slightest  faith  in  the  success  of  the 
steamboat ;  and  that,  as  the  boat  was  putting 
off,  he  heard  many  "  sarcastic  remarks."  At  one 
o'clock,  however,  she  moved  from  the  dock, 
vomiting  smoke  and  sparks  from  her  pine-wood 
flres,  and  casting  up  clouds  of  spray  from  her  un- 
covered paddle-wheels.  As  her  speed  increased, 
the  jeers  of  the  incredulous  were  silenced,  and 
soon  the  departing  voyagers  caught  the  sound 
of  cheers. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  157. 

2307.  .    John  Fitch.     It  usually 

requires  several  generations  to  perfect  a  great  in- 
vention. The  steamboat  was  still  very  imper- 
fect ;  it  frequently  got  out  of  order  and  made  no 
money.  Poor  John  Fitch  formed  another  com- 
pany, and  began  another  steamboat ;  but  the 
faith  and  the  money  of  his  coadjutors  gave  out 
before  it  was  finished.  He  petitioned  Congress 
for  help.  He  sought  the  aid  of  State  legisla- 
tures. He  even  went  to  France.  All  was  in 
vain.  No  one  believed  the  steamboat  would 
ever  pay,  and  few  could  see  in  this  poor  scare- 
crow, this  pallid,  gaunt,  and  ragged  Yankee, 
one  of  the  ablest  natural  mechanics  that  ever 
lived.     He  used  to  slink,  in  his  dirt  and  rags. 


about  Philadelphia,  an  object  of  compassion  to 
some,  and  to  others  an  object  of  derision  and 
contempt.  But  start  the  darling  topic  of  the 
steamboat,  and  the  whole  man  was  changed. 
Fire  sparkled  in  his  eye,  eloquence  flowed  from 
his  tongue.  Rising  to  his  full  stature,  and  lift- 
ing his  long,  lean  arm,  he  would  exclaim  :  "  You 
and  I  will  not  live  to  see  the  day,  but  the  time 
will  come  when  steamboats  will  be  preferred  to 
all  other  modes  of  conveyance  ;  when  steamboats 
will  ascend  the  western  rivers  from  New  Orleans 
to  Wheeling ;  when  steamboats  will  cross  the 
ocean  !  Johnny  Fitch  will  be  forgotten,  but 
other  men  will  carry  out  his  ideas,  and  grow 
rich  and  great  upon  them."  Those  who  listened 
to  such  harangues  as  these  would  exchange 
glances,  as  if  to  say,  "He  is  a  good  fellow 
enough ;  what  a  pity  he  is  mad  !" — Cyclope- 
dia OF  BioG.,  p.  151. 

230§).  GENIUS  disparaged.  George  Washing- 
ton. The  march  thither  [to  winter  quarters  at 
Valley  Forge]  occupied  four  days.  Thousands 
of  the  soldiers  were  without  shoes,  and  the  fro- 
zen ground  was  marked  with  bloody  footprints. 
.  .  .  Log  cabins  were  built  for  the  soldiers  ;  .  .  . 
it  was  a  long  and  dreary  winter  ;  moaning  and 
anguish  were  heard  in  the  camp,  and  the  echo 
fell  heavily  upon  the  soul  of  the  commander. 
These  were  the  darkest  days  of  Washington's 
life.  Congress  in  a  measure  abandoned  him  ;  the 
people  withheld  their  sympathies.  The  brilliant 
success  of  the  army  of  the  North  was  unjustly 
compared  with  the  reverses  of  the  army  of  the 
South.  Many  men  high  in  military  and  civil 
station  left  the  great  leader  unsupported  in  the 
hour  of  his  grief ;  even  Samuel  Adams,  impa- 
tient under  calamity,  withdrew  his  confidence. 
There  was  a  miserable  conspiracy  headed  by 
generals  Gates,  Conway  and  Mifflin.  Washing- 
ton was  to  be  superseded,  and  Gates  or  Lee 
[who  proved  either  a  crank  or  a  traitor  (see  No. 
1645)]  was  to  be  made  commander-in-chief.  But 
the  alienation  was  only  for  a  moment ;  the  al 
legiance  of  the  army  remained  unshaken,  and 
the  nation's  confidence  in  the  troubled  chieftain 
became  stronger  than  ever. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  40,  p.  327. 

2309.  GENIUS,  Eccentricity  of.  Samuel  John- 
son. Mr.  Hogarth  came  one  day  to  see  Rich- 
ardson, soon  after  the  execution  of  Dr.  Cam- 
eron, for  having  taken  arms  for  the  house  of  Stu- 
art in  1745-46  ;  and  being  a  warm  partisan  of 
George  II.,  he  observed  to  Richardson  that  cer- 
tainly there  must  have  been  some  very  un- 
favorable circumstances  lately  discovered  in  this 
particular  case,  which  had  induced  the  king  to 
approve  of  an  execution  for  rebellion  so  long  af- 
ter the  time  when  it  was  committed,  as  this  had 
the  appearance  of  putting  a  man  to  death  in  cold 
blood,  and  was  very  unlike  his  Majesty's  usual 
clemency.  While  he  was  talking,  he  perceived 
a  person  standing  at  a  window  in  the  room, 
shaking  his  head,  and  rolling  himself  about  in  a 
strange,  ridiculous  manner.  He  concluded  that 
he  was  an  idiot,  whom  his  relations  had  put  un- 
der the  care  of  Mr.  Richardson,  as  a  very  good 
man.  To  his  great  surprise,  however,  this  fig- 
ure stalked  forward  to  where  he  and  Mr.  Rich- 
ardson were  sitting,  and  all  at  once  took  up  the 
argument,  and  burst  out  into  an  invective  against 
George  II. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  85. 


274 


GENIUS. 


2310. .  SamuelJohnson.  One  in- 
stance of  his  absence  and  particularity,  as  it  is 
characteristic  of  tlie  man,  may  be  worth  relating. 
When  he  and  I  took  a  iourney  together  into  the 
West,  we  visited  the  late  Mr.  Banks,  of  Dorset- 
shire ;  the  conversation  turning  upon  pictures, 
which  Johnson  could  not  well  see,  he  retired  to 
a  comer  of  the  room,,  stretching  out  his  right 
leg  as  far  as  he  could  reach  before  him,  then 
bringing  up  his  left  leg,  and  stretching  his  right 
still  further  on.  The  old  gentleman  observing 
him,  went  up  to  him,  and  in  a  very  courteous 
manner  assured  him,  though  it  was  not  a  new 
house,  the  flooring  was  perfectly  safe.  The 
Doctor  started  from  his  revery,  like  a  person 
waked  out  of  his  sleep,  but  spoke  not  a  word. — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  35. 

2311. .     Samuel  Johnson.     While 

talking  or  even  musing  as  he  sat  in  his  chair,  he 
commonly  held  his  head  to  one  side  toward  his 
right  shoulder,  and  shook  it  in  a  tremulous  man- 
ner, moving  his  body  backward  and  forward, 
and  rubbing  his  left  knee  in  the  same  direction, 
with  the  palm  of  his  hand.  In  the  intervals  of 
articulating  he  made  various  sounds  with  his 
mouth,  sometimes  as  if  ruminating,  or  what  is 
called  chewing  the  cud,  sometimes  giving  half  a 
whistle,  sometimes  making  his  tongue  play  back- 
ward from  the  roof  of  his  mouth,  as  if  clucking 
like  a  hen,  and  sometimes  protruding  it  against 
his  upper  gums  in  front,  as  if  pronouncing 
quickly  under  his  breath,  too,  too,  too — all  this 
accompanied  sometimes  with  a  thoughtful  look, 
but  more  frequently  with  a  smile.  Generally 
when  he  had  concluded  a  period,  in  the  course 
of  a  dispute,  by  which  time  he  was  a  good  deal 
exhausted  by  violence  and  vociferation,  he  used 
to  blow  out  his  breath  like  a  whale.  This  I 
suppose  was  a  relief  to  his  lungs,  and  seemed 
in  him  to  be  a  contemptuous  mode  of  expression, 
as  if  he  had  made  the  arguments  of  his  oppo- 
nent fly  like  chaff  before  the  wind. — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  135. 

2312. .  Samuel  Johnson.  He  re- 
ceived me  very  courteously  ;  but  it  must  be 
confessed  that  his  apartment  and  furniture  and 
morning  dress  were  sufliciently  uncouth.  His 
brown  suit  of  clothes  looked  very  rusty  ;  he  had 
on  a  little  old  shrivelled  unpowdered  vidg,  which 
was  too  small  for  his  head  ;  his  shirt-neck  and 
knees  of  his  breeches  were  loose  ;  his  black  wors- 
ted stockings  ill  drawn  up  ;  and  he  had  a  pair 
of  unbuckled  shoes  by  way  of  slippers.  But 
all  these  slovenly  particularities  were  forgotten 
the  moment  that  he  began  to  talk. — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  109. 

2313.  GENIUS,  Enterprise  of.  Cromwell.  Eng- 
land had  never  been  more  than  a  third-rate  pow- 
er in  Europe  ;  and  the  other  nations  were  in  the 
height  and  heat  of  their  grandeur  and  fame. 
Spain,  with  a  population  of  about  thirty  millions 
— it  had  declined  recently  ;  in  the  time  of  Charles 
V.  its  population  had  been  about  thirty-six 
millions  ;  and  the  population  of  England  at  this 
time  could  not  have  been  six  millions — [Spain] 
was  the  kingdom  of  the  Inquisition,  the  chief 
land  of  the  Romish  power  ;  with  her  continents 
of  golden  isles  in  the  west,  her  possessions  of 
^old  in  her  own  country — haughty,  defiant,  and 
strong.  Spain  Cromwell  determined  to  crush. 
Erance  was  powerful.     Only  recently  had  she 


known  the  monarchy  of  Henry  of  Navarre  and 
the  statesmanship  of  Richelieu.  Her  destinies 
were  now  guided  by  the  wiliest  man  and  most 
fox-like  statesman  in  Europe,  Cardinal  Mazarin. 
Him  Cromwell  treated  as  a  valet  or  a  footman, 
and  his  power  lay  humbled  and  stricken  before 
the  genius  of  the  bluff  farmer  statesman. — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  16,  p.  210. 

2314.  GENIUS,  Failures  of.  Youthful  Poets. 
Shelley  now  began  to  yearn  for  fame  and  pub- 
licity. Miss  Shelley  speaks  of  a  play  written  by 
her  brother  and  her  sister  Elizabeth  which  was 
sent  to  Matthews  the  comedian,  and  courte- 
ously returned  as  unfit  for  acting.  .  .  .  Medwin 
gives  a  long  account  of  a  poem . . .  composed  by 
him  in  concert  with  Shelley.  .  .  .  They  sent  the 
manuscript  to  Thomas  Campbell,  who  returned 
it  with  the  observation  that  it  contained  but  two 
good  lines — 

"  It  seem'd  as  if  an  angel's  sigh 
Had  breathed  the  plaintive  symphony." 
— Symonds'  Shelley,  ch.  2. 

2315.  GENIUS,  Hereditary.  James  Watt.  It 
is  said  to  require  three  generations  to  make  a 
gentleman.  We  sometimes  find  it  has  taken 
three  generations  to  make  a  genius.  The  grand- 
father of  James  Watt  was  a  teacher  of  naviga^ 
tion,  well  skilled  in  mathematics,  and  a  very  in- 
genious and  worthy  man.  The  father  of  the 
great  inventor  was  a  shipwright,  noted  for  his 
skill  and  enterprise. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  141. 

2316.  GENIUS,  Imitation  of.  Columbus.  A 
shallow  courtier  present,  impatient  of  the  hon- 
ors paid  to  Columbus,  and  meanly  jealous  of 
him  as  a  foreigner,  abruptly  asked  him  whether 
he  thought  that,  in  case  he  had  not  discovered 
the  Indies,  there  w^re  not  other  men  in  Spain 
who  would  have  been  capable  of  the  enterprise  ? 
To  this  Columbus  made  no  immediate  reply, 
but,  taking  an  egg,  invited  the  company  to  make 
it  stand  on  one  end.  Every  one  attempted  it, 
but  in  vain ;  whereupon  he  struck  it  upon  the 
table  so  as  to  break  the  end,  and  left  it  standing 
on  the  broken  part ;  illustrating  in  this  simple 
manner  that  when  he  had  once  shown  the  way 
to  the  New  World  nothing  was  easier  than  to 
follow  it. — Irving's  Columbus,  Book  5,  ch.  7. 

2317.  GENIUS  impoverished.  Homer.  Ho- 
mer, of  whose  birth  both  the  place  and  the  era 
are  very  uncertain,  is,  according  to  the  most 
probable  opinion,  believed  to  have  been  a  native 
of  Ionia,  and  to  have  flourished  . . .  nine  hundred 
and  seventy  years  before  the  birth  of  Christ. 
This  illustrious  man,  the  father  of  poetry,  was 
probably  a  wandering  minstrel,  who  earned  his 
subsistence  by-  strolling  from  one  city  to  another, 
and  freqiienting  public  festivals  and  the  tables 
of  the  great,  where  his  music  and  verses  pro- 
cured him  a  M'elcome  reception.  ...  It  has  been 
justly  remarked  that  from  the  poems  of  Homer, 
as  from  the  fountain  of  knowledge,  the  princi- 
pal authors  among  the  ancients  have  derived 
useful  information  in  almost  every  department — 
moral,  political,  and  scientific  — Tytler'sHist., 
Book  2,  ch.  8,  p.  238. 

231!^.  GENIUS,  Late  evidence  of.  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  Scott's  genius  flowered  late.  "  Cadyow 
Castle,"  the  first  of  his  poems,  I  think,  that  has 
indisputable  genius  plainly  stamped  on  its  terse 
and  fiery  lines,  was  composed  in  1802,  when  he 


GENIUS. 


375 


was  already  thirty-one  years  of  age.  It  was  in 
the  same  year  that  he  wrote  the  first  canto  of 
Ms  first  great  romance  in  verse,  "  The  Lay  of  the 
Last  Minstrel,"  a  poem  which  did  not  appear  till 
1805,  when  he  was  thirty-four. — Hutton's  Life 
OF  Scott,  ch.  5. 

2319.  GENIUS,  Manifold.  Nwpoleon  I.  "  Sin- 
gular destiny,"  exclaims  Thiers,  after  perus- 
ing volumes  of  manuscripts  from  his  pen,  "of 
that  prodigious  man,  to  be  the  greatest  wnter  of 
his  time,  while  he  was  its  greatest  captain,  its 
greatest  legislator,  its  greatest  administrator." — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  38. 

2320.  GENIUS,  Merit  of.  Cromwell.  The 
wisest,  who  have  been  disposed  to  form  an  opin- 
ion adverse  to  the  great  English  Protector,  have 
confessed  themselves  compelled  to  pause  before 
pronouncing ;  others  again  have  ransacked  the 
archives  of  State  paper  offices,  the  heaps  of  dingy 
family  letters  and  scrolls,  every  shred  of  paper 
bearing  Oliver's  name  that  could  be  brought  to 
light  has  been  produced  ;  and  the  result  is,  that 
no  name,  perhaps,  in  all  history  stands  forth  so 
transparent  and  clear,  so  consistent  throughout. 
It  is  the  most  royal  name  in  English  history, 
rivalling  in  its  splendor  that  of  Elizabeth,  the 
Edwards,  and  the  Henrys  ;  outshining  the  proud- 
est names  of  the  Norman,  the  Plantagenet,  or 
the  Tudor. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  1,  p.  20. 

2321.  GENIUS  misdirected.  Audubon  the  Or- 
nitJwlogist.  He  engaged  ...  in  various  branch- 
es of  commerce,  none  of  which  succeeded  with 
him,  his  mind  being  preoccupied  by  his  fa- 
vorite study.  His  friends  called  him  "fool" 
— all  excepting  his  wife  and  children.  At  last, 
irritated  by  the  remarks  of  relatives  and  others, 
he  broke  entirely  away  from  the  pursuits  of 
trade,  and  gave  himself  up  wholly  to  natural 
history.  He  ransacked  the  woods,  the  lakes, 
the  prairies,  and  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic,  spend- 
ing years  away  from  his  home  and  family. — 
Smiles'  Brief  Biographies,  p.  175. 

2322.  GENIUS  misjudged.  Thomas  Gray. 
[Author  of  the  "  Elegy."]  I  dined  with  Johnson 
at  Mr.  Thrale's.  He  attacked  Gray,  calling  him 
"  a  dull  fellow."  Bos  well  :  "I  understand  he 
was  reserved,  and  might  appear  dull  in  company  ; 
but  sxirely  he  was  not  dull  in  poetry."  Johnson  : 
"  Sir,  he  was  dull  in  company,  dull  in  his  closet, 
dull  everywhere.  He  was  dull  in  a  new  way, 
and  that  made  many  people  think  him  great. 
He  was  a  mechanical  poet."  He  then  repeated 
some  ludicrous  lines,  which  have  escaped  my 
memory,  and  said,  "  Is  not  that  great,  like  his 
Odes  ?" — Bos  well's  Johnson,  p.  241. 

2323.  GENIUS,  Mortality  of.  Early  Death. 
Such  refiections  are  forced  upon  us  by  the  lives 
of  three  great  English  poets  of  this  century. 
Byron  died  when  he  was  thirty -six,  Keats  when 
he  was  twenty -five,  and  Shelley  when  he  was  on 
the  point  of  completing  his  thirtieth  year.  Of 
the  three  Keats  enjoyed  the  briefest  space  for 
the  development  of  his  extraordinary  powers. 
His  achievement,  perfect  as  it  is  in  some  poetic 
qualities,  remains  so  immature  and  incomplete 
that  no  conjecture  can  be  hazarded  about  his 
future.     Byron  lived  longer,  yet  he  was  exfin- 

fuished  when  his  genius  was  still  ascendant. .  . . 
helley's  early  death  is  more  to  be  regretted. 
Unlike  Keats  and  Byron,  he  died  by  a  mere  ac- 


cident. His  faculties  were  far  more  complex, 
and  his  aims  were  more  ambitious  than  theirs. 
He  therefore  needed  length  of  years  for  their  co- 
ordination ;  and  if  a  fuller  life  had  been  allotted 
him,  we  have  the  certainty  that  from  the  dis- 
cords of  his  youth  he  would  have  wrought  a 
clear  and  lucid  harmony. — Symonds'  Shelley, 
ch.  1. 

2324.  GENIUS  originating.  Blaise  Pascal.  [In- 
ventor of  the  arithmetical  calculating  machine 
and  of  the  omnibus  system,  adopted  by  cities.] 
A  kind  of  club  of  geometers  met  at  the  Pascal 
home  every  week,  and  there  was  continued  con- 
versation upon  problems  of  geometry  at  the 
table  in  the  evening.  To  thwart  the  awakened 
curiosity  of  his  son,  the  father  abstained  from 
such  conversation,  locked  up  all  the  mathemati- 
cal books,  and  endeavored  in  every  way  to  keep 
the  boy  from  so  much  as  knowing  what  geom- 
etry was.  These  precautions  were  unavailing 
The  inkling  of  knowledge,  which  the  lad  could 
not  but  gather  in  such  a  house,  so  inflamed  his 
desire  for  more,  that  he  employed  his  leisure  in 
contriving  a  system  of  geometry  for  himself, 
aided  only  by  a  piece  of  charcoal  and  some 
boards.  His  father,  coming  into  his  room  one 
d^j,  found  him  so  deeply  absorbed  in  this  pur- 
suit that  the  boy  heard  nothing  of  his  approach, 
but  continued  poring  over  his  triangles  and 
circles  until  he  was  startled  into  consciousness 
by  hearing  his  father  ask,  "What  are  you 
doing,  my  son  ?"  Father  and  son  were  equally 
moved — the  son  to  be  detected  in  devouring 
forbidden  fruit,  the  father  to  discover  that  this 
youth  of  thirteen  had  effected  a  demonstration 
of  the  thirty-second  proposition  of  the  first 
book  of  Euclid.  Without  even  knowing  the 
names  of  the  figures,  he  had  advanced  so  far. 
He  called  a  circle  a  "  round,"  and  a  line  a  "  bar," 
but  he  understood  the  rudimental  principles  of 
science. — CyclopediaofBiog.,  p.  99. 

2325.  GENIUS  overlooked.  John  Milton.  The 
neglect  of  the  merit  of  Milton  during  his  own 
life  is  suificiently  known.  Hume,  in  his  "  History 
of  England,"  .  .  .  marks  the  small  regard  that 
was  had  for  this  great  poet,  even  by  the  party 
to  whose  service  he  had  devoted  his  talents. 
Whitelock,  in  his  Memorials,  talks  of  one  Milton, 
a  blind  man,  wlu)  was  employed  in  translating  a 
treaty  with  Sweden  into  Latin  ! — Tytleb's  Hist,, 
Book  6,  ch.  36. 

2326.  GENIUS,  Perils  of.  Jonathan  Swift 
{Bean).  In  his  latter  years  [Swift]  looked  some 
time  on  his  first  great  work,  and  then,  shutting 
the  book,  exclaimed,  "  Good  God  !  what  a  genius 
I  had  when  I  wrote  that !"  A  ,s;enius  indeed  ; 
but  how  fatal  a  possession  !  What  miseries  of 
disappointed  ambition,  and  then  what  horrors 
of  crushed  misanthropy  it  brought  with  it  1 — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  28. 

2327.  GENIUS,  Power  of.  Oliver  Cromwell. 
Cromwell  was  one  of  those  rare  men  whom  even 
his  enemies  cannot  name  without  acknowledg- 
ing his  genius.  The  farmer  of  Huntingdon,  ac- 
customed only  to  rural  occupations,  unnoticed 
until  he  was  more  than  forty  years  old,  engaged 
in  no  higher  plots  than  how  to  improve  the  re- 
turns of  his  farm  and  fill  his  orchard  with  choice 
fruit,  of  a  sudden  became  the  best  oflScer  in  the 
British  army  and  the  greatest  statesman  of  hia 


276 


GENIUS. 


time  ;  subverted  the  English  constitution,  which 
had  been  the  work  of  centuries  ;  held  in  his  own 
grasp  the  liberties  which  the  English  people  had 
fixed  in  their  affections,  and  cast  the  kingdoms 
into  a  new  mould.  Religious  peace,  such  as 
England  till  now  had  never  seen,  flourished 
under  his  calm  mediation ;  justice  found  its 
way  even  among  the  remotest  Highlands  of 
Scotland ;  commerce  filled  the  English  marts 
with  prosperous  activity  under  his  powerful  pro- 
tection ;  his  fleets  rode  triumphant  in  the  West 
Indies;  Nova  Scotia  submitted  to  his  orders 
without  a  struggle  ;  the  Dutch  begged  of  him 
for  peace  as  for  a  boon  ;  Louis  XIV.  was  humil- 
iated ;  the  pride  of  Spain  was  humbled  ;  the 
Protestants  of  Piedmont  breathed  their  prayers 
in  security  ;  the  glory  of  the  English  name  was 
spread  throughout  the  world. — Bancroft's 
U.S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11. 

232§.  GENIUS,  Practical.  PeUrtJie  Great  He 
resolved  to  go  himself  to  Holland,  England,  and 
Italy,  to  acquire  a  better  knowledge  of  the  me- 
chanic arts.  He  was  twenty-five  years  of  age — 
tall,  strongly  built,  of  fresh  complexion,  and  of 
very  easy,  familiar  manners,  though  in  his  mien 
and  bearing  "  every  inch  a  king."  Le  Fort,  his 
old  tutor,  and  now  his  Lord  High  Admiral, 
accompanied  him.  The  czar,  on  this  occasion, 
travelled  incognito,  passing  as  a  mere  member 
of  a  grand  embassy,  which  was  composed  of 
three  ambassadors  (Le  Fort  was  one  of  them), 
four  chief  secretaries,  twelve  gentlemen,  six 
pages,  one  company  of  the  imperial  guards,  fifty 
in  number,  and  several  servants — the  whole  cor- 
tege numbering  two  hundred  and  fifteen  persons. 
In  this  company  the  czar  was  nothing  but  an 
attache,  and  was  attended  only  by  one  valet,  one 
footman,  and  a  dwarf  with  whom  he  used  to 
amuse  himself.  I  need  not  dwell  upon  this 
memorable  journey  of  a  year  and  a  half  ;  who 
does  not  know  that  the  czar  labored  with  his 
own  hands  at  Amsterdam  as  a  ship  carpenter, 
and  that  he  travelled  over  half  of  Europe,  visiting 
workshops,  factories,  hospitals,  and  everything 
that  could  instruct  a  monarch  of  such  a  country 
as  Russia  was  in  1697  ? — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  430. 

2329.  GENIUS,  Precocious.  William  Cullen 
Bryant.  William  Cullen,  a  boy  of  thirteen,  who, 
young  as  he  was,  was  already  somewhat  famous 
in  his  native  county  as  a  poet.  At  nine  he  had 
written  harmonious  verses,  and  at  ten  he  had 
composed  a  poem  for  a  school  exhibition,  which 
was  thought  good  enough  for  publication,  and 
was  actually  published  in  the  county  paper. 
And  now  this  gifted  boy,  moved  by  what  he 
heard  of  the  terrible  embargo,  and  the  more 
terrible  Jefferson  and  the  Democratic  party, 
wrote  a  poem,  in  the  heroic  measure,  entitled 
"The  Embargo,"  in  which  he  endeavored  to 
express  the  feeling  of  New  England  respecting 
tlie  course  of  the  general  government.  The 
poem  was  published  in  pamphlet  form,  and  was 
so  well  received  in  the  county  that,  a  year  after, 
it  was  republished  in  a  little  thin  volume.  .  . .  The 
lad  was  nearly  fifteen  years  of  age  when  this 
volume  of  thirty-six  pages  saw  the  light.  It 
contained  poems  so  extraordinary,  that  it  was 
thought  necessary  in  the  preface  to  print  a  kind 
of  certificate,  declaring  that  the  author  was  really 
only  a  bey  ! — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  730. 


2330.  GENIUS,  Prodigious,  Napoleon  I.  Na- 
poleon,  having  thus  made  his  arrangements  for 
the  terrific  conflict  of  the  ensuing  day  [the  battle 
of  Jena  and  Auerstadt],  retired  to  his  tent,  about 
midnight,  and  calmly  sat  down  to  draw  up  a 
plan  of  study  and  of  discipline /(?r  Madaiae  Cam- 
pan's  female  school. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  1,  ch.  35. 

2331.  GENIUS,  Proof  of.  Benjamin  FranJcUn. 
The  author  of  the  first  treaty  made  between  the 
United  States  and  a  foreign  nation  [was  the 
son]  ...  of  a  manufacturer  of  soap  and  candles ; 
. . .  the  walls  of  a  candleshop  were  too  narrow  for 
his  aspiring  genius.  At  the  age  of  twelve  he  was 
apprenticed  to  his  brother  to  learn  the  art  of 
printing  ;  but  the  brother  beat  him,  and  he  ran 
off  to  New  York.  There  he  found  no  employ- 
ment. In  1723  he  repaired  to  Philadelphia  .  .  . 
and  rose  to  distinction.  .  .  .  He  founded  the  first 
circulating  library  in  America  ;  became  a  man 
of  science;  edited  Poor  Bichard's  Almanac; 
originated  the  American  Philosophical  Society  ; 
discovered  the  identity  of  electricity  and  light- 
ning ;  made  himself  known  to  both  hemispheres  ; 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  patriots  ;  and  devoted 
the  unimpaired  energies  of  his  old  age  to  per- 
fecting the  American  Union.  The  name  of 
Franklin  is  one  of  the  brightest  in  the  history  of 
any  nation. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  41,  p.  330. 

2332.  GENIUS,  Eemarkatle.  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin. The  genius  of  Dr.  Franklin  shone  with  a 
peculiar  lustre.  At  the  gay  court  of  Louis  XVI. 
he  stood  as  the  representative  of  his  country. 
No  nation  ever  had  an  ambassador  of  greater 
wisdom  or  sagacity.  His  reputation  for  learning 
had  preceded  him  ;  the  dignity  of  his  demeanor 
and  the  simplicity  of  his  manners  added  to  his 
fame.  Whether  as  philosopher  or  diplomatist, 
no  man  in  that  great  city  of  fashion  was  the 
equal  of  the  venerable  American  patriot.  His 
wit  and  genial  humor  made  him  admired  ;  his 
talents  and  courtesy  commanded  respect ;  his 
patience  and  perseverance  gave  him  final  suc- 
cess.— Ridpath's  Hist.,  ch.  41,  p.  329. 

2333.  GENIUS,  Eesources  in.  Ccesar.  Re- 
source in  difiiculties  is  the  distinction  of  great 
generals.  He  had  observed  in  Britain  that  the 
coast  fishermen  used  boats  made  out  of  frames 
of  wicker  covered  with  skins.  The  river  banks 
were  fringed  with  willows.  There  were  hides 
in  abundance  on  the  carcasses  of  the  animals  in 
the  camp.  Swiftly  in  these  vessels  the  swollen 
waters  of  the  Segre  were  crossed  ;  the  convoys 
were  rescued.  The  broken  bridges  were  repair- 
ed. The  communications  of  the  Pompeians  were 
threatened  in  turn,  and  they  tried  to  fall  back 
over  the  Ebro  ;  but  they  left  their  position  only 
to  be  intercepted,  and  after  a  few  feeble  strug- 
gles laid  down  their  arms. — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  22. 

2334.  GENIUS,  Rewards  of.  Dr.  Morton. 
[Practical  use  of  ether  was  discovered  by  him.] 
This  great  discovery  brought  upon  the  discover- 
er, during  the  rest  of  his  life,  little  but  vexation 
and  bitterness.  As  the  process  could  not  be  pat- 
ented, he  wasted  many  years  and  many  thou- 
sands of  dollars  in  trying  to  induce  Congress  to 
make  him  a  grant  of  public  money.  He  did  not 
succeed  ;  and  although  he  received  considerable 
sums  from  hospitals  and  medical  colleges  in  rec- 
ognition of  his  right,  he  became  at  last  a  bank- 


GENIUS 


rupt,  and  the  sheriff  held  his  estate.  His  circum- 
fitances  afterward  improved,  but  he  died  upon 
his  farm  in  Massachusetts,  a  few  years  ago, 
a  comparatively  poor  man. — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  642. 

2335.  GENIUS,  Subjects  for.  Milton.  Mrs. 
Kennicot  related  a  living  saying  of  Dr.  Johnson 
to  Miss  Hannah  More,  who  had  expressed  a 
wonder  that  the  poet  who  had  written  "  Para- 
dise Lost "  should  wiite  such  poor  sonnets ; 
"  Milton,  madam,  was  a  genius  that  could  cut 
a  Colossus  from  a  rock,  but  could  not  carve 
heads  upon  cherry-stones." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  526. 

2336.  GENIUS,  Success  by.  Son  of  Edward 
III.  The  Black  Prince,  with  an  army  of  12,000 
men,  was  sent  into  France,  and  carried  devasta- 
tion into  the  heart  of  the  kingdom.  John  took 
the  field  against  him  with  60,000  men,  and  ad- 
vanced toward  Poictiers  with  the  design  of  sur- 
rounding and  cutting  him  off  at  once.  The  mil- 
itary skill  displayed  by  the  prince  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  his  little  army  was  admirable.  He  con- 
trived to  give  them  the  appearance  of  numbers, 
"while  he  even  diminished  them  in  reality,  by 
placing  a  considerable  body  of  his  troops  in  am- 
buscade. The  French  had  to  march  through  a 
Jane  to  the  attack.  The  Black  Prince  with  one  di- 
vision opposed  them  on  the  front,  while  his  main 
body,  divided  into  two,  poured  down  upon  their 
lengthened  flank.  The  confusion  of  the  enemy 
was  completed  by  the  troops  in  ambuscade,  and 
this  immense  army  was  dispersed  and  cut  to 
pieces.  King  John  himself,  with  one  of  his  sons, 
was  taken.  The  moderation  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales  was  equal  to  his  heroism.  He  treated  the 
captive  monarch  with  every  distinction  due  to 
his  rank  ;  he  refused  to  be  seated  in  his  presence  ; 
and  when  he  conducted  his  royal  prisoner  to 
London  amid  the  acclamations  of  the  people, 
he  rode  himself  on  the  left  hand  on  a  small  black 
palfrey,  while  John  upon  the  right  was  mounted 
on  a  horse  remarkable  for  his  beauty  and  rich 
accoutrements.  Thus,  two  monarchs  were  at  the 
same  time  prisoners  in  London — David  of  Scot- 
land and  John  of  France. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  12,  p.  199. 

2337.  GENIUS,  Successful.  Turk.  Orkhan, 
the  chief  of  a  petty  tribe  of  Turkish  shepherds, 
came  to  conquer  without  artillery  that  capital 
of  Nice,  which  500,000  Latin  crusaders,  com- 
manded by  the  first  princes  and  the  first  captains 
of  Christendom,  had  not  been  able  to  conquer 
after  seven  weeks'  storming,  with  all  the  ap- 
pliances of  Europe. — Lamartine's  Turkey, 
p.  315. 

2338.  GENIUS,  Superstition  of.  Samuel  John- 
son. It  appeared  to  me  some  superstitious  habit 
which  he  had  contracted  early,  and  from  which 
he  had  never  called  upon  his  reason  to  disentan- 
gle him.  This  was  his  anxious  care  to  go  out  or  in 
at  a  door  or  passage  by  a  certain  number  of 
steps  from  a  certain  point,  or  at  least  so  as  that 
either  his  right  or  his  left  foot  (I  am  not  certain 
which)  should  constantly  make  the  first  actual 
movement  when  he  came  close  to  the  door  or 
passage.  Thus  I  conjecture  ;  for  I  have,  upon 
innumerable  occasions,  observed  him  suddenly 
:stop,  and  then  seem  to  count  his  steps  with  a  deep 
earnestness  ;  and  when  he  had  neglected  or  gone 
ivrong  in  this  sort  of  magical  movement,  I  have 


2339.  GENIUS,  Time  for.  Bemval.  On  the  re- 
vival of  letters  the  youthful  vigor  of  the  imagi- 
nation, after  a  long  repose,  national  emulation, 
a  new  religion,  new  languages,  and  a  new  world, 
called  forth  the  genius  of  Europe. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  vol.  1,  ch.  2,  p.  72. 

2340.  GENIUS,  Timely.  Isaac  Newton.  In  no 
other  mind  have  the  demonstrative  faculty  and 
the  inductive  faculty  co-existed  in  .  .  .  supreme 
excellence  and  perfect  harmony.  Perhaps  in  an 
age  of  Scotists  and  Thomists  even  his  intellect 
might  have  run  to  waste,  as  many  intellects  ran  to 
waste  which  were  inferior  only  to  his.  Happily, 
the  spirit  of  the  age  on  Avhich  his  lot  was  cast 
gave  the  right  direction  to  his  mind  ;  and  his  mind 
reacted  with  tenfold  force  on  the  spirit  of  the  age. 
In  the  year  1685  his  fame,  though  splendid,  was 
only  dawning  ;  but  his  genius  was  in  the  merid- 
ian.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  383, 

2341.  GENIUS,  Toils  of.  Virgil.  Seven  years 
the  poet  is  said  to  have  expended  in  the  composi- 
tion of  the  Georgics,  and  they  could  all  be  print- 
ed in  about  seven  columns  of  an  ordinary  newspa- 
per. Tradition  reports  that  he  was  in  the  habit 
of  composing  a  few  lines  in  the  morning,  and 
spending  the  rest  of  the  day  in  polishing  them, 
Campbell  used  to  say  that  if  a  poet  made  one 
good  line  a  week,  he  did  very  well ;  but  Moore 
thought  that  if  a  poet  did  his  duty  he  could  get 
a  line  done  every  day.  Virgil  seems  to  have  ac- 
complished about  four  lines  a  week  ;  but  then 
they  have  lasted  eighteen  hundred  years,  and  will 
last  eighteen  hundred  years  more. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BiOG.,  p.  139. 

2342.  GENIUS,  unappreciated.  Wa^ington. 
A.D.  1777.  [Victorious  at  Brandy  wine,  the  Brit- 
ish were  advancing  on  Philadelphia.]  John  Ad- 
ams blamed  Washington  without  stint.  .  .  . 
"  O  Heaven,  grant  us  one  great  soul  !  One  lead- 
ing mind  would  extricate  the  best  cause  from 
that  ruin  which  seems  to  await  it." — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  23. 

2343.  GENIUS  uncontrolled.  Edrmind  Burke. 
No  man  had  a  better  heart  or  more  thoroughly 
hated  oppression ;  but  he  possessed  neither  ex- 
perience in  affairs  nor  tranquil  judgment  nor  the 
rule  over  his  own  spirit,  so  that  his  genius,  under 
the  impulse  of  his  bewildering  passions,  wrought 
much  evil  to  his  country  and  to  Europe,  even 
while  he  rendered  noble  service  to  the  cause  of 
commercial  freedom,  to  Ireland  and  to  America. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  15. 

2344.  GENIUS,  Undiscovered.  Columbus. 
He  applied  himself  first  to  the  State  of  Genoa, 
of  Avhich  he  was  a  subject,  and  humbly  solicited 
the  public  aid  for  assistance  to  attempt  some  dis- 
coveries in  the  western  seas.  He  was  treated  as 
a  visionary  by  his  countrymen, and  with  the  same 
ill  success  he  made  application  to  tlie  courts  of 
Portugal  and  of  England.  He  then  betook  him- 
self to  Spain,  where,  after  fruitless  solicitation 
for  several  years,  he  at  length  obtained  [help] 
from  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  21,  p.  305. 


278 


GENIUS— GESTICULATION. 


2345. .  Admiral  Blake.    Such  was 

Robert  Blake,  when,  at  fifty  years  of  age,  he  was 
called  forth  to  an  entirely  new  world  of  work, 
and  from  a  general  on  the  field  to  tread  the  deck 
as  an  admiral  on  the  seas.  Excellent  as  the  ser- 
vice was  which  he  had  rendered  as  a  soldier,  we 
should  scarcely  have  heard  his  name  but  that  he 
added  to  all  that  had  gone  before  the  renown  of 
a  sailor  whose  name  shines  as  an  equal  by  the 
side  of  Drake,  Nelson,  Collingwood,  and  Hood  ; 
and  yet  how  strange  it  seems  that  he  should  rise 
to  the  rank  of  a  first-rate  English  seaman  after 
his  fiftieth  year  !  strange  that  he  should  have 
been  equal  to  such  victorious  fights  !  and  yet 
probably  in  our  day  he  would  not  have  passed 
either  a  civil  or  an  uncivil  service  examination. 
— Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  16,  p.  205. 

2346.  GENIUS,  Work  of.  Epaminondas.  The 
ancient  historians  have  ranked  him  among  the 
greatest  heroes  and  most  illustrious  characters 
of  antiquity.  ...  As  a  general,  there  needs  no 
other  criterion  of  his  merit  than  to  compare  the 
situation  in  which  he  found  his  country — en- 
slaved, oppressed,  weak,  and  inconsiderable — 
with  that  in  which  he  left  it — the  most  formid- 
able power  in  Greece.  As  a  private  citizen,  his 
social  virtues,  the  generosity  of  his  disposition, 
a  total  disregard  of  wealth,  which  his  high  em- 
ployments gave  him  an  easy  opportunity  of  ac- 
cumulating, his  eminent  philosophical  and  lit- 
erary genius,  and,  above  all,  a  modest  simplicity 
of  demeanor,  which  added  lustre  to  all  his  nu- 
merous accomplishments,  were  the  distinguish- 
ing features  of  his  character.  With  him  the 
glory  of  his  country  may  be  said  to  have  been 
born  and  to  have  died  ;  for  from  the  inauspi- 
cious day  of  his  death  the  Theban  power  van- 
ished at  once,  and  that  Boeotian  republic  sunk 
again  into  its  original  obscurity. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3,  p.  167. 

2347. .  Lycurgus.  "He  appear- 
ed," says  Plato,  "like  a  god  among  men."  He 
realized  and  actually  executed  what  the  great- 
est philosophers  have  scarcely  dared  to  im- 
agine :  to  raise  men  above  the  passion  of  inter- 
est, above  pain,  above  pleasure ;  to  extinguish 
in  them  the  strongest  propensities  of  nature,  and 
to  fill  their  whole  souls  with  the  love  of  glory 
and  of  their  country. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1, 
ch.  9,  p.  68. 

234§.  GENTILITY  by  Restraint.  Samuel 
Johnson.  An  elegant  manner  and  easiness  of  be- 
havior are  acquired  gradually  and  impercepti- 
bly. No  man  can  say,  "  I'll  be  genteel."  There 
are  ten  genteel  women  for  one  genteel  man,  be- 
cause they  are  more  restrained.  A  man  with- 
out some  degree  of  restraint  is  insufferable  ; 
but  we  are  all  less  restrained  than  women.  Were 
a  woman  sitting  in  company  to  put  out  her 
legs  before  her  as  most  men  do,  we  should  be 
tempted  to  kick  them  in. — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  303. 

2349.  GENTILITY, Vicious.  SamuelJohnson. 
Boswell:  . . .  The  gentee  lest  characters  are  of  ten 
the  most  immoral.  Does  not  Lord  Chesterfield 
give  precepts  for  uniting  wickedness  and  the 
graces  ?  A  man,  indeed,  is  not  genteel  when  he 
gets  drunk  ;  but  most  vices  may  be  committed 
very  genteelly  :  a  man  may  debauch  his  friend's 
wife  genteelly  ;  he  may  cheat  at  cards  genteelly. " 
HiCKY :  "  I  do  not  think  that  is  genteel."   Bos- 


well :  "  Sir,  it  may  not  be  like  a  gentleman,  but 
it  may  be  genteel."  Johnson  :  "  You  are  mean- 
ing two  different  things.  One  means  exterior 
grace ;  the  other,  honor.  It  is  certain  that  a 
man  may  be  very  immoral  with  exterior  grace. 
Lovelace, in '  Clarissa,'  is  a  very  genteel  and  a  very 
wicked  character.  Tom  Hervey,  who  died 
t'other  day,  though  a  vicious  man,  was  one  of 
the  genteelest  men  that  ever  lived."  Tom  Daviea 
instanced  Charles  II. — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  245. 

2350.  GENTLENESS,  Power  of.  Christian. 
Mr.  Marsh,  of  Monsul,  relates  of  an  Armenian, 
named  John,  that  when  living  at  Constantinople 
he  was  hired  by  persecuting  Armenians  to  strike 
a  watchmaker.  The  latter,  upon  receiving  the 
blow,  nobly  prayed,  "May  God  bless  you." 
This  remarkable  answer  was  effectual;  "for," 
said  John,  in  allusion  to  the  affair,  "  I  could  not 
strike  again,  and  at  night  I  said  to  the  money, 
'  Instead  of  my  eating  you,  you  will  eat  me  ?' " 

2351. .  Exhibited.  Before  his  con- 
version Rev.  Matthias  Joyce  was  a  fearfully 
wi(;ked  man.  When  fifteen  years  old  he  came 
near  murdering  the  child  of  his  master  with 
a  pair  of  shears ;  when  nineteen  he  ran  from 
home  to  enlist  on  a  man-of-war,  and  made 
an  attempt  to  kill  himself.  He  became  a  gam- 
bler, and  attempted  to  murder  a  young  man  whom 
he  had  led  into  vice  ;  he  sank  into  drunkenness 
which  nearly  caused  his  death.  He  was  drawn 
by  the  crowd  to  hear  Mr.  Wesley  preach,  who 
obtained  great  power  over  his  mind  by  one  of 
his  simple  and  characiteristic  acts  of  tenderness 
toward  a  child.  He  says  :  "  What  endeared  him 
still  more  to  me  was  seeing  him  stoop  down 
and  kiss  a  little  child  that  sat  on  the  stairs  of 
the  pulpit. "  For  thirty  years  he  was  a  pure,  de- 
vout, and  successful  minister. — Stevens'  Meth- 
odism, vol.  2,  p.  303. 

2352.  GESTICULATION  a  Specialty.  Ancient 
Actors.  The  ancient  actors  used  in  their  perform- 
ance a  great  deal  of  gesticulation,  which  was 
requisite,  from  tbe  immense  size  of  their  thea- 
tres, in  order  to  supply  the  defect  of  the  voice. 
...  A  violent  and  strongly  marked  gesticula- 
tion was  therefore  in  some  degree  necessary ; 
and  this  led  to  a  very  extraordinary  practice  in 
the  latter  period  of  the  Roman  theatre — namely, 
that  there  were  two  persons  employed  in  the 
representation  of  one  character.  Livy,  the  his- 
torian, relates  the  particular  incident  which  gave 
rise  to  this  practice.  The  poet  Livius  Andron- 
icus,  in  acting  upon  the  stage  in  one  of  his  own 
plays,  was  called  by  the  plaudits  of  the  audience 
to  repeat  some  favorite  passages  so  frequently, 
that  his  voice  became  inaudible  through  hoarse- 
ness, and  he  requested  that  a  boy  might  be  al- 
lowed to  stand  in  front  of  the  musicians  and  re- 
cite the  part,  while  he  himself  performed  the 
consonant  gesticulation.  It  was  remarked,  says 
the  historian,  that  his  action  was  much  more  free 
and  forcible  from  being  relieved  of  the  labor  of 
utterance  ;  and  hence  it  became  customary,  adds 
Livy,  to  allow  this  practice  in  monologues,  or 
soliloquies,  and  to  require  both  voice  and  gest- 
ure from  the  same  actor  only  in  the  colloquial 
parts.  We  have  it  on  the  authority  of  Lucian 
that  the  same  practice  came  to  be  introduced 
upon  the  Greek  stage.  Formerly,  says  that  au- 
thor, the  same  actors  both  recited  and  gesticu- 


GHOST— GIFTS. 


879 


lated  ;  but  as  it  was  observed  that  the  continual 
motion,  by  affecting  the  breathing  of  the  actor, 
was  an  impediment  to  distinct  recitation,  it  was 
judged  better  to  make  one  actor  recite  and 
another  gesticulate. — Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  3, 
ch.  8,  p.  350. 

2353.  GHQST,  An  improvised.  Oliver  Oold- 
smith.  At  another  of  these  meetings  there  was 
an  earnest  dispute  on  the  question  of  ghosts, 
some  being  firm  believers  in  the  possibility  of 
departed  spirits  returning  to  visit  their  friends 
and  familiar  haunts.  One  of  the  disputants  set 
sail  the  next  day  for  London,  but  the  vessel  put 
back  through  stress  of  weather.  His  return  was 
unknown  except  to  one  of  the  believers  in  ghosts, 
who  concerted  with  him  a  trick  to  be  played  off 
on  the  opposite  party.  In  the  evening,  at  a 
meeting  of  the  studeiits,  the  discussion  was  re- 
newed ;  and  one  of  the  most  strenuous  oppos- 
ers  of  ghosts  was  asked  whether  he  considered 
himself  proof  against  ocular  demonstration  ? 
He  persisted  in  his  s(;offlng.  Some  solemn  proc- 
ess of  conjuration  was  performed,  and  the  com- 
rade supposed  to  bes  on  his  way  to  London  made 
his  appearance.  Tiie  effect  was  fatal.  The  un- 
believer fainted  at  tiie  sight,  and  ultimately  went 
mad. — Irving's  Gi>ldsmith,  ch.  4,  p.  39. 

2354.  GHOSl*?.,  Belief  in.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Of  John  Wesley',  \)'i  said  :  "  He  can  talk  well  on 
any  subject."  Bcswell  :  "Pray,  sir,  what  has 
he  made  of  his  story  of  the  ghost  ?"  Johnson  : 
"  Why,  sir,  he  believes  it ;  but  not  on  sufficient 
authority.  He  did  not  take  time  enough  to  ex- 
amine the  girl.  It  was  at  Newcastle,  where  the 
ghost  was  said  to  have  appeared  to  a  young 
■woman  several  times,  mentioning  something 
about  the  right  to  an  old  house,  advising  appli- 
cation to  be  made  to  an  attorney,  which  was  done; 
and  at  the  same  time  saying  the  attorney 
would  do  nothing,  which  proved  to  be  the  fact. 
*  This,'  says  John,*  is  a  proof  that  a  ghost  knows 
our  thoughts.'  Now  (laughing)  it  is  not  neces- 
saay  to  know  our  thoughts  to  tell  that  an  at- 
torney will  sometimes  do  nothing.  Charles  Wes- 
ley, who  is  a  more  stationary  man,  does  not  be- 
lieve the  story.  I  am  sorry  that  John  did  not 
take  more  pains  to  inquire  into  the  evidence  for 
it."  Miss  Seward  (with  an  incredulous  smile) : 
"  What,  sir  !  about  a  ghost  ?"  Johnson  (with 
solemn  vehemence):  "Yes,  madam;  this  is  a 
question,  which,  after  five  thousand  years,  is  yet 
undecided — at,  question,  whether  in  theology  oi- 
philosophy,  one  of  the  most  important  that  can 
come  before  the  human  understanding." — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  382. 

2355.  GHOSTS,  Fear  of.  In  Biam.  [When 
a  death  occurs],  after  a  day  or  two  the  coffin  is 
removed,  not  through  the  door,  but  through  an 
opening  specially  made  in  the  wall,  and  is  escort- 
ed thrice  around  the  house  at  full  speed,  in  order 
that  the  dead,  forgetting  the  way  through  which 
he  has  passed,  may  not  return  to  molest  the  liv- 
ing.— Genekaij  Grant's  Travels,  p.  383. 

2356.  GIFT,  A  dangerous.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Tom  Hervey  had  a  great  liking  for  Johnson, 
and  in  his  will  had  left  him  a  legacy  of  £50. 
One  day  he  said  to  me,  "  Johnson  may  want  this 
money  now  more  than  afterward.  I  have  a 
mind  to  give  it  him  directly.     Will  you  be  so 

food  as  to  carry  a  £50  note  from  me  to  him  ?" 
'his  I  positively  refused  to  do,  as  he  might,  per- 


haps, have  knocked  me  down  for  insulting  Mm. 
and  have  afterward  put  the  note  in  his  pocket. 
But  I  said  if  Hervey  would  write  him  a  letter, 
and  enclose  a  £50  note,  I  should  take  care  to 
deliver  it. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  149. 

2357.  GIFT,  A  rejected.  Napoleon  I.  [The 
Duke  of  Modena  sued  for  peace.]  When,  in  treaty 
with  the  Duke  of  Modena,  the  Commissary  of  the 
French  army  came  to  Napoleon  and  said",  "  The 
brother  of  the  duke  is  here  with  $800,000  in 
gold.  .  .  .  He  comes  in  the  name  of  the  duke 
to  beg  you  to  accept  them,  and  I  advise  you  to  do 
so.  The  money  belongs  to  you.  Take  it  with- 
out scruple."  .  .  .  "  I  thank  you,"  replied  Na- 
poleon, coolly ;  "I  shall  not,  for  that  sum, 
place  myself  in  the  power  of  the  Duke  of 
Modena."  The  whole  contribution  went  into  the 
army  chest. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  5. 

235  §.  GIFTS  of  Affection.  Napoleon  I.  [Af- 
ter his  restoration  to  the  throne  he  visited  the 
school  he  had  established]  at  Ecouen  for  the 
orphan  daughters  of  the  members  of  the  L(  gion 
of  Honor.  [He  was  received  with  intense  en- 
thusiasm.] .  .  .  One  of  the  young  ladies  vent- 
ured to  slip  a  ring  upon  Napoleon's  finger. 
Encouraged  by  the  smile  of  the  emperor,  the 
rest,  rushing  upon  him,  seized  his  hands  and 
covered  them  with  these  pledges  of  love  and 
gratitude.  "  Young  ladies,"  said  the  emperor, 
' '  they  shall  be  as  precious  to  me  as  the  jewels 
of  my  crown."  On  retiring  to  his  carriage  he 
exclaimed,  with  moistened  eyes,  "  This  is  the 
height  of  happiness  ;  these  are  the  most  delight- 
ful moments  of  my  life  1"  — Abbott's  Napoleon 
B.,  vol.  3,  ch.  36. 

2359.  GIFTS,  Bridal.  OfPladdia.  The  mar 
riage  of  Adolphus  and  Placidia  was  consummat- 
ed before  the  Goths  retired  from  Italy  ;  and  the 
solemn,  perhaps  the  anniversary,  day  of  their 
nuptials  was  afterward  celebrated  in  the  house 
of  Ingenuus,  one  of  the  most  illustrious  citizens 
of  Narbonne  in  Gaul.  The  bride,  attired  and 
adorned  like  a  Koman  empress,  was  placed  on  a 
throne  of  state  ;  and  the  king  of  the  Goths,  who 
assumed,  on  this  occasion,  the  Roman  habit, 
contented  himself  with  a  less  honorable  seat  by 
her  side.  The  nuptial  gift,  which,  according  to 
the  custom  of  his  nation,  was  offered  to  Placidia, 
consisted  of  the  rare  and  magnificent  spoils  of 
her  country.  Fifty  beautiful  youths,  in  silken 
robes,  carried  a  basin  in  each  hand  ;  and  one  of 
these  basins  was  filled  with  pieces  of  gold,  the 
other  with  precious  stones  of  an  inestimable 
value. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31. 

2360.  GIFTS,  Fictitious.  Siege  of  Borne.  The 
Goths  were  apprehensive  of  disturbing,  by  any 
rash  hostilities,  the  negotiation  to  which  Beli- 
sarius  had  craftily  listened.  They  credulously 
believed  that  they  saw  no  more  than  the  van- 
guard of  a  fleet  and  army,  which  all  eady  covered 
the  Ionian  Sea  and  the  plains  of  Campania  ;  and 
the  illusion  was  supported  by  the  haughty  lan- 
guage of  [Belisarius]  the  Roman  general,  when 
lie  gave  audience  to  the  ambassadors  of  Vitiges. 
After  a  specious  discourse  to  vindicate  the  jus- 
tice of  his  cause,  they  declared  that,  for  the  sake 
of  peace,  they  were  disposed  to  renounce  the 
possession  of  Sicily.  "  The  emperor  is  not  less 
generous,"  replied  his  lieutenant,  with  a  disdaio.- 
ful  smile,  "in  return  for  a  gift  which  you  on 


280 


GIFTS— GOD. 


longer  possess  ;  he  presents  you  with  an  ancient 
province  of  the  empire  ;  he  resigns  to  the  Goths 
the  sovereignty  of  the  British  island." — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  41, 

2361.  GIFTS,  Bare.  To  Boyalty.  The  gifts 
which  a  rich  and  generous  matron  of  Pelopon- 
nesus presented  to  the  Emperor  Basil,  her  adopt- 
ed son,  were  doubtless  fabricated  in  the  Grecian 
looms.  Danielis  bestowed  a  carpet  of  fine  wool, 
of  a  pattern  which  imitated  the  spots  of  a  pea- 
cock's tail,  of  a  magnitude  to  overspread  the 
floor  of  a  new  church,  erected  in  the  triple  name 
of  Christ,  of  Michael  the  archangel,  and  of  the 
prophet  Elijah.  She  gave  six  hundred  pieces  of 
silk  and  linen,  of  various  use  and  denomination  ; 
the  silk  was  painted  with  the  Tyrian  dye,  and 
adorned  by  the  labors  of  the  needie  ;  and  the 
linen  was  so  exquisitely  fine,  that  an  entire  piece 
might  be  rolled  in  the  hollow  of  a  cane. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  53. 

2362.  GLOEY  departed.  Portuguese.  In  the 
court  of  a  Portuguese  king  the  compass  was  first 
seriously  studied.  There,  too,  were  constructed 
the  first  tables  of  the  sun's  declinations,  for  sail- 
ors' use  ;  and  there  was  first  disclosed  the  modern 
mode  of  taking  observations  of  the  sun.  By 
Portuguese  navigators  the  islands  lying  off 
the  African  coast — the  Azores,  Madeiras,  Cape 
Verdes,  and  others — were  discovered.  Portu- 
guese sailors  first  ventured  down  along  the  coast 
of  Africa  ;  first  visited  the  negro  in  his  native 
home  ;  first  saw  the  elephant ;  first  brought  to 
Europe  pepper,  ivory,  and  gold  dust  from  the 
shores  of  Guinea  ;  first  planted  the  cross  upon 
those  distant  coasts  ;  first  saw  that  remote  head- 
land which  was  afterward  named  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  ;  first  doubled  the  cape,  and  so 
reached  by  sea  the  East  Indies.  These  were 
great  achievements,  second  in  importance  only 
to  the  discovery  of  a  new  continent,  and  surpass- 
ing even  that  in  difficulty  and  danger. — Cyclo- 
pedia OP  BioG.,  p.  283. 

2363.  GLORY,  Enduring,  Goodness.  [Agesi- 
laus,  the  Lacedaemonian  king]  might  have  led 
Tigranes,  King  of  Armenia,  captive  at  the  wheels 
of  his  chariot ;  he  rather  chose  to  make  him  an 
ally  ;  on  which  occasion  he  made  use  of  that 
memorable  expression,  ' '  I  prefer  the  glory  that 
will  last  forever  to  that  of  a  day." — Plutarch. 

2364.  GLORY,  False,  Edward  III.  The  reign 
of  Edward  III.,  which  was  of  fifty-one  years' 
duration,  is,  on  the  whole,  certainly  one  of  the 
most  glorious  in  the  annals  of  England  ;  nor 
is  it  alone  the  splendor  of  his  foreign  victo- 
ries which  has  contributed  to  render  the  memory 
of  this  king  great  and  illustrious.  His  foreign 
wars,  though  most  eminently  successful,  were 
neither  founded  in  justice  nor  productive  of  any 
substantial  benefit  to  the  nation.  But  England 
in  his  time  enjoyed  domestic  tranquillity.  His 
nobles  were  overawed  by  the  spirit  and  valor  of 
their  sovereign,  and  his  people  attached  to  him 
on  account  of  his  acts  of  munificence  and  his 
salutary  laws. — Tytler'sHist.,  Book  6,  ch.  12. 

2365.  GLORY  forgotten.  Pyramids.  Of  the 
purpose  for  which  those  obelisks  were  reared  we 
can  only  form  conjectures,  as  the  ancient  writers 
give  us  no  information.  It  has  been  supposed 
that  they  were  intended  to  serve  as  gnomons  for 
astronomical  purposes,  or  to  determine  the  length 


of  the  solar  year  by  the  measure  of  the  meridian 
shadows ;  but  their  situation  upon  uneven 
ground,  and  the  number  of  them,  sometimes 
three  or  four  erected  in  the  same  place,  give  no 
countenance  to  that  idea  ;  .  .  .  was  probably  to 
commemorate  or  record  either  public  events  in 
the  history  of  the  nation,  or  to  be  registers  of 
the  season  as  affected  by  the  periodical  inunda- 
tions of  the  Nile.  ,  .  .  But  neither  the  age  nor  the 
builders  of  those  structures  are  known  with  any 
degree  of  certainty  ;  a  just  reward,  as  Pliny  well 
remarks,  of  the  vanity  of  such  undertakings. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4,  p.  38. 

2366.  GLORY  to  God  only,  Cromwell.  [Crom- 
well, in  announcing  the  victory  at  the  battle  of 
Naseby  to  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, added  :]  "  Sir,  this  is  none  other  but  the 
hand  of  God,  and  to  Him  alone  give  the  glory, 
wherein  none  are  to  share  with  Him. " — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  3,  p.  42. 

2367.  GLORY,  Military,  Trajan.  Trajan  was 
ambitious  of  fame ;  and  as  long  as  mankind 
shall  continue  to  bestow  more  liberal  applause 
on  their  destroyers  than  on  their  benefactors,  the 
thirst  of  military  glory  will  ever  be  the  vice  of 
the  most  exalted  characters.  The  praises  of 
Alexander,  transmitted  by  a  succession  of  poets 
and  historians,  had  kindled  a  dangerous  emula- 
tion in  the  mind  of  Trajan.  Like  him,  the 
Roman  emperor  undertook  an  expedition  against 
the  nations  of  the  East ;  but  he  lamented  with  a 
sigh  that  his  advanced  age  scarcely  left  him  any 
hopes  of  equalling  the  renown  of  the  son  of 
Philip.  Yet  the  success  of  Trajan,  however 
transient,  was  rapid  and  specious — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  1. 

236§.  GOD,  Conception  of.  American  Indians. 
The  God  of  the  savage  was  what  the  meta- 
physician endeavors  to  express  by  the  word  sub- 
stance. The  red  man,  unaccustomed  to  generaliza- 
tion, obtained  no  conception  of  an  absolute  sub- 
stance, of  a  self -existent  being,  but  saw  a  divinity 
in  every  power.  Wherever  there  was  being,  mo- 
tion, or  action,  there  to  him  was  a  spirit.  .  .  . 
When  he  feels  his  pulse  throb  or  his  heart  beat  he 
knows  that  it  is  a  spirit.  .  .  .  Faith  in  the  Great 
Spirit .  .  .  infused  itself  into  the  heart  of  the  re- 
motest tribes. — Bancroft's U.  S.,vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

2369. .  General  La  Hire.  [Joan  of 

Arc  found  rough  soldiers  in  the  army  of  Charles 
VII.]  These  brigands,  it  is  true,  hit  upon 
strange  means  of  reconciling  religion  and  rob- 
bery. One  of  them,  the  Gascon  La  Hire,  gave 
vent  to  the  original  remark:  "Were  God  to 
turn  man-at-arms.  He  would  be  a  plunderer  ;" 
and  when  he  went  on  a  foray,  he  offered  up  his 
little  Gascon  prayer  without  entering  too  mi- 
nutely into  his  wants,  conceiving  that  God  would 
take  a  hint :  "  Sire  God,  I  pray  thee  to  do  for  La 
Hire  what  La  Hire  would  do  for  thee  wert  thou 
a  captain  and  wert  La  Hire  God." — Miche- 
let's  Joan  op  Arc,  p.  12. 

2370.  GOD,  Existence  of.  Atheists.  [During 
the  Reign  of  Terror  the  French  were  declared 
to  be  a  nation  of  atheists  by  the  National  As- 
sembly ;  but  a  brief  experience  convinced  them 
that  a  nation  of  atheists  could  not  long  exist. 
Robespierre  then]  proclaimed  in  the  Convention 
that  belief  in  the  existence  of  a  God  was  neces- 
sary to  those  principles  of  virtue  and  morality 


GOD. 


281 


upon  which  the  republic  was  founded  ;  and  on 
the  7th  of  May  the  national  representatives,  who 
had  so  lately  prostrated  themselves  before  the 
Ooddess  of  Reason,  voted  by  acclamation  that 
"  the  French  people  acknowledge  the  existence 
of  the  Supreme  Being,  and  the  immortality  of 
the  soul." — Students'  France,  ch.  27,  §  6. 

^371.  GOD  our  Father.  Egyptians.  Alexan- 
der the  Great  went  to  hear  Psammo,  an  Egyp- 
tian philosopher ;  and  the  saying  of  his  that 
pleased  him  most  was  that  all  men  are  gov- 
erned by  God,  for  in  everything  that  which 
rules  or  governs  is  divine.  But  Alexander's 
■own  maxim  was  more  agreeable  to  sound  phi- 
losophy ;  he  said  :  "  God  is  the  common  Father 
-of  men,  but  more  particularly  of  the  good  and 
t\\Q  virtuous." — Plutauch's  Alexander. 

2372.  GOD,  First  for.  Thomas  More.  Young 
lis  he  was.  More  no  sooner  quitted  the  univer- 
sity than  he  was  known  throughout  Europe  as 
one  of  the  foremost  figures  in  the  new  move- 
ment. ...  In  a  higher,  because  in  a  sweeter 
and  more  lovable  form  than  Colet,  More  is  the 
representative  of  the  religious  tendency  of  the 
new  learning  of  England.  The  young  law 
student  who  laughed  at  the  superstition  and 
asceticism  of  the  monks  of  his  day  wore  a  hair 
shirt  next  his  skin,  and  schooled  himself  by  pen- 
ances for  the  cell  he  desired  among  the  Carthu- 
sians. It  was  characteristic  of  the  man  that 
iunong  all  the  gay,  profligate  scholars  of  the 
Italian  Renaissance,  he  chose  as  the  object  of 
his  admiration  the  disciple  of  Savonarola,  Pico 
di  Mirandola.  Free-thinker  as  the  bigots"  who 
listened  to  his  daring  speculations  termed  him, 
his  eye  would  brighten  and  his  tongue  falter  as 
he  spoke  with  friends  of  heaven  and  the  af ter- 
•ife.  When  he  took  office,  it  was  with  the  open 
stipulation,  "First  to  look  to  God,  and  after  God 
to  the  king." — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  519. 

2373.  GOD,  Ideas  of.  PhilosopJiers.  Of  the 
four  most  celebrated  schools,  the  Stoics  and  the 
1  "latonists  endeavored  to  reconcile  the  jarring  in- 
k' rests  of  reason  and  piety.  They  liave  left  us  the 
most  sublime  proofs  of  the  existence  and  perfec- 
tions of  the  first  cause  ;  but  as  it  Avas  impossible 
ior  them  to  conceive  the  creation  of  matter,  the 
■workman  in  the  Stoic  philosophy  was  not  sufii- 
•ciently  distinguished  from  the  work  ;  while,  on 
the  contrary,  the  spiritual  God  of  Plato  and  his 
■disciples  resembled  an  idea  rather  than  a  sub- 
jstance. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  2. 

2374.  GOD,  Ignorance  of.  Sage.  [Zayd,  one 
•of  the  sages  of  Mecca,]  broke  openly  with  the  re- 
ligion of  his  country  ;  he  blasphemed  heroically 
the  gods  of  the  Khoreisliites  ;  he  wished  to  travel 
into  foreign  lands  and  to  take  counsel  of  their 
■sages.  His  family  caused  him  to  be  kept  by  force 
•at  Mecca,  closely  watched  by  his  wife  Saphya. 
He  sighed  under  the  constraint  he  was  thus  sub- 
jected to.  He  was  sometimes  overheard,  with  his 
hack  against  the  wall  of  the  temple,  to  say  with 
l)itterness  to  the  unknown  God  who  was  agitat- 
ing his  conscience  :  "  Lord,  if  I  only  knew  how 
thou  wouldst  be  served  and  adored,  1  would  obey 
thy  will  ;  but  I  am  in  ignorance. "...  He  then 
prostrated  his  face  against  the  ground  and  moist- 
ened the  place  with  his  tears. — Lamartine's 
Turkey,  p.  60. 

2375.  GOD  invisible.  Bevealed.  [The  Ishma- 
elite  Arabs  have  a  tradition,  which  says  Abra- 


ham was  concealed  in  a  cave  when  an  infant, 
because  of  the  persecution  of  Nimrod.  There  he 
was]  nursed  by  the  angels,  grew  in  strength  and 
intellect  in  his  cavern.  His  first  egression  from 
it  was  by  night.  The  firmament  of  Chaldea, 
filled  with  luminous  creatures  that  floated  in  the 
ether,  revealed  to  him  God.  Only  he  was  not 
yet  able  to  distinguish  Him  from  His  works.  A 
star  resplendent  beyond  the  others  flrst  arrested, 
his  dazzled  eyes  :  ' '  There  is  my  God  !  "  exclaim- 
ed he  to  himself.  Presently  the  star  descended 
and  disappeared  in  the  horizon.  ' '  No,"  said  he, 
"that  cannot  be  the  God  whom  I  adore."  So 
with  several  other  constellations.  Afterward  the 
moon  arose:  "There  is  my  God,"  cried  he. 
And  it  set.  "  No,  it  is  not  my  God."  In  fine, 
the  sun  arose  majestically  in  the  East,  at  the  bor- 
der of  the  forest.  "  Here,  truly,  is  my  God," 
said  he;  "it  is  large  and  dazzling  beyond  all 
others."  The  sun  accomplished  his  career,  and 
went  down  in  the  horizon,  leaving  the  mantle  of 
night  upon  the  earth.  "  That  is  not  still  the  God 
I  look  for  to  adore,"  muttered  pensively  the  in- 
fant destined  for  the  adoration  of  the  divinity  in- 
visible, immovable,  and  eternal.  He  returned  to 
his  cavern  to  seek  his  God  in  his  own  soul. — 
Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  41. 

2376.  GOD,  A  political.  East  Indian.  The  re- 
ligion and  government  of  Thibet  form  one  of  the 
most  extraordinary  plienomena  in  the  history  of 
mankind.  The  kingdom  of  Thibet  is  governed 
by  a  young  man  personating  a  living  god,  who 
is  called  the  Great  Lama,  or  Dalai  Lama.  He  re- 
sides in  a  pagoda  or  temple  upon  a  mountain, 
where  lie  is  seen  continually  sitting  in  a  cross- 
legged  posture,  without  speaking  or  moving,  ex- 
cept sometimes  lifting  his  hand,  when  he  ap- 
proves of  the  addresses  of  his  votaries.  He  ap- 
pears to  be  a  young  man  of  a  fair  complexion, 
between  twenty  and  thirty  years  of  age.  Not 
only  the  people  of  Thibet,  but  the  neighboring 
princes,  resort  to  the  shrine  of  the  lama,  and 
bring  thither  the  most  magnificent  presents.  The 
lama  is  both  the  national  god  and  the  sovereign. 
He  appoints  deputies  under  him,  the  chief  of 
whom  is  called  the  Tipa,  who  manages  the  tem- 
poral affairs  of  the  kingdom,  which  it  is  beneath 
the  dignity  of  the  lama  ever  to  attend  to.  The 
creation  of  this  prince  or  god  is  kept  a  most 
mysterious  secret  by  the  priests.  When  it  is  the 
misfortune  of  this  poor  image  of  divinity  and 
sovereignty  to  fall  sick,  or  to  lose  his  youthful 
appearance,  he  is  put  to  death  by  the  priests, 
who  have  always  another  young  man  whom  they 
have  privately  educated  and  properly  trained  to 
supply  his  place.  Thus  the  religion  of  the  lama 
is  nothing  else  than  an  artful  contrivance  of 
the  priests  of  Thibet  to  engross  to  themselves 
the  sovereignty  and  absolute  government  of 
the  country. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  23, 
p.  333. 

2377.  GOD,  Presence  of.  Mahomet.  Three 
days  Mahomet  and  [AH]  his  companion  were  con- 
cealed in  the  cave  of  Thor,  at  the  distance  of  a 
league  from  Mecca  ;  and  in  the  close  of  each  even- 
ing they  received  from  the  son  and  daughter  of 
Abubeker  a  secret  supply  of  intelligence  and 
food.  The  diligence  of  the  Koreish  explored 
every  haunt  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  city  ;  they 
arrived  at  the  entrance  of  the  cavern ;  but  the 
providential  deceit  of    a  spider's    web  and  a 


283 


GOD— GODS. 


pigeon's  nest  is  supposed  to  convince  them  that 
the  place  was  solitary  and  inviolate.  "  We  are 
only  two,"  said  the  trembling  Abnbeker.  ' '  There 
is  a  third,"  replied  the  prophet ;  "  it  is  God  him- 
self." No  sooner  was  the  pursuit  abated  than  the 
two  fugitives  issued  from  the  rock  and  moimt- 
ed  their  camels. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50. 

237S. .     Huron  Chief.     [Brebceuf, 

the  Jesuit  missionary,  visited  the  Hurons.]  Be- 
fore you  came  to  this  country  (the  great  warrior 
Ahasistari)  .  .  .  would  say.  When  I  have  incur- 
red the  greatest  perils,  and  have  alone  escaped, 
I  have  said  to  myself, ' '  Some  powerful  spirit  has 
the  guardianship  of  my  days  ;"  and  he  professed 
his  belief  in  Jesus  as  the  good  genius  and  pro- 
tector whom  he  had  unconsciously  adored. — 
Banckopt's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  20. 

2379.  GOD  required.  The  Soul.  [Timour  the 
Tartar  desired  a  iiuiversal  conquest,  saying  the 
earth  was  too  small  for  more  than  one  master.] 
"  It  is  too  small  to  satisfy  the  ambition  of  a  great 
soul."  "The  ambition  of  a  great  soul," said  one 
day  to  him  the  Sheik  of  Samarcand,  "  is  not  to 
be  satisfied  by  the  possession  of  a  morsel  of  earth 
added  to  another,  but  by  the  possession  of  God, 
alone  sufficiently  great  to  fill  up  an  infinite 
thought." — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  310. 

23§0.  GOD,  Severity  of.  Scandinavians.  Odin 
.  .  .  was  their  principal  divinity  ;  ...  to  him 
they  attributed  every  character  that  could  in- 
spire fear  and  horror,  without  any  mixture  of  the 
amiable  or  merciful.  He  is  called  in  the  Edda 
the  terrible  and  severe  God,  the  father  of  car- 
nage, the  avenger,  the  deity  who  marks  out  those 
who  are  destined  to  be  slain.  This  terrible  God 
was  held  to  be  the  creator  and  father  of  the  uni- 
verse.— Tytler'sHist.,  Book  5,  ch.  6. 

23S1.  GOD,  Sons  of.  Christians.  How  decisive 
a  proof  is  this  of  Cromwell's  genius,  this  enlisting 
the  religious  enthusiasm  of  the  country  on  the 
side  of  the  Parliament ;  thus  fronting  the  idea  of 
lofty  birth  with  Divine  ancestry — loyalty  to  the 
king  with  loyalty  to  God — immense  possessions 
with  heirship  to  a  Divine  inheritance — and  obe- 
dience to  the  laws  and  prerogative  of  the  mon- 
arch Avith  obedience  to  those  truths  engraven 
on  the  "  tables  of  stone,"  but  written  by  the 
Divine  Spirit  on  "  the  fleshly  table  of  the  heart," 
in  the  heroism  of  discipline  and  faith  and  prayer. 
— Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  6,  p.  100. 

23§2.  GOD,  Views  of.  Cmiforting.  On  one 
occasion  he  required  a  Saxon  peasant  to  repeat 
the  Creed.  He  began,  "I  believe  in  God  the 
Father  Almighty,"  when  Luther  stopped  him 
and  asked,  "  What  is  Almighty  ?"  The  peasant 
replied,  "  I  do  not  know."  "  You  are  right,  my 
dear  fellow,"  responded  Luther  ;  "  neither  I  nor 
all  the  learned  men  can  tell  what  God's  power 
and  might  is.  But  do  you  continue  to  believe  in 
all  simplicity  that  God  is  your  beloved  and  faith- 
ful Father,  who  as  the  Only  Wise  can  and  will 
help  your  wife  and  children  in  every  hour  of 
need." — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  16,  p.  149. 

23§3.  (JOD,  Vision  of.  American  Indians. 
On  approaching  maturity,  the  young  Chippewa, 
anxious  to  behold  God,  blackens  his  face  with 
charcoal,  and  building  a  lodge  of  cedar  boughs, 
it  may  be  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  there  begins  his 
fast  in  solitude.  The  fast  endures,  perhaps,  ten 
days,  sometimes  even  without  water,  till,  excited 


by  the  severest  irritation  of  thirst,  watchfulness, 
and  famine,  he  beholds  the  vision  of  God,  and 
knows  it  to  be  his  guardian  spirit. — Bancroft'? 
U.  S.,vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

23§4.  GOD,  Voice  of.  Joan  of  Arc.  Her  own 
words  describe  them  best.  "  At  the  age  of  thir- 
teen a  voice  from  God  came  to  her  to  help  hei 
in  ruling  herself,  and  that  the  voice  came  to  her 
about  the  hour  of  noon,  in  summer  time,  while 
she  was  in  her  father's  garden.  And  she  had  fast- 
ed the  day  before.  And  she  heard  the  voice  on 
her  right,  in  the  direction  of  the  church  ;  and 
when  she  heard  the  voice,  she  saw  also  a  blight 
light."  Afterward  St.  Michael  and  St.  Margaret 
and  St.  Catharine  appeared  to  her.  They  were 
always  in  a  halo  of  glory  ;  she  could  see  that 
their  heads  were  crowned  with  jewels  ;  and  she 
heard  their  voices,  which  were  sweet  and  mild. 
She  did  not  distinguish  their  arms  or  limbs.  She 
heard  them  more  frequently  than  she  saw  them  ; 
and  the  usual  time  when  she  heard  them  was 
when  the  church  bells  were  sounding  for  prayer. 
— Decisive  Battles,  §  373. 

23§5.  GOD,  Win  of.      Crusaders.     From  the  j 
synod  of  Placentia,  the  rumor  of  his  great  design ' 
had  gone  forth  among  the  nations  ;  the  clergy  on  I 
their  return  had  preached  in  every  diocese  the] 
merit  and  glory  of  the  deliverance  of  the  Holyj 
Land ;   and  when  the  pope  ascended  a   loft;i 
scaffold  in  the  market-place  of  Clermont,  his  elc 
quence  was  addressed  to  a  well-prepared  and  im| 
patient  audience.     His  topics  were  obvious,  his 
exhortation  was  vehement,  his  success  inevitableJ 
The  orator  was  interrupted  by  the  shout  of  thou| 
sands,  who  with  one  voice,  and  in  their  rustid 
idiom,   exclaimed   aloud,  "God  wills  it,   Goc 
wills  it."    "It  is  indeed  the  will  of  God,"  replied 
the  pope  ;  "  and  let  this  memorable  word,  the  inJ 
spiration  surely  of  the   Holy  Spirit,  be  forevei 
adopted  as  your  cry  of  battle,  to  animate  the  de 
votion  and  courage  of  the  champions  of  Christ^ 
His  cross  is  the  symbol  of  your  salvation  ;  weal 
it,  a  red,  a  bloody  cross,  as  an  external  mark,  oi 
your  breasts  or  shoulders,  as  a  pledge  of  your  sa 
cred  and  irrevocable  engagement."  The  proposal 
was  joyfully  accepted  ;  great  numbers,  both  of 
the  clergy  and  laity,  impressed  on  their  garment 
the  sign  of  the  cross,  and  solicited  the  pope 
march  at  their  head. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58| 
p.  543. 

23§6.  GODS,  Descent  from.  Spurious.  Ther 
was  a  woman  in  Pontus  who  gave  it  out  1  lat  s_h<! 
was  pregnant  by  Apollo. .  .  .  When  she  w{»  <  delivj 
eredof  a  son  .  .  .  gave  him  the  name  of  Mlenus.^ 
Lysander  took  this  miraculous  birth  for  a  foun- 
dation, and  raised  all  his  building  upon  it.  He 
made  choice  of  such  assistants  as  might  bring 
the  story  into  reputation,  and  put  it  beyond  sus- 
picion. Then  he  got  another  story  propagated  at 
Delphi  and  spread  at  Sparoa  that  certain  an- 
cient oracles  were  kept  in  the  private  registers 
of  the  priests,  which  it  was  not  lawful  to  touch 
or  to  look  upon,  until  in  some  future  age  a  per- 
son should  arise  who  could  clearly  prove  him- 
self the  son  of  Apollo,  and  he  was  to  interpret 
and  publish  those  oracles.  The  way  thus  pre 
pared,  Silenus  was  to  make  his  appearance,  as 
the  son  of  Apollo,  and  demand  the  oracles.  The 
priests,  who  were  in  combination,  were  to  in- 
quire into  every  article,  and  examine  him  strictly 
as  to  his  birth.     At  last  they  were  to  pretend  to 


GODS— GOODNESS. 


283 


be  convinced  of  his  divine  parentage,  and  to 
show  Iiim  the  books.  Silenus  then  was  to  read 
in  public  all  those  prophecies,  particularly  that 
for  which  the  whole  design  was  set  on  foot — 
namely,  that  it  would  be  more  for  the  honor 
and  interest  of  Sparta  to  set  aside  the  present 
race  of  kings,  and  choose  others  out  of  the  best 
and  most  worthy  of  men  in  the  commonwealth. 
But  when  Silenus  was  grown  up,  and  came  to 
undertake  his  part,  Lysander  had  the  mortifica- 
tion to  see  his  piece  miscarry  by  the  cowardice 
of  one  of  the  actors,  Avhose  heart  failed  him  just 
as  the  thing  was  going  to  be  put  in  execution. 
However,  nothing  of  this  was  discovered  while 
Lysander  lived. — Plutarch's  Lysandek. 

23§7.  GODS,  Great.  Persuanon— Force.  [The- 
mistocles  said  to  the  Adrians  when  he  wished 
to  exhort  money  from  them  :]  He  brought  two 
gods  along  with  him — Persuasion  and  Force. 
They  replied  they  had  also  two  great  gods  on 
iheir  side — Poverty  and  Despair,  who  forbade 
them  to  satisfy  him.  —  Plutarch's  Themisto- 

CLES. 

23§8.  GOLD,  Craze  for.  Emigrants  to  James- 
town. [Second  lot  of  emigrants.]  The  new- 
comers were  chiefly  vagabond  gentlemen  and 
goldsmiths,  who,  in  spite  of  the  remonstrances 
of  Smith,  .  .  .  believed  they  had  discovered 
grains  of  gold  in  a  glittering  earth.  .  .  .  "There 
was  now  no  talk,  no  hope,  no  work,  but  to  dig 
gold,  wash  gold,  refine  gold."  Newport,  the  com- 
mander, .  .  .  believed  himself  immeasurably 
rich,  as  he  embarked  for  England  with  a  freight 
of  worthless  earth. — Bancroft's  Hist,  of  U.  S., 
eh.  4. 

23§9.  GOLD,  Delusion  of.  Londoners.  One 
of  Frobisher's  ships  .  .  .  proceeded  to  the  north- 
west [seeking  a  passage  to  India  north  of  Hud- 
son's Strait]  ;  ...  he  came  upon  an  island  which 
he  supposed  to  be  the  mainland  of  Asia  ;  to  this 
he  gave  the  name  Meta  Incognita.  North  of  this 
island  he  entered  the  [Frobisher's]  Strait,  .  .  . 
carrying  home  with  him  ...  a  stone  which  was 
declared  by  the  English  refiners  to  contain  gold. 
London  was  greatly  excited.  Queen  Elizabeth 
herself  added  a  vessel  to  the  new  fleet  which  in 
.  .  .  1577  departed  for  Meta  Incognita  to  gather 
the  precious  metal  by  the  shipload.  .  .  .  The 
summer  was  unfavorable.  [The  ships  returned 
empty  after  passing  great  perils.]  Were  the 
English  gold-hunters  satisfied  ?  Not  at  all.  Fif- 
teen new  vessels  were  immediately  fitted  out. 
...  In  1578  .  .  .  the  third  voyage  was  begun. 
This  time  a  colony  was  to  be  planted  in  the  gold- 
regions,  .  .  .  twelve  of  the  ships  were  to  be 
freighted  with  gold-ore  and  return  to  London. 
.  .  .  They  encountered  icebergs  more  terrible 
than  ever.  The  vessels  finally  reached  Meta  In- 
cognita and  took  on  cargoes  of  dirt.  .  .  .  The 
provision  ship  now  slipped  away  and  returned 
to  London.  .  .  .  The  colony  which  was  to  be 
planted  was  no  longer  thought  of.  Faith  in  the 
shining  earth  which  they  had  stored  in  the  holds 
gave  way,  and  so,  with  .  .  .  several  tons  of  the 
spurious  ore,  .  .  .  the  ships  set  sail  for  home. 
The  El  Dorado  of  the  Esquimaux  had  proved  an 
utter  failure.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  6,  p.  80. 

2!{90. .     Spaniards.     In  the  year 

1526  Charles  V.  appointed  the  unprincipled  Pan- 
filo  de  Narvaez  governor  of  Florida,  .  .  .  with 
the  usual  privilege  of  conquest.  .  .  .  His  force 


consisted  of  260  soldiers  and  forty  horsemen. 
The  natives  treated  them  with  suspicion,  and, 
anxious  to  be  rid  of  the  intruders,  began  to  hold 
up  their  trinkets  and  to  point  to  the  north.  The 
hint  was  eagerly  taken  by  the  avaricious  Span- 
iards. .  .  .  They  struck  boldly  into  the  forests, 
expecting  to  find  cities  and  empires,  and  found 
instead  swamps  and  savages.  ...  A  squalid 
village  of  forty  cabins  .  .  .  was  the  mighty  city  to 
which  their  guides  had  directed  them.  .  .  .  They 
reached  the  sea  at  the  harbor  of  St.  Mark's.  .  .  . 
With  great  labor  they  constructed  brigantines, 
and  put  to  sea  in  the  vain  hope  of  reaching  the 
Spanish  settlements  in  Mexico.  .  .  .  They  were 
thrown  upon  the  shore,  drowned,  slain  by  the 
savages,  .  .  .  until  finally  four  miserable  men, 
of  all  the  adventurous  company, . . .  were  rescued 
at .  .  .  San  Miguel  on  the  Pacific  coast.  .  .  .  The 
story  can  hardly  be  paralleled  in  the  annals  of 
suffering  and  peril. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  4, 
p.  63. 

2391.  GOLD  vs.  Labor.  Hernando  Cortez. 
Being  then  nineteen,  he  took  passage  in  a  mer- 
chant vessel,  and  after  a  most  tempestuous  pas- 
sage reached  the  island  of  Hispaniola,  then  the 
seat  of  Spanish  power  in  America.  He  was  at 
that  time  a  very  handsome  young  man,  graceful, 
self-confident,  a  superior  swordsman  and  horse- 
man, and  highly  accomplished  in  all  warlike 
exercises.  On  leaving  the  ship  he  went  at  once 
to  the  house  of  the  governor,  a  friend  of  his 
family.  The  governor  being  absent  upon  an  ex- 
pediiion,  his  secretary  received  Cortez  with  po- 
liteness, and,  by  way  of  encouraging  a  new- 
comer, assured  him  that  the  governor,  upon  his 
retu«-n,  would  doubtless  allot  to  him  a  liberal 
tract  of  land.  "  Land  !"  said  Cortez,  "  I  come 
to  find  gold,  not  to  plough  the  ground  like  a 
peasant." — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  318. 

2392.  GOLD,  Euined  by.  John  A.  Sutter. 
[The  discoverer  of  gold  in  California.]  People 
often  say  what  they  would  do  if  they  should  find 
a  gold  mine,  evidently  supposing  that  a  man  who 
finds  a  gold  mine  is  made  rich  of  course.  But 
this,  it  appears,  is  not  always  the  case.  Neither 
the  man  who  discovered  gold  in  California  nor 
the  man  upon  whose  land  it  was  discovered  have 
been  benefited  by  it.  On  the  contrary,  the  dis- 
covery ruined  them  both,  and  both  are  to-day 
poor  men. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  522. 

2393.  GOOD,  Doing.  Daily.  [Alexander  the 
Great  found  in  Persia]  philosophers,  [who  were] 
so  called  from  their  goin^  naked.  [They]  were 
divided  into  tw^o  sects — the  Brachmani  and  the 
Germani.  The  Brachmani  were  most  esteemed 
because  there  was  a  consistency  in  their  princi- 
ples. Apuleius  tells  us  that  not  only  the  schol- 
ars but  the  younger  pupils  were  assembled 
about  dinner  time,  and  examined  what  good  they 
had  done  that  day  ;  and  such  as  could  not  point 
out  some  act  of  humanity  or  useful  pursuit  that 
they  had  been  engaged  in  were  not  allowed 
any  dinner. — Plutarch's  Alexander,  Lang- 
horne's  Note. 

2394.  GOODNESS,  False.     CharUaus.     [The  * 
Grecian]  was  so  remarkable  for  the  gentleness  of 
his  disposition,  that  Archelaus,  his  partner  in 
the  throne,  is  reported  to  have  said  to  some  that 
were  praising  the  young  king  :  ' '  Yes,  Charilaus 

is  a  good  man  to  be  sure,  who  cannot  find  in  his 


284 


GOODNESS— GOVERNMENT. 


heart  to  punish  the  bad." — Plutarch's  Lycur- 

GUS. 

2395.  GOOBNESS,  Greatness  of.  Pei-icles. 
When  he  was  at  the  point  of  death  his  surviving 
friends  and  the  principal  citizens  sitting  about 
his  bed  discoursed  together  concerning  his  ex- 
traordinary virtue  and  the  great  authority  he 
had  enjoyed,  and  enumerated  his  various  ex- 
ploits and  the  number  of  his  victories ;  for 
while  he  was  commander-in-chief  he  had  erected 
no  less  than  nine  trophies  to  the  honor  of  Athens. 
These  things  they  talked  of,  supposing  that  he 
attended  not  to  what  they  said,  but  that  his  senses 
were  gone.  He  took  notice,  however,  of  every 
word  they  had  spoken,  and  thereupon  delivered 
himself  audibly  as  follows:  "I  am  surprised, 
that  while  you  dwell  upon  and  extol  these  acts 
of  mine,  though  fortune  had  her  share  in  them, 
and  many  other  generals  have  performed  the 
like,  you  take  no  notice  of  the  greatest  and  most 
honorable  part  of  my  character,  that  no  Athe- 
nian, throitghmy  means,  ever  put  on  mourning." 
— Plutarch's  Pericles. 

2306. .    Puritans.     Those  who 

hated  the  Commonwealth  acknowledged    that 
England  never  stood  higher  than  when  she  de- 
manded justice  for  a  few  poor  cultivators  of  the 
Alps — those  who  had  kept  the  truth 
"When  all  our  fathers  worshipped  stocks  and 

stones." 
[Cromwell,  by  envoy  extraordinary,  had  remon- 
strated against  the  cruelties  to  the  Vaudois.  By 
his  firmness  and  earnestness  he  secured  to  them 
their  ancient  liberties.] — Knight's Eng. ,  vol.  4, 
ch.  13,  p.  198. 

2397.  GOODNESS,  Terrified  by.  Henry  III. 
[In  July  of  1261  Henry  III.]  was  at  Westmin- 
ster ;  and  being  in  his  pleasure  barge  on  the 
Thames  a  thunder-storm  came  on,  at  which  he 
was  alarmed,  and  landed  in  the  garden  of  the 
Bishop  of  Durham.  De  Montfort  was  in  the 
palace  of  the  bishop,  and  went  forward  to  meet 
the  king.  "  What  do  you  fear,  sir  ?"  said  the 
earl ;  "  the  storm  has  passed  over."  The  king 
replied,  ' '  I  fear  thunder  and  lightning  beyond 
measure  ;  but  b}^  God's  head  !  I  fear  you  more 
than  all  the  thunder  and  lightning  in  the  world." 
[The  earl  was  a  patriot  and  the  foremost  man 
of  his  times.]  —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  24, 
p.  372. 

239§.  GOSPEL,  Heavenly.  Sailor.  [John  Tun- 
nell,  one  of  the  early  Methodist  preachers  of 
that  church  in  America,  was  so  pale  he  resem- 
bled a  dead  man  ;  but  his  voice  was  strong 
and  musical,  and  his  style  was  eloquent.  A  sailor 
was  one  day  passing  where  he  was  preaching. 
He  stopped  to  listen,  and  was  observed  to  be 
much  affected.  Afterward  meeting  with  his 
companions,  he  said  :]  "  I  have  been  listening  to 
a  man  who  has  been  dead,  and  in  heaven  ;  but 
he  has  returned,  and  is  telling  the  people  all 
about  that  world." — Stevens'  M.  E.  Church, 
vol.  2,  ch.  6,  p.  38. 

2399.  GOSPEL,  Triumph  of.  Paganimn.  The 
ruin  of  paganism,  in  the  age  of  Theodosius,  is 
perhaps  the  only  example  of  the  total  extirpa- 
tion of  any  ancient  and  popular  superstition ; 
and  may  therefore  deserve  to  be  considered  as  a 
singular  event  in  the  history  of  the  human 
mind. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  28,  p.  131. 


2400.  GOSSIP,  Serviceable.  Omar.  [One  of 
Mahomet's  converts,  named]  Omar,  wishing  to 
let  his  conversion  transpire  among  the  Khore- 
ishites  without  avowing  it  himself,  went,  on  leav- 
ing the  meeting,  to  the  house  of  a  Khoreishite 
notorious  as  a  ncM'smonger  and  for  his  impotence 
to  keep  a  secret.  "  Listen,"  said  he  to  him,  "but 
do  not  betray  me  ;  I  have  just  made  a  secret  pro- 
fession of  faith  to  Islamism."  The  newsmonger 
runs  immediately  to  the  vestibule  of  the  Kaaba, 
the  habitual  resort  of  the  idlers  of  Mecca,  crying 
aloud  that  Omar  had  apostatized  the  idols,  ana 
was  become  perverted  like  the  others.  "Thou 
liest,"  said  Omar  to  him,  coming  up  behind: 
him  ;  "  I  am  not  perverted,  I  am  converted,  I  am 
a  Mussulman,  I  make  confession  that  there  are 
no  other  gods  but  the  only  God,  and  that  Ma- 
homet is  the  revealer  of  that  God." — Lamar- 
tine's  Turkey,  p.  90. 

2401.  GOVEENMENT,  Arbitrary.  British. 
The  most  general  cause  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion was  the  right  of  arbitrary  government, 
claimed  by  Great  Britain  and  denied  by  the  colo- 
nies. So  long  as  this  claim  was  asserted  by  Eng- 
land only  as  a  theory,  the  conflict  was  post- 
poned ;  when  the  English  Government  began  to 
enforce  the  principle  in  practice,  the  colonies  re- 
sisted. .  .  .  There  were  also  many  subordinate! 
causes  tending  to  bring  on  a  conflict. — Rid- 
path'sU.  S.,  ch.  37,  p.  285. 

2402.  GOVERNMENT,  Art  of.  Diocletian. 
Nor  were  the  vices  of  Maximian  less  useful  tohia 
benefactor.  Insensible  to  pity,  and  fearless  of 
consequences,  he  was  the  ready  instrument  of 
every  act  of  cruelty  which  the  policy  of  that  art-r 
ful  prince  might  at  once  suggest  and  disclaim. 
As  soon  as  a  bloody  sacrifice  had  been  offered  tO 
prudence  or  to  revenge,  Diocletian,  by  his  season- 
able intercession,  saved  the  remaining  few  whom, 
he  had  never  designed  to  punish,  gently  censured, 
the  severity  of  his  stern  colleague,  and  enjoyed 
the  comparison  of  a  golden  and  an  iron  age,whicl] 
was  universally  applied  to  their  opposite  maxims 
of  government.  Notwithstanding  the  difference 
of  their  characters,  the  two  emperors  maintained, 
on  the  throne,  that  friendship  which  they  had 
contracted  in  a  private  station.  The  haughty, 
turbulent  spirit  of  Maximian,  so  fatal  after 
ward  to  himself  and  to  the  public  peace,  wa 
accustomed  to  respect  the  genius  of  Diocletian, 
and  confessed  the  ascendancy  of  reason  over  bru« 
tal  violence. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  13,  p.  405. 

2403.  GOVEENMENT,  Atrocious.  Beign  oP 
James  II.  a.d.  1685.  The  history  of  our  colo 
nization  is  the  history  of  the  crimes  of  Europe. 
Thus  did  Jeffreys  contribute  [by  condemning  to 
transportation  and  sale  of  convicts]  to  people 
the  New  World.  .  .  .  Kidnapping  had  become 
common  in  Bristol ;  and  not  felons  only,  but 
young  persons  and  others,  were  hurried  across 
the  Atlantic  and  sold  for  money.  At  Bristol  the 
mayor  and  the  justices  would  intimidate  small 

,  rogues  and  pilferers,  who,  under  the  terror  of 
being  hanged,  prayed  for  transportation  as  the 
only  means  of  safety,  and  were  then  divided 
among  the  members  of  the  court  [who  sold 
them].  The  trade  was  exceedingly  profitable- 
far  more  so  than  the  slave-trade — and  had  been 
conducted  for  years. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  ch.  14. 

2404.  GOVERNMENT,  Coerced.  Charles  I 
There  was  j^et  one  last  expedient  Avhich,  as  the 


GOVERNMENT. 


285 


king  flattered  himself,  might  save  him  from  the 
misery  of  facing  another  House  of  Commons. 
.  .  .  Departing  from  the  uninterrupted  practice 
of  centuries,  he  called  a  great  council  consisting 
of  peers  alone.  But  the  lords  were  too  prudent 
to  assume  the  unconstitutional  functions  with 
which  he  wished  to  invest  them.  Without  money, 
without  credit,  without  authority  even  in  his 
own  camp,  he  yielded  to  the  pressure  of  neces- 
sity. The  houses  were  convoked,  and  the  elec- 
tions proved  that,  since  the  spring,  the  distrust 
and  hatred  with  which  the  government  was  re- 
garded had  made  fearful  progress.  —  Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  89. 

2405.  GOVERNMENT,    Complex.      Holland. 

i William  of  Orange  meditated  an  invasion  of 
England.]  It  seemed  very  doubtful  whether  he 
would  be  able  to  obtain  the  assistance  of  a  single 
battalion.  Of  all  the  difficulties  with  which  he 
had  to  struggle,  the  greatest,  though  little  no- 
ticed by  English  historians,  arose  from  the  con- 
stitution of  the  Batavian  republic.  No  great  so- 
ciety has  ever  existed  during  a  long  course  of 
years  under  a  polity  so  inconvenient.  The  States- 
General  could  not  make  war  or  peace,  could  not 
conclude  any  alliance  of  levy  any  tax,  without 
the  consent  of  the  States  of  every  province.  The 
States  of  a  province  could  not  give  such  con- 
sent without  the  consent  of  every  municipal- 
ity which  had  a  share  in  the  representation. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  381. 

2406.  GOVERNMENT,  Concentrated.  Beignof 
Georcje  III.  [It  was  resolved  to  tax  and  otherwise 
oppress  the  American  colonies.]  It  would  seem 
that  the  execution  of  so  momentous  a  design 
must  have  engaged  the  attention  of  the  whole  peo- 
ple of  England  and  of  the  civilized  world.  But  so 
entirely  was  the  British  Government  of  that  day 
in  the  hands  of  the  few,  and  so  much  was  their 
curiosity  engrossed  by  what  would  give  influence 
at  court  or  secure  votes  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, that  the  most  eventful  measures  ever 
adopted  in  that  country  were  entered  upon  with- 
out any  observation  on  the  part  of  historians  and 
writers  of  memoirs  at  the  time.  The  ministry  it- 
self was  not  aware  of  what  it  was  doing. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch  5. 

2407. .  Louis  XIV.  Louis  imbibed 

the  most  extravagant  ideas  of  the  nature  and 
extent  of  the  royal  prerogative.  ...  He  aimed 
to  concentrate  in  himself  individually  all  the 
powers  and  functions  of  government.  The  sov- 
ereign, in  his  view,  was  .  .  .  the  fountain  and 
author  of  all  law  and  all  justice.  This  theory  he 
was  accustomed  to  express  in  the  well-known 
apothegm,  "The  State  is  myself." — Students' 
France,  ch.  21,  §  1. 

240§.  GOVERNMENT  confased.    New  Jersey. 

It  was  almost  impossible  to  tell  to  whom  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  territory  rightfully  belonged. 
So  far  as  the  eastern  province  was  concerned, 
the  representatives  of  Carteret  claimed  it ;  the 
Governor  of  New  York  claimed  it ;  Penn  and 
his  associates  claimed  it.  As  to  the  western 
province,  the  heirs  of  Byllinge  claimed  it ;  Lu- 
cas, Laurie,  and  Penn  claimed  it ;  the  Governor 
of  New  York  claimed  it.  Over  all  these  stood 
the  paramount  claim  of  the  English  king.  From 
1689  to  1692  there  was  no  "settled  form  of 
government  in  the  territory.  And  for  ten  years 
thereafter  the  colony  was  vexed  .and  distracted 


with  the  presence  of  more  rulers  than  any  one 
province  could  accommodate. — Ridpath's  U.  S. 
ch.  24,  p.  207. 

2409.  GOVERNMENT,  Dangerous.  Deeemmrs. 
Whatever  we  may  judge  of  the  designs  of  these 
decemvirs,  it  is  certain  that  they  endeavored  to 
maintain  their  authority  by  extreme  violence,  and 
as  certain  that  they  became  almost  immediately 
the  objects  of  public  indignation.  From  their 
first  appearance  in  the  forum,  they  were  pre- 
ceded by  twelve  lictors,  who  constantly  carried 
the  fasces  armed  with  axes.  Their  suite  was 
commonly  composed  of  a  number  of  the  most  li- 
centious patricians  ;  profligates  loaded  with  debt 
or  stained  with  crimes  ;  men  whose  pleasure  lay 
in  every  species  of  disorder,  and  who  contributed 
a  desperate  aid  to  those  ministers  whose  power 
protected  them  in  their  lawless  excesses. . .  .  Such 
was  the  miserable  situation  of  Rome  under  her 
new  governors,  that  many  of  the  principal  citi- 
zens betook  themselves  for  refuge  to  the  allied 
states. — Gibbon's  Rome,  Book  3,  ch.  5,  p.  386. 

2410.  GOVERNMENT,  Demoralizing.  Bad. 
The  horrid  practice,  so  familiar  to  the  ancients, 
of  exposing  or  murdering  their  new-born  infants, 
was  become  every  day  more  frequent  in  the  prov- 
inces, and  especially  in  Italy.  It  was  the  eftect 
of  distress  ;  and  the  distress  was  principally  oc- 
casioned by  the  intolerable  burden  of  taxes,  and 
by  the  vexatious  as  well  as  cruel  prosecutions  of 
the  officers  of  the  revenue  against  their  insolvent 
debtors.  The  less  opulent  or  less  industrious  part 
of  mankind,  instead  of  rejoicing  in  an  increase 
of  family,  deemed  it  an  act  of  paternal  tenderness 
to  release  their  children  from  the  impending  mis- 
eries of  a  life  which  they  themselves  were  unable 
to  support.  [Such  was  the  condition  of  the  Ro- 
man people  early  in  the  fourth  century.] — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  3,  p.  94. 

2411.  GOVERNMENT,  Destitute  of.  New  Jer- 
sey. For  twelve  years  the  whole  province  was  not 
in  a  settled  condition.  From  June,  1689,  to  Au- 
gust, 1692,  east  New  Jersey  had  no  government 
whatever,  being,  in  time  of  war,  without  military 
officers,  as  well  as  without  magistrates  ;  and  af- 
terward commissions  were  issued  by  two  sets  of 
proprietors,  of  which  each  had  its  adherents  ; 
while  a  third  party,  swayed  by  disgust  at  the 
confusion,  .  .  .  rejected  the  proprietaries  alto- 
gether.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  ch.  19,  vol.  3. 

2412.  GOVERNMENT  detested.  Charles  II. 
The  roar  of  foreign  guns  was  heard,  for  the  first 
and  last  time,  by  the  citizens  of  London.  In  the 
council  it  was  seriously  proposed  that,  if  the  en- 
emy advanced,  the  Tower  should  be  abandoned. 
Great  multitudes  of  people  assembled  in  the 
streets,  crying  out  that  England  was  bought  and 
sold.  The  houses  and  carriages  of  the  ministers 
were  attacked  by  the  populace  ;  and  it  seemed 
likely  that  the  government  would  have  to  deal 
at  once  with  an  invasion  and  with  an  insurrec- 
tion. The  extreme  danger,  it  is  true,  soon  passed 
by. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  2,  p.  180. 

2413.  GOVERNMENT,  Dictatorial.  Otistavus 
III.  He  declared  that,  in  future,  the  king  alone 
should  have  power  to  convene  and  dissolve  the 
legislature  ;  that  the  king  should  have  the  abso- 
lute command  of  army  and  navy,  and  the  power 
to  appoint  and  remove  all  officers,  military,  na- 
val,  and  civil ;    that,  in  case  of  necessity,  of 


286 


GOVERNMENT. 


wMch  the  king  alone  was  to  be  the  judge,  he 
should  impose  taxes  without  consulting  the  Sen- 
ate ;  that  the  Senate  should  discuss  no  subjects 
except  those  proposed  by  the  king  ;  but  that  no 
offensive  war  should  be  undertaken  without 
their  consent.  He  then  declared  the  Senate  dis- 
solved, and  its  members  dismissed  from  all  their 
employments.  He  concluded  by  taking  a  psalm- 
book  from  his  pocket,  and  gave  out  a  thanks- 
giving hymn,  which  the  whole  assembly  rose 
and  sang.  .  .  .  The  king's  triumph  was  complete. 
In  two  days  Sweden,  from  being  the  most  strict- 
ly limited  monarchy  in  Europe,  became  one 
of  the  most  absolute. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  343. 

2414.  GOVEENMENT  difficult.  Scots.  Though 
the  Scottish  Parliament  was  obsequious,  the 
Scottish  people  had  always  been  singularly  tur- 
bulent and  ungovernable.  They  had  butchered 
their  first  James  in  his  bedchamber ;  they  had 
repeatedly  arrayed  themselves  in  arms  against 
James  II.  ;  they  had  slain  James  III.  on  the 
the  field  of  battle  ;  their  disobedience  had  broken 
the  heart  of  James  V.  ;  they  had  deposed  and 
imprisoned  Mary  ;  they  had  led  her  son  captive  ; 
and  their  temper  was  still  as  untractable  as  ever. 
Their  habits  were  rude  and  martial.  All  along 
the  southern  border  and  all  along  between  the 
Highlands  and  the  Lowlands  ranged  an  inces- 
sant and  predatory  war. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  1,  p.  87. 

24 15.  GOVERNMENT,  Discordant.  Acre.  [Un- 
der the  Crusaders.]  After  the  loss  of  Jerusalem, 
Acre,  which  is  distant  about  seventy  miles, 
became  the  metropolis  of  the  Latin  Christians, 
and  was  adorned  with  strong  and  stately  build- 
ings, with  aqueducts,  an  artificial  port,  and  a 
double  wall.  The  population  was  increased  by 
the  incessant  streams  of  pilgrims  and  fugitives  ; 
in  the  pauses  of  hostility  the  trade  of  the  East 
and  West  was  attracted  to  this  convenient  sta- 
tion ;  and  the  market  could  offer  the  produce  of 
every  clime  and  the  interpreters  of  every  tongue. 
But  in  this  conflux  of  nations  every  vice  was 
propagated  and  practised  ;  of  all  the  disciples  of 
Jesus  and  Mahomet,  the  male  and  female  inhab- 
itants of  Acre  were  esteemed  the  most  corrupt ; 
nor  could  the  abuse  of  religion  be  corrected  by 
the  discipline  of  law.  The  city  had  many  sov- 
ereigns, and  no  government.  The  kings  of 
Jerusalem  and  Cyprus,  of  the  house  of  Lusig- 
nan,  the  princes  of  Antioch,  the  counts  of  Trip- 
oli and  Sidon,  the  great  masters  of  the  hospital, 
the  temple,  and  the  Teutonic  order,  the  repub- 
lics of  Venice,  Genoa,  and  Pisa,  the  pope's  leg- 
ate, the  kings  of  France  and  England,  assumed 
an  independent  command  ;  seventeen  tribunals 
exercised  the  power  of  life  and  death  ;  every 
criminal  was  protected  in  the  adjacent  quarter  ; 
and  the  perpetual  jealousy  of  the  nations  often 
burst  forth  in  acts  of  violence  and  blood. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  59,  p.  46. 

2416.  GOVERNMENT  disgraced.  Geoi^ge  Vil- 
liers.  George  Villiers,  afterward  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, on  whom  the  king,  in  the  space  of  a  few 
years,  lavished  all  possible  honors, . . .  was  devoid 
of  every  talent  of  a  minister  ;  he  was  headstrong 
in  his  passions,  imprudent,  impolitic,  and  capri- 
cious. He  was  distinguished  by  a  romantic  spirit, 
which  led  him  into  the  most  extravagant  excess- 
es ;  and  the  indulgence  of  his  favorite  passions 


had  their  influence  even  upon  the  public  meas- 
ures of  the  nation.  He  projected  an  absurd 
expedition  of  Charles,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  intf) 
Spain,  on  a  visit,  in  disguise,  to  the  Infanta,  the 
daughter  of  Philip  IV. ,  who  had  been  proposed 
to  him  as  a  desirable  match.  Their  adventures 
on  this  expedition  have  more  the  air  of  romance 
than  of  history  ;  but  Buckingham  was  the  hero 
of  the  piece.  He  filled  all  Madrid  with  his  in- 
trigues, his  amours,  serenades,  challenges,  and 
jealousies.  He  insulted  the  prime-minister  Oli- 
varez  by  openly  making  love  to  his  wife,  as  he 
did  afterward,  with  still  more  folly  and  inso- 
lence, to  the  Queen  of  France  ;  in  short,  the 
projected  match  with  the  Infanta  seemed  to  be 
the  least  object  of  Buckingham's  journey,  and 
it  accordingly  was  never  concluded. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  29,  p.  398. 

2417.  GOVERNMENT,  Disordered.  Reign  of 
Commodus.  The  negligence  of  the  public  ad- 
ministration was  betrayed,  soon  afterward,  by 
a  new  disorder,  which  arose  from  the  smallest 
beginnings.  A  spirit  of  desertion  began  to  pre- 
vail among  the  troops  ;  and  the  deserters,  instead 
of  seeking  their  safety  in  flight  or  concealment, 
infested  the  highways.  Maternus,  a  private  sol- 
dier, of  a  daring  boldness  above  his  station,  col- 
lected these  bands  of  robbers  into  a  little  army, 
set  open  the  prisons,  invited  the  slaves  to  assert 
their  freedom,  and  plundered  with  impunity  the 
rich  and  defenceless  cities  of  Gaul  and  Spain. 
The  governors  of  the  provinces,  who  had  long 
been  the  spectators,  and  perhaps  the  partners,  of 
his  depredations,  were  at  length  roused  from 
their  supine  indolence  by  the  threatening  com- 
mands of  the  emperor. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  4, 
p.  107. 

2418.  GOVERNMENT,  Divine.  Royal.  It  was 
gravely  maintained  that  the  Supreme  Being  re- 
garded hereditary  monarchy,  as  opposed  to  other 
forms  of  government,  with  peculiar  favor  ;  that 
the  rule  of  succession  in  order  of  primogeniture  ' 
was  a  divine  institution,  anterior  to  the  Chris- 
tian, and  even  to  the  Mosaic  dispensation  ;  that : 
no  human  power,  not  even  that  of  the  whole 
Legislature — no  length  of  adverse  possession, 
though  it  extended  to  ten  centuries,  could  de- 
prive the  legitimate  prince  of  his  rights  ;  that 
his  authority  was  necessarily  always  despotic ; 
that  the  laws  by  which,  in  England  and  in  other 
countries,  the  prerogative  was  limited,  were  to 
be  regarded  merely  as  concessions  wliich  the 
sovereign  had  freely  made  and  might  at  his 
pleasure  resume  ;  and  that  any  treaty  into  which 
a  king  might  enter  with  his  people  was  merely 
a  declaration  of  his  present  intentions,  and  not  a 
contract  of  which  the  performance  could  be  de- 
manded. [Reign  of  James  I.]— Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  66. 

2419.  GOVERNMENT,  The  earliest.  Monar- 
chy. We  may,  therefore,  fairly  presume  that 
a  limited  monarchy  was  the  earliest  form  of  reg- 
ular government  among  the  ancient  nations. 
The  scriptures,  as  well  as  the  profane  historians, 
bear  evidence  to  this  fact.  A  republic  is  an  idea 
too  refined  and  too  complex  for  a  rude  people  to 
form  ;  and  despotic  monarchies  arise  only  after 
extensive  conquests,  and  a  great  enlargement  of 
empire. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Bookl,  ch.  1,  p.  20. 

2420.  GOVERNMENT,  Economical.  Washing- 
ton. When  Washington  came  to  the  Presidency, 


GOVERNMENT. 


287 


one  of  the  first  acts  was  to  name  the  young  West 
Indian — then  but  thirty-three  years  of  age — to 
the  most  difficult  post  in  his  administration — that 
•of  secretary  of  the  treasury.  Albert  Gallatin, 
"who  became  secretary  of  the  treasury  twenty 
years  after,  said  that  Alexander  Hamilton  had 
so  regulated  the  business  of  the  office  as  to 
make  it  a  sinecure  for  his  successors  ;  and  I  have 
been  informed  that  as  late  as  1860  the  business 
continued  to  be  done  upon  the  plans  and  meth- 
ods established  by  Hamilton  at  the  beginning  of 
the  government.  From  this  position,  after  four 
years  of  service,  he  was  compelled  to  retire,  be- 
cause the  salary  would  not  support  his  family. 
— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  ,  p.  474. 

2421.  GOVERNMENT,  Farcical.  Constantine. 
Some  of  these  official  ensigns  were  really  ex- 
hibited in  their  hall  of  audience  ;  others  preceded 
their  pompous  march  whenever  they  appeared 
in  public  ;  and  every  circumstance  of  their  de- 
meanor, their  dress,  their  ornaments,  and  their 
train  was  calculated  to  inspire  a  deep  reverence 
for  the  representatives  of  supreme  majesty.  By 
a  philosophic  observer,  the  system  of  the  Roman 
government  might  have  been  mistaken  for  a 
splendid  theatre,  filled  with  players  of  every 
character  and  degree,  who  repeated  the  language 
and  imitated  the  passions  of  their  original  model. 
— Gibbok's  Rome,  ch.  17,  p.  108. 

2422.  GOVERNMENT,  rraudulent.  Cromwell's. 
After  a  debate  of  three  days  the  Parliament,  of 
whom  a  great  majority  were  now  most  sincerely 
desirous  of  an  accommodation,  passed  a  vote, 
by  which  it  was  declared  that  the  king's  conces- 
sions were  a  reasonable  foundation  for  the  House 
to  proceed  upon  in  the  settlement  of  the  king- 
dom. The  vote  was  no  sooner  heard  than 
Cromwell  marched  into  London,  surrounded  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  suffering  none  to  enter 
but  his  own  party,  excluded  about  two  hundred 
of  the  members.  Thus  there  remained  about 
sixty  of  the  independent  party,  sure  and  unani- 
mous in  their  intended  measures.  The  vote 
agreeing  to  the  king's  concessions  was  now  re- 
scinded, and  another  passed,  declaring  it  treason 
in  a  king  to  levy  war  against  his  Parliament,  and 
appointing  a  high  court  of  justice  to  take  trial 
of  Charles'  treason.  This  vote  being  sent  up  to 
the  House  of  Lords  was  rejected  without  a  dis- 
senting voice.  But  this  mockery  of  a  Parliament 
was  not  thus  to  be  stopped  in  their  career.  The 
next  vote  was  that  the  Commons  of  England 
have  the  supreme  authority  of  the  nation,  inde- 
pendent of  either  king  or  peers.  Cromwell  him- 
self was  ashamed  of  the  glaring  illegality  of 
these  proceedings,  and  apologized  for  his  con- 
duct by  declaring  that  he  had  a  divine  impulse 
that  the  king  had  been  abandoned  by  Heaven.— 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  30,  p.  408. 

2423.  GOVERNMENT,  Genius  for.  Alfred  the 
Great.  Alfred  divided  all  England  into  coun- 
ties ;  these  he  subdivided  into  hundreds  ;  and 
the  hundreds  again  into  tithings.  Ten  neigh- 
boring householders  formed  a  tithing,  a  fribourg, 
or  decennery ,  over  which  one  man  was  appointed 
to  preside,  called  a  tithingman  or  borgholder. 
Every  householder  was  answerable  for  the  con- 
duct of  his  family,  and  the  borgholder  for  the 
conduct  of  all  within  his  district.  Every  man 
was  punished  as  an  outlaw  who  did  not  register 
himself  in  some  tithing  ;  and  none  could  change 


their  habitation  without  a  warrant  from  the 
tithingman  or  borgholder.  When  any  person 
was  accused  of  a  crime,  the  borgholder  was 
summoned  to  answer  for  him  ;  if  he  declined  to 
become  his  security,  the  criminal  was  committed 
to  prison  till  trial.  If  he  escaped  before  trial, 
the  borgholder  was  subjected  to  a  penalty.  The 
borgholder,  in  deciding  disputes  or  small  law- 
suits, summoned  his  whole  decennary  or  tithing 
to  assist  him.  In  matters  of  greater  importance, 
in  appeals  from  the  decennary,  or  in  controver- 
sies arising  between  members  of  different  decen- 
naries, the  cause  was  brought  before  the  hundred, 
which  consisted  of  ten  decennaries,  or  one  hun 
dred  families  of  freemen,  and  which  was  regu- 
larly assembled  every  four  weeks  for  the  decid- 
ing of  causes.  Their  method  of  deciding  de- 
serves particularly  to  be  noticed  as  being  the 
origin  of  juries,  that  inestimable  privilege  of 
Britons. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  5,  p.  110. 

2424.  .  Bichelieu.  The  factious  no- 
bility began  to  excite  new  disturbances,  which 
Louis  XIII.,  who  was  now  of  age,  had  neither 
the  discretion  nor  the  ability  to  compose.    These 
commotions  were  increased  by  religious  differ- 
ences, for  the  Protestants,  who  had  enjoyed  an 
unmolested  tranquillity  under  Henry  Iv.,  and 
for  a  while  under  the  minority  of  Louis,  were 
now  exposed  to  fresh  persecutions.    They  were 
obliged  to  take  up  arms  ;  and  a  political  and  a 
religious  war  raged  with  equal  violence  at  the 
same  time.     The  king,  amid  these  commotions, 
was  obliged  alternately  to  bribe  his  own  ser- 
vants and  to  negotiate  with  his  rebel  nobility. 
While  public  affairs  were  in  this  situation  Mary 
de  Medicis  had  the  address  to  bring  the  new 
favorite  Richelieu  into  the  council,  against  the 
inclination  of  the  king  and  his  favorite  counsel- 
lors ;  and  in  a  very  short  time  this  great  politi- 
cian completely  gained  the  confidence   of  his 
royal  master,  and  signally  displayed  his  splendid 
abilities  in  quieting  all  disorders  and  raising  the 
French  monarchy  to  a  very  high  pitch  of  splen- 
dor. The  Cardinal  de  Richelieu  entered  on  his  ad- 
ministration with  that  vigorous  activity  which 
marks  a  bold  and  daring  spirit.  .  .  .  Richelieu 
was  a  man  whose  genius  was  truly  astonishing. 
He   was  negotiating  at  one  time  loith  all  and 
against  most  of  the  sovereigns  of  Europe.  ...  A 
formidable  cable  at  court  was  secretly  undermin- 
ing  his   power.     Gaston,  Duke  of  Orleans,  the 
king's  brother,  detested  the  Cardinal  de  Riche- 
lieu ;  Mary  de  Medicis  was  jealous  of  that  very 
power  which  she  had  contributed  to  raise  ;  and 
most  of  the  nobility  were  his  secret  enemies. 
This  illustrious  man,  whose  intrepidity  was  equal 
to  all  situations,  suppressed  these  cabals  in  a 
manner  which  astonished  all  Europe.     The  most 
surprising  circumstance  in  the  whole  of  these 
transactions  is,  that  Cardinal  de  Richelieu  found 
himself  able  to  make  such  exertions  of  the  most 
despotic  power  while  tTie  nation  were  his  ene- 
mies.    He  surmounted  all  opposition  ;  and  while 
the  genius  of  most  men,  even  of  great  abilities, 
would  have  found  it  sufficient  occupation  to 
wage  war  against  those  cabals  and  factions  which 
were  continually  meditating  his  downfall,  this 
extraordinary  man  not  only  completely  foiled 
the  schemes  of  his  enemies,  but  found  means  to 
raise  the  kingdom  of  France  to  a  most  flourish- 
ing condition  at  home,  while  he  extended  her 


•288 


GOVERNMENT. 


glory  and  influence  over  all  Europe. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  32,  p.  443. 

2425.  GOVERNMENT,  Growth  of.   Necessary. 

What  fiction  can  be  more  absurd  and  incredible 
than  to  suppose  an  ignorant  and  rude  youth,  the 
leader  of  a  gang  of  banditti,  or  the  chief  of  a 
troop  of  shepherds,  immediately  after  he  had 
reared  the  turf  walls  of  his  projected  city,  call- 
ing together  his  followers,  and  delivering  a  labor- 
ed and  methodical  oration  on  the  nature  of  the 
different  kinds  of  government,  such  as  he  had 
heard  existed  in  Greece  and  other  nations,  de- 
siring his  hearers  seriously  to  weigh  the  advan- 
tages and  defects  of  those  different  political  con- 
stitutions, and  modestly  concluding  with  a  dec- 
laration that  he  is  ready  to  accede  with  cheerful- 
ness to  whatever  form  they,  in  their  aggregate 
wisdom,  may  decree  ?  On  this  absurd  fiction 
Dionysius  rears  the  structure  of  a  finely  attem- 
pered constitution,  all  at  once  framed  and  adopt- 
ed by  this  troop  of  barbarians.  [Romulus  found- 
ing Rome.] — Tytjler'sHist.,  Book  3,  ch.2,  p.308. 

2426.  GOVEENMENT,  Imperfections  of.  Brit- 
ish. The  English  long  enjoyed  a  large  measure 
of  freedom  and  happiness.  Though  during  the 
feeble  reign  of  Henry  VI.  the  State  was  torn 
first  by  factions  and  at  length  by  civil  war  ; 
though  Edward  IV.  was  a  prince  of  dissolute 
and  imperious  character  ;  though  Richard  III. 
has  generally  been  represented  as  a  monster  of 
depravity  ;  though  the  exactions  of  Henry  VII. 
caused  great  repining,  it  is  certain  that  our  ances- 
tors. Tinder  those  kings,  were  far  better  governed 
than  the  Belgians  under  Philip,  surnamed  the 
Good,  or  the  French  under  that  Louis  who  was 
styled  the  father  of  his  people. —  Mac  aula  y's 
Hist.,  ch.  1,  p.  35. 

242T.  GOVERNMENT,  Impracticable.  James 
II.  James  was  the  instrument  of  his  own  misfor- 
tunes, and  ran  headlong  to  destruction.  In  a 
government  where  the  people  have  a  determined 
share  of  power  and  a  capacity  of  legally  resist- 
ing every  measure  which  they  apprehend  to  be 
to  their  disadvantage,  every  attempt  to  change, 
in  opposition  to  their  general  desire,  the  religion 
or  civil  constitution  of  the  country,  must  be  im- 
practicable. The  Roman  Catholics  in  England 
were  not  at  this  time  one  hundredth  part  of  the 
nation.  How  absurd,  then  (as  Sir  William 
Temple  told  his  sovereign) —  how  contrary  to 
common-sense  was  it  to  imagine  that  one  part 
should  govern  ninety-nine  who  were  of  opposite 
sentiments  and  opinions  !  Yet  James  was  weak 
enough  to  make  that  absurd  and  desperate  at- 
tempt. The  nobility  of  the  kingdom,  by  natur- 
al right  the  counsellors  of  the  sovereign,  were 
obliged  to  give  place  to  a  set  of  Romish  priests, 
who  directed  all  his  measures  ;  and  James,  as  if 
he  was  determined  to  neglect  nothing  which 
might  tend  to  his  own  destruction,  began  his 
reign  by  levying,  without  the  authority  of  Parlia- 
ment, all  the  taxes  which  had  been  raised  by  his 
predecessor  ;  he  showed  a  further  contempt  of 
the  constitution  and  of  all  national  feeling  by 
going  openly  to  mass  ;  and  though  in  his  first 
Parliament  he  solemnly  promised  to  observe  the 
laws  and  to  maintain  the  Protestant  religion,  he, 
at  the  same  time,  hinted  in  pretty  strong  terms 
that  if  he  found  them  at  all  refractory  or  back- 
ward in  granting  such  supplies  as  he  should  re- 
quire, he  could  easily  dispense  with  calling  any 


more  such  assemblies. — Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  6, 
ch.  30,  p.  424. 

242§.  GOVERNMENT,  Indiscreet.  James  I. 
During  two  hundred  years  all  the  sovereigns  who 
had  ruled  England,  with  the  single  exception 
of  the  unfortunate  Henry  VI.,  had  been  strong- 
minded,  high-spirited,  courageous,  and  of  prince- 
ly bearing.  Almost  all  had  possessed  abilities 
above  the  ordinary  level.  It  was  no  light  thing 
that,  on  the  very  eve  of  the  decisive  struggle  be- 
tween our  kings  and  their  Parliaments,  royalty 
should  be  exhibited  to  the  world  stammering, 
slobbering,  shedding  unmanly  tears,  trembling 
at  a  drawn  sword,  and  talking  in  the  style  alter- 
nately of  a  buffoon  and  of  a  pedagogue. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  68. 

2429.  GOVERNMENT,  Insulted.  Citizen  Ge- 
net. The  Jacobins  of  France  had  beheaded  the 
king  and  abolished  the  monarchy.  Citizen  Ge- 
net was  sent  by  the  new  French  republic  as 
minister  to  the  United  States.  .  .  .  He  was  greet- 
ed with  unbounded  enthusiasm.  Taking  advan- 
tage of  his  popularity,  the  ambassador  began  to 
abuse  his  authority,  fitted  out  privateers  to  prey 
on  the  commerce  of  Great  Britain,  planned  ex- 
peditions against  Louisiana,  and  although  the 
President  had  already  issued  a  proclamation  of 
neutrality,  demanded  an  alliance  with  the  gov- 
ernment. Washington  and  his  Cabinet  firmly 
refused,  and  the  a,udacious  minister  threatened 
to  appeal  to  the  people.  In  this  outrageous  con- 
duct he  was  sustained  by  the  Anti-Federal  party, 
and  for  a  while  the  government  was  endangered. 
But  Washington  stood  unmoved,  declared  the 
course  of  the  French  minister  an  insult  to  the 
sovereignty  of  the  United  States,  a,nd  demanded 
his  recall,  and  Genet  was  superseded. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  46,  p.  368. 

2430.  GOVERNMENT  without  Law.  Ameri- 
can Indians.  There  can  be  no  society  without  gov- 
ernment ;  but  among  the  Indian  tribes  .  .  . 
there  was  not  only  no  written  law — there  was  no 
traditionary  expression  of  law  ;  government 
rested  upon  opinion  and  usage,  and  the  motives 
for  usage  were  never  embodied  in  language.  No 
ancient  legislator  believed  that  human  society 
could  be  maintained  with  so  little  artifice. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

2431.  GOVERNMENT  of  Majority.  lihode  Isl- 
and Colony.  All  the  powers  of  the  colonial 
government  were  intrusted  to  the  people.  A 
simple  agreement  was  made  and  signed  by  the 
settlers,  that  in  all  matters  not  affecting  the 
conscience  they  would  yield  a  cheerful  obedi- 
ence to  such  rules  as  the  majority  might  make 
for  the  public  welfare.  In  questions  of  religion 
the  individual  conscience  should  be  to  every  man 
a  guide.  When  Massachusetts  objected  that 
such  a  democracy  would  leave  nothing  for  the 
magistrates  to  do,  Rhode  Island  answered  tha^ 
magistrates  were  wellnigh  useless. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  22,  p.  194. 

2432.  GOVERNMENT,  Menace  of.  Charles  11 
The  moderation  of  this  assembly  [the  Parliament 
of  1640]  has  been  highly  extolled  by  the  most  dis- 
tinguished Royalists,  and  seems  to  have  caused 
no  small  vexation  and  disappointment  to  the 
chiefs  of  the  opposition  ;  but  it  was  the  uniform 
practice  of  Charles — a  practice  equally  impolitic 
and  ungenerous — to  refuse  all  compliance  with 


GOVERNMENT. 


389. 


the  desires  of  his  people  till  those  desires  were 
expressed  in  a  menacing  tone. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  eh.  1,  p.  89. 

2433.  GOVERNMENT,  Military.  Cromwell's. 
In  the  summer  of  1647,  about  twelve  months 
after  the  last  fortress  of  the  Cavaliers  had  sub- 
mitted to  the  Parliament,  the  Parliament  was 
compelled  to  submit  to  its  own  soldiers.  Thir- 
teen years  followed,  during  which  England  was, 
under  various  names  and  forms,  really  governed 
by  the  sword.  Never  before  that  time  or  since 
that  time  was  the  civil  power  in  our  country 
subjected  to  military  dictation. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  112. 

2434.  GOVERNMENT  misdirected.  Piracy. 
Captain  John  Nutt  was  one  of  the  most  daring 
sea-devils  of  that  lawless  time.  He  was  an  untak- 
able  man.  .  .  .  [While  a  pardon  without  restitu- 
tion was  in  progress,  Admiral]  Elliot  did  manage 
to  get  possession  of  him.  .  .  .  The  pirate  was  more 
powerful  than  the  admiral.  . .  .  Such  a  buccaneer 
as  Nutt — an  immensely  wealthy  man,  a  daring, 
resolute  man — had  friends  at  court.  ...  It  is 
marvellous  to  relate  that  Nutt  was  permitted  to 
become  the  accuser  of  the  admiral — that  admiral 
who  had  first  been  congratulated  by  Conway  the 
Secretary  of  State,  .  .  .  who  had  been  told  by 
letter  that  he  was  to  receive  the  king's  thanks 
and  to  kiss  the  king's  hand  in  acknowledgment 
of  his  rescue  of  the  western  counties  and  seas 
from  Nutt's  piracy,  plunder,  and  murder.  That 
admiral,  .  .  .  for  that  very  transaction  of  seizing 
that  pirate,  the  month  following  lay  in  the  Mar- 
shalsea  prison  upon  some  frivolous  pretences ; 
while  the  happy,  blithe-hearted  pirate  and  plun- 
derer stepped  forth  with  a  free  and  uncondition- 
al pardon  to  renew  his  pleasant  adventures  upon 
the  seas. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  3,  p.  51. 

2435.  GOVERNMENT  mismanaged.  Colony. 
In  September,  1609,  there  remained  at  James- 
town a  colony  of  four  hundred  and  ninety  per- 
sons, well  armed,  well  supplied,  and  well  shel- 
tered. But  such  was  the  viciousness  and  profli- 
gacy of  the  greater  number,  and  such  the  insub- 
ordination and  want  of  proper  leadership,  after 
[John]  Smith's  departure,  that  by  the  beginning 
of  winter  the  settlement  was  face  to  face  with  star- 
vation. .  .  .  Cold  and  hunger  completed  the  ter- 
rors of  a  winter  long  remembered  with  a  shudder, 
and  called  tJie  starving  time.  By  the  last  of  March 
there  were  only  sixty  persons  alive,  and  these,  if 
help  had  not  come  speedily,  could  hardly  have 
lived  a  fortnight. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  10, 
p.  106. 

2436.  GOVERNMENT,  A  model.    North  Car- 
jina.  The  philosopher  John  Locke  was  employ- 
by  Sir  Astley  [Cooper,  Earl  of  Shaftesbury] 

ind  his  associates  to  prepare  the  constitution. 
The  legislation  of  the  world  furnishes  no  parallel 
for  the  pompous  absurdity  of  Locke's  perform- 
ance. From  March  until  July  of  1669  the  phi- 
losopher worked  away  in  the  preparation  of  his 
grand  model.  .  .  .  Political  rights  were  made  de- 
pendent upon  hereditary  wealth.  The  officers 
were  put  beyond  the  reach  of  the  people.  There 
were  two  grand  orders  of  nobility.  There  were 
dukes,  earls,  and  marquises  ;  knights,  lords,  and 
esquires;  baronial  courts,  heraldic  ceremony,  and 
every  sort  of  feudal  nonsense,  .  .  .  for  a  few  col- 
onists who  lived  on  venison  and  potatoes,  and 
Daid  their  debts  in  tobacco.  .  .  .  After  twenty 


years  .  .  .  they  concluded  that  an    empire  .  .  . 
was  impossible.— Ridpath's U.  S.,  ch.  27,  p.  225. 

2437.  GOVERNMENT,  Moral.  Optimism.  The 
fashionable  philosophy  then  was  that  of  Pope's 
"  Essay  on  Man ;"  .  .  .  it  was  continually 
quoted  in  society.  It  was  very  common  to  hear 
such  expressions  as,  "  Whatever  is,  is  right ;" 
"  Partial  evil  is  the  general  good  ;"  "  This  is  the 
best  of  possible  worlds  ;"  "  Each  creature  is  as 
happy  as  is  consistent  with  the  happiness  of  the 
whole."  Sentiments  of  this  kind  we  now  call 
"Optimism."  In  the  midst  of  all  this  shallow 
talk  came  the  tidings  of  an  appalling  catas- 
trophe [the  earthquake  at  Lisbon],  which  struck 
every  soul  with  amazement  and  terror,  as  if  to 
show  the  futility  of  all  human  attempts  to  form 
a  consistent  theory  respecting  the  government  of 
the  universe. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  31. 

2438.  GOVERNMENT,  Municipal.  Origin  of. 
In  the  next  place,  the  towns  or  boroughs,  which 
were  then  tied  down  by  a  sort  of  vassalage  and 
clientship  to  the  nobles,  began  now  to  purchase 
their  immunity  ;  and  instead  of  being  entirely 
governed  by  these  nobles,  to  whom  the  magis- 
trates were  no  more  than  servants  and  stewards, 
while  they  exercised  themselves  the  supreme 
civil  and  criminal  authority,  and  imposed  what 
taxes  or  exactions  they  thought  fit,  the  towns 
now  acquired  a  right  of  choosing  their  own  mag- 
istrates, who  were  responsible  to  the  public  ; 
they  freed  themselves  from  those  arbitrary  im- 
positions, and  were  governed  by  their  own  mu- 
nicipal statutes,  subordinate  to  the  public  laws  of 
the  kingdom.  Thus  the  municipal  government 
began,  in  many  of  the  towns  of  Europe,  to  take 
the  place  of  the  feudal. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
6,  ch.  10,  p.  165. 

2439.  GOVERNMENT  needless.  North  Caro- 
lina. The  people,  without  molestation,  enjoyed 
their  wild  independence.  It  was  the  liberty  of 
freemen  in  the  woods.  "  North  Carolina,"  like 
ancient  Rome,  was  famed  "as  the  sanctuary 
of  runaways  ;"  seventy  years  after  its  origin 
Spotswood  describes  it  as  "a  country  where 
there  is  scarce  any  form  of  government ;"  and  it 
long  continued  to  be  said,  with  but  slight  ex- 
aggeration, that  "  in  Carolina  every  one  did  what 
was  right  in  his  own  eyes,  paying  tribute  neither 
to  God  nor  to  Caesar."— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  19. 

2440.  GOVERNMENT,  Neglect  of.  Pirates. 
During  the  recess  of  1625  Eliot  travelled  to  the 
West.  As  he  passed  along,  news  reached  him 
of  the  cruel  mischief  inflicted  by  Turkish  pi- 
rates, who,f rom  under  forts  and  castles  left  help- 
less and  unguarded,  sprung  on  English  ships. 
The  western  sea,  with  all  the  villages  lining 
its  coasts,  was  entirely  at  their  mercy  ;  all  trade 
was  interrupted,  and  the  number  of  Christians 
captured  to  be  sold  into  slavery  during  the 
outrages  of  three  months  could  not  be  less  than 
twelve  hundred.  There  were  wailings  for  fa- 
thers and  sons,  for  brothers,  for  husbands  and 
wives.  Meantime  the  ships  of  the  nation  lay 
in  harbor,  men  and  provisions  on  board,  and 
government  careless  of  the  inflictions  on  its  sub- 
jects.— Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  3,  p.  57. 

2441.  GOVERNMENT,  Nominal.  Monarch  of 
England.  The  king  reigned,  but  by  the  theory 
of  the  constitution  was  not  to  govern.     He  ap 


390 


GOVERNMENT. 


peared  in  the  Privy  Council  on  occasions  of 
state  ;  but  Queen  Anne  was  the  last  of  the  Eng- 
lish monarchs  to  attend  the  debates  of  the  House 
of  Lords,  or  to  preside  at  a  meeting  of  the  min- 
istry.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  3. 

2442.  GOVEKNMENT,  Odious.  Rump  Parlia- 
ment. The  long  parliament  of  five  years'  dura- 
tion, christened,  by  one  of  those  contemptuous 
designations  vrhich  mark  popular  disgust,  The 
Bump,  a  term  suggested  by  its  apparently  inter- 
minable sessions  upon  the  benches  of  Westmin- 
ster, had  thoroughly  wearied  out  the  people  of 
England.  The  long  harangues  of  the  Puritans, 
the  bigoted  discourses  of  the  saints,  the  personal 
unpopularity  of  the  demagogues,  the  anti-social 
absurdities  of  the  Levellers,  the  murder  of  an 
innocent  and  heroic  monarch,  which  penetrated 
the  conscience  of  the  nation  with  remorse,  the 
imposts  and  slaughters  of  the  civil  war,  finally, 
the  heaviness  of  that  anonymous  tyranny  which 
the  people  endured  more  impatiently  than  the 
autocracy  of  a  glorious  name — all  these  com- 
bined objections  fell  back  in  accumulated  odium 
and  ridicule  on  the  Parliament. — Lamartine's 
Cromwell,  p.  57. 

2443.  GOVERNMENT,  Outrages  of.  Virginia 
Colony.  An  aristocratic  party  which  had  arisen 
in  the  colony  obtained  control  of  the  House  of 
Burgesses.  .  .  .  Episcopalianism  was  again  es- 
tablished as  the  State  religion.  A  proscriptive 
ordinance  was  passed  against  the  Baptists,  and 
the  peace-loving  Quakers  were  fined,  persecuted, 
and  imprisoned.  Burdensome  taxes  were  laid 
on  personal  property  and  polls ;  the  holders  of 
large  estates  were  exempt,  and  the  poorer  people 
atflicted.  .  .  .  The  biennial  election  of  burgesses 
was  abolished,  so  that  the  existing  assembly  con- 
tinued indefinitely  in  power.  .  .  .  The  tyranny 
outdid  England  ;  .  .  .  then  came  open  resistance. 
— RiDPATii's  U.  S.,  ch.  12,  p.  119. 

2444.  GOVERNMENT,  Paradoxical.  Republic. 
It  may,  indeed,  be  confidently  asserted  that  there 
never  was  that  government  called  a  republic, 
which  was  not  ultimately  ruled  by  a  single  will, 
and,  therefore  (however  bold  may  seem  the  par- 
adox), virtually  and  substantially  a  monarchy. 
The  only  difference  between  governments,  with 
respect  to  the  political  freedom  of  the  subject, 
consists  in  the  greater  or  the  smaller  number  of 
restraints  by  which  the  regulating  will  is  con- 
trolled.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  6,  p.  216. 

2445.  GOVERNMENT,  Patriotic.  Cleomenes. 
He  began  by  the  judicious  measure  of  attaching 
the  army  to  his  interest,  securing  the  confidence 
and  allegiance  of  all  the  principal  ofiicers,  and 
dextrously  removing  from  command  such  as  he 
judged  to  be  unfriendly  to  the  revolutionary  de- 
sign. Several  of  the  richer  citizens,  and  even 
some  of  the  Ephori,  from  whom  he  expected  op- 
position, were  on  various  pretences  banished  or 
put  to  death.  Trusting  to  the  ready  co-operation 
of  the  lower  orders,  he  then  assembled  the  peo- 
ple, and  detailing  the  great  benefits  to  be  ex- 
pected from  a  complete  change  of  system,  pro- 
claimed the  abolition  of  all  the  debts,  and  begin- 
ning by  divesting  himself  of  the  whole  of  his 
property,  made  a  new  partition  of  the  lands  of 
the  republic,  and  restored  the  ancient  plan  of  ed- 
ucation, the  institution  of  the  public  tables,  and, 
in  a  word,  as  nearly  as  possible,  the  long-forgot- 
ten regimen  of  Lycurgus.  Cleomenes  was  hailed 


the  second  founder  and  father  of  his  country, 
and  Greece  resounded  with  his  praise. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  5,  p.  209. 

2446.  GOVERNMENT,  Powerless.  Colony  of 
Virginia.  The  burgesses  had  many  privileges, 
but  very  little  power.  They  might  discuss  the 
affairs  of  the  colony,  but  could  not  control  them  ; 
pass  laws,  but  could  not  enforce  them  ;  declare 
their  rights,  but  could  not  secure  them.  .  .  .  No 
law  was  binding  until  ratified  by  the  company  iu 
England.  Only  one  great  benefit  was  gained — 
the  freedom  of  debate.  Wherever  that  is  recog- 
nized, liberty  must  soon  follow. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  11,  p.  110. 

2447.  GOVERNMENT,  Provisional.  Fliglit  of 
James  II.  The  peers  repaired  to  Guildhall,  and 
were  received  there  with  all  honor  by  the  mag- 
istracy of  the  city.  In  strictness  of  law,  they 
were  no  better  entitled  than  any  other  set  of  per- 
sons to  assume  the  executive  administration. 
But  it  was  necessary  to  the  public  safety  that 
there  should  be  a  provisional  government,  and 
the  eyes  of  men  naturally  turned  to  the  heredi- 
tary magnates  of  the  realm.  The  extremity  of  the 
danger  drew  Sancroft  forth  from  his  palace. 
He  took  the  chair ;  and  under  his  presidency 
the  new  Archbishop  of  York,  five  bishops,  and 
twenty-two  temporal  lords  determined  to  draw 
up,  subscribe,  and  publish  a  declaration.  [They 
took  the  responsibility  of  temporarily  conducting 
the  government.] — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  10, 
p.  511. 

244S.  GOVERNMENT,  Reaction  in.  Oeorge 
III.  A.  D.  1766.  [The  Stamp  Act  was  repealed  by 
Parliament.]  The  king,  who  regard(?d  the  repeal 
of  the  Stamp  Act  as  "a  fatal  compliance,"  which 
had  forever  "wounded  the  majesty"  of  England, 
and  "planted  thorns"  under  his  pillow,  pre- 
ferred the  hazard  of  losing  the  colonies  to  tem- 
pering the  British  claim  of  absolute  authority.  . . , 
"The  coming  hour"  was  foretold  "when  the 
British  Augustus  would  grieve  for  the  obscuring 
of  the  glories  of  his  reign  by  the  loss,  not  of  a 
province,  but  of  an  empire  more  extensive  than 
that  of  Rome  ;  not  of  three  legions,  but  of  whole 
nations."  No  party  in  England  could  prevent 
an  instantaneous  reaction. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  6,  ch.  25. 

2449.  GOVERNMENT,  Restraints  of.  Flight 
of  James  II.  Legitimate  authority  there  was 
none.  All  those  evil  passions  which  it  is  the  of- 
fice of  government  to  restrain,  and  which  the 
best  governments  restrain  but  imperfectly,  were 
on  a  sudden  emancipated  from  control :  ava- 
rice, licentiousness,  revenge,  the  hatred  of  sect 
to  sect,  the  hatred  of  nation  to  nation.  On  such 
occasions  it  will  ever  be  found  that  the  human 
vermin  which,  neglected  by  ministers  of  State 
and  ministers  of  religion,  barbarous  in  the 
midst  of  civilization,  heathen  in  the  midst  of 
Christianity,  burrows,  among  all  physical  and 
all  moral  pollution,  in  the  cellars  and  garrets 
of  great  cities,  will  at  once  rise  into  a  terrible 
importance.  So  it  was  now  in  London. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  514. 

2450.  GOVERNMENT  revolutionized.  Roman, 
The  creation  of  the  Tribunes  of  the  people  is 
the  era  of  a  change  in  the  Rcnnan  constitution. 
The  Valerian  law  had  given  a  severe  blow  to  the 
aristocracy,  or  party  of  the  patricians ;  and  the 
creation  of  popular  magistrates  with  such  high 


GOVERNMENT. 


291 


powers  had  now  plainly  converted  the  govern 
ment  into  a  democracy.  .  .  .  But  the  immediate 
cause  of  things  coming  to  an  open  rupture  was, 
as  we  have  seen,  the  intolerable  burden  of  the 
debts  owing  by  the  poor  to  the  rich.  This 
grievance  became  at  length  so  general,  from  the 
frequency  of  the  military  campaigns,  in  which 
every  soldier  was  obliged  to  serve  at  his  own 
charges,  and  from  the  ravages  committed  on  the 
lands  by  the  hostile  armies,  which  reduced  the 
poorer  sort  entirely  to  beggary,  that  the  plebeians 
began  to  look  upon  their  order  as  born  to  a  state 
of  hereditary  servitude.  Hence  that  desperate 
measure  of  abandoning  the  city  and  encamping 
in  arms  upon  the  Mons  Sacer.  All  that  the  peo- 
ple at  this  time  desired  was  not  power,  but  a  re- 
lief from  oppression  and  cruelty.  And  had  this 
just  claim  been  readily  listened  to,  and  a  relief 
granted  to  them,  if  not  by  an  entire  abolition  of 
the  debts,  at  least  by  repressing  the  enormous 
usury,  and  taking  away  the  inhuman  rights  of 
slavery  and  of  corporal  punishment,  this  peo- 
ple would,  in  all  probability,  have  cheerfully  re- 
turned to  order  and  submission,  and  the  Roman 
constitution  might  long  have  remained,  what  we 
have  seen  it  was  at  first,  aristocratical.  But  a 
torrent  imprudently  resisted  will  in  time  acquire 
that  impetuous  force  which  carries  everything 
before  it.  The  patricians,  sensible  that  they  had 
pushed  matters  to  a  most  alarming  extreme,  and 
now  thoroughly  intimidated,  were  obliged  to 
grant  the  demand  of  creating  popular  magis- 
trates.— Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  3,  p.  316. 

2451.  GOVEENMENT,  Ridiculous.  Hereditary 
Monarchy.  Of  the  various  forms  of  government 
which  have  prevailed  in  the  world,  an  hereditary 
monarchy  seems  to  present  the  fairest  scope  for 
ridicule.  Is  it  possible  to  relate  without  an  in- 
dignant smile  that,  on  the  father's  decease,  the 
property  of  a  nation,  like  that  of  a  drove  of 
oxen,  descends  to  his  infant  son,  as  yet  unknown 
to  mankind  and  to  himself  ;  and  that  the  bravest 
warriors  and  the  wisest  statesmen,  relinquishing 
their  natural  right  to  empire,  approach  the  roy- 
al cradle  with  bended  knees  and  protestations 
of  inviolable  fidelity  ? — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  7, 
p.  18. 

2452.  CM)VERNMENT,  Rights  of.  Mw  York 
Colony.  [New  York  had  been  reconquered 
from  the  Dutch,  and  Sir  Edmund  Andros  ap- 
pointed governor.]  The  principles  of  arbitrary 
government  were  openly  avowed.  Taxes  were 
levied  without  authority  of  law,  and  the  appeals 
and  protests  of  the  people  were  treated  with  de- 
rision. The  clamor  for  a  popular  assembly  had 
been  so  great  that  Andros  was  on  the  point  of 
yielding.  .  .  .  The  Duke  [of  York  wrote]  .  .  . 
popular  assemblies  were  seditious  and  dangerous  ; 
that  they  only  fostered  discontent  and  disturbed 
the  peace  of  the  government ;  and,  finally,  that 
he  did  not  see  any  use  of  them. — Ridpath's  U.  S.  , 
ch.  20,  p.  174. 

2453.  GOVERNMENT,  Ruinous.  Bo  man. 
The  agriculture  of  the  Roman  provinces  was  in- 
sensibly ruined,  and,  in  the  progress  of  despo- 
tism, which  tends  to  disappoint  its  own  purpose, 
the  emperors  were  obliged  to  derive  some  merit 
from  the  forgiveness  of  debts  or  the  remission 
of  tributes,  which  their  subjects  were  utterly  in- 
capable of  paying.  According  to  the  new  divi- 
sion of  Italy,  the  fertile  and  happy  province  of 


Campania,  the  scene  of  the  early  victories  and 
of  the  delicious  retirements  of  the  citizens  of 
Rome,  extended  between  the  sea  and  the  Apen- 
nine  from  the  Tiber  to  the  Silarus.  Within 
sixty  years  after  the  death  of  Constantine,  and 
on  the  evidence  of  an  actual  survey,  an  exemp- 
tion was  granted  in  favor  of  330,000  English 
acres  of  desert  and  uncultivated  land,  which 
amounted  to  one  eighth  of  the  whole  surface  of 
the  province.  As  the  footsteps  of  the  barba- 
rians had  not  yet  been  seen  in  Italy,  the  cause  of 
this  amazing  desolation,  which  is  recorded  in  the 
laws,  can  be  ascribed  only  to ,  the  administra- 
tion of  the  Roman  emperors. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  17,  p.  144. 

2454.  GOVERNMENT,  Scriptural.  Mw  Ha- 
ven Colony.  The  first  year  there  was  no  govern- 
ment except  a  simple  covenant,  into  which  the 
settlers  entered,  that  all  would  be  obedient  to  the 
rules  of  Scripture.  In  June,  1639,  the  leading 
men  of  New  Haven  held  a  convention  in  a  baim 
and  formally  adopted  the  Bible  as  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  State.  Everything  was  conformed 
to  the  religious  standard.  The  government  was 
called  the  House  of  Wisdom,  of  which  .  .  .  [sev- 
en men]  were  the  seven  pillars.  None  but 
church-members  were  admitted  to  the  rights  of 
citizenship. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  21,  p.  188. 

2455.  GOVERNMENT,  Spirit  of.  Honor- 
Fear —  Virtue.  The  author  of  the  "Spirit  of 
Laws"  [Dr.  Adam  Ferguson],  a  work  which 
must  ever  be  regarded  as  the  production  of  a 
most  enlightened  mind,  has  built  a  great  deal  of 
plausible  and  ingenious  reasoning  on  this  gen- 
eral idea,  that  the  three  distinct  forms  of  govern 
ment,  the  monarchical,  the  despotic,  and  the  re- 
publican, are  influenced  by  three  separate  prin- 
ciples, upon  which  the  whole  system  in  each 
form  is  constructed,  and  on  which  it  must  de- 
pend for  its  support.  "  The  principle  of  the 
monarchical  form,"  says  Montesquieu,  "is  7ion- 
or  ;  of  the  despotical,/<2ary  and  of  the  republi- 
can, virtue :"  a  position  which,  if  true,  would  at 
once  determine  to  which  of  the  three  forms  the 
preference  ought  to  be  given  in  speculating  on 
their  comparative  degrees  of  merit. — Tytleb's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  6,  p.  218. 

2456.  GOVERNMENT,  Strife  in.  English 
Barons.  For  the  first  and  last  time  in  her  his- 
tory England  was  in  the  hands  of  the  baronage, 
and  their  outrages  showed  from  what  horrors 
the  stern  rule  of  the  Norman  kings  had  saved 
her.  Castles  sprang  up  everywhere.  "  They 
filled  the  land  with  castles,"  says  the  terrible  an- 
nalist of  the  time.  "They  greatly  oppressed 
the  wretched  people  by  making  them  work  at 
these  castles,  and  when  they  were  finished  they 
filled  them  with  devils  and  armed  men."  In 
each  of  these  robber-holds  a  petty  tyrant  ruled 
like  a  king.  The  strife  for  the  crown  had  bro- 
ken into  a  medley  of  feuds  between  baron  and 
baron,  for  none  could  brook  an  equal  or  a  supe- 
rior in  his  fellow.  "  They  fought  among  them- 
selves with  deadly  hatred,  they  spoiled  the  fair- 
est lands  with  fire  and  rapine  ;  in  what  had  been 
the  most  fertile  of  counties  they  destroyed  almost 
all  the  provision  of  bread."  For,  fight  as  they 
might  with  one  another,  all  were  at  one  in  the 
plimder  of  the  land.  Towns  were  put  to  ransom. 
Villages  were  sacked  and  burned.  All  who 
were  deemed  to  have  goods,  whether  men  or 


292 


GOVERNMENT— GRATITUDE. 


women,  were  carried  off  and  flung  into  dungeons 
and  tortured  till  they  yielded  up  their  wealth.  No 
ghastlier  picture  of  a  nation's  misery  has  ever  been 
painted.  ..."  They  hanged  up  men  by  their  feet 
and  smoked  them  with  foul  smoke.  Some  were 
hanged  up  by  their  thumbs,  others  by  the  head, 
and  burning  things  were  hung  on  to  their  feet. 
They  put  knotted  strings  about  men's  heads,  and 
writhed  them  till  they  went  to  the  brain.  They 
put  men  into  prisons  where  adders  and  snakes 
and  toads  were  crawling,  and  so  they  tormented 
them.  Some  they  put  into  a  chest,  short  and 
narrow,  and  not  deep,  and  that  had  sharp  stones 
within,  and  forced  men  therein  so  that  they  broke 
all  their  limbs." — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  129. 

2457.  GOVESNMENT,  A  strong.  Cromwell's. 
While  he  lived  his  power  stood  firm,  an  object 
of  mingled  aversion,  admiration,  and  dread  to 
his  subjects.  Few,  indeed,  loved  his  govern- 
ment ;  but  those  who  hated  it  most  hated  it  less 
than  they  feared  it.  Had  it  been  a  worse  gov- 
ernment, it  might,  perhaps,  have  been  over- 
thrown in  spite  of  all  its  strength.  Had  it  been 
a  weaker  government,  it  would  certainly  have 
been  overthrown  in  spite  of  all  its  merits.  But 
it  had  moderation  enough  to  abstain  from  those 
oppressions  which  drive  men  mad  ;  and  it  had  a 
force  and  energy  which  none  but  men  driven 
mad  by  oppression  would  venture  to  encounter. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  1,  p.  130. 

2458.  GOVEENMENT,  Succession  in.  Amer- 
ican Indians.  The  succession  depended  on  birth, 
and  was  inherited  through  the  female  line. 
Even  among  the  Narragansetts,  the  colleague  of 
Canonicus  was  his  nephew.  This  rule  of  descent, 
which  sprung  from  the  general  licentiousness, 
and  was  known  throughout  various  families  of 
tribes,  was  widely  observed. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

2459.  GOVEENMENT,  Trifles  in.  Time  of  tU 
'Revolution.  During  twenty  years  the  chief  em- 
ployment of  busy  and  ingenious  men  had  been 
to  frame  constitutions  with  first  magistrates, 
without  first  magistrates,  with  hereditary  senates, 
with  senates  appointed  by  lot,  with  annual  sen- 
ates, with  perpetual  senates.  In  these  plans 
nothing  was  omitted.  All  the  detail,  all  the  no- 
menclature, all  the  ceremonial  of  the  imaginary 
government  was  fully  set  forth,  Polemarchs  and 
Phylarchs,  Tribes  and  Galaxies,  the  Lord  Archon 
and  the  Lord  Strategus ;  which  ballot-boxes 
were  to  be  green  and  which  red ;  which  balls 
were  to  be  of  gold  and  which  of  silver  ;  which 
magistrates  were  to  wear  hats  and  which  black 
velvet  caps  with  peaks  ;  how  the  mace  was  to  be 
carried,  and  when  the  heralds  were  to  uncover 
■ — these  and  a  hundred  more  such  trifles  were 
gravely  considered  and  arranged  by  men  of  no 
common  capacity  and  learning. — 'Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  378. 

2460.  GOVEENMENT,  Unfitted  for.  Richa/rd 
I.  Richard  I.,  surnamed  Coeur  de  Lion,  had  all 
those  qualities  which  gain  the  admiration  of  a 
romantic  age,  but  few  that  could  conduce  to  the 
happiness  of  his  subjects  or  command  the  appro- 
bation of  posterity.  The  whole  of  his  reign  was 
a  tale  of  romance,  intrepid  valor,  imprudence, 
and  misfortune.  All  Europe  was  at  that  time 
infected  with  the  enthusiasm  of  the  holy  wars, 
and  Richard,  immediately  upon  his  accession, 
prepared  to  signalize  himself  in  an  expedition  to 


Palestine,  which  his  conscience,  or  rather  his 
romantic  turn  of  mind,  represented  to  him  as  the 
only  field  of  real  glory  for  a  Christian  prince. 
Little  regardful  of  the  interests  of  his  people, 
he  raised  an  immense  sum  of  money,  by  all  the 
various  methods  of  arbitrary  enforcement,  and 
forming  a  league  with  Philip  Augustus,  King  of 
France,  who  possessed  somewhat  of  his  own  dis- 
position, though  with  less  generosity,  the  two  sov- 
ereigns agreed  to  join  their  forces  in  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  infidels. — Tytlek'sHist.,  Book 
6,  ch.  8,  p.  144. 

2461.  GOVEENMENT,  Venal.  FourUenth  Par- 
liament. A.D.  1774.  Excess  had  impoverished 
many  even  of  the  heirs  of  the  largest  estates, 
and  lords  as  well  as  commoners  offered  them- 
selves at  market;  so  that  "if  America,"  said 
[Benjamin]  Franklin,  "would  save  for  three  or 
four  years  the  money  she  spends  in  the  fash- 
ions and  fineries  and  fopperies  of  this  country, 
she  might  buy  the  whole  Parliament,  ministry 
and  all.  [This  was  the  Parliament  to  which  the 
Continental  Congress  appealed.] — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  16. 

2462.  GOVEENMENT,  Weakness  of.  Roman. 
Cicero  .  .  .  told  Catiline  that  under  the  powers 
which  the  Senate  had  conferred  on  him  he  might 
order  his  instant  execution.  He  detailed  Cati- 
line's past  enormities,  which  he  had  forgotten 
when  he  sought  his  friendship,  and  he  ended  in 
bidding  him  leave  the  city,  go  and  join  Manlius 
and  his  army.  Never  had  Cicero  been  greater 
and  never  did  oratory  end  in  a  more  absurd  con- 
clusion. He  dared  not  arrest  Catiline.  He  con- 
fessed that  he  dared  not.  There  was  not  a  doubt 
that  Catiline  was  meditating  a  revolution — but 
a  revolution  was  precisely  what  half  the  world 
was  wishing  for.  Rightly  read,  those  sounding 
paragraphs,  those  moral  denunciations,  those 
appeals  to  history  and  patriotic  sentiment,  were 
the  funeral  knell  of  the  Roman  Commonwealth. 
— Froude's  Cjesar,  ch.  11. 

2463.  GEADUATION,  Dishonorable.  Hugh 
Miller.  He  was  becoming  a  big,  wild,  insubor- 
dinate boy.  .  .  .  After  a  severe  fight  and  wrest- 
ling-match with  his  schoolmaster,  he  left  school 
[smarting  under  his  defeat]. — Smiles'  Brief 
Biographies,  p.  91. 

2464.  GEATITUDE  expressed.  Charles  II. 
Richard  Penderel,  Charles  introduced  to  his 
Court,  saying,  "  The  simplest  rustic  who  serves 
his  sovereign  in  the  time  of  need  to  the  utmost 
extent  of  his  ability  is  as  deserving  of  our  com- 
mendation as  the  victorious  leader  of  thousands. 
Friend  Richard,"  continued  the  king,  "I  am 
glad  to  see  thee ;  thou  wert  my  preserver  and 
conductor,  the  bright  star  that  showed  me  to  my 
Bethlehem,  for  which  kindness  I  will  engrave 
thy  memory  on  the  tablet  of  a  faithful  heart." 
Turning  to  the  lords,  the  king  said,  "  My  lords, 
I  pray  you  respect  this  good  man  for  my  sake. 
Master  Richard,  be  bold  and  tell  these  lords 
what  passed  among  us  when  I  had  quitted  the 
oak  at  Boscobel  to  reach  Pit  Leason."  [When 
Charles  had  been  defeated  he  was  aided  in  mak- 
ing his  escape  to  France  by  Penderel.] — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  13,  p.  174. 

2465. .     Samuel  Johnson.     Amid 

this  cold  obscurity,  there  was  one  brilliant  cir- 
cumstance to  cheer  him — he  was  well  acquaint- 


GRATITUDE— GREATNESS. 


293 


ed  with  Mr.  Henry  Hervey.  .  .  .  Not  long  before 
his  death  ...  he  described  his  early  friend, 
"  Harry  Hervey,"  thus  :  "  He  was  a  vicious  man, 
but  very  kind  to  me.  If  you  call  a  dog  Hervey 
I  will  love  him." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  21. 

2466.  GRATITUDE,  Improvident.  Oliver 
Goldsmith.  He  intended  to  proceed  to  Paris  and 
pursue  his  studies  [medical]  there,  and  was  fur- 
nished by  his  friend  with  money  for  the  journey. 
Unluckily,  he  rambled  into  the  garden  of  a  flor- 
ist just  before  quitting  Leyden.  The  tulip  mania 
was  still  prevalent  in  Holland,  and  some  species 
of  that  splendid  flower  brought  immense  prices. 
In  wandering  through  the  garden  Goldsmith  rec- 
ollected that  his  Uncle  Contarine  was  a  tulip- 
fancier.  The  thought  suddenly  struck  him  that 
here  was  an  opportunity  of  testifying,  in  a  deli- 
cate manner,  his  sense  of  that  generous  uncle's 
past  kindnesses.  In  an  instant  his  hand  was  in 
his  pocket ;  a  number  of  choice  and  costly  tulip- 
roots  were  purchased  and  packed  up  for  Mr. 
Contarine  ;  and  it  was  not  until  he  had  paid  for 
them  that  he  bethought  himself  that  he  had  spent 
all  the  money  borrowed  for  his  travelling  ex- 
penses. Too  proud,  however,  to  give  up  his  jour- 
ney, and  too  shamefaced  to  make  another  appeal 
to  his  friend's  liberality,  he  determined  to  travel 
on  foot,  and  depend  upon  chance  and  good-luck 
for  the  means  of  getting  forward  ;  and  it  is  said 
that  he  actually  set  off  on  a  tour  of  the  Continent, 
in  February,  1755,  with  but  one  spare  shirt, 
a  flute,  and  a  single  guinea. — Irving's  Gold- 
smith, ch.  4,  p.  47. 

2467.  GRAVE,  Possession  of.  Harold  II. 
[When  William  of  Normandy  invaded  England 
Harold  II. ,  King  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  met  Tos- 
tig,  his  own  brother,  who  had  come  to  aid  Will- 
iam.] Harold  would  have  negotiated  with  his 
brother  ;  but  when  Tostig  asked  what  the  king 
of  Norway  should  have,  the  Saxon  answered, 
"Seven  feet  of  earth  for  a  grave."  a.d.  1066. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  13,  p.  180. 

246§.  GRAVITY  by  Discipline.  Constantius. 
From  Milan  to  Rome  ...  he  approached  with- 
in forty  miles  of  the  city  ;  the  march  of  a  prince 
who  had  never  vanquished  a  foreign  enemy  as- 
sumed the  appearance  of  a  triumphal  procession. 
His  splendid  train  was  composed  of  all  the  min- 
isters of  luxury ;  but  in  a  time  of  profound 
peace  he  was  encompassed  by  the  glittering 
arms  of  the  numerous  squadrons  of  his  guards 
and  cuirassiers.  .  .  .  Constantius  sat  alone  in  a 
lofty  car,  resplendent  with  gold  and  precious 
gems ;  and  except  when  he  bowed  his  head  to 
pass  under  the  gates  of  the  cities,  he  affected  a 
stately  demeanor  of  inflexible,  and,  as  it  might 
seem,  of  insensible  gravity.  The  severe  disci- 
pline of  the  Persian  youth  had  been  introduced 
by  the  eunuchs  into  the  Imperial  palace  ;  and 
such  were  the  habits  of  patience  which  they  had 
inculcated,  that  during  a  slow  and  sultry  march 
he  was  never  seen  to  move  his  hand  toward  his 
face,  or  to  turn  his  eyes  either  to  the  right  or  to 
the  left. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  19,  p.  217. 

2469.  GREATNESS,  Blot  on.  Dryden.  Dry- 
(len  was  poor  and  impatient  of  poverty.  He  knew 
little  and  cared  little  about  religion.  If  any  sen- 
timent was  deeply  fixed  in  him,  that  sentiment 
was  an  aversion  to  priests  of  all  persuasions.  .  .  . 
Finding  that  if  he  continued  to  call  himself  a 
Protestant  his  services  would  be  overlooked,  he 


declared  himself  a  papist.  The  king's  [James  II.  ] 
parsimony  instantly  relaxed.  Dryden  was  grati- 
fied with  a  pension  of  £100  a  year,  and  was  em- 
ployed to  defend  his  new  religion  both  in  prose 
and  in  verse.  .  .  .  There  will  always  be  a  strong 
presumption  against  the  sincerity  of  a  conver- 
sion by  which  the  convert  is  a  direct  gainer.— 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  183. 

2470.  GREATNESS  burdensome.  Oliver  Crom- 
well. [When  Cromwell  was  in  the  height  of  his 
success  as  Protector  of  England,  he  was  ap- 
prehensive for  the  safety  of  his  life.  His  aged 
mother  at  the  sound  of  a  musket  would  often 
be  afraid  her  son  was  shot,  and  covild  not  be  sat- 
isfied unless  she  saw  him  once  a  day  at  least.  In 
a  burst  of  disappointment  amid  the  conten- 
tions around  him  he  said,  "  I  had  rather  keep  a 
flock  of  sheep."] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  12, 
p.  188. 

2471.  GREATNESS,  Buried.  Alexander  the 
Great.  Finding  the  tomb  of  Cyrus  broken  open, 
he  put  the  author  of  that  sacrilege  to  death, 
though  a  native  'of  Pella,  and  a  person  of  some 
distinction.  His  name  was  Polymachus.  After 
he  had  read  the  epitaph,  which  was  in  the  Per- 
sian language,  he  ordered  it  to  be  inscribed  also 
in  Greek.  It  was  as  follows  :  "  O  man  !  whoso- 
ever THOU  ART,  AND  WHENSOEVER  THOU  COM- 
EST  (for  come  I  KNOW  THOU  WILT),  I  AM  Cy- 
RUS,  THE  FOUNDER  OF  THE  PERSIAN  EMPIRE  ; 
ENVY  ME  NOT  THE  LITTLE  EARTH  THAT  COV- 
ERS MY  BODY."  Alexander  was  much  affected 
at  these  words,  which  placed  before  him  in  so 
strong  a  light  the  uncertainty  and  vicissitude  of 
things. — Plutarch's  Alexander. 

2472.  GREATNESS  by  Contrast.  Charlemagne. 
The  appellation  of  great  has  been  often  bestow- 
ed, and  sometimes  deserved  ;  but  Charlemagne  is 
the  only  prince  in  whose  favor  the  title  has  been 
indissolubly  blended  with  the  name.  That  name, 
with  the  addition  of  saint,  is  inserted  in  the  Ro- 
man calendar  ;  and  the  saint,  by  a  rare  felicity, 
is  crowned  with  the  praises  of  the  historians  and 
philosophers  of  an  enlightened  age.  His  rea^j 
merit  is  doubtless  enhanced  by  the  barbarism  of 
the  nation  and  the  times  from  which  he  emerged  ; 
but  the  apparent  magnitude  of  an  object  is  like- 
wise enlarged  by  an  unequal  comparison ;  and 
the  ruins  of  Palmyra  derive  a  casual  splendor 
from  the  nakedness  of  the  surrounding  desert. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  39,  p.  44. 

2473.  GREATNESS,  Downfall  of.  Columbus. 
[Bobadilla  had  put  him  in  irons  on  the  accusa- 
tion of  adventurers.]  So  violently  had  he  been 
treated,  and  so  savage  were  the  passions  let  loose 
against  him,  that  he  feared  he  should  be  sacri- 
ficed without  an  opportunity  of  being  heard, 
and  his  name  go  down  sullied  and  dishonored  to 
posterity.  When  he  beheld  the  officer  enter  with 
the  guard,  he  thought  it  was  to  conduct  him  to 
the  scaffold.  "Villejo,"  said  he,  mournfully, 
"  whither  are  you  taking  me  ?"  "  To  the  ship, 
your  Excellency,  to  embark,"  replied  the  other. 
"  To  embark  !"  repeated  the  admiral,  earnestly  ; 
"Villejo,  do  you  speak  the  truth  ?"  "By  the 
life  of  your  Excellency,"  replied  the  honest  offi- 
cer, "  it  is  true  !"  With  these  words  the  admiral 
was  comforted,  and  felt  as  one  restored  from 
death  to  life.  Nothing  can  be  more  touching 
and  expressive  than  this  little  colloquy. — Irv- 
ing's Columbus,  Book  13,  ch.  7. 


294 


GREATNESS. 


2474.  GREATNESS,  Dream  of.  Cromwell.  Ol- 
iver himself  "  often  averred,  when  he  was  at 
the  height  of  his  glory,"  that,  on  a  certain 
night,  in  his  childhood,  he  "saw  a  gigantic 
figure,  which  came  and  opened  the  curtains 
of  his  bed,  and  told  him  that  he  should  be  the 
greatest  person  in  the  kingdom,  but  did  not  men- 
tion the  word  king ;  and,"  continues  the  rever- 
end narrator,  "  though  he  was  told  of  the  folly 
as  well  as  wickedness  of  such  an  assertion,  he 
persisted  in  it ;  for  which  he  was  flogged  by 
Dr.  Beard,  at  the  particular  desire  of  his  father  ; 
notwithstanding  which,  he  would  sometimes  re- 
peat it  to  his  Uncle  Stewart,  who  told  him  it 
was  traitorous  to  relate  it. — Hood's  Cromwell, 
ch.  2,  p.  31. 

2475.  GREATNESS,  End  of.  Saladin.  The 
Turks  and  Christians  in  Palestine  were,  in  the 
mean  time,  mutually  exterminating  and  destroy- 
ing each  other,  when  a  new  character  appeared 
on  the  stage,  who,  in  all  respects,  was  one  of  the 
greatest  men  who  have  adorned  the  annals  of 
the  world  ;  this  was  Saladin,  thewnephew  of  Nou- 
reddin,  the  sultan  of  Egypt.  In  a  very  short 
space  of  time  he  had  overrun  Syria,  Arabia,  Per- 
sia, and  Mesopotamia,  and  now  formed  the  de- 
sign of  the  conquest  of  Jerusalem,  then  under 
the  dominion  of  the  Christian  prince,  Guy  of 
Lusignan.  .  .  .  [He  was  defeated  by  Richard 
the  Lion.]  Soon  after  died  the  illustrious  Sala- 
din, leaving  behind  him  the  character  not  only 
of  one  of  the  most  heroic,  but  of  one  of  the  best 
of  princes.  In  his  last  illness,  instead  of  the  im- 
perial ensigns  which  used  to  adorn  the  gates  of 
his  palace,  he  ordered  a  winding-sheet  to  be  hung 
up,  while  a  slave  proclaimed,  with  a  loud  voice, 
"  This  is  all  that  Saladin,  the  conqueror  of  the 
East,  has  obtained  by  his  victories  \"  He  be- 
queathed by  his  last  will  a  large  sum  of  money 
to  be  distributed  equally  among  the  poor,  wheth- 
er they  were  Mohammedans,  Christians,  or  Jews, 
intending,  as  Voltaire  well  remarks,  to  teach,  by 
his  bequest,  that  all  men  are  brethren,  and  that 
when  we  assist  them  we  ought  not  to  inquire 
what  they  beliem,  but  what  Xhey  feel.   This  great 

Srince  died  in  the  year  1195. — Tytleb's  Hist., 
look  6,  ch.  9,  p.  163. 

2476.  GREATNESS,  Fictitious.  Alfonso  d' Al- 
buquerque. Three  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago 
it  was  as  familiar  and  famous  as  the  names 
of  Napoleon,  Wellington,  and  "Washington  now 
are.  He  was  generally  spoken  of  as  the  great 
Albuquerque  ;  sometimes  as  the  "  Mars  of  Portu- 
gal ;"  and  to  this  day  the  Portuguese  regard  him 
as  the  greatest  man  of  their  greatest  age.  He 
was  certainly  one  of  the  most  successful  of  con- 
querors, and  excelled  all  the  commanders  of  his 
time,  except  Pizarro  and  Cortez,  in  battering 
down  other  people's  towns,  and  carrying  off  their 
gold,  silver,  and  diamonds.  On  one  occasion, 
we  are  told,  his  booty  amounted  to  a  sum  equal, 
in  greenbacks  of  to-day,  to  $100,000,000  ;  but  no 
historian  has  taken  the  trouble  to  inform  us  what 
offence  the  people  of  Malacca  had  committed, 
that  they  should  be  subjected  to  this  heavy  fine. 
At  that  day  all  Christians  appear  to  have 
been  fully  convinced  that  the  heathen  had  no 
rights  which  Christians  were  bound  to  respect. 
— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  311. 

2477.  GREATNESS  of  Goodness.  Cosmo  de' 
Medici.  Perhaps  there  never  was  a  family  which 


deserved  better  of  mankind  than  that  of  the  Med- 
ici. Cosmo  de'  Medici,  who  was  born  in  the 
year  1389,  lived  as  a  private  citizen  of  Florence, 
without  courting  rank  or  titles,  though  the  wealth 
which  he  had  acquired  by  commerce  might  have 
raised  him  to  a  level  with  the  most  powerful  of  the 
European  princes.  The  use  he  made  of  his 
riches  was  to  relieve  the  poor,  to  perform  the 
most  splendid  acts  of  public  munificence,  to 
embellish  and  to  refine  his  country,  and  to 
promote  the  cultivation  of  the  sciences  and 
fine  arts,  by  inviting  to  Florence  from  every 
quarter  men  eminent  for  their  learning  and 
talents.  He  died  distinguished  by  no  diadems 
nor  splendid  epithets  of  honor,  but  known  by 
that  most  honorable  of  human  titles,  tfie  Father 
of  Ms  Country. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  13, 
p.  214. 

247§.  GREATNESS  imposaible.  Francs  under 
Charles  IX.  The  colony  of  the  Huguenots  at 
the  south  sprung  from  private  enterprise  ;  a  gov- 
ernment which  could  devise  the  massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew  was  neither  worthy  nor  able  to 
found  new  States. — Bancroft's  Hist.  ofU.  S., 
ch.  1. 

2479.  GREATNESS,  Multiplex.  Julius  Ccesar. 
Lord  Byron  wrote  :  "  It  is  possible  to  be  a  very 
great  man,  and  to  be  still  very  inferior  to  Julius 
Caesar,  the  most  complete  character,  so  Lord 
Bacon  thought,  of  all  antiquity.  Nature  seems 
incapable  of  such  extraordinary  combinations  as 
composed  his  versatile  capacity,  which  was  the 
wonder  even  of  the  Romans  themselves.  The 
first  general ;  the  only  triumphant  politician  ;  in- 
ferior to  none  in  point  of  eloquence  ;  comparable 
to  any  in  the  attainments  of  wisdom,  in  an  age 
made  up  of  the  greatest  commanders,  statesmen, 
orators,  and  philosophers,  that  ever  appeared 
in  the  world  ;'  an  author  who  composed  a  perfect 
specimen  of  military  annals  in  his  travelling  car- 
riage ;  at  one  time  in  a  controversy  with  Cato, 
at  another  writing  a  treatise  on  punning,  and 
collecting  a  set  of  good  sayings ;  fighting  and 
making  love  at  the  same  moment,  and  willing  to 
abandon  both  his  empire  and  his  mistress  for 
a  sight  of  the  fountains  of  the  Nile.  Such  did 
Julius  Caesar  appear  to  his  contemporaries,  and 
to  those  of  the  subsequent  ages  who  were  the 
most  inclined  to  deplore  and  execrate  his  fata., 
genius." — Note  in  Gibbon,  vol.  1. 

24S0.  GREATNESS,  Patriotic.  Cromwell. 
Some  have  compared  him  with  Napoleon — Na- 
poleon I. — to  his  disadvantage.  But  we  shall 
soon  see  the  justice  of  that  criticism  which  finds 
the  greatness  of  Napoleon  rather  in  that  he  did 
his  work  on  stilts  ;  he  performed  his  work  in  a 
large,  ambitious  manner,  and  strode  to  and  fro 
in  self-conscious  exaggeration  before  the  eyes  of 
Europe.  Cromwell  performed  his  work  on  our 
own  island,  but  he  did  not  leave  it.  He  humbled 
the  proud  empires  of  Europe  by  a  glance.  It 
took  battles  to  raise  himself  to  his  place  of  Pro- 
tector, but  he  became  the  Dictator  of  Europe  by 
the  magnetism  of  a  great  intelligence.  From  his 
council- chamber  in  Whitehall  he  dictated  his 
own  terms.  Always  let  it  be  remembered  that 
Napoleon  I.,  in  order  to  retain  his  power,  directed 
all  the  energies  of  his  country  away  from  any, 
even  the  slightest,  attempt  at  domestic  reform  of 
his  own  land,  where  reforms  of  eveiy  kind  were 
so  much  needed  ;  and  he  decimated  the  unhappy 


GREATNESS— GROVES. 


295 


people  of  his  own  land  by  embroiling  them  in 
wars  with  every  nation  in  Europe  ;  he  kindled 
the  conflagrations  of  martial  glory,  and  carried 
everywhere  the  banners  and  eagles  of  conquest, 
in  order  that  he  might  dazzle  by  the  fame  of  his 
great  military  dictatorship.  To  our  indignant 
humanity  Napoleon  looks  like  a  poor,  self-ex- 
aggerating child,  contrasted  with  the  farmer  of 
St.  Ives.  Macaulay  well  points  out  how  greatly 
it  wotdd  have  been  to  the  interests  of  Cromwell's 
ambition  to  have  plunged  his  country  into  a 
great  European  war,  and  how  fertile  were  the 
occasions  for  such  a  war  !  And  had  he  consti- 
tuted himself  the  armed  as  he  was  the  peaceful 
protector  of  Protestantism  in  Europe,  like 
another  Gustavus  Adolphus,  how  prompt  at  his 
call  for  such  a  cause  would  have  leaped  up  that 
mighty  army  of  which  he  was  the  chief,  and 
which  had  regarded  his  voice,  through  so  many 
well-fought  fields,  as  the  very  voice  of  the  Lord 
of  Hosts  speaking  to  men.  He  had  no  such  am- 
bition ;  only  to  serve  his  country  as  best  he 
could,  and  Protestantism  always,  in  all  peaceful 
sincerity. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  14,  p.  185. 

24§1.  GREATNESS,  Proof  of.  Robert  Burns. 
Great  men,  great  events,  great  epochs,  it  has  been 
said,  grow  as  we  recede  from  them ;  and  the 
rate  at  which  they  gi*ow  in  the  estimation  of 
men  is  in  some  sort  a  measure  of  their  greatness. 
Tried  by  this  standard.  Burns  must  be  great  in- 
deed ;  for  during  the  eighty  years  that  have 
passed  since  his  death  men's  interest  in  the  man 
himself  and  their  estimate  of  his  genius  have 
been  steadily  increasing.  Each  decade  since  he 
died  has  produced  at  least  two  biographies  of 
him. — Shairp's  Burns,  ch.  1. 

24§2.  OBEATNESS  recognized.  Riclielieu.  Al- 
though it  was  by  no  means  intended  to  bestow 
on  Richelieu  the  first  place  in  the  administra- 
tion, he  had  not  been  six  months  in  oflice  before 
his  supremacy  was  fully  understood  and  recog- 
nized by  the  king,  the  council,  the  court,  and 
the  whole  nation.       Every  department  of  the 
!        public  service  soon  felt  the  irresistible  energy  of 
I       his  character,  and  his  extraordinary  capacity  for 
f       the    great    task    of    government. — Students' 
France,  ch.  19,  §  5. 

2483.  GEEATNESS,  Threefold.  Francis  I. 
"  Three  of  this  monarch's  deeds,"  says  Marshal 
Tavannes,  "have  justly  procured  for  him  the 
title  of  Great :  the  victory  of  Marignano,  the  res- 
toration of  letters,  and  his  single-handed  resist- 
ance to  the  combined  powers  of  Europe." — 
Students'  France,  ch.  14,  §  16. 

24§4.  GEE ATNESS  with  Vice.  Hannibal.  His 
boldness  in  undertaking  a  perilous  enterprise  was 
equalled  by  his  prudence  in  conducting  it. 
His  strength,  neither  of  body  nor  mind,  was  ever 
seen  to  yield  to  the  severest  labor.  Insensible 
alike  to  heat  or  cold,  his  food  and  drink  were 
limited  to  the  necessities  of  nature,  never  in- 
dulged to  gratification.  All  hours  of  the  day  or 
night  were  to  him  alike,  whether  for  duty  or  re- 
pose ;  what  could  be  spared  from  the  former  was 
given  to  the  latter  ;  no  appliances  were  wanted 
— no  soft  couch  or  silent  retirement.  Often 
was  he  seen,  amid  the  bustle  of  a  military  post, 
snatching  a  brief  repose  on  the  bare  ground,  his 
cloak  his  only  covering.  He  affected  no  supe- 
riority of  dress  ;  valuing  himself  only  on  his  arms 
and  on  his  horses  ;  himself  the  hardiest  foot- 


soldier  and  the  most  gallant  horseman  ;  the  first 
to  rush  into  combat,  the  last  to  quit  the  field. 
Yet  were  these  high  qualities  counteracted  by 
enormous  vices,  by  the  most  inhuman  cruelty, 
by  worse  than  Punic  perfidy,  by  the  utter  disre- 
gard of  truth  and  of  everything  sacred — owning 
no  fear  of  heaven,  and  regardless  alike  of  prom- 
ises and  oaths. — Tytleb's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  9, 
p.  273. 

24§5.  GEE  ATNESS  by  Wisdom.  Alexander. 
Above  twenty  other  cities  bearing  the  name  of 
Alexandria  were  reared  in  the  course  of  Alex- 
ander's various  expeditions.  It  is  such  works  as 
these  which  justly  entitle  the  Macedonian  to  the 
epithet  of  Great.  By  the  cities  which  he  built, 
by  rearing  in  the  midst  of  deserts  those  nurseries 
of  population  and  of  industry,  he  repaired  the 
waste  and  havoc  of  his  conquests.  Without  those 
monuments  of  his  real  glory,  posterity  might 
have  agreed  in  bestowing  on  him  an  epithet 
synonymous  to  that  by  which  he  is  yet  known 
among  the  bramins  of  India — tfie  mighty  Mur- 
derer.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  4,  p.  186. 

2486.  GEIEF,  Conjugal.  Thomas  Jefferson. 
One  of  her  children  has  given  a  most  affecting 
account  of  her  last  moments,  and  of  Jefferson's 
grief  at  her  death.  "For  four  months,"  she 
says,  "  he  was  never  out  of  calling  ;  when  not  at 
her  bedside,  he  was  writing  in  a  small  room 
which  opened  close  at  the  head  of  her  bed.  A 
moment  before  the  closing  scene  he  was  led  from 
the  room  almost  in  a  state  of  insensibility  by  his 
sister,  who,  with  great  difficulty,  got  him  into 
his  library,  where  he  fainted,  and  remained  so 
long  insensible  that  they  feared  he  never  would 
revive.  The  scene  that  followed  I  did  not  wit- 
ness ;  but  the  violence  of  his  emotion,  when 
almost  by  stealth  I  entered  his  room  at  night,  to 
this  day  I  dare  not  trust  myself  to  describe.  He 
kept  his  room  three  weeks,  and  I  was  never  a 
moment  from  his  side.  He  walked  almost  in- 
cessantly, night  and  day,  only  lying  down  occa- 
sionally^ when  nature  was  completely  exhausted, 
on  a  pallet  that  had  been  brought  in  during  his 
long  fainting  fit.  When  at  last  he  left  his  room, 
he  rode  out,  and  from  that  time  he  was  inces- 
santly on  horseback,  rambling  about  the  moun- 
tain in  the  least  frequented  roads,  and  just  as 
often  through  the  woods."— Cyclopedia  of 
Bigg.,  p.  225. 

2487.  GEIEF,  Fatal.  Artaxerxes.  Artaxerxes 
soon  after  died  of  a  broken  heart.  Darius,  his 
eldest  son,  together  with  fifty  of  his  natural 
brothers,  had  conspired  against  their  father,  but 
their  designs  were  defeated,  and  they  were  all 
put  to  death.  Ochus,  the  third  of  his  lawful 
sons,  succeeded  him.  This  monster  had  made 
his  way  to  the  throne  by  murdering  his  elder 
brother,  and  to  secure  his  possession  he  mur- 
dered all  that  remained  of  his  kindred.— Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3,  p.  168. 

2488.  GEIEF,  Public.  Jerusalem  taken.  In 
1187  Jerusalem  was  surrendered  to  Saladin.  Then 
went  forth  deep  lamentation  throughout  Europe. 
A  pope  died  of  grief.  A  king  wore  sackcloth. 
Other  sovereigns  trembled  for  the  safety  of  their 
own  possessions. — Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  1,  ch.  21, 
p.  804. 

2489.  GEOVES,  Worship  in.  Ancients.  The 
only  temples  in  Germany  were  dark  and  ancient 


296 


GRUMBLING— GUILT. 


groves,  consecrated  by  the  reverence  of  succeed- 
ing generations.  Their  secret  gloom,  the  imag- 
ined residence  of  an  invisible  power,  by  present- 
ing no  distinct  object  of  fear  or  worship,  im- 
pressed the  mind  with  a  still  deeper  sense  of 
religious  horror  ;  and  the  priests,  rude  and  illit- 
erate as  they  were,  had  been  taught  by  experience 
the  use  of  every  artifice  that  could  preserve  and 
fortify  impressions  so  well  suited  to  their  own 
interest. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  270. 

2490.  GEUMBLING  over  Failures,  Nelson. 
[He  missed  the  French  fleet  carrying  Bonaparte 
to  Egypt;  when  he  returned  to  Sicily  to  refurnish, 
there  was  great  complaint  in  England.]  Jour- 
nalists talked  of  naval  mismanagement  and  of 
worn-out  captains  who  were  hanging  about 
the  Admiralty  asking  for  employ  ;  marvelled  at 
the  rashness  of  Lord  St.  Vincent  [admiral]  in 
sending  so  young  a  commander  upon  so  great 
an  enterprise. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  20, 
p.  355. 

2491.  GUAED,  Insignificant.  Cortez.  Velas- 
quez, the  governor  of  Cuba,  jealous  of  that  suc- 
cess which  he  was  informed  had  attended  the 
Spanish  arms  in  Mexico,  sent  an  army  of  800 
men  to  supersede  Cortez,  and  to  assume  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  country.  This  intrepid  man, 
leaving  his  conquests  to' be  secured  by  fourscore 
of  his  soldiers,  attacked  with  the  rest  of  his 
troops  the  army  of  Velasquez,  defeated  them, 
and  forced  them  to  submit  to  his  command  as 
their  general.  At  his  return  to  Mexico  he 
found  his  Spaniards  besieged  in  their  quarters. 
The  Mexicans  had  attempted  to  set  at  liberty  their 
captive  monarch,  and  on  the  sight  of  the  Spanish 
army  pouring  down  upon  them  in  immense 
numbers  they  attacked  them  with  the  most  des- 
perate fury.  A  horrible  carnage  ensued,  which 
Montezuma  himself  endeavored  to  put  a  stop  to 
by  offering  himself  a  mediator  between  the 
Spaniards  and  the  Americans.  The  pusillanim- 
ity of  this  proposal  struck  his  own  subjects  with 
the  highest  indignation,  and  an  enraged  Mexican 
pierced  him  to  the  heart  with  a  javelin. — Tvt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  21,  p.  310. 

2492.  GUIDE,  The  unseen.  Conatantin  e's. 
Writers  describe  the  nocturnal  vision  which  ap- 
peared to  the  fancy  of  Constantine  as  he  slept 
within  the  walls  of  Byzantium.  The  tutelar 
genius  of  the  city,  a  venerable  matron  sinking 
under  the  weight  of  years  and  infirmities,  was 
suddenly  transformed  into  a  blooming  maid 
whom  his  own  hands  adorned  with  all  the  sym- 
bols of  Imperial  greatness.  The  monarch  awoke, 
interpreted  the  auspicious  omen,  and  obeyed, 
without  hesitation,  the  will  of  Heaven.  The 
day  which  gave  birth  to  a  city  or  colony  was 
celebrated  by  the  Romans  with  such  ceremonies 
as  had  been  ordained  by  a  generous  superstition ; 
and  though  Constantine  might  omit  some  rites 
which  savored  too  strongly  of  their  Pagan  ori- 
gin, yet  he  was  anxious  to  leave  a  deep  impres- 
sion of  hope  and  respect  on  the  minds  of  the 
spectators.  On  foot,  with  a  lance  in  his  hand, 
the  emperor  himself  led  the  solemn  procession, 
and  directed  the  line,  which  was  traced  as  the 
boundary  of  the  destined  capital,  till  the  gi"ow- 
ing  circumference  was  observed  with  astonish- 
ment by  the  assistants,  who  at  length  ventured 
to  observe  that  he  had  already  exceeded  the 
most  ample  measure  of  a  great  city.     *'  I  shall 


still  advance,"  replied  Constantine,  "  till  He,  the 
invisible  guide  who  marches  before  me,  thinks 
proper  to  stop."  Without  presuming  to  inves- 
tigate the  nature  or  motives  of  this  extraordinary 
conductor,  we  shall  content  ourselves  with  the 
more  humble  task  of  describing  the  extent  and 
limits  of  Constantinople.  — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1 7, 
p.  95. 

2493.  GUIDES,  Blind.  Biblical.  A  learned 
Oriental,  having  been  to  visit  the  library  of  a 
French  convent,  writes  thus  to  his  friend  in  Per- 
sia concerning  what  had  passed  :  "  Father." 
said  I  to  the  librarian,  "what  are  these  huge 
volumes  which  fill  the  whole  side  of  the  library?" 
"These,"  said  he,  "are  the  interpreters  of  the 
Scriptures."  "There  is  a  prodigious  number 
of  them,"  replied  I ;  "  the  Scriptures  must  have 
been  very  dark  formerly,  and  be  very  clear  at 
present.  Do  there  remain  still  any  doubts  ? 
Are  there  now  any  points  contested  ?"  "Are 
there  !"  answered  he  with  surprise — "are  there  I 
There  are  almost  as  many  as  there  are  lines." 
"  You  astonish  me,"  said  I ;  "what  then  have 
all  these  authors  been  doing  ?"  "  These  au- 
thors," returned  he,  "never  searched  the  Script- 
ures for  what  ought  to  be  believed,  but  for 
what  they  did  believe  themselves.  They  did 
not  consider  them  as  a  book  wherein  were  con- 
tained the  doctrines  which  they  ought  to  receive, 
but  as  a  work  which  might  be  made  to  author- 
ize their  own  ideas." 

2494.  GUILDS,  Establishment  of.  Twelfth  Cen- 
tury. In  all  of  the  trading  communities  there 
were  stringent  regulations  for  buying  and  selling, 
enforced  by  the  universal  machinery  of  guilds. 
This  organization  w^as  as  complete  as  that  of 
the  military  system  of  feudality  ;  and  as  the  lord 
controlled  his  tenant  and  received  his  fealty, 
the  tenant  commanded  his  socman,  and  the 
socman  his  serf,  so  the  chief  of  a  guild  ruled 
over  his  company,  and  his  company  over  their 
apprentices,  and  their  apprentices  over  their 
servants. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  22,  p.  322. 

2495.  GUILT,  Division  of.  Assassins.  [By 
the  enemies  of  Mahomet.]  His  death  was  re- 
solved, and  they  agreed  that  a  sword  from  each 
tribe  should  be  buried  in  his  heart,  to  divide  the 
guilt  of  his  blood  and  baffle  the  vengeance  of 
the  Hashemites.  An  angel  or  a  spy  revealed 
their  conspiracy ;  and  flight  was  the  only  re- 
source of  Mahomet.  At  the  dead  of  night,  ac- 
companied by  his  friend  Abubeker,  he  silently 
escaped  from  his  house  ;  the  assassins  watched 
at  the  door,  but  they  were  deceived  by  the  fig- 
ure of  Ali,  who  reposed  on  the  bed,  and  was 
covered  with  the  green  vestment  of  the  apostle. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  124. 

2496.  GUILT,  Evidence  of.  Sudden  Death. 
[In  1052  Edward  (III.)  the  Confessor  w^as  ban- 
queting at  Windsor.]  At  the  king's  banquet 
sat  Godwin  [a  powerful  Saxon  noble],  in  the 
house  where  his  daughter  was  again  the  queen. 
Edward  in  a  dispute  hinted  that  the  earl  was  ac- 
cessory to  the  death  of  his  brother  Alfred.  He 
stood  up  to  aver  his  innocence,  and  fell  speech- 
less to  the  earth.  Other  writers  say  that  he  in- 
voked Heaven  to  choke  him  by  the  bread  which 
he  was  about  to  swallow  if  that  guilt  was  his  ; 
and  that  he  was  choked. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol 
1,  ch.  13,  p.  171. 


HABIT— HAIR. 


297 


2497.  HABIT,  Power  of.  Omlization.  [The 
early  Greeks  were  cannibals.]  Necessity  only,  in 
the  most  savage  nations,  could  at  first  get  the  bet- 
ter of  the  strongest  instinct ;  but  that  once  over- 
come, a  habit  is  soon  acquired,  and  will  not  be 
laid  aside  as  long  as  subsistence  remains  in  any 
degree  precarious. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1, 
ch.  7,  p.  60. 

249§.  HABITS,  Personal.  John  Milton.  His 
habit  in  early  life  had  been  to  study  late  into  the 
night.  After  he  lost  his  sight  he  changed  his 
hours,  and  retired  to  rest  at  nine.  In  summer  he 
rose  at  four,  in  winter  at  five,  and  began  the  day 
with  having  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  read  to  him. 
' '  Then  he  contemplated.  At  seven  his  man  came 
to  him  again,  and  then  read  to  him  and  wrote 
till  dinner.  The  writing  was  as  much  as  the  read 
ing"  (Aubrey).  Then  he  took  exercise,  either 
walking  in  the  garden  or  swinging  in  a  machine. 
His  only  recreation,  besides  conversation,  was 
music.  He  played  the  organ  and  the  bass-viol, 
the  organ  most.  Sometimes  he  would  sing  him- 
self, or  get  his  wife  to  sing  to  him,  thougli  she 
had,  he  said,  no  ear,  yet  a  good  voice.  Then  he 
went  up  to  his  study  to  be  read  to  till  six.  After 
six  his  friends  were  admitted  to  visit  him,  and 
would  sit  with  him  till  eight.  At  eight  he  went 
down  to  supper,  usually  olives  or  some  light 
thing.  He  was  very  abstemious  in  his  diet,  hav- 
ing to  contend  with  a  gouty  diathesis.  He  was 
not  fastidious  in  his  choice  of  meats,  but  content 
with  anything  that  was  in  season,  or  easy  to  be 
procured.  After  supping  thus  sparingly,  he 
smoked  a  pipe  of  tobacco,  drank  a  glass  of  water, 
and  then  retired  to  bed.  He  was  sparing  in  his 
use  of  wine.  His  Samson,  who  in  this  as  in  other 
things  is  Milton  himself,  allays  his  thirst  ' '  from 
the  clear  milky  juice." — Pattison's  Milton, 
ch.  12. 

2499.  HAIR  changed.  Early  Gray.  [Timour 
the  Tartar  is  said  to  have  been  very  beautiful  in 
person  during  his  early  life.]  One  thing  alone, 
according  to  the  Tartar  historians,  contrasted 
with  this  youthfulness  and  grace  of  his  counte- 
nance :  it  is  the  hair,  which  turned  gray  upon  his 
head  almost  in  the  cradle.  This  phenomenon, 
which  recalled,  say  his  painters,  the  gray  hair  of 
the  popular  hero  of  the  Persians,  Sam,  of  whom 
the  exploits  are  celebrated  in  the  Snahnameh, 
had  contributed  to  draw  upon  the  young  Timour 
the  attention  and  respect  of  the  Tartars.  They 
saw  in  it  a  sign  of  precocious  maturity,  indicated 
by  heaven  in  that  crown  of  wisdom  on  the  brow 
of  a  boy.  They  conceived  it  the  augury  of  a  con- 
summate intellect,  with  a  heroic  heart.  He  prid- 
ed himself  on  this  disgrace  of  nature  as  a  priv- 
ilege of  heaven.  These  white  hairs  on  the  cheeks 
of  twenty  set  off  the  lustre  of  his  complexion, 
and  impressed  a  strange,  but  rather  agreeable 
than  ungraceful,  character  upon  his  beauty. — 
Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  305. 

2500.  HAIR,  Manly.  Cutting.  As  it  was 
then  the  custom  for  such  as  had  arrived  at  man's 
estate  to  go  to  Delphi  to  offer  the  first-fruits  of 
their  hair  to  Apollo,  Theseus,  the  legendary 
founder  of  Attica,  went  thither,  and  the  place 
where  this  ceremony  is  performed,  from  him,  is 
said  to  be  yet  called  Thesea.  He  shaved,  however, 
only  the  fore  part  of  his  head,  as  Homer  tells  us 
the  Abantes  did  ;  and  this  kind  of  tonsure,  on  his 
account,  was  called  Theseis.     The  Abantes  first 


cut  their  hair  in  this  manner,  not  in  imitation  of 
the  Arabians,  as  some  imagine,  nor  yet  of  the 
Mysians,  but  because  they  were  a  warlike  peo- 
ple, who  loved  close  fighting,  and  were  more  ex- 
pert in  it  than  any  other  nation.  That  they  might 
not,  therefoce,  give  advantage  to  their  enemies  by 
their  hair,  they  took  care  to  cut  it  off.  And  we 
are  informed  that  Alexander  of  Macedon,  having 
made  the  same  observation,  ordered  his  Macedo- 
nian troops  to  cut  off  their  beards,  these  being  a 
ready  handle  in  battle. — Plutarch's  Lives. 

2501.  HAIB,  Pride  in.  Eoman  Emperor  Ju- 
lian. His  body  was  covered  with  hair  ;  the  use 
of  the  razor  was  confined  to  his  head  alone  •  and 
[he]  celebrates,  with  visible  complacency,  the 
shaggy  and  populous  beard,  which  he  fondly 
cherished,  after  the  example  of  the  philosophers 
of  Greece.  Had  Julian  consulted  the  simple  dic- 
tates of  reason,  the  first  magistrate  of  the  Romans 
would  have  scorned  the  affectation  of  Diogenes, 
as  well  as  that  of  Darius. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  23,  p.  398. 

2502.  HAIR,  Princely.  Ung.  The  Franks, 
whose  monarchy  was  still  confined  to  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Lower  Rhine,  had  wisely  estab- 
lished the  right  of  hereditary  succession  in  the 
noble  family  of  the  Merovingians.  These  princes 
were  elevated  on  a  buckler,  the  symbol  of  mil- 
itary command  ;  and  the  royal  fashion  of  long 
hair  was  the  ensign  of  their  birth  and  dignity. 
Their  flaxen  locks,  which  they  combed  and 
dressed  with  singular  care,  hung  down  in  flow- 
ing ringlets  on  their  back  and  shoulders,  while 
the  rest  of  the  nation  were  obliged,  either  bylaw 
or  custom,  to  shave  the  hinder  part  of  their  head, 
to  comb  their  hair  over  the  forehead,  and  to  con- 
tent themselves  with  the  ornament  of  two  small 
whiskers. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  34,  p.  428. 

2503.  HAIR  ridiculed.  ''Roundhead:'  Of 
the  orgin  of  the  latter,  Mrs.  Hutchinson  gives  the 
following  account:  "When  Puritanism  grew 
into  a  faction,  the  zealots  distinguished  tliem- 
selves,  both  men  and  women,  by  several  affec- 
tions of  habit,  looks,  and  words,  which,  had  it 
been  a  real  declension  of  vanity,  and  embracing 
of  sobriety  in  all  those  things,  had  been  most  com 
mendable  in  them.  .  .  .  Among  other  affected 
habits,  few  of  the  Puritans,  what  degree  soever 
they  were  of,  wore  their  hair  long  enough  to 
cover  their  ears ;  and  the  ministers  and  many 
others  cut  it  close  round  their  heads,  with  so 
many  little  peaks,  as  was  something  ridiculous 
to  behold.  From  this  custom  of  wearing  their 
hair,  that  name  of  'Roundhead'  became  the 
scornful  term  given  to  the  whole  Parliament 
party,  whose  army  indeed  marched  out  so,  but 
as  if  they  had  been  sent  out  only  till  their  hair 
was  grown.  Two  or  three  years  afterward,  how- 
ever," she  continues  (the  custom,  it  may  be  pre- 
sumed, having  declined),  "any  stranger  that  had 
seen  them  would  have  inquired  the  reason  of  that 
name." — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  6,  p.  98. 

2504.  HAIR,  Uncombed.  Harald  II.  [Saxon 
King  of  England.]  Legend  told  how  one  of  its 
many  rulers,  Harald  of  Westfold,  sent  his  men  to 
bring  him  Gytha  of  Hordaland,  a  girl  he  had 
chosen  for  wife,  and  how  Gytha  sent  his  men 
back  again  with  taunts  at  his  petty  realm.  The 
taunts  went  home,  and  Harald  vowed  never  to 
clip  or  comb  his  hair  till  he  had  made  all  Norway 
hie  own.     So  every  spring-tide  came  war  and 


298 


HAIR— HAPPINESS. 


hosting,  harrying  and  burning,  till  a  great  fight 
at  Hafursflord  settled  the  matter,  and  Harald 
"  Ugly-Head,"  as  men  called  him  while  the  strife 
lasted,  was  free  to  shear  his  locks  again  and  be- 
came Harald  "  Fair-Hair." — Hist,  of  Eng.  Peo- 
ple, §  77. 

2505.  HAIB,  Use  of.  Spartans.  They  let  their 
hair,  therefore,  grow  from  their  youth,  but  took 
more  particular  care,  when  they  expected  an  ac- 
tion, to  have  it  well  combed  and  shining,  remem- 
bering a  saying  of  Lycurgus,  that  "  a  large  head 
of  hair  made  the  handsome  more  graceful  and 
the  ugly  more  terrible." — Plutabch's  Lycur- 
gus. 

2506.  HALLUCINATION,  Kealistic.  Martin 
Luther.  In  October,  1521,  ...  he  passed  many  a 
day  in  melancholy  and  depression  of  spirits.  At 
such  times  he  believed  himself  tormented  of  the 
Evil  One.  .  .  .  [He  relates  :]  "It  was  in  the  year 
1521  that  I  was  in  Patmos  at  the  Wartburg,  alone 
in  my  little  room,  no  one  being  permitted  to  come 
to  me  save  two  pages  of  honor,  who  brought  me 
food  and  drink.  They  had  brought  me  a  bag  of 
hazelnuts,  of  which  I  ate  from  time  to  time,  and 
which  I  locked  up  in  a  chest.  One  evening  on 
retiring  I  heard  some  one  at  the  hazelnuts, 
cracking  one  after  another  with  force  against  the 
rafters  ;  then  the  noise  approached  my  bed,  but 
I  cared  little  for  that.  After  I  had  fallen  asleep 
there  begun  such  a  tumult  in  the  stairway,  as  if 
threescore  barrels  were  being  thrown  down.  I 
arose,  went  to  the  stairs,  and  cried  out,  '  Art  thou 
here  (meaning  the  Evil  One)  ?  So  be  it !'  I  then 
commended  my  soul  to  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ, 
of  whom  it  is  said  .  .  .  '  Thou  hast  put  all  things 
under  his  feet,'  and  retired  to  rest.  For  this  is 
the  best  method  to  expel  him  (the  devil) — despis- 
ing him  and  calling  upon  Christ.  That  he  cannot 
endure."  But  finally,  when  Satan  exceeded  all 
bounds,  as  the  legend  records,  Luther  threw  his 
inkstand  at  him,  and  he  never  returned  again. — 
Rein's  Luther,  ch.  10,  p.  97. 

2507.  HANDS,  Fortune  in.  Omar.  Omar  am- 
nestied all  the  Arabs  who,  after  the  death  of  Ma- 
homet, had  hesitated  in  their  faith.  This  amnesty 
and  the  report  of  his  triumphs  led  thousands  of 
Mussulmans  to  flock  beneath  his  banners.  Amr, 
chief  of  those  insurgents,  a  warrior  of  colossal 
stature  and  an  arm  of  iron,  brought  him  2000 
combatants.  "  What  pay  dost  thou  ask  ?"  said 
Omar  to  him,  joking,  "  since  thou  must  by  thy- 
self be  worth  several  men."  "  A  thousand  dir- 
hems  for  this,"  replied  Amr,  with  his  head  upon 
his  left  side  ;  "a  thousand  for  this,"  added  he, 
striking  upon  the  right  side  ;  "  and  in  fine,  a 
thousand  for  this,"  continued  he,  striking  upon 
his  heart.  "  Very  well,"  said  Omar,  smiling,  "  I 
assign  thee  three  thousand  dirhems."  Then  sur- 
veying him  from  the  head  to  the  feet  and  admir- 
ing his  gigantic  height :  "  Praise  be  to  God,  who 
has  created  Amr  !  "  cried  the  Khalif .  He  sent  him 
to  join  the  army  then  forming  on  the  banks  of 
the  Euphrates  to  attack  Persia. — Lamaktine's 
Turkey,  p.  168. 

250S.  HANDS,  Hundred.  VanguisJied.  JEgse- 
on,  a  famous  giant  of  antiquity,  was  the  son  of 
Titan  and  Terra.  He  is  described  as  having  pos- 
sessed one  hundred  hands.  He  was  vanquished 
by  Jupiter  and  loaded  with  chains. — Am.  Cy- 
clopedia, "^G^ON." 


2509.  HAND-SHAKING,  Weariness  of.  Gen 
eral  Grant.  [When  abroad  he  was]  asked  if  he 
did  not  tire  of  so  much  hand-shaking.  "  Yes," 
said  he,  "  I  .  .  .  think  hand-shaking  a  great  nui- 
sance, and  it  should  be  abolished.  In  1865  it  was 
awful  with  me ;  I  thought  I  could  hardly  sur- 
vive the  task.  It  not  only  makes  the  right  arm 
sore,  but  it  shocks  the  whole  system,  and  unfits 
a  man  from  writing  or  attending  to  other  duties. 
It  demoralizes  the  entire  nervous  and  muscular 
system." — Travels  of  General  Grant,  p.  57. 

2510.  HANGING,  Forecast  of.  Patriots.  When 
the  members  were  signing  the  Declaration  [of 
Independence]  Benjamin  Harrison,  of  Virginia, 
an  enormously  corpulent  man,  looking  at  the 
slender,  withered  form  of  Elbridge  Gerry,  of 
Massachusetts,  said:  "Gerry,  when  the  hang- 
ing comes,  I  shall  have  the  advantage ;  you'll 
kick  in  the  air  half  an  hour  after  it  is  all  over 
with  me."  It  was  about  this  time,  too,  that 
Franklin  achieved  one  of  his  celebrated  witti- 
cisms. "  We  must  all  hang  together  in  this  bus- 
iness," said  one  of  the  members.  "Yes,"  said 
Franklin,  "we  must  all  hang  together,  or,  most 
assuredly,  we  shall  all  hang  separately." — Cy- 
clopedia OF  BiOG. ,  p.  349. 

2511.  HANGING,  Public.  Samuel  Johnson. 
He  said  to  Sir  William  Scott :  "  The  age  is  run- 
ning mad  after  innovation  ;  and  all  the  business 
of  the  world  is  to  be  done  in  a  new  way  ;  men 
are  to  be  hanged  in  a  new  way  ;  Tyburn  itself 
is  not  safe  from  the  fury  of  innovation. "  It  hav- 
ing been  argued  that  this  was  an  improvement — 
"  No,  sir,"  said  he,  eagerly,  "  it  is  not  an  improve- 
ment ;  they  object  that  the  old  method  drew  to- 
gether a  number  of  spectators.  Sir,  executions 
are  intended  to  draw  spectators.  If  they  do  not 
draw  spectators,  they  don't  answer  their  purpose. 
The  old  method  was  most  satisfactory  to  all  par- 
ties :  the  public  was  gratified  by  a  procession, 
the  criminal  was  supported  by  it.  Why  is  all 
this  to  be  swept  away  ?" — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  488. 

2512.  HANGING  a  Remedy.  Cromwell's.  Ter- 
rible also  was  the  contest  of  Clonmell,  before 
which  Cromwell  sat  down  with  the  resolution  of 
fighting  and  of  conquest.  Many  persons  were 
here  taken,  and  among  them  the  celebrated  fight- 
ing Bishop  of  Ross,  who  was  carried  to  a  castle 
kept  by  his  own  forces,  and  there  hanged  before 
the  walls,  in  sight  of  the  garrison  ;  which  so  dis- 
couraged them  that  they  immediately  surren- 
dered to  the  Parliament's  forces.  This  bishop 
was  used  to  say,  "  There  was  no  way  of  curing 
the  English  but  by  hanging  them." — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  11,  p.  143. 

2513.  HAPPINESS  vs.  Amusement.  George 
Story.  He  sought  happiness  in  floriculture  and 
angling,  in  cards  and  in  drinking,  without  suc- 
cess. He  went  to  the  Doncaster  races,  and  says  : 
"  As  I  passed  through  the  company,  dejected  and 
disappointed,  it  occurred  to  my  mind,  What  is 
all  this  immense  multitude  assembled  here  for  ? 
To  see  a  few  horses  gallop  two  or  three  times 
around  the  course  as  if  the  devil  was  in  them 
and  their  riders  !  Certainly  we  are  all  mad,  we 
are  flt  for  Bedlam,  if  we  imagine  that  the  Al- 
mighty made  us  to  seek  happiness  in  such  sense- 
less amusements.  I  was  ashamed  and  confound- 
ed, and  determined  never  to  be  seen  there  any 


HAPPINESS— HASTE. 


299 


•more."     [He  became  a  faithful  minister.] — Ste- 
vens' Methodism,  vol.  3,  p.  246. 

2514.  HAPPINESS  compared.  Samuel  John- 
son. I  mentioned  Hume's  notion,  that  all  who 
are  happy  are  equally  happy  :  a  little  miss  with  a 
new  gown  at  a  dancing-school  ball,  a  general  at 
the  head  of  a  victorious  army,  and  an  orator, 
after  having  made  an  eloquent  speech  in  a  great 
assembly.  Johnson  .  '*  Sir,  that  all  who  are  hap- 
py are  equally  happy,  is  not  true.  A  peasant  and 
a  philosopher  may  be  equally  satisfied,  but  not 
equallj'^  happy.  Happiness  consists  in  the  mul- 
tiplicity of  agreeable  consciousness.  A  peasant 
has  not  capacity  for  having  equal  happiness 
witn  a  philosopher  "  —  Boswell's  Johnson, 
p,  141. 

2515.  HAPPINESS,  Constructive.  Samuel 
■Johnson.  Pound  St.  Paul's  church  into  atoms, 
«nd  consider  any  single  atom  ;  it  is,  to  be  sure, 
good  for  nothing ;  but  put  all  these  atoms  to- 
gether, and  you  have  St.  Paul's  Church.  So  it 
is  with  human  felicity,  which  is  made  up  of 
many  ingredients,  each  of  which  may  be  shown 
to  be  very  insignificant. — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p   121. 

2516.  HAPPINESS,  Domestic.  Reign  of  James 
IT,  [The  Duke  of  Monmouth  was  banished  at 
the  time  of  the  coronation  of  James  II. ,  his  rival 
for  the  throne  of  England.]  The  prospect  which 
lay  before  Monmouth  was  not  a  bright  one. 
There  was  no  probability  that*  he  would  be  re- 
called from  banishment.  On  the  Continent  his 
life  could  no  longer  be  passed  amid  the  splendor 
and  festivity  of  a  court.  ...  He  retired  to 
Brussels,  accompanied  by  Henrietta  Wentworth, 
Baroness  Wentworth,  of  Nettlestede,  a  damsel  of 
high  rank  and  ample  fortune,  who  loved  him 
passionately,  who  had  sacrificed  for  his  sake  her 
maiden  honor  and  the  hope  of  a  splendid  alli- 
ance, who  had  followed,  him  into  exile,  and 
whom  he  believed  to  be  his  wife  in  the  sight  of 
Heaven.  Under  the  soothing  influence  of  female 
friendship  his  lacerated  mind  healed  fast.  He 
seemed  to  have  found  happiness  in  obscurity  and 
repose,  and  to  have  forgotten  that  he  had  been 
the  ornament  of  a  splendid  court  and  the  head 
of  a  great  party,  that  h3  had  commanded  armies, 
and  that  he  had  aspired  to  a  throne. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  496. 

2517.  HAPPINESS,  Eeceipt  for.  Plato's.  The 
maxim  of  Plato  is,  that  the  man  who  would  be 
truly  happy  should  not  study  to  enlarge  his  es- 
tate, but  to  contract  his  desires.  For  he  who 
does  not  restrain  his  avarice  must  forever  be 
poor. — Plutabch's  Sertokius. 

25 1§.  HAPPINESS  in  SimpUcity.  Quakers. 
When  Peter,  the  great  Russian  reformer,  attend- 
ed in  England  a  meeting  of  Quakers,  the  semi- 
barbarous  philanthropist  could  not  but  exclaim, 
"  How  happy  must  be  a  community  instituted 
on  their  principles  !"  "  Beautiful !"  said  the  phil- 
osophic Frederick  of  Prussia,  when  a  hundred 
years  later  he  read  the  account  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Pennsylvania  ;  "  it  is  perfect,  if  it  can 
endure."— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  16. 

25 19.  HARANGUE,  Incessant.  Bonaparte. 
[When  Lord  Whitworth  was  sent  as  British  am- 
bassador to  Bonaparte,  in  1803,  he  asked  an  ex- 
planation of  French  aggressions,  made  in  viola- 
tion of  treaty  agreement.]   Bonaparte  harangued  I 


him  for  two  hours,  Lord  Whitworth  in  vain  try- 
ing to  put  in  a  word. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  24,  p.  420. 

2520.  HARDSHIPS,  Military.  Roman  Legion- 
aries. Besides  their  arms,  which  the  legionaries 
scarcely  considered  as  an  encumbrance,  they 
were  laden  with  their  kitchen  furniture,  the 
instruments  of  fortification,  and  the  provision 
of  many  days.  Under  this  weight,  which 
would  oppress  the  delicacy  of  a  modern  sol- 
dier, they  were  trained  by  a  regular  step  to 
advance  in  about  six  hours  near  twenty  miles. 
On  the  appearance  of  an  enemy  they  threw 
aside  their  baggage,  and  by  easy  and  rapid  evo- 
lutions converted  the  column  of  march  into  an 
order  of  battle. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1,  p.  19. 

2521.  HARDSHIPS,  Success  by.  Ghauncey  Je- 
rome. [The  inventor  of  machine-made  Yankee 
clocks.]  After  working  awhile  at  the  dials, 
he  started  with  two  others  on  a  tour  to  New 
Jersey — they  to  sell  the  works  of  clocks,  and  he 
to  make  the  cases  for  them.  Thej^  travelled  in 
a  lumber- wagon,  and  carried  their  own  provi- 
sions. By  this  time  the  clockmakers  of  Connec- 
ticut had  so  systematized  their  business  that  they 
could  sell  a  pretty  good  clock  that  stood  seven 
feet  high  for  $40.  [Formerly  costing  about 
$150.]  Chauncey  Jerome  worked  about  fifteen 
hours  a  day  that  winter  at  case-making.  .  .  ,  He 
well  remembers  passing  through  New  York,  and 
seeing  the  crowds  of  people  walking  up  and 
down  Chatham  Street  stopping  a  man  to  ask  him 
what  was  the  matter.  At  New  Haven — where  he 
afterward  lived  in  a  splendid  mansion — he  walked 
about  the  streets  eating  bread  and  cheese,  and 
carrying  his  clothes  in  a  bundle. — Cyclopedia 
OF  Bigg.,  p.  212. 

2522.  HARMONY,  Fear  of.  Ancients.  As 
the  writers  upon  physics  say  that  if  war  and  disx 
cord  were  banished  the  universe,  the  heavenly 
bodies  would  stop  their  course,  and  all  genera- 
tion and  motion  would  cease,  by  reason  of  that 
perfect  harmony,  so  the  great  Lawgiver  infused 
a  spirit  of  ambition  and  contention  into  the  Spar- 
tan constitution,  as  an  incentive  to  virtue,  and 
wished  always  to  see  some  difference  and  dispute 
among  the  good  and  virtuous. —  Plutarch's 
Agesilaus. 

2523.  HARVEST,  A  lost.  Golden.  Antigonus 
conceived  some  suspicion  of  Mithridates  from  a 
dream.  He  thought  he  entered  a  large  and 
beautiful  field,  and  sowed  it  with  filings  of  gold. 
This  produced  a  crop  of  the  same  precious  met- 
al ;  but  coming  a  little  after  to  visit  it,  he  found 
it  was  cut,  and  nothing  left  but  the  stalks.  As 
he  was  in  great  distress  about  his  loss,  he  heard 
some  people  say  that  Mithridates  had  reaped 
the  golden  harvest,  and  was  gone  with  it  toward 
the  Euxine  Sea. — Plutarch's  Marcus  Crassus. 

2524.  HASTE,  Defective.  Art.  It  is  said  that 
when  Agatharcus  the  painter  valued  himself 
upon  the  celerity  and  ease  with  which  he  dis- 
patched his  pieces,  Zeuxis  replied,  "  If  I  boast, 
it  shall  be  of  the  slowness  with  which  I  finish 
mine."  For  ease  and  speed  in  the  execution 
seldom  give  a  work  any  lasting  importance  or 
exquisite  beauty  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
time  which  is  expended  in  labor  is  recovered 
and  repaid  in  the  duration  of  the  performance. 
— Plutarch's  Pericles. 


300 


HASTE— HEARING. 


2525.  HASTE,  Needless.  Admiral  Drake.  A 
match  at  bowls  was  being  played,  in  Avhicli 
Drake  and  other  high  officers  of  the  fleet  were 
engaged,  when  a  small  armed  vessel  was  seen 
running  before  the  wind  into  Plymouth  harbor 
with  all  sails  set.  Her  commander  landed  in 
haste,  and  eagerly  sought  the  place  where  the 
English  lord  admiral  and  his  captains  were 
standing.  His  name  was  Fleming  ;  he  was  the 
master  of  a  Scotch  privateer  ;  and  he  told  the 
English  officers  that  he  had  that  morning  seen 
ihe  Spanish  Armada  off  the  Cornish  coast.  At 
this  exciting  information  the  captains  began  to 
hurry  down  to  the  water,  and  there  was  a  shout- 
ing for  the  ships'  boats ;  but  Drake  coolly 
checked  his  comrades,  and  insisted  that  the 
match  should  be  played  out.  He  said  that  there 
"was  plenty  of  time  both  to  win  the  game  and 
beat  the  Spaniards. — Decisive  Battles,  §  398. 

2526.  HATBED,  Savage.  French  vs.  Italians 
Mary  de  Medicis  disgusted  the  French,  in  the 
first  place,  by  her  partiality  to  her  countrymen, 
the  Italians.  Concini,  a  Florentine,  a  high  fa- 
vorite of  the  queen  regent,  was  advanced  to  the 
dignity  of  a  marshal  of  France — a  suflicient  rea- 
son for  rendering  the  queen  and  her  minister 
odious  to  the  nobility  and  to  the  kingdom.  The 
Mar6chal  d'Ancre,  for  such  was  the  title  he  as- 
sumed, trusted  too  much  to  the  favor  of  his  mis- 
tress and  to  the  appearance  of  power,  which  was 
its  consequence.  The  nobility  combined  against 
him,  and  he  was  assassinated  in  a  most  inhuman 
manner  in  the  palace  of  the  Louvre.  The  pop- 
ulace, in  that  spirit  of  savage  cruelty  which  in 
all  scenes  of  disorder  seems  to  be  characteristic 
of  that  nation,  are  said  actually  to  have  torn  his 
heart  from  his  body  and  devoured  it. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  33,  p.  443. 

2527.  HAUGHTINESS,  Lordly.  Sapor.  [The 
Persian  tyrant-king.]  At  the  time  when  the  East 
trembled  at  the  name  of  Sapor,  he  received  a 
present  not  unworthy  of  the  greatest  kings — a 
long  train  of  camels,  laden  with  the  most  rare 
and  valuable  merchandises.  The  rich  offering 
was  accompanied  with  an  epistle,  respectful, 
but  not  servile,  from  Odenathus,  one  of  the  no- 
blest and  most  opulent  senators  of  Palmyra. 
"Who  is  this  Odenathus,"  said  the  haughty 
victor,  and  he  commanded  that  the  presents 
should  be  cast  into  the  Euphrates,  "  that  he  thus 
insolently  presumes  to  write  to  his  lord  ?  If  he 
entertains  a  hope  of  mitigating  his  punishment, 
let  him  fall  prostrate  before  the  foot  of  our 
throne,  with  his  hands  bound  behind  his  back. 
Should  he  hesitate,  swift  destruction  shall  be 
poured  on  his  head,  on  his  whole  race,  and  on 
his  country."  [Odenathus  resented  the  insult, 
and  met  the  Persian  king  in  arms,  and  compelled 
his  retreat  beyond  the  Euphrates.]  The  voice  of 
history,  which  is  often  little  more  than  the  organ 
of  hatred  or  flattery,  reproaches  Sapor  with  a 
proud  abuse  of  the  rights  of  conquest.  We  are 
told  that  Valerian,  in  chains,  but  invested  with 
the  Imperial  purple,  was  exposed  to  the  multi- 
tude, a  constant  spectacle  of  fallen  greatness ; 
and  that  whenever  the  Persian  monarch  mounted 
on  horseback,  he  placed  his  foot  on  the  neck  of 
a  Roman  emperor. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  10, 
p.  318. 

252S.  HEALTH  foUowing  Disease.  Glwlera. 
[In  1833  England  was  visited  with  the  cholera, 


which]  left  a  real  blessing  behind  it.  The  care 
of  the  public  health  from  that  time  became  a 
duty  wliich  no  ministry  could  neglect,  and  which 
placed  us  in  a  condition  not  only  to  mitigate  the 
evils  of  any  pest  in  recurring  years,  but  to  ele- 
vate the  whole  body  of  the  people  in  habits  of 
cleanliness  and  comfort,  and  to  prolong  the  du- 
ration of  life  in  village  and  in  city,  in  tbe  pleas- 
ant fields  and  in  the  close  factories. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  16,  p.  393. 

2529.  HEALTH,  Heroism  without.  William 
III.  William  III ...  .  had  a  thin  and  weak  body. 
...  He  was  always  asthmatical,  and  the  dregs, 
of  the  small-pox  falling  upon  his  lungs,  he  had 
a  constant  deep  cough. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  5,  p.  65. 

2530.  HEALTH  prized.  Arabs.  The  custom 
of  the  sedentary  Arabs  in  good  circumstances 
and  living  in  towns,  w^as  what  it  is  at  this  day. 
They  sent  their  sons  to  nurse  into  the  families  of 
the  nomad  Arabs  living  in  tents.  The  object 
of  this  sort  of  adoption  was  twofold  :  in  the  first 
place,  the  child  contracted  amid  this  rural  and 
pastoral  life  a  sounder  health  and  more  mascu- 
line habits  ;  and  secondly,  the  affection  that  grew 
up  between  the  child  and  the  nomadic  family 
wherein  he  had  been  suckled  and  had  commenced 
his  life  gave  to  the  powerful  family  to  whom  he 
owed  his  blood  an  indissoluble  clientage  among 
the  tribes  of  the  country. — Lamartine's  Tuu 
key,  p.  55. 

2531.  HEALTH  by  Travel.  Washington  Irv 
ing.  I  am  too  w^eak  to  take  any  exercise,  and  too 
low-spirited  half  the  time  to  enjoy  company. 
"  Was  that  young  Irving,"  asked  Judge  Kent 
of  his  brother-in-law,  "w^ho  slept  in  the  room 
next  to  me,  and  kept  up  such  an  incessant  cough 
during  the  night  ?"  "  It  was."  "  He  is  not  long 
for  this  world."  This  lugubrious  judgment  of 
the  great  jurist  was  shared  by  the  family  of  Irv- 
ing, who  determined  to  send  him  to  Europe.  . .  . 
He  started  on  the  19th  of  May,  1804.  "  There's- 
a  chap,"  said  the  captain,  "who  will  go  over- 
board before  we  get  across."  .  .  .  Irving  set  out 
from  Gravesend  on  the  18th  of  January,  1806, 
and  reached  New  York  after  a  stormy  passage 
of  sixty-four  days.  He  had  contradicted  the 
prophecy  of  the  captain  with  whom  he  originally 
sailed — that  he  would  go  overboard  before  he 
got  across ;  and  of  Judge  Kent,  who  declared 
he  was  not  long  for  this  world.  He  returned  in 
good  health,  and  resumed  his  legal  studies. — 
Stoddard's  Irving,  p.  17,  18,  23. 

2532.  HEAREES,  Unappreciative.  Samuel: 
Johnson.  His  noble  friend.  Lord  Elibank,  well 
observed  that  if  a  great  man  procured  an  inter- 
view with  Johnson,  and  did  not  wish  to  see  him 
more,  it  showed  a  mere  .idle  curiosity,  and  a 
wretched  want  of  relish  for  extraordinary  pow- 
ers of  mind.  Mrs.  Thrale  justly  and  wittily  ac- 
counted for  such  conduct  by  saying  that  John- 
son's conversation  was  by  much  too  strong  for  a 
person  accustomed  to  obsequiousness  and  flat- 
tery ;  it  was  mustard  in  a  young  child's  mouth  ! — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  465. 

2533.  HEARING,  Released  from.  Congrega- 
tion. [King  James  II.  commanded  his  Liberty 
of  Conscience  act  to  be  read  by  the  unwilling 
clergy  in  the  churches  to  the  unwilling  hearers.} 
One,  more  pleasantly  than  gravely,  told  his  peo- 


HEART— HEAVEN. 


301 


k 


pie  that,  though  he  was  obliged  to  read  it,  they 
were  not  obliged  to  hear  it ;  and  he  stopped  till 
they  all  went  out,  and  then  he  read  it  to  the 
walls. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  26,  p.  426. 

2534.  HEAET,  A  broken.  Miss  Perronet.  A 
gentleman  so  called  had,  by  the  utmost  assidu- 
ity and  innumerable  professions  of  the  tenderest 
affection,  gained  by  slow  degrees  her  love.  The 
time  of  the  marriage  was  fixed,  the  ring  was 
bought,  and  the  wedding-clothes  were  sent  to 
her.  He  came  a  week  before  the  day,  and  con- 
tinued to  avow  the  most  ardent  regard  ;  but  at  a 
later  visit,  sitting  down  very  carelessly  on  a 
chair,  he  declared  in  the  coolest  manner  that  he 
had  changed  his  purpose  ;  that  he  had  been  mis- 
taken, did  not  love  her,  and  could  not  many 
her.  He  walked  away,  leaving  her  dumb  with 
grief.  The  sorrow  which  she  endeavored  to 
conceal  preyed  upon  her  spirits,  till,  three  or 
four  days  after,  she  suddenly  laid  down,  and  in 
four  minutes  died.  "  One  of  the  ventricles  of 
her  heart  burst,  so  she  literally  died  of  a  broken 
heart." — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  2,  p.  262. 

2535.  ■  .  By  Washington  Irving.  [A 

friend  handed  Byro.a  a  copy  of  the  "  Sketch 
Book"  shortly  before  his  death.]  He  turned  to 
the  "  Broken  Heart."  "  That,"  said  he,  "  is  one 
of  the  finest  things  ever  written  on  earth,  and  I 
want  tc  hear  an  American  read  it.  But  stay — 
do  you  know  Irving?"  I  replied  that  I  had 
never  seen  him.  "  God  bless  him  !"  exclaimed 
Byron.  "  He  is  a  genius  ;  and  he  has  something 
better  than  genius — a  heart.  I  wish  I  could  see 
him,  but  I  fear  I  never  shall.  Well,  read  the 
'  Broken  Heart ' — yes  the  '  Broken  Heart '  What 
a  word  !"  In  closing  the  first  paragraph,  I  said, 
"  Shall  I  confess  it  ?  I  do  believe  in  broken 
hearts."  "  Yes/'  exclaimed  Byron,  "  and  so  do 
I,  and  so  does  everybody  but  philosophers  and 
fools  !"  While  I  was  reading  one  of  the  most 
touching  portions  of  that  mournful  piece.  I  ob- 
served that  Byron  wept.  He  turned  his  eyes 
upon  me,  and  said,  "You  see  me  weep,  sii*. 
Irving  himself  never  wrote  that  story  without 
weeping ;  nor  can  I  hear  it  without  tears.  I 
I  have  not  wept  much  in  this  world,  for  trouble 
never  brings  tears  to  my  eyes,  but  I  always  have 
tears  for  the  '  Broken  Heart.' "  [See  No.  3351.]— 
Stoddahd's  Irving,  p.  40. 

2536.  HEART,  Hardened.  James  II  [Trial 
of  Benjamin  Hewling  for  rebelling  under  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth.]  Even  Jeffreys  Avas,  or 
pretended  to  be,  inclined  to  lenity.  .  .  .  Time  was 
allowed  for  a  reference  to  Londofi.  The  sister 
of  the  prisoner  went  to  Whitehall  with  a  petition. 
Many  courtiers  wished  her  success,  and  Church- 
ill [the  Duke  of  Marlborough],  among  whose  nu- 
merous faults  cruelty  had  no  place,  obtained  ad- 
mittance for  her.  ' '  I  wish  well  to  your  suit  with 
all  my  heart,"  he  said,  as  they  stood  together  in 
the  ante-chamber;  "but  do  not  flatter  yourself 
■with  hopes.  This  marble" — and  he  laid  his  hand 
on  the  chimney-piece — "is  not  harder  than  the 
king."  This  prediction  proved  true.  Benjamin 
Hewling  died  with  dauntless  courage,  amid  lam- 
entations in  which  the  soldiers  who  kept  guard 
round  the  gallows  could  not  refrain  from  join- 
ing.—Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  600. 

2537.  HEART,  An  honest.  Fortress.  The 
first  of  tuo  family  [of  Stephen  Colonna]  in  fame 
acd  merit  was  the  elder  Stephen,  whom  [the  poet] 


Petrarch  loved  and  esteemed  as  a  hero  superioi 
to  his  own  times,  and  not  unworthy  of  ancient 
Rome.  Persecution  and  exile  displayed  to  the 
nations  his  abilities  in  peace  and  war  ;  in  his  dis- 
tress he  was  an  object  not  of  pity,  but  of  rever- 
ence ;  the  aspect  of  danger  provoked  him  to 
avow  his  name  and  country  ;  and  when  he  was 
asked,  "  Where  is  now  your  fortress  ?"  he  laid 
his  hand  on  his  heart,  and  answered,  "Here." 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  69,  p.  463. 

253§.  HEART  longing  for  God.  Arvtnaga 
Tambiran.  [He  was  a]  Hindoo  of  high  family, 
and  celebrated  for  his  knowledge  ;  had  made  pil- 
grimages of  many  thousands  of  miles,  to  seek  rest 
to  his  inquiring  mind.  He  at  last  met  with 
some  native  Christians  .  .  .  and  with  Carver 
the  missionary.  [He  began  to  seek  the  truth,] 
when  some  of  his  disciples  attempted  to  cany 
hiaa  off  ;  he  appealed  to  the  magistrate  at  Mad- 
ras, wearing  his  heathen  robes  in  the  court,  for 
the  last  time,  that  he  might  be  identified  as  the 
head  of  the  order.  Before  the  officer  and  a 
great  multitude  he  bore  this  eloquent  testimony 
for  Christianity.  Alluding  to  hi?  pilgrimages, 
he  said  :  "  Fifty  years  of  my  life  have  been  thus 
spent.  I  sought  all  heathen  books,  but  found 
nothing  for  the  soul.  I  have  taught  many  hun- 
dred disciples,  as  you  know.  I  discovered  noth- 
ing in  heathen  books,  in  heathen  temples,  in 
heathen  ceremonies,  to  satisfy  my  spirit.  I  met 
with  this  missionary,  and  he  opened  to  my  un- 
derstanding the  way  of  salvation.  I  determined 
to  abandon  heathenism.  By  heathenism  I  got 
money  in  abundance,  and  honors.  I  was  wor- 
ship]ied  by  my  disciples  ;  but  my  soul  shrunk 
back  at  its  blasphemy  against  the  God  of  whom 
I  had  heard.  ...  I  wish  to  be  baptized  in 
the  name  of  Jesus,  and  to  teach  others  also  of 
this  Saviour." — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  3, 
p.  347. 

2539.  HEART,  Obdurate.  Murderer.  The 
Earl  of  Ferrers,  an  infidel  and  a  di-unkard,  .  .  . 
murdered  his  steward  for  rendering  assistance 
to  his  lady,  who  had  been  compassionately  sepa- 
rated from  him  by  act  of  Parliament.  The 
House  of  Lords  condemned  the  wretched  no- 
bleman ;  he  was  to  be  executed  and  his  body 
dissected.  His  brother  .  .  .  [and  others,  both 
men  and  women]  sought  to  arouse  him  to  a 
sense  of  his  moral  peril.  He  was  prayed  for  in 
the  churches  ;  but  he  remained  unmoved.  He 
spent  the  evenings  of  his  imprisonment  in  play- 
ing piquet ;  he  demanded  intoxicating  drinks  ; 
the  night  before  his  execution  he  had  Hamlet 
read  while  he  was  in  bed,  and  half  an  hour 
before  he  was  carried  to  the  gallows  he  was  em- 
ployed in  correcting  verses  which  he  had  com- 
posed in  the  Tower.  Dressed  in  his  wedding 
clothes,  decked  with  silver  embroidery,  he  rode 
to  the  gallows  in  his  carriage,  drawn  by  six 
horses,  and  accompanied  by  troops  and  a  hearse. 
He  died  without  penitence  and  apparently  with- 
out fear. — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  2,  p.  20. 

2540.  HEAVEN,  A  carnal.  Mahomet.  It  is 
natural  enough  that  an  Arabian  prophet  should 
dwell  with  rapture  on  the  groves,  the  fountains, 
and  the  rivers  of  paradise  ;  but  instead  of  inspir- 
ing the  blessed  inhabitants  with  a  liberal  taste 
for  harmony  and  science,  conversation  and 
friendship,  he  idly  celebrates  the  pearls  and  dia- 
monds, the  robes  of   silk,  palaces  of  marble, 


302 


HEAVEN. 


dishes  of  gold,  rich  wines,  artificial  dainties,  nu- 
merous attendants,  and  the  whole  train  of  sensual 
and  costly  luxiiry  which  becomes  insipid  to  the 
owner  even  in  the  short  period  of  this  mortal 
life.  Seventy-two  houris,  or  black-eyed  girls  of 
resplendent  beauty,  blooming  youth,  virgin  pu- 
rity, and  exquisite  sensibility  will  be  created  for 
the  use  of  the  meanest  believer ;  a  moment  of 
pleasure  will  be  prolonged  to  a  thousand  years, 
and  his  faculties  will  be  increased  a  hundred- 
fold to  render  him  worthy  of  his  felicity.  Not- 
withstanding a  vulgar  prejudice,  the  gates  of 
heaven  will  be  open  to  both  sexes  ;  but  Mahomet 
has  not  specified  the  male  companions  of  the 
female  elect,  lest  he  should  either  alarm  the 
jealousy  of  their  former  husbands  or  disturb 
their  felicity  by  the  suspicion  of  an  everlasting 
marriage. — Gibbon's  Mahomet,  p.  30. 

2541.  HEAVEN,  Division  of.  Swedeinborg.  The 
infinite  variety  of  heaven  thus  arranges  itself,  in 
general,  into  two  kingdoms  ;  specifically  into  three 
heavens  ;  and  in  particular,  into  innumerable  so- 
cieties. The  two  kingdoms  are  respectively  called 
celestial  and  spiritual.  The  angels  forming  the 
celestial  kingdom  are  characterized  by  their  ex- 
ceeding love  of  the  Lord  and  of  goodness  ;  and 
the  angels  who  form  the  spiritual  kingdom  are 
distinguished  by  their  exceeding  love  of  their 
neighbor  and  of  truth.  The  celestial  angels  are 
immensely  wiser  than  the  spiritual,  and  their 
blessedness  is  ineffable.  Specifically  there  are 
three  heavens,  perfectly  distinct,  called  the  first 
heaven,  the  second  or  middle  heaven,  and  the 
third  or  highest  heaven  ;  or  they  may  be  called 
external,  internal,  and  inmost ;  or  natural,  spirit- 
ual, and  celestial.  .  .  .  The  external,  first,  or 
natural  heaven,  is  formed  of  those  who,  from 
a  principle  of  obedience  and  duty,  live  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  Divine  will.  The  second, 
spiritual,  or  middle  heaven,  is  formed  of  such 
as  love  truth,  delight  in  things  intellectual,  and 
at  the  same  time  are  in  disinterested  love  to  the 
neighbor.  The  inmost,  third,  or  celestial  heav- 
en is  formed  of  those  who,  full  of  love  to  the 
Lord,  are  in  innocence. — White's  Sweden- 
BOR6,  ch.  13,  p.  104. 

2542.  HEAVEN,  Materialistic.  Bomell.  I  re- 
member, many  years  ago,  when  my  imagina- 
tion was  warm,  and  I  happened  to  be  in  melan- 
choly mood,  it  distressed  me  to  think  of  going 
into  a  state  of  being  in  which  Shakespeare's 
poetry  did  not  exist.  A  lady  whom  I  then  much 
admired,  a  very  amiable  woman,  humored  my 
fancy,  and  relieved  me  by  saying,  "The  first 
thing  you  will  meet  in  the  other  world  will  be 
an  elegant  copy  of  Shakespeare's  works  present- 
ed to  you."  Dr.  Johnson  smiled  benignantly 
at  this,  and  did  not  appear  to  disapprove  of  the 
notion. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  387. 

2543.  HEAVEN,  Views  of.  Adaptation.  "Grace 
and  Peace  in  Christ.  My  dear  little  Son  : 
I  rejoice  to  hear  that  thou  art  learning  diligently 
and  praying  faithfully.  Continue  to  do  this, 
my  son,  and  when  I  return  home  I  will  bring 
you  some  beautiful  toys,  representing  an  annual 
fair.  I  know  of  a  delightful  garden  in  which 
manj^  children  are  found,  dressed  in  golden 
clothing ;  they  gather  beautiful  apples,  pears, 
cherries,  and  plums ;  they  also  sing  and  leap, 
and  are  happy  ;  they  have  beautiful  little  horses, 
with  golden  bridles  and  silver  saddles.    There- 


upon I  asked  the  man,  whose  garden  it  is,  ta 
whom  these  children  belonged.  He  answered, 
'  These  are  the  children  that  love  to  pray  and 
learn,  and  that  are  pious.'  Then  said  I,  '  My 
dear  sir,  I  too  have  a  son,  named  Johnnie  Lu- 
ther ;  could  not  he  also  come  into  this  garden 
and  eat  such  beautiful  apples  and  pears,  and  ride 
such  little  horses  and  play  with  these  children  ? ' 
And  the  man  said,  '  If  he  loves  to  pray  and  to 
study,  and  is  pious,  he  shall  likewise  go  to 
heaven,  and  with  him  Lippus  and  Jost  [sons  of 
Melanchthon  and  JonasJ.  And  when  they  all 
return  they  shall  have  fifes  and  flutes  and  drums, 
and  all  sorts  of  stringed  instruments  ;  they  shall 
also  dance,  and  shoot  with  small  cross-bows.' 
And  he  showed  me  a  beautiful  plot  in  the  garden 
set  apart  for  dancing  ;  there  I  saw  hanging  real 
golden  fifes  and  drums,  and  fine  silver  cross- 
bows. But  it  was  quite  early,  so  that  the  chil- 
dren had  not  yet  eaten  their  meal.  Hence  I 
could  not  wait  to  see  them  dance,  and  I  said  to^ 
the  man,  '  I  will  hurriedly  go  and  write  my  little 
son  Johnnie  all  about  these  things,  so  that  he 
may  pray  diligently,  study  well,  and  be  pious,  and 
also  come  into  this  garden.  But  he  has  an  aunt, 
Lena,  whom  he  must  take  along  with  him. '  Then 
the  man  replied,  '  Let  it  be  so  ;  go  and  write  him 
all  about  it.'  Therefore,  my  dear  little  son 
Johnnie,  keep  on  studying  and  praying,  and  tell 
Lippus  and  Jost  that  they  also  study  and  pray, 
and  then  you  will  all  together  come  into  this 
garden.  Herewith  I  commend  thee  to  Almighty 
God.  Greet  Aunt  Lena  with  a  kiss  from  me. 
Thj^  dear  father,  Martinus  Luther," — Rein's 
Luther,  ch.  16,  p.  149. 

2544.  HEAVEN  visited.  MaJwmet.  His  dream 
of  a  nocturnal  journey  is  seriously  described  as 
a  real  and  corporeal  transaction.  A  mysterious 
animal,  the  Borak,  conveyed  him  from  the  tem- 
ple of  Mecca  to  that  of  Jerusalem  ;  with  his  com- 
panion Gabriel  he  successfully  ascended  the 
seven  heavens,  and  received  and  repaid  the  salu- 
tations of  the  patriarchs,  the  prophets,  and  the 
angels,  in  their  respective  mansions.  Beyond 
the  seventh  heaven  Mahomet  alone  was  permit- 
ted to  proceed  ;  he  passed  the  veil  of  unity,  ap- 
proached within  two  bow-shots  of  the  throne, 
and  felt  a  cold  that  pierced  him  to  the  heart 
when  his  shoulder  was  touched  by  the  hand  of 
God.  After  this  familiar  though  important  con- 
versation he  again  descended  to  Jerusalem,  re- 
mounted the  Borak,  returned  to  Mecca,  and  per- 
formed in  the  tenth  part  of  a  night  the  journey 
of  many  thoifsand  years. — Gibbon's  Mahomet, 
p.  26. 

2545.  HEAVEN,  The  Warriors'.  Scandinavians. 
The  way  in  which  the  departed  heroes  pass  their 
time  in  Valhalla,  or  in  the  palace  of  Odin,  is  de- 
scribed in  several  places  of  the  Edda.  They  have 
every  day  the  pleasure  of  arming  themselves, 
marshalling  themselves  in  military  order,  engag- 
ing in  battle,  and  being  all  cut  to  pieces ;  but 
when  the  stated  hour  of  repast  arrives  their 
bodies  are  reunited,  and  they  return  on  horse- 
back safe  to  the  hall  of  banquet,  where  they  feed 
heartily  on  the  flesh  of  a  boar,  and  drink  beer 
out  of  the  skulls  of  their  enemies,  till  they  are  in 
a  state  of  intoxication.  Odin  sits  by  himself  at 
a  particular  table.  The  heroes  are  served  by  the 
beautiful  virgins,  named  Valkirie,  who  officiate 
as  their  cup-bearers ;  but  the  pleasures  of  love 


HEEDLESSNESS— HERESY 


303 


I 


do  not  enter  at  all  into  the  joys  of  this  extra- 
ordinary Paradise.  These  notions  of  religious 
belief  among  the  Scandinavians,  arising  from  a 
native  ferocity  of  character,  had  a  strong  effect 
on  their  national  manners  and  on  the  conduct  of 
individuals.  Placing  their  sole  delight  in  war 
and  in  the  slaughter  of  their  enemies,  they  had 
an  absolute  contempt  of  danger  and  of  bodily 
pain. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  6. 

2546.  HEEDLESSNESS,  Loss  by.  Ooldsmith. 
I  went  to  Cork  and  converted  my  horse,  which 
you  prize  so  much  higher  than  Fiddleback,  into 
cash,  took  my  passage  in  a  ship  bound  for 
America,  and  at  the  same  time  paid  the  captain 
for  my  freight  and  all  the  other  expenses  of  my 
voyage.  But  it  so  happened  that  the  wind  did 
not  answer  for  three  weeks  ;  and  you  know, 
mother,  that  I  could  not  command  the  elements. 
My  misfortune  was  that,  when  the  wind  served, 
I  happened  to  be  with  a  party  in  the  country, 
and  my  friend  the  captain  never  inquired  after 
me,  but  set  sail  with  as  much  indifference  as  if 
I  had  been  on  board. — Irving's  Goldsmitbt, 
ch.  3,  p.  32. 

2547.  HELL  necessary.  President  Andrew  Jack- 
son. [Here  is]  his  famous  reply  to  a  young  man 
who  objected  to  the  doctrine  of  future  pun- 
ishment. "I  thank  God,"  said  the  youth,  "I 
have  too  much  good  sense  to  believe  there  is  such 
a  place  as  hell."  "  Well,  sir,"  said  General  Jack- 
son, ' '  /  thank  God  there  is  such  a  place. "  ' '  Why, 
general,"  asked  the  young  man,  "  what  do  you 
want  with  such  a  place  of  torment  as  hell  ?"  To 
which  the  general  replied  as  quick  as  lightning, 
"To  put  such  rascals  as  you  in,  that  oppose 
and  vilify  the  Christian  religion."  The  young 
man  said  no  more,  and  soon  after  found  it  con- 
venient to  take  his  leave. — Cyclopedia  of 
Bigg.,  p.  538. 

254§.  HELL,  Temporary.  Mohammedan.  Ac- 
cording as  the  shares  of  guilt  or  virtue  shall  pre- 
ponderate, the  sentence  will  be  pronounced,  and 
all,  without  distinction,  will  pass  over  the  sharp 
and  perilous  bridge  of  the  abyss  ;  but  the  inno- 
cent treading  in  the  footsteps  of  Mahomet  will 
gloriously  enter  the  gates  of  paradise,  while  the 
guilty  will  fall  into  the  first  and  mildest  of  the 
seven  hells.  The  term  of  expiation  will  vary 
from  nine  hundred  to  seven  thousand  years  ;  but 
the  prophet  has  judiciously  promised  that  all  his 
disciples,  whatever  may  be  their  sins,  shall  be 
saved  by  their  own  faith  and  his  intercession 
from  eternal  damnation. — Gibbon's  Mahomet, 
p.  30. 

2549.  HELP,  Fictitioas.  Julian  the  Apostate 
confiscated  the  whole  property  of  the  church  ; 
the  money  was  distributed  among  the  soldiers  ; 
the  lands  were  added  to  the  domain  ;  and  this 
act  of  oppression  was  aggravated  by  the  most  un- 
generous irony.  "  I  show  myself,"  says  Julian, 
"  the  true  friend  of  the  Galileans.  Their  admi- 
rable law  has  promised  the  kingdom  of  heaven  to 
the  poor  ;  and  they  will  advance  with  more  dil- 
igence in  the  paths  of  virtue  and  salvation  when 
they  are  relieved  by  my  assistance  from  the  load 
of  temporal  possessions." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
23.  p.  454. 

2550.  HELFEBS,  Dependence  on.  "Auxili- 
aries." The  safety  and  honor  of  the  empire  was 
principally  intrusted  to  the  legions,  but  the  pol- 


icy of  Rome  condescended  to  adopt  every  use- 
ful instrument  of  war.  Considerable  levies  were 
regularly  made  among  the  provincials,  who  had 
not  yet  deserved  the  honorable  distinction  of 
Romans.  Many  dependent  princes  and  com- 
munities, dispersed  round  the  frontiers,  were 
permitted  for  a  while  to  hold  their  freedom 
and  security  by  the  tenure  of  military  service. 
Even  select  troops  of  hostile  barbarians  were 
frequently  compelled  or  persuaded  to  consume 
their  dangerous  valor  in  remote  climates,  and 
for  the  benefit  of  the  State.  All  these  were  includ- 
ed under  the  general  name  of  auxiliaries  ;  and 
howsoever  they  might  vary  according  to  the 
difference  of  times  and  circumstances,  their  num- 
bers were  seldom  much  inferior  to  those  of  the 
legions  themselves. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1, 
p.  17. 

2551.  HEEITAGE  of  Disposition.  Frederick  II. 
Frederick,  it  is  true,  by  no  means  relinquished 
his  hereditary  privilege  of  kicking  and  cudgel- 
ling. His  practice,  however,  as  to  that  matter 
differed  in  some  important  respects  from  his 
father's.  To  Frederick  William  the  mere  cir- 
cumstance that  any  persons  whatever,  men, 
women,  or  children,  Prussians  or  foreigners, 
were  within  reach  of  his  toes  and  of  his  cane, 
appeared  to  be  a  sufficient  reason  for  proceeding 
to  belabor  them.  Frederick  required  provoca- 
tion as  well  as  vicinity  ;  nor  was  he  ever  known 
to  inflict  this  paternal  species  of  correction  on 
any  but  his  born  subjects. — Macaijlay's  Fred- 
erick the  Great,  p.  25. 

2552.  HEEEDITY,  Failure  of.  Earthquake 
of  Lisbon.  It  was  this  catastrophe  which  was 
the  means  of  calling  into  exercise  the  latent  be- 
nevolence of  John  Howard,  who  is  now  styled  in 
all  lands  and  tongues  "  the  philanthropist." 
The  father  of  this  benevolent  being  was  noted 
for  his  penuriousness. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  31. 

2553.  HERESY  fined.  Donatists.  [During 
the  persecution  of  the  Donatists  by  the  Catho- 
lics, a]  regular  scale  of  fines,  from  ten  to  two 
hundred  pounds  of  silver,  was  curiously  ascer- 
tained, according  to  the  distinctions  of  rank  and 
fortune,  to  punish  the  crime  of  assisting  at  a 
schismatic  conventicle  ;  and  if  the  fine  had  been 
levied  five  times,  without  subduing  the  obsti- 
nacy of  the  offender,  his  future  punishment  was 
referred  to  the  discretion  of  the  Imperial  court. 
By  these  severities,  Avhich  obtained  the  warmest 
approbation  of  St.  Augustin,  great  numbers  of 
Donatists  were  reconciled  to  the  Catholic  Church; 
but  the  fanatics,  who  still  persevered  in  their  op- 
position, were  provoked  to  madness  and  despair, 
the  distracted  country  was  filled  with  tumult 
and  bloodshed  ;  the  armed  troops  of  Circumcel 
lions  alternately  pointed  their  rage  against  them- 
selves, or  against  their  adversaries  ;  and  the  cal- 
endar of  martyrs  received  on  both  sides  a  con- 
siderable augmentation. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
33,  p.  373. 

2554.  HERESY  hunting.  Boger  Williams. 
The  banishment  of  Roger  Williams,  instead  of 
bringing  peace,  brought  strife  and  dissension  to 
the  people  of  Massachusetts.  The  ministers 
were  stern  and  exacting.  Every  shade  of  popu- 
lar belief  was  closely  scrutinized  ;  the  slightest 
departure  from  orthodox  doctrines  was  met 
with  the  charge  of  heresy,  and  to  be  a  heretic 


304 


HERESY— HERO. 


was  to  become  an  outcast.  Still,  the  advocates 
of  free  opinion  multiplied.  The  clergj',  notwith- 
standing their  great  influence  among  the  people, 
felt  insecure.  Religious  debates  became  the  or- 
der of  the  day.  Every  sermon  had  to  pass  the  or- 
deal of  reviev?  and  criticism. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
eh.  13,  p.  128. 

2555.  HERESY,  Madness  at.  Philip  II. 
Philip  returned  in  triumph  to  Spain,  where  his 
active  mind,  now  at  ease  from  foreign  disturb- 
ances, began  to  be  disquieted  on  the  score  of  re- 
ligion, and  he  laid  down  a  fixed  resolution  to  ex- 
tirpate every  species  of  heresy  from  his  domin- 
ions. The  Inquisition  was  invested  with  all  the 
plenitude  of  the  powers  of  persecution.  It  is 
wonderful  how  much  the  spirit  of  this  tyrant 
coincided  with  that  of  his  consort,  Mary  of  Eng- 
land ;  only  Mary  burnt  the  Protestants  at  once, 
and  Philip  prepared  them  for  that  ceremony  by 
racks  and  tortures.  The  King  of  Spain,  hearing 
that  there  were  some  heretics  in  a  valley  of  Pied- 
mont, bordering  on  the  Milanese,  sent  orders  to 
the  Governor  of  Milan  to  despatch  a  few  troops 
that  way,  and  concluded  his  order  in  two  re- 
markable words — "  aJwrcad  todos" — hang  them 
all.  Being  informed  that  the  same  opinions 
were  entertained  by  some  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Calabria,  he  ordered  one  half  to  be  hanged  and 
the  other  burned;  the  consequences  of  these 
cruelties  were  what  he  did  not  foresee — the  loss 
of  a  third  part  of  his  dominions. — Tytlek's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  26,  p.  362. 

2556.  HEEESY,  Suppression  of.  %Xaw.  [Will- 
iam III.  obtained  the  passage  of  an  act  of  Par- 
liament] by  which  it  was  provided  that  if  any 
person  who  had  been  educated  in  the  Christian 
religion,  or  had  made  profession  of  the  same, 
should  by  writing,  preaching,  or  teaching  deny 
the  Holy  Trinity,  or  deny  the  Christian  religion 
to  be  true,  or  the  Holy  Scriptures  to  be  of  divine 
authority,  he  should  for  the  first  offence  be  dis- 
qualified for  any  office  ;  for  the  second,  be  ren- 
dered incapable  of  bringing  any  action,  of  pur- 
chasing lands,  or  of  being  guardian,  executor,  or 
legatee.  He  was,  moreover,  to  be  subject  to 
three  years'  imprisonment.  With  the  exception 
of  the  part  relating  to  the  denial  of  the  Holy 
Trinity,  "the  law  still  remains  unrepealed  or 
unmodified." — Knight's Eng. ,  vol.  5,  ch.  13. 

2557.  HERETICS  terrified.  Cruelty.  [In  1166 
about  thirty  German  men  and  women  had 
settled  at  Oxford,  whose]  lives  were  perfectly 
blameless ;  and  their  opinions,  whatever  they 
might  be,  were  not  very  attractive,  for  they  had 
obtained  only  one  proselyte,  a  woman  of  humble 
station.  [They  were  brought  before  the  Synod.] 
They  answered  perversely  and  erroneously  con- 
cerning the  sacraments.  .  .  .  This  was  the  first 
ebullition  of  heresy  in  England  since  the  differ- 
ences of  the  days  of  Augustin.  An  example  was 
to  be  made  ;  and  the  wretched  exiles  were  brand- 
ed, whipped,  and  turned  out  naked  and  bleed- 
ing into  the  fields,  in  the  depths  of  winter. 
None  dared  to  succor  them,  none  to  pity,  and 
they  all  miserably  perished. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  20. 

2558.  HERETICS,  Vengeance  against.  Corpse. 
[In  1556  the  commissioners  of  Cardinal  Pole] 
not  only  burnt  all  the  English  Bibles  and  other 
heretical  books,  but  went  through  the  farce  of 
making  a  process  against  the  body  of  Peter 


Martyr's  wife,  who  had  l)een  buried  in  one  of  the 
churches.  They  could  find  no  witnesses  who 
had  heard  her  utter  any  heresies,  for  she  could 
speak  no  English.  So  under  the  direction  of  the 
cardinal  they  transferred  her  body  to  a  dung- 
hill, upon  the  plea  that  she  had  been  a  nun,  and 
had  died  excommunicated.  A  scene  equally  dis- 
gusting was  perpetrated  by  Pole's  commission- 
ers at  Cambridge.  They  laid  the  churches  of 
St.  Mary's  and  St.  Michael's  under  interdict,  be- 
cause the  bodies  of  the  great  reformers,  Bucer  and 
Fagius,  were  buried  in  them.  The  dead  were 
then  cited  to  appear  ;  but  not  answering  to  the 
summons,  they  were  judged  to  be  obstinate  her- 
etics, and  their  bodies  were  to  be  taken  out  of 
their  graves  and  delivered  to  the  secular  power. 
On  the  6th  of  February  these  bodies  were  public- 
ly burnt,  according  to  the  ancient  ceremonies, 
which  Rome  had  found  so  effectual  in  the  case 
of  Wycliffe. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  7, 
p.  100. 

2559.  HERMIT,  Mysterious.  At  Niagara  Falls. 
His  assumed  name  was  Abbot.  He  occupied  a 
hut  on  Goat  Island.  His  appearance  and  accom- 
plishments indicated  that  he  had  once  been  fa- 
vored by  fortune,  but  he  would  never  give  any 
clew  to  his  past  history.  He  was  wont  to  write 
in  English,  Spanish,  Italian,  and  Latin,  and  to 
destroy  the  compositions  as  soon  as  made.  The 
island  became  too  much  frequented  for  him, 
and  he  removed  to  the  mainland.  It  was  his 
habit  to  bathe  three  times  a  day  in  the  river  ; 
one  morning  in  the  year  1835  the  ferryman  saw 
Abbot's  clothes  lying  on  the  bank,  but  no  trace 
of  their  owner.  He  never  afterward  made  his 
appearance,  and  no  doubt  was  drowned. — Ap- 
pleton's  Cyclopedia,  "Abbot." 

2560.  HERO,  Patriotic.  William  Wallace. 
In  this  state  of  universal  despondency  arose 
William  Wallace,  a  man  who  deserves  to  be 
numbered  among  the  heroes  of  antiquity.  With 
no  advantages  of  birth  or  fortune,  conscious  of 
his  personal  merits  alone,  with  an  invincible 
spirit,  a  courage  equal  to  the  greatest  attempts, 
and  every  requisite  quality  of  a  consummate 
general,  he  undertook  to  retrieve  the  honor  and 
the  liberties  of  his  country.  A  few  patriots 
joined  him  in  that  glorious  attempt,  and  his  con- 
fessed superiority  of  merit  bestowed  on  him  the 
rank  of  their  chief  and  leader.  Taking  advan- 
tage of  an  expedition  of  the  English  monarch 
into  Flanders,  while  the  government  of  Scotland 
had  been  intrusted  to  an  imperious  viceroy, 
Wallace,  with  his  associates,  began  hostilities 
by  an  assault  upon  some  of  the  strongest  cas- 
tles which  contained  English  garrisons.  Of 
these  they  made  themselves  masters  by  force  or 
by  surprise. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  12, 
p.  191. 

2561.  HERO,  Unsurpassed.  Muley  Moluc. 
[De  facto  king  of  Fez  and  Morocco.]  This  Mu- 
ley Moluc  was  a  prince  who,  in  some  circum- 
stances of  character,  was  equal  to  the  greatest 
heroes  of  ancient  Greece  or  Rome.  There  does 
not  exist  in  history  a  nobler  instance  of  intrepid- 
ity or  greatness  of  soul  than  what  this  man  ex- 
hibited in  his  djdng  moments,  in  that  remark- 
able engagement.  Moluc  was  in  full  possession 
of  the  empire  of  Morocco  at  the  time  when  his 
dominions  were  invaded  by  Don  Sebastian  ;  but 
he  was  fast  consuming  with  a  distemper  which 


HEROES— HEROISM. 


505 


he  knew  to  be  incurable.  He  prepared,  how- 
ever, for  the  reception  of  so  formidable  an  ene- 
my. He  was  indeed  reduced  to  such  weakness 
of  body,  that  on  the  day  when  the  last  decisive 
battle  was  to  be  fought  he  did  not  expect  to 
live  so  long  as  to  know  the  fate  of  the  engage- 
ment. Hfe  planned  himself  the  order  of  battle, 
and  being  carried  on  a  litter  through  the  ranks, 
endeavored,  by  his  voice  and  gesture,  to  ani- 
mate his  troops  to  the  utmost  exertions  of  cour- 
age. Conscious  that  the  fate  of  his  family  and 
of  his  kingdom  depended  upon  the  issue  of  that 
day,  he  gave  orders  to  his  principal  officers,  that 
if  he  died  during  the  engagement,  they  should 
conceal  his  death  from  the  army,  and  that  they 
should  from  time  to  time  ride  up  to  the  litter  in 
which  he  was  carried,  under  pretence  of  receiv- 
ing orders  from  him  as  usual.  When  the  battle 
had  continued  for  some  time,  Muley  Moluc  per- 
ceived with  great  anguish  of  mind  that  his  troops 
in  one  quarter  began  to  give  way.  He  was  then 
near  his  last  agonies  ;  but  collecting  what  re- 
mained of  strength  and  life,  he  threw  himself 
out  of  the  litter,  rallied  his  army,  and  again  led 
them  on  to  the  charge.  Quite  exhausted,  he  fell 
down  on  the  field,  and  being  carried  back  to  his 
litter  he  laid  his  finger  on  his  mouth  to  enjoin 
secrecy  to  his  officers  who  stood  around  him, 
and  expired  a  few  moments  after  in  that  posture. 
[The  Moors  were  victorious.] — Tytleb's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  26,  p.  368. 

2562.  HEROES,  Dead.  Turks.  In  their  pub- 
lic perils  the  Turks  make  invocation  to  the 
name  of  Solyman.  He  appears  sometimes  in 
battle  athwart  the  smoke  of  the  cannon,  mount- 
ed on  a  white  steed  and  surrounded  by  divini- 
fied  heroes.  [Solyman  was  marvellously  success- 
ful in  the  conquest  of  European  cities.] — La- 
martine's  Turkey,  p.  332. 

2563.  HEROES  for  Freedom.  Toussaint  L' Ou- 
verture.  [Toussaint  L'Ouverture,  a  colored  man, 
had  the  military  genius  and  the  political  sagac- 
ity to  establish  the  civil  and  military  dominion  of 
free  negroes  in  the  island  of  St.  Domingo  ;  he  be- 
came the  undisputed  head  of  the  government. 
Was  conquered  and  taken  to  France  by  order 
of  Bonaparte.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  24, 
p.  418. 

2564.  HEROISM,  Admirable.  Lafayette.  The 
young  and  high-spirited  Marquess  de  Lafayette, 
afterward  so  celebrated  in  the  Revolution,  equip- 
ped a  ship  at  his  own  expense,  and  proceeded  to 
join  the  army  of  the  American  patriots  under 
General  Washington. — Students'  France,  ch. 
24,  §  20. 

2565. .     Prince  Gonde.     [In  1569, 

on]  the  13th  of  March,  Coligny  [one  of  the 
Protestant  leaders],  with  the  rear  guard  only  of 
his  army,  was  surprised  by  the  Duke  of  Anjou 
near  Jamac,  on  the  Charente.  Conde,  sum- 
moned to  the  rescue,  galloped  to  the  scene  of 
action  with  300  cavalry,  but  found  the  admiral's 
troops  already  overpowered  and  in  disorder.  The 
gallant  prince,  though  he  had  been  wounded  in 
the  arm  the  evening  before,  instantly  headed  an 
impetuous  charge,  and  at  the  moment  of  engage- 
ing  received  a  kick  from  a  vicious  horse,  which 
fractured  one  of  his  leg.  "  Nobles  of  France  !" 
he  exclaimed,  ' '  behold  in  what  a  condition  Louis 
of  Bourbon  goes  to  battle  for  Christ  and  his 
country  !"      His  horse  was  soon  killed  under 


him,  and  the  prince  fell  nelpiess  in  the  midst  of 
the  enemy.  A  desperate  conflict  took  place 
around  his  body,  but  his  defenders  were  borne 
down  by  numbers  and  slain  almost  to  a  man. 
Conde  at  length  surrendered  his  sword. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  16,  §  8,  p.  338. 

2566.  HEROISM,  Patriotic.  Bayard.  [The 
commander  of  the  army  of  Francis  I.  against 
the  Milanese  was  defeated,  and  in  a  combat  on  the 
Sesia  [he]  received  a  severe  wound,  which  com- 
pelled him  to  resign  the  command  to  the  Chev- 
alier Bayard  and  the  Count  de  St.  Pol.  A  des- 
perate struggle  followed,  in  the  course  of  which 
the  noble  Bayard,  having  resisted  for  some  time 
the  whole  strength  of  the  enemy,  and  thus  se 
cured  the  retreat  of  the  French  army,  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  a  musket-shot  in  the  loins.  He 
caused  himself  to  be  placed  at  the  foot  of  a  tree, 
with  his  face  still  turned  toward  the  enemy,  and 
in  this  position  calmly  prepared  himself  for 
death.  The  Constable  Bourbon  rode  up  soon 
afterward,  in  hot  pursuit  of  his  flying  country- 
men, and  addressed  the  expiring  hero  in  words 
of  respectful  sympathy.  "I  am  no  object  of 
compassion,"  returned  Bayard;  "I  die  as  be- 
comes a  soldier  and  a  man  of  honor  ;  it  is  your- 
self who  are  to  be  pitied — you  who  have  the 
misfortuhe  to  be  fighting  against  j^our  king,  your 
country,  and  your  oath." — Students'  France. 

2567.  HEROISM,  Persistent.  Mohammedan. 
The  Mohammedans  were  invading,  with  3000 
soldiers,  the  territory  of  Palestine,  that  extends 
to  the  eastward  of  the  Jordan.  The  holy  ban- 
ner was  intrusted  to  Zeid.  .  .  .  Zeid  fell,  like  a 
soldier,  in  the  foremost  ranks  ;  the  death  of  Jaa- 
far  was  heroic  and  memorable  :  he  lost  his  right 
hand ;  he  shifted  the  standard  to  his  left ';  the 
left  was  severed  from  his  body  ;  he  embraced 
the  standard  with  his  bleeding  stumps,  till  he 
was  transfixed  to  the  ground  with  fifty  honorable 
wounds. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  141. 

256S.  HEROISM  in  Suffering.  Loi^d  Nelson. 
[Nelson  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  the  Nile, 
and  was  carried  below  to  the  cock-pit.]  The  effu- 
sion of  blood  being  very  great,  the  wound  was 
held  to  be  dangerous,  if  not  mortal.  The  sur- 
geons left  their  wounded  to  bestow  their  care 
upon  the  first  man  of  the  fleet.  "No,"  said 
Nelson,  "I  will  take  my  turn  with  my  brave 
fellows."— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  20,  p.  356. 

2569.  HEROISM,  Tarnished.  Benedict  Ar- 
nold. In  the  midst  of  the  general  gloom  the 
country  was  shocked  by  the  rumor  that  Benedict 
Arnold  had  turned  traitor.  And  the  news,  though 
hardly  creditable,  was  true.  The  brave,  rash 
man,  who  on  behalf  of  the  patriot  cause  had 
suffered  untold  hardships  and  shed  his  blood 
on  more  fields  than  one,  had  blotted  the  record 
of  his  heroism  with  a  deed  of  treason.  [He  was- 
promoted  to  major-generalship  for  gallant  be- 
havior. Marrying  an  extravagant  wife,  he]  en- 
tered upon  a  career  of  luxury  and  extravagance 
which  soon  overwhelmed  him  with  debt  and 
bankruptcy.  In  order  to  keep  up  his  magnifi- 
cence he  began  a  system  of  frauds  on  the  com- 
missary department  of  the  army.  His  bearing 
toward  the  citizens  was  that  of  a  military  des- 
pot ;  the  people  groaned  under  his  tyranny,  and 
charges  were  preferred  against  him  by  Congress. 
.  .  .  By  a  court-martial  ...  he  was  convicted 
on  two  charges,  and  by  order  of  the  court  was 


306 


HEROISM— HISTORY. 


mildly  reprimanded  by  Washington.  Profess- 
ing unbounded  patriotism,  [he  betrayed  the 
fortress  at  West  Point  to  Major  Andre  fbr  Brit- 
ish gold,  and  fled  to  the  enemies  of  his  country.] 
— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  43,  p.  342. 

2570.  HEEOISM,  Unfaltering.  Captain  James 
Lawrence.  He  received  a  challenge  from  Cap- 
tain Broke,  of  the  British  frigate  Shannon,  lo 
eome  out  of  [Boston  harbor]  and  fight.  Law- 
rence ought  not  to  have  accepted  the  banter,  for 
his  equipments  were  incomplete  and  his  crew 
ill-assorted,  sick,  and  half  mutinous.  But  he 
was  young,  the  favorite  of  the  nation ;  fired 
with  applause  [over  his  recent  successes],  he 
went  unhesitatingly  to  meet  his  foe.  .  .  .  The 
battle  was  obstinate,  brief,  dreadful.  In  a  short 
iime  every  officer  who  could  direct  the  move- 
ments of  the  Chesapeake  was  either  killed  or 
wounded.  The  brave  young  Lawrence  was 
struck  with  a  musket-ball,  and  fell  dying  on  the 
bloody  deck.  As  they  bore  him  down  the  hatch- 
way he  gave  in  feeble  voice  his  last  heroic  order 
— ever  after  the  motto  of  the  American  sailor 
— "Don't  give  up  the  ship!"  The  British  were 
already  leaping  on  the  deck,  and  the  flag  of 
England  was  hoisted  over  the  shattered  vessel. 
—Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  50,  p.  406. 

2571.  HETERODOXY,  Evidence  of.  Photiiis. 
[The  patriarch  of  Constantinople]  assumed  the 
title  of  (Ecumenical  or  General  Patriarch,  and 
accused  all  the  western  bishops  of  heresy,  not 
only  for  adhering  to  the  Roman  pontiff,  but  for 
various  heterodox  articles  of  doctrine  and  un- 
christian practices,  such,  for  example,  as  using 
unleavened  bread  in  the  sacrament,  eating  cheese 
and  eggs  in  Lent,  shaving  their  beards,  and 
lastly,  that  they  prohibited  priests  to  marry,  and 
separated  from  their  wives  such  married  men 
as  chose  to  go  into  orders.  The  last  of  these 
articles,  he  alleged,  gave  rise  to  the  most  scan- 
dalous immoralities. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 6, 
ch.  6,  p.  95. 

2572.  HISTORY,  Divisions  of.  Ancient  and 
Modern.  A  remarkable  revolution  now  awaited 
the  empire,  which,  from  a  slender  beginning, 
effected  a  surprising  change  on  the  great  theatre 
of  human  affairs.  This  was  the  rise  of  Mahomet 
and  his  religion.  But  here  we  fix  the  termina- 
tion of  ancient  history,  and  the  commencement 
of  the  modern.  Previous,  however,  to  our  en- 
tering upon  this  second  and  most  important  part 
of  our  work,  we  shall  consider,  with  some  atten- 
tion, the  manners,  genius,  laws,  and  policy  of 
those  Gothic  nations  who  subverted  the  Roman 
tmpire  in  the  West,  and,  establishing  themselves 
in  every  quarter  of  Europe,  are  justly  considered, 
at  this  day,  as  the  parent  stock  of  most  of  the 
modern  European  nations,  [a.d.  575.] — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  6,  p.  26. 

2573.  HISTORY,  Fictions  of.  Of  ancient  Bri- 
tain. [From  history  of  his  times,  by  Laonicus 
Chalcondyles,]  the  most  singular  circumstance 
of  their  manners  is  their  disregard  of  conjugal 
honor  and  female  chastity.  In  their  mutual 
visits,  as  the  first  act  of  hospitality,  the  guest 
is  welcomed  in  the  embraces  of  their  wives 
and  daughters  ;  among  friends  they  are  lent  and 
borrowed  without  shame  ;  nor  are  the  islanders 
offended  at  this  strange  commerce  and  its  inevi- 
table consequences.  Informed  as  we  are  of  the 
customs  of  Old  England,   and  assured  of  the 


virtue  of  our  mothers,  we  may  smile  at  the  cre- 
dulity, or  resent  the  injustice,  of  the  Greek,  who 
must  have  confounded  a  modest  salute  with  a 
criminal  embrace.  But  his  credulity  and  injus- 
tice may  teach  an  important  lesson  :  to  distrust 
the  accounts  of  foreign  and  remote  nations,  and 
to  suspend  our  belief  of  every  tale  that  deviates 
from  the  laws  of  nature  and  the  character  of 
man. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  66,  p.  304. 

2574. .     Pocahontas.     In  short,  of 

the  events  which  occurred  in  Virginia  during  the 
first  ten  years  of  the  colony's  existence,  we  have 
seven  distinct  sources  of  information,  all  but 
one  of  which  are  the  productions  of  men  who 
had  lived  in  the  colony  ;  but  in  none  of  them  is 
there  an  intimation  that  Pocahontas  saved  the 
life  of  Captain  Smith.  Two  of  these  narratives 
contain  several  particulars  of  the  life  and  death 
of  this  Indian  girl,  and  the  authors  of  them  had 
a  strong  interest  in  exalting  her  reputation.  .  .  . 
I  say,  then,  farewell  the  Pocahontas  of  roma:nce  ! 
and  approach  the  true  Pocahontas,  the  dumpy, 
dingy  little  squaw  whom  John  Rolfe  married, 
and  the  council  sent  to  England  to  advertise 
forlorn  Virginia  ! — Cyclopedia  of  Biography, 
p.  656. 

2575. .  Sir  Isaac  Newton.  Thestory 

of  his  dog  Diamond  throwing  down  a  lighted 
candle  among  his  papers,  by  which  the  labors 
of  years  were  consumed,  and  of  Newton's  calmly 
saying,  "O  Diamond,  Diamond!  thou  little 
knowest  the  mischief  thou  hast  done,"  is  not 
true.  The  candle  was  left  by  his  own  careless- 
ness in  such  a  position  that  it  set  fire  to  the  pa- 
pers without  the  intervention  of  a  dog — an  ani- 
mal he  never  kept.  Nor  did  he  contemplate  his 
loss  with  the  slightest  approach  to  philosophic 
calmness.  On  the  contrary,  it  almost  drove 
him  out  of  his  senses,  and  it  was  a  month  before 
he  had  regained  his  tranquillity.  The  story  also 
of  his  using  his  wife's  finger,  in  a  fit  of  absence 
of  mind,  to  press  down  the  tobacco  in  his  pipe, 
is  liable  to  two  slight  objections :  1,  he  never 
had  a  wife  ;  2,  he  never  smoked.  Being  once 
asked  why  he  never  smoked  or  took  snuff,  he 
answered,  "I  will  not  make  to  myself  any  ne- 
cessities."— Parton's  Newton,  p.  93. 

2576.  HISTORY,  Influence  of.  Nicola  Rienzi. 
The  study  of  history  and  eloquence,  the  writings 
of  Cicero,  Seneca,  Livy,  Caesar,  and  Valerius 
Maxim  us  elevated  above  his  equals  and  contem- 
poraries the  genius  of  the  young  plebeian  ;  he 
perused  with  indefatigable  diligence  the  manu- 
scripts and  marbles  of  antiquity  ;  loved  to  dis- 
pense his  knowledge  in  familiar  language  ;  and 
was  often  provoked  to  exclaim,  "Where  are 
now  these  Romans  ?  their  virtue,  their  justice, 
their  power  ?  why  was  I  not  born  in  those  happy 
times  ?"  [He  became  the  deliverer  of  Rome.] — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  69,  p.  447. 

2577.  HISTORY  misinterpreted.  CromwelVs. 
We  cannot  readily  find  the  instance  of  another 
personage  in  history  whose  acts  and  memory 
have  been  the  subjects  of  such  conflicting  theo- 
ries as  those  of  Cromwell.  The  unphilosophical 
and  paradoxical  verdict  of  Hume,  the  historian 
of  England,  that  he  was  a  fanatical  hypocrite, 
may  now  be  dismissed  ;  we  suppose  that  by  all 
parties  it  is  dismissed,  with  the  contempt  to 
which  it  is  only  entitled,  to  the  limbo  to  which 
it  properly  belongs,  vdth  many  other  of  the 


HISTORY 


307 


verdicts  this  writer  ventured  to  announce  in  his 
history.  Hume's  character  as  an  historian  has 
not  only  been  long  since  impeached,  but,  by  Mr. 
Brodie,  reliance  upon  its  veracity  has  been  en- 
tirely destroyed ;  and  even  the  Quarterly  Review 
many  years  since  distinctly  showed  in  how  many 
instances  his  prejudices  have  permitted  him  to 
distort  evidence,  and  even  to  garble  documents. 
— Hood's  Ckomwell,,  ch.  1,  p.  15. 

2578.  HISTORY,  Mistakes  of.  Cromwell.  The 
name  of  Cromwell  up  to  the  present  period  has 
l)ecn  identified  with  ambition,  craftiness,  usur- 
pation, ferocity,  and  tyranny  ;  we  think  that  his 
true  character  is  that  of  a  fanatic.  History  is  like 
the  sibyl,  and  only  reveals  her  secrets  to  time, 
leaf  by  leaf.  Hitherto  she  has  not  exhibited  the 
real  nature  and  composition  of  this  human  enig- 
ma. He  has  been  thought  a  profound  politician  ; 
he  was  only  an  eminent  sectarian.  Far-sighted 
historians  of  deep  research,  such  as  Hume,  Lin- 
gard,  Bossuet,  and  Voltaire,  have  all  been  mis- 
taken in  Cromwell.  The  fault  was  not  theirs, 
but  belonged  to  the  epoch  in  which  they  wrote. 
Authentic  documents  had  not  then  seen  the  light, 
and  the  portrait  of  Cromwell  had  only  been 
painted  by  his  enemies. — Lamartine's  Crom- 
well, p.  1. 

2579.  HISTORY  overlooked.  Senator  YuUe  of 
Florida.  [He  withdrew  from  the  Senate  when  his 
State  seceded,  and  said  in  parting  :j  "  The  State 
of  Florida  .  .  .  had  decided  to  recall  the  powers 
she  had  delegated  to  the  Federal  Government, 
And  to  assume  the  full  exercise  of  her  sovereign 
rights  as  an  independent  .  .  .  community."  At 
what  particular  period  in  the  history  of  the  Amer- 
ican continent  Florida  had  enjoyed  ' '  sovereign 
Tights,"  by  what  process  she  had  ever  ' '  delegated 
powers  to  the  Federal  Government,"  or  at  what 
time  she  had  ever  been  an  "independent  .  .  . 
community,"  Mr.  Yulee  evidently  preferred  not 
to  inform  the  Senate.  [Florida  was  not  one  of 
the  original  States.] — Blaine's  Twenty  Years, 
ch.  11,  p.  244. 

25§0.  HISTORY,  Partiality  of.  TlwmasCrom- 
■weU.  The  history  of  this  great  revolution,  for  it 
Is  nothing  less,  is  the  history  of  a  single  man.  In 
the  whole  line  of  English  statesmen  there  is  no 
one  of  whom  we  would  willingly  know  so  much, 
no  one  of  whom  we  really  know  so  little,  as  of 
Thomas  Cromwell.  When  he  meets  us  in  Henry's 
semce  he  had  already  passed  middle  life  ;  and 
during  his  earlier  years  it  is  hardly  possible  to 
do  more  than  disentangle  a  few  fragmentary 
facts  from  the  mass  of  fable  which  gather  round 
them. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  556. 

25§1.  HISTORY,  Providence  in.  Battle.  The 
French  were  defeated  at  Turin,  and  the  whole 
country  was  abandoned  to  the  emperor ;  while 
in  the  mean  time  his  son,  the  archduke,  was  pro- 
claimed at  Madrid  ;  and  Philip  V. ,  on  the  point 
of  losing  his  kingdom,  had  thoughts  of  evacuat- 
ing Spain  altogether,  and  establishing  his  do- 
minion in  America.  This  desperate  resolution, 
however,  was  changed  upon  the  victory  of  Al- 
manza,  where  the  Duke  of  Berwick,  the  natural 
«on  of  James  II.,  defeated  the  imperialists  with 
their  allies,  and  restored  the  spirits  of  the  despond- 
ing monarch. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  34, 
p.  466. 

25§2.  HISTORY,  Rewritten.  Oliver  Cromwell. 
The  evident  contradictions  of  the  historians  of 


his  own  and  other  countries  who  had  invariably 
exhibited  him  as  a  fantastic  tyrant  and  a  melo- 
dramatic hypocrite,  induced  Mr.  Carlyle  to  think, 
with  justice,  that  beneath  these  discordant  com- 
ponents there  might  be  found  another  Cromwell, 
a  being  of  nature,  not  of  the  imagination.  Guid- 
ed by  that  instinct  of  truth  and  logic  in  which  is 
comprised  the  genuis  of  erudite  discovery,  Mr. 
Carlyle,  himself  possessing  the  spirit  of  a  secta- 
ry, and  delighting  in  an  independent  course,  un- 
dertook to  search  out  and  examine  all  the  cor- 
respondence buried  in  the  depths  of  public  or 
private  archives,  and  in  which,  at  the  different 
dates  of  his  domestic,  military,  and  political  life, 
Cromwell,  without  thinking  that  he  should  thus 
paint  himself,  has  in  fact  done  so  for  the  study 
of  posterity.  Supplied  with  these  treasures  of 
truth  and  revelation,  Mr.  Carlyle  shut  himself 
up  for  some  years  in  the  solitude  of  the  country, 
that  nothing  might  distract  his  thoughts  from  his 
work.  Then  having  collected,  classed,  studied, 
commented  on,  and  rearranged  these  volumi- 
nous letters  of  his  hero,  and  having  resuscitated, 
as  if  from  the  tomb,  the  spirit  of  the  man  and 
the  age,  he  committed  to  Europe  this  hitherto 
unpublished  correspondence,  saying,  with  more 
reason  than  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,  "Receive, 
and  read  ;  behold  the  true  Cromwell !" — Lamar- 
tine's Cromwell,  p.  1. 

2583.  HISTORY,  Romance  of.  Decinve  Lo^es. 
Arietta's  pretty  feet  twinkling  in  the  brook  made 
her  the  mother  of  William  the  Conqueror.  Had 
she  not  thus  fascinated  Duke  Robert,  the  Lib- 
eral of  Normandy,  Harold  would  not  have  fallen 
at  Hastings,  no  Anglo-Norman  dynasty  could 
have  arisen,  no  British  empire.  The  reflection 
is  Sir  Francis  Palgrave's  ;  and  it  is  emphatically 
true.  If  any  one  should  write  a  history  of  "  De- 
cisive loves  that  have  materially  influenced  the 
drama  of  the  world  in  all  its  subsequent  scenes," 
the  daughter  of  the  tanner  of  Falaise  would  de- 
serve a  conspicuous  place  in  his  pages. — Deci- 
sive Battles,  §  273. 

2584.  HISTORY,  Slandered  by.  Christians. 
"Nero,"  says  Tacitus,  "exposed  to  accusation 
and  tortured  with  the  most  exquisite  penalties 
a  set  of  men  detested  for  their  enormities,  whom 
the  common  people  called  '  Christians.'  Chris- 
tus,  the  founder  of  this  sect,  was  executed  during 
the  reign  of  Tiberius  by  the  Procurator  Pontius 
Pilate,  and  the  deadly  superstition,  suppressed 
for  a  time,  began  to  burst  out  once  more,  not 
only  throughout  Judaea,  where  the  evil  had  its 
root,  but  even  in  the  city,  whither  from  every 
quarter  all  things  horrible  or  shameful  are  drift- 
ed, and  find  their  votaries."  The  lordly  disdain 
which  prevented  Tacitus  from  making  any  in- 
quiry into  the  real  views  and  character  of  the 
Christians  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  he  catches 
up  the  most  baseless  allegations  against  them. 
He  talks  of  their  doctrines  as  savage  and  shame- 
ful, when  they  breathed  the  very  spirit  of  peace 
and  purity.  He  charges  them  with  being  animat- 
ed by  a  hatred  of  their  kind,  when  their  central 
tenet  was  an  universal  charity.  The  masses,  he 
says,  called  them  "  Christians  ;"  and  while  he  al- 
most apologizes  for  staining  his  page  with  so 
vulgar  an  appellation,  he  merely  mentions,  in 
passing,  that,  though  innocent  of  the  charge  of  , 
being  turbulent  incendiaries,  on  which  they 
were  tortured  to  death,  they  were  yet  a  set  of 


308 


HISTORY— HOME. 


guilty  and  infamous  sectaries,  to  be  classed  with 
the  lowest  dregs  of  Roman  criminals. — Far- 
ear's  Early  Days,  eh.  3,  p.  34. 

25§5.  HI8T0EY,  Voluminous.  SJialcespeare. 
The  catalogue  of  works  about  Shakespeare  in  the 
British  Museum  consists,  I  am  told,  of  four  folio 
volumes.  The  mere  catalogue  !  We  have  in  this 
city  several  collectors  of  Shakesperian  literature, 
one  of  whom  has  got  together  a  whole  room  full 
of  books,  numbering,  perhaps,  two  thousand 
volumes,  all  of  which  relate,  in  some  way,  to 
Shakespeare.  Nevertheless,  the  substance  of  what 
we  really  know  of  the  man  and  his  life  can  be 
stated  in  one  of  these  short  articles. — Cyclope- 
dia OP  BiOG. ,  p.  23. 

25§6.  HOAXES,  Success  by.  Washington  Irv- 
ing. [Irving's  humorous  satire,  ' '  The  City  of 
New  York."]  A  stupendous  hoax,  it  was  launch- 
ed with  a  series  of  small  hoaxes,  the  first  of 
which  appeared  in  the  Evening  Post  of  October 
25,  1809,  in  the  shape  of  a  paragraph  narrating 
the  disappearance  from  his  lodging  of  a  small, 
elderly  gentleman,  by  the  name  of  Knickerbock- 
er. He  was  stated  to  be  dressed  in  an  old  black 
coat  and  a  cocked  hat,  and  it  was  intimated  that 
there  were  some  reasons  for  believing  that  he  was 
not  in  his  right  mind.  Great  anxiety  was  felt,  and 
any  information  concerning  him  would  be  thank- 
fully received  at  the  Columbian  Hotel,  Mulber- 
ry Street,  or  at  the  office  of  the  paper.  This 
feeler  was  followed  in  a  week  or  two  by  a  com- 
munication from  "  A  Traveller,"  who  professed 
to  have  seen  him.  .  .  .  Ten  days  later  (Novem- 
ber 6th)  Mr.  Seth  Handaside,  landlord  of  the 
Independent  Columbian  Hotel,  inserted  a  card 
in  the  same  paper,  in  which  he  declared  that 
there  had  been  found  in  the  room  of  the  missing 
man,  Mr.  Diedrich  Knickerbocker,  a  curious  kind 
of  a  written  book,  in  his  own  handwriting  ;  and 
he  wished  the  editor  to  notify  him,  if  he  was 
alive,  that  if  he  did  not  return  and  pay  off  his 
bill  for  board  he  would  have  to  dispose  of  his 
book  to  satisfy  him  for  the  same.  The  bait  took. 
.  .  .  The  "  History  of  New  York,"  which  was 
published  in  this  city  on  the  6th  of  December, 
1809,  was  a  success  in  more  ways  than  one.  Its 
whim  and  satire  amused  the  lovers  of  wit  and 
humor,  and  its  irreverence  toward  the  early 
Dutch  settlers  of  the  State  annoyed  and  angered 
their  descendants.  Between  these  two  classes  of 
readers  it  was  much  talked  about  and  largely 
circulated. — Stoddard's  Irving,  p.  28. 

25§7.  HOBBYIST  ridiculed.  Columbus.  Dur- 
ing all  this  time  he  was  exposed  to  continual 
scoffs  and  indignities,  being  ridiculed  by  the 
light  and  ignorant  as  a  mere  dreamer,  and  stig- 
matized by  the  illiberal  as  an  adventurer.  The 
very  children,  it  is  said,  pointed  to  their  fore- 
heads as  he  passed,  being  taught  to  regard  him 
as  a  kind  of  madman.  The  summer  of  1490 
passed  away,  but  still  Columbus  was  kept  in 
tantalizing  and  tormenting  suspense. — Irving's 
Columbus,  Book  2,  ch.  4. 

25§8.  HOLINESS,  Fictitious.  Mahomet.  Such 
were  the  calm  and  rational  precepts  of  the  legis- 
lator ;  but  in  his  private  conduct  Mahomet  in- 
dulged in  the  appetites  of  a  man,  and  abused  the 
claims  of  a  prophet.  A  special  revelation  dis- 
pensed him  from  the  laws  which  he  had  imposed 
on  his  nation  ;  the  female  sex  without  reserve 
was  abandoned  to  his  desires  ;  and  this  singular 


prerogative  excited  the  envy  rather  than  the 
scandal,  the  veneration  rather  than  the  envy  of 
the  devout  Mussulmans. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
50,  p.  149. 

2589.  HOLY  Spirit  professed.  Mahomet.  The 
piety  of  Moses  and  of  Christ  rejoiced  in  the  as- 
surance of  a  future  prophet  more  Ulustriout 
than  themselves ;  the  evangelic  promise  of  the 
Paraclete  or  Holy  Ghost  was  prefigured  in  the 
name  and  accomplished  in  the  person  of  Ma- 
homet, the  greatest  and  the  last  of  the  apostles  of 
God. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  109. 

2500.  HOMAGE,  Disgusting.  James  II.  [Ad- 
da,the  pope's  nuncio,  was  consecrated  archbishop 
of  a  fictitious  bishopric]  Adda,  wearing  the  robes 
of  his  new  office,  joined  the  circle  in  the  queen's 
apartments.  James  fell  on  his  knees  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  whole  court,  and  implored  a  blessing. 
In  spite  of  the  restraints  imposed  by  etiquette, 
the  astonishment  and  disgust  of  the  bystanders 
could  not  be  concealed.  It  was  long,  indeed, 
since  an  English  sovereign  had  knelt  to  mortal 
man. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  249. 

2591.  HOMAGE  unsurpassed.  SamuelJohnson. 
His  respect  for  the  hierarchy,  and  particularly 
the  dignitaries  of  the  church,  has  been  more  than 
once  exhibited  in  the  course  of  this  work.  Mr. 
Seward  saw  him  presented  to  the  Archbishop  of 
York,  and  described  his  bow  to  an  archbishop 
as  such  a  studied  elaboration  of  homage,  such 
an  extension  of  limb,  such  a  flexion  of  body,  as 
have  seldom  or  ever  been  equalled. — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  491. 

2592.  HOME  beautified.  Sir  Walter  Scott's  first. 
His  first  country  home  was  the  cottage  at  Lass- 
wade,  on  the  Esk,  about  six  miles  from  Edin- 
burgh, which  he  took  in  1798,  a  few  months  after 
his  marriage,  and  retained  till  1804.  It  was  a  pretty 
little  cottage,  in  the  beautiflcation  of  which  Scott 
felt  great  pride,  and  where  he  exercised  himself 
in  the  small  beginnings  of  those  tastes  for  altering  i 
and  planting  which  grew  so  rapidly  upon  him, 
and  at  last  enticed  him  into  castle-building  and 
tree-culture  on  a  dangerous,  not  to  say  ruinous, 
scale.  One  of  Scott's  intimate  friends,  .  .  .  Mr. 
Morritt,  walked  .  . .  with  Scott  four  years  after  he 
had  left  it,  and  was  taken  out  of  his  way  to  see 
it.  "I  have  been  bringing  you,"  he  said, ' '  where 
there  is  little  enough  to  be  seen,  only  that  Scotch 
cottage ;  but  though  not  worth  looking  at,  I 
could  not  pass  it.  It  was  our  first  country  house 
when  newly  married,  and  many  a  contrivance  it 
had  to  make  it  comfortable.  I  made  a  dining- 
table  for  it  with  my  own  hands.  Look  at  these 
two  miserable  willow  trees  on  either  side  the  gate 
into  the  enclosure  ;  they  are  tied  together  at  the 
top  to  be  an  arch,  and  a  cross  made  of  two  stick* 
over  them  is  not  yet  decayed.  To  be  sure,  it  is 
not  much  of  a  lion  to  show  a  stranger,  but  I 
wanted  to  see  it  again  myself,  for  I  assure  you 
that  after  I  had  constructed  it,  mamma  (Mre. 
Scott)  and  I  both  of  us  thought  it  so  fine  we 
turned  out  to.  see  it  by  moonlight,  and  walked 
backward  from  it  to  the  cottage-door,  in  admi- 
ration of  our  own  magnificence  and  its  pictu- 
resque effect." — Hutton's  Life  op  Scott,  ch.  7. 

2593.  HOME,  Common.  Boman.  The  houses  of 
private  citizens,  and  even  those  of  the  higher 
classes,  were  of  a  very  moderate  size  during  the 
times  of  the  republic.     The  Romans  appear  ta 


HOME— HONESTY. 


309 


have  lived  much  in  the  open  air,  as  a  great  part 
of  their  buildings  consisted  of  vestibules  and 
porticos.  The  houses  were  detached  from  each 
other,  and  usually  of  one  floor.  The  different 
apartments  had  each  a  single  door,  entering  from 
the  gallery  or  portico.  These  apartments,  except 
the  triclinium  or  hall,  where  they  sat  at  meals, 
were  generally  small,  and  lighted  only  by  one 
square  window  near  the  ceilings.  The  furniture 
of  the  house  and  its  decorations  were  simple,  the 
walls  ornamented  with  fresco  painting  in  a  light 
and  cheerful  style.  The  larger  houses  had  each 
a  garden  behind  for  the  cultivation  of  vegeta- 
bles, and  a  few  trees  to  yield  a  refreshing  shade 
in  summer. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  6, 
p.  445. 

2594.  HOME  deserted.  Londoners.  The  cof- 
fee-house was  the  Londoner's  home  ;  .  .  .  those 
who  wished  to  find  a  gentleman  commonly  asked, 
not  whether  he  lived  in  Fleet  Street  or  Chancery 
Lane,  but  whether  he  frequented  the  Grecian  or 
the  Rainbow.  [Reign  of  Charles  II.] — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  3,  p.  342. 

2595.  HOME,  A  palatial.  Roman.  After  din- 
ner the  youth  repaired  to  the  Campus  Mar- 
tins, and  spent  the  hours  till  sunset  in  a  variety 
of  sports  and  athletic  exercises.  The  elder  class 
retired  for  an  hour  to  repose,  and  then  passed 
the  afternoon  in  their  porticos  or  galleries, 
which,  in  the  house  of  every  man  of  rank, 
formed  a  conspicuous  part  of  the  building. 
Many  of  these  were  open  to  the  air,  supported  on 
pillars  of  stone  or  marble,  under  which  they  en- 
joyed the  exercise  of  walking,  and  sometimes 
of  being  carried  in  their  litters.  Other  galleries 
were  sheltered  from  the  air  and  lighted  by 
windows  of  a  transparent  talc  or  lapis  specularis, 
which  supplied  the  place  of  glass.  These  covered 
galleries  were  ornamented  in  the  richest  manner 
and  with  the  most  expensive  decorations — gilded 
roofs,  paintings  on  the  walls,  and  statues  in  the 
niches — and  adjoining  to  them  were  their  libra- 
ries, which,  in  the  latter  days  of  the  republic, 
became  an  article  of  great  expense,  and  on  the 
furnishing  of  which  the  higher  classes  expended 
much  taste. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  4. 

2596.  HOME,  A  shaded.  Puritan's.  Crom- 
well's .  .  .  household  was  not  so  unpleasant  for 
the  imagination  to  linger  upon  as  some  may  think. 
The  life  of  the  Puritan  home  reveals  the  Church 
life  of  the  period  ;  even  the  air  was  laden  with 
mysticism — a  floating  mysticism  pervaded  almost 
the  whole  theology  of  the  time  ;  a  mystic  man 
can  never  be  a  very  merry  man.  The  recreations 
of  the  Puritan  homes  were  reduced  to  the  nar- 
rowest compass  compatible  with  good  sense  and 
good  taste.  Wakes  were  abolished.  May -poles 
pulled  down,  and  cockfights  and  bearbaitings 
brought  to  an  end.  Meantime  the  Puritan  was 
not  destitute  of  recreation  :  there  were  nice  flower 
gardens  for  the  ladies  and  brave  field  sports  for 
the  gentlemen  ;  but  the  daily  life  of  the  Puritan 
was  brought  within  a  compass  which,  while  it 
did  not  prohibit  the  joke  and  the  merry  laugh, 
must,  we  fancy,  have  often  and  usually  shaded 
down  life  to  a  sternness  and  habitual  severity  very 
much  in  harmony,  it  may  be,  with  the  serious- 
ness of  the  times,  but  not  reflecting  that  cheer- 
fulness which  a  wiser  and  wider  view  of  God 
and  truth  and  nature  would  create  and  permit. 
— Hood's  Ckomwkll,  ch.  15,  p.  196. 


2597.  HOME,  Thoughtful  of.  Abraham  Lin^ 
coin.  [In  1860  Mr.  Lincoln  was  nominated  for 
President  by  the  Republican  Convention  at 
Chicago.]  The  superintendent  of  the  telegraph 
company,  who  was  present,  wrote  on  a  scrap  of 
paper  :  "  Mr.  Lincoln  :  You  are  nominated  on  the 
third  ballot,"  and  a  boy  ran  with  the  message  to 
Mr.  Lincoln.  He  looked  at  it  in  silence,  amid 
the  shouts  of  those  around  him  ;  then  rising  and 
putting  it  in  his  pocket,  he  said,  quietly,  "  There 
is  a  little  woman  down  to  our  house  who  would 
like  to  hear  this — I'll  go  down  and  tell  her." — 
Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch.  3,  p.  104. 

259§.  HOME-LIFE,  Savages'.  American  Ind- 
ians. The  savages  are  proud  of  idleness.  At 
home  they  do  little  but  cross  their  arms  and 
sit  listlessly,  or  engage  in  games  of  chance,  haz- 
arding all  their  possessions  on  the  result ;  or 
meet  in  council,  or  sing  and  eat,  or  play  and 
sleep.  The  greatest  toils  of  the  men  were  to 
perfect  the  palisades  of  the  forts,  to  manufact- 
ure a  boat  out  of  a  tree  by  means  of  fire  and  a 
stone  hatchet,  to  repair  their  cabins,  to  get 
ready  instruments  of  war  or  the  chase,  and  to 
adorn  their  persons.  Woman  is  the  laborer, 
woman  bears  the  burdens  of  life.  The  food  that 
is  raised  from  the  earth  is  the  fruit  of  her  in- 
dustry. With  no  instrument  but  a  wooden  mat- 
tock or  a  shoulderblade  of  the  buffalo  she  plants 
the  maize,  the  beans,  and  the  running  vines.  She 
drives  the  blackbirds  from  the  cornfield,  breaks 
the  weeds,  and  .  .  .  gathers  the  harvest.  She 
pounds  the  parched  corn,  dries  the  buffalo  meat, 
and  prepares  for  winter  the  store  of  wild  fruits ; 
she  brings  home  the  game  which  her  husband 
has  killed ;  she  bears  the  wood  and  draws  the 
water  and  spreads  the  repast.  .  .  .  The  Indian's 
wife  was  his  slave,  and  the  number  of  his  slaves 
was  the  criterion  of  his  wealth. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23. 

2599.  HOMES,  Filthy.  England,  1509.  [Eras- 
mus, the  Dutch  writer,  describes  the  homes  of  the 
English  as  he  saw  them.]  The  English  so  con- 
structed their  rooms  as  to  admit  no  thorough 
draft.  .  .  .  The  floors  are  mostly  of  clay  and 
strewed  with  rushes.  Fresh  rushes  are  periodi- 
cally laid  over  them,  but  the  old  ones  remain  for 
a  foundation  for  perhaps  twenty  years  together. 
[The  abominations  which  Erasmus  mentions 
as  collected  in  these  successive  layers  need  not 
be  mentioned.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15, 
p.  254. 

2600.  HOMES,  Eohbed  of.  CJieroJcee  Indians. 
These  were  the  most  civilized  and  humane  of  all 
the  Indian  nations.  They  had  adopted  the  man- 
ners of  the  whites.  They  had  pleasant  farms, 
goodly  towns,  schools,  printing-presses,  a  writ- 
ten code  of  laws.  The  Government  of  the  United 
States  had  given  to  Georgia  a  pledge  to  purchase 
the  Cherokee  lands  for  the  benefit  of  the  State. 
.  .  .  [Unjust  State  legislation  robbed  them  of 
their  rights.]  The  Indians  then  appealed  to  the 
President  [Jackson].  .  .  .  He  recommended  their 
removal  .  .  .  beyond  the  Mississippi.  .  .  .  More 
than  $5,000,000  were  paid  them  for  their  lands, 
but  still  they  clung  to  their  homes.  At  last 
General  Scott  was  ordered  to  remove  them  to  the 
new  territory,  using  force  if  necessary. — Rid- 
path's  U.  8.,  ch.  44,  p.  480. 

2601.  HONESTY  assumed.  Oliv&r  Goldsmith. 
The  company  was  of  a  familiar,  unceremonious 


310 


HONESTY. 


kind,  delighting  in  that  very  questionable  wit 
which  consists  in  playing  off  practical  jokes  upon 
each  other.  Of  one  of  these  Goldsmith  was 
made  the  butt.  Coming  to  the  club  one  night  in 
a  hackney  coach,  he  gave  the  coachman  by  mis- 
take a  guinea  instead  of  a  shilling,  which  he  set 
down  as  a  dead  loss,  for  there  was  no  likelihood, 
he  said,  that  a  fellow  of  this  class  would  have 
the  honesty  to  return  the  money.  On  the  next 
club  evening  he  was  told  a  person  at  the  street 
door  wished  to  speak  with  him.  He  went  forth, 
but  soon  returned  with  a  radiant  countenance. 
To  his  surprise  and  delight  the  coachman  had 
actually  brought  back  the  guinea.  While  he 
launched  forth  in  praise  of  this  unlooked-for 
piece  of  honesty,  he  declared  it  ought  not  to  go 
unrewarded.  Collecting  a  small  sum  from  the 
club,  and  no  doubt  increasing  it  largely  from  his 
own  purse,  he  dismissed  the  Jehu  with  many  en- 
comiums on  his  good  conduct.  He  was  still 
chanting  his  praises  when  one  of  the  club  re- 
quested a  sight  of  the  guinea  thus  honestly  re- 
turned. To  Goldsmith's  confusion  it  proved  to 
be  a  counterfeit.  The  universal  burst  of  laugh- 
ter which  succeeded,  and  the  jokes  by  which  he 
was  assailed  on  every  side,  showed  him  that  the 
whole  was  a  hoax,  and  the  pretended  coachman 
as  much  a  counterfeit  as  the  guinea.  He  was  so 
disconcerted,  it  is  said,  that  he  soon  beat  a  retreat 
for  the  evening. — Irvlng's  Goldsmith,  ch.  19, 
p.  128. 

2602.  HONESTY  confessed.  Shovel.  [When 
James  II.  sent  his  Jacobite  emissary  to  seduce 
the  commanders  of  the  British  navy,  he  report- 
ed that  Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel  was  incorruptible. 
"  He  is  a  man  not  to  be  spoken  to,"  was  the  em- 
issary's tribute.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  21, 
p.  332. 

2603.  HONESTY  of  Convictions.  Wm.  Penn. 
A.D.  1671.  Never  fearing  to  openly  address 
a  Quaker  meeting,  he  was  soon  on  the  road  to 
Newgate,  to  suffer  for  his  honesty  by  a  six 
months'  imprisonment.  "You  are  an  ingen- 
ious gentleman,"  said  the  magistrate  at  the 
trial ;  "  you  have  a  plentiful  estate  ;  why  should 
you  render  yourself  unhappy  by  associating  with 
such  simple  people?"  "I  prefer,"  said  Penn, 
"  the  honestly  simple  to  the  ingeniously  wicked." 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  16. 

2604.  HONESTY,  Ludicrous.  Diary.  "A  Spir- 
itual Diary  and  Soliloquies,  by  John  Rutty, 
M.D."  Dr.  Rutty  was  one  of  the  people  called 
Quakers,  a  physician  of  some  eminence  in  Dub- 
lin, and  author  of  several  works.  This  diary, 
which  was  kept  from  1753  to  1775,  the  year  in 
which  he  died,  and  was  now  published  in  two 
volumes  octavo,  exhibited,  in  the  simplicity  of 
his  heart,  a  minute  and  honest  register  of  the 
state  of  his  mind  ;  which,  though  frequently 
laughable  enough,  was  not  more  so  than  the 
history  of  many  men  would  be,  if  recorded  with 
equal  fairness.  The  following  specimens  were  ex- 
tracted by  the  reviewers  :  "  'Tenth  month,  1753 — 
23.  Indulgence  in  bed  an  hour  too  long.  Twelfth 
month,  17.  An  hypochondriac  obnubilation  from 
vdnd  and  indigestion.  Ninth  month,  28.  An 
over-dose  of  whiskey.  29.  A  dull,  cross,  choleric 
day.  First  month,  1757—22.  A  little  swinish  at 
dinner  and  repast.  31.  Dogged  on  provocation. 
Second  month,  5.  Very  dogged  or  snappish.  14. 
Snappish  on  fasting.    26.  Cursed  snappishness  to 


those  under  me,  on  a  bodily  indisposition.  Third 
month,  11.  On  a  provocation  exercised  a  dumb 
resentment  for  two  days  instead  of  scolding. 
22.  Scolded  too  vehemently.  23.  Dogged  again. 
Fourth  month,  29.  Mechanically  and  sinfully 
dogged." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  342. 

2605.  HONESTY,  Official.  Abnbeker.  When 
Abubeker  assumed  the  office  of  caliph  he  en- 
joined his  daughter  Ayesha  to  take  a  strict  ac- 
count of  his  private  patrimony,  that  it  might  be 
evident  whether  he  were  enriched  or  impover- 
ished by  the  service  of  the  State.  He  thought 
himself  entitled  to  a  stipend  of  three  pieces  of 
gold,  with  the  sufficient  maintenance  of  a  single 
camel  and  a  black  slave  ;  but  on  the  Friday  of 
each  week  he  distributed  the  residue  of  his  owa 
and  the  public  money,  first  to  the  most  worthy, 
and  then  to  the  most  indigent,  of  the  Moslems. 
The  remains  of  his  wealth — a  coarse  garment 
and  five  pieces  of  gold — were  delivered  to  his- 
successor,  who  lamented  with  a  modest  sigh  his. 
own  inability  to  equal  such  an  admirable  model. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  173. 

2606.  HONESTY,  Promotion  by.  Pompey.  His- 
tory has  dealt  tenderly  with  him  on  account  of 
his  misfortunes,  and  has  not  refused  him  de- 
served admiration  for  qualities  as  rare  in  his  age- 
as  they  were  truly  excellent.  His  capacities  as  a 
soldier  were  not  extraordinary.  He  had  risen  to- 
distinction  by  his  honesty.  The  pirates  who  had 
swept  the  Mediterranean  had  bought  their  impu- 
nity by  a  tribute  paid  to  senators  and  governors. 
They  were  suppressed  instantly  when  a  command- 
er was  sent  against  them  whom  they  were  unable- 
to  bribe.  The  conquest  of  Asia  was  no  less  easy 
to  a  man  who  could  resist  temptations  to  enrich 
himself.  The  worst  enemy  of  Pompey  never 
charged  him  with  corruption  or  rapacity.  So 
far  as  he  was  himself  concerned,  the  restoration 
of  Ptolemy  was  gratuitous,  for  he  received  noth- 
ing for  it.  His  private  fortune,  Avhen  he  had  the- 
world  at  his  feet,  was  never  more  than  moder- 
ate ;  nor  as  a  politician  did  his  faults  extend  be- 
yond weakness  and  incompetence. — Froude'» 
C^SAR,  ch.  23. 

260T.  HONESTY,  Public.  Italy.  [Early  in  the 
sixth  centuiy  Italy,  being  a]  country  possess- 
ed of  many  valuable  objects  of  exchange,  soon 
attracted  the  merchants  of  the  world,  whose- 
beneflcial  traffic  was  encouraged  and  protected 
by  the  liberal  spirit  of  Theodoric.  The  free  in- 
tercourse of  the  provinces  by  land  and  water  wa» 
restored  and  extended  ;  the  city  gates  Avere  never 
shut  either  by  day  or  by  night  ;  and  the  com- 
mon saying,  that  a  purse  of  gold  might  be  safely 
left  in  the  fields,  was  expressive  of  the  conscious 
security  of  the  inhabitants. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  39,  p.  27. 

260S.  HONESTY  in  public  Life.  Oliver  Crom- 
well. [Cromwell  the  Protector  left  no  wealth  to 
his  family,  notwithstanding  the  high  positions 
which  he  occupied  and  the  opportunities  of  en- 
richment at  the  expense  of  the  State.]— Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  14,  p.  217. 

2609.  HONESTY  punished.  Greek  Bmperar 
Theodore  Lascai-is  II.  On  a  march  in  Bul^ia^ 
he  consulted  on  a  question  of  policy  his  princi- 
pal ministers  ;  and  the  Greek  logothete,  George- 
Acropolita,  presumed  to  offend  him  by  the  dec- 
laration of  a  free  and  honest  opinion.     The  em. 


HONESTY— HONOR. 


311 


peror  half  unsheathed  his  cimeter  ;  but  his  more 
deliberate  rage  reserved  Acropolita  for  a  baser 
punishment.  One  of  the  first  officers  of  the  em- 
pire was  ordered  to  dismount,  stripped  of  his 
robes,  and  extended  on  the  ground  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  prince  and  army.  In  this  posture  he 
was  chastised  with  so  many  and  such  heavy 
blows  from  the  clubs  of  two  guards  or  execution- 
ers, that  when  Theodore  commanded  them  to 
cease,  the  great  logothete  was  scarcely  able  to 
rise  and  crawl  away  to  his  tent.  After  a  seclusion 
of  some  days  he  was  recalled  by  a  peremptory 
mandate  to  his  seat  in  council ;  and  so  dead  were 
the  Greeks  to  the  sense  of  honor  and  shame,  that 
it  is  from  the  narrative  of  the  sufferer  himself  that 
we  acquire  the  knowledge  of  his  disgrace. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  62,  p.  144. 

'26  lO.  HONESTY,  Scarcity  of.  Plato.  [Plato 
was  invited  to  lecture  before  Dionysius  the  ty- 
rant.] Justice  was  the . .  .  topic  ;  and  when  Plato 
asserted  the  happiness  of  the  just  and  the  wretch- 
ed condition  of  the  unjust,  the  tyrant  was  stung  ; 
and  being  unable  to  answer  his  arguments,  he 
expressed  his  resentment  against  those  who  seem- 
ed to  listen  to  him  with  pleasure.  At  last  he  was 
extremely  exasperated,  and  asked  the  philoso- 
pher what  business  he  had  in  Sicily.  Plato  an- 
swered that  he  came  to  seek  an  honest  man. 
"And  so,  then,"  replied  the  tyrant,  "it  seems 
you  have  lost  your  labor." — Plutarch's  Dion. 

261 1 .  HONESTY,  Unquestioned.  Washing- 
ton's. So  noted  for  excellence  was  everything 
bearing  his  brand,  that  a  barrel  of  flour  stamped 
"  Oeorge  Washington,  Mount  Vernon,"  was  ex- 
empted from  the  customary  inspection  in  the 
West  India  ports. — Custis'  Washington,  vol. 
1,  ch.  2. 

2612.  HONOB,  Appeal  to.  Roman  Emperor. 
Gallienus  often  displayed  his  liberality  by  distrib- 
uting among  his  officers  the  property  of  his  sub- 
jects. On  the  accession  of  Claudius  an  old 
woman  threw  herself  at  his  feet,  and  complained 
that  a  general  of  the  late  emperor  had  obtained 
an  arbitrary  grant  of  her  patrimony.  This  gener- 
al was  Claudius  himself,  who  had  not  entirely  es- 
caped the  contagion  of  the  times.  The  emperor 
blushed  at  the  reproach,  but  deserved  the  confi- 
dence which  she  had  reposed  in  his  equity.  The 
confession  of  his  fault  was  accompanied  with  im- 
mediate and  ample  restitution. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  11,  p.  334. 

2613.  HONOR,  Dangerous.  Emperor  of  Borne. 
[The  preceding  emperors  had  been  murdered 
each  in  their  turn  during  fourscore  years.]  The 
troops,  as  if  satiated  vdth  the  exercise  of  power, 
again  conjured  the  senate  to  invest  one  of  its  own 
body  with  the  Imperial  purple.  The  senate  still 
persisted  in  its  refusal,  the  army  in  its  request. 
The  reciprocal  offer  was  pressed  and  rejected  at 
least  three  times,  and  while  the  obstinate  mod- 
esty of  either  party  was  resolved  to  receive  a  mas- 
ter from  the  hands  of  the  other,  eight  months 
insensibly  elapsed  ;  an  amazing  period  of  tran- 
quil anarchy,  during  which  the  Roman  world  re- 
mained without  a  sovereign,  without  a  usurper, 
and  without  a  sedition. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
12,  p.  367. 

2614.  HONOR,  Debts  of.  Gambling.  [The 
German  barbarians  were  deep  gamblers.]  Their 
debts  of  honor  (for  in  that  light  they  have  trans- 


mitted to  us  those  of  play)  they  discharged  with 
the  most  romantic  fidelity.  The  desperate  game- 
ster, who  had  staked  his  person  and  liberty  on 
a  last  throw  of  the  dice,  patiently  submitted  to 
the  decision  of  fortune,  and  suffered  himself  to 
be  bound,  chastised,  and  sold  into  remote  slavery 
by  his  weaker  but  more  lucky  antagonist. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  261. 

2615.  HONOR,  Humility  with.  iMrd  Byron. 
He  was  a  schoolboy,  ten  years  old  at  the  time, 
living  in  Scotland  with  his  mother,  who  had  an 
income  of  £135  a  year,  equal  to  about  $25  a  week 
in  our  present  cuiTency.  All  at  once  came  news 
that  Lord  Byron,  the  grand-uncle  of  the  boy,  was 
dead,  leaving  no  heirs  to  his  title  and  estates  ex- 
cept this  poor  widow's  son.  Imagine  the  effect 
upon  a  forward,  sensitive,  bashful,  imaginative 
boy — painfully  ashamed  because  he  had  a  lame 
foot.  It  seems  that  he  was  puzzled  at  first  with 
his  new  lordship.  The  day  after  the  news  arrived 
he  ran  up  to  his  mother,  and  said,  "Mother,  do 
you  see  any  difference  in  me  since  I  became  lord  X 
I  see  none." — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  289. 

2616.  HONOR  misplaced.  Major  Andre.  [Hav- 
ing been  executed  by  Washington  as  a  confessed 
spy,]  his  king  did  right  in  offering  honorable 
rank  to  his  brother,  and  in  granting  pensions 
to  his  mother  and  sisters,  but  not  in  raising  a 
memorial  to  his  name  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Such  honor  belongs  to  other  enterprises  and 
deeds.  The  tablet  has  no  fit  place  in  a  sanctuary, 
dear  from  its  monuments  to  every  friend  to  gen- 
ius and  mankind. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  10, 
ch.  18. 

2617.  HONOR,  National.  Bomans.  [During 
the  reigns  of  Hadrian  and  Antoninus  Pius]  the 
Roman  name  was  revered  among  the  most  re- 
mote nations  of  the  earth.  The  fiercest  barba- 
rians frequently  submitted  their  differences  to  the 
arbitration  of  the  emperor,  and  we  are  informed 
by  a  contemporary  historian  that  he  had  seen  am- 
bassadors who  were  refused  the  honor  which 
they  came  to  solicit,  of  being  admitted  into 
the  rank  of  subjects. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1, 
p.  10. 

261  §.  HONOR,  Test  of.  John  II.  the  Good. 
John  was  sent  back  to  his  dominions  on  promise 
of  a  large  ranson  ;  but  he  was  without  finances, 
without  soldiers,  for  they  refused  to  obey  him, 
and  without  credit ;  yet  he  had  a  strong  principle 
of  honor,  for,  being  unable  to  satisfy  the  condi- 
tions of  his  liberation,  he  returned  to  England, 
surrendered  himself  once  more  a  prisoner,  and 
died  soon  after  in  London.  Note. — It  was  a  no- 
ble maxim  of  this  prince,  "  That  if  good  faith 
should  be  totally  forgotten  by  the  rest  of  man- 
kind, it  ought  still  to  find  a  place  in  the  breast  of 
princes."  It  has,  however,  been  conjectured  that 
John's  strongest  motive  for  returning  to  England 
was  a  passion  he  had  conceived  for  the  Countess 
of  Salisbury,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  women 
of  that  age. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  12, 
p.  199. 

2619.  HONOR,  Vanity  of.  Queen  Mary.  [Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  in  her  illness,  was  subject  to 
great  melancholy,  which  she  expressed  often  by 
the  exclamation,]  I  could  wish  to  be  dead  ! — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  9,  p.  144. 

2620.  HONOR  in  War.  Napoleon.  [When 
he  escaped  from  exile  at  St.  Elba  the  army  wel- 


312 


HONORS. 


corned  him,  and  Louis  XVIII.  fled.  At  the  Tuil- 
eries,  in  Napoleon's  former  cabinet,  were  found] 
a  portfolio  .  .  .  containing  the  private  and  con- 
fidential papers  of  the  king.  They  were  safe  in 
the  keeping  of  Napoleon  ;  his  pride  of  character 
and  delicate  sense  of  honor  would  not  allow  him 
to  pry  into  these  disclosures  of  the  private  life  of 
his  enemies.  He  ordered  them  all  to  be  sealed, 
and  to  be  sent  by  a  despatch  to  their  owner. — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  26. 

2621.  HONOES,  Burdensome.  Or  ant— Alfonso. 
[When  General  Grant  visited  Alfonso,  King  of 
Spain,]  Grant  spoke  of  the  sympathy  the  death 
of  his  wife  created  in  America.  The  king  said 
.  .       they  had  been  very  happy  together,  and 

.  she  had  helped  him  bear  the  burdens  of  the  kingly 
oflice,  which  were  extremely  irksome  to  him 
Grant  replied  that  the  eight  years  of  his  Presi- 
dency had  been  the  most  harassing  and  weary 
ones  of  his  whole  life. — General  Grant's 
Travels,  p.  259. 

2622.  HONOES,  Compulsory.  Saturninus.  [He 
was  appointed  to  command  the  Eastern  Empire 
under  Emperor  Probus.]  That  general,  a  man  of 
merit  and  experience,  was  driven  into  rebellion 
by  the  absence  of  his  sovereign,  the  levity  of  the 
Alexandrian  people,  the  pressing  instances  of 
his  friends,  and  his  own  fears  ;  but  from  the 
moment  of  his  elevation  he  never  entertained  a 
hope  of  empire  or  even  of  life.  "  Alas  !"  he  said, 
"  the  republic  has  lost  a  useful  servant,  and  the 
rashness  of  an  hour  has  destroyed  the  services 
of  many  years.  You  know  not,"  continued  he, 
' '  the  misery  of  sovereign  power ;  a  sword  is  per- 
petually suspended  over  our  head.  We  dread 
our  very  guards,  we  distrust  our  companions." 
[He  was  soon  destroyed.] — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  12,  p.  383. 

2623.  HONOES  demanded.  Cromwell.  Not 
an  iota  of  the  honors  due  to  a  crowned  head 
would  he  dispense  with  when  negotiating,  as  the 
Protector  of  England,  with  the  proudest  mon- 
archs  of  Europe.  Spain  yielded,  with  little  hesi- 
tation, to  accord  to  him  the  same  style  as  was 
claimed  by  her  own  haughty  monarchs ;  but 
Louis  [XIV.]  of  France  sought,  if  possible,  some 
compromise.  His  first  letter  was  addressed  to 
"His  Most  Serene  Highness,  Oliver,  Lord  Pro 
tector,"  etc.,  but  Cromwell  refused  to  receive  it. 
The  more  familiar  title  of  ' '  Cousin"  was  in  like 
manner  rejected,  and  Louis  and  his  crafty  min- 
ister, the  Cardinal  Mazarin,  were  compelled  to 
concede  to  him  the  wonted  mode  of  address  be- 
tween sovereigns :  "To  Our  Dear  Brother." 
"  What  !"  exclaimed  Louis  to  his  minister, 
"  shall  I  call  this  base  fellow  my  brother  ?" 
"  Ay,"  rejoined  his  astute  adviser,  "  or  your  fa- 
ther, if  it  will  gain  your  ends,  or  you  will  have 
him  at  the  gates  of  Paris  I" — Hood's  Cromwell, 
ch.  16,  p.  215. 

2624.  HONOES,  Miserable.  Aged  Emperor  Tac- 
itus. The  glory  and  life  of  Tacitus  were  of 
short  duration.  Transported,  in  the  depth  of 
winter,  from  the  soft  retirement  of  Campania  to 
the  foot  of  Mount  Caucasus,  he  sunk  under  the 
unaccustomed  hardships  of  a  military  life.  The 
fatigues  of  the  body  were  aggravated  by  the  cares 
of  the  mind. .  , .  The  angry  and  selfish  passions  of 
the  soldiers  .  .  .  soon  broke  out  with  redoubled 
violence,  and  raged  in  the  camp  and  even  in  the 
tent  of  the  aged  emperor.    His  mild  and  amiable 


character  served  only  to  inspire  contempt,  and 
he  was  incessantly  tormented  with  factions  which 
he  could  not  assuage  and  by  demands  which  it 
was  impossible  to  satisfy.  .  .  .  His  last  hour  was 
hastened  by  anguish  and  disappointment.  It 
may  be  doubtful  whether  the  soldiers  imbrued 
their  hands  in  the  blood  of  this  innocent  prince. 
It  is  certain  that  their  insolence  was  the  cause  of 
his  death. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12,  p.  373. 

2625.  HONOES,  Premature.  Bolivar.  [The 
Washington  of  the  States  of  Colombia.]  Spain 
renewed  the  war,  and  Bolivar  was  called  again  to 
the  supreme  command.  Three  more  bloody  cam- 
paigns were  necessary  before  the  Spaniards  were 
wholly  and  finally  expelled  from  the  soil  of  Co- 
lombia, by  which  name  the  confederated  republics 
were  called.  In  1825  Bolivar  once  more  abdicat- 
ed the  dictatorship.  An  equestrian  statue  having 
been  decreed  him  by  the  corporation  of  his  na- 
tive city,  he  declined  the  honor,  saying,  "Wait 
till  after  my  death,  that  you  may  judge  me  with- 
out prejudice,  and  accord  to  me  then  such  honors 
as  you  may  deem  suitable  ;  but  never  rear  monu- 
ments to  a  man  as  long  as  he  is  alive.  He  can 
change,  he  can  betray.  You  Avill  never  have  this 
reproach  to  make  to  me  ;  but  wait  a  little  long- 
er."— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  490. 

2626.  HONOES  resigned.  Diocletian.  It  was 
in  the  twenty -first  year  of  his  reign  that  Diocle- 
tian executed  his  memorable  resolution  of  abdi- 
cating the  empire,  an  action  more  naturally  to 
have  been  expected  from  the  elder  or  the  younger 
Antoninus  than  from  a  prince  who  had  never 
practised  the  lessons  of  philosophy  either  in  the 
attainment  or  in  the  use  of  supreme  power.  Dio- 
cletian acquired  the  glory  of  giving  to  the  world 
the  first  example  of  a  resignation,  which  has  not 
been  very  frequently  imitated  by  succeeding 
monarchs.  .  .  .  [He  was  only  fifty  nine.]  It 
was  time  to  put  an  end  to  the  painful  struggle 
which  he  had  sustained  during  more  than  a  year, 
between  the  care  of  his  health  and  that  of  his 
dignity. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  13,  p.  441. 

2627. .  Cfiarles  V.  The  abdica- 
tion of  Charles  appears  to  have  been  hastened  by 
the  vicissitude  of  fortune ;  and  the  disappoint- 
ment of  his  favorite  schemes  urged  him  to  relin 
quish  a  power  which  he  found  inadequate  to  his 
ambition.  But  the  reign  of  Diocletian  had  flow- 
ed with  a  tide  of  uninterrupted  success  ;  nor  was 
it  till  after  he  had  vanquished  all  his  enemies 
and  accomplished  all  his  designs  that  he  seems 
to  have  entertained  any  serious  thoughts  of  re- 
signing the  empire.  .  .  .  [He  was  fifty -five  years 
old,  and]  required  indulgence  and  relaxation  ;  the 
latter  compelled  him  to  direct,  from  the  bed  of 
sickness,  the  administration  of  a  great  empire. 
He  resolved  to  pass  the  remainder  of  his  days  in 
honorable  repose,  to  place  his  glory  beyond  the 
reach  of  fortune,  and  to  relinquish  the  theatre 
of  the  world  to  his  younger  and  more  active  as- 
sociates.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  13,  p.  441. 

262§.  HONOES,  Unexpected.  Miss  Sallie 
Thompson.  [A  Massachusetts  girl,  daughter  of 
"  Count  Rumford."]  Rumford  assumed  the  com- 
mand of  the  Bavarian  forces,  and  by  his  firmness 
and  presence  of  mind  prevented  either  French  or 
Austrians  from  entering  Munich.  The  considera- 
tion in  which  he  was  held  is  illustrated  by  the 
fact  that  the  elector  made  Miss  Thompson  a 
countess  of  the  empire,  conferring  on  her  a  pen- 


HONORS— HOSPITALITY. 


313 


sion  of  £200  a  year,  with  liberty  to  enjoy  it  in 
any  country  where  she  might  wisli  to  reside. 
The  New  England  girl,  brought  up  in  the  quiet 
ude  of  Concord,  transplanted  thence  to  Lon- 
don, and  afterward  to  Munich,  was  subjected  to 
a  somewhat  trying  ordeal. — Tyndall's  Count 

Ru.MFOBD. 

2029.  HONORS,  Unmerited.  Emperor  Carinus. 
With  the  senators  Carinus  affected  a  lofty  and 
regal  demeanor,  frequently  declaring  that  he 
designed  to  distribute  their  estates  among  the 
populace  of  Rome.  From  the  dregs  of  that  popu- 
lace he  selected  his  favorites,  and  even  his  minis- 
ters. The  palace,  and  even  the  Imperial  table, 
were  filled  with  singers,  dancers,  prostitutes,  and 
all  the  various  retinue  of  vice  and  folly.  One 
of  his  doorkeepers  he  intrusted  with  the  govern- 
ment of  the  city.  In  the  room  of  the  Praetorian 
prefect,  whom  he  put  to  death,  Carinus  substi- 
tuted one  of  the  ministers  of  his  looser  pleas- 
ures.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12,  p.  393. 

2630.  HONORS  won  by  Merit.  '•  Win  Ms 
Spurs."  [Battle of  Crecy,  1346.]  The  counts  of 
AlenQon  and  Flanders  at  length  disengaged 
themselves,  and  wheeling  round,  made  a  des 
perate  onset  on  the  first  division  of  the  English, 
commanded  by  the  young  Prince  of  Wales.  The 
prince  fought  heroically,  but  finding  himself 
hardly  pressed,  sent  to  entreat  his  father  to  sup- 
port him  with  the  reserve.  The  king,  who  watch- 
ed the  battle  from  a  windmill,  first  satisfied  him- 
self that  his  son  was  neither  dead  nor  disabled, 
and  then  declined  to  move  to  his  assistance.  "  Let 
the  boy  win  his  spurs,"  said  he ;  "  for,  if  God  will, 
I  desire  that  this  day  be  his,  and  that  all  the 
honor  of  it  shall  remain  with  him  and  those  to 
whom  I  have  given  him  in  charge."  Thus  en 
couraged  and  excited,  the  English  stood  as  im- 
movable as  a  rock." — Students'  Fbance,  ch. 
10,  §  7. 

2631.  HOPE,  Happiness  in.  SamuelJohnson. 
He  this  day  enlarged  upon  Pope's  melancholy 
remark, 

"  Man  never  is,  but  always  to  Je  blest.'' 
He  asserted  that  the  present  was  never  a  happy 
state  to  any  human  being  ;  but  that,  as  every 
part  of  life  of  which  we  are  conscious  was  at 
some  point  of  time  a  period  yet  to  come,  in  which 
felicity  was  expected,  there  was  some  happiness 
produced  by  hope.  Being  pressed  upon  this 
subject,  and  asked  if  he  really  was  of  opinion 
that  though,  in  general,  happiness  was  very  rare 
in  human  life,  a  man  was  nof  sometimes  happy 
in  the  moment  that  was  present,  he  answered, 
"Never,  but  when  he  is  drunk." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  248. 

2632.  HOPE  a  Treasure.  Perdiccas.  [Alex- 
ander the  Great  was  generous  to  his  friends.] 
Thougli  his  provision  was  .  .  .  small,  he  chose,  at 
his  embarkation,  to  inquire  into  the  circum- 

;  stances  of  his  friends  ;  and  to  one  he  gave  a  farm, 

to  another  a  village ;  to  this  the  revenue  of  a 

borough,  and  to  that  of  a  post.     When  in  this 

manner  he  had  disposed  of  almost  all  the  estates 

of  the  crowd,  Perdiccas  asked  him  what  he 

;  had  reserved  for  himself.     The  king  answered, 

I  "  Hope."  "  Well,"  replied  Perdiccas,  "  we  who 

[Share  in  your  labors  will  also  take  part  in  your 

! hopes."    In  consequence  of  which  he  refused 

the  estate  allotted  him,  and  some  others  of  the 


king's  friends  did  the  same. — Plutarch's  Al- 
exander. 

2633.  HORSE,  An  honored.  By  Washington. 
The  charger  which  bore  him  when  he  received 
the  sword  of  the  vanquished  [Cornwallis]  . . .  was 
a  chestnut  with  a  white  face  and  legs,  and  was 
called  Nelson.  .  .  .  After  the  war  was  over  it  was 
never  mounted  more,  but .  .  .  well  cared  for.  .  . . 
It  died  of  old  age  at  Mount  Vernon  many  years 
after  the  Revolution. — Custis'  Washington, 
vol.  1,  ch.  2. 

2634.  HORSEMEN,  Expert.  Scythians.  The 
Scythians  of  every  age  have  been  celebrated  a.s 
bold  and  skilful  riders ;  and  constant  practice 
had  seated  them  so  firmly  on  horseback,  that 
they  were  supposed  by  strangers  to  perform  the 
ordinary  duties  of  civil  life,  to  eat,  to  drink,  and 
even  to  sleep,  without  dismounting  from  their 
steeds. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26,  p.  9. 

2635.  HORSES,  Care  of.  Washington's.  The 
President's  stables  at  Philadelphia  were  under 
the  care  of  German  John,  and  the  grooming  of 
the  white  chargers  will  rather  surprise  the  mod- 
erns. The  night  before  the  horses  were  ...  to 
be  ridden  they  were  covered  entirely  over  with 
white  paste,  of  which  whiting  was  the  principal 
component  part  ;  then  the  animals  w^ere  swathed, 
in  body-clothes  and  left  to  sleep  on  clean  straw. 
In  the  morning  the  composition  had  become 
hard,  was  well  rubbed  in,  and  curried  and 
brushed,  which  process  gave  to  the  coats  a 
beautiful  glossy  and  satin-like  appearance. — 
Custis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  20. 

2636.  HORSES  in  War.  Troy.  Troy  was 
taken  three  times  :  the  first  time  by  Hercules,  on 
account  of  Laomedon's  horses  ;  the  second  time 
by  Agamemnon,  through  means  of  the  wooden 
horse  ;  the  third  by  Charidemus,  a  horse  happen- 
ing to  stand  in  the  way,  and  hindering  the  "Tro- 
jans from  shutting  the  gates  so  quickly  as  they 
should  have  done. — Plutarch's  Sertobius. 

2637.  HORTICULTURE,  Pleasures  of.  Theo- 
doric.  [The  Gothic  King  of  Italy.]  After  the 
example  of  the  last  emperors,  Theodoric  pre- 
ferred the  residence  of  Ravenna,  where  he  culti- 
vated an  orchard  with  his  own  hands. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  39,  p.  25. 

263S. .      Napoleon  I.     [When  in 

exile  at  St.  Helena  his  physician  recommended 
digging  in  the  ground.]  Things  around  soon  as 
sumed  a  different  aspect.  Here  was  an  excava. 
tion,  there  a  basin  or  a  road.  We  made  alleys, 
grottoes,  cascades.  We  planted  willows,  oaks, 
peach-trees,  to  give  a  little  shade  around  the 
house.  .  .  .  We  sowed  beans  and  peas. — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  33. 

2639.  HOSPITALITY  appreciated.  Boman. 
It  was  a  general  custom,  in  preparing  for  a  lux- 
urious meal,  to  take  a  vomit  a  short  time  before 
sitting  down  to  table.  This  was  not  regarded  as 
a  mark  either  of  gluttony  or  epicurism,  but  was 
held  to  be  done  in  compliment  to  the  entertainer, 
that  his  guests  might  be  enabled  to  carry  off  a 
greater  quantity  of  his  good  fare.  When  Julius 
Caesar  paid  a  visit  of  reconcilement  to  Cicero  by 
inviting  himself  to  sup  with  him,  he  took  care 
to  lot  Cicero  know  that  he  had  taken  a  vomit 
beforehand,  and  was  resolved  to  make  a  most 
enormous  meal ;  and  Cicero  tells  us  he  kept  his 
word,  which,  for  his  own  part,  he  took  very 


314 


HOSPITALITY. 


kindly,  and  as  a  mark  of  Caesar's  high  polite- 
ness.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  4,  p.  450. 

2640.  HOSPITALITY  without  Charity.  Eng- 
lish. [An  Italian  traveller  of  1509  ridicules  Eng- 
lish ostentation  in  feasting.]  They  think  that 
no  greater  honor  can  be  conferred  or  received 
than  to  invite  others  to  eat  with  them ;  and 
they  would  sooner  give  five  or  six  ducats  to 
provide  an  entertainment  for  a  person  than  a 
groat  to  assist  him  in  any  distress. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

2641.  HOSPITALITY,  Courtly.  Louis  XIV. 
[To  James  II.,  the  fugitive  king  of  England.] 
baint  Germain's  had  now  been  selected  to  be  the 
abode  of  the  royal  family  of  England.  Sumptu- 
ous furniture  had  been  hastily  sent  in.  The 
nursery  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  had  been  care- 
fully furnished  with  everything  that  an  infant 
could  require.  One  of  the  attendants  presented 
to  the  queen  the  key  of  a  superb  casket  which 
stood  in  her  apartment.  She  opened  the  casket, 
and  found  in  it  six  thousand  pistoles.  On 
the  following  day  James  arrived  at  Saint  Ger- 
main's. Louis  was  already  there  to  welcome 
him.  The  unfortunate  exile  bowed  so  low  that 
it  seemed  as  if  he  was  about  to  embrace  the 
knees  of  his  protector.  Louis  raised  him,  and 
embraced  him  with  brotherly  tenderness.  The 
two  kings  then  entered  the  queen's  room.  "  Here 
is  a  gentleman,"  said  Louis  to  Mary,  "  whom 
you  will  be  glad  to  see."  Then,  after  entreating 
his  guests  to  visit  him  next  day  at  Versailles,  and 
to  let  him  have  the  pleasure  of  showing  them  his 
buildings,  pictures,  plantations  [he  gave  him 
£45,000  sterling  a  year  and  £10,000  for  his  out- 
fit].— Mac  AULA  y's  Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  555. 

2642.  HOSPITALITY,  Duty  of.  Abraham. 
[The  Arabs  have  a  tradition  that  the]  first  time 
Abraham  visited  Mecca  he  stopped  at  the  door  of 
Ishmael  and  called  him  by  his  name.  Amara, 
the  wife  of  Ishmael,  came  to  the  door.  "  Where 
is  Ishmael  ?"  inquired  the  patriarch,  without  dis- 
mounting. "He  is  hunting,"  replied  Amara. 
"  Have  you  nothing  to  give  me  to  eat  ?  for  I 
cannot  come  down."  "  I  have  nothing,"  said 
Amara;  "this  country  is  a  desert."  "Very 
well,"  rejoined  Abraham  ;  "say  to  your  husband 
that  you  have  seen  a  stranger,  describe  to  him 
my  figure,  and  tell  him  that  1  recommend  him  to 
change  the  threshold  of  his  door."  Amara,  on 
the  return  of  Ishmael,  acquitted  herself  of  the 
message.  Her  husband,  offended  that  she  had 
refused  his  father  hospitality,  repudiated  her,  and 
married  a  woman  of  another  tribe,  named  Sayda. 
Abraham  returned  some  time  after  to  visit  his 
son.  He  was  absent.  A  young,  slim,  and  grace- 
ful woman  came  to  the  threshold  of  the  door  to 
make  reply  to  the  stranger.  "Have  you  some 
nourishment  to  give  me  ?"  asked  Abraham  of 
his  daughter-in-law,  without  making  himself 
known  or  dismounting  from  his  horse.  "  Yes," 
said  she  in  an  instant.  And  going  into  the  house, 
she  returned  soon  after,  presenting  to  the  traveller 
some  cooked  venison,  milk,  and  dates.  Abraham 
tasted  the  edibles,  then  blessed  them  in  saying, 
"  May  God  multiply  in  this  country  these  three 
species  of  nutriment." — Lamartine's  Turkey, 
p.  44. 

2643.  HOSPITALITY,  False.  Boman.  Hos- 
pitality was  formerly  the  virtue  of  the  Romans  ; 
and  every  stranger  who  could  plead  either  mer- 


it or  misfortune  was  relieved  or  rewarded  by 
their  generosity.  At  present,  if  a  foreigner,  per- 
haps of  no  contemptible  rank,  is  introduced  to 
one  of  the  proud  and  wealthy  senators,  he  is 
welcomed  indeed  in  the  first  audience  Avith  such 
warm  professions  and  such  kind  inquiries  that 
he  retires,  enchanted  with  the  affabilitj"  of  his 
illustrious  friend,  and  full  of  regret  that  he  had 
so  long  delayed  his  journey  to  Rome,  the  native 
seat  of  manners,  as  well  as  of  empire.  Secure  of 
a  favorable  reception,  he  repeats  his  visit  the  en- 
suing day,  and  is  mortified  by  the  discovery  that 
his  person,  his  name,  and  Jiis  country  are  al- 
ready forgotten.  If  he  still  has  resolution  to 
persevere,  he  is  gradually  numbered  in  the  train 
of  dependents,  and  obtains  the  permission  to  pay 
his  assiduous  and  unprofitable  court  to  a  haughty 
patron,  incapable  of  gratitude  or  friendship, 
who  scarcely  deigns  to  remark  his  presence,  his 
departure,  or  his  return. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
31,  p.  356. 

2644.  HOSPITALITY  forgotten.  Bemdict  Ar- 
nold. [He  led  the  British  to  burn  New  London, 
Conn.]  Men  who  had  kno"v\Ti  him  in  other  days 
as  an  enterprising  trader  recognized  him  as  he  sat 
upon  his  horse,  calmly  surveying  the  progress  of 
the  flames.  He  had  the  effrontery  to  enter  a  house 
where  often  he  had  been  honorably  entertained 
as  a  guest,  and  there  satisfy  his  hunger  from  the 
plunder  of  the  pantrj"^ ;  and  when  he  had  finished 
his  repast  he  ordered  the  house  to  be  fired.  He 
is  said  to  have  expressed  his  regret  that  he  could 
not  go  as  far  as  Norwich,  and  burn  the  very 
house  in  which  he  was  bom. — Cyclopedia  op^ 
Bigg.,  p.  231. 

2645.  HOSPITALITY  painful.  To  Lombards. 
While  Alboin  served  under  his  father's  stand- 
ard, he  encountered  in  battle  and  transpierced 
with  his  lance  the  rival  prince  of  the  Gepidae. 
The  Lombards,  who  applauded  such  early 
prowess,  requested  his  father,  with  unanimous 
acclamations,  that  the  heroic  youth,  who  had 
shared  the  dangers  of  the  field,  might  be  admit-, 
ted  to  the  feast  of  victory.  "  You  are  not  un- 
mindful," replied  the  inflexible  Audoin,  "  of  thei 
wise  customs  of  our  ancestors.  Whatever  mayj 
be  his  merit,  a  prince  is  incapable  of  sitting  at 
table  with  his  father  till  he  has  received  his  arms 
from  a  foreign  and  royal  hand."  Alboin  bowed 
with  reverence  to  the  institutions  of  his  country, 
selected  forty  companions,  and  boldly  visited  the 
court  of  Turisund,  king  of  the  Gepidae,  who 
embraced  and  entertained,  according  to  the  laws 
of  hospitality,  the  %nurderer  of  his  son.  At  the 
banquet,  while  Alboin  occupied  the  seat  of  the 
youth  whom  he  had  slain,  a  tender  remembrance 
arose  in  the  mind  of  Turisund.  "  How  dear 
is  that  place  !  how  hateful  is  that  person  1" 
were  the  words  that  escaped,  with  a  sigh,  from 
the  indignant  father. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  45, 
p.  389. 

2646.  HOSPITALITY,  Eeluctance  in.  Rev. 
TJwmas  Ware.  [He  was  one  of  the  early  Meth- 
odist preachers.  On  one  occasion  he  stopped  at 
the  house  of  a  Captain  Sears,  whom  he  first  re-: 
proved  for  his  anger  toward  his  barking  dogs, 
and  then  applied  for  entertainment.]  The  cap-  ^ 
tain  paused  a  long  time,  looking  steadily  at  him, 
and  then  said,  "  I  hate  to  let  you  stay  the  worst 
of  any  man  I  ever  saw  ;  but,  as  I  never  refused 
a  stranger  a  night's  lodging  in  my  life,  you  may 


HOSPITALITY— HUMANITY. 


315 


alight."  The  captain  soon  became  a  Christian 
and  a  lifelong  friend. — Stevens'  M.  E.  Church, 
vol.  2,  p.  306. 

2647.  HOSPITALITY,  Sacred.  Arabs.  The 
Arabs  pushed  to  superstition  their  respect  of 
hospitality.  Their  most  inveterate  enemy  found 
refuge,  security,  and  even  protection,  as  soon  as 
he  succeeded  in  touching  the  cord  of  their  tents 
or  the  gown  skirts  of  their  wives. — Lamartine's 
Turkey,  p.  47. 

264S. .  "  Salt."  In  a  nocturnal  visit 

to  the  treasure  of  the  prince  of  Sistan,  Jacob, 
the  son  of  Leith,  stumbled  over  a  lump  of  salt, 
which  he  unwarily  tasted  with  his  tongue.  Salt, 
among  the  Orientals,  is  the  symbol  of  hospitality, 
and  the  pious  robber  immediately  retired  with- 
out spoil  or  damage. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  52, 
p.  327. 

2649.  HOSPITALITY  of  Savages.  Columbus. 
Their  kindness  and  gratitude  could  not  then  be 
exceeded,  and  the  march  of  the  army  was  con- 
tinually retarded  by  the  hospitality  of  the  nu- 
merous villages  through  which  it  passed.  Such 
was  the  frank  communion  among  these  people 
that  the  Indians  who  accompanied  the  anny  en- 
tered without  ceremony  into  the  houses,  helping 
themselves  to  anything  of  which  they  stood  in 
need,  without  exciting  surprise  or  anger  in  the 
inhabitants ;  the  latter  offered  to  do  the  same 
with  respect  to  the  Spaniards,  and  seemed  as- 
tonished when  they  met  a  repulse.  This,  it 
is  probable,  was  the  case  merely  with  respect 
to  articles  of  food  ;  for  we  are  told  that  the  Ind- 
ians were  not  careless  in  their  notions  of  prop- 
erty, and  the  crime  of  theft  was  one  of  the  few 
which  were  punished  among  them  with  great 
severity.  Food,  however,  is  generally  open  to 
free  participation  in  savage  life,  and  is  rarely 
made  an  object  of  barter,  until  habits  of  trade 
have  been  introduced  by  the  white  men.  The 
untutored  savage  in  almost  every  part  of  the 
world  scorns  to  make  a  traffic  of  hospitality. — 
Irving's  Columbus,  Book  6,  ch.  9. 

2650.  HOSPITALITY,  Spirit  of.  ' '  Lodgings. " 
Johnson  said  once  to  me  :  "  Sir,  I  honor  Derrick 
for  his  presence  of  mind.  One  night,  when 
Floyd,  another  poor  author,  was  wandering 
about  the  streets  in  the  night,  he  found  Derrick 
fast  asleep  upon  a  bulk  ;  upon  being  suddenly 
waked,  Derrick  started  up  ;  '  My  dear  Floyd,  I 
am  sorry  to  see  you  in  this  destitute  state  ;  will 
you  go  home  with  me  to  my  lodgings  ?'" — Bos- 
well's  Johnson. 

2651.  HOSPITALITY,  Universal.  American 
Indians.  The  hospitality  of  the  Indian  has  rare- 
ly been  questioned.  The  stranger  enters  his 
cabin,  by  day  or  by  night,  without  asking  leave. 

He  will  take  his  own  rest  abroad,  that  he 
^  may  give  up  his  own  skin  or  mat  of  sedge  to  his 
lest.  Nor  is  the  traveller  questioned  as  to  the 
Purpose  of  his  visit ;  he  chooses  his  own  time 
freely  to  deli  verbis  message. — Bancroft's  [J  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

2652.  HOSPITALS,  Mohammedan.  Imurets. 
[Orkhan,  the  Mohammedan  conqueror  of  Nice, 
founded  there]  the  first  hospitals  charged  to  feed 
the  poor  by  obligatory  donations  from  the  faith- 
ful. These  hospitals,  suggested  by  a  prescrip- 
tion of  Mahomet,  which  claimed  a  portion  of  the 
revenues  of  the  rich  for  the  indigent,  were  called 


imarets.  Orkhan  himself,  after  the  example  of 
the  prophet  and  the  Khalifs,  used  to  distribute 
soup  there  to  the  poor  of  Nice. — Lamartine's 
Turkey,  p.  216. 

2653.  HOSTAGE,  Safety  by.  Cm-Uz.  [He  in- 
vaded Mexico.]  Millions  of  natives  who  swarmed 
around  him  were  becoming  familiar  with  his 
troops,  and  no  longer  believed  them  immortal. 
There  were  murmurings  of  an  outbreak  which 
threatened  to  overwhelm  them  in  an  hour.  In 
this  emergency  the  Spanish  general  adopted  the 
bold  and  unscrupulous  expedient  of  seizing  Mon- 
tezuma and  holding  him  as  a  hostage.  A  plau- 
sible pretext  for  this  outrage  was  found. — RiD- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  4,  p.  59. 

2654.  HOSTILITY,  Supreme.  William  of  Or. 
ange.  Yet  even  his  affection  for  the  land  of  his 
birth  was  subordinate  to  another  feeling  which 
early  became  supreme  in  his  soul,  which  mixed 
itself  with  all  his  passions,  which  impelled  him 
to  marvellous  enterprises,  which  supported  him 
when  sinking  under  mortification,  pain,  sickness, 
and  sorrow,  which,  toward  the  close  of  his  ca- 
reer, seemed  during  a  short  time  to  languish,  but 
which  soon  broke  forth  again  fiercer  than  ever, 
and  continued  to  animate  him  even  while  the 
prayer  for  the  departing  was  read  at  his  bedside. 
That  feeling  was  enmity  to  France,  and  to  the 
magnificent  king  who,  in  more  than  one  sense, 
represented  France,  and  who,  to  virtues  and  ac- 
complishments eminently  French,  joined  in  large 
measure  that  unquiet,  unscrupulous,  and  vain- 
glorious ambition  which  has  repeatedly  drawn 
on  France  the  resentment  of  Europe. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  7,  p.  169. 

2655.  HOTELS,  First  established.  England. 
[In  the  thirteenth  century]  there  were  drinking 
houses  for  wine,  and  alewives  sold  beer  ;  there 
was  no  establishment  at  this  period  which  sup- 
plied, besides  drink,  food  and  beds.  It  was  not 
until  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century  that 
the  hostel  or  tavern  had  its  origin. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  26,  p.  899. 

2656.  HUMANITY,  A  common.  Sinful.  Says 

the  Duchess  of  Buckingham  to  Lady  Hunting- 
don, who  had  asked  her  to  come  and  hear  White- 
field  :  "  I  thank  your  ladyship  for  the  informa- 
tion concerning  the  Methodist  preachers  ;  their 
doctrines  are  most  repulsive,  and  strongly  tinct- 
ured with  disrespect  toward  their  superiors,  in 
perpetually  endeavoring  to  level  all  ranks  and  do 
away  with  all  distinctions.  It  is  monstrous  to 
be  told  you  have  a  heart  as  sinful  as  the  common 
wretches  that  crawl  on  the  earth.  This  is  high- 
ly offensive  and  insulting ;  and  I  cannot  but 
wonder  that  your  ladyship  should  relish  any  sen- 
timents so  much  at  variance  with  high  rank  and 
good  breeding.  I  shall  be  most  happy  to  come 
and  hear  your  favorite  preacher."  Her  Grace's 
sentiments  toward  the  common  wretches  that 
crawl  on  the  earth  were  shared,  we  may  be  sure, 
by  her  Grace's  waiting-maid.  Of  humanity  there 
was  as  little  as  there  was  of  religion.  It  was  the 
age  of  the  criminal  law  which  hanged  men  for 
petty  thefts,  of  life-long  imprisonment  for  debt, 
of  the  stocks  and  the  pillory,  of  a  Temple  Bar 
garnished  with  the  heads  of  traitors. — Smith's 
COWPER,  ch.  1. 

2657.  HUMANITY  deified.  Julius  Ccesqr. 
His  person  was  declared  sacred,  and  to  injure 


316 


HUMANITY— HUMILIATION. 


Mm  by  word  or  deed  was  to  be  counted  sacri- 
lege. The  fortune  of  Caesar  was  introduced  into 
the  constitutional  oath,  and  the  Senate  took  a 
solemn  pledge  to  maintain  his  acts  inviolate.  Fi- 
nally they  arrived  at  a  conclusion  that  he  was 
not  a  man  at  all ;  no  longer  Caius  Julius,  but 
Divus  Julius,  a  god  or  the  son  of  a  god.  A  tem- 
ple was  to  be  built  to  Caesar  as  another  Quirinus, 
and  Antony  was  to  be  his  priest.  Caesar  knew 
the  meaning  of  all  this.  He  must  accept  their 
flattery  and  become  ridiculous,  or  he  must  ap- 
pear to  treat  with  contumely  the  Senate  which 
offered  it. — Froude's  C^sar,  cli.  26. 

2658.  HUMANITY,  Dwarfs  of.  Of  the  Moon. 
Swedenborg  tells  us  that  the  Lunarians  are 
dwarfs,  like  boys  of  seven  years  old,  with  ro- 
bust bodies  and  pleasant  countenances.  They 
do  not  speak  from  their  lungs,  on  account  of  the 
attenuated  nature  of  their  atmosphere,  but  from 
a  quantity  of  air  collected  in  the  abdomen. — 
White's  Swedenborg,  ch.  14,  p.  133. 

2659.  HUMANITY,  Generous.  Samud  John- 
son. His  generous  humanity  to  the  miserable 
was  almost  beyond  example.  The  following  in- 
stance is  well  attested  :  Coming  home  late  one 
night  he  found  a  poor  woman  lying  in  the 
street,  so  much  exhausted  that  she  could  not 
walk ;  he  took  her  upon  his  back  and  carried 
her  to  his  house,  where  he  discovered  that  she 
was  one  of  those  wretched  females  who  had 
fallen  into  the  lowest  state  of  vice,  poverty,  and 
disease.  Instead  of  harshly  upbraiding  her,  he 
had  her  taken  care  of  with  all  tenderness  for  a 
long  time,  at  a  considerable  expense,  till  she 
was  restored  to  health,  and  endeavored  to  put 
her  into  a  virtuous  way  of  living. — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  531. 

2660.  HUMILIATION,  Abject.  Lord  Claren- 
don. The  viceroy  had  scarcely  returned  to  Dub- 
lin from  his  unpleasing  tour  when  he  receiv- 
ed letters  which  informed  him  that  he  had  in- 
curred the  king's  serious  displeasure.  His 
Majesty — so  these  letters  ran — expected  his  ser- 
vants not  only  to  do  what  he  commanded,  but 
to  do  it  from  the  heart,  and  with  a  cheerful 
countenance.  The  lord-lieutenant  had  not,  in- 
deed, refused  to  co-operate  in  the  reform  of  the 
army  and  of  the  civil  administration,  but  his  co- 
operation had  been  reluctant  and  perfunctory 
His  looks  had  betrayed  his  feelings,  and  every- 
body .saw  that  he  disapproved  of  the  policy 
which  he  was  employed  to  carry  into  effect.  In 
great  anguish  of  mind  he  wrote  to  defend  him- 
self ;  but  he  was  sternly  told  that  his  defence 
was  not  satisfactory.  He  then,  in  the  most  ab- 
ject terms,  declared  that  he  would  not  attempt 
to  justify  himself  ;  that  he  acquiesced  in  the 
royal  judgment,  be  it  what  it  might ;  that  he 
prostrated  himself  in  the  dust ;  that  he  implored 
pardon  ;  that  of  all  penitents  he  was  the  most 
sincere  ;  that  he  should  think  it  glorious  to  die 
in  his  sovereign's  cause,  but  found  it  impossible 
to  live  under  his  sovereign's  displeasure.  Nor 
was  this  mere  interested  hypocrisy,  but,  at  least 
in  part,  unaffected  slavishness  and  poverty  of 
spirit ;  for  in  confidential  letters,  not  meant  for 
the  royal  eye,  he  bemoaned  himself  to  his  family 
in  the  same  strain.  He  was  miserable  ;  he  was 
crushed  ;  the  wrath  of  the  king  was  insupport- 
able ;  if  that  -WTath  could  not  be  mitigated,  life 
would  not  be  worth  having.     The  poor  man's 


terror  increased  when  he  learned  that  it  had  been 
determined  at  Whitehall  to  recall  him,  and  to 
appoint,  as  his  successor,  his  rival  and  calum- 
niator, Tyrconnel. — Macaulay's  Eno.,  ch.  6, 
p.  185. 

2661.  HUMILIATION,  Barbarous.  By  Ti- 
mour.  Ahmed  Arabshah  likewise  relates  another 
outrage,  which  Bajazet  [the  captured  Ottoman 
sultan]  endured,  of  a  more  domestic  and  tender 
nature.  His  indiscreet  mention  of  women  and 
divorces  was  deeply  resented  by  the  jealous 
Tartar  ;  in  the  feast  of  victory  the  wine  was 
served  by  female  cupbearers,  and  the  sultan  be- 
held his  own  concubines  and  wives  confounded 
among  the  slaves,  and  exposed  without  a  veil  to 
the  eyes  of  intemperance.  To  escape  a  similar 
indignity,  it  is  said  that  his  successors,  except  in 
a  single  instance,  have  abstained  from  legitimate 
nuptials. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65,  p.  269. 

2662.  HUMILIATION  by  Defeat.  Romamat 
Caudium.  The  Samnites,  surprising  them  in  a 
narrow  defile  near  that  town,  had  it  in  their 
power  to  cut  them  off  to  a  man.  Pontius,  the 
general  of  the  Samnites,  made  the  whole  Roman 
armj^  with  the  consuls  at  their  head,  naked  and 
disarmed,  pass  under  the  yoke.  .  .  .  When  the 
dreadful  ceremony  began,  and  when  they  saw 
the  garments  torn  from  the  backs  of  the  consuls, 
and  those  men  whom  they  had  been  accustomed 
to  regard  with  veneration  thus  ignominiously 
treated,  every  one  forgot  his  own  calamity,  and, 
filled  with  horror,  turned  aside  his  eyes,  that  he 
might  not  behold  the  miserable  humiliation  of 
the  rulers  of  his  country.  It  was  evening  when 
the  Roman  army  was  suffered  to  pass  out  of  the 
defile  ;  and  when  night  came  on,  naked  and  des- 
stitute  of  everything,  they  threw  themselves 
down  in  despair  in  a  field  near  the  city  of  Capua. 
The  magistrates,  senators,  and  chief  men  of  the 
place  repaired  to  the  spot  where  they  lay,  and 
endeavored  to  comfort  and  soothe  their  distress  ; 
but  they  spoke  not  a  word,  nor  ever  raised  their 
heads  from  the  ground.  The  next  day  they 
proceeded  in  the  same  melancholy  dejection  to 
Rome,  where  their  disaster  had  occasioned  the 
utmost  consternation,  and  the  whole  city  had 
gone  into  mourning. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  8, 
ch.  7,  p.  353. 

2663.  HUMILIATION  with  Insult.  Henry  VI. 
Pope  Celestinus,  while  Henry  VI.  was  kneel- 
ing to  kiss  his  feet,  took  that  opportunity  of 
kicking  off  his  crown.  He  made  amends  to 
him,  however,  for  this  insolence,  by  making  him 
a  gift  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  from  which  Henry 
had  extirpated  the  last  of  the  Norman  princes, 
—Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  7,  p.  130. 

2664.  HUMILIATION,  Insupportable.  Oliver 
Goldsmith.  He  forthwith  gave  a  supper  and 
dance  at  his  chamber  to  a  nximber  of  young  per- 
sons of  both  sexes  from  the  city,  in  direct  viola- 
tion of  college  rules.  The  unwonted  sound  of 
the  fiddle  reached  the  ears  of  the  implacable 
Wilder.  He  rushed  to  the  scene  of  unhallowed 
festivity,  inflicted  corporal  punishment  on  the 
"  father  of  the  feast,"  and  turned  his  astonished 
guests  neck  and  heels  out  of  doors.  .  .  .  This 
filled  the  measure  of  poor  Goldsmith's  humilia- 
tions ;  he  felt  degraded  both  within  college  and 
without.  He  dreaded  the  ridicule  of  his  fellow- 
students  for  the  ludicrous  termination  of  his  or- 
gie,  and  he  was  ashamed  to  meet  his  city  ac- 


HUMILIATION— HUMILITY. 


317 


quaintances  after  the  degi-ading  chastisement  re- 
ceived in  their  presence,  and  after  their  own 
ignominious  expulsion. — Irving's  Goldsmith, 
ch.  2,  p.  25. 

2665.  HUMILIATION,  National.  Accession  of 
James  II.  It  was  not  without  many  misgivings 
that  James  had  determined  to  call  the  estates  of 
his  realm  together.  The  moment  was,  indeed, 
most  auspicious  for  a  general  election.  Never 
since  the  accession  of  the  house  of  Stuart  had 
the  constituent  bodies  been  so  favorably  dispos- 
ed toward  the  court.  But  the  new  sovereign's 
mind  was  haunted  by  an  apprehension  not  to  be 
mentioned,  even  at  this  distance  of  time,  with- 
out shame  and  indignation.  He  was  afraid  that 
by  summoning  the  Parliament  of  England  he 
might  incur  the  displeasure  of  the  King  of 
France. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  4,  p.  423. 

2666.  HUMILIATION,  Painful.  Attains. 
[Formerly  Emperor  of  Rome.]  When  the  Goths, 
two  years  after  the  siege  of  Rome,  established 
their  quarters  in  Gaul,  it  was  natural  to  suppose 
that  their  inclinations  could  be  divided  only  be- 
tween the  Emperor  Honorius,  with  whom  they 
had  formed  a  recent  alliance,  and  the  degraded 
Attains,  whom  they  reserved  in  their  camp  for 
the  occasional  purpose  of  acting  the  part  of  a 
musician  or  a  monarch. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch 
31,  p.  306. 

2667.  HUMILIATION,  Proof  of.  Indian  Gant- 
let. The  Romans  in  their  triumphal  processions 
exhibited  captives  to  the  gaze  of  the  Roman 
people  ;  the  Indian  conqueror  compels  them  to 
run  the  gantlet,  through  the  women  and  children 
of  his  tribe.  To  inflict  blows  that  cannot  be  re- 
turned, is  proof  of  full  success  and  the  entire 
humiliation  of  the  enemy  ;  moreover,  it  is  an  ex- 
periment of  courage  and  patience.  Those  who 
show  fortitude  are  applauded  ;  the  coward  be- 
comes an  object  of  scorn.— Bancroft's  U.  S 
vol.  3,  ch.  22. 


266§.  HUMILIATION,  Eoyal.  Eleventh  Cen- 
twy.  [Frederic, surnamed  Barbarossa,]  was  sum- 
moned to  go  to  Rome  to  receive  the  imperial 
crown  from  [Pope]  Adrian  IV.  The  emperor 
promised  that  he  would  make  no  attempt  against 
the  life,  the  person,  nor  the  honor  of  the  pope, 
the  cardinals,  and  the  magistrates.  A  knight, 
completely  armed,  made  this  oath,  in  the  name 
of  Frederic  Barbarossa  ;  but  the  ceremonial  re- 
quired that  when  the  pope  came  out  to  meet 
him  the  emperor  should  prostrate  himself  on 
the  ground,  kiss  his  feet,  hold  the  stirrup  of  his 
horse  while  he  mounted,  and  lead  hini  by  the 
bridle  for  nine  paces.  Frederic  refused  at  first. 
.  .  .  His  indignation  broke  out  immediately  in 
the  plainest  terms  when  the  deputies  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Rome  informed  him  that  they  had  chosen 
him,  though  a  foreigner,  to  be  their  sovereign. 
"  It  is  false,"  said  he  ;  "you  have  not  chosen  me 
to  be  your  sovereign  ;  my  predecessors,  Charle- 
magne and  Otho,  conquered  you  by  the  strength 
of  their  arms  ;  and  I  am,  by  established  posses- 
sion, your  lawful  sovereign."  .  .  .  The  troubles 
of  Italy  at  last  compelled  him  to  measures 
which  his  haughty  spirit  could  very  ill  brook. 
He  acknowledged  the  supremacy  of  Alexander 
III.,  he  condescended  to  kiss  his  feet  and  to 
hold  the  stirrup,  and  to  restore  what  he  possess- 
ed which  had  at  any  time  belonged  to  the  holy 
see.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  7,  p.  129. 


2669. .     Henry  II     [In  1174,]  on 

the  10th  of  July,  Henry  rode  from  Southamp- 
ton during  the  night,  and  as  he  saw  the  cathe- 
dral towers  of  Canterbury  looming  in  the  gray 
dawn,  he  alighted,  and  walked  in  penitential 
garb,  barefoot  into  the  city.  He  knelt  at  the 
tomb  of  Becket  in  deep  humiliation.  The  Bish- 
op of  London  preached,  and  maintained  that 
Henry  had  thus  appealed  to  Heaven  in  avowal 
of  his  innocence  of  the  guilt  of  blood.  Then 
the  great  king,  before  the  assembled  monks  and 
chapter,  poured  forth  his  contrition  for  the  pas- 
sionate exclamation  which  had  been  so  rashly 
interpreted  ["Is  there  no  one  to  deliver  me 
from  this  turbulent  priest  V"  Four  knights  af- 
terward assassinated  Becket];  and  he  was  scourged 
with  a  knotted  cord.  He  spent  the  night  in  a 
dark  crypt,  and  the  next  day  rode  fasting  to 
London.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  21,  p.  301, 

2670.  HUMILITY,  Christian.  St.  Bernard.  In 
speech,  in  writing,  in  action,  Bernard  stood  high 
above  his  rivals  and  contemporaries ;  his  com- 
positions are  not  devoid  of  wit  and  eloquence  ; 
and  he  seems  to  have  preserved  as  much  rea- 
son and  humanity  as  may  be  reconciled  with 
the  character  of  a  saint.  In  a  secular  life  he 
would  have  shared  the  seventh  part  of  a  private 
inheritance  ;  by  a  vow  of  poverty  and  penance,  by 
closing  his  eyes  against  the  visible  world,  by  the 
refusal  of  all  ecclesiastical  dignities,  the  abbot  of 
Clairvaux  became  the  oracle  of  Europe  and  the 
founder  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  convents. 
Princes  and  pontiffs  trembled  at  the  freedom  of 
his  apostolical  censures  ;  France,  England,  and 
Milan  consulted  and  obeyed  his  judgment  in  a 
schism  of  the  church ;  the  debt  was  repaid  by 
the  gratitude  of  Innocent  II.  ;  and  his  successor, 
EugeniusIII.,  was  the  friend  and  disciple  of  the 
holy  Bernard.  It  was  in  the  proclamation  of 
the  second  crusade  that  he  shone  as  the  mis. 
sionary  and  prophet  of  God. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  89,  p.  13. 

2671.   .      Godfrey.      [When    tha 

Crusaders  had  taken  Jerusalem  the]  unanimous 
voice  of  the  army  proclaimed  Godfrey  of  Bouil- 
lon the  first  and  most  worthy  of  the  champions 
of  Christendom.  His  magnanimity  accepted  a 
trust  as  full  of  danger  as  of  glory  ;  but  in  a  city 
where  his  Saviour  had  been  crowned  with  thorns, 
the  devout  pilgrim  rejected  the  name  and  en- 
signs of  royalty  ;  and  the  founder  of  the  king- 
dom of  Jerusalem  contented  himself  with  the 
modest  title  of  Defender  and  Baron  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58,  p.  595. 

2672.  HUMILITY,  Mohammedan.  Mahomet. 
His  apparel  was  tliat  of  the  poor — the  coarsest 
cloth  of  sheep's  wool,  the  cinctures  woven  from 
camel's  hair  ;  he  rejected,  as  an  article  of  luxury 
and  vanity,  the  white  turbans  of  Indian  cotton 
worn  by  his  warriors.  He  lived  upon  dates  and 
the  milk  of  his  sheep,  which  he  did  not  disdain 
to  milk  himself.  He  but  rarely  made  use  of  the 
hand  of  his  slave  for  the  most  disagreeable  ser- 
vices of  the  house.  He  went  to  fetch  water  from 
the  well,  swept  and  washed  the  boards  of  his 
floor.  Seated  on  the  ground,  upon  his  mat  of 
straw,  he  mended  himself  his  sandals  and  stitch- 
ed his  worn  garments. — Lamartine's  Turkey, 
p.  152. 

2673. .   Mahomet.   The  good  sense 

of  Mahomet  despised  the  pomp  of  royalty ;  the 


318 


HUMILITY— HUSBAND. 


apostle  of  God  submitted  to  the  menial  offices 
of  the  family  ;  he  kindled  the  fire,  swept  the 
floor,  milked  the  ewes,  and  mended  with  his 
own  hands  his  shoes  and  his  woolen  garment. 
Disdaining  the  penance  and  merit  of  a  hermit, 
he  observed,  without  effort  or  vanity,  the  abste- 
mious diet  of  an  Arab  and  a  soldier.  On  solemn 
occasions  he  feasted  his  companions  with  rustic 
and  hospitable  plenty  ;  but  in  his  domestic  life 
many  weeks  would  elapse  without  a  fire  being 
kindled  on  the  hearth  of  the  prophet.  The 
interdiction  of  wine  was  confirmed  by  his  ex- 
ample ;  his  hunger  was  appeased  with  a  spar- 
ing allowance  of  barley-bread  ;  he  delighted  in 
the  taste  of  milk  and  honey  ;  but  his  ordinary 
food  consisted  of  dates  and  water. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  148. 

2674.  HUMILITY  and  Pride  united.  Thomas 
Becket.  [Thomas]  Becket  wore  coarse  sackcloth 
made  of  goat's  hair  from  the  arms  to  the  knees, 
but  his  outer  garments  were  remarkable  for  their 
splendor  and  extreme  costliness,  to  the  end  that, 
thus  deceiving  human  eyes,  he  might  please  the 
sight  of  God.  Thus  writes  his  panegyrist  Hove- 
den. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  20,  p.  294. 

2675.  HUMILITY,  Victor's.  Charles  VIII. 
Charles  set  out  [for  the  conquest  of  Italy].  .  .  . 
Incensed  at  his  perfidy,  he  besieged  the  pope  in 
the  castle  of  St.  Angelo.  Alexander  VI.  was  at 
length  forced  to  sue  for  an  accommodation  ;  and 
then  the  French  monarch,  with  great  devotion, 
kissed  his  holiness'  feet  and  served  him  with 
water  to  wash  his  hands. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  13,  p.  215. 

2676.  HUMILITY,  Wisdom  by.  Statesman- 
ship. The  formation  of  political  institutions  in 
the  United  States  was  not  effected  by  giant 
minds  or  "  nobles  after  the  flesh."  American 
history  knows  but  one  avenue  to  success  in 
American  legislation — freedom  from  ancient 
prejudice.  The  truly  great  lawgivers  in  our 
colonies  first  became  as  little  children.  In 
framing  constitutions  for  Carolina,  [John]  Locke 
forgot  the  fundamental  principles  of  practical 
philosophy. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  13. 

2677.  HUMOR  admired.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
[To  a  party  of  friends  he  said  :]  There  is  a  chap 
out  in  Ohio  who  has  been  writing  a  series  of 
letters  for  the  newspapers  over  the  signature  of 
Petroleum  V.  Nasby.  Some  one  sent  me  a 
pamphlet  collection  of  them  the  other  day.  I 
am  going  to  write  to  "Petroleum"  to  come 
down  here,  and  I  intend  to  tell  him,  if  he  will 
communicate  his  talent  to  me,  I  will  swap 
places  with  him  ! — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  744. 

267S.  HUMOE,  Fondness  for.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. [Frank  B.  Carpenter  says  :]  I  never  knew 
him  to  sit  down  with  a  friend  for  a  five  minutes' 
chat  without  being  "  reminded  "  of  one  or  more 
incidents  about  somebody  alluded  to  in  the 
course  of  conversation.  In  a  corner  of  his 
desk  he  kept  a  copy  of  the  latest  humorous 
work  ;  and  it  was  frequently  his  habit  when 
greatly  fatigued,  annoyed,  or  depressed  to  take 
this  up,  and  read  a  chapter  with  great  relief. — 
Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  744. 

2679.  HUNGEE,  Insatiable.  Gold  Seekers. 
A  man  came  in  one  morning  and  reported  that 
his  comrades  were  some  miles  distant  in  the  des- 
ert country,  dying  of  starvation.      [John  A.] 


Sutter  instantly  loaded  a  few  of  his  best  mules 
with  provisions,  and  despatched  them  to  the  re- 
lief of  the  perishing  band,  under  the  guidance 
of  two  Indians.  The  starving  party  was  so 
large  that  the  supplies  were  insufficient.  After 
consuming  the  provisions,  they  killed  the  mules 
and  ate  them  ;  then  they  killed  the  two  Indians 
and  devoured  them  ;  and  even  after  that,  when 
some  of  their  own  number  fell  exhausted,  they 
ate  them. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  ,  p.  524. 

26§0.  HUEKICANE,  Ominous.  Bonaparte.  At 
St.  Helena,  ...  on  the  5th  of  May,  1821,  died 
Napoleon  Bonaparte.  ...  A  hurricane  swept 
over  the  island  as  he  was  dying,  shaking  houses 
to  their  foundation  and  tearing  up  the  largest 
trees.  We  cannot  avoid  thinking  of  the  similar 
phenomenon  that  attended  the  death  of  Crom- 
well. ...  To  Napoleon  the  war  of  the  elements 
seemed  as  if  "  the  noise  of  battle  hurtled  in  the 
air,"  and  he  died  uttering  the  words,  2'ete  d'Ar- 
mee. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  10. 

2681.  HUSBAND,  Dignity  of  the.  After  the 
Bedolution.  [Under  William's  personal  govern- 
ment Parliament  discussed  the  question  of  the 
future  rulers  of  the  realm.]  The  prince,  true  to 
his  promise  that  he  would  leave  the  settlement 
of  the  government  to  the  Convention,  had  main- 
tained an  impenetrable  reserve,  and  had  not  suf- 
fered any  word,  look,  or  gesture,  indicative  either 
of  satisfaction  or  of  displeasure,  to  escape  him. 
One  of  his  countrymen,  who  had  a  large  share 
of  his  confidence,  had  been  invited  to  the  meet- 
ing, and  was  earnestly  pressed  by  the  peers  to 
give  them  some  information.  He  long  excused 
himself.  At  last  he  so  far  yielded  to  their  urgency 
as  to  say,  ' '  I  can  only  guess  at  his  Highness' 
mind.  If  you  wish  to  know  what  I  guess,  I 
guess  that  he  would  not  like  to  be  his  wife's  gen- 
tleman usher  ;  but  I  know  nothing."  "  I  know 
something  now,  however,"  said  Danby.'  "I 
know  enough,  and  too  much." — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  591. 

26§2.  HUSBAND,  A  good.  Cato  the  Censor. 
He  used  to  say  that  they  who  beat  their  wives 
or  children  laid  their  sacrilegious  hands  on  the 
most  sacred  things  in  the  world ;  and  that  he 
preferred  the  character  of  a  good  husband  to 
that  of  a  great  senator. — Plutarch's  Cato. 

2683.  HUSBAND  governed  by  Wife.  George 
II.  In  Queen  Caroline  George  [II.]  for  ten 
years  of  his  reign  had  such  an  adviser  and  friend 
as  few  sovereigns  have  ever  been  blessed  with. 
She  possessed  the  rare  wisdom — difficult  even  in 
private  life,  but  far  more  difficult  in  the  relations 
of  a  king  and  his  consort — of  governing  her  hus- 
band without  appearing  to  govern.  She  never 
offered  an  opinion  when  any  matter  of  State  was 
discussed  between  the  king  and  his  ministers  in 
her  presence  ;  but  her  opinion  was  ever  certain 
to  prevail. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  4,  p.  59. 

26§4.  HUSBAND  vs.  Lover.  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Among  those  who  chiefly  distinguished  them 
selves  in  these  Spanish  expeditions  was  the  young 
Earl  of  Essex,  a  nobleman  of  great  courage,  fond 
of  glory,  and  of  a  most  enterprising  disposition. 
He  possessed  no  less  the  talents  of  a  warrior  than 
of  a  finished  courtier  ;  yet  his  impetuosity  was 
apt  to  exceed  the  bounds  of  prudence.  He  was 
haughty  and  utterly  impatient  of  advice  or  con- 
trol.    Elizabeth,  then  almost  sixty  years  of  age, 


HUSBAND— HYPOCRISY. 


319 


was  smitten  with  the  personal  charms  of  this  ac- 
complislied  youth  ;  for  it  was  peculiar  to  the 
queen,  that  though  she  had  always  rejected  a 
husband,  she  was  passionately  fond  of  having  a 
lover.  The  flattery  of  her  courtiers  had  persuad- 
ed her  that,  though  wrinkled  and  even  deform- 
ed, she  was  yet  young  and  beautiful ;  and  she 
was  not  sensible  of  any  disparity  of  choosing 
Essex  for  her  partner  in  all  the  masks  at  court. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  28,  p.  392. 

26§5.  HUSBAND,  Precedence  of.  Beign  of  James 
II.  [His  daughter  Mary  was  wife  of  William 
of  Orange,  who  drove  James  from  the  throne.] 
On  the  present  occasion,  however,  she  judged 
that  the  claim  of  James  to  her  obedience  ought 
to  yield  to  a  claim  more  sacred.  And,  indeed, 
all  divines  and  publicists  agree  in  this,  that  when 
the  daughter  of  a  prince  of  one  country  is  mar- 
ried to  a  prince  of  another  country,  she  is  bound 
to  forget  her  own  people  and  her  father's  house, 
and,  in  the  event  of  a  rupture  between  her  hus- 
band and  her  parents,  to  side  with  her  husband. 
This  is  the  undoubted  rule  even  when  the  hus- 
band is  in  the  wrong  ;  and  to  Mary  the  enterprise 
which  William  meditated  appeared  not  only  just, 
but  holy. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  380. 

2680.  HUSBAND,  Servitude  of.  Belisanus. 
[After  his  conquests  of  Italy  and  his  victory 
over  the  Persian]  Belisarius  reposed  from  his 
toils  in  the  high  station  of  general  of  the  East 
and  count  of  the  domestics  ;  and  the  older  con- 
suls and  patricians  respectfully  yielded  the  prec- 
edency of  rank  to  the  peerless  merit  of  the  first 
of  the  Romans.  The  first  of  the  Romans  still 
submitted  to  be  the  slave  of  his  wife.  [See  more 
at  No.  1949.]— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  43,  p.  363. 

2687.  HUSBAND,  A  vicious.  Of  Mai-y  Queen 
of  Scots.  The  consort  of  Mary  made  an  ill  re- 
turn to  her  affection  ;  he  was  a  weak  man,  an 
abandoned  profligate,  and  addicted  to  the  mean- 
est of  vices.  Pleased  as  she  had  been  at  first 
with  his  person  and  external  accomplishments, 
it  was  impossible  that  her  affection  should  not 
at  length  have  given  place  to  disgust  at  a  char- 
acter so  worthless  and  despicable  ;  and  Darnley, 
enraged  at  her  increasing  coldness,  was  taught 
to  believe  that  he  was  supplanted  in  the  queen's 
affections  by  the  arts  and  insinuations  of  a  favor- 
ite —  a  despicable  one  indeed  —  the  musician 
Rizzio,  whom  Mary  had  promoted  to  the  office 
of  her  secretary.  ...  A  new  plot  was  devised  by 
Morton  and  Lethington,  of  which  the  weak  and 
vicious  Darnley  was  made  an  active  instrument. 
The  queen  was  then  far  advanced  in  her  preg- 
nancy, when,  as  she  was  one  evening  at  supper 
in  a  private  apartment  of  her  palace,  along  with 
the  Countess  of  Argyle,  while  her  secretary  Rizzio 
and  some  other  of  her  domestics  were  in  waiting, 
the  Earl  of  Morton,  with  one  hundred  and  sixty 
men,  took  possession  of  the  palace  ;  a  few  ruffians 
in  arms  broke  into  the  apartment,  Darnley  him- 
self showing  the  way  by  a  private  staircase  ; 
they  overturned  the  table  at  which  the  queen 
sat,  and  seizing  the  secretary  Rizzio,  who  clung 
for  protection  to  the  garments  of  his  mistress, 
they  stabbed  him  to  the  heart,  and  thence 
dragging  him  into  the  ante-chamber,  laid  him 
deadwith  numberless  wounds. — Tytler's  Hist.  , 
Book  6,  ch.  28,  p.  386. 

2688.  HUSBANDRY,  Changes  by.  Caliph 
Omar.     He  requested  that  his  lieutenant  would 


place  before  his  eyes  the  realm  of  Pharaoh  and 
the  Amalekites  ;  and  the  answer  of  Amrou  ex- 
hibits a  lively  and  not  unfaithful  picture  of  that 
singular  country.  "  O  commander  of  the  faith- 
ful, Egypt  is  a  compound  of  black  earth  and 
green  plants  between  a  pulverized  mountain  and 
a  red  sand.  .  .  .  According  to  the  vicissitudes 
of  the  seasons,  the  face  of  the-  country  is  adorned 
with  a  silver  wave,  a  verdant  emerald,  and  the 
deep  yellow  of  a  golden  harvest." — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  233. 

2689.  HUSBANDS,  Good.  Bomans.  [The  Sa- 
bines  attacked  the  Romans,  who  had  carried 
away  their  daughters  and  made  them  wives.  The 
women  rushed  between  the  anuies  and  plead  for 
peace,  speaking  tenderly  to  both  sides.]  The 
generals  proceeded  to  a  conference.  In  the  mean 
time  the  women  presented  their  husbands  and 
children  to  their  fathers  and  brothers,  brought 
refreshments  to  those  that  wanted  them,  and 
carried  the  wounded  home  to  be  cured.  Here 
they  showed  them  that  they  had  the  ordering 
of  their  own  houses,  what  attentions  their  hus- 
bands paid  them,  and  with  what  respect  and  in- 
dulgence they  were  treated.  Upon  this  a  peace 
was  concluded,  the  conditions  of  which  were, 
that  such  of  the  women  as  chose  to  remain  with 
their  husbands  should  be  exempt  from  all  labor 
and  drudgery,  except  spinning  ;  that  the  city 
should  be  inhabited  by  the  Romans  and  Sabines 
in  common,  with  the  name  of  Rome,  from  Rom- 
ulus.— Plutarch's  Romulus. 

2690.  HUSBANDS  to  love.  Wives  to  Obey.  [Ma- 
ry, wife  of  Prince  William  of  Orange  and  the 
heir  apparent  to  the  English  throne,  was  asked 
what  her  husband  the  prince  should  be  if  she 
became  queen.  She  called  in  her  husband  and] 
she  promised  him  he  should  always  bear  rule  ; 
and  she  asked  only  that  he  would  obey  the  com- 
mand of  "Husbands,  love  your  wives,"  as  she 
should  do  that,  "  Wives,  be  obedient  to  your 
husbands  in  all  things." — Knight's  Eno.  ,  vol.  4, 
ch.  27,  p.  432. 

2691.  HYPOCHONDRIA,  Constitutional.  Will- 
iam Cowper.  When  Cowper  was  thirty -two,  and 
still  living  in  the  Temple,  came  the  sad  and  de- 
cisive crisis  of  his  life.  He  went  mad,  and  at- 
tempted suicide.  What  was  the  source  of  his 
madness  ?  There  is  a  vague  tradition  that  it 
arose  from  licentiousness,  which,  no  doubt,  is 
sometimes  the  cause  of  insanity.  But  in  Cow- 
per's  case  there  is  no  proof  of  anything  of  the 
kind.  .  .  .  The  truth  is,  his  malady  was  simple 
hypochondria,  having  its  source  in  delicacy  of 
constitution  and  weakness  of  digestion,  com- 
bined with  the  influence  of  melancholy  surround- 
ings. .  .  .  When  its  crisis  arrived  he  was  living 
by  himself  without  any  society  of  the  kind  that 
suited  him  (for  the  excitement  of  the  Nonsense 
Club  was  sure  to  be  followed  by  reaction) ;  he 
had  lost  his  love,  his  father,  his  home,  and,  as  it 
happened,  also  a  dear  friend  ;  his  little  patrimony 
was  fast  dwindling  away  ;  he  must  have  de- 
spaired of  success  in  his  profession  ;  and  his  out- 
look was  altogether  dark.  It  yielded  to  the  rem- 
edies to  which  hypochondria  usually  yields — air, 
exercise,  sunshine,  cheerful  societj',  congenial 
occupation.  It  came  Avith  January  and  went 
with  May. — Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  1. 

2692.  HYPOCRISY,  Brazen.  Pope  Adrian  VI. 
[After  the  capture  of  Rome  by  the  emperor 


330. 


HYPOCRISY— IDEAS. 


Charles  V.  the]  helpless  pope  was  treated  with 
gross  indignity,  and  closely  imprisoned  in  the 
Castle  of  St.  Angelo.  Charles,  with  grotesque 
hypocrisy,  professed  the  deepest  distress  at  the 
misfortunes  of  the  holy  father,  and  ordered  pub- 
lic prayers  in  all  the  churches  of  Spain  for  his 
deliverance. — Students'  France,  ch.  14,  §  10. 

2693.  HYPOCBISY,  Diplomatic.  Bonaparte. 
[In  Egypt  he  sought  to  conciliate  the  people  by 
publishing  :]  "  We  Frenchmen  are  true  Mussul- 
mans. Have  not  we  destroyed  the  pope,  who 
called  upon  Europe  to  make  war  upon  the  Mus- 
siUmans  ?  Have  we  not  destroyed  the  Knights 
of  Malta  because  these  madmen  believed  that 
God  had  called  them  to  make  war  upon  Mussul- 
mans ?"  After  obtaining  possession  of  Cairo, 
' '  '  The  Favorite  of  Victory  '  was  seated  in  the 
grand  mosque  at  the  Feast  of  the  Prophets,  sit- 
ting cross-legged  as  he  repeated  the  words  of  the 
Koran,  and  edified  the  sacred  college  by  his 
piety." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  20,  p.  354. 

2694.  HYPOCEISY  exposed.  Charles  II.  Two 
papers,  in  which  were  set  forth  very  concisely 
the  arguments  ordinarily  used  by  Roman  Cath- 
olics in  controversy  with  Protestants,  had  been 
found  in  Charles's  strong-box,  and  appeared  to 
be  in  his  handwriting.  These  papers  James 
showed  triumphantly  to  several  Protestants,  and 
declared  that,  to  his  knowledge,  his  brother  had 
lived  and  died  a  Roman  Catholic.  One  of  the 
persons  to  whom  the  manuscripts  were  exhibited 
was  Archbishop  Sancroft.  He  read  them  with 
much  emotion,  and  remained  silent.  Such  si- 
lence was  only  the  natural  effect  of  a  struggle 
between  respect  and  vexation.  —  Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  41. 

2695.  HYPOCEISY  in  Friendship.  Bukes  Or- 
leans— Burgundy.  These  rivals  gave  every  out- 
ward token  of  restored  confidence  and  amity, 
even  sharing  the  same  couch  at  night ;  but  the  ex- 
treme care  which  each  bestowed  in  fortifying  his 
hotel,  and  guarding  against  surprise,  betrayed  the 
deep  distrust  concealed  beneath  the  mask  of  rec- 
onciliation.— Students'  France,  ch.  11,  §  7. 

2696.  HYPOCEISY  invited.  Puritans.  One 
of  the  first  resolutions  adopted  by  Barebones' 
Parliament,  the  most  intensely  Puritanical  of  all 
our  political  assemblies,  was  that  no  person 
should  be  admitted  into  the  public  service  till 
the  House  should  be  satisfied  of  his  real  godli- 
ness. What  were  then  considered  as  the  signs 
of  real  godliness,  the  sad-colored  dress,  the  sour 
look,  the  straight  hair,  the  nasal  whine,  the 
speech  interspersed  with  quaint  texts,  the  abhor- 
rence of  comedies,  cards,  and  hawking,  were 
easily  counterfeited  by  men  to  whom  all  relig- 
ions were  the  same.  The  sincere  Puritans  soon 
found  themselves  lost  in  a  multitude,  not  mere- 
ly of  men  of  the  world,  but  of  the  very  worst  sort 

,  of  men  of  the  world. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2, 
p.  155. 

2697.  HYPOCEISY,  Eeligious.  DuTces  Orleans 
— Burgundy.  On  the  20th  of  November,  1407, 
the  two  cousins  heard  mass  and  partook  of  the 
holy  sacrament  together  at  the  church  of  the 
Augustins.  Never  was  there  a  blacker  instance 
of  sacrilegious  hypocrisy  At  the  very  moment 
when  he  thus  profaned  the  most  solemn  rite  of 
Christianity,  Jean  sans  Peur  had  deliberately 
doomed  his  enemy  to  a  bloody  and  violent 
death. — Students  France,  ch.  11,  §  7. 


269§. .  Roman  Philosophers.  View- 
ing with  a  smile  of  pity  and  indulgence  the 
various  errors  of  the  vulgar,  they  diligently 
practised  the  ceremonies  of  their  fathers,  devout- 
ly frequented  the  temples  of  the  gods,  and  some- 
times condescending  to  act  a  part  on  the  theatre 
of  superstition,  they  concealed  the  sentiments  of 
an  atheist  under  the  sacerdotal  robes.  Reason- 
ers  of  such  a  temper  were  scarcely  inclined  to 
wrangle  about  their  respective  modes  of  faith  or 
of  worship.  It  was  indifferent  to  them  what 
shape  the  folly  of  the  multitude  might  choose  to 
assume  ;  and  they  approached  with  the  same  in- 
ward contempt  and  the  same  external  rever- 
ence the  altars  of  the  Libyan,  the  Olympian,  or 
the  Capitoline  Jupiter. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  2, 
p.  37. 

2699.  HYPOCEITE,  An  accompUshed.  ''Dick" 
Talbot.  Whenever  he  opened  his  mouth,  he  rant- 
ed, cursed,  and  swore  with  such  frantic  violence 
that  superficial  observers  set  him  down  for  the 
wildest  of  libertines.  The  multitude  was  unable 
to  conceive  that  a  man  who,  even  when  sober,  was 
more  furious  and  boastful  than  others  wlien  they 
were  drunk,  and  who  seemed  utterly  incapable 
of  disguising  any  emotion  or  keeping  any  secret, 
could  really  be  a  cold-hearted,  far-sighted, 
scheming  sycophant ;  yet  such  a  man  was  Tal- 
bot. In  truth,  his  hypocrisy  was  of  a  far  higher 
and  rarer  sort  than  the  hypocrisy  which  had  flour- 
ished in  Barebones'  Parliament ;  for  the  con- 
summate hypocrite  is  not  he  who  conceals  vice 
behind  the  semblance  of  virtue,  but  he  who 
makes  the  vice  which  he  has  no  objection  to 
show  a  stalking  horse  to  cover  darker  and  more 
profitable  vice  which  it  is  for  his  interest  to  hide. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  45. 

2700.  HYPOCEITE,  Epitaph  of  the.  Greek 
Emperor.  [The  Emperor  Alexius  was  by  the 
clergy  esteemed  a  Christian.]  But  the  sincerity 
of  his  moral  and  religious  virtues  was  suspected 
by  the  persons  Avho  had  passed  their  lives  in  his 
familiar  confidence.  In  his  last  hours,  when  he 
was  pressed  by  his  wife  Irene  to  alter  the  succes- 
sion, he  raised  his  head,  and  breathed  a  pious 
ejaculation  on  the  vanity  of  this  world.  The  in- 
dignant reply  of  the  empress  may  be  inscribed 
as  an  epitaph  on  his  tomb  :  "  You  die,  as  you 
have  lived — a  hypocrite  !" — Gibbon's  Rome. 
ch.  48,  p.  620. 

2701.  IDEAS,  Penalty  for.  John  Milton. 
Proud,  reserved,  self-contained,  repellent,  brood- 
ing over  his  own  ideas,  not  easily  admitting  into 
his  mind  the  ideas  of  others.  It  is  indeed  an 
erroneous  estimate  of  Milton  to  attribute  to  him 
a  hard  or  austere  nature.  He  had  all  the  quick 
sensibility  which  belongs  to  the  poetic  tempera- 
ment, and  longed  to  be  loved  that  he  might  love 
again.  But  he  had  to  pay  the  penalty  of  all  who 
believe  in  their  own  ideas,  in  that  their  ideas 
come  between  them  and  the  persons  that  ap- 
proach them,  and  constitute  a  mental  barrier 
which  can  only  be  broken  down  by  sympathy. 
And  sympathy  for  ideas  is  hard  to  find,  just  in 
proportion  as  those  ideas  are  profound,  far-reach- 
ing, the  fruit  of  long  study  and  meditation. 
Hence  it  was  that  Milton  did  not  associate  read- 
ily with  his  contemporaries,  but  was  affable  and 
instructive  in  conversation  with  young  pereons, 
and  those  who  would  approach  him  in  the  atti- 
tude of  disciples. — Pattison's  Milton,  ch.  11. 


IDLENESS— IGNORANOE. 


331 


3702.  IDLENESS,  Burden  of.  Spartans.  The 
insipid  and  inactive  life  of  the  Spartans  was  ac- 
cordingly a  perpetual  subject  of  raillery  to  the 
rest  of  the  Greeks,  and  to  none  more  than  to  the 
busy,  restless,  and  volatile  Athenians.  To  this 
purpose  ^lian  mentions  a  witticism  of  Alci- 
biades,  when  some  one  was  vaunting  to  him  the 
contempt  which  the  Lacedaemonians  had  for 
death  :  "It  is  no  wonder,"  said  he,  "  since  it  re- 
lieves them  from  the  heavy  burden  of  an  idle 
and  stupid  life." — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  9, 
p.  97. 

2703.  IDLENESS  punished.  Beggars.  Sturdy 
beggars  .  .  .  shall  be  set  at  work  at  the  king's 
charges,  some  at  Dover,  and  some  at  the  place 
Avhere  the  water  hath  broken  in  on  the  land,  and 
other  more  places.  Then  if  they  fall  to  idleness, 
the  idler  shall  be  had  before  a  justice  of  the 
peace  and  his  fault  written  ;  then  if  he  be  taken 
idle  again  in  another  place,  he  shall  be  known 
where  his  dwelling  is,  so  at  the  second  mention 
he  shall  be  burned  in  the  hand  ;  and  if  he  fail 
the  third  time  he  shall  die  for  it.  [In  1536  it 
was  whipping  for  the  first  offence,  whipping  for 
the  second  offence,  and]  the  upper  part  of  the 
gristle  of  the  right  ear  clean  cut  off.  [For  the 
third  offence,  imprisonment  in  the  jail,]  and  at 
the  next  quarter  sessions,  if  indicted  of  wander- 
ing, loitering,  and  idleness,  and  found  guilty, 
"  he  shall  have  judgment  to  suffer  pains  and 
execution  of  death  as  a  felon  and  as  an  enemy 
of  the  Commonwealth." — Knight's  Eng.  ,vo1.  2, 
ch.  21,  p.  342. 

2704. — .  AtJiens.  It  was  a  punish- 
able crime  at  Athens  to  be  idle,  and  every  citizen 
was  compelled  to  industry  and  to  the  utmost  ex- 
ertion of  his  talents.  It  was  not  enough  that  each 
should  choose  himself  a  particular  profession. 
The  court  of  Areopagus  inquired  into  and  ascer- 
tained the  extent  of  his  funds,  the  amount  of  his 
expenditure,  and  consequently  the  measure  of  his 
industry  and  economy. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
1,  ch.  10,  p.  108. 

2705.  IDOL,  A  helpless.  Brahmin.  The  pa- 
goda of  Sumnat  was  situate  on  the  promontory 
of  Guzarat,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Diu,  one  of 
the  last  remaining  possessions  of  the  Portuguese. 
It  was  endowed  with  the  revenue  of  two  thou- 
sand villages  ;  two  thousand  Brahmins  were  con- 
secrated to  the  service  of  the  Deity,  whom  they 
washed  each  morning  and  evening  in  water 
from  the  distant  Ganges  ;  the  subordinate  minis- 
ters consisted  of  three  hundred  musicians,  three 
hundred  barbers,  and  five  hundred  dancing  girls, 
conspicuous  for  their  birth  or  beauty.  Three 
sides  of  the  temple  were  protected  by  the  ocean, 
the  narrow  isthmus  was  fortified  by  a  natural  or 
artificial  precipice  ;  and  the  city  and  adjacent 
country  were  peopled  by  a  nation  of  fanatics. 
They  confessed  the  sins  and  the  punishment  of 
Kinnoge  and  Delhi ;  but  if  the  impious  stranger 
should  presume  to  approach  tlieir  holy  precincts, 
he  would  surely  be  overwhelmed  by  a  blast  of 
the  divine  vengeance.  By  this  challenge  the 
faith  of  Mahmud  [the  Turk]  was  animated  to  a 
personal  trial  of  the  strength  of  this  Indian  dei- 
ity.  Fifty  thousand  of  his  worshippers  were 
pierced  by  the  spear  of  the  Moslems  ;  the  walls 
were  scaled  ;  the  sanctuary  was  profaned  ;  and 
the  conqueror  aimed  a  blow  of  his  iron  mace  at 
the  head  of  the  idol.     The  trembling  Brahmins 


are  said  to  have  offered  £10,000,000  sterling  for 
his  ransom  ;  and  it  was  urged  by  the  wisest  coun- 
sellors that  the  destruction  of  a  stone  image 
would  not  change  the  hearts  of  the  Gentoos,  and 
that  such  a  sum  might  be  dedicated  to  the  re- 
lief of  the  true  believers.  "Your  reasons,"  re- 
plied the  sultan,  "are  specious  and  strong  ;  but 
never  in  the  eyes  of  posterity  shall  Mahmud  ap- 
pear as  a  merchant  of  idols. "  He  repeated  his 
blows,  and  a  treasure  of  pearls  and  rubies,  con- 
cealed in  the  belly  of  the  statue,  explained  in 
some  degree  the  devout  prodigality  of  the  Brah- 
mins. The  fragments  of  the  idol  were  distrib- 
uted to  Gazna,  Mecca,  and  Medina. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  57,  p.  502. 

2706.  IDOLATRY  of  Heroism.  Claudius. 
[When  he  returned  from  the  conquest  of  Britain] 
the  army  saluted  him  with  the  title  of  Imperator  ; 
and  he  returned  to  Rome,  to  assume  the  name 
of  Britannicus,  and  to  be  worshipped  as  a  god. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  2,  p.  19. 

2707.  IGNOEANCE  of  Bigotry.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  Divines  who  were  the  boast  of  the 
universities  and  the  delight  of  the  capital  .  .  . 
leaned  toward  constitutional  principles  of  gov- 
ernment,  lived  on  friendly  terms  with  Pres- 
byterians, Independents,  and  Baptists,  would 
gladly  have  seen  a  full  toleration  granted  to  all 
Protestant  sects,  and  would  even  have  consent- 
ed to  make  alterations  in  the  Liturgy  for  the 
purpose  of  conciliating  honest  and  candid  Non- 
conformists. But  such  latitudinarianism  was  held 
in  horror  by  the  country  parson.  He  was,  in- 
deed, prouder  of  his  ragged  gown  than  his  supe- 
riors of  their  lawn  and  of  their  scarlet  hoods.  The 
very  consciousness  that  there  was  little  in  his 
worldly  circumstances  to  distinguish  him  from 
the  villagers  to  whom  he  preached,  led  him  to 
hold  immoderately  high  the  dignity  of  that  sa- 
cerdotal oifice  which  was  his  single  title  to  rever- 
ence.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  310. 

270§.  IGNOEANCE  confessed.  Samuel  John- 
son. A  few  of  his  definitions  must  be  admitted 
to  be  erroneous.  ...  A  lady  once  asked  him 
how  he  came  to  define  Pastern  the  knee  of  a 
horse  ;  instead  of  making  an  elaborate  defence, 
as  she  expected,  he  at  once  answered,  "Igno- 
rance, madam,  pure  ignorance."  [Author  of 
Dictionary,  etc.] — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  79. 

2709.  IGNOEANCE,  Folly  of.  West  Indians. 
They  gave  their  own  island  of  Hayti  priority  of 
existence  over  all  others,  and  believed  that  the 
sun  and  moon  originally  issued  out  of  a  cavern 
in  the  island  to  give  light  to  the  world.  This  cav- 
ern still  exists,  about  seven  or  eight  leagues  from 
Cape  Fran9ais,  now  Cape  Haytien,  and  is  known 
by  the  name  of  La  Voute  &  Minguet.  It  is  about 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  depth,  and  nearly 
the  same  in  height,  but  very  narrow.  It  receives 
no  light  but  from  the  entrance,  and  from  a  round 
hole  in  the  roof,  whence  it  was  said  the  sun  and 
moon  issued  forth  to  take  their  places  in  the  sky. 
— Irving's  Columbus,  Book  6,  ch.  10. 

2710.  IGNOEANCE,  General.  Bsign  of  Charlei 
II.  The  clergy  had  also  lost  the  ascendency 
which  is  the  natural  reward  of  superior  mental 
cultivation.  Once  the  circumstance  that  a  man 
could  read  had  raised  a  presumption  that  he  was 
in  orders  ;  but  in  an  age  which  produced  such  lay- 
men as  William  Cecil  and  Nicholas  Bacon,  Roger 


323 


IGNORANCE. 


Aschani  and  Thomas  Smith,  Walter  Mildmay 
and  Francis  Walsingham,  there  was  no  reason 
for  calling  away  prelates  from  their  dioceses  to 
negotiate  treaties,  to  superintend  the  finances,  or 
to  administer  justice. — Mac  aula  y's  Eng.,  ch.  8, 
p.  303. 

2711.  IGNORANCE,  Geographical.  Captain 
John  Smith.  With  a  company  of  six  Englishmen 
and  two  Indian  guides  he  began  the  ascent  of  the 
Chickahominy  River.  It  was  generally  believed 
by  the  people  of  Jamestown  that  by  going  up 
this  stream  they  could  reach  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Smith  knew  well  enough  the  absurdity  of  such 
an  opinion,  but  humored  it  because  of  the  op- 
portunity it  gave  him  to  explore  new  territory. 
The  rest  might  dig  imaginary  gold  dust  and  hunt 
for  the  Pacific  ;  he  would  see  the  country  and 
map  the  course  of  the  river. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  9,  p.  99. 

2712.  IGNORANCE,  Impediments  of.  Golum- 
bus.  [The  counsellors  of  the  King  of  Spain  urged 
against  a  westward  voyage  of  discovery.]  The 
doctrine  of  antipodes,  .  .  .  incompatible  with 
the  historical  foundations  of  our  faith, .  .  .  would 
be  to  maintain  that  there  were  nations  not  de- 
scended from  Adam  ;  ...  in  the  Psalms  the  heav- 
ens are  said  to  be  extended  like  a  hide — that  is, 
.  .  .  covering  of  a  tent ;  .  .  .  they  brought  up  the 
chimera  ...  of  the  insupportable  heat  of  the 
torrid  zone.  .  .  .  Even  granting  this  could  be 
passed,  they  observed  that  the  circumference  of 
the  earth  must  be  so  great  as  to  require  at  least 
three  years  to  the  voyage,  and  those  who  should 
undertake  it  must  perish  of  hunger  and  thirst, 
from  the  impossibility  of  carrying  provisions  for 
so  long  a  period.  He  was  told,  on  the  authority 
of  Epicurus,  that,  admitting  the  earth  to  b3 
spherical,  it  was  only  inhabitable  in  the  northern 
hemisphere,  and  in  that  section  only  was  cano- 
pied by  the  heavens  ;  that  the  opposite  half  was 
a  chaos,  a  gulf,  or  a  mere  waste  of  water.  Not 
the  least  absurd  objection  advanced  was,  that 
should  a  ship  even  succeed  in  reaching,  in  this 
way,  the  extremity  of  India,  she  could  never  get 
back  again  ;  for  the  rotundity  of  the  globe  would 
present  a  kind  of  mountain,  up  which  it  would 
be  impossible  for  her  to  sail  with  the  most  favor- 
able wind. — Irving's  Columbus,  Book  3,  ch.  3. 

2713.  IGNORANCE,  Loss  by.  Egyptians. 
While  such  was  the  state  of  affairs  in  the  East, 
the  Venetians,  who  had  hitherto  engrossed  the 
whole  trade  from  India,  by  means  of  the  Red 
Sea  and  the  port  of  Alexandria,  soon  perceived 
that  this  most  lucrative  commerce  was  on  the 
point  of  annihilation,  and  that  every  advantage 
of  the  Indian  trade  must  now  be  transferred  to  the 
Portuguese.  Various  expedients  were  thought 
of  to  obviate  these  impending  misfortunes.  It 
was  the  interest  of  the  Sultan  of  Egypt  to  concur 
with  the  Venetians  in  support  of  a  trade  from 
which  he  as  well  as  they  had  derived  great  ben- 
efits. A  plan  was  meditated  for  some  time  of 
cutting  through  the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  and  thus 
joining  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Red  Sea  ;  but 
the  Egyptians  were  apprehensive  that  their  low 
and  flat  country  might  be  drowned  altogether 
in  this  attempt,  and  therefore  the  project  was 
abandoned,  [a.d.  1518.J — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
6,  ch.  18,  p.  270. 

2714.  IGNORANCE  vs.  Negligence.  Samuel 
Johnson.    [At  school.]    Mr.  Hunter,  the  head- 


master, according  to  his  account,  "was  very 
severe,  and  wrong-headedly  severe.  He  used," 
said  he,  ' '  to  beat  us  unmercifully  ;  and  he  did 
not  distinguish  between  ignorance  and  neg- 
ligence ;  for  he  would  beat  a  boy  equally  for 
not  knowing  a  thing,  as  for  neglecting  to  know 
it.  He  would  ask  a  boy,  a  question,  and  if  he 
did  not  answer  it  he  would  beat  him,  without 
considering  whether  he  had  an  opportunity  of 
knowing  how  to  answer  it.  For  instance,  he 
would  call  up  a  boy  and  ask  him  Latin  for  a 
candlestick,  which  the  boy  could  not  expect  to 
be  asked.  Now,  sir,  if  a  boy  could  answer  everj' 
question  there  would  be  no  need  of  a  master 
to  teach  him." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  7. 

2715.  IGNORANCE,  Night  of.  England.  After 
the  example  of  Charlemagne,  the  English  Alfred, 
posterior  to  him  about  fifty  years,  introduced 
among  the  Anglo-Saxons  a  taste  for  literature, 
of  which  he  himself,  a  most  accomplished  char- 
acter, possessed  a  remarkable  share.  He  en- 
couraged learning,  not  only  by  his  own  example, 
but  by  founding  seminaries  and  rewarding  the 
labors  of  ingenious  men.  But  these  favorable 
appearances  were  blasted  no  less  by  the  igno- 
rance and  barbarism  of  his  successors  than  by 
the  continual  disorders  of  the  kingdom  from  the 
Danish  incursions  ;  and  from  the  age  of  Alfred 
to  the  Norman  conquest  there  was  in  England 
a  long  night  of  the  most  illiberal  ignorance. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  16,  p.  244. 

2716.  IGNORANCE,  Official.  Buke  of  New- 
castle. [The  Duke  of  Newcastle,  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  under  George  II. ,  was  an  igno- 
rant official.]  He  had  heard  that  30,000  French 
had  marched  to  Cape  Breton.  "  Where  did  they 
get  transports?"  was  asked.  ' '  Transports  !"  cried 
he  ;  "I  tell  you  they  marched  by  land."  "  By 
land  to  the  island  of  Cape  Breton  !"  "  What  !  is. 
Cape  Breton  an  island  ?"  It  was  pointed  out  on 
the  map ;  and  the  delighted  minister,  hugging 
his  informant,  ejaculated,  "Egad!  I'll  go  di- 
rectly and  tell  the  king  that  Cape  Breton  is  an 
island." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  13,  p.  198. 

2717. .     Buke  of  Neiccastle.    For 

nearly  four  and  twenty  years  he  remained 
minister  for  British  America  ;  yet  to  the  last 
the  statesman  who  was  so  deeply  versed  in 
the  statistics  of  elections  knew  little  of  the  con- 
tinent of  which  he  was  the  guardian.  He  ad- 
dressed letters,  it  used  to  be  confidently  said,, 
to  "  the  island  of  New  England,"  and  could  not 
tell  but  that  Jamaica  was  in  the  Mediterranean, 
Heaps  of  colonial  memorials  and  letters  remain- 
ed unread  in  his  olflce  ;  and  a  paper  was  almost 
sure  of  neglect  unless  some  agent  remained  with 
him  to  see  it  opened. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol. 
4,  ch.  1. 

27 1§.  IGNORANCE,  Professional.  Navy.  Most 
of  the  ships  which  were  afloat  were  commanded 
by  men  who  had  not  been  bred  to  the  sea.  .  .  . 
Great  fleets  had  been  intrusted  to  the  direction 
of  Rupert  and  Monk ;  Rupert,  who  was  re- 
nowned chiefly  as  a  hot  and  daring  cavalry 
ofiicer,  and  Monk,  who,  when  he  wanted  his 
ship  to  tack  to  larboard,  moved  the  mirth  of  his 
crew  by  calling  out,  "  Wheel  to  the  left !"  But 
about  this  time  wise  men  began  to  perceive  that 
the  rapid  improvement,  both  of  the  art  of  war 
and  of  the  art  of  navigation,  made  it  necessary 
to  draw  a  line  between  two  professions  which 


IGNORANCE— ILLUSTEATIONS. 


323 


had  hitherto  been   confounded. — Macaulay's 
ENG.,ch.  3,  p.  279. 

2719.  IGNORANCE  removed.  Europeans. 
"Who  could  imagine,"  says  M.  Goguet,  "that 
that  ingenious  people  to  whom  Europe  is  indebt- 
ed for  all  its  knowledge  were  descended  from 
savages  who  wandered  in  the  woods  and  fields, 
without  laws  or  leaders,  having  no  other  retreat 
but  dens  and  caverns,  ignorant  even  of  the  use 
of  fire,  and  so  barbarous  as  even  to  eat  one  an- 
other ?"— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  7,  p.  59. 

2720.  IGNORANCE,  Royal.  Eastern  Empire. 
The  elder  Justin,  as  he  is  distinguished  from 
another  emperor  of  the  same  family  and  name, 
ascended  the  Byzantine  throne  at  the  age  of 
sixty-eight  years  ;  and,  had  he  been  left  to  his 
own  guidance,  every  moment?  of  a  nine  years' 
reign  must  have  exposed  to  his  subjects  the  im- 
propriety of  their  choice.  His  ignorance  was 
similar  to  that  of  Theodoric  ;  and  it  is  remark- 
able that  in  an  age  not  destitute  of  learning  two 
contemporary  monarchs  had  never  been  instruct- 
ed in  the  knowledge  of  the  alphabet. — Gibbon's 
RojiE,  ch.  40,  p.  42. 

2721.  IGNORANCE,  Stubborn.  Inquisitors.  In 
Rome,  .  .  .  1633,  .  .  .  Galileo  .  .  .  appeared  be- 
fore an  assembly  of  cardinals  and  inquisitors, 
where  he  was  permitted  to  speak  in  his  defence 
[against  the  charge  of  heresy].  He  began  to  dem- 
onstrate the  truth  of  the  Copernican  system,  as 
he  had  been  wont  to  do  at  the  university.  His 
accusers,  ignorant  of  science,  could  not  com- 
prehend his  reasoning.  .  .  .  They  broke  in  upon 
his  arguments  with  loud  outcries,  accusing  him 
of  bringing  scandal  upon  the  church,  and  repeat- 
ing over  and  over  the  passage  of  the  Bible  which 
declares  that  Joshua  commanded  the  sun  and 
moon  to  stand  still,  and  they  obeyed  him.  In 
vain  Galileo  reminded  them  that  the  Bible  also 
says  that  the  heavens  are  solid  and  are  polished 
like  a  mirror  of  brass ;  in  vain  he  pointed  ovit 
that  the  language  of  the  Bible  is  invariably  con- 
formed to  the  state  of  science  at  the  time  when 
it  was  written.  The  assembled  priests  only  shrug- 
ged their  shoulders  at  his  reasoning,  or  interrupt- 
ed him  with  derisive  and  contemptuous  shouts. 
— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  ,  p.  263. 

2722.  IGNORANCE,  Superstition  of.  Ancients. 
The  ancients,  who  had  a  very  faint  and  imper- 
fect knowledge  of  the  great  peninsula  of  Africa, 
were  sometimes  tempted  to  believe  that  the  tor- 
rid zone  must  ever  remain  destitute  of  inhab- 
itants ;  and  they  sometimes  amused  their  fancy 
by  filling  the  vacant  space  with  headless  men,  or 
rather  monsters  ;  with  horned  and  cloven-footed 
satyrs  ;  with  fabulous  centaurs,  and  with  human 
pygmies,  who  waged  a  bold  and  doubtful  war- 
fare against  the  cranes. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  25, 
p.  576. 

2723.  IGNORAJfCE,  XJnappreciative.  Utility. 
[When  the  army  of  Galeriiis  sacked  the  camp  of 
the  routed  Persians  a]  bag  of  shining  leather, 
filled  with  pearls,  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  private 
soldier  ;  he  carefully  preserved  the  bag,  but  he 
threw  away  its  contents,  judging  that  whatever 
was  of  no  use  could  not  possibly  be  of  any  value. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  13,  p.  425. 

2724.  IGNORANCE, Zealous.  Crusaders. 
[Among  the  Crusaders]  the  chiefs  themselves  had 
an  imperfect  notion  of  the  length  of  the  way  and 


the  state  of  their  enemies  ;  and  such  was  the  stu- 
pidity of  the  people,  that,  at  the  sight  of  the  first 
city  or  castle  beyond  the  limits  of  their  knowl- 
edge, they  were  ready  to  ask  whether  that  was 
not  the  Jerusalem,  the  term  and  object  of  their 
labors. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58,  p.  552. 

2725.  ILLEGITIMACY  respected.  William  tM 
Conqueror.  It  appeared  to  Edward  more  ad- 
visable to  nominate  for  his  successor  William, 
Duke  of  Normandy,  a  prince  whose  power,  repu- 
tation, and  great  abilities  were  sufficient  to  sup- 
port any  destination  which  he  might  make  in  his 
favor.  This  celebrated  prince  was  the  natural 
son  of  Robert,  Duke  of  Normandy,  by  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  furrier  of  Falaise.  Illegitimacy  in  those 
days  was  accounted  no  stain,  and  his  father  left 
him,  while  yet  a  minor,  heir  to  his  whole  domin- 
ions. He  had  to  struggle  with  an  arrogant  nobil- 
ity, several  of  whom  even  advanced  claims  to 
his  crown  ;  but  he  very  early  showed  a  genius 
capable  of  asserting  and  vindicating  his  rights, 
and  soon  became  tlie  terror  both  of  his  rebellious 
subjects  and  of  foreign  invaders. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  5,  p.  115. 

2726.  ILLITERACY  compensated.  Col.  Will- 
iam Washington.  [Colonel  Tarleton  was  made 
a  prisoner  with  Cornwallis'  army.]  Because  of 
his  cruel  and  resentful  disposition  he  was  most 
heartily  despised  by  the  republicans.  .  .  . 
Tarleton  spoke  of  Washington  as  an  illiterate 
fellow,  hardly  able  to  write  his  name.  ' '  Ah,  colo- 
nel," said  Mrs.  Jones,  "you  ought  to  know  bet- 
ter, for  you  bear  on  your  person  proof  that  he 
knows  very  well  how  to  make  his  mark."  [He 
had  been  severely  wounded  in  his  hand.] — Note 
IN  CusTis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  6. 

2727.  ILLUSTRATION  by  Analogy.  Ttev.  Sarn- 
uel  Johnson.  Johnson  prepared  a  reply  to  his 
assailants,  in  which  he  drew  an  elaborate  par- 
allel between  Julian  and  James,  then  Duke  of 
York.  Julian  had  during  many  years  pretend- 
ed to  abhor  idolatry,  while  in  heart  an  idolater. 
Julian  had,  to  serve  a  turn,  occasionally  affected 
respect  for  the  rights  of  conscience.  Julian  had 
punished  cities  which  were  zealous  for  the  true 
religion,  by  taking  away  their  municipal  privi- 
leges. Julian  had,  by  his  flatterers,  been  called 
the  Just.  James  was  provoked  beyond  endu- 
rance. Johnson  was  prosecuted  for  a  libel,  con- 
victed, and  condemned  to  a  fine,  which  he  had 
no  means  of  paying.  He  was,  therefore,  kept 
in  jail ;  and  it  seemed  likely  that  his  confine- 
ment would  end  only  with  his  life. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6. 

272§.  ILLUSTRATION,  Information  by.  Paint- 
ing. One  step  farther  in  this  process  is  the  ex- 
pression of  ideas  by  painting.  When  the  Span- 
iards arrived  in  Mexico,  the  inhabitants  of  the 
sea-coasts  sent  intelligence  to  their  emperor,  Mon- 
tezuma, by  a  large  cloth,  on  which  they  had  care- 
fully depicted  everything  they  had  seen  of  the 
appearance  and  progress  of  the  invaders. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  3,  p.  26. 

2729.  ILLUSTRATIONS,  Use  of.  Abraham. 
Lincoln.  Much  has  been  said  of  Mr.  Lincoln's 
habit  of  telling  stories,  and  it  could  scarcely  be 
exaggerated.  He  had  a  keen  sense  of  the  humor- 
ous and  the  ludicrous,  and  relished  jokes  and 
anecdotes  for  the  amusement  they  afforded  him. 
But  story -telling  was  with  him  rather  a  mode  of 


824 


IMAGE— IMAGINATION. 


stating  and  illustrating  facts  and  opinions  than 
anything  else.  There  is  a  great  diiference  among 
men  in  the  manner  of  expressing  their  thoughts. 
Some  are  rigidly  exact,  and  give  everything  they 
say  a  logical  form  ;  others  express  themselves  in 
figures  and  by  illustrations  drawn  from  nature 
or  history.  Mr.  Lincoln  often  gave  clearness  and 
force  to  his  ideas  by  pertinent  anecdotes  and  il- 
lustrations drawn  from  daily  life. — Raymond's 
Lincoln,  ch.  21,  p.  720. 

2730.  IMAGE,  Supernatural.  Image  of  Christ. 
[The  perfect  impression  of  His  face  on  a  piece  of 
linen.]  The  image  of  Edessa  was  preserved  with 
respect  and  gratitude  ;  and  if  the  Armenians  re- 
jected the  legend,  the  more  credulous  Greeks 
adored  the  similitude,  which  was  not  the  work 
of  any  mortal  pencil,  but  the  immediate  creation 
of  the  divine  original.  The  style  and  sentiments 
of  a  Byzantine  hymn  will  declare  how  far  their 
worship  was  removed  from  the  grossest  idolatry. 
' '  How  can  we  with  mortal  eyes  contemplate  this 
image,  whose  celestial  splendor  the  host  of  heav- 
en presumes  not  to  behold  ?  He  who  dwells  in 
heaven  condescends  this  day  to  visit  us  by  His 
venerable  image  ;  He  who  is  seated  on  the  cheru- 
bim visits  us  this  day  by  a  picture,  which  the 
Father  has  delineated  with  His  immaculate  hand, 
which  He  has  formed  in  an  ineffable  manner,  and 
which  we  sanctify  by  adoring  it  with  fear  and 
love."  Before  the  end  of  the  sixth  century  these 
Images,  made  icithout  hands  (in  Greek  it  is  a  sin- 
gle word),  were  propagated  in  the  camps  and  cit- 
ies of  the  Eastern  empire  ;  they  were  the  objects 
of  worship  and  the  instruments  of  miracles  ;  and 
in  the  hour  of  danger  or  tumult  their  venerable 
presence  could  revive  the  hope,  rekindle  the 
courage,  or  repress  the  fury  of  the  Roman  le- 
gions.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  49,  p.  6. 

2T31.  IMAGES  in  Churches,  ^.i).  300.  The 
public  religion  of  the  early  Catholics  was  uni- 
formly simple  and  spiritual  ;  and  the  first  notice 
of  the  use  of  pictures  is  in  the  censure  of  the 
council  of  lUiberis,  three  hundred  years  after  the 
Christian  era.  At  first  the  experiment  was  made 
with  caution  and  scruple,  and  the  venerable  pict- 
ures were  discreetly  allowed  to  instruct  the  ig- 
norant, to  awaken  the  cold,  and  to  gratify  the 
prejudices  of  the  heathen  proselytes-.  By  a  slow 
though  inevitable  progression  the  honors  of  the 
original  were  transferred  to  the  copy;  the  devout 
Christian  prayed  before  the  image  of  a  saint ; 
and  the  Pagan  rites  of  genuflection,  luminaries, 
and  incense  again  stole  into  the  Catholic  Church. 
The  scruples  of  reason  or  piety  were  silenced 
by  the  strong  evidence  of  visions  and  miracles  ; 
and  the  pictures  which  speak  and  move  and 
bleed  must  be  endowed  with  a  divine  energy, 
and  may  be  considered  as  the  proper  objects  of 
religious  adoration.  .  .  .  The  use  and  even  the 
worship  of  images  was  firmly  established  before 
the  end  of  the  sixth  century.  .  .  .  The  first  intro- 
duction of  symbolic  worship  was  in  the  venera- 
tion of  the  cross  and  of  relics. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  49,  p.  2. 

2732.  IMAGES,  Worship  of.  A.D.  842.  I 
shall  only  notice  the  judgment  of  the  bishops  on 
the  comparative  merit  of  image-worship  and 
morality.  A  monk  had  concluded  a  truce  with 
the  demon  of  fornication,  on  condition  of  inter- 
rupting his  daily  prayers  to  a  picture  that  hung 
in  his  cell.     His  scruples  prompted  him  to  con- 


sult the  abbot.  "  Rather  than  abstain  from  ador 
ing  Christ  and  His  Mother  in  their  holy  images, 
it  would  be  better  for  you,"  replied  the  casuist, 
"to  enter  every  brothel  and  visit  every  pros- 
titute in  the  city." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  49, 
p.  38. 

2733.  IMAGINATION,  Active.  Bunyan.  He 
saw  evil  spirits  in  monstrous  shapes,  and  fiends 
blowing  flames  out  of  their  nostrils.  "Once," 
says  a  biographer  who  knew  him  well,  and  had 
heard  the  story  of  his  visions  from  his  own  lips, 
"  he  dreamed  that  he  saw  the  face  of  heaven  as 
it  were  on  fire,  the  firmament  crackling  and  shiv- 
ering with  the  noise  of  mighty  thunder,  and  an 
archangel  flew  in  the  midst  of  heaven,  sounding 
a  trumpet,  and  a  glorious  throne  was  seated  in 
the  east,  whereon  sat  One  in  brightness  like  the 
morning  star.  Upon  which  he,  thinking  it  was 
the  end  of  the  world,  fell  upon  his  knees  and 
said,  '  Oh,  Lord,  have  mercy  on  me  !  What 
shall  I  do  ?  The  Day  of  Judgment  is  come, 
and  I  am  not  prepared.'  " — Fkoude's  Bunyan, 
ch.  1. 

2734.  IMAGINATION  corrected.  Washington 
Irving.  His  next  literary  favorites  were  "  Rob- 
inson Crusoe"  and  "  Sindbadthe  Sailor,"  and  a 
collection  of  voyages  and  travels,  entitled  "  The 
World  Displayed,"  which  he  used  to  read  at 
night  by  the  glimmer  of  secreted  candles  after 
he  had  retired  to  bed,  and  which  begot  in  him  a 
desire  to  go  to  sea — a  strong  desire  that  by  the 
time  he  left  school  almost  ripened  into  a  deter- 
mination to  run  away  from  home  and  be  a 
sailor.  It  led  him,  at  any  rate,  to  try  to  eat  salt 
pork,  which  he  abominated,  and  to  lie  on  the 
hard  floor,  which,  of  course,  was  distasteful  to 
him.  These  preliminary  hardships  proved  too 
much  for  his  heroism,  so  the  notion  of  becom- 
ing a  gallant  tar  was  reluctantly  abandoned. — 
Stoddakd's  Irving,  p.  13. 

2735.  IMAGINATION,  Delusions  of.  Si:amsh 
Explorers.  America  was  the  region  of  romance, 
where  the  heated  imagination  could  indulge  in 
the  boldest  delusions  ;  where  the  simple  natives 
ignorantly  wore  the  most  precious  ornaments ; 
and  by  the  side  of  the  clear  runs  of  water 
the  sands  sparkled  with  gold.  —  Bancroft's 
Hist,  of  U.  8.,  vol.  1,  ch.  2. 

2736.  IMAGINATION,  Diseased.  Poet  Shelley. 
Toward  midnight  on  the  18th  of  July  Byron 
recited  the  lines  in  "  Christabel"  about  the  lady's 
breast  ;  when  Shelley  suddenly  started  up, 
shrieked,  and  fled  from  the  room.  He  had  seen  a 
vision  of  a  woman  with  ej^es  instead  of  nipples. . . . 
He  was  writing  notes  upon  the  phenomena  of 
sleep.  .  .  .  Mrs.  Shelley  informs  us  that  the  mere 
effort  to  remember  dreams  of  thrilling  or  mysteri- 
ous import  so  disturbed  his  nervous  system  that 
he  had  to  relinquish  the  task.  At  no  period  of  his 
life  was  he  wholly  free  from  .visions  which  had 
the  reality  of  facts.  Sometimes  they  occurred 
in  sleep,  and  were  prolonged  with  painful  vivid- 
ness into  his  waking  moments.  Sometimes  they 
seemed  to  grow  out  of  his  intense  meditation,  or 
to  present  themselves  before  his  eyes  as  the  pro- 
jection of  a  powerful  inner  impression.  All  his 
sensations  were  abnormally  acute,  and  his  ever- 
active  imagination  confused  the  border-lands  of 
the  actual  and  the  visionary. — Symonbs'  Shel 
LEY,  ch.  4. 


IMAGINATION— IMMORTALITY. 


325 


27'3r.  IMAGINATION,  Misled  by  the.  Histon- 
ans.  The  imagination  is  a  great  deceiver.  We 
have  a  curioiis  example  of  this  truth  in  the  dif- 
ferent accounts  vrhich  have  come  down  to  us  re- 
specting the  appearance  of  General  "Washington. 
Josiah  Quincy  and  his  wife  both  saw  this  illus- 
trious man,  and  both  were  persons  of  eminent 
intelligence  and  perfect  truth.  Nevertheless, 
how  different  their  impressions  !  Mrs.  Quincy, 
who  was  of  a  highly  imaginative  temperament, 
used  to  speak  of  him  as  being  as  far  above  ordi- 
nary mortals,  in  grace  and  majesty  of  person  and 
demeanor,  as  he  was  in  character.  Mr.  Quincy, 
on  the  contrary,  though  revering  Washington 
not  less,  thought  him  rather  countrified  and  awk- 
ward in  his  appearance  and  manners.  He  used 
to  say  that  "  President  Washington  had  the  air 
of  a  country  gentleman  not  accustomed  to  mix 
much  witli  society,  perfectly  polite,  but  not  easy 
in  his  address  and  conversation,  and  not  grace- 
ful in  his  gait  and  movements."  We  can  account 
for  these  different  representations  by  supposing 
that  one  of  the  witnesses  was,  and  the  other  was 
not,  misled  by  the  imagination. — Cyclopedia 
OF  Bigg.,  p.  755. 

273§.  IMAGINATION  overwrought.  Poet  Shel- 
ley. His  somnambulism  returned,  and  he  saw 
visions.  On  one  occasion  he  thought  that  the 
dead  AUegra  rose  from  the  sea,  and  clapped 
her  hands,  and  laughed,  and  beckoned  to  him. 
On  another  he  roused  the  whole  liouse  at  night 
by  his  screams,  and  remained  terror-frozen  in 
the  trance  produced  by  an  appalling  vision.  This 
mood  he  communicated,  in  some  measure,  to  his 
friends.  One  of  them  saw  what  she  afterward 
believed  to  have  been  his  phantom,  and  another 
dreamed  that  he  was  dead. — Symonds'  Shelley, 
ch.  7. 

2739.  IMAGINATION,  Ruled  by.  Napoleon  f. 
"  It  is  nothing  but  imagination,"  said  one,  once 
to  Napoleon.  ''  Nothing  but  imagination  {"  he 
rejoined.  "  Imagination  rules  the  world." — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  19. 

2740.  IMAGINATION  in  Statesmanship.  Na- 
poleon I.  [a.d.  1798.  He  was  about  to  begin 
his  campaign.]  In  private  he  expressed  in  the 
strongest  terms  his  horror  of  Jacobin  cruelty 
and  despotism.  "The  Directors  [of  France]," 
said  he,  ' '  cannot  long  retain  their  position.  They 
know  not  how  to  do  anything  for  the  imagina- 
tion of  the  nation." — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

2741.  IMAGINATION,  Suffering  by.  Blaise 
Pascal.  As  he  was  riding  one  day  in  Paris,  in 
a  carriage  drawn  by  four  horses,  the  leading 
horses  took  friglit,  ran  away,  and  dashing  upona 
bridge,  which  was  without  railings,  sprang  into 
the  water.  Fortunately  the  traces  broke,  the 
carriage  stopped  on  the  very  edge  of  the  bridge, 
and  no  one  was  injured.  Pascal,  however, 
whose  mind  and  body  were  worn  and  weakened 
by  excessive  study,  was  so  completely  terrified 
that  for  many  months  he  fancied  he  saw  an  abyss 
yawning  at  his  side,  into  which  he  was  about  to 
be  precipitated.  To  break  the  illusion,  he  would 
place  a  chair  at  that  side  of  him  ;  but  it  was  long 
before  he  could  lose  the  sense  of  imminent  peril 
from  this  imaginary  precipice. — Cyclopedia  of 
BioG.,  p.  100. 

2742.  IMAGINATION,  Victim  of.  Columbus. 
[From  natives  of  San  Salvador.  ]    He  understood 


also  that  there  was  land  to  the  south,  the  south- 
west,  and  the  north-west,  and  that  the  people 
•from  the  last-mentioned  quarter  frequently  pro- 
ceeded to  the  south-west  in  quest  of  gold  and 
precious  stones,  making  in  their  way  descents 
upon  the  islands,  and  carrying  off  the  inhab- 
itants. Several  of  the  natives  showed  him  scars 
of  wounds  received  in  battles  with  these  inva- 
ders. It  is  evident  that  a  great  part  of  this  fancied 
intelligence  was  self-delusion  on  the  part  of  Co- 
lumbus ;  for  he  was  under  a  spell  of  the  imagi- 
nation, which  gave  its  own  shapes  and  colors  to 
every  object.  He  was  persuaded  that  he  had 
arrived  among  the  islands  described  by  Marco 
Polo  as  lying  opposite  Cathay,  in  the  Chinese 
sea,  and  he  construed  everything  to  accord  with 
the  account  given  of  those  opulent  regions.  Thus 
the  enemies  which  the  natives  spoke  of  as  com- 
ing from  the  north-west  he  concluded  to  be  the 
people  of  the  mainland  of  Asia. — Irving's  Co- 
lumbus, Book  4,  ch.  1. 

2743.  IMITATION,  Fameless.  Fenimore  Coo- 
per. He  had  never  given  any  indication  of  pos- 
sessing a  talent  for  literature.  .  .  .  He  was  read- 
ing aloud  to  his  wife  one  of  those  tedious  and 
trivial  English  novels  which  were  so  common 
before  Scott  and  Cooper  supplanted  them. 
Weary  of  the  spiritless  delineation  of  inane  char- 
acters, he  said  to  his  wife,  with  a  yawn,  "  I  can 
write  a  better  novel  than  that  myself."  ..."  You 
had  better  try,"  replied  she,  and  thought  no 
more  of  it.  It  was  a  happy  and  a  timely  sug- 
gestion. He  was  young,  energetic,  with  plenty 
of  ambition,  and  nothing  to  do.  Without  tell- 
ing even  his  wife  of  his  intention,  he  began  to 
write  a  novel,  which  he  named  "  Precaution," 
and  which,  after  a  few  weeks  of  secret  toil,  he 
had  the  pleasure  of  submitting  to  his  wife's  in- 
spection, and  reading  it  to  a  circle  of  friends. 
It  is  a  curious  thing,  but  he  produced  merely  a 
tolerable  imitation  of  the  very  kind  of  novel  with 
which  he  had  been  so  much  disgusted.  .  .  .  This 
partial  failure  was  the  event  which  roused  him 
to  a  consciousness  of  his  abilities.  He  now 
abandoned  English  models,  and  formed  the 
scheme  of  producing  a  story  of  American  life,  a 
tale  of  the  Revolution — the  classic  period  in  the 
history  of  the  infant  nation.  The  "  Spy"  was 
the  result  of  his  labors — the  first  and  greatest  of 
a  class  of  novels  now  to  be  numbered  by  thou- 
sands.— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  725 

2744.  IMITATION  unappreciated.  Art.  [Age- 
silaus,  the  Lacedaemonian  king,]  being  asked 
to  go  to  hear  a  man  who  mimicked  the  nightin- 
gale to  great  perfection,  he  refused  and  said,  "  I 
have  heard  the  nightingale  herself .  "—Plu- 
tarch's Agesilaus. 

2745.  IMMORTALITY,  Belief  in.  Poet  Shelley. 
Whatever  Shelley  may  from  time  to  time  have 
said  about  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  he  was 
no  materialist,  and  no  believer  in  the  extinction 
of  the  spiritual  element  by  death.  Yet  he  was 
too  wise  to  dogmatize  upon  a  problem  which  by 
its  very  nature  admits  of  no  solution  in  this  world. 
"  I  hope,"  he  said,  "  but  my  hopes  are  not  un- 
mixed with  fear  for  what  will  befall  this  inesti- 
mable spirit  when  we  appear  to  die."  On  another 
occasion  he  told  Trelawny,  "  I  am  content  to  see 
no  farther  into  futurity  than  Plato  and  Bacon. 
My  mind  is  tranquil  ;  I  have  no  fears  and  some 
hopes.     In  our  present  gross  material  state  our 


326 


IMMORTALITY— IMPOSITIO:??. 


faculties  are  clouded  ;  when  death  removes  our 
clay  coverings,  the  mystery  will  be  solved." — 
Symonds'  Shelley,  cli.  6. 

2746.  IMMORTALITY,  Faith  in.  Arabs. 
[Some  of  the  Arabs  think]  the  life  of  man  to  be 
but  one  of  those  infinite  periods  of  existence  to 
be  renewed  in  other  worlds  and  under  other 
forms.  When  an  Arab  died,  his  finest  camel 
was  tied  to  a  stake  beside  his  grave,  and  left  to 
expire  of  hunger  upon  the  body  of  its  master,  in 
order  that  he  should  be  furnished  with  his  hab- 
itual inoaiitwje  in  the  region  to  which  death  had 
introduced  him. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  46. 

2747.  IMMORTALITY,  Hope  of.  Baleigh.  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  the  night  before  his  death,  wrote 
these  lines  on  a  blank  leaf  of  his  Bible  : 

"E'en  such  is  time  ;  who  takes  in  trust 
Our  youth,  our  joj^s,  and  all  we  have. 

And  pays  us  but  with  age  and  dust ; 
Who  in  the  dark  and  silent  grave, 

When  we  have  wander'd  all  our  ways, 

Shuts  up  the  story  of  our  days. 

But  from  this  earth,  this  grave,  this  dust, 

The  Lord  will  raise  me  up,  I  tnist." 

— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  24,  p.  376. 
274§.  IMPATIENCE,  Disagreement  by.  Alex- 
ander Hamilton.  This  impatience  and  discontent 
led  finally  to  a  rupture  between  General  Wash- 
ington and  his  aide-de-camp.  . .  .  Hamilton  him- 
self has  related  :  "Two  day  sago.  .  .  the  general 
and  I  passed  each  other  on  the  stairs  ;  he  told  me 
he  wanted  to  speak  with  me  ;  I  answered  that  I 
would  wait  upon  him  immediately.  I  went  be- 
low and  delivered  Mr.  Tilghman  a  letter  to  be 
sent  to  the  commissary,  containing  an  order  of  a 
pressing  and  interesting  nature.  Returning  to 
the  general,  I  was  stopped  on  the  way  by  the 
Marquis  de  Lafayette,  and  we  conversed  together 
about  a  minute  on  a  matter  of  business.  He  can 
testify  how  impatient  I  was  to  get  back,  and  that 
I  left  him  in  a  manner  which,  but  for  our  inti- 
macy, would  have  been  more  than  abrupt.  In- 
stead of  finding  the  general,  as  is  usual,  in  his 
room,  I  met  him  at  the  head  of  the  stairs,  where, 
accosting  me  in  an  angry  voice,  '  Colonel  Ham- 
ilton,' said  he,  'you  have  kept  me  waiting  at 
the  head  of  the  stairs  these  ten  minutes  ;  I  must 
tell  you,  sir,  you  treat  me  with  disrespect.'  I  re- 
plied, without  petulancy,  but  with  decision,  '  I 
am  not  conscious  of  it,  sir  ;  but  since  you  have 
thought  it  necessary  to  tell  me  so,  we  part.' 
'  Very  well,  sir,'  said  he,  'if  it  be  your  choice,' 
or  something  to  that  effect,  and  we  separated. 
I  sincerely  believe  my  absence,  which  gave  so 
much  umbrage,  did  not  last  two  minutes.  In  less 
than  an  hour  after  Mr.  Tilghman  came  to  me 
in  the  general's  name,  assuring  me  of  his  confi- 
dence in  my  ability,  integrity,  usefulness,  etc., 
and  of  his  desire,  in  a  candid  conversation,  to 
heal  a  difference  which  could  not  have  happened 
but  in  a  moment  of  passion.  I  requested  Mr. 
Tilghman  to  tell  him,  first,  that  I  had  taken  my 
resolution  in  a  manner  not  to  be  revoked." — 
Cyclopedia  op  Bigg.  ,  p.  473. 

2749.  IMPATIENCE,  Folly  of.  Oliver  Oold- 
gmith.  Goldsmith  adverts,  in  his  own  humorous 
way,  to  his  impatience  at  the  tardiness  with 
which  his  desultory  and  unacknowledged  essays 
crept  into  notice.  "  I  was  once  induced,"  says 
he,  "  to  show  my  indignation  against  the  public 
by  discontinuing  my  efforts  to  please,  and  was 


bravely  resolved,  like  Raleigh,  to  vex  them  by 
burning  my  manuscripts  in  a  passion.  Upon  re- 
flection, however,  I  considered  what  set  or  body 
of  people  would  be  displeased  at  my  rashness. 
The  sun,  after  so  sad  an  accident,  might  shine 
next  morning  as  bright  as  usual ;  men  might 
laugh  and  sing  the  next  day,  and  transact  bus- 
iness as  before ;  and  not  a  single  creature  feel 
any  regret  but  myself.  .  .  .  Perhaps  all  Grub 
Street  might  laugh  at  my  fate,  and  self-approv 
ing  dignity  be  unable  to  shield  me  from  ridicule." 
— Irving's  Goldsmith,  ch.  9,  p.  66. 

2750.  IMPEACHMENT,  Escape  from.  Presi- 
dent Johnson.  Concerning  the  reorganization  of 
the  Southern  States,  the  real  question  at  issue 
was  whether  a  civil  or  a  military  method  .  .  . 

ought  to  be  adopted The  President  had  urged 

[the  former]  ;  ...  in  Congress  the  opposite  opin- 
ion prevailed.  ...  On  the  21st  of  February,  1868, 
he  notified  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  Secretary  of  War, 
of  his  dismissal  from  ofiice.  "The  act  was  regard- 
ed by  Congress  as  a  usurpation  of  authority,  and 
a  violation  of  law  on  the  part  of  the  President. 
.  .  .  Articles  of  impeachment  were  agreed  to  by 
the  House  of  Representatives. ...  On  the  26th  of 
May  .  .  .  the  President  was  acquitted.  But  his 
escape  was  very  narrow  :  a  two-thirds  majority 
[of  the  Senate]  was  required  to  convict,  and  but 
one  vote  was  wanting. — Ridpath'sU.  S.,  ch.  67, 
p.  550. 

2751.  IMPORTUNITY,  Victim  of.  Charles  11. 
He  was  a  slave  without  being  a  dupe.  Worthless 
men  and  women,  to  the  very  bottom  of  whose 
hearts  he  saw,  and  whom  he  knew  to  be  destitute 
of  affection  for  him  and  undeserving  of  his  con- 
fidence, could  easily  wheedle  him  out  of  titles, 
places,  domains,  State  secrets,  and  pardons.  He 
bestowed  much,  yet  he  neither  enjoyed  the  pleas- 
ure nor  acquired  the  fame  of  beneficence.  He 
never  gave  spontaneously,  but  it  was  painful  to 
him  to  refuse.  The  consequence  was,  that  his 
bounty  generally  went,  not  to  those  who  deserved 
it  best,  nor  even  to  those  whom  he  liked  best, 
but  to  the  most  shameless  and  importunate  suitor 
who  could  obtain  an  audience. — Mac  aula  y's 
Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  158. 

2752.  IMPOSSIBILITIES  accomplished.  Bridge 
atLodi.  A.  D.  1796.  [Napoleon  proposed  to  cross 
the  bridge  at  Lodi  in  the  face  of  the  Austrian 
batteries  that  swept  it.]  "  It  is  impossible,"  said 
one  [of  his  olBcers],  "that  any  men  can  force 
their  way  across  that  narrow  bridge,  in  the  face 
of  such  an  annihilating  storm  of  balls  as  must  be 
encountered."  "How!  impossible!"  exclaimed 
Napoleon;  "  that  word  is  not  French."  [Napo- 
leon, bearing  a  standard,  was  the  second  across.] 
— Abbott's  Napoleox  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

2753.  IMPOSITION,  Artfol.  Alexander.  It 
was  impossible  to  retain  the  territory  he  had 
overrun  ;  and  his  troops,  foreseeing  no  end  to 
their  labors,  positively  refused  to  proceed.  With 
a  sensible  mortification  to  his  pride,  he  was  forced 
to  return  to  the  Indus,  after  rearing,  as  monu- 
ments of  his  conquests,  twelve  altars  upon  the 
eastern  banks  of  the  Hyphasis,  of  enormous 
height,  on  which  he  inscribed  his  own  name, 
with  those  of  his  father  Ammon  and  his  brothers 
Hercules  and  Apollo.  He  is  said  also  to  have 
traced  a  camp  in  the  same  place  of  three  times 
the  necessary  extent,  surrounding  it  with  a  strong 
rampart  and  fosse,  and  to  have  built  in  it  enor- 


IMPOSITION— IMPOSTOR. 


327 


mous  stables  for  horses,  with  the  mangers  of  a 
most  extraordinary  height.  He  is,  in  like  man- 
ner, said  to  have  caused  suits  of  armor  to  be 
buried  in  the  earth,  of  size  far  exceeding  the  hu- 
man proportions,  with  bedsteads,  and  all  other 
utensils  on  a  similar  gigantic  scale. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  4,  p.  190. 

2754.  IMPOSITION,  Official.  William  Coio- 
per's  Letter.  [To  Rev.  John  Newton,]  the  junior 
son  of  Molly  Boswell.  He  had  stolen  some  iron- 
work, the  property  of  Griggs  the  butcher.  Being 
convicted,  he  was  ordered  to  be  whipped,  which 
operation  he  underwent  at  the  cart's  tail,  from 
the  stone-house  to  the  high  arch,  and  back  again. 
He  seemed  to  show  great  fortitude,  but  it  was 
all  an  imposition  upon  the  public.  The  beadle, 
who  performed  it,  had  filled  his  left  hand  with 
yellow  ochre,  through  which,  after  every  stroke, 
he  drew  the  lash  of  his  whip,  leaving  the  appear- 
ance of  a  wound  upon  the  skin,'  but  in  reality 
not  hurting  him  at  all.  This  being  perceived  by 
Mr.  Constable  H. ,  who  followed  the  beadle,  he 
applied  his  cane,  without  any  such  management 
or  precaution,  to  the  shoulders  of  the  too  merci- 
ful executioner.  The  scene  immediately  became 
more  interesting.  The  beadle  could  by  no  means 
be  prevailed  upon  to  strike  hard,  which  provoked 
the  constable  to  strike  harder  ;  and  this  double 
flogging  continued  till  a  lass  of  Silver  End,  pity- 
ing the  pitiful  beadle  thus  suffering  under  the 
hands  of  the  pitiless  constable,  joined  the  pro- 
cession, and  placing  herself  immediately  behind 
the  latter,  seized  him  by  his  capillary  club,  and 
pulling  him  backward  by  the  same,  slapped  his 
face  with  a  most  Amazon  fury.  This  concate- 
nation of  events  has  taken  up  more  of  my  paper 
than  I  intended  it  should,  but  I  could  not  for- 
bear to  inform  you  how  the  beadle  thrashed  the 
thief,  the  constable  the  beadle,  and  the  lady  the 
constable,  and  how  the  thief  was  the  only  person 
concerned  who  sviffered  nothing. — Smith's  Cow- 
PER,  ch.  7. 

2755.  IMFOSTOB,  Contemptible.  Lambert  8im- 
nel.  The  reign  of  Henry  VII.  was  disturbed  for 
awhile  by  two  very  singular  enterprises.  The 
Earl  of  Warwick,  son  of  the  late  Duke  of  Clar- 
ence, had  been  confined  by  Richard  in  the  Tow- 
er, and  by  his  long  imprisonment  was  totally 
unknown,  and  unacquainted  with  the  world. 
One  Simon,  a  priest  of  Oxford,  trained  up  a 
young  man,  Lambert  Simnel,  the  son  of  a  baker, 
to  counterfeit  the  Earl  of  Warwick's  person,  and 
instructed  him  in  the  knowledge  of  all  the  facts 
which  were  necessary  to  support  the  imposture. 
He  first  made  his  public  appearance  in  Dublin, 
where  he  found  many  to  espouse  his  cause,  and 
he  was  there  solemnly  crowned  King  of  England 
and  Ireland.  Thence  passing  over  to  England, 
he  ventured  to  give  battle  to  Henry  near  Notting- 
ham. Simnel,  with  his  tutor,  the  priest,  were 
both  taken  prisoners.  The  priest,  who  could 
not  be  tried  by  the  civil  power,  was  imprisoned 
for  life  ;  and  the  impostor  himself,  who  was  too 
mean  an  object  for  the  revenge  of  Henry,  was 
employed  by  him  as  a  scullion  in  his  kitchen. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  14,  p.  229. 

2756.  IMFOSTOB,  Deceived  by  a.  Perkin  War- 
beck.  The  old  Duchess  of  Burgundy,  sister  of 
Edward  IV.  and  widow  of  Charles  the  Bold, 
who  wished  by  all  means  to  embroil  the  govern- 
ment of  Henry,  caused  a  report  to  be  spread  that 


the  young  Duke  of  York,  who,  along  with  his 
brother  Edward,  was  hitherto  believed  to  have 
been  smothered  in  the  Tower  by  Richard  III., 
was  still  alive,  and  she  soon  after  produced  a 
young  man  who  assumed  his  name  and  char 
acter ;  this  was  Perkin  Warbeck,  the  son  of  a 
Jew  broker  of  Antwerp,  a  youth  of  great  per- 
sonal beauty  and  insinuating  address.  He  found 
means,  for  a  considerable  time,  to  carry  on  the 
deception,  and  seemed,  from  his  valor  and  abili- 
ties, to  be  not  undeserving  of  the  rank  which  he 
assumed.  For  five  years  he  supported  his  cause 
by  force  of  arms,  and  was  aided  by  a  respect- 
able proportion  of  the  English  nobility.  James 
IV.,  King  of  Scotland,  espoused  his  interest,  and 
gave  him  in  marriage  a  relation  of  his  own, 
a  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Huntley.  .  .  .  [He 
was  captured  and  sentenced  to  perpetual  impri- 
sonment.]— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  14, 
p.  229. 

2757.  .     Reign  of  James  II.     In 

1698,  when  England  had  long  enjoyed  constitu- 
tional freedom  under  a  new  dynasty,  the  son  of 
an  inn-keeper  passed  himself  on  the  yeomanry 
of  Sussex  as  their  beloved  Monmouth,  and  de 
f  rauded  many  who  were  by  no  means  of  the  low 
est  class.  Five  hundred  pounds  were  collected 
for  him.  The  farmers  provided  him  with  a 
horse.  Their  wives  sent  him  baskets  of  chick- 
ens and  ducks,  and  were  lavish,  it  was  said,  of 
favors  of  a  more  tender  kind  ;  for,  in  gallantry 
at  least,  the  counterfeit  was  a  not  unworthy  rep- 
resentative of  the  original.  When  this  impostor 
was  thrown  into  prison  for  his  fraud,  his  fol- 
lowers maintained  him  in  luxury. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  583. 

275S.  IMPOSTOE  punished.  Beign  of  James 
II.  Such  was  the  devotion  of  the  people  to  their 
unhappy  favorite,  that,  in  the  face  of  the  strong- 
est evidence  by  which  the  fact  of  a  death  was 
ever  verified,  many  continued  to  cherish  a  hope 
that  he  was  still  living,  and  that  he  would 
again  appear  in  arms.  A  person,  it  was  said, 
who  was  remarkably  like  Monmouth  had  sac- 
rificed himself  to  save  the  Protestant  hero.  The 
vulgar  long  continued,  at  every  important  crisis, 
to  whisper  that  the  time  was  at  hand,  and  that 
King  Monmouth  would  soon  show  himself.  In 
1686  a  knave  who  had  pretended  to  be  the  duke, 
and  had  levied  contribution  In  several  villages 
of  Wiltshire,  was  apprehended  and  whipped 
from  Newgate  to  Tyburn,— Macaulay's  Eng  , 
ch.  5,  p.  583 

2759.  IMPOSTOR  reproved.  General  Grant. 
[Early  in  the  war  nis  commuud  were  marching 
in  Missouri.  One  of  the  lieutenants  obtained  re- 
freshments for  himself  and  friends  by  assuming 
to  be  General  Grant  and  staff.  Grant  came  to 
the  same  house  for  refreshments,  and  was  curtly 
told  he  could  have  nothing,  because  General 
Grant  and  staff  had  eaten  everything  except  a 
pumpkin-pie.  Grant  gave  half  a  dollar  for  it, 
and  requested  the  woman  to  keep  it  till  sent  for. 
When  the  army  halted,  parade  was  formed,  and 
expectations  aroused  by  so  unusual  a  circum- 
stance when  on  a  long  march.  The  following  or- 
der was  read  :  "  Lieutenant  Wickfield,  .  .  .  hav 
ing  on  this  day  eaten  everything  in  Mrs.  Sel- 
vidge's  house,  at  the  crossing,  .  .  .  except  one 
pumpkin-pie.  Lieutenant  Wickfield  is  hereby 
ordered  to  return  with  an  escort  of  one  hundred 


328 


IMPOSTOR— IMPULSE. 


cavalry  and  eat  that  pie  also.—  U.  S.  Grant, 
Brigadier-  General  Commander. "  It  is  impossible 
to  describe  the  effect  ...  on  the  troops  — Head- 
ley's  Grant,  p.  50. 

2760.  IMPOSTOR  rewarded.  Titus  Oates.  A 
worthless  impostor,  one  Titus  Oates,  who  had 
more  than  once  changed  his  religion,  now  set 
the  whole  nation  in  a  ferment  by  the  discovery 
of  a  pretended  plot  of  the  Catholics.  He  assert- 
ed that  the  pope,  claiming  the  sovereignty  of 
England,  had  intrusted  the  exercise  of  his  pow- 
er to  the  Jesuits,  who  had  already  got  patents 
for  the  principal  offices  of  the  kingdom  ;  that 
fifty  Jesuits  had  undertaken  that  the  king  should 
be  assassinated,  and  the  crown  bestowed  on  the 
Duke  of  York,  who,  if  he  declined  it,  was  like- 
wise to  be  murdered  ;  that  the  Jesuits,  who  it 
was  supposed  had  already  almost  reduced  Lon- 
don to  ashes  in  the  late  d^-eadful  fire,  had  planned 
another  fire  and  massacre,  with  which  they  in- 
tended to  begin  the  execution  of  their  project. 

.  .  .  The  informer  received  the  thanks  of  Par- 
liament, with  a  pension  of  £1200  sterling. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  30,  p.  421. 

2761.  IMPOSTURE,  Political.  "Voice  in  the 
Wall. "  [In  1554,  when  England  was  disquieted  by 
the  partisans  for  Catholic  Mary  on  the  one  side, 
against  those  of  Protestant  Elizabeth  on  the  oth 
er,]  imposture  availed  itself  of  the  prevailing 
disquiet  to  stimulate  the  superstitious  by  a  pre- 
tended voice  in  a  wall,  which  was  silent  when 
"God  save  Queen  Mary"  was  uttered,  but 
which  cried,  "So  be  it"  when  "God  save  the 
Lady  Elizabeth"  was  pronounced.  More  than 
17,000  persons  were  collected  round  this  house. 
— Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  8,  ch.  5,  p.  72. 

2762.  IMPRESSIONS,  Early.  William  III. 
[William,  Prince  of  Orange.]  The  Dutch  lan- 
guage was  the  language  of  his  nurserj'.  Among 
the  Dutch  gentry  he  had  chosen  his  early  friends. 
The  amusements,  the  architecture,  the  landscape 
of  his  native  country  had  taken  hold  on  his 
heart.  To  her  he  turned  with  constant  fondness 
from  a  prouder  and  fairer  rival.  In  the  gallery 
of  Whitehall  he  pined  for  the  familiar  house  in 
the  wood  at  the  Hague,  and  never  was  so  happy 
as  when  he  could  quit  the  magnificence  of  Wind- 
sor for  his  far  humbler  seat  at  Loo.  During  his 
splendid  banishment  it  was  his  consolation  to 
create  round  him,  by  building,  planting,  and 
digging,  a  scene  which  might  remind  him  of  the 
formal  piles  of  red  brick,  of  the  long  canals,  and 
of  the  symmetrical  flower-beds  amid  which  his 
early  life  had  been  passed. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  7,  p.  168. 

2763.  IMPRESSIONS,  Tragical.  GTiarles  I. 
Then  taking  the  little  Duke  of  Gloucester,  who 
was  only  five  years  old,  upon  his  knees,  and  desir- 
ing to  impress  upon  the  mind  of  the  infant,  by  a 
tragical  image,  the  counsel  which  through  him 
he  addressed  to  all  the  family,  "  My  child,"  said 
he,  ' '  they  are  going  to  cut  off  thy  father's  head !" 
The  boy  gazed  with  anxious  and  astonished 
looks  upon  the  countenance  of  the  speaker. 
"  Yes,"  continued  the  king,  seeking  to  fix  the 
terrible  remembrance  by  repetition,  "they  will 
cut  off  my  head,  and  perhaps  make  thee  king  ! 
But  pay  attention  to  my  words  :  thou  must  not 
be  made  a  king  by  them  while  thy  elder  broth- 
ers, Charles  and  James,  are  living.  They  will 
cut  off  their  heads  also,  if  they  can  lay  hands  on 


them,  and  will  end  by  cutting  off  thine.  I  there^ 
fore  command  thee  never  to  be  made  a  king  by 
them."  The  child,  who  was  impressed  with  the 
mournful  scene  and  solemn  warning,  appeared 
suddenly  struck  by  a  light  and  a  sense  of  obe- 
dience be3^ond  his  age.  "  No,"  he  replied,  "I 
will  not  consent — they  shall  never  make  me  a 
king.  I  will  be  torn  to  pieces  first  !"  Charles, 
in  this  infantine  heroism,  recognized  a  voice 
from  heaven,  which  assured  him  that  his  poster- 
ity would  be  true  to  themselves  in  seeking  to  re- 
store the  throne  after  his  decease.  He  shed  tears 
of  joy  as  he  surrendered  back  the  Duke  of  Glou- 
cester to  the  arms  of  the  jailers. — Lamartine's 
Cromwell,  p.  46. 

2764.  IMPRISONMENT,  Long.  John  Bun- 
yan's.  Such  was  the  world-famous  imprisonment 
of  John  Bunyan,which  has  been  the  subject  of  so 
much  eloquent  declamation.  It  lasted  in  all  for 
more  than  twelve  years.  It  might  have  ended 
at  any  time  if  he  would  have  promised  to  con- 
fine his  addresses  to  a  private  circle.  It  did  end 
after  six  years.  He  was  released  under  the  first 
declaration  of  indulgence ;  but  as  he  instantly 
recommenced  his  preaching,  he  was  arrested 
again.  Another  six  years  went  by  ;  he  was  again 
let  go,  and  was  taken  once  more  immediately 
after,  preaching  in  a  wood.  This  time  he  was 
detained  but  a  few  months,  and  in  form  more 
than  reality.  The  policy  of  the  government  was 
then  changed,  and  he  w^as  free  for  the  rest  of 
his  life. — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  6. 

2765.  IMPROVEMENT  opposed.  Elias  Howe. 
Like  all  the  other  great  inventors,  Mr.  Howe 
found  that  when  he  had  completed  his  machine 
his  difficulties  had  but  begun.  After  he  had 
brought  the  machine  to  the  point  of  making  a 
few  stitches,  he  went  to  Boston  one  day  to  get 
a  tailor  to  come  to  Cambridge  and  arrange  some 
cloth  for  sewing,  and  give  his  opinion  as  to  the 
quality  of  the  work  done  by  the  machine.  The 
comrades  of  the  man  to  whom  he  first  applied 
dissuaded  him  from  going,  alleging  that  a  sew- 
ing-machine, if  it  worked  well,  must  necessarily 
reduce  the  whole  fraternity  of  tailors  to  beg- 
gary ;  and  this  proved  to  be  the  unchangeable 
conviction  of  the  tailors  for  the  next  ten  years. 
It  is  probable  that  the  machines  first  made  would 
have  been  destroyed  by  violence  but  for  another 
fixed  opinion  of  the  tailors,  which  was,  that 
no  machine  could  be  made  that  would  really 
answer  the  purpose. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  683. 

^766.  IMPROVEMENT  repressed.  Social. 
[In  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century] 
the  facilities  possessed  by  the  people  of  pass- 
ing from  one  occupation  to  another  occupa- 
tion were  very  limited,  and  the  power  of  what 
we  term  rising  in  the  world  was  equally  re- 
stricted. In  the  locality  in  which  a  laborer 
was  born  he  generally  remained  to  the  end  of 
his  life.  .  .  .  The  severe  enforcement  of 
the  laws  of  apprenticeship  kept  a  man  for- 
ever in  the  particular  pursuit  for  which  he 
had  served  seven  years  of  dreary  education. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  4,  p.  48. 

2767.  IMPULSE,  Success  by.  Sylla  writes  in 
his  Commentaries  that  his  instantaneous  resolu- 
tions and  enterprises,  executed  in  a  manner  dif- 
ferent from  wh^t  he  had  intended,  always  suc- 
ceeded better  than  those  on  which  he  bestowed 


INAUGURATION— INCONSISTENCY. 


329 


the  most  time  and  forethought.  It  is  plain  too 
from  that  saying  of  his,  that  he  was  born 
rather  for  fortune  than  war,  that  he  attributed 
more  to  fortune  than  to  valor. — Plutakch's 
Sylla. 

276§.  INAXTGUEATION,  Joyful.  Washington's. 
When  all  was  hushed  into  silence,  Washington 
again  rose,  and  came  forward,  and  stood  in  view 
of  ail  the  people,  with  the  Vice-President  on  his 
right  and  Chancellor  Livingston,  wlio  was  to 
administer  the  oath,  on  the  left.  When  the 
chancellor  was  about  to  begin,  the  secretary 
of  the  Senate  held  up  the  Bible  on  its  crimson 
cushion  ;  and  while  the  oath  was  read,  Washing- 
ton laid  his  hand  upon  the  open  book.  When 
the  reading  was  finished,  he  said,  with  great  so- 
lemnity of  manner,  "  I  swear  ;  so  help  me  God  !" 
After  which  he  bowed  and  kissed  the  book. 
The  chancellor  then,  waving  his  hand  toward 
the  people,  cried  out,  "  Long  live  George  Wash- 
ington, President  of  the  United  States  !" — Cy- 
clopedia OP  Bigg.,  cli.  20. 

2769.  INAUGURATION,  Mystic.  Togrul. 
[The  Sultan  of  Turkey.]  After  the  chastise- 
ment of  the  guilty  and  the  restoration  of  peace, 
the  royal  shepherd  accepted  the  reward  of  his 
labors  ;  and  a  solemn  comedy  represented  the 
triumph  of  religious  prejudice  over  barbarian 
power.  The  Turkish  sultan  embarked  on  the 
Tigris,  landed  at  the  gate  of  Racca,  and  made 
his  public  entry  on  horseback.  At  the  palace- 
gate  he  respectfully  dismounted  and  walked  on 
foot,  preceded  by  his  emirs  without  arms.  The 
caliph  [Cayem]  was  seated  behind  his  black 
veil ;  the  black  garment  of  the  Abbassides  was 
cast  over  his  shoulders,  and  he  held  in  his  hand 
the  staff  of  the  apostle  of  God.  The  conqueror  of 
the  East  kissed  the  ground,  stood  some  time  in  a 
modest  posture,  and  was  led  toward  the  throne 
by  the  vizier  and  aa  interpreter.  After  Togrul 
had  seated  himself  on  another  throne,  his  com- 
mission was  publicly  read,  which  declared  him 
the  temporal  lieutenant  of  the  vicar  of  the 
prophet.  He  was  successively  invested  with 
seven  robes,  seven  climates  of  the  Arabian  em- 
pire. His  mystic  veil  was  perfumed  with  musk  ; 
two  crowns  were  placed  on  his  head,  two  cime- 
ters  were  girded  to  his  side,  as  the  symbols 
of  a  double  reign  over  the  East  and  West. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  57,  p.  510. 

2770.  INAUGUBATION,  Simplicity  of.  TJmnas 
Jefferson.  The  President-elect .  . .  was  dressed  in 
plain  cloth,  which  was  very  unusual  at  that 
time,  as  we  may  see  in  old  portraits.  He  came 
out  of  his  lodgings  unattended,  and  mounted 
his  horse,  which  had  been  waiting  for  him  be- 
fore his  door.  He  rode  to  the  Capitol,  unaccom- 
panied by  any  friend,  and  without  a  servant, 
and  when  he  had  reached  the  building  he  dis- 
mounted without  assistance,  and  with  his  own 
hands  tied  the  horse  to  a  paling  of  the  fence. 
He  was  received  at  the  steps  of  the  Capitol  by  a 
large  number  of  his  political  friends,  who  abso- 
lutely would  not  permit  him  to  carry  out  his  in- 
tention of  going  alone  to  the  senate-chamber  to 
take  the  oath  of  office.  A  kind  of  procession 
was  formed,  and  they  walked  together  to  the 
apartment. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  ,  p.  353. 

2771.  INCAPACITY,  Official.  Bibulm.  The 
weather  was  wild.  Even  of  transports  he  had 
but  enough  to  carry  half  his  army  in  a  single  trip. 


With  such  a  prospect  and  with  the  knowledge 
that  if  he  reached  Greece  at  all  he  would  have  to 
land  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  Pompey's 
enormous  host,  surprise  has  been  expressed  that 
Caesar  did  not  prefer  to  go  round  through  Uly- 
ria,  keeping  his  legions  together.  But  Caesar 
had  won  many  victories  by  appearing  where  he 
was  least  expected.  He  liked  well  to  descend 
like  a  bolt  out  of  the  blue  sky ;  and  for  the 
very  reason  that  no  ordinary  person  would  un- 
der such  circumstances  have  thought  of  attempt- 
ing the  passage,  he  determined  to  ivy  it.  Long 
marches  exhausted  the  troops.  In  bad  weather 
the  enemy's  fleet  preferred  the  harbors  to  the 
open  sea;  and  perhaps  he  had  a  further  and  special 
ground  of  confidence  in  knowing  that  the  officer 
in  charge  at  Corfu  was  his  old  acquaintance, 
Bibulus — Bibulus,  the  fool  of  the  aristocracy, 
the  butt  of  Cicero,  who  had  failed  in  everything 
which  he  had  undertaken,  and  had  been  thanked 
by  Cato  for  his  ill  successes.  Caesar  knew  the 
men  with  whom  he  had  to  deal.  He  knew  Pom- 
pey's incapacity  ;  he  knew  Bibulus's  incapacity. 
— Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  22. 

2772.  INCENDIARY  punished.  Boman.  After 
the  previous  ceremony  of  whipping,  he  himself 
was  delivered  to  the  flames ;  and  in  his  exam- 
ple alone  our  reason  is  tempted  to  applaud  the 
justice  of  retaliation. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44, 
p.  372. 

2773.  INCONSISTENCY  of  Character.  Pity. 
To  a  point  of  honor  Motassem,  the  Mohammedan 
general,  had  sacrificed  a  flourishing  city,  two 
hundred  thousand  lives,  and  the  property  of 
millions.  The  same  caliph  descended  from  his 
horse  and  dirtied  his  robe  to  relieve  the  distress 
of  a  decrepit  old  man,  who,  with  his  laden  ass, 
had  tumbled  into  a  ditch.  On  which  of  these 
actions  did  he  reflect  with  the  most  pleasure 
when  he  was  summoned  by  the  angel  of  death  ? 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  52,  p.  320. 

2774.  INCONSISTENCY,  Christian.  Effe  c  t. 
[The  Emperor  Julian  is  known  in  history  as 
"  the  Apostate."]  The  cause  of  his  strange  and 
fatal  apostasy  may  be  derived  from  the  early 
period  of  his  life,  when  he  was  left  an  orphan 
in  the  hands  of  the  murderers  of  his  family. 
The  names  of  Christ  and  of  Constantius,  the  ideas 
of  slavery  and  of  religion,  were  soon  associated 
in  a  youthful  imagination,  which  was  suscep- 
tible of  the  most  liv^ely  impressions.  [Constan- 
tius murdered  his  father  and  mother  and  im- 
prisoned him  during  his  youth.] — Gebbon's 
Rome,  ch.  23,  p.  410. 

2775.  INCONSISTENCY,  Disgraceful.  William 
Penn.  [See  No.  1842.]  Then  Penn  tried  a 
gentler  tone.  He  had  an  interview  with  Hough 
and  with  some  of  the  fellows,  and,  after  many 
professions  of  sympathy  and  friendship,  began 
to  hint  at  a  compromise.  The  king  could  not 
bear  to  be  crossed.  The  college  must  give  way. 
Parker  must  be  admitted .  But  he  was  in  very  bad 
health.  All  his  preferments  would  soon  be  va- 
cant. "  How  should  you  like,"  said  Penn,  "  to 
see  Doctor  Hough  Bishop  of  Oxford  ?"  Penn 
had  passed  his  life  in  declaiming  against  a  hire- 
ling ministry.  He  held  that  he  was  bound  to 
refuse  the  payment  of  tithes,  and  this  even  when 
he  had  bought  land  chargeable  with  tithes,  and 
had  been  allowed  the  value  of  the  tithes  in  the 
purchase-money.     According  to  his  own  prin 


330 


INCONSISTENCY— INDEPENDENCE. 


ciples,  he  would  have  committed  a  great  sin  if 
he  had  interfered  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
a  benefice  on  the  most  honorable  terms  for  the 
most  pious  divine.  Yet  to  such  a  degree  had 
his  manners  been  coiTupted  by  evil  communica- 
tions, and  his  understanding  obscured  by  inor- 
dinate zeal  for  a  single  object,  that  he  did  not 
scruple  to  become  a  broker  in  simony  of  a  pecu- 
liarly discreditable  kind,  and  to  use  a  bishopric 
as  a  bait  to  tempt  a  divine  to  perjury. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  275. 

2776.  INCONSISTENCY  by  Self-interest.  Sam- 
uel Johnson.  Having  defined  the  word  pension 
as  "pay  given  to  a  State  hireling  for  treason  to 
his  country,"  he  himself  became  a  pensioner ; 
and  .  .  .  with  small  hire ...  set  about  the 
task  of  his  work-masters.  In  a  tract  called 
"  Taxation  no  Tyranny,"  he  echoed  to  the  crowd 
[the  wishes  of  the  ministry  against  America]. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  24. 

2777.  INCEEASE,  Ineffective.  Gem-ge  in. 
A.D.  1775.  [He  was  determined  to  crush  the 
opposition  of  the  American  colonies.]  When  he 
announced  that  a  numerous  body  of  German 
troops  was  to  join  the  British  forces,  [the  Duke 
of]  Grafton  [keeper  of  the  privy  seal]  answered 
earnestly  :  "  Your  Majesty  will  find  too  late 
that  twice  the  number  will  only  increase  the 
disgrace,  and  never  effect  the  purpose." — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  8,  ch.  51. 

2778.  INDECISION  of  Timidity.  Conspirator. 
[Gaston  of  Orleans  and  Count  de  Soissons  en- 
tered into  a  conspiracy  against  the  life  of  Rich- 
elieu.] The  unsuspecting  minister  descended 
the  staircase  surrounded  by  the  conspirators, 
and  at  this  moment  his  fate  hung  upon  a  thread. 
But  Gaston's  nerve  failed  him  :  he  hesitated  to 
give  the  appointed  signal ;  the  rest  dared  not 
strike  without  his  orders  ;  they  separated,  and 
the  cardinal  escaped. — Students'  France,  ch. 
19,  §  12. 

2779.  INDECISION  in  Wrong-doing.  James 
II.  [The  clergy  had  generally  refused  to  read  the 
king's  anti-Protestant  manifesto.]  Even  the  king 
stood  aghast  for  a  moment  at  the  violence  of  the 
tempest  which  he  had  raised.  What  step  was 
he  to  take  next  ?  He  must  either  advance  or 
recede  ;  and  it  was  impossible  to  advance  with- 
out peril,  or  to  recede  without  humiliation.  At 
one  moment  he  determined  to  put  forth  a  second 
order,  enjoining  the  clergy  in  high  and  angry 
terms  to  publish  his  declaration,  and  menacing 
every  one  who  should  be  refractory  with  instant 
suspension.  This  order  was  drawn  up  and  sent 
to  the  press,  then  recalled,  then  a  second  time 
sent  to  the  press,  then  recalled  a  second  time. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  328. 

27§0.  INDEPENDENCE,  American.  Samuel 
Adams.  [The  governor  of  Massachusetts,  in 
October,  1773,  wrote  Lord  Dartmouth,  the  co- 
lonial secretary,  that  Samuel  Adams]  was  the 
first  person  that  openly  and  in  any  public  as- 
sembly declared  for  a  total  independence. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  22,  p.  337. 

27§1 .  INDEPENDENCE,  Childish.  Toung  Sam- 
uel Johnson.  One  day  when  the  servant  who 
used  to  be  sent  to  school  to  conduct  him  home 
not  having  come  in  time,  he  set  out  by  himself, 
though  he  was  then  so  near-sighted  that  he  was 
obliged  to  stoop  on  his  hands  and  knees  to  take 


a  view  of  the  kennel  before  he  ventured  to  step 
over  it.  His  schoolmistress,  afraid  that  he  might 
miss  his  way  or  fall  into  the  kennel,  or  be  run 
over  by  a  cart,  followed  him  at  some  distance. 
He  happened  to  turn  about  and  perceive  her. 
Feeling  her  careful  attention  as  an  insult  to  his 
manliness,  he  ran  back  to  her  in  a  rage,  and 
beat  her  as  well  as  his  strength  would  permit. 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  5. 

27§2.  INDEPENDENCE,  Declaration  of.  Am- 
erican. Thus,  on  the  4th  of  July,  was  com- 
pleted what  has  been  not  unjustly  termed  "the 
most  memorable  public  document  which  his- 
tory records." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  23, 
p.  367. 

2783. .    Congress.    August  3, 1776. 

The  members  of  Congress,  having  no  army 
but  a  transient  one,  no  confederation,  no  treas-  * 
ury,  no  supplies  of  materials  of  war,  signed 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  which  had 
been  engrossed  on  parchment. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  2. 

2784.  INDEPENDENCE  defeated.    Canadian. 
In  the  latter  part  of  1837  there  was  an  insurrection 
in  Canada.     A  portion  of  the  people,  dissatisfied 
with  the  British  Government,  broke  out  in  revolt, 
and  attempted  to  establish  their  independence. 
The  insurgents  found  much  sympathy  and  en- 
couragement in  the  United  States.  .  .  .  Seven] 
hundred   men  [from  New    York]   seized  andj 
fortified  Navy  Island,  in  the  Niagara  River.  The 
loyalists  of  Canada   attempted  to  capture  the! 
place,  and  failed.    They  succeeded,  however,  in  | 
firing  the  Caroline,  the  supply-ship  of  the  ad- 
venturers, cut  her  moorings,  and  sent  the  burn- 
ing vessel  over  Niagara  Falls.  .  .  .  The  President  \ 
[Van  Buren]  issued  a  proclamation  of  neutrality, 
forbidding  interference  with  the  affairs  of  Can- 1 
ada.     The  New  York  insurgents  on  Navy  Island  ] 
were  obliged  to  surrender,  and  order  was  re-l 
stored. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  55,  p.  438. 

2785.  INDEPENDENCE  determined.  Alger- 
non  Sidney.  While  hunting  with  Louis  XIV. 
...  in  a  royal  park  near  Paris,  .  .  .  the  king  \ 
was  so  captivated  by  the  stranger's  horse  that 
he  determined  to  possess  it,  and  sent  a  messen- 
ger to  ask  the  owner  to  name  the  price  and 
deliver  the  animal.  This  was  the  king's  way : 
of  buying  anything  upon  which  he  had  fixed 
covetous  eyes,  and  no  one  ever  presumed  to 
refuse  him.  But  this  Englishman,  to  the  sur- 
prise of  the  messenger,  and  to  the  great  irrita- 
tion of  the  king,  replied  to  the  proposal  that 
his  horse  was  not  for  sale.  The  haughty  mon- 
arch caused  a  liberal  price  for  a  horse  to  be 
counted  out,  and  sent  it  to  the  Englishman,  with 
a  positive  order  to  accept  the  same  and  surrender 
the  animal.  An  exile  from  his  native  land, 
where,  at  that  bad  time,  there  was  no  justice  for 
such  as  he,  where  king  and  ministers  were  the 
paid  servants  of  the  French  monarch,  he  seemed 
to  have  no  clioice  but  to  obey.  But  this  was  a 
man  of  the  heroic  type.  He  drew  a  pistol,  and 
shot  the  horse  through  the  head,  sajing:  "My 
horse  was  born  a  free  creature,  has  served  a  free 
man,  and  shall  not  be  mastered  by  a  king  of 
slaves."  There  you  have  Algernon  Sidney,  the 
blunt,  brave,  noble-minded  Republican,  among 
the  first  of  his  time  and  country  who  clearly 
understood  the  rights  of  man  and  the  just  foun- 
dation of  human  government — the  forerunner 


INDEPENDENCE. 


331 


of  our  Jeiferson  and  Madison. — Cyclopedia  of 
Bigg.,  p.  807. 

27§6.  INDEPENDENCE,  Domestic.  Washing- 
ton's Mother.  George  Wasliington  asked  her  to 
come  and  live  with  him  at  Mount  Vernon.  "  I 
thank  you,  George,"  she  said,  "but  I  prefer 
being  independent. "  And  so  to  the  last  she  lived 
in  her  own  plain  farmhouse,  and  superintended 
the  culture  of  her  own  acres,  not  disdaining  to 
labor  with  her  own  hands.  When  Lafayette 
visited  her  he  found  her  at  work  in  her  garden, 
with  her  old  sun-bonnet  on,  and  she  came  in  to 
see  him,  saying,  "  I  would  not  pay  you  so 
poor  a  compliment,  marquis,  as  to  stay  to  change 
my  dress." — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  11. 

2787.  INDEPENDENCE,  Ministerial.  Meth- 
odists. [In  1796  Dr.  Coke  presided  at  the  session 
of  the  Methodist  Conference  held  at  Baltimore  ; 
and  one  of  the  striking  features  of  this  good 
Englishman's  character  was,  that  he  was  impa- 
tient of  contradiction,  and  not  wholly  insensible 
to  his  own  personal  importance.  He  had  on 
this  occasion  introduced  some  proposition  which 
seemed  to  some  of  the  preachers  a  little  dictato- 
rial ;  and  one  of  them,  an  Irishman,  by  the 
name  of  Mathews,  .  .  .  sprung  to  his  feet,  and 
cried  out,"  Popery  !  Popery  !  Popery!"  Dr.  Coke 
rebuked  the  impulsive  rudeness  of  Mathews. 
While  the  conference  was  now  in  a  state  of 
great  suspense  and  agitation.  Dr.  Coke  seized 
the  paper  containing  his  own  resolution,  and 
tearing  it  up,  not  in  the  most  moderate  manner, 
looked  round  upon  the  preachers,  and  said, 
"  Do  you  think  yourselves  equal  to  me  ?"  Nel- 
son Reed  instantly  arose,  and  said  :  "  Dr.  Coke 
has  asked  whether  we  think  ourselves  equal  to 
him  ;  I  answer.  Yes  ;  we  do  think  ourselves  equal 
to  him,  notwithstanding  he  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, and  has  been  honored  with  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws  ;  and  more  than  that,  we  think 
ourselves  equal  to  Dr.  Coke's  king."  [The  doc- 
tor saw  his  error,  and  asked  pardon.] — Stevens' 
M.  E.  Church,  vol.  2,  p.  70. 

27§§.  INDEPENDENCE,  Natural.  Julius  Cce- 
mr  Caesar  was  now  eighteen,  his  daughter  Julia 
having  been  lately  born.  He  had  seen  his 
party  ruined,  his  father-in-law  and  young  Mari- 
us  killed,  and  his  nearest  friends  dispersed  or 
murdered.  .  ,  .  The  dictator  had  his  eye  on  him, 
and  Sylla  had  seen  something  in  ' '  the  youth 
with  the  loose  girdle"  which  struck  him  as  re- 
markable. Closely  connected  though  Caesar 
was  both  with  Cinna  and  Marius,  Sylla  did  not 
wish  to  kill  him  if  he  could  help  it.  There  was 
a  cool  calculation  in  his  cruelties.  .  .  .  Making 
a  favor  perhaps  of  his  clemency,  he  proposed  to 
Caesar  to  break  with  his  liberal  associates,  divorce 
Cinna's  daughter,  and  take  such  a  wife  as  he 
would  himself  provide.  If  Pompey  had  com- 
plied, who  had  made  a  position  of  his  own, 
much  more  might  it  be  expected  that  Caesar 
would  comply.  Yet  Caesar  answered  with  a 
distinct  and  unhesitating  refusal.  The  terrible 
Sylla,  in  the  fulness  of  his  strength,  after  deso- 
lating lialf  the  homes  in  Italy,  after  revolution- 
izing all  Roman  society,  from  the  peasant's  cot- 
tage in  the  Apennines  to  the  senate-house  itself, 
was  defied  by  a  mere  boy  !  Throughout  his  ca- 
reer Caesar  displayed  always  a  singular  indiffer- 
ence to  life.  He  had  no  sentimental  passion 
aboTxt  him,  no  Byronic  mock-heroics.     He  had 


not  much  belief  either  in  God  or  the  gods.  On 
all  such  questions  he  observed  from  first  to  last 
a  profound  silence.  But  one  conviction  he  had. 
He  intended,  if  he  was  to  live  at  all,  to  live  mas- 
ter of  himself  in  matters  which  belonged  to  him- 
self. Sylla  might  kill  him  if  he  so  pleased.  It 
was  better  to  die  than  to  put  away  a  wife  who 
was  the  mother  of  his  child,  and  to  marry  some 
other  woman  at  a  dictator's  bidding.  Life  on 
such  terms  was  not  worth  keeping. — Frgude's 
C^SAR,  ch.  8. 

2789.  INDEPENDENCE  necessary.  Archbish- 
op Anselrn.  The  boldness  of  Anselm's  attitude 
not  only  broke  the  tradition  of  ecclesiastical 
servitude,  but  infused  through  the  nation  at 
large  a  new  spirit  of  independence.  The  real 
character  of  the  strife  appears  in  the  primate's 
answer  when  his  remonstrances  against  the  law- 
less exactions  from  the  church  were  met  by  a 
demand  for  a  present  on  his  own  promotion,  and 
his  first  offer  of  £500  was  contemptuously  re- 
fused. "Treat  me  as  a  free  man,"  Anselm  replied, 
"and  I  devote  myself  and  all  that  I  have  to 
your  service  ;  but  if  you  treat  me  as  a  slave  you 
shall  have  neither  me  nor  mine."  A  burst  of  the 
red  king's  [William]  fury  drove  the  archbishop 
from  court,  and  he  finally  decided  to  quit  the 
country  ;  but  his  example  had  not  been  lost,  and 
the  close  of  William's  reign  found  a  new  spirit  of 
freedom  in  England  with  which  the  greatest  of 
the  conqueror's  sons  was  glad  to  make  terms. — 
Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  116. 

2  790.  INDEPENDENCE  proclaimed.  American. 
On  the  7th  of  June,  1776,  Richard  Henry  Lee,  of 
Virginia,  offered  a  resolution  in  Congress  declar- 
ing that  the  united  colonies  are  and  of  right  ought 
to  be  free  and  independent  States ;  that  they 
are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British 
crown  ;  and  that  all  political  connection  between 
them  and  Great  Britain  is  and  ought  to  be  dis- 
solved. A  long  and  exciting  debate  ensued.  .  .  . 
On  the  1st  of  July  Lee's  resolution  was  taken 
up,  and  at  the  same  time  the  committee's  report 
was  laid  before  Congress.  On  the  next  day  the 
original  resolution  was  adopted.  During  the 
3d  the  formal  declaration  was  debated  with 
great  spirit.  .  .  .  The  discussion  was  resumed  on 
the  4th,  and  at  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of 
that  memorable  day  the  Declaration  of  Amer- 
ican Independence  was  adopted  by  a  unani 
mous  vote. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  39,  p.  309. 

2791.  INDEPENDENCE,  Profitless.  Samuet 
Johnson.  [The  Crown  bestowed  on  him  a  pen- 
sion.] I  talked  of  the  numerous  reflections  which 
had  been  thrown  out  against  him  on  account  of 
his  having  accepted  a  pension  from  his  present 
Majesty.  "  Why,  sir,"  said  he,  with  a  hearty 
laugh,  "it  is  a  mighty  foolish  noise  that  they 
make.  I  have  accepted  of  a  pension  as  a  reward 
which  has  been  thought  due  to  my  literary  mer- 
it ;  and  now  that  I  have  this  pension,  I  am  the 
same  man  in  every  respect  that  I  have  ever 
been ;  I  retain  the  same  principles.  It  is  true 
that  I  cannot  now  curse"  (smiling) ' '  the  House  of 
Hanover  ;  nor  would  it  be  decent  for  me  to 
drink  King  James'  health  in  the  wine  that  King 
George  gives  me  money  to  pay  for.  But,  sir, 
I  think  that  the  pleasure  of  cursing  the  House 
of  Hanover  and  drinking  King  James'  health 
are  amply  overbalanced  by  £300  a  year."— Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  119. 


332 


INDEPENDENCE— INDULGENCE. 


2792.  DTDEPENDENCE.Seligious.  Cromwell's 
Time.  They  held  the  Presbyterians  in  as  great 
abhorrence  as  those  of  the  Church  of  England. 
They  pretended  to  immediate  inspiration  from 
heaven ;  rejected  all  ecclesiastical  establish- 
ments ;  disdained  all  creeds  and  systems  of  be- 
lief ;  and,  despising  every  distinction  of  govern- 
ors and  governed,  held  all  men — king,  nobility, 
and  commons — to  be  upon  a  level  of  equality. 
Of  this  sect  Cromwell  was  one  of  the  chief 
leaders.  He  was  a  person  of  a  rude  and  uncul- 
tivated, but  very  superior  genius — a  man  whose 
peculiar  dexterity  lay  in  discovering  the  charac- 
ters and  taking  advantage  of  the  weaknesses  of 
mankind.  He  was  in  religion  at  once  an  enthu- 
siast and  a  hypocrite  ;  in  political  matters,  both 
a  leveller  and  a  tyrant ;  and  in  common  life, 
cautious,  subtle,  and  circumspect ;  at  the  same 
time  he  was  daring  and  impetuous. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  29,  p.  406. 

2793.  INDIFFEEENCE,  Cruel.  Julms  Ccesar. 
They  were  expected  to  decorate  the  city  with 
new  ornaments  and  to  entertain  the  people  with 
magnificent  spectacles.  If  they  fell  short  of 
public  expectation,  they  need  look  no  further 
for  the  suffrages  of  their  many-headed  master. 
....  Caesar,  either  more  ambitious  or  less  con- 
fident in  his  services,  raised  a  new  and  costly 
row  of  columns  in  front  of  the  Capitol.  He 
built  a  temple  for  the  Dioscuri,  and  he  charmed 
the  populace  with  a  show  of  gladiators  unusu- 
ally extensive.  Personally  he  cared  nothing  for 
these  sanguinary  exhibitions,  and  he  displayed  his 
indifference  ostentatiously  by  reading  or  writing 
while  the  butchery  was  going  forward.  But  he 
required  the  favor  of  the  multitude,  and  then, 
as  always,  took  the  road  which  led  most  directly 
to  his  end. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  11. 

2794.  INDIFFERENCE,  Eeligious.  Charles  II. 
Charles  [II.]  was  a  heartless  voluptuary,  and 
selfish  in  his  craving  for  ease  and  pleasure.  Se- 
cretly a  Papist,  openly  a  scoffer,  Episcopalian, 
Presbyterian,  or  Independent  might  harass  each 
other,  so  that  Charles  was  quiet.  —  Knight's 
Eng.,vo1.  4,  ch.  14,  p.  234. 

2795.  INDIGNATION  expressed.  Patriots  to 
a  Tory.  a.d.  1774.  The  people  of  Plymouth 
were  grieved  that  George  Watson,  their  respect- 
ed townsman,  was  willing  [to  be  a  member  of 
the  Tory  council  appointed  in  Massachusetts  by 
Governor  Gates].  .  .  .  On  the  first  Lord's  day 
after  his  purpose  was  known,  as  soon  as  he  took 
his  seat  in  meeting,  his  neighbors  and  friends 
put  on  their  hats  before  the  congregation  and 
walked  out  of  the  house.  The  extreme  public 
indignity  was  more  than  he  could  bear.  As  they 
passed  his  pew,  he  hid  his  face  by  bending  his 
head  over  his  cane,  and  determined  to  resign. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  8. 

2796.  INDIGNITY  deserved.  Juba.  Before 
he  was  praetor  he  was  engaged  in  defending 
Masintha,  a  young  Numidian  prince,  who  had 
suffered  some  injury  from  Hiempsal,  the  father 
of  Juba.  Juba  himself  came  to  Rome  on  the 
occasion,  bringing  with  him  the  means  of  influ- 
encing the  judges  which  Jugurtha  had  found 
so  effective.  Caesar  in  his  indignation  seized 
Juba  by  the  beard  in  court. — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  28. 

2797.  INDISCRETION,  Destructive.  Passion. 
[The  Emperor  Valentinian  drew  his  sword — the 


first  sword  he  ever  drew — and  plunged  it  in  the 
breast  of  ^tius,  the  general  who  had  saved  his 
empire  but  excited  his  envy.]  The  emperor  was 
confounded  by  the  honest  reply  of  a  Roman, 
whose  approbation  he  had  not  disdained  to 
solicit.  "  I  am  ignorant,  sir,  of  your  motives  or 
provocations  ;  I  only  know  that  you  have  acted 
like  a  man  who  cuts  off  his  right  hand  with  his 
left." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  35,  p.  455. 

279§.  INDISCRETION,  Pre-eminent.  Bishop 
Burnet.  Burnet  was  allowed  by  his  friends  and 
admirers  to  be  the  most  officious  and  indiscreet 
of  mankind  ;  but  the  sagacious  prince  perceived 
that  this  pushing,  talkative  divine,  who  was  al- 
ways blabbing  secrets,  asking  impertinent  ques- 
tions, obtruding  unasked  advice,  was  neverthe- 
less an  upright,  courageous,  and  able  man,  well 
acquainted  with  the  temper  and  the  views  of 
British  sects  and  factions. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  7,  p.  165. 

2799.  INDULGENCE,  Constitutional.  Samuel 
Johnson.  [He  engaged  to  translate  "  A  Voyage 
to  Abyssinia"  from  the  French  into  English. 
He  began,  and  the  printer]  was  set  to  work  with 
what  was  ready,  and  Johnson  engaged  to  sup- 
ply the  press  with  copy  as  it  should  be  wanted  \ 
but  his  constitutional  indolence  soon  prevailed, 
and  the  work  was  at  a  stand.  Mr.  Hector,  who 
knew  that  a  motive  of  humanity  would  be  the 
most  prevailing  argument  with  his  friend,  Avent 
to  Johnson,  and  represented  to  him  that  the 
printer  could  have  no  other  employment  till  this 
undertaking  was  finished,  and  that  the  poor  man 
and  his  family  were  suffering.  Johnson  upon 
this  exerted  the  powers  of  his  mind,  though  his 
body  was  relaxed.  He  lay  in  bed  with  the 
book,  which  was  a  quarto,  before  him,  and  dic- 
tated while  Hector  wrote. — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  17. 

2§00.  INDULGENCE  given  to  Sin.  Penance. 
[During  the  time  of  Charlemagne  the  more  ordi- 
nary offences  of  fornication  and  adultery,  of 
perjury  and  sacrilege,  of  rapine  and  murder, 
were  expiated  by  a  penance,  which,  accordingto 
the  various  circumstances,  was  prolonged  from 
forty  days  to  seven  years.]  A  literal  accomplish- 
ment of  penance  was  indeed  impracticable  :  the 
guilt  of  adultery  was  multiplied  by  daily  repeti- 
tion ;  that  of  homicide  might  involve  the  mas- 
sacre of  a  whole  people  ;  each  act  was  separate- 
ly numbered ;  and  in  those  times  of  anarchy 
and  vice  a  modest  sinner  might  easily  incur  a 
debt  of  three  hundred  years.  His  insolvency  was 
relieved  by  a  commutation,  or  indulgence  ;  a  year 
of  penance  was  appreciated  at  twenty-six  soUdi  of 
silver,  about  £4  sterling,  for  the  rich  ;  at  3  solidi, 
or  9s. ,  for  the  indigent ;  and  these  alms  were 
soon  appropriated  to  the  use  of  the  church, 
which  derived,  from  the  redemption  of  sins,  an 
inexhaustible  source  of  opulence  and  dominion. 
A  debt  of  three  hundred  years,  or  £1200,  was 
enough  to  impoverish  a  plentiful  fortune  ;  the 
scarcity  of  gold  and  silver  was  supplied  by  the 
alienation  of  land  ;  and  the  princely  donations 
of  Pepin  and  Charlemagne  are  expressly  given 
for  the  remedy  of  their  soul.  It  is  a  maxim  of 
the  civil  law  that  whosoever  cannot  pay  with 
his  purse  must  pay  with  his  body ;  and  the 
practice  of  flagellation  was  adopted  by  the 
monks,  a  cheap  though  painful  equivalent.  By 
a  fantastic  arithmetic,  a  year  of  penance  was 


INDULGENCES— INDUSTRY, 


333 


taxed  at  three  thousand  lashes ;  and  such  was 
the  skill  and  patience  of  a  famous  hermit,  St. 
Dominic  of  the  Iron  Cuirass,  that  in  six  days  he 
could  discharge  an  entire  century  by  a  whip- 
ping of  three  hundred  thousand  stripes.  His 
example  was  followed  by  many  penitents  of 
both  sexes  ;  and,  as  a  vicarious  sacrifice  was  ac- 
cepted, a  sturdy  disciplinarian  might  expiate  on 
his  own  back  the  sins  of  his  benefactors.  These 
compensations  of  the  purse  and  the  person  in- 
troduced, in  the  eleventh  century,  a  more  honora- 
ble mode  of  satisfaction. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
58,  p.  54. 

2§01.  INDULGENCES,  Cargo  of.  Papal.  [In 
1593  Thomas  White,  of  London,  captured  in  a 
Spanish  vessel  two  millions  of  papal  bulls  for 
indulgences.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  17, 
p.  267. 

2§02.  INDULGENCES,  Papal.  Tetzel.  The  form 
of  the  absolution  issued  by  Tetzel  was  as  fol- 
lows:  "I  absolve  thee  from  all  ecclesiastical 
censures,  and  from  all  thy  sins,  how  enormous 
soever  ;  and  by  this  plenary  indulgence  I  remit 
thee  all  manner  of  punishment  which  thou  ought- 
est  to  suffer  in  purgatory.  And  I  restore  thee  to 
the  sacraments  of  the  church,  and  to  that  inno- 
cence and  purity  which  thou  hadst  at  thy  bap- 
tism ;  so  as,  at  death,  the  gates  of  hell  shall  be 
shut  against  thee,  and  the  gates  of  paradise  shall 
be  laid  open  to  receive  thee.  In  the  name  of  the 
Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 
Amen."  —  Keith's  Hist,  of  Scotland,  Introd.,  p.  4. 
— Note  in  Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  20, 
p.  291. 

2§0:j.  INDULGENCES,  Sale  of.  Church-build^ 
in[j.  A  project  had  likewise  been  set  on  foot  by 
his  predecessor,  Julius  II.,  which  Leo  keenly 
adopted,  and  which  required  a  prodigious  sum 
of  money  to  carry  it  into  execution.  This  was 
the  building  of  St.  Peter's  Church  at  Rome,  a 
fabric  which  it  was  intended  should  surpass  all 
the  magnificent  structures  that  had  ever  been 
reared  by  the  art  of  man.  For  the  construction 
of  this  noble  edifice,  and  to  supply  the  luxuries 
of  his  court,  Leo  X.  had  recourse  (to  use  an  ex- 
pression of  Voltaire)  to  one  of  the  keys  of  St. 
Peter,  to  open  the  coffers  of  Christians.  Under 
the  pretence  of  a  crusade  against  the  Turks,  he 
instituted  through  all  Christendom  a  sale  of  in- 
dulgences, or  releases  from  the  pains  of  purga- 
tory, which  a  pious  man  might  purchase  for  a 
small  sum  of  money  either  for  himself  or  for  his 
friends.  Public  offices  were  appointed  for  the 
sale  of  them  in  every  town,  and  they  were  farmed 
or  leased  out  to  the  keepers  of  taverns  and  bag- 
nios. Their  efficacy  was  proclaimed  by  all  the 
preachers,  who  maintained  that  the  most  atro- 
cious offences  against  religion  might  be  expiated 
and  forgiven  by  the  purchase  of  a  remission.  A 
Dominican  friar  of  the  name  of  Tetzel,  a  princi- 
pal agent  in  this  extraordinary  and  most  abomi- 
nable merchandise,  was  wont  to  repeat  in  his 
public  orations  this  blasphemous  assertion, 
"That  he  himself  had  saved  more  souls  from 
hell  by  these  indulgences  than  St.  Peter  had 
converted  to  Christianity  by  his  preaching." — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  20,  p.  291. 

2§04.  INDUSTRY,  Education  in.  Samuel  John- 
son. At  the  inn  where  we  dined  the  gentlewom- 
an said  that  she  had  done  her  best  to  educate 
her  children  ;   and,  particularly,  that  she  had 


never  suffered  them  to  be  a  moment  idle.  John- 
son :  "I  wish,  madam,  you  would  educate  me 
too,  for  I  have  been  an  idle  fellow  all  my  life." 
"  I  am  sure,  sir,"  said  she,  "you  have  not  been 
idle."  Johnson  :  "  Nay,  madam,  it  is  very  true  ; 
and  that  gentleman  there"  (pointing  to  me)  ' '  has 
been  idle.  He  was  idle  at  Edinburgh.  His  fa- 
ther sent  him  to  Glasgow,  where  he  continued  to 
be  idle.  He  then  came  to  London,  where  he  lias 
been  very  idle  ;  and  now  he  is  going  to  Utrecht, 
where  he  will  be  as  idle  as  ever."  I  asked  him 
privately  how  he  could  expose  me  so. — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  129. 

2§05.  INDUSTRY,  Exposition  of.  Timour. 
[About  A.D.  1400  Timour  gathered  at  his  capi- 
tal all  the  officers  and  chief  men  for  a  national 
council.  When  assembled]  there  was  an  exhibi- 
tion of  all  the  industry,  of  all  the  arts,  and  all 
the  trades  of  the  world,  as  far  as  subject  to  the 
laws  of  the  Khan.  The  most  expert  artisans 
displayed  there  the  master-works  of  their  profes- 
sions ;  in  their  shops  they  erected  trophies,  arch- 
es of  flowers  to  represent  the  victories,  wherein 
they  showed  superior  skill  in  the  refinements  of 
their  various  trades.  The  jewellers  exhibited 
necklaces  of  pearls  and  precious  stones,  princi- 
pally mbies,  grenadines,  and  sapphires,  with  an 
infinity  of  pieces  of  rock  crystal,  of  coral  and  of 
agate.  A  vast  amphitheatre  was  erected  for  the 
ladies,  in  front  of  which  played  the  musicians, 
with  all  the  species  of  amusements.  There  was 
also  an  amphitheatre  assigned  to  all  the  trades, 
and  containing  thus  a  hundred  compartments. — 
Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  365. 

2S06.  INDUSTRY,  Happiness  by.  English. 
[Early  in  the  eighteenth  century]  the  greater 
number  of  fashionable  women  "spent  their  hours 
in  an  indolent  state  of  body  and  mind,  with- 
out either  recreations  or  reflections."  Stimu- 
lants, if  we  may  believe  the  censor,  were  some- 
times resorted  to  :  "  Palestris,  in  her  drawing- 
room,  is  supported  by  spirits,  to  keep  off  the  re- 
turn of  spleen  and  melancholy,  before  she  can 
get  over  half  the  day,  for  want  of  something  to 
do  ;  while  the  wench  in  the  kitchen  sings  and 
scours  from  morning  to  night."  —  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  27,  p.  418. 

2807.  INDUSTRY  misapplied.  Jamestoim  Col- 
orm.  The  kind  of  industry  which  Smith  had 
encouraged  in  the  colony  was  now  laughed  at. 
As  soon  as  the  weather  would  permit  .  .  .  [the 
colonists]  began  to  stroll  about  the  country  dig- 
ging for  gold.  In  a  bank  of  sand  ,  .  .  some 
glittering  particles  were  found,  and  the  whole 
settlement  was  in  a  blaze  of  excitement.  Martin 
[a  member  of  council]  ...  in  imagination  saw 
himself  loaded  with  wealth  and  honored  with 
a  peerage.  [Another  member]  .  .  .  having  fill- 
ed up  one  of  his  ships  with  the  supposed  gold- 
dust,  then  sailed  up  the  James  River  to  find  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Fourteen  weeks  of  the  precious 
springtime,  that  ought  to  have  been  given  to 
ploughing  and  planting,  were  consumed  in  this 
stupid  nonsense.  Even  the  Indians  ridiculed 
the  madness  of  the  men  who  for  imaginary  grains 
of  gold  were  wasting  their  chances  for  a  crop  of 
corn. — Ridpath's  U.  S.  ,  ch.  9,  p.  102. 

280§.  INDUSTRY,  Proof  of.  Calloused  Hands. 
[The  persecutors  of  the  Christians  during  the 
reign  of  Trajan  found]  the  grandsons  of  St.  Jude 
the  apostle,  who  himself  was  the  brother  of  Jesus 


334 


INDUSTRY—INFANTS. 


Christ.  Their  natural  pretensions  to  the  throne 
of  David  might  perhaps  attract  the  respect  of  the 
people,  and  excite  the  jealousy  of  the  govern- 
or. ..  .  When  they  were  examined  concerning 
their  fortune  and  occupation,  they  showed  their 
hands,  hardened  with  daily  labor,  and  declared 
that  they  derived  their  whole  subsistence  from  the 
cultivation  of  a  farm  near  the  village  of  Cocaba, 
of  the  extent  of  about  twenty-four  English  acres, 
and  of  the  value  of  9000  drachms,  or  £300 
sterling.  The  grandsons  of  St.  Jude  were  dis- 
missed with  compassion  and  contempt. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  16,  p.  24. 

2809.  INDUSTRY,  Eeport  of.  Egyptians. 
[The  law]  of  Amasis  ordained  every  individual 
to  appear  annually  before  a  particular  magistrate 
and  give  an  account  of  his  profession  and  the 
manner  in  which  he  acquired  his  subsistence. 
A  capital  punishment,  it  is  said,  was  decreed 
against  the  person  who  could  not  show  that  he 
procured  it  by  honest  means.  We  shall  observe 
a  similar  treatment  of  the  Athenian  republic. 
— Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4,  p.  38. 

2S10.  INDUSTRY  sacrificed  to  Pride.  Charles 
I.  [During  the  reign  of  Charles  I.]  all  shops  in 
Cheapside  and  Lombard  Street,  except  those  of 
the  goldsmiths,  were  commanded  to  be  shut  up, 
that  the  great  avenue  to  the  cathedral  might  not 
exhibit  any  trace  of  vulgar  industries,  and  that 
when  foreigners  went  to  see  the  Lord  Mayor's 
procession,  they  might  not  be  offended  by  butch- 
ers' stalls  and  "fripperies."  —  Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  26,  p.  425. 

2§  1 1 .  INDUSTRY,  Standard  of.  Leathern 
Apr'on.  [While  Timour,  the  conquering  Tartar,] 
was  wintering  at  the  foot  of  the  Caucasus  and 
inviting  whole  populations  to  his  gigantic  hunt- 
ing parties,  those  images  of  the  pleasures  of 
Tartary,  Ispahan,  occupied  by  the  rear  guard  of 
his  army,  arose  at  the  drum  sound  of  a  patriotic 
blacksmith,  who  hoisted  as  a  standard  his  leath- 
ern apron.  At  his  voice  the  Persians  massacred 
3000  Tartars,  and  delivered  the  city  from  their 
oppressors. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  311. 

2§12.  INDUSTRY,  Virtue  by.  Corrective.  It 
was  reported  by  Hannibal  that,  in  order  to  pre- 
serve his  troops  from  the  dangerous  temptations 
of  idleness,  he  had  obliged  them  to  form  large 
plantations  of  olive  trees  along  the  coast  *of 
Africa.  From  a  similar  principle,  Probus  exer- 
cised his  legions  in  covering  with  rich  vineyards 
the  hills  of  Gaul  and  Pannonia,  and  two  consider- 
able spots  are  described,  which  were  entirely 
dug  and  planted  by  military  labor.  .  .  .  One  of 
these  ...  by  converting  into  tillage  a  large  and 
unhealthy  tract  of  marshy  ground ....  An  army 
thus  employed  constituted  perhaps  the  most  use- 
ful as  well  as  the  bravest  portion  of  Roman 
subjects. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12,  p.  385. 

2§1 3.  INEXPERIENCE,  Mistakes  from.     Be- 

treat.  [At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  the 
Parliament's  troops  were  defeated  in  a  skirmish 
at  Worcester.  A  witness  says:]  "  The  lieuten- 
ant commanded  us  to  wheel  about ;  but  our 
gentlemen,  not  yet  well  understanding  the  dif- 
ference between  wheeling  about  and  shifting  for 
themselves,  their  backs  being  toward  the  enemy 
whom  they  now  thought  to  be  close  in  the  rear, 
retired  to  the  army  in  a  very  dishonorable  man- 
ner."— Knight's"  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  1,  p.  3. 


2814.  INEXPERIENCE,    Presumption      of. 

Youth,  ^milius  having  joined  Nasica,  marched 
in  good  order  against  the  Macedonians.  But 
when  he  saw  the  disposition  and  number  of 
their  forces  he  was  astonished,  and  stood  still  to 
consider  what  was  proper  to  be  done.  Hereupon 
the  young  officers,  eager  for  the  engagement,  and 
particularly  Nasica,  flushed  with  his  success  at 
Mount  Olympus,  pressed  up  to  him,  and  begged 
of  him  to  lead  them  forward  without  delay. 
Emilias  only  smiled  and  said,  "  My  friend,  if  I 
was  of  your  age  I  should  certainly  do  so  ;  but 
the  many  victories  I  have  gained  have  made  me 
observe  the  errors  of  the  vanquished,  and  forbid 
me  to  give  battle  immediately  after  a  march  to 
an  army  well  drawn  up,  and  every  way  pre- 
pared."— Plutarch's  ^milius. 

2815.  INEXPERIENCE    removed.     By  Loss. 
"  Were  you  ever  in  a  battle  ?"  asked  the  Prince 
of  Conde  of  the  young  Duke  of  Gloucester,  son 
of  Charles  I.,  who  had  joined  him  as  a  volunteerj 
[to  engage  in  the  battle  of  "  the  Downs,"  before 
Dunkirk].     The  prince  answered  in  the  nega 
five.     "  Well,"  returned  Conde,  inltated  by  the 
incapacity  and  obstinacy  of  the  Spaniards,  "  ii 
the  course  of  half  an  hour  you  will  see  us  los 
one."    His  words  were  fully  verified  ;  the  Spanj 
ish  army  was  totally  overthrown,  and  dispersed 
in  all  directions. — Students'  France,  ch.  20,| 
§10. 

2816.  INFAMY  posthumous.  Roman  Empero 
Commodus.  [After  his  assassination  the]  mem| 
ory  of  Commodus  was  branded  with  eternal  inl 
famy.  The  names  of  tyrant,  of  gladiator,  ol 
public  enemy,  resounded  in  every  corner  of  the 
house.  They  decreed  in  tumultuous  votes  tha| 
his  honors  should  be  reversed,  his  titles  erasec 
from  the  public  monuments,  his  statues  thro\ 
down,  his  body  dragged  with  a  hook  into  i\vi 
stripping-room  of  the  gladiators,  to  satiate  the 
public  fury  ;  and  they  expressed  some  indigna 
tion  against  those  officious  servants  who  had  all 
ready  presumed  to  screen  his  remains  from  the 
justice  of  the  Senate. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  ij 
p.  118. 

2817.  INFAMY,  Stain  of.     Frenchtmm,  Lnd^ 
ana.     The   Americans  were  suddenly  assaileO 
by  .  .  .  1005  British  and  Indians  under  com| 
mand  of  General  Proctor.    A  severe  battle  wa 
fought.   .   .  .  General  Winchester  having  beel 
taken  by  the  enemy,  advised  his  forces  to  ca 
pitulate  under  a  pledge  of  protection  given  bj 
Proctor  and  his  subordinates.  As  soon  as  the  sur^l 
render  was  made  the  British  general  went  off  at  i 
rapid  rate  to  return  to  Maiden.     The  America 
wounded  were  left  to  the  mercy  of  the  savages^ 
who  at  once  began  their  work  with  tomahawl 
and  scalping-knife  and  torch.     The  two  house 
into  which  most  of  the  wounded  had  been  crowdij 
ed  were  fired,  while  the  painted  barbarians  stood 
around  them  and  hurled  back  into  the  flame 
whoever  attempted  to  escape.     The  rest  of  the 
prisoners  were  dragged  away,  through  untolc 
sufferings,  to  Detroit.  .  .  .  This  shameful  cam-l 
paign  has  fixed  on  the  name  of  Proctor  the  in| 
delible  stain  of  infamy. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  chf 
50,  p.  400. 

2818.  INFANTS  in  Heaven.  Swedenborg.  Ai 
soon  as  infants  are  raised  from  the  dead,  which* 
takes  place  immediately  after  decease,  they  are 
carried  up  into  heaven,  and  delivered  to  the  care 


INFATUATION— INFIDELITY. 


335 


of  angels  of  the  female  sex,  who  in  the  life  of 
the  body  loved  infants  tenderly,  and  at  the 
same  time  loved  God.  By  these  good  angels 
they  are  educated  and  brought  up  until  they  at- 
tain a  suitable  age,  vrhen  they  are  transferred  to 
other  teachers.  They  grow  up  and  become 
young  men  and  women  ;  are  instructed  in  wis- 
dom and  trained  in  the  duties  of  the  heavenly 
life  ;  and  when  their  character  is  fully  devel- 
oped they  become  settled  in  some  society,  either 
of  the  cdestial  or  spiritual  kingdom,  in  agree- 
ment with  their  inherited  genius  or  disposition. 
— White's  Swedenborg,  ch.  13,  p.  115. 


2§I9.    INFATUATION,    Destructive.      Nero. 

Nero  became  deeply  enamored  of  Poppaea  Sa- 
bina,  the  wife  of  his  friend  Otho,  and  one  of  the 
most  cruel  and  cold-blooded  intriguers  amid  the 
abandoned  society  of  Roman  matrons.     Nero 
was  deeply  smitten  with  her  infantile  features, 
the  soft  complexion,  which  was  preserved  by 
daily  bathing  in  warm  asses'  milk,  her  assumed 
modesty,  her  genial  conversation  and  sprightly 
wit.     He   was  especially  enchanted  with  her 
soft,  abundant  hair,  the  envy  of  Roman  beauties, 
for  which  he  invented  the  fantastic,  and  to  Ro- 
man writers  the  supremely  ludicrous,    epithet 
of  "amber  tresses,"      From  the  day  that  he 
first  saw  Poppaga  a  headlong  deterioration  is 
traceable  in  his  character.     She  established  a 
complete  influence  over  him,  and  drove  him  by 
her  taunts  and  allurements  to  that  crime  which, 
even  among  his  many  enormities,  is  the  most 
damning  blot  upon  his  character — the  murder 
of  his  mother.       She  lived  in  daily  dread  of 
assassination.     Her  watchfulness  evaded  all  at- 
tempts at  poisoning,  and  she  was  partly  protect- 
ed against  them  by  the  current  fiction  that  she 
had  fortified  herself  by  the  use  of  antidotes. 
Plots  to  murder  her  by  the  apparently  accident- 
al fall  of  the  fretted  roof  in  one  of  the  chambers 
of  her   villa  were  frustrated  by  the  warning 
which  she  received  from  her  spies.      At   last 
Anicetus,  a  freedman,  admiral  of   the  fleet  at 
Misenum,  promised  Nero  to  secure  her  end  in  an 
unsuspicious  manner  by  means  of  a  ship  which 
should  suddenly  fall  to  pieces  in  mid-sea.     Nero 
invited  her  to  a  banquet  at  Baiae,  which  was  to 
be  the  sign  of  their  public  reconciliation.     De- 
clining, however,  to  sail  in  the  pinnace  which 
had  been  surreptitiously  fitted  up  for  her  use, 
she  was  carried  to  her  son's  villa  in  her  own  lit- 
ter.    [The  weighted  canopy  was  made  to  fall, 
but  she  escaped]  .  .  .  bolts  were  withdrawn,  and 
the  ship  fell  to  pieces,  but  she  swam  ashore, 
and  was  soon  afterward  assassinated. — Farkak's 
Early  Days,  p.  25. 

2§20.  INFATUATION  of  Pride.  James  II. 
James  was  bent  on  ruining  himself,  and  every 
attempt  to  stop  him  only  made  him  rush  more 
eagerly  to  his  doom.  When  his  throne  was 
secure,  when  his  people  were  submissive,  when 
the  most  obsequious  of  Parliaments  was  eager 
to  anticipate  all  his  reasonable  wishes,  when 
foreign  kingdoms  and  commonwealths  paid 
emulous  court  to  him,  when  it  depended  only 
on  himself  whether  he  would  be  the  arbiter  of 
Christendom,  he  had  stooped  to  be  the  slave  and 
the  hireling  of  France.  And  now  when,  by  a 
series  of  crimes  and  follies,  he  had  succeeded  in 
alienating   his  neighbors,  his  subjects,  his  sol- 


self  no  refuge  but  the  protection  of  France,  he 
was  taken  with  a  fit  of  pride,  and  determined 
to  assert  his  independence.  That  help  which, 
when  he  did  not  want  it,  he  had  accepted  with 
ignominious  tears,  he  now,  when  it  was  indis- 
pensable to  him,  threw  contemptuously  away. 
Having  been  abject  when  he  might,  with  pro- 
priety, have  been  punctilious  in  maintaining  his 
dignity,  he  became  ungratefully  haughty  at  a 
moment  when  haughtiness  must  bring  on  him  at 
once  derision  and  ruin.  He  resented  the  friendly 
intervention  which  might  have  saved  him.  Was 
ever  king  so  used  ?  Was  he  a  child,  or  an  idiot, 
that  others  must  think  for  him  ? — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  416. 

2§21.  INFECTION  feared.  Pest-field.  On  the 
east  was  a  field  not  to  be  passed  without  a  shud- 
der by  any  Londoner  of  that  age.  There,  as  in 
a  place  far  from  the  haunts  of  men,  had  been 
dug,  twenty  years  before,  when  the  great  plague 
was  raging,  a  pit  into  which  the  dead-carts  had 
nightly  shot  corpses  by  scores.  It  was  popularly 
believed  that  the  earth  was  deeply  tainted  with 
infection,  and  could  not  be  disturbed  without 
imminent  risk  to  human  life.  No  foundations 
were  laid  there  till  two  generations  had  passed 
without  any  return  of  the  pestilence,  and  till  the 
ghastly  spot  had  long  been  surrounded  with 
buildings. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  333. 

2§22.  INFERENCE,  Mistakes  of.  Alexander. 
One  fact  recorded  by  Strabo  affords  a  very  strik- 
ing proof  of  the  great  ignorance  of  the  ancients 
with  respect  to  the  situation  even  of  those  king- 
doms with  which  they  had  intercourse.  When 
Alexander  the  Great  marched  along  the  banks 
of  the  Hydaspes  and  Acesina,  two  rivers  which 
fall  into  the  Indus,  he  observed  that  there  were 
many  crocodiles  in  those  rivers,  and  that  the 
country  produced  beans  of  the  same  species 
with  those  which  were  common  in  Egypt.  From 
these  circumstances  he  concluded  that  he  had 
discovered  the  source  of  the  Nile,  and  prepared 
a  fleet  to  sail  down  the  Hydaspes  into  Egypt. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  17,  p.  256. 

2§23.  INFIDELITY,  Dishonest.  SamuelJohn- 
son.  I  told  him  that  a  foreign  friend  of  his, 
whom  I  had  met  with  abroad,  was  so  wretchedly 
perverted  to  infidelity  that  he  treated  the  hopes 
of  immortality  with  brutal  levity,  and  said,  "As 
man  dies  like  a  dog,  let  him  live  like  a  dog." 
Johnson:  " If  'h.e,  dies  like  a  dog,  let  him  lie 
like  a  dog."  I  added  that  this  man  said  to  me, 
"  I  hate  mankind,  for  I  think  myself  one  of  the 
best  of  them,  and  I  know  how  bad  I  am."  John- 
son :  ' '  Sir,  he  must  be  very  singular  in  his 
opinion  if  he  thinks  himself  one  of  the  best  of 
men,  for  none  of  his  friends  think  him  so." 
He  said,  "  No  honest  man  could  be  a  Deist,  for 
no  man  could  be  so  after  a  fair  examination  of 
the  proofs  of  Christianity."  I  named  Hume. 
Johnson  :  ' '  No,  sir  ;  Hume  owned  to  a  clergy- 
man in  the  bishopric  of  Durham  that  he  had 
never  read  the  New  Testament  with  attention." 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  141. 

2§24.  INFIDELITY,  Escape  from.  Benjamin 
Franklin.  The  son  of  a  rigid  Calvinist,  the 
grandson  of  a  tolerant  Quaker,  .  .  .  sceptical 
of  tradition  as  the  basis  of  faith,  he  respected 
reason  rather  than  authority,  and  after  a  mo- 
mentary lapse  into  fatalism,  escaping  from  the 


diers,  his  sailors,  his  children,  and  had  left  him-  I  mazes  of  fixed  decrees  and  free  will,  he  gained 


336 


INFIDELITY— INFIDELS. 


with  increasing  years  an  increasing  trust  in  the 
overruling  providence  of  God.  Adhering  to 
none  "of  all  the  religions"  in  the  colonies,  he 
yet  devoutly,  though  without  form,  adhered 
to  religion. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23. 

2825.  INFIDELITY,  Leader  in.  Voltaire.  In 
an  age  of  scepticism  he  was  the  prince  of  scof- 
fers ;  when  philosophy  hovered  round  saloons, 
he  excelled  in  reflecting  the  brilliantly  licentious 
mind  of  the  intelligent  aristocracy.  His  great 
works  were  written  in  retirement,  but  he  was 
himself  the  spoiled  child  of  society.  He  sunned 
himself  in  its  light,  and  dazzled  it  by  concentrat- 
ing its  rays.  He  was  its  idol,  and  courted  its 
idolatry.  .  .  .  The  complacent  courtier  of  sov- 
ereigns and  ministers,  he  could  even  stand  and 
wait  for  smiles  at  the  toilet  of  the  French  king's 
mistress,  or  prostrate  himself  in  flattery  before 
the  Semiramis  of  the  north  ;  willing  to  shut  his 
eyes  on  the  sorrows  of  the  masses,  if  the  great 
would  but  favor  men  of  letters.  .  .  .  He  praised 
George  I.  of  England  as  a  sage  and  a  hero,  who 
ruled  the  world  by  his  virtues ;  .  .  .  when  the 
French  king  took  a  prostitute  for  a  mistress,  .  .  . 
extolled  the  monarch's  mistress  as  an  adorable 
Egeria. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  2. 

2§26.  INFIDELITY,  Metaphysical.  Unnat- 
ural. Atheism  is  a  folly  of  the  metaphysi- 
cian, not  the  folly  of  human  nature.  Of  sav- 
age life,  Roger  Williams  declared  that  he  had 
never  found  one  native  American  who  denied 
the  existence  of  God ;  in  civilized  life,  when  it 
was  said  of  the  court  of  Frederick  that  the  place 
of  king's  atheist  was  vacant,  the  gibe  was  felt  as 
the  most  biting  sarcasm.  Infidelity  gains  the 
victory  when  she  wrestles  with  hypocrisy  or 
with  superstition,  but  never  when  its  antagonist 
is  reason. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

2§2r.  INFIDELITY,  Peril  of.  Sa?)iuel  John- 
son. Hume  and  other  sceptical  innovators  are 
vain  men,  and  will  gratify  themselves  at  any 
expense.  Truth  will  not  afford  sufficient  food 
to  their  vanity,  so  they  have  betaken  themselves 
to  error.  Truth,  sir,  is  a  cow  which  will  yield 
such  people  no  more  milk,  and  so  they  are  gone 
to  milk  the  bull.  If  I  could  have  allowed  my- 
self to  gratify  my  vanity  at  the  expense  of  truth, 
what  fame  might  I  have  acquired  !  Everything 
which  Hume  has  advanced  against  Christianity 
had  passed  through  my  mind  long  before  he 
wrote.  Always  remember  this,  that  after  a  sys- 
tem is  well  settled  upon  positive  evidence,  a  few 
partial  objections  ought  not  to  shake  it.  The 
human  mind  is  so  limited  that  it  cannot  take 
in  all  the  parts  of  a  subject,  so  that  there  may 
be  objections  raised  against  anything.  There 
are  objections  against  a  plenum,  and  objections 
against  a  tacuum  ;  yet  one  of  them  must  cer- 
tainly be  true. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  123. 

282§.  INFIDELITY,  Secret  of.  Samuel  John- 
son. [To  General  Paoli.]  The  general  asked 
him  what  he  thought  of  the  spirit  of  infidelity 
which  was  so  prevalent.  Johnson  :  "  Sir,  this 
gloom  of  infidelity,  I  hope,  is  only  a  transient 
cloud  passing  through  the  hemisphere,  which 
will  soon  be  dissipated,  and  the  sun  break  forth 
with  his  usual. splendor."  "  You  think,  then," 
said  the  general,  "  that  they  will  change  their 
principles  like  their  clothes."  Johnson:  "Why, 
sir,  if  they  bestow  no  more  thought  on  princi- 
ples than  on  dress,  it  must  be  so."    The  general 


said  that  a  great  part  of  the  fashionable  in- 
fidelity was  owing  to  a  desire  of  showing  cour- 
age. Men  who  have  no  opportunities  of  show- 
ing it  as  to  things  in  this  life,  take  death  and 
futurity  as  objects  on  which  to  display  it. 
Johnson  :  "  That  is  mighty  foolish  affectation. 
Fear  is  one  of  the  passions  of  human  nature,  of 
which  it  is  impossible  to  divest  it.  You  remem- 
ber that  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  when  he  read 
upon  the  tombstone  of  a  Spanish  nobleman, 
'  Here  lies  one  who  never  knew  fear''  wittily 
said,  '  Then  he  never  snuffed  a  candle  with  his 
fingers.'" — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  163. 

2§29.  INFIDELITY  and  the  State.  Ruinous 
in  Finance.  Thus  scepticism  proceeded  uncon- 
sciously in  the  work  of  destruction,  invalidating 
the  past,  yet  unable  to  construct  the  future, 
for  good  government  is  not  the  creation  of  scep- 
ticism. Her  garments  are  red  with  blood,  and 
ruins  are  her  delight ;  her  despair  may  stim- 
ulate to  voluptuousness  and  revenge  ;  she  never 
kindled  with  the  disinterested  love  of  man. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  2. 

2830.  INFIDELITY,  Weakness  of.  Napoleon  I. 
A  whole  generation  had  grown  up  in  Francei 
without  any  knowledge  of  Christianity.     Cor-' 
ruption  was  universal.     A  new  sect  sprang  up,  ^ 
Theophilanthropists,  who  gleaned  as  the  basis  of ' 
their  system  some  of  the  moral  precepts  of  thej 
gospel,  divested  of  the  sublime  sanctions  of  Chris 
tianit3^    [Napoleon  said  of  them  :]  .  ,  .  "Thej 
can  accomplish  nothing  ;  .  .  .  they  are  mere  acW 
ors.  .  .  .  The  gospel  alone  has  exhibited  a  com- 
plete assemblage  of  the  principles  of  morality' 
divested  of  all  absurdity.   ...    Do  you  wish  to| 
see  that  which  is  really  sublime  ?   Repeat  the 
Lord's  Prayer.     Such  enthusiasts  are  only  to  ' 
encountered  by  the  weapons  of  ridicule." — Ai 
bott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  9. 

2831.  INFIDELS,  Treatment  of .  Samtiel  John-i 
son.     Dr.  Adams  had  distinguished  himself  bj 
an  able  answer  to  David  Hume's  "Essay  or 
Miracles."  He  told  me  he  had  once  dined  in  com-^ 
pany  with  Hume  in  London  ;  that  Hume  shool 
hands  with  him,  and  said,  "You  have  treated 
me  much  better  than  I  deserve  ;"  and  that  thej 
exchanged  visits.    I  took  the  liberty  to  object  to 
treating  an  infidel  writer  with  smooth  civility.] 
Where  there  is  a  controversy  concerning  a  pas 
sage  in  a  classic  author,  or  concerning  a  questioi 
in  antiquities,  or  any  other  subject  in  which  hu-j 
man  happiness  is  not  deeply  interested,  a  mar 
may  treat  his  antagonist  with  politeness  and  eyei 
respect ;  but  where  the  controversy  is  concerning 
the  truth  of  religion,  it  is  of  such  vast  importancfl 
to  him  who  maintains  it  to  obtain  the  victory,] 
that  the  person  of  an  opponent  ought  not  to 
spared.     If  a  man  firmly  believes  that  religioal 
is  an  invaluable  treasure,  he  will  consider  a  wri-| 
ter  who  endeavors  to  deprive  mankind  of  it  as  s 
robber  ;  he  will  look  upon  him  as  odious,  thougl 
the  infidel  might  think  himself  in  the  right. 
An  abandoned  profligate  may  think  that  it  is  no^ 
wrong  to  debauch  my  wife  ;  but  shall  I,  there 
fore,  not  detest  him  ?  and  if  I  catch  him  in  makj 
ing  an  attempt,  shall  I  treat  him  with  politeness 
No,  I  will  kick  him  down-stairs,  or  run  hin 
through  the  body — that  is,  if  I  really  love  m) 
wife,  or  have  a  true  rational  notion  of  honor.l 
An  infidel,  then,  shall  not  be  treated  handsome| 
ly  by  a  Christian  merely  because  he  endeavors 


INFLUENCE. 


337 


to  rob  with  ingenuity. — Boswell's  Johnson, 

p.  277. 

2§32.  INFLUENCE, Personal.  Magnetism. 
[Charles  Edward,  grandson  of  James  II. ,  entered 
Scotland  to  claim  its  crown  as  his  legitimate  in- 
heritance. He  sent  a  young  Highlander  to  rally 
all  the  clans.  Cameron  of  Lochiel  was  doubtful. 
He  was  told:]  "If  this  prince  once  sets  his 
eyes  upon  you  he  will  make  you  do  whatever 
he  pleases."  The  result  verified  the  remark. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  8,  p.  123. 

283ct. .    Napoleon  1.    Incredible  as 

it  may  appear.  Napoleon,  while  thus  dethroning 
I  hem  [the  sons  of  Charles  IV. ,  King  of  Spain, 
and  compelling  them  to  accept  a  residence  in  ex- 
ile and  income  from  himself],  gained  such  an  as- 
cendency over  their  minds,  that  they  became  his 
warm  admirers  and  friends.  They  exulted  in  his 
successive  victories,  and  celebrated  them  with 
illuminations  and  bonfires.  Nothing  in  Napo- 
leon's whole  career  more  strikingly  than  this 
exhibits  his  extraordinary  powers. — Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  1. 

2834. .    Napoleon's  Aides.    Murat 

was  to  Napoleon  a  body  of  ten  thousand  horse- 
men, ever  ready  for  a  resistless  charge  ;  Lannes 
was  a  phalanx  of  infantry , bristling  with  bayonets 
which  neither  artillery  nor  cavalry  could  bat- 
ter down  ;  Augereau  was  an  ai'med  column,  in- 
\  incible,  black,  dense,  massy,  impetuous,  resist- 
less, moving  with  gigantic  tread  wherever  the 
finger  of  the  conqueror  pointed.  These  were  but 
the  members  of  Napoleon's  body — the  limbs  obe- 
dient to  the  mighty  soul  that  swayed  them. — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  14. 

2§35. .     William  Pitt.    A  private 

man  in  England,  in  middle  life,  with  no  fortune, 
with  no  party,  witli  no  strong  family  connections, 
having  few  votes  under  his  sway  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  and  perhaps  not  one  in  the  House 
of  Lords  —  a  feeble  valetudinarian,  shunning 
pleasure  and  society,  haughty  and  retired,  and 
half  his  time  disabled  by  the  agonies  of  heredi- 
tary gout,  was  now  the  hope  of  the  English 
world  [when  the  Whig  aristocracy  had  failed  to 
conquer  Canada]. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  11. 

2§36.   .    George    Washington.     So 

powerful  were  the  President's  views  in  deter- 
mining the  actions  of  the  people,  that  Jefferson, 
Writing  to  Monroe  at  Paris,  said :  "  Congress 
has  adjourned.  You  will  see  by  their  proceed- 
ings the  truth  of  what  I  always  told  you — 
namely,  that  one  man  outweighs  them  all  in 
influence  over  the  people,  who  support  his 
judgment  against  their  own  and  that  of  their 
representatives.  Republicanism  resigns  the 
vessel  to  its  pilot." — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  46, 
p.  371. 

2837. .  Julius  CoRsar.  [His  sol- 
diers had  been  styled  "brothers  in  arms."  In 
consequence  of  mutinous  conduct  he  called 
them  "  quirites  " — plain  citizens.]  The  familiar 
word  was  now  no  longer  heard  from  him.  ' '  You 
Bay  well,  quirites,"  he  answered;  "you  have 
labored  hard,  and  you  have  suffered  much ; 
you  desire  your  discharge — you  have  it.  I  dis- 
"Jharge  you  who  are  present.  I  discharge  all 
Who  have  served  their  time.  You  shall  have 
your  recompense.     It  shall  never  be  said  of  me 


that  I  made  use  of  you  when  I  was  in  danger,  and 
was  ungrateful  to  you  when  the  peril  was  past." 
"  Quirites"  he  had  called  them  ;  no  longer  Ro- 
man legionaries,  proud  of  their  achievements, 
and  glorying  in  their  great  commander,  but 
"  quirites  " — plain  citizens.  The  sight  of  Cajsar, 
the  familiar  form  and  voice,  the  words,  every 
sentence  of  which  they  knew  that  he  meant, 
cut  them  to  the  heart.  They  were  humbled, 
they  begged  to  be  forgiven.  They  said  they 
would  go  with  him  to  Africa,  or  to  the  world's 
end.  He  did  not  at  once  accept  their  penitence. 
— Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  24. 

2838.  INFLUENCE,  Posthumous.  Constan- 
tine.  If  Constantine  reckoned  among  the  favors 
of  fortune  the  death  of  his  eldest  son,  of  his 
nephew,  and  perhaps  of  his  wife,  he  enjoyed  an 
uninterrupted  flow  of  private  as  well  as  public 
felicity  till  the  thirtieth  year  of  his  reign — a 
period  which  none  of  his  predecessors,  since 
Augustus,  had  been  permitted  to  celebrate. 
Constantine  survived  that  solemn  festival  about 
ten  months  ;  and  at  the  mature  age  of  sixty-lour, 
after  a  short  illness,  he  ended  his  memorable 
life  ...  in  the  suburbs  of  Nicomedia,  whither  he 
had  retired  for  the  benefit  of  the  air,  and  with 
the  hope  of  recruiting  his  exhausted  strength  by 
the  use  of  the  warm  baths.  The  excessive  dem- 
onstrations of  grief,  or  at  least  of  mourning, 
surpassed  whatever  had  been  practised  on  any 
former  occasion.  Notwithstanding  the  claims 
of  the  Senate  and  people  of  ancient  Rome,  the 
corpse  of  the  deceased  emperor,  according  to 
his  last  request,  was  transported  to  the  city 
which  was  destined  to  preserve  the  name  and 
memory  of  its  founder.  The  body  of  Constan- 
tine, adorned  with  the  vain  symbols  of  great- 
ness—tlie  purple  and  diadem — was  deposited  on 
a  golden  bed  in  one  of  the  apartments  of  the 
palace,  which  for  that  purpose  had  been  splen- 
didly furnished  and  illuminated.  The  forms  of 
the  court  were  strictly  maintained.  Ever}^  day, 
at  the  appointed  hours,  the  principal  officers  of 
the  state,  the  army,  and  the  household,  ap- 
proaching the  person  of  their  sovereign  with 
bended  knees  and  a  composed  countenance, 
offered  their  respectful  homage  as  seriously  as 
if  he  had  been  still  alive.  From  motives  of 
policy  this  theatrical  representation  was  for 
some  time  continued  ;  nor  could  flattery  neglect 
the  opportunity  of  repiarking  that  Constantine 
alone,  by  the  peculiar  indulgence  of  Heaven, 
had  reigned  after  his  death. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  18,  p.  173. 

2839. .     Na/poleon  I.     [Napoleon 

had  requested  that  after  his  death  his  body 
should  be  buried  in  France.  It  was  denied.] 
The  aristocrats  of  Europe  feared  Napoleon  even 
in  his  grave.  The  governor  could  not  consent, 
notwithstanding  the  most  affecting  supplications 
on  the  part  of  Madame  Bertrand,  to  allow  even 
the  stomach  and  heart  to  be  removed. — Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch,  34. 

2840.  .  Noureddin.      Some  years 

after  the  sultan's  death  an  oppressed  subject 
called  aloud  in  the  streets  of  Damascus,  "O 
Noureddin,  Noureddin,  where  art  thou  now  ? 
Arise,  arise,  to  pity  and  protect  us  ! "  A  tumult 
was  apprehended,  and  a  living  tyrant  blushed 
or  trembled  at  the  name  of  a  departed  monarch. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  59,  p.  17. 


338 


INFLUENCE— INGENUITY 


2§41.  INFLUENCE  sacrificed.  James  11.  [Roy- 
al progress  through  England.]  On  the  road 
the  royal  train  was  joined  by  two  courtiers 
who  in  temper  and  opinions  differed  widely  from 
each  other.  [William]  Penn  was  at  Chester 
on  a  pastoral  tour.  His  popularity  and  author- 
ity among  his  brethren  had  greatly  declined 
since  he  had  become  a  tool  of  the  king  and  of 
the  Jesuits.  He  was,  however,  most  graciously 
received  by  James,  who  even  condescended  to 
go  to  the  Quaker  meeting,  and  to  listen  with 
decency  to  his  friend's  melodious  eloquence. 
Tyrconnel  had  crossed  the  sea  from  Dublin  to 
give  an  account  of  his  administration. — Ma- 
caulay'sEng.,  ch.  8,  p.  272. 

i2§42.  INFLUENCE,  Strange.  Catherine  Sed- 
ley.  [Mistress  of  James  II.]  Personal  charms 
she  had  none,  with  the  exception  of  two  brilliant 
eyes,  the  lustre  of  which,  to  men  of  delicate 
taste,  seemed  fierce  and  unfeminine.  Her  form 
was  lean,  her  countenance  haggard.  Charles, 
though  he  liked  her  conversation,  laughed  at 
her  ugliness,  and  said  that  the  priest  must  have 
recommended  her  to  his  brother  by  way  of  pen- 
ance. .  .  .  Catherine  herself  was  astonished  at 
the  violence  of  his  passion.  "  It  cannot  be  my 
beauty,"  she  said,  "for  he  must  see  that  I  have 
none  ;  and  it  cannot  be  my  wit,  for  he  has  not 
enough  to  know  that  I  have  any. " — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  63. 

2543.  INFORMATION,  Importance  of.  Black 
Hawk.  The  troops  of  General  Atkinson  .  .  . 
waged  a  vigorous  campaign  against  the  Indians, 
.  .  .  and  made  Black  Hawk  a  prisoner.  The 
captive  chieftain  was  taken  to  Washington  and 
the  great  cities  of  the  east,  where  his  understand- 
ing was  opened  as  to  the  power  of  the  nation 
against  which  he  had  been  foolish  enough  to 
lift  his  hatchet.  Returning  to  his  own  people, 
he  advised  them  that  resistance  was  hopeless. 
The  warriors  then  abandoned  the  disputed  lands, 
and  retired  into  Iowa. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch. 
44,  p.  430. 

2544.  INFORMATION,  Pleasing.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  When  the  telegram  from  Cumberland 
G^p  reached  Mr.  Lincoln  that  "firing  was 
heard  in  the  direction  of  Knoxville,"  he  remark- 
ed that  he  was  "  glad  of  it."  Some  person  pres- 
ent .  .  .  could  not  see  why.  .  .  .  "Why,  you 
see,"  responded  the  President,  "  it  reminds  me 
of  Mistress  Sallie  Ward,  a  neighbor  of  mine, 
who  had  a  very  large  family.  Occasionally  one 
of  her  numerous  progeny  would  be  heard  crying 
in  some  out-of-the  way  place,  upon  which  Mrs. 
Ward  would  exclaim,  '  There's  one  of  my  chil- 
dren that  isn't  dead  ! '  "—Raymond's  Lincoln, 
p.  756. 

2§45.  INFORMERS  rejected.  Roman  Empe- 
ror Vespasian.  Vespasian  was  among  those  few 
princes  whose  character  has  changed  for  the 
better  on  their  arrival  at  empire.  Augustus, 
ftom  a  vicious  aud  cruel  man,  became,  if  not  a 
virtuous,  in  many  respects  an  admirable,  prince. 
Vespasian  had  ingratiated  himself  by  the  most 
servile  flattery  with  Caligula  and  Claudius,  and 
raised  himself  by  degrees  from  the  meanest  sta- 
tion to  rank  and  distinction.  His  character 
before  he  came  to  the  empire  was  at  the  best 
an  equivocal  one  ;  but  no  sooner  did  he  mount 
the  throne  than  all  these  suspicions  were  at  once 
shown  to  be  unfounded.      He  gave  a  general 


pardon  to  all  who  had  been  found  in  arms 
against  him.  He  allowed  every  citizen,  pro- 
vided he  spoke  only  of  his  own  grievances,  to 
have  free  access  to  his  person,  but  declared  war 
against  that  vile  race  of  pensioned  informers 
which  had  multiplied  so  exceedingly  during  the 
preceding  reign. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch. 
1,  p.  491. 

2§46.  INGENUITY  vs.  Difficulties.  Augustus. 
[Transporting  Egyptian  obelisks  to  Rome.] 
Those  immense  masses,  consisting  of  one  entire 
block  of  granite,  were  hewn  in  the  quarries  of 
Upper  Egypt,  whence  they  were  conveyed  by 
water  to  the  place  where  they  were  to  be  erected. 
The  contrivance  for  transporting  them  is  describ- 
ed by  Pliny,  and  is  equally  simple  and  ingenious. 
The  Nile  runs  near  to  the  base  of  those  moun- 
tains where  the  quarries  are  situated.  A  canal 
was  cut  from  the  river  to  the  spot  where  the 
obelisk  lay,  and  made  to  pass  under  it,  so  as  to 
leave  the  stone  supported  by  its  two  extremities 
resting  on  either  bank  of  the  canal.  Two  broad 
boats  were  then  loaded  with  a  great  weight  of 
stones,  so  as  to  sink  them  so  deep  in  the  water 
as  to  allow  them  to  pass  freely  under  the  obe- 
lisk ;  when  immediately  under  it,  the  stones 
were  thrown  out ;  the  boats,  of  consequence 
[raised  and  lifted  the  obelisks]. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4,  p.  89. 

2847.  INGENUITY,  Practical.  Benj.  Fi-ank- 
lin.  When  the  scientific  world  began  to  inves- 
tigate the  wonders  of  electricity,  Franklin  ex- 
celled all  observers.  ...  In  the  summer  of  1752, 
going  out  into  the  fields,  with  no  instrument 
but  a  kite,  no  companion  but  his  son,  he  es- 
tablished his  theory  by  obtaining  a  line  of  con- 
nection with  a  thunder-cloud.  Nor  did  he  cease 
until  he  had  made  the  lightnini;-  a  household 
pastime,  taught  his  family  to  catch  the  subtile 
fluid  in  its  inconceivably  rapid  leaps  between 
the  earth  and  the  sky,  and  compelled  it  to  give 
warning  of  its  passage  by  the  harmless  ringing 
of  bells.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23. 

2§4§.  INGENUITY  of  Savages.  Hatchets. 
The  North  American  Indians,  having  no  iron, 
use  stone  hatchets  in  cutting  down  the  largest 
trees.  They  found,  says  Charlevoix,  in  his  "  Trav- 
els in  Canada,"  a  very  hard  and  tough  species 
of  flint,  which  by  great  labor  they  sharpened 
for  the  head  of  the  instrument.  The  difficulty 
lay  in  fastening  it  to  the  handle.  They  cut  off 
the  top  of  a  young  tree,  and  making  a  transverse 
slit,  insert  the  stone  into  the  opening.  The  parts 
of  the  tree  growing  together  close  so  firmly  upon 
the  stone  that  it  is  impossible  to  move  it.  Then 
they  cut  the  tree  of  such  length  as  they  judge 
sufficient  for  the  handle. — Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book 
7,  ch.  3,  p.  31. 

2§49.  INGENUITY,  Success  by.  Columbus.  On 
the  13th  of  September,  .  .  .  about  two  hundred 
leagues  from  the  island  of  Ferro,  Columbus  for 
the  first  time  noticed  the  variation  of  the  needle, 
a  phenomenon  which  had  never  before  been  re- 
marked. He  perceived  about  nightfall  that  the 
needle,  instead  of  pointing  to  the  north  star, 
varied  about  half  a  point,  or  between  five  and 
six  degrees,  to  the  north-west,  and  still  more  on 
the  following  morning.  .  .  .  The  variation  in- 
creased as  he  advanced.  [It  was  feared  they  were 
entering  another  world,  and  the  compass  Avould 
lose  its  virtues.]     Columbus  tasked  his  science 


INGRATE— INGRATITUDE. 


339 


and  ingenuity  for  reasons  with  which  to  allay 
their  terror.  He  observed  that  the  direction  of 
the  needle  was  not  to  the  polar  star,  but  to  some 
fixed  and  invisible  point.  The  variation,  there- 
fore, was  not  caused  by  any  fallacy  in  the  com- 
pass, but  by  tlie  movement  of  the  north  star  it- 
self, which,  like  the  other  heavenly  bodies,  had 
its  changes  and  revolutions,  and  every  day  de- 
scribed a  circle  round  the  pole.  The  high  opin- 
ion which  the  pilots  entertained  of  Columbus  as 
u  profound  astronomer  gave  weight  to  this 
theory,  and  their  alarm  subsided.  —  Irving's 
Goldsmith,  Book  3,  ch.  2. 

2850.  INGRATE,  Cowardly.  Eeigti  of  James 
II.  [James  Burton  had  been  engaged  in  the 
Rye  House  Plot,  but  escaped  by  the  aid  of  an 
aged  Christian  named  Elizabeth  Gaunt.  He  had 
rebelled  under  the  Duke  of  Monmouth,  and  fled 
to  the  home  of  a  poor  barber  named  John 
Fernley.]  He  knew  that  a  reward  of  £100  had 
been  offered  by  the  government  for  the  appre- 
hension of  Burton  ;  but  the  honest  man  was  in- 
capable of  betraying  one  who,  in  extreme  peril, 
liad  come  under  the  shadow  of  his  roof.  The  an- 
ger of  James  was  more  strongly  excited  against 
those  who  harbored  rebels  than  against  the  rebels 
themselves.  He  had  publicly  declared  that,  of 
all  forms  of  treason,  the  hiding  of  traitors  from 
his  vengeance  was  the  most  unpardonable.  Bur- 
ton knew  this.  He  delivered  himself  up  to  the 
irovernment,  and  he  gave  information  against 
Fernley  and  Elizabeth  Gaunt.  They  were 
brought  to  trial.  The  villain  whose  life  they 
had  preserved  had  the  heart  and  the  forehead  to 
appear  as  the  principal  witness  against  them. 
They  were  convicted.  Fernley  was  sentenced 
to  the  gallows,  Elizabeth  Gaunt  to  the  stake. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  615. 

2§51.  INGRATITUDE,  Base.  Bichelieu.  Louis 
XIII.  owed  all  his  success  for  eighteen  years  to 
the  wonderful  genius  of  Richelieu  ;  when  that 
most  noted  statesman  of  his  day  died,  his  cold- 
hearted  remark  was  simply  this,  "There  is  a 
great  politician  gone  !" — Students'  France, 
ch.  19,  §  17. 

2§52. .     Brutus.     What  Brutus  is 

chiefly  blamed  for  was  his  ingratitude  to  Caesar. 
He  owed  his  life  to  his  favor,  as  well  as  the  lives 
of  those  prisoners  for  whom  he  interceded.  He 
was  treated  as  his  friend,  and  distinguished  with 
particular  marks  of  honor  ;  and  yet  he  imbrued 
his  hands  in  the  blood  of  his  benefactor.  — Plu- 
tarch's Brutus. 

2§53.  INGRATITUDE,  Filial.  Sons  of  Henry 
II.  Prince  Henry  [eighteen  years  old],  at  the 
instigation,  it  is  believed,  of  his  father-in-law 
[Louis  of  France],  set  up  a  pretension  to  divide 
the  royal  power  with  his  father,  and  demanded 
that  the  king  should  resign  to  him  either  Eng- 
land or  Normandy.  In  the  same  spirit  Richard, 
the  boy  of  fifteen,  claimed  Aquitaine,  because  he 
had  performed  homage  to  Louis  for  that  duchy  ; 
and  the  other  boy  of  fourteen,  Geoffrey,  claimed 
the  immediate  possession  of  Brittany.  The  re- 
bellious sons  fled  from  the  court  of  their  father 
to  the  French  king,  and  their  mother  soon  fol- 
lowed.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  21,  p.  299. 

2854,  INGRATITUDE,  Official.  James  IL 
[The  Roman  Catholic  king  sought  to  overthrow 
the  Anglican   Church  by  illegal  and    violent 


means.]  There  was  no  prebendary,  no  rector, 
no  vicar  whose  mind  was  not  haunted  by  the 
thoughts  that,  however  quiet  his  temper,  how- 
ever obscure  his  situation,  he  might,  in  a  few 
months,  be  driven  from  his  dwelling  by  an  arbi- 
trary edict,  to  beg  in  a  ragged  cassock  with  his 
wife  and  children,  while  his  freehold,  secured  to 
him  by  laws  of  immemorial  antiquity  and  by 
the  royal  word,  was  occupied  by  some  apostate. 
This,  then,  was  the  reward  of  that  heroic  loyaltj* 
never  once  found  wanting  through  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  fifty  tempestuous  years.  It  was  for 
this  that  the  clergy  had  endured  spoliation  and 
persecution  in  tlie  cause  of  Charles  I.  It  was 
for  this  that  they  had  supported  Charles  IL  in  his 
hard  contest  with  the  Whig  opposition.  It  was 
for  this  that  they  had  stood  in  the  front  of  the 
battle  against  those  who  sought  to  despoil  James 
of  his  birthright.  To  their  fidelity  alone  their 
oppressor  owed  the  power  which  he  was  now 
employing  to  their  ruin. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  8,  p.  281. 

2855.  INGRATITUDE,  Political.  Grecian  De- 
mocracy. Epaminondas  and  Pelopidas,  on  their 
return  to  Thebes,  were  accused  of  having  retain- 
ed their  command  four  months  beyond  their 
commissions  while  engaged  in  the  Peloponnesian 
expedition.  This,  on  the  specious  pretext  of  a 
strict  regard  to  military  duty,  was  adjudged  to  be 
a  capital  offence,  and  the  people  were  on  the  point 
of  condemning  to  death  those  men  who  had  not 
only  rescued  their  country  from  servitude,  but 
raised  the  Theban  name  to  the  highest  pitch  of 
glory.  Epaminondas  undertook  to  defend  the 
conduct  of  Pelopidas  by  taking  the  whole  blame 
upon  himself.  ' '  I  was,"  said  he,  "  the  author  of 
those  measures  for  which  we  stand  here  accused. 
I  had  indulged  a  hope  that  the  signal  success 
which,  under  our  conduct,  has  attended  the  The- 
ban arms  would  have  entitled  us  to  the  grati- 
tude and  not  to  the  censure  of  our  country. 
Well  !  let  posterity,  then,  be  informed  of  our 
crimes  and  of  our  punishment  ;  let  it  be  known 
that  Epaminondas  led  your  troops  into  the  heart 
of  Laconia,  which  no  hostile  power  till  then  had 
ever  penetrated  ;  that  his  crime  was  that  he 
abased  the  glory  of  Sparta,  and  brought  her  to 
the  brink  of  ruin  ;  that  he  made  Thebes  the  most 
illustrious  of  the  Grecian  States ;  let  it  be  in- 
scribed on  his  tomb  that  death  was  the  reward 
which  his  country  decreed  for  these  services." 
The  Thebans  were  ashamed  of  their  own  con- 
duct ;  the  judges  dismissed  the  charge,  and  the 
people  atoned  for  their  ingratitude  by  the  strong- 
est expressions  of  praise  and  admiration. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3,  p.  165. 

2856. .  Athenians.  [When  Themis- 

tocles,  the  distinguished  Athenian  general,  was 
young]  his  father,  to  dissuade  him  from  accepting 
any  public  employment,  showed  him  some  old 
galleys  that  lay  worn  out  and  neglected  on  the  sea- 
shore, just  as  the  populace  neglect  their  leaders 
when  they  have  no  further  service  for  them. — 
Plutarch's  Themistocles. 

2857.  INGRATITUDE,  Shameful.  Francis  Ba- 
con. [In  1601,  on  the  trial  of  the  Earl  of  Essex 
for  rebellion,  Francis  Bacon  was  one  of  the 
queen's  counsel  employed  against  him.]  He 
was  bound  to  Essex  by  no  common  obligations. 
The  generous  earl  had  given  him  an  estate,  be- 
cause he  could  not  procure  for  him  a  lucrative 


340 


INHERITANCE— INHUMANITY. 


appointment.  Essex  had  struggled  against  the 
ill-will  of  the  Cecils  to  advance  Bacon's  fortunes, 
in  season  and  out  of  season.  Yet  upon  the  trial 
Bacon  said  stronger  things  against  his  friend 
than  were  urged  by  his  bitterest  adversaries. 
[He  made  the  severest  comparisons,  which  awak- 
ened a  general  indignation.  He  afterward  wrote 
an  "Apology"  of  his  conduct  on  this  trial.]  — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  18,  p.  289. 

285§.  INHERITANCE,  Household-goods.  Eng- 
land. Common  utensils  were  transmitted  from 
generation  to  generation.  .  .  .  John  J3aret,  of 
Bury,  in  1463  bequeaths  to  his  niece  ...  "a 
great  earthen  pot  that  was  my  mother's."  Wives 
had  a  life  interest  in  "stuff  of  household," 
which  was  bequeathed  to  descend,  after  the  de- 
cease of  the  wife,  article  by  article,  to  rel- 
atives and  friends.  The  riches  so  handed  down 
are  such  as  pottle  pot  and  a  quart  pot,  a  pair  of 
tongs  and  a  pair  of  bellows.  Roger  Rokewoode 
.  .  .  bequeaths  to  his  son  Robert ...  a  brass  pot, 
two  brass  pans,  six  pewter  dishes,  four  saucers, 
and  three  platters  of  pewter,  a  feather  bed,  a 
pair  of  sheets,  and  a  pair  of  blankets.  .  .  .  The 
deficiency  of  household  comfort  is  sufficient- 
ly shown  by  such  minute  descriptions  of  old 
and  mean  chattels,  of  little  value  now,  but  then 
estimated  in  proportion  to  their  scarcity. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  2,  ch.  7,  p.  120. 

2859.  INHUMANITY,  Commercial.  Cato.  One 
of  his  sayings  has  exposed  him  to  just  censure — 
"A  master  of  a  family  should  sell  off  his  old 
oxen,  and  all  his  cattle  that  are  of  a  delicate 
frame,  all  his  sheep  that  are  not  hardy  ;  he  should 
sell  his  old  wagons,  and  his  old  implements  ;  he 
should  sell  such  of  Ms  slaves  as  are  old  and  in- 
firm, and  every  thing  else  that  is  old  and  useless." 
— Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  422. 

2860.  INHUMANITY  of  Man.  English  Ances- 
tors. Our  English  ancestors  were  less  humane 
than  their  posterity.  The  discipline  of  work- 
shops, of  schools,  of  private  families,  though  not 
more  efficient  than  at  present,  was  infinitely 
harsher.  Masters  well  born  and  bred  were  in 
the  habit  oi  beating  their  servants.  Pedagogues 
knew  no  way  of  imparting  knowledge  but  by 
beating  their  pupils.  Husbands  of  decent  sta- 
tion were  not  ashamed  to  beat  their  wives.  The 
unplacability  of  hostile  factions  was  such  as  we 
can  scarcely  conceive.  Whigs  were  disposed  to 
murmur  because  Strafford  was  suffered  to  die 
without  seeing  his  bowels  burned  before  his  face. 
Tories  reviled  and  insulted  Russell  as  his  coach 
passed  from  the  Tower  to  the  scaffold  in  Lin- 
coln's Fields.  As  little  mercy  was  shown  by  the 
populace  to  sufferers  of  a  humbler  rank.  If  an 
offender  was  put  into  the  pillory,  it  was  well  if 
he  escaped  with  life  from  the  shower  of  brick- 
bats and  paving-stones.  If  he  was  tied  to  the 
cart's  tail,  the  crowd  pressed  round  him,  implor- 
ing the  hangman  to  give  it  the  fellow  well,  and 
make  him  howl.  Gentlemen  arranged  parties  of 
pleasure  to  Bridewell  on  court  days  for  the  pur- 
pose of  seeing  the  wretched  women  who  beat 
hemp  there  whipped.  A  man  pressed  to  death 
for  refusing  to  plead,  a  woman  burned  for  coin- 
ing, excited  less  sympathy  than  is  now  felt  for  a 
galled  horse  or  an  over-driven  ox.  Fights,  com- 
pared with  which  a  boxing-match  is  a  refined  and 
humane  spectacle,  were  among  the  favorite  di- 
versions of  a  large  part  of  the  town.    Multitudes 


assembled  to  see  gladiators  hack  each  other  to 
pieces  with  deadly  weapons,  and  shouted  with 
delight  when  one  of  the  combatants  lost  a  finger 
or  an  eye. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  3,  p.  394. 

2861. .     Spaniards.     The  conduct 

of  the  Spaniards  toward  the  inhabitants  of  these 
new-discovered  countries,  and  the  cruelties  ex- 
ercised by  them  under  their  first  governors,  fur> 
nish  a  subject  which  it  were  to  be  wished,  for 
the  honor  of  humanity,  could  be  forever  veiled 
in  oblivion.  Religion  and  policy  were  the  pre- 
texts for  the  most  outrageous  acts  of  inhumani- 
ty. Avarice,  which  the  more  it  is  fed  is  still  the 
more  insatiable,  had  suggested  to  some  of  these 
rapacious  governors  that  the  inhabitants  of  the 
New  World  had  discovered  to  the  Spaniards  but 
a  very  small  proportion  of  treasures,  which  were 
inexhaustible.  The  missionaries  encouraged  the 
idea,  and  insinuated,  at  the  same  time,  that  the 
most  proper  method  of  obtaining  an  absolute 
authority  over  these  new  subjects  was  to  con- 
vert them  to  the  doctrines  of  Christianity,  for 
which  purpose  the  priests  were  to  be  furnished 
with  every  authority  sufficient  for  the  extirpa- 
tion of  idolatry.  The  favorite  instruments  of 
conversion  employed  in  these  pious  purposes 
were  the  rack  and  the  scourge.  While  some,  to 
escape  these  miseries,  put  an  end  to  their  life  with 
their  own  hand,  others,  flying  from  their  inhu- 
man persecutors  into  the  woods,  were  there 
hunted  down  with  dogs,  and  torn  to  pieces  like 
wild  beasts.  In  a  little  time  Hispaniola,  which 
contained  three  millions  of  inhabitants,  and  Cu- 
ba, that  had  above  six  hundred  thousand,  were 
absolutely  depopulated. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
6,  ch.  21,  p.  309. 

2862.  INHUMANITY,  Professional.  Jeffreys. 
As  judge  at  the  city  sessions  he  exhibited  the 
same  propensities  which  afterward,  in  a  higher 
post,  gained  for  him  an  unenviable  immortality. 
Already  might  be  remarked  in  him  the  most 
odious  vice  which  is  incident  to  human  nature— 
a  delight  in  misery  merely  as  misery.  There 
was  a  fiendish  exultation  in  the  way  in  which  he 
pronounced  sentence  on  offenders.  Their  weep- 
ing and  imploring  seemed  to  titillate  him  volup- 
tuously, and  he  loved  to  scare  them  into  fits,  by 
dilating  with  luxuriant  amplification  on  all  the 
details  of  what  they  were  to  suffer.  Thus  when 
he  had  an  opportunity  of  ordering  an  unlucky 
adventuress  to  be  whipped  at  the  cart's  tail, 
"  Hangman,"  he  would  exclaim,  "I  charge  you 
to  pay  particular  attention  to  this  lady.  Scourge 
her  soundly,  man  !  Scourge  her  till  the  blood 
runs  down !  It  is  Christmas — a  cold  time  for 
madam  to  strip  in  !  See  that  you  warm  her 
shoulders  thoroughly  !" — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch. 
4,  p.  418. 

2863.  INHUMANITY,  Revenge  for.  Rdgn 
of  Charles  II.  The  prisons  were  hells  on  earth, 
seminaries  of  every  crime  and  of  every  disease. 
At  the  assizes  the  lean  and  yellow  culprits 
brought  with  them  from  their  cells  to  the  dock 
an  atmosphere  of  stench  and  pestilence  which 
sometimes  avenged  them  signally  on  bench,  bar, 
and  jury.  But  on  all  this  misery  society  looked 
with  profound  indifference.  Nowhere  could  be 
found  that  sensitive  and  restless  compassion 
which  has,  in  our  time,  extended  a  powerful 
protection  to  the  factory  child. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  395. 


INITIATION— INJUSTICE. 


341 


3S64.  INITIATION,  Terrific.  Roman  Em- 
peror Julian.  He  obtained  the  privilege  of  a 
solemn  initiation  into  the  mysteries  of  Eleusis, 
which,  amid  the  general  decay  of  the  Grecian  wor- 
ship, still  retained  some  vestiges  of  their  primeval 
sanctit}^ ;  and  such  was  the  zeal  of  Julian,  that 
he  afterward  invited  the  Eleusinian  pontiff  to 
the  court  of  Gaul,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  con- 
summating, by  mystic  rites  and  sacrifices,  the 
great  work  of  his  sanctiflcation.  As  these  cere- 
monies were  performed  in  the  depth  of  cav- 
erns, and  in  the  silence  of  the  night,  and  as  the 
inviolable  secret  of  the  mysteries  was  preserved 
by  the  discretion  of  the  initiated,  I  shall  not  pre- 
sume to  describe  the  horrid  sounds  and  fiery 
apparitions  which  were  presented  to  the  senses 
or  the  imagination  of  the  credulous  aspirant, 
till  the  visions  of  comfort  and  knowledge  broke 
upon  him  in  a  blaze  of  celestial  light.  .  .  .  From 
that  moment  be  consecrated  his  life  to  the  service 
of  the  gods. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  23,  p.  418. 

2§65.  INJURIES,  Forgetful  of.  Julius  Ccemr. 
Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  believing  that  for  him 
at  least  there  could  be  no  forgiveness,  tried  to 
escape,  anel  was  killed.  The  rest  were  par- 
doned. So  ended  the  battle  of  Pharsalia.  A  hun- 
dred and  eighty  standards  were  taken  and  all 
the  eagles  of  Pompey's  legions.  In  Pompey's 
own  tent  was  found  his  secret  correspondence, 
implicating  persons,  perhaps,  whom  Ca!sar  had 
never  suspected,  revealing  the  mysteries  of  the 
past  three  years.  Curiosity  and  even  prudence 
might  have  tempted  him  to  look  into  it.  His 
only  wish  was  that  the  past  should  be  forgotten  ; 
he  burnt  the  whole  mass  of  papers  unread. — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  22. 

2§66.  INJURIES,  Redressing.  Knights.  The 
Gothic  kings  had  the  highest  pride  in  redressing 
wrongs  and  grievances  ;  but  in  this  honorable 
employment  the  wrongs  they  committed  were 
often  greater  than  those  they  redressed,  and  in 
the  vindication  of  the  honor  or  fame  of  a  mis- 
tress a  real  and  most  atrocious  injury  was  fre- 
quently committed  in  revenge  for  one  purely 
ideal.  Their  religion,  too,  was  of  that  extraor- 
dinary cast,  that,  though  professedly  superior 
to  all  other  duties,  it  always  in  reality  acted  a 
part  subordinate  to  military  fame  and  the  honor 
of  the  ladies.  It  is  confessed  by  one  of  their  great- 
est encomiasts,  M.  de  St.  Palaye,  that  their  de- 
votion consisted  chiefly  in  the  observance  of 
some  external  ceremonies,  and  that  the  greatest 
offences  might  be  easily  expiated  by  a  penance 
or  a  pilgrimage,  which  furnished  an  agreeable 
opportunity  for  new  adventures. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  10,  p.  169. 

2§67.  INJURIES,  Reparation  of .  Laws,  a.d, 
600.  [By  the  laws  of  Ethelbert,  one  of  the  early 
British  kings,]  it  was  not  held  that  damages,  to 
use  a  familiar  word  of  explanation,  were  to  be 
paid  without  respect  of  persons,  but  that  a 
bishop  was  to  be  compensated  elevenfold,  and 
a  clerk  threefold  of  the  value  of  any  stolen  prop- 
erty. The  amends,  atonement,  or  indemnifica- 
tion was  called  "bSt."  The  king's  "bot"  was 
always  the  largest,  except  in  the  case  of  the 
bishop,  who  had  twofold  higher  compensation 
for  theft  than  even  the  king.  If  a  man  slew 
another  in  the  king's  "tun"  (dwelling  with 
lands  appertaining),  he  was  to  pay  50*.;  if  in 
that  of  an  "  eorl"  (jarl,  noble),  12s.     The  slayer 


of  the  "hlafseta"  (loaf -eater,  domestic)  ot  <i 
"  ceorl "  (churl,  freeman,  not  noble)  was  to 
atone  for  6s.  The  mutilation  of  an  "esne" 
(slave)  was  to  be  compensated  to  the  owner  at 
the  full  worth  of  the  slave.  The  penalties  to 
personal  injuries  to  freemen  are  among  the 
most  curious  of  these  dooms.  It  was  not  "an 
eye  for  an  eye  and  a  tooth  for  a  tooth,"  but 
the  eye  had  a  pecuniary  value,  and  so  had  the 
tooth.  The  evil  consequence  of  the  infliction, 
and  not  the  motive  of  the  offender,  regulated 
the  amount  of  the  amends.  Thus  if  the  ear  was 
struck  off,  the  "  b5t"  was  12s. ;  but  "  if  the  other 
ear  hear  not,  let  the  'bot'  be  made  with  25s." 
In  all  cases  of  default  of  payment  the  remedy 
was  prompt  and  effective — the  offender  became 
a  penal  slave. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  5, 
p.  70. 

2§6§.  .  Bomans.  The  rude  ju- 
risprudence of  the  decemvirs  had  confounded  all 
hasty  insults,  which  did  not  amount  to  the  fract- 
ure of  a  limb,  by  condemning  the  aggressor  to 
the  common  penalty  of  twenty-five  asses.  But 
the  same  denomination  of  money  was  reduced, 
in  three  centuries,  from  a  pound  to  the  weight 
of  a  half  an  ounce ;  and  the  insolence  of  a 
wealthy  Roman  indulged  himself  in  the  cheap 
amusement  of  breaking  and  satisf  jang  the  law 
of  the  twelve  tables.  Veratius  ran  through  the 
streets  striking  on  the  face  the  inoffensive  pas- 
sengers, and  his  attendant  purse-bearer  immedi- 
ately silenced  their  clamors  by  the  legal  tender 
of  twenty -five  pieces  of  copper,  about  the  value 
of  Is. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  370. 

2§09.  INJURIES,  Sensitiveness  to.  Voltaire. 
His  fame  had  raised  him  up  enemies.  His  sen- 
sibility gave  them  a  formidable  advantage  over 
him.  They  were,  indeed,  contemptible  assail- 
ants. Of  all  that  they  wrote  against  him,  noth- 
ing has  survived  except  what  he  has  himself 
preserved.  But  the  constitution  of  his  mind  re- 
sembled the  constitution  of  those  bodies  in  which 
the  slightest  scratch  of  bramble  or  the  bite  of  a 
gnat  never  fails  to  fester.  — Macaulay's  Fred- 
erick THE  Great,  p.  58. 

28rO.  INJURY,  Mutual.  Charles  L—Bupert. 
Prince  Rupert  has  often  been  called  the  evil  ge- 
nius of  Charles,  but  it  would  perhaps  be  quite 
as  true,  if  not  more  so,  to  designate  Charles  as 
the  evil  genius  of  Rupert.  There  is,  no  doubt, 
a  not  unnatural  prejudice  against  the  prince,  as 
a  foreigner,  commanding  the  royal  army  against 
the  arms  of  the  Parliament  and  the  people. — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  9,  p.  128. 

2§71.  INJUSTICE  with  Cruelty.  C  alii  as. 
[After  the  battle  of  Marathon  one]  of  the  bar- 
barians happening  to  meet  [Callias,  the  torch- 
bearer,]  in  a  private  place,  and  probably  taking 
him  for  a  king,  on  account  of  his  long  hair  and 
the  fillet  which  he  wore,  prostrated  himself  be- 
fore  him,  and  taking  him  by  the  hand,  showed 
him  a  great  quantity  of  gold  that  was  hid  in  a 
well.  But  Callias,  not  less  cruel  than  unjust, 
took  away  the  gold,  and  then  killed  the  man 
that  had  given  him  information  of  it,  lest  he 
should  mention  the  thing  to  others.  —  Plu- 
tarch's Aristides. 

2§72.  INJUSTICE  reproved.  Puritans,  a.d. 
1667.  The  Mohawks  committed  ravages  near 
Northampton  on  the  Connecticut  River,  and  the 


342 


INJUSTICE— INQUISITION. 


general  court  of  Massachusetts  addressed  them 
a  letter  :  "  We  never  yet  did  any  wrong  to  you 
or  any  of  yours" — such  was  the  language  of 
the  Puritan  diplomatists — "neither  will  we  take 
any  from  you,  but  will  right  our  people  ac- 
cording to  justice." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  14. 

2§73.  INJUSTICE,  Stigma  of.  Cicero.  Cice- 
ro imagined  that  the  world  looked  upon  him 
as  its  saviour.  In  his  own  eyes  he  was  another 
Romulus,  a  second  founder  of  Rome.  The 
world,  unfortunately,  had  formed  an  entirely 
different  estimate  of  him.  The  prisoners  had 
been  killed  on  the  5th  of  December.  On  the 
last  day  of  the  year  it  was  usual  for  the  out-go- 
ing consuls  to  review  the  events  of  their  term  of 
office  before  the  Senate  ;  and  Cicero  had  pre- 
pared a  speech  in  which  he  had  gilded  his  own 
performances  with  all  his  eloquence.  Metellus 
commenced  his  tribunate  with  forbidding  Cice- 
ro to  deliver  his  oration,  and  forbidding  him  on 
the  special  ground  that  a  man  who  had  put  Ro- 
man citizens  to  death  without  allowing  them  a 
hearing  did  not  himself  deserve  to  be  heard. 
In  the  midst  of  the  confusion  and  uproar  which 
followed  Cicero  could  only  shriek  that  he  had 
saved  his  country,  a  declaration  wiiich  could 
have  been  dispensed  with,  since  he  had  so  often 
insisted  upon  it  alread}'^  without  producing  the 
assent  which  he  desired. — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  12. 

2874.  INNOCENCE,  False.  "Bet  Flint." 
Poor  Bet  [a  woman  of  the  town]  was  taken  up 
on  a  charge  of  stealing  a  counterpane,  and  tried 

at  the  Old  Bailey.  Chief  Justice ,  who  loved 

a  wench,  summed  up  favorably,  and  she  was 
acquitted.  After  which  Bet  said,  with  a  gay 
and  satisfied  air,  "  Now  that  the  counterpane 
is  my  own,  I  shall  make  a  petticoat  of  it." — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  461. 

2875.  INNOVATION  resented.  PeUr  tlie  Great. 
Meantime  the  absence  of  the  Czar  had  given 
occasion  to  some  disturbances  in  the  empire. 
The  spirit  of  innovation  which  he  had  already 
shown,  and  the  further  fruits  expected  from 
his  foreign  travels,  gave  great  disgust  to  a  bar- 
barous people  wedded  to  their  ancient  man- 
ners. The  ambition  of  Sophia  fomented  these 
disquiets,  and  the  Strelitzes  had  determined  to 
place  that  princess  upon  the  throne.  At  this 
important  juncture  Peter  returned  to  Russia  ; 
he  found  it  necessary  to  make  a  most  severe  ex- 
ertion of  his  power  ;  and  he  took  that  opportu- 
nity of  entirely  annihilating  that  dangerous  body 
of  the  Strelitzes  who  by  this  revolt  furnished 
him  with  a  just  pretext. "  They  had  marched  in 
arms  to  Moscow.  The  regular  troops  of  the 
Czar,  headed  by  Gordon  and  another  foreign 
officer,  attacked  and  totally  defeated  them  ;  a 
vast  number  was  slain  ;  their  leaders  who  were 
taken  prisoners  were  broken  upon  the  wheel ; 
two  thousand  were  hanged  upon  the  walls  of 
Moscow  and  on  the  side  of  the  high  roads,  and 
the  rest  banished  with  their  wives  and  children 
into  the  wilds  of  Siberia.  Thus  the  whole  of 
this  formidable  body  was  destroyed,  and  their 
name  abolished  forever.  The  astonished  Rus- 
sians beheld  this  dreadful  example  with  silent 
terror,  which  paved  the  way  for  an  easy  sub- 
mission to  all  those  innovations  which  the  Czar 
afterwards   made    in  the   constitution,   police, 


laws,  and  customs  of  his  empire. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  35,  p.  476. 

2876.  INNS,  Attractive.  England.  In  the 
seventeenth  century  England  abounded  with  ex- 
cellent inns  of  every  rank.  The  traveller  some- 
times, in  a  small  village,  lighted  on  a  public 
house  such  as  Walton  has  described,  where  the 
brick  floor  was  swept  clean,  where  the  walls  were 
stuck  round  with  ballads,  where  the  sheets  smelt 
of  lavender,  and  where  a  blazing  fire,  a  cup  of 
good  ale,  and  a  dish  of  trouts  fresh  from  the 
neighboring  brook  were  to  be  procured  at  small 
charge.  At  the  larger  houses  of  entertainment 
were  to  be  found  beds  hung  with  silk,  choice 
cookery,  and  claret  equal  to  the  best  Avhich  was 
drunk  in  London.  The  innkeepers  too,  it  was 
said,  were  not  like  other  innkeepers.  On  the 
Continent  the  landlord  was  the  tyrant  of  those 
who  crossed  the  threshold.  In  England  he  was 
a  servant.  Never  was  an  Englishman  more  at 
home  than  when  he  took  his  ease  in  his  inn.  .  .  . 
The  liberty  and  jollity  of  inns  long  furnished 
matter  to  our  novelists  and  dramatists.  Johnson 
declared  that  a  tavern  chair  was  the  throne  of 
human  felicity  ;  and  Shenstone  gently  complain- 
ed that  no  private  roof,  however  friendly,  gave 
the  wanderer  so  warm  a  welcome  as  that  which 
was  to  be  found  at  an  inn. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  3,  p.  359. 

2877.  INQUISITION,  Abominable,  In  Spain. 
A  wise  and  vigorovis  though  a  severe  adminis- 
tration characterized  the  beginning  of  the  reign 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  Spain  was  at  this 
time  in  great  disorder — the  whole  country  was  a 
prey  to  robbers  and  outlaws.  Even  the  nobility 
lived  by  depredation,  and  defended  themselves 
in  their  castles  against  every  legal  attempt  to  re- 
strain their  violence.  The  new  monarchs  of  Cas- 
tile and  Arragon  determined  to  repress  these 
enormities.  The  castles  of  the  piratical  nobles 
were  razed  to  the  ground.  The  office  of  the 
Santa  Hermandad,  or  Holy  Brotherhood,  was  in- 
stituted for  the  detection  and  punishment  of  mur- 
ders, thefts,  and  all  atrocious  crimes.  But  amid 
these  laudable  cares,  the  abominable  tribunal  of 
the  Inquisition  was  furnished  with  such  an  ex- 
tent of  powers  that,  under  the  pretence  of  extir- 
pating heresy  and  impiety,  the  whole  kingdom 
became  a  scene  of  blood  and  horror.  The  fort- 
unes and  the  lives  of  individuals  were  entirely 
at  the  mercy  of  the  grand  inquisitor  and  his  as- 
sociates. It  was  never  allowed  to  a  criminal  to 
be  confronted  with  his  accuser,  nor  even  to  be 
informed  of  his  crime  ;  the  sole  method  of  trial 
was  by  exposing  the  unhappy  wretch  to  the  most 
extreme  tortures,  w^hich  either  ended  his  life  in 
agony  or  forced  a  confession  of  his  guilt,  which 
was  expiated  by  committing  him  to  the  flames. 
It  is  computed  that  after  the  appointment  of 
Torquemada,  the  inquisitor-general  of  Spain, 
there  were  six  thousand  persons  burnt  in  the 
short  space  of  four  years. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.l5,  p.  218. 

2878.  INQUISITION,  Eomish.  France.  With 
a  view  to  consolidate  the  conquest,  the  Inquisi- 
tion was  formally  established  at  Toulouse  by  a 
council  held  there  in  November,  1229,  the  office 
of  inquisitors  being  intrusted  to  the  order  of  the 
Dominicans,  or  Friars  Preachers.  ...  Its  pro- 
ceedings took  place  in  secret ;  no  advocates  were 
permitted  to  plead,  no  witnesses  were  produced. 


INSANITY— INSINCERITY. 


343 


The  object  was  to  extort  the  confession  of  crime 
through  the  moral  and  physical  prostration  of  the 
miserable  victim  ;  and  to  this  end  the  most  iniqui- 
tous and  revolting  means  were  employed  with- 
out scruple  ;  the  most  subtle  trickery,  the  most 
unblushing  deceit,  the  most  ruthless  torture.  On 
certain  occasions,  which  soon  became  frequent, 
the  Holy  Office  published  its  sentences  and  inflict- 
ed its  punishments.  Of  the  latter  there  were  three 
degrees ;  those  who  had  made  absolute  submis- 
sion, and  were  deemed  the  least  criminal,  were 
admitted  to  penance  ;  those  who  had  not  given 
complete  satisfaction  (the  most  numerous  class) 
were  immured  for  life  in  prison  ;  those  who  stub- 
bornly refused  to  confess,  or  who  relapsed  after 
confession,  were  committed  to  the  flames. — Stu- 
dents' France,  cli.  9,  §  2. 

2§79.  INSANITY,  Capacity  with.  George  III. 
At  the  moment  of  passing  the  Stamp  Act,  George 
III.  was  crazed.  .  .  .  [He  had]  taught  the  world 
that  a  bit  of  parchment  bearing  the  sign  of  his 
hand,  scrawled  in  the  flickering  light  of  clouded 
reason,  could,  under  the  British  constitution,  do 
the  full  legislative  olBce  of  the  king.  Had  he 
been  a  private  man,  his  signature  could  have 
given  validity  to  no  commission  whatever. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  11. 

2§§0.  INSANITY  feared.  Samuel  Johnson. 
To  Johnson,  whose  supreme  enjoyment  was  the 
exercise  of  his  reason,  the  disturbance  or  obscura- 
tion of  that  faculty  was  the  evil  most  to  be  dread- 
ed. Insanity,  therefore,  was  the  object  of  his 
most  dismal  apprehension  ;  and  he  fancied  him- 
self seized  by  it,  or  approaching  to  it,  at  the  very 
time  when  lie  was  giving  proofs  of  a  more  than 
ordinary  soundness  and  vigor  of  judgment. — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  12. 

2§§1.  INSANITY,  Moral.  Cambyses.  [The 
Persian  monarch  and  son  of  Cyrus.]  His  con- 
duct was  such  as  to  bear  every  mark  of  insanity. 
In  an  inconsiderate  expedition  against  the  Ethi- 
opians, he  threw  away  the  greater  part  of  his 
army.  Fifty  thousand  men,  sent  into  the  deserts 
of  Ammon,  perished  through  fatigue  and  fam- 
ine. With  a  deliberate  purpose  of  wantonly  ex- 
asperating the  Egyptians,  who  were  disposed  to 
the  most  peaceable  submission,  Cambyses  ordered 
the  magnificent  temple  of  Thebes  to  be  pillaged 
and  burnt.  At  the  celebration  of  the  festival  of 
Apis,  at  Memphis,  he  stabbed  the  sacred  ox  with 
his  poniard,  ordered  the  priests  to  be  scourged, 
and  massacred  all  the  people  who  assisted  at 
the  sacrifice.  He  put  to  death  his  brother  Smer- 
dis,  because  he  dreamed  that  he  saw  him  seated 
on  the  throne  ;  and  w-hen  his  wife  and  sister, 
Meroe,  lamented  the  fate  of  her  brother,  he  killed 
her  with  a  stroke  of  his  foot.  To  prove  his  dex- 
terity in  archery,  he  pierced  the  son  of  his  favor- 
ite Prexaspes  though  the  heart  with  an  arrow. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11,  p.  116. 

2§§2.  INSANITY,  Perils  from.  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  months  the  boy 
had  a  teething-fever,  ending  in  a  life-long  lame- 
ness ;  and  this  was  the  reason  why  the  child  was 
sent  to  reside  with  his  grandfather  ...  at  Sandy- 
Knowe,  near  the  ruined  tower  of  Smailholm, 
celebrated  afterward  in  his  ballad  of  "  The  Eve 
of  St.  John,"  in  the  neighborhood  of  some  fine 
crags.  To  these  crags  the  housemaid  sent  from 
Edinburgh  to  look  after  him  used  to  carry  him 


up,  with  a  design  (which  s^ie-  confessed  to  the 
housekeepers) — due,  of  course,  to  incipient  in- 
sanity— of  murdering  the  child  there  and  burning 
him  in  the  moss.  Of  course  the  maid  was  dis- 
missed.— Hutton's  Life  of  Scott,  ch.  1. 

2&§3.  INSANITY,  Religious.  William  Cow- 
per.  [His  life  had  become  an  almost  endless 
round  of  devotional  exercises,  without  recrea- 
tion.] His  mode  of  life  under  [Rev.  John]  New- 
ton was  enough  to  account  for  the  return  of  his 
disease,  which  in  this  sense  may  be  fairly  laid  to 
the  charge  of  religion.  He  again  went  mad,  fan- 
cied, as  before,  that  he  was  rejected  of  Heaven, 
ceased  to  pray  as  one  helplessly  doomed,  and 
again  attempted  suicide.  Newton  and  Mrs.  Un- 
win  at  first  treated  the  disease  as  a  diabolical  visi- 
tation^ and  "with  deplorable  consistency,"  to 
borrow  the  phrase  used  by  one  of  their  friends  in 
the  case  of  Cowper's  desperate  abstinence  from 
praj^er,  abstained  from  calling  in  a  physician.  Of 
this,  again,  their  religion  must  bear  the  reproach. 
In  other  respects  they  behaved  admirably.  Mrs. 
Unwin,  shut  up  for  sixteen  months  with  her  un- 
happy partner,  tended  him  with  unfailing  love  ; 
alone  she  did  it,  for  he  could  bear  no  one  else 
about  him  ;  though,  to  make  her  part  more  try- 
ing, he  had  conceived  the  insane  idea  that  she 
hated  him.  Seldom  has  a  stronger  proof  been 
given  of  the  sustaining  power  of  affection.  — 
Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  3. 

2§§4.  INSANITY,  Royal.  George  III.  [He 
was  incapacitated  for  the  duties  of  his  position, 
at  various  times,  from  insanity  ;  during  the  last 
nine  years  of  his  life  he  was  in  a  demented  con- 
dition.] —Knight's  Eng. 

28§5.  INSENSIBILITY  to  Suffering.  William 
Penn.  William  Penn,  for  whom  exhibitions 
which  humane  men  generally  avoid  seem  to  have 
had  a  strong  attraction,  hastened  from  Cheapside, 
where  he  had  seen  Cornish  hanged,  to  Tyburn, 
in  order  to  see  Elizabeth  Gaunt  burned.  He 
afterward  related  that,  when  she  calmly  dis- 
posed the  straw  about  her  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  shorten  her  sufferings,  all  the  bystanders  burst 
into  tears.  [See  more  at  No.  2850.] — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  616. 

■2§§6.  INSINCERITY,  Blemish  of.  Julius  Cm- 
sar.  So  ended  Cicero,  a  tragic  combination  of 
magnificent  talents,  high  aspirations,  and  true 
desire  to  do  right,  with  an  infirmity  of  purpose 
and  a  latent  insincerity  of  character  which  neu- 
tralized and  could  almost  make  us  forget  his  no- 
bler qualities.  ...  In  Cicero  nature  half  made  a 
great  man  and  left  him  uncompleted. — Froude's 
C^SAR,  ch.  27. 

28§7.  INSINCERITY  of  Jesuits.  Dissem- 
bling. [When,  in  1580,  the  Jesuits  invaded  Eng- 
land, they  maintained  that  Queen  Elizabeth  was 
not  only  a  heretic  but  also  a  usurper,  and  that  the 
pope  had  a  right  to  deprive  her  of  her  crown.] 
Gregory  XIII.  opened  the  door  for  the  evasion 
of  this  charge  by  granting  to  Romanists  permis- 
sion to  dissemble,  under  the  color  of  an  expla- 
nation, "that  the  bull  should  be  considered  as 
always  in  force  against  Elizabeth  and  the  he- 
retics, but  should  only  be  binding  on  Catholics 
when  due  execution  of  it  could  be  had" — that  is, 
chat  they  should  obey  till  they  were  strong 
enough  to  throw  off  their  allegiance. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  12,  p.  180. 


(fU 


INSOLENCE— INSULT. 


2§8§.  INSOLENCE,  Consummate.  Jeffreys'. 
The  renegade  soon  found  a  patron  in  the  obdurate 
and  revengeful  James,  but  was  always  regarded 
with  scorn  and  disgust  by  Charles,  whose  faults, 
great  as  they  were,  had  no  affinity  with  inso- 
lence and  cruelty.  "  That  man,"  said  the  king, 
"has  no  learning,  no  sense,  no  manners,  and 
more  impudence  than  ten  carted  street- walkers." 
Work  was  to  be  don€,  however,  which  could  be 
trusted  to  no  man  who  reverenced  law  or  was 
sensible  of  shame  ;  and  thus  Jeffreys,  at  an  age 
at  which  a  barrister  thinks  himself  fortunate  if 
he  is  employed  to  lead  an  important  cause,  was 
made  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench  [by 
James  II.]. — M.^caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  420. 

2§§9.  INSOLENCE,  Ecclesiastical.  Pope  Greg- 
ory VII.  [Being  deposed  by  the  pope,]  Jlenry 
[11.],  now  reduced  to  extremity,  was  forced  to 
deprecate  the  wrath  of  that  power  which  he  had 
formerly  so  much  despised.  Attended  by  a  few 
domestics,  he  passed  the  Alps,  and  finding  the 
pope  at  Canosa,  he  presented  himself  at  his  holi- 
ness' gate,  without  either  guards  or  attendants. 
This  insolent  man  ordered  him  to  be  stripped  of 
his  clothes,  which  were  exchanged  for  a  haii'- 
cloth  ;  and  after  making  him  fast  for  three  days, 
condescended  to  allow  him  to  kiss  his  feet,  where 
he  obtained  absolution,  on  condition  of  await- 
ing and  conforming  himself  to  the  sentence  of 
the  diet  of  Augsburg. — Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  6, 
ch.  7,  p.  138. 

2§90.  INSOLENCE,  Official.  James  IL  [See 
more  at  No.  1842.]  On  the  day  after  his  arri- 
val the  fellows  of  Magdalen  College  were  or- 
dered to  attend  him.  [They  had  voted  against 
his  wishes  for  a  Protestant  President.]  He  treated 
them  with  an  insolence  such  as  had  never  been 
shown  to  their  predecessors  by  the  Puritan  visit- 
ors. "  You  have  not  dealt  with  me  like  gentle- 
men," he  exclaimed.  "  You  have  been  unman- 
nerly as  well  as  undutiful."  They  fell  on  their 
knees  and  tendered  their  petition.  He  would 
not  look  at  it.  "  Is  this  your  Church  of  England 
loyalty  ?  I  could  not  have  believed  that  so  many 
men  of  the  Church  of  England  would  have  been 
concerned  in  this  business.  Go  home.  Get  you 
gone.  I  am  king.  I  will  be  obeyed.  Go  to  your 
chapel  this  instant  and  admit  the  Bishop  of  Ox- 
ford [the  king's  Roman  Catholic  nominee  for 
president].  Let  those  who  refuse  look  to  it. 
They  shall  feel  the  whole  weight  of  my  hand. 
They  shall  know  what  it  is  to  incur  the  displeas- 
ure of  their  sovereign."  .  .  .  [They  retired  to 
their  chapel,  and]  declared  that  in  all  things  law- 
ful they  were  ready  to  obey  their  king,  but  that 
they  would  not  violate  their  statutes  and  their 
oaths. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  273. 

2891.  INSOLENCE  resented.  Of  Darius.  Pre- 
viously to  the  commencement  of  his  expedition, 
he  sent,  according  to  a  national  custom,  two 
heralds  into  the;  country  which  he  intended  to 
invade,  who,  in  their  master's  name,  demanded 
earth  and  water,  the  usual  symbols  of  subjection. 
The  insolence  of  this  requisition  provoked  the 
Athenians  and  Spartans  into  a  violation  of  the 
law  of  civilized  nations.  They  granted  the  re- 
quest of  the  ambassadors  by  throwing  one  of 
them  into  a  ditch  and  the  other  into  a  well. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  1,  p.  128. 

2§92.  INSOLVENCY,  Governmental.  Beignof 
Charles  II.     Ashley  and  Clifford  [members  of 


his  cabinet]  proposed  a  flagitious  breach  of 
public  faith.  The  goldsmiths  of  London  were 
then  not  only  dealers  in  the  precious  metals,  but 
also  bankers,  and  were  in  the  habit  of  advancing 
large  sums  of  money  to  the  government  In 
return  for  these  advances  they  received  assign- 
ments on  the  revenue,  and  were  repaid  with  in- 
terest as  the  taxes  came  in.  About  £1,300,000  had 
been  in  this  way  intrusted  to  the  honor  of  the 
State.  On  a  sudden  it  was  announced  that  it  was 
not  convenient  to  pay  the  principal,  and  that  the 
lenders  must  content  themselves  with  interest. 
They  were  consequently  unable  to  meet  their 
own  engagements.  The  Exchange  was  in  an 
uproar  ;  several  great  mercantile  houses  broke  ; 
and  dismay  and  distress  spread  through  all  so- 
ciety.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  200. 

2§93.  INSPIRATION,  Claim  of.  King  of  the 
Gotlis.  An  Italian  hermit,  whose  zeal  and  sanc- 
tity were  respected  by  the  barbarians  themselves, 
encountered  the  victorious  monarch,  and  boldly 
denounced  the  indignation  of  Heaven  against 
the  oppressors  of  the  earth  ;  but  the  saint  him- 
self was  confounded  hj  the  solemn  asseveration 
of  Alaric,  that  he  felt  a  secret  and  preternatural 
impulse,  which  directed  and  even  compelled 
his  march  to  the  gates  of  Rome.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  31,  p.  249. 

2§94.  INSPIRATION,  Professed.  Joan  of  Are. 
The  sorceress  was  eighteen  years  of  age  ;  she 
was  a  beautiful  and  most  desirable  girl,  of  good 
height,  and  with  a  sweet  and  heart-touching 
voice.  She  entered  the  splendid  circle  with 
all  humility,  "like  a  poor  little  shepherdess,' 
distinguished  at  the  first  glance  the  king,  who 
had  purposely  kept  himself  amid  the  crowd  of 
courtiers ;  and  although  at  first  he  maintained 
that  he  was  not  the  king,  she  fell  down  and  em- 
braced his  knees.  But  as  he  had  not  been  crown- 
ed, she  only  styled  him  dauphin.  "  Gentle  dau- 
phin," she  addressed  him,  "  my  name  is  Jehanne 
la  Pucelle.  The  King  of  Heaven  sends  you 
word  by  me  that  you  shall  be  consecrated  and 
crowned  in  the  city  of  Rheims,  and  shall  be  lieu- 
tenant of  the  King  of  Heaven,  who  is  King  of 
France." — Michelet's  Joan  of  Arc,  p.  9. 

2895.  INSPIRATION,  Proof  of.  Joan  of  Arc. 
Charles  designedly  dressed  himself  far  less  richly 
than  many  of  his  courtiers  were  apparelled,  and 
mingled  with  them  when  Joan  was  introduced, 
in  order  to  see  if  the  Holy  Maid  would  address 
her  exhortations  to  the  wrong  person.  But  she 
instantly  singled  him  out,  and  kneeling  before 
him,  said:  "Most  noble  dauphin,  the  King  of 
Heaven  announces  to  you  by  me  that  you  shall 
be  anointed  and  crowned  king  in  the  city  of 
Rheims,  and  that  you  shall  be  His  vicegerent  in 
France."  His  features  may  probably  have  been 
seen  by  her  previously  in  portraits,  or  have  been 
described  to  her  by  others  ;  but  she  herself  be- 
lieved that  her  Voices  inspired  her  when  she  ad- 
dressed the  king  ;  and  the  report  soon  spread 
abroad  that  the  Holy  Maid  had  found  the  king 
by  a  miracle. — Decisive  Battles,  §  374. 

2896.  INSULT  more  than  Injury.  Arabs.  The 
nice  sense  of  honor  which  weighs  the  insult  rath- 
er than  the  injury  sheds  its  deadly  venom  on  the 
quarrels  of  the  Arabs  ;  the  honor  of  their  wom- 
en and  their  beards  is  most  easily  wounded  ;  an 
indecent  action,  a  contemptuous  word,  can  be 
expiated  only  by  the  blood  of  the  offender  ;  and 


INSULT— INSULTS. 


345 


sucli  is  their  patient  inveteracy,  that  they  expect 
whole  months  and  years  the  opportunity  of  re- 
venge. A  fine  or  compensation  for  murder  is 
familiar  to  the  barbarians  of  every  age  ;  but  in 
Arabia  the  kinsmen  of  the  dead  are  at  liberty  to 
accept  the  atonement,  or  to  exercise  with  their 
own  hands  the  law  of  toleration.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  88. 

2897.  INSULT  to  Jealousy.  Flogging.  [The 
aristocracy  were  mad  at  Csesar.]  Como,  one  of 
the  most  thriving  towns  in  the  north  of  Italy, 
had  been  enfranchised  by  Caesar.  An  eminent 
citizen  from  Como  happening  to  be  at  Rome, 
Marcellus  publicly  flogged  him,  and  bade  him 
go  back  and  tell  his  fellow-townsmen  the  value 
of  Caesar's  gift  to  them. — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  20. 

2898.  INSULT,  The  last.  Crusaders.  A  sin- 
gle knight  could  impart,  according  to  his  judg- 
ment, the  character  which  he  received  ;  and  the 
warlike  sovereigns  of  Europe  derived  more  glory 
from  this  personal  distinction  than  from  the  lus- 
tre of  their  diadem.  This  ceremony,  of  which 
some  traces  may  be  found  in  Tacitus  and  the 
woods  of  Germany,  was  in  its  origin  simple  and 
profane  :  the  candidate,  after  some  previous  trial, 
was  invested  with  the  sword  and  spurs  ;  and  his 
cheek  or  shoulder  was  touched  with  a  slight 
blow,  as  an  emblem  of  the  last  affront  which  it 
was  lawful  for  him  to  endure. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  58,  p.  563. 

2899.  INSULT,  Political.  To  William  Pitt, 
Prime  Minister.  Pitt,  on  the  27th  of  July,  went 
to  pay  Rockingham  [ex-prime-minister  and  lead- 
er of  the  aristocracy]  a  visit  of  respect,  and  had 
passed  the  threshold,  when  the  young  chief  of 
the  great  Whig  families,  refusing  to  receive  him, 
turned  the  venerable  man  of  the  people  from 
Ms  door.  But  he  was  never  afterward  able  to 
resume  ofBce,  except  with  the  friends  of  the 
minister  he  now  insulted. — Bancroft's  U.  8., 
vol.  6,  ch.  26. 

2900.  INSULT,  Rebellion  from.  Persians. 
[The  Persian  Emperor  Hormouz  was  jealous  of 
his  successful  and  loyal  General  Bahram  after 
his  great  victory  over  the  Turks.  And]  no  soon- 
er had  Bahram  collected  and  reviewed  his  forces, 
than  he  received  from  a  royal  messenger  the  in- 
sulting gift  of  a  distaff,  a  spinning-wheel,  and  a 
complete  suit  of  female  apparel.  Obedient  to 
the  will  of  his  sovereign,  he  showed  himself  to 
the  soldiers  in  this  unworthy  disguise ;  they 
resented  his  ignominy  and  their  own  ;  a  shout 
of  rebellion  ran  through  the  ranks  ;  and  the 
general  accepted  their  oath  of  fidelity  and  vows 
of  revenge. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  46,  p.  434. 

2901.  INSULT,  Remembrance  of.  Darius. 
The  lonians,  with  their  xVthenian  allies,  ravaged 
and  burnt  the  city  of  Sardis,  destroying  the  mag- 
nificent temple  of  Cybele,  the  tutelary  goddess 
of  the  country  ;  but  the  Persians  defeated  them 
with  great  slaughter,  and  compelled  the  Athe- 
nians hastily  to  re-embark  their  troops  at  Ephe- 
sus,  glad  to  make  the  best  of  their  way  to 
Greece.  This  insult,  however,  sunk  deep  into 
the  mind  of  Darius,  and  from  that  moment  he 
vowed  the  destruction  of  Greece.  That  his  resolu- 
tion might  suffer  no  delay  or  abatement,  he 
caused  a  crier  to  proclaim  every  day  when  he 
<5at  down  to  table,  "Great  sovereign,  remem- 


ber the  Athenians." — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2, 
ch.  1,  p.  128. 

2902.  INSULT,  Stinging.  Colonel  Tarleton. 
Tarleton  [a  captured  British  officer  of  Corn- 
wallis'  army]  was  speaking  sarcastically  of  Col- 
onel [William]  Washington  in  the  presence  of 
Mrs.  Ashe.  "  I  would  be  happy  to  see  Colonel 
Washington,"  he  said,  with  a  sneer.  Mrs.  Ashe 
instantly  replied,  "If  you  had  looked  behind 
you  at  the  battle  of  Cowpens  you  would  have 
enjoyed  that  pleasure." — Custis'  Washington, 
vol.  1,  ch.  6. 

2903.  INSULT,  An  unconscious.  James  II. 
[The  young  grandsons  of  William  Kiffin  had 
been  legally  murdered  by  the  monster  Jeffreys, 
because  of  their  religious  faith.  The  king  wish- 
ed to  gain  the  Dissenters,  to  use  them  against  the 
Established  Church.]  The  heartless  and  venal 
sycophants  of  Whitehall,  judging  by  themselves, 
thought  that  the  old  man  would  De  easily  pro- 
pitiated by  an  alderman's  gown,  and  by  some 
compensation  in  money  for  the  property  which 
his  grandsons  had  forfeited.  .  .  .  Kiffin  was 
ordered  to  attend  at  the  palace.  He  found  a 
brilliant  circle  of  noblemen  and  gentlemen  as- 
sembled. James  immediately  came  to  him, 
spoke  to  him  very  graciously,  and  concluded  by 
saying,  "  I  have  put  you  down,  Mr.  Kiffin,  for 
an  alderman  of  London."  The  old  man  looked 
fixedly  at  the  king,  burst  into  tears,  and  made 
answer,  "Sir,  I  am  worn  out;  I  am  unfit  to 
serve  your  Majesty  or  the  city.  And,  sir,  the 
death  of  my  poor  boys  broke  my  heart.  That 
wound  is  as  fresh  as  ever.  I  shall  carry  it  to 
my  grave."  The  king  stood  silent  for  a  minute 
in  some  confusion,  and  then  said,  "  Mr.  Kiffin, 
I  will  find  a  balsam  for  that  sore."  Assuredly 
James  did  not  mean  to  say  anything  cruel  or  in- 
solent. .  .  .  They  are  the  words  of  a  hard-heart- 
ed and  low-minded  man,  unable  to  conceive  any 
laceration  of  the  affections  for  which  a  place  or 
a  pension  would  not  be  a  full  compensation. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  212. 

2904.  INSULTS,  Argument  by.  Samuel  John- 
son's. The  great  lexicographer,  spoiled  by  the 
homage  of  society,  was  still  more  prone  than 
Goldsmith  to  lose  temper  when  the  argument 
went  against  him.  He  could  not  brook  appearing 
to  be  worsted,  but  would  attempt  to  bear  down 
his  adversary  by  the  rolling  thunder  of  his  peri- 
ods ;  and  when  that  failed,  would  become  down- 
right insulting.  Boswell  called  it  "having  re- 
course to  some  sudden  mode  of  robust  sophis- 
try ;"  but  Goldsmith  designated  it  much  more 
happily.  "  There  is  no  arguing  with  Johnson," 
said  he,  "for  when  his  pistol  7nissesfire,  he  knocks 
you  down  with  tJie  butt  end  of  it." — Irving's 
Goldsmith,  ch.  19,  p.  127. 

2905.  INSULTS  with  Misfortunes.  James  II. 
[When  his  perversity  had  ruined  all  his  pros- 
pects, he  called  a  council  of  eminent  men.  Eng- 
land was  now  invaded  by  William  of  Orange.] 
Then  Clarendon  rose,  and,  to  the  astonish- 
ment of  all  who  remembered  his  loud  profes- 
sions of  loyalty  and  the  agony  of  shame  and 
sorrow  into  which  he  had  been  thrown,  only  a 
few  days  before,  by  the  news  of  his  son's  defec- 
tion, broke  forth  into  a  vehement  invective 
against  tyranny  and  popery.  ''  Even  now,"  he 
said,  ' '  his  Majesty  is  raising  in  London  a  regi- 


346 


INTELLECT— INTEMPERANCE. 


ment  into  which  no  Protestant  is  admitted." 
"  That  is  not  true,"  cried  James,  iu  great  agita- 
tion, from  the  head  of  the  board.  Clarendon 
persisted,  and  left  this  offensive  topic  only  to  pass 
to  a  topic  still  more  offensive.  He  accused  the 
unfortunate  king  of  pusillanimity.  Why  retreat 
from  Salisbury  ?  Why  not  try  the  event  of  a 
battle  ?  Could  people  be  blamed  for  submitting 
to  the  invader  when  they  saw  their  sovereign 
run  away  at  the  head  of  his  army  ?  James  felt 
these  insults  keenly,  and  remembered  them  long. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  cli.  9,  p.  482. 

2906.  INTELLECT  clouded.  Jeffreys.  His  le- 
gal knowledge,  indeed,  was  merely  such  as  he 
had  picked  up  in  practice  of  no  very  high  kind  ; 
but  he  had  one  of  those  happily-constituted  in- 
tellects which,  across  labyrinths  of  sophistry  and 
through  masses  of  immaterial  facts,  go  straight 
to  the  true  point.  Of  his  intellect,  however,  he 
seldom  had  the  full  use.  Even  in  civil  causes  his 
malevolent  and  despotic  temper  perpetually  dis- 
ordered his  judgment.  .  .  .  His  looks  and  tones 
had  inspired  terror  when  he  was  merely  a  young 
advocate  struggling  into  practice.  Now  that  he 
was  at  the  head  of  the  most  formidable  tribunal 
in  the  realm,  there  were  few  indeed  who  did  not 
tremble  before  him.  Even  when  he  was  sober, 
his  violence  was  sufficiently  frightful ;  but  in 
general  his  reason  was  overclouded  and  his  evil 
passions  stimulated  by  the  fumes  of  intoxication. 
His  evenings  were  ordinarily  given  to  revelry. 
People  who  saw  him  only  over  his  bottle  would 
have  supposed  him  to  be  a  man  gross  indeed, 
sottish. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  418. 

2907.  INTELLECT,  Dullness  of.  John  How- 
ard. John  Howard,  therefore,  was  a  decidedly 
illiterate  man.  He  spelled  very  incorrectly,  and 
expressed  himself  on  paper  in  the  most  awk- 
ward and  ungrammatical  manner.  He  was 
probably  a  dull  boy,  as  he  was  rather  a  dull 
man.  There  is  no  question  that,  in  point  of 
mere  intellect,  he  was  not  much  above  the  aver- 
age of  English  tradesmen. — Cyclopedia  of 
Bigg.,  p.  32. 

290§.  INTELLECT,  Parsimonious.  Later 
Greeks.  The  Greeks  of  Constantinople,  after 
purging  away  the  impurities  of  their  vulgar 
speech,  acquired  the  free  use  of  their  ancient  lan- 
guage, the  most  happy  composition  of  human 
art,  and  a  familiar  knowledge  of  the  sublime 
masters  who  had  pleased  or  instructed  the  first 
of  nations.  But  these  advantages  only  tend  to 
aggravate  the  reproach  and  shame  of  a  degener- 
ate people.  They  held  in  their  lifeless  hands  the 
riches  of  their  fathers,  without  inheriting  the 
spirit  which  had  created  and  improved  that  sa- 
cred patrimony ;  they  read,  they  praised,  they 
compiled,  but  their  languid  souls  seemed  alike 
incapable  of  thought  and  action.  In  the  revo- 
lution of  ten  centuries,  not  a  single  discovery 
was  made  to  exalt  the  dignity  or  promote  the 
happiness  of  mankind.  Not  a  single  idea  has 
been  added  to  the  speculative  systems  of  an- 
tiquity, and  a  succession  of  patient  disciples  be- 
came in  their  turn  the  dogmatic  teachers  of  the 
next  servile  generation.  Not  a  single  composi- 
tion of  history,  philosophy,  or  literature  has 
been  saved  from  oblivion  by  the  intrinsic  beau- 
ties of  style  or  sentiment,  of  original  fancy,  or 
even  of  successful  imitation. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  53,  p.  381. 


2909.  INTELLECT,  Uncultivated.  Americmz 
Indians.  The  red  man  has  aptitude  at  imitation 
rather  than  invention  ;  he  learns  easily  ;  his  natu- 
ral logic  is  correct  and  discriminating,  and  he 
seizes  on  the  nicest  distinctions  in  comparing 
objects.  But  he  is  deficient  in  the  power  of  im- 
agination to  combine  and  bring  unity  into  his 
floating  fancies,  and  in  the  faculty  of  abstraction 
to  lift  himself  out  of  the  dominion  of  his  imme- 
diate experience.  He  is  nearly  destitute  of  ab- 
stract moral  truth — of  general  principles ;  and 
as  a  consequence  equalling  the  white  man  in  the 
sagacity  of  the  senses,  and  in  judgments  resting 
on  them,  he  is  inferior  in  reason  and  the  moral 
qualities. — Bancroft's  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  22. 

2910.  INTELLIGENCE,  Poverty  of.  Samuel 
Johnson.  Speaking  of  a  diill,  tiresome  fellow, 
whom  he  chanced  to  meet,  he  said,  "  That  fel- 
low seems  to  me  to  possess  but  one  idea,  and 
that  is  a  wrong  one." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  177. 

2911.  INTEMPERANCE,  Ancient.  "Norman. 
Gentleman."  [In  1090]  the  "  wealthy  curled  dar- 
lings" passed  their  time  in  banqueting  and  drunk- 
enness, in  idle  talk  and  gambling. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  16,  p.  221. 

2912. .  Alexander.    Alexander,  as 

soon  as  he  retired  from  the  f ijneral  pile  [where 
an  Indian  prince  named  Calanus  had  been  con- 
sumed], invited  his  friends  and  officers  to  supper, 
and,  to  give  life  to  the  carousal,  promised  that 
the  man  who  drank  most  should  be  crowned  for 
his  victory  Promachus  drank  four  measures  of 
wine  (about  fourteen  quarts),  and  carried  off  the 
crown,  which  was  worth  a  talent,  but  survived 
it  only  three  days.  The  rest  of  the  guests,  as 
Charles  tells  us,  drank  to  such  a  degree  that 
forty-one  of  them  lost  their  lives,  the  weather 
coming  upon  them  extremely  cold  during  their 
intoxication. — Plutarch's  Alexander. 

2913.  INTEMPERANCE  a  fine  Art.  Gyrus. 
[Cyrus  wrote  the  Lacedasmonians  for  assistance. 
In  his  letter  he]  spoke  in  very  high  terms  of  him- 
self, telling  them  he  had  a  greater  and  more 
princely  heart  than  his  brother  ;  that  he  was  the 
better  philosopher,  being  instructed  in  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Magi,  and  that  he  could  drink  and 
bear  more  wine  than  his  brother. — Plutarch's. 
Artaxerxes. 

2914.  INTEMPERANCE,  BUght  of.  Edgar  Al- 
lan Poe.  [He  was  engaged  to  marry  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  young  women  of  New  England. 
After  the  bans  were  published  he  was  seen]  reel- 
ing through  the  streets  of  the  city  which  was  the 
lady's  home ;  and  in  the  evening  that  should 
have  been  the  evening  before  the  bridal,  in  his 
drunkenness  he  committed  at  her  house  such 
outrages  as  made  necessary  a  summons  of  the 
police.  [He  was  afterward  found  in  the  streets 
of  Baltimore  drunk  and  dying,  and  closed  his 
life  in  the  hospital.] — Smiles'  Brief  Biogra- 
phies, p.  341. 

2915.  INTEMPERANCE,  Burdens  of.  Benja- 
min Franklin.  [He  took  a  young  Boston  friend 
with  him  on  his  return  to  Philadelphia.]  On 
the  journey  [young]  Franklin  discovered  that 
his  friend  had  become  a  slave  to  drink.  He  was 
sorely  plagued  and  disgraced  by  him,  and  at  last 
the  young  drunkard  had  spent  all  his  money,  and 


INTEMPERANCE. 


347 


had  no  way  of  getting  on  but  by  Franklin's  aid. 
...  He  shared  his  purse  with  liim  till  it  was 
empty,  and  then  began  on  some  money  wliich 
he  had  been  intrusted  with  for  another,  and  so 
got  him  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  still  assisted 
him.  It  was  seven  years  before  Franklin  could 
pay  off  all  the  debt. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  130. 

2916.  INTEMPERANCE  destroys  Character. 
Do-nothing  Kings.  The  title  of  "  Rois  faineants" 
— "  do-nothing  kings" — expresses  very  aptly  the 
character  of  the  last  descendants  of  the  house  of 
Clovis.  At  the  moment  when  circumstances  de- 
manded from  the  occupants  of  the  Prankish 
throne  a  more  than  ordinary  share  of  talent  and 
force  of  character,  they  lapsed  into  a  state  of  im- 
becility and  insignificance,  both  bodily  and  men- 
tal. Intemperance  and  debauchery  entailed  on 
them  premature  decrepitude  ;  few  attained  the 
mature  age  of  manhood  ;  they  rarely  appeared  in 
public,  except  at  the  annual  pageant  of  the 
Champ  de  Mars. — Students'  France,  ch.4,  §  8. 

2917.  INTEMPEEANCE,  ChiurcUy.  "  WJdt- 
sun-ales. "  [In  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury,] at  the  season  of  Whitsuntide,  when  the 
spring  was  calling  up  "  a  spirit  of  life  in  every- 
thing," there  was  a  parish  feast,  which  the 
church-wardens  had  prepared  for  by  an  ale-brew- 
ing [called  Church-ale]  ;  and  the  profit  that  was 
made  by  filling  the  black-jacks  of  the  jovial 
countrymen  was  applied  to  the  repairs  of  the 
church.  Fancy -fairs  have  superseded  Whitsun- 
ales. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  16,  p.  254. 

2918.  INTEMPERANCE  common.  England, 
1593.  [Stubbes  says]  every  country,  city,  town, 
village,  and  other  places  hath  abundance  of 
alehouses,  taverns,  and  inns,  which  are  so  fraught 

1  with  malt-worms  night  and  day  that  you  v,^ould 
i  wonder  to  see  them.  [Knight  says]  there  were 
I  punishments  for  low  debauchery,  such  as  the 
1  drunkard's  cloak.  Against  this  growing  sin, 
J  which  was  creeping  up  from  the  peasant  and 

mechanic  to  the  yeoman  and  the  courtier,  the 
,  preachers  lifted  up  their  voices  in  the  pulpit,  and 

not  always  in  vain. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.   3, 

ch.  16,  p.  242. 

,  2919.  INTEMPERANCE  in  Court.  Trial  of 
\ Strafford.  [On  the  trial  of  Strafford  by  Parlia- 
jment  it  is  said  that]  after  ten  o'clock  bottles  of 
,beer  and  wine  were  going  from  mouth  to  mouth 

without  cups. — Knight's   Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  28, 

p.  450. 

2920.  INTEMPERANCE,  Crime  by.  England, 
1750.  [In  1750  Henry  Fielding  gives]  his  ex- 
perience as  a  magistrate  :  "  Wretches  are  often 
brought  before  me  charged  with  theft  or  rob- 
bery, whom  I  am  forced  to  confine  before  they 
are  in  a  condition  to  be  examined ;  and  when 
they  have  afterward  become  sober,  I  have  plainly 
perceived,  from  the  state  of  the  case,  that  the  gin 
•ilone  was  the  cause  of  the  transgression."  .  .  .  In 
1751  Mr.  Potter,  a  rising  member  of  Parliament, 

'  produced  several  physicians,  and  masters  of 
■vorkhouses,  to  prove  the  fatal  consequences  of 
jipirituous  liquors,  which  laid  waste  the  meaner 
iiarts  of  the  town,  and  were  now  spreading  into 

he  country."— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.   6,  ch.  12, 

).  191. 

2921.  INTEMPERANCE,  Crimes  of.     Working 
'lasses.     The  awful  misuse  of  the  labor  of  chil- 


dren and  women  [in  the  British  collieries]  pro- 
ceeded, not  from  the  necessities  of  the  coUier's- 
f amily,  but  from  his  own  gross  and  sensual  indul- 
gences. It  was  in  evidence  that  many  of  the  mi- 
ners worked  only  eight  or  nine  days  in  a  fortnight, 
and  then  spent  the  large  earnings  of  two  thirds- 
of  their  working- time  in  drinking  and  gambling. 
—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  22,  p.  396. 

2922.  INTEMPERANCE,  Custom  of.  England,. 
1742.  The  Duke  of  Newcastle  gave  a  great- 
dinner  at  Claremont  to  his  colleagues.  The  ser- 
vants, as  was  customary  at  this  period,  all  got 
drunk. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  7,  p.  108. 

2923. .     Loi-ds  of  Manors.    [Reign 

of  Charles  II.]  His  table  was  loaded  with  coarse 
plenty,  and  guests  were  cordially  welcomed  to 
it ;  but,  as  the  habit  of  drinking  to  excess  was 
general  in  the  class  to  which  he  belonged,  and 
as  his  fortune  did  not  enable  him  to  intoxicate 
large  assemblies  daily  with  claret  or  canary, 
strong  beer  was  the  ordinary  beverage.  The 
quantity  of  beer  consumed  in  those  days  was  in- 
deed enormous  ;  for  beer  then  was  to  the  middle 
and  lower  classes  not  on^y  all  that  beer  now  is, 
but  all  that  wine,  tea,  and  ardent  spirits  now  are. 
It  was  only  at  great  houses  or  on  great  occasions 
that  foreign  drink  was  placed  on  the  board.  The 
ladies  of  the  house,  whose  business  it  had  com- 
monly been  to  cook  the  repast,  retired  as  soon  as 
the  dishes  had  been  devoured,  and  left  the  gen- 
tlemen to  their  ale  and  tobacco.  The  coarse 
jollity  of  the  afternoon  was  often  prolonged  till 
the  revellers  were  laid  under  the  table.  — Ma- 
caitlay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  299. 

2924.  INTEMPERANCE,  Debased  by.  Najzo- 
leon  I.  "The  English,"  s;iid  he,  "  appear  to 
prefer  the  bottle  to  the  society  of  their  ladies, 
as  is  exemplified  by  dismissing  the  ladies  from 
the  table,  and  remaining  for  hours  to  drink  and 
intoxicate  them.selves.  Were  I  in  England,  I 
should  certainly  leave  the  table  with  the  ladies." 
— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  7. 

2925.  INTEMPERANCE,  Diseased  by.  Au- 
gustus Oalerius.  His  death  was  occasioned  by  a 
very  painful  and  lingering  disorder.  His  body, 
swelled  by  an  intemperate  course  of  life  to  aa 
unwieldy  corpulence,  was  covered  with  ulcers, 
and  devoured  by  innumerable  swarms  of  those 
insects  which  have  given  their  name  to  a  most 
loathsome  disease. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  14, 
p.  470. 

2926.  INTEMPERANCE  in  Eating.  Soliman. 
Soliman  [the  Mohammedan  caliph]  died  of  an  in- 
digestion in  his  camp  near  Kinnisrin  or  Chalcis  ia 
Syria,  as  he  was  preparing  to  lead  against  Con- 
stantinople the  remaining  forces  of  the  East. 
Note. — The  caliph  had  emptied  two  baskets  of 
eggs  and  of  figs,  which  he  swallowed  alternately, 
and  the  repast  was  concluded  with  marrow  and 
sugar.  In  one  of  his  pilgrimages  to  Mecca,  Soli- 
man ate,  at  a  single  meal,  seventy  pomegranates, 
a  kid,  six  fowls,  and  a  huge  quantity  of  the 
grapes  of  Tayef .  If  the  bill  of  fare  be  correct, 
we  must  admire  the  appetite  rather  than  the  lux- 
ury of  the  sovereign  of  Asia. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  52,  p.  280. 

2927. .     Sam,uel  Johnson.     It  must 

be  owned  that  Johnson,  though  he  could  be 
rigidly  abstemious,  was  not  a  temperate  man 
either  in  eating  or  drinking.     He  could  refrain. 


348 


INTEMPERANCE. 


I 


but  he  could  not  use  moderately.  He  told  me 
that  he  had  fasted  two  days  without  inconven- 
ience, and  that  he  had  never  been  hungry  but 
once.  They  who  beheld  with  wonder  how  much 
he  eat  upon  all  occasions  when  his  dinner  was  to 
his  taste,  could  not  easily  conceive  what  he  must 
have  meant  by  hunger  ;  and  not  only  was  he  re- 
markable for  the  extraordinary  quantity  which 
he  eat,  but  he  was,  or  affected  to  be,  a  man  of 
a  very  nice  discernment  in  the  science  of  cook- 
ery.— Bos  well's  Johnson,  p.  130. 

292$.  INTEMPERANCE,  Example  of.  For  the 
Young.  [The  Spartans  had  many  slaves  called 
Helotes.  Sometimes  they]  made  them  drink  un- 
til they  were  intoxicated,  and  in  that  condition 
led  them  into  the  public  halls,  to  show  the  young 
men  what  drunkenness  was.  They  ordered  them 
to  sing  mean  songs  and  to  dance  ridiculous 
dances,  but  not  to  meddle  with  any  that  were 
genteel  and  graceful. — Plutarch's  Lycubgus. 

2929.  INTEMPERANCE,  Fatal.  Louis  X.  He 
expired  at  Vincennes  of  a  disorder  occasioned 
by  drinking  wine  immoderately  when  over- 
heated by  a  game  at  ball. — Students'  France, 
ch.  9,  §  21,  p.  190. 

2930. .     Athalaric.  [Athalaric,  the 

young  Gothic  King  of  Italy,  was  abandoned 
to  wine,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  was  consumed 
by  premature  intemperance.] — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  41,  p.  149. 

2931. .     Alexander  tJie  Great.    One 

day  after  he  had  given  Nearchus  [one  of  his  com- 
manders] a  sumptuous  treat,  he  went,  according 
to  custom,  to  refresh  himself  in  the  bath  in  order 
to  retire  to  rest.  But  in  the  mean  time  Medius 
came  and  invited  him  to  take  part  in  a  carousal, 
and  he  could  not  deny  him.  There  he  drank  all 
that  night  and  the  next  day,  until  at  last  he 
found  a  fever  coming  upon  him.  It  did  not, 
however,  seize  him  as  he  was  drinking  the  cup 
of  Hercules,  nor  did  he  find  a  sudden  pain  in  his 
back,  as  if  it  had  been  pierced  with  a  spear. 
These  are  circumstances  invented  by  writers, 
"who  thought  the  catastrophe  of  so  noble  a  trag- 
edy should  be  something  affecting  and  extraor- 
dinary. Aristobulus  tells  us  that  in  the  rage  of 
his  fever  and  the  violence  of  his  thirst  he  took  a 
draught  of  wine,  which  threw  him  into  a  frenzy, 
and  that  he  died  the  thirtieth  of  the  month  Dm- 
sius  {June). — Plutarch's  Alexander. 

2932.  INTEMPERANCE  of  Females.  Nobility. 
A.D.  1606.  [James  I.,  having  received  a  liberal 
subsidy  from  Parliament,]  indulged  in  every 
species  of  disgusting  excess,  in  which  the  royal 
example  was  so  encouraging  that .  .  .  the  ladies 
abandoned  their  sobriety,  and  were  seen  to  roll 
about  in  intoxication. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  22,  p.  339. 

2933.  INTEMPERANCE  fostered.  Hugh  Mil- 
ler. ' '  The  drinking  usages  of  the  [stone  ma- 
sons'] profession  in  which  I  labored  were  at 
this  time  many  ;  when  a  foundation  was  laid, 
the  workmen  were  treated  to  drink  ;  .  .  .  when 
the  walls  were  levelled  for  laying  the  joists  ;  .  .  . 
when  the  building  was  finished  ;  .  .  .  when  an  ap- 
prentice joined  the  squad  ;  .  .  .  when  his  "  apron 
was  washed  ;"  ...  when  his  time  was  out,  and 
occasionally  they  learned  to  treat  one  another. 
[Miller  soon  became  a  teetotaler.] — Smiles' 
33RIEF  Biographies,  p.  94. 


2934.  INTEMPERANCE  and  Genius.  Addison. 
Hear  Swift :  "  I  dined  with  Mr.  Addison  and 
Dick  Stuart.  They  were  half  fuddled,  but  not 
I ;  for  I  mixed  water  with  my  wine,  and  left 
them  together  between  nine  and  ten."  [October 
31, 1710.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  27,  p.  426. 

2935.  INTEMPERANCE,  Governmental. 

Drunken  Parliament,  The  Parliament  which  met 
at  Edinburgh  on  the  1st  of  January,  1661,  has 
been  honored  with  the  name  of ' '  the  drunken  Par- 
liament." [Bishop]  Burnet  says  :  "  It  was  a  mad, 
roaring  time,  full  of  extravagance  ;  and  no  won- 
der it  was  so,  when  the  men  of  affairs  were  almost 
perpetually  drunk." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  16,  p.  258. 

2936.  INTEMPERANCE  through  Hospitality. 
Treating.  [At  the  commencement  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century]  the  barbarous  hospitality  that  in- 
duced ' '  gentlemen  to  think  it  was  one  of  the  hon- 
ors of  their  houses  that  none  must  go  out  of  them 
sober,"  was  a  little  wearing  away. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  4,  p.  54. 

2937.  INTEMPERANCE,  Loss  by.  Stephen  A. 
Douglas.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion, 
in  1861,  he  gave  his  hand  to  Abraham  Lincoln, 
and  engaged  to  stand  by  him  in  his  efforts  to 
save  the  country ;  all  his  errors  were  instantly 
forgiven.  But  his  days  were  numbered.  During 
his  herculean  labors  of  the  previous  year  he  had 
sustained  himself  by  deep  draughts  of  whiskey  ; 
and  his  constitution  gave  way  at  the  very  time 
when  a  new  and  nobler  career  opened  up  before 
him.  .  .  .  When  I  saw  him  last  he  was  standing 
on  the  balcony  of  the  Metropolitan  Hotel  in  New 
York,  .  .  .  his  large  face  as  red  as  fire. — Par- 
ton's  Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  203. 

293S.  INTEMPERANCE  manifested.  Offen- 
sive. I  heard  him  [Johnson]  once  give  a  very 
judicious  practical  advice  upon  this  subject : 
' '  A  man  who  has  been  drinking  wine  at  all  free- 
ly should  never  go  into  a  new  company.  With 
those  who  have  partaken  wine  with  him  he 
may  be  pretty  well  in  unison  ;  but  he  will,  prob- 
ably, be  offensive,  or  appear  ridiculous,  to  other 
people." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  276. 

2939.  INTEMPERANCE,  Perils  of.  Retreat 
from  Moscow.  On  the  9th  of  November  Napoleon 
reached  Smolensk.  He  had  hoped  to  find  shel- 
ter, clothing,  and  provisions.  He  found  only 
rain  and  famine.  There  was  brandy  in  abun- 
dance. The  soldiers  in  despair  drank  to  utter 
stupefaction,  and  during  the  night  perished  mis- 
erably in  the  icy  streets.  In  the  morning  the 
pavement  was  covered  with  the  frozen  bodies 
of  the  dead. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  14. 

2940. .     Indians.     [After  the  sur- 
render of  Fort  William  Henry,  at  Lake  George, 
to  the  French,]  a  safe  escort  was  promised  to 
Fort  Edward.  .  .  .  Unfortunately  the    Indians 
procured  a  quantity  of  whiskey  from  the  Eng- 
lish camp.    Maddened  with  intoxication,  and  in  i 
spite  of  the  utmost  exertions  of  Montcalm  and  j 
his  officers,  the  savages  fell  upon  the  prisoners,  j 
and  began  a  massacre.     Thirty  of  the  English 
were  tomahawked.  .  .  .  The  retirement ...  be- 
came a  panic  and  a  rout. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  34,  p.  270. 

2941.  INTEMPERANCE,  Power  of.  W(vr. 
The  intemperate  thirst  of  strong  liquors  often 


INTEMPERANCE. 


349 


Purged  the  barbarians  to  invade  the  provinces  on 
which  art  or  nature  had  bestowed  those  much- 
envied  presents.  The  Tuscan  who  betrayed  his 
country  to  the  Celtic  nations  attracted  them 
into  Italy  by  the  prospect  of  the  rich  fruits  and 
delicious  wines,  the  productions  of  a  happier 
climate.  And  in  the  same  manner  the  German 
auxiliaries,  invited  into  France  during  the  civil 
wars  of  the  sixteenth  century,  were  allured  by 
the  promise  of  plenteous  quarters  in  the  prov- 
inces of  Champagne  and  Burgundy.  Drunken- 
ness, the  most  illiberal,  but  not  the  most  danger- 
ous of  our  vices,  was  sometimes  capable,  in  a 
less  civilized  state  of  mankind,  of  occasioning  a 
battle,  a  war,  or  a  revolution. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  9,  p.  262. 

2942.  INTEMPERANCE  prolonged.  Dionysius. 
The  reins  of  that  monarchy  which  Dionysius 
vainly  called  adamantine  fell  gradually  from  the 
loose  and  dissolute  hand  that  held  them.  This 
young  prince,  it  is  said,  would  continue  the  scene 
of  intoxication  for  ninety  days  without  intermis- 
sion, during  which  time  no  sober  person  was 
admitted  to  his  court,  where  all  was  drunkenness 
and  buffoonery,  revelry  and  riot. — Plutarch. 

2943.  INTEMPERANCE— PROPERTY.  Con- 
sumption. [Cato  the  Censor  was  one  day]  pointing 
to  a  man  who  had  sold  a  paternal  estate  near  the 
seaside  ;  he  pretended  to  admire  him  as  one  that 
was  stronger  than  the  sea  itself  ;  "  For,"  said  he, 
' '  what  the  sea  could  not  have  swallowed  with- 
out difficulty,  this  man  has  taken  down  with  all 
the  ease  imaginable." — Plutarch's  Cato. 

2914.  INTEMPERANCE,  Religion  against. 
Puritans.  [In  1653  Colonel  Hutchinson,  M.P. , 
in  the  part  of  the  country  where  he  lived] 
procured  unnecessary  ale-houses  to  be  put  down 
in  all  the  towns  ;  and  if  any  one  that  he  heard 
of  suffered  any  disorder  or  debauchery  in  his 
house,  he  would  not  suffer  him  to  brew  any 
more.  He  was  a  little  severe  against  drunk- 
enness, for  which  the  drunkards  would  some- 
times rail  at  him. — Knight's  Eng.,vo1.  4,  ch.  11, 
p.  172. 

294o.  INTEMPERANCE  renounced.  Normans. 
They  renounced  that  brutal  intemperance  to 
which  all  the  other  branches  of  the  great  Ger- 
man family  were  too  much  inclined.  The  polite 
luxury  of  the  Norman  presented  a  striking  con- 
trast to  the  coarse  voracity  and  drunkenness  of 
his  Saxon  and  Danish  neighbors.  He  loved  to 
display  his  magnificence,  not  in  huge  piles  of 
food  and  hogsheads  of  strong  drink,  but  in 
large  and  stately  edifices,  rich  armor,  gallant 
horses,  choice  falcons,  well-ordered  tournaments, 
banquets  delicate  rather  than  abundant,  and 
wines  remarkable  rather  for  their  exquisite  flavor 
than  for  their  intoxicating  power. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  11. 

2946.  INTEMPERANCE,  Revenue  from.  State. 
[The  national  debt  of  Great  Britain  was  begun  by 
borrowing  ten  millions  of  money  to  carry  on  the 
war  of  William  III.  against  Louis  XIV.  The 
loan  was  secured  by]  "  An  Act  for  granting  to 
their  majesties  certain  rates  and  duties  of  excise 
upon  beer,  ale,  and  other  liquors." — Knight's 
ExG.,  vol.  5,  ch.  10,  p.  156. 

2947.  INTEMPERANCE,  Shameful.  Reirjn  of 
■Tiuaes  IF.  There  were  two  Protestant  members 
I  if  the  cabinet  who  took  no  decided  part  in  the 


struggle.  Jeffreys  was  at  that  time  tortured  by 
a  cruel  internal  malady  which  had  been  aggra- 
vated by  intemperance.  At  a  dinner  which  a 
wealthy  alderman  gave  to  some  of  the  leading 
members  of  the  government,  the  lord  treasurer 
and  the  lord  chancellor  were  so  drunk  that  they 
stripped  themselves  almost  stark  naked,  and 
were  with  difficulty  prevented  from  climbing  up 
a  sign-post  to  drink  his  Majesty's  health. — Ma 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  61. 

2948.  INTEMPERANCE,  Shameless.  English. 
Noble  Britons,  up  to  the  end  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  thought  it  no  disgrace  to  a  gentleman  to 
be  led  reeling  home  by  the  watchman,  or  to  fall 
under  the  table,  whilst  roaring  out  the  bacchana- 
lian songs  which  were  the  most  precious  gifts 
of  the  English  muse.  .  .  .  The  president  who  is 
concocting  a  fresh  bowl  of  punch  is  a  rubicund 
divine,  whose  calling,  according  to  the  theory 
of  that  age,  is  as  much  devoted  to  the  corkscrew 
hanging  from  his  finger  as  by  the  band  and  cas- 
sock which  he  wears. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  30,  p.  468. 

2949.  INTEMPERANCE  endangers  the  State. 
Battle  of  Oermantown.  The  delay  in  the  arrival 
of  the  ammunition  wagons  Avas  productive  of  the 
most  serious  consequences  in  the  action  of  the 
succeeding  day  [to  the  Americans].  The  gen- 
eral officer  to  whom  the  blame  of  this  delay  was 
attached  was  afterward  discovered  in  a  state  of 
intoxication,  lying  in  the  corner  of  a  fence.  [In 
the  midst  of  the  battle  the  ammunition  failed.} 
He  was  brought  to  a  court-martial  and  cashiered.^ 
— CusTis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  4. 

2950.  INTEMPERANCE,  Strange.  Tartars.. 
The  wines  of  a  happier  climate  ari^  the  most  grate- 
ful present,  or  the  most  valuable  commodity,  that 
can  be  offered  to  the  Tartars  ;  and  the  only  ex- 
ample of  their  industry  seems  to  consist  in  the 
art  of  extracting  from  mare's  milk  a  fermented 
liquor,  which  possesses  a  very  strong  power  of 
intoxication — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26,  p.  6. 

2951.  INTEMPERANCE,  Suppression  of.  By 
Legislation.  [In  1752,  to  suppress  the  evils  of] 
drinking  gin,  additional  duties  were  imposed 
from  time  to  time  ;  and  the  consumption  of  the 
liquid  fire  became  gradually  diminished,  not  so 
much,  perhaps,  by  the  operation  of  the  duties 
as  by  the  general  improvement  of  all  classes  of 
society.  Drunkenness  in  the  time  of  George  II. 
was  the  vice  of  the  high  as  well  as  the  low. 
When  it  became  a  disgrace  f  6r  a  gentleman  to  be 
drunk,  it  might  reasonably  be  expected  that  the 
artisan  would  see  that  his  own  character  and  his 
own  happiness  were  compromised  by  drunken- 
ness.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  12,  p.  191. 

2952.  INTEMPERANCE,  Victim  of.  Sheridan. 
The  same  night  in  which  Sheridan  had  electrified 
Parliament  with  his  eloquence  he  might  have 
been  picked  up  drunk  in  the  streets. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  22,  p.  402. 

2953. .    Robert  Burns,  \i&.vmg  gone 

from  his  plough  to  become  the  spoiled  child 
of  Edinburgh  society,  fell  into  habits  of  intem- 
perance.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  7,  p.  116. 

2954. .    Robert  Burns.      Early  in 

the  month  of  January,  when  his  health  was  in 
the  course  of  improvement.  Burns  tarried  to  a 
late  hour  at  a  jovial  party  in  the  Globe  tavern. 
Before  retui'ning  home,  he  unluckily  remained 


^50 


INTEMPERANCE— INTOLERANCE. 


for  some  time  in  the  open  air,  aud  overpowered 
by  the  effects  of  the  liquor  he  had  drunk,  fell 
asleep.  ...  A  fatal  chill  penetrated  his  bones  ; 
he  reached  home  with  the  seeds  of  a  rheumatic 
fever  already  in  possession  of  his  weakened 
frame.  In  this  little  accident,  and  not  in  the 
pressure  of  poverty  or  disrepute,  or  wounded 
feelings  or  a  broken  heart,  truly  lay  the  deter- 
mining cause  of  the  sadly  shortened  days  of  our 
national  poet. — Shairp's  Burns,  ch.  7. 

2955. .  Edgar  Allan  Poe.  Edgar  Al- 
lan Poe,  like  Byron  and  many  others,  appears  to 
have  been  a  man  whose  brain  was  permanently 
injured  by  alcohol,  and  so  injured  that  there  was 
no  safet}^for  him  except  in  total  and  eternal  ab- 
stinence from  every  intoxicating  drink.  I  have 
often  heard  the  late  N.  P.  Willis  speak  of  Poe's 
conduct  when  he  was  sub-editor  of  the  Even- 
ing Mirror,  of  which  Mr.  Willis  was  one  of  the 
editors.  Poe,  he  would  say,  was  usually  one  of 
the  most  quiet,  regular,  and  gentlemanlike  of 
men,  remarkably  neat  in  his  person,  elegant  and 
orderly  about  his  work,  and  wholly  unexception- 
able in  conduct  and  demeanor.  But  in  a  weak 
moment,  tempted,  perhaps,  by  a  friend  or  by 
the  devil  Opportunity,  he  would  take  one  glass 
of  wine  or  liquor.  From  that  moment  he  was 
another  being.  His  self-control  was  gone.  An 
irresistible  thirst  for  strong  drink  possessed  him, 
and  he  would  drink  and  drink  and  drink,  as  long 
as  he  could  lift  a  glass  to  his  lips.  If  he  could  not 
get  good  liquor,  he  would  drink  bad;  all  he 
desired  was  something  fiercely  stimulating.  He 
would  frequently  keep  i\\m  up  for  several  days 
and  nights,  until,  in  fact,  his  system  was  per- 
fectly exhausted,  and  he  had  been  taken  helpless 
and  unresisting  to  bed. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  , 
p.  736. 

2956.  INTEMPEEANCE,  Wages  and.  ' '  Cider 
Wages."  [About  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury began  a  custom  which  has  continued  until 
the  present  time.  It  was]  "  the  payment,  by  the 
farmer,  of  a  portion  of  his  laborers'  wages  in 
cider." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  15,  p.  15. 

2957.  INTEECOITRSE,  TTnity  ty.  United 
States.  The  third  cause  of  the  civil  war  was  the 
want  of  intercourse  between  the  people  of  the  North 
and  the  South.  The  great  railroads  and  thorough- 
fares ran  East  and  West.  Emigration  flowed 
from  the  East  to  the  West.  Between  the  North 
and  South  there  was  little  travel  or  interchange 
of  opinion.  From  want  of  acquaintance  the  peo- 
ple, without  intendingit,  became  estranged,  jeal- 
ous, suspicious.  They  misjudged  each  other's 
motives  ;  they  misrepresented  each  other's  beliefs 
and  purpose^  •  they  suspected  each  other  of  dis- 
honesty and  ill- .  ''.1.  Before  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  the  people  of  the  two  sections  looked  upon 
each  other  almost  in  the  light  of  different  nation- 
alities.—Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  62,  p.  489. 

2958.  INTEREST  prohibited.  Reign  of  Henry 
"TZZZ  It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  in  this  reign, 
likewise,  the  interest  of  money  was  first  fixed  by 
law  in  England.  While  this  continued  an  arbi- 
trary matter — that  is  to  say,  while  the  prohibi- 
tions of  the  canon  law  were  in  full  force,  which, 
as  we  formerly  remarked,  condemned  all  interest 
as  illegal  and  contrary  to  the  express  command 
of  Scripture — its  exaction,  being  kept  secret,  was 
beyond  measure  exorbitant.  Twenty  and  thirty 
per  cent  were,  in  the  fourteenth  century,  ac- 


counted a  moderate  rate  of  usance.  Henry  VIII., 
by  a  statute  passed  in  the  year  1546,  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  usury,  limited  the  legal  interest  to 
ten  per  cent,  at  which  rate  it  continued  till  after 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  18,  p.  274. 

2959.  INTERPRETATION  unrestricted.    My- 

thology.  As  the  traditions  of  pagan  mythology 
were  variously  related,  the  sacred  interpreters 
were  at  liberty  to  select  the  most  convenient 
circumstances  ;  and  as  they  translated  an  arbi- 
trary cipher,  they  could  extract  from  any  fable 
any  sense  which  was  adapted  to  their  favorite 
system  of  religion  and  pWlosophy.  The  lasci- 
vious form  of  a  naked  Venus  was  tortured  into 
the  discovery  of  some  moral  precept  or  somo 
physical  truth  ;  and  the  castration  of  Atys  ex- 
plained the  revolution  of  the  sun  between  the 
tropics,  or  the  separation  of  the  human  soul 
from  vice  and  eiTor.  [Time  of  Julian.] — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  23,  p.  415. 

2960.  INTERVIEW,  Formal.  Grant^McMa- 
hon.  [A  French  inquirer  asked  General  Grant, 
when  in  Paris,]  "  How  did  you  find  our  Presi- 
dent ?"  "  We  were  unable  to  comprehend  each 
other."  "How  was  that  ?"  I  said,  with  aston- 
ishment. "  Simple  enough  ;  I  didn't  under- 
stand a  word  of  French ;  the  marshal  doesn't 
know  a  word  of  English.  He  bowed  to  me  ;  I 
bowed  to  him.  He  extended  his  hand  to  me  ;  I 
extended  mine  to  him.  Then  all  was  over." — 
Travels  op  General  Grant,  p.  88. 

2961.  INTIMIDATION  successful.  Captain 
John  Smith.  Smith's  first  and  chief  care  was  to 
make  a  proper  impression  upon  the  minds  of  the 
savages  ....  He  ordered  the  two  cannon  which 
he  had  promised  to  give  to  [King]  Powhatan  to 
be  brought  out  and  loaded  to  the  muzzle  with 
stones.  Then,  under  the  pretence  of  teaching 
the  Indians  gunnery,  he  had  the  pieces  dis- 
charged among  the  tree-tops,  which  were  brist- 
ling with  icicles.  There  was  a  terrible  crash,  and 
the  savages,  cowering  with  fear  and  amazement, 
could  not  be  induced  to  touch  the  fearful  engines. 
—Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  9,  p.  101. 

2962.  INTOLERANCE  and  Immorality.  Cha/r- 
lemagne.  Charlemagne  was  fully  equal  to  any 
of  those  sovereigns  to  whom  history  awards 
the  name  of  Great,  if  he  did  not  surpass  them 
all.  His  two  great  faults  were  his  religious  in- 
tolerance, which  carried  him  into  the  most  san- 
guinary excesses  of  inhuman  cruelty,  and  his 
laxity  of  personal  morals. — Students'  France, 
ch.  5,  §  11. 

2963.  INTOLERANCE,  Protestant.  To  Roman, 
ists.  [In  1698  was  passed]  the  "  Act  for  the  fur- 
ther preventing  the  growth  of  Popery  ;"  it  recites 
that  there  has  been  a  greater  resort  into  this 
kingdom  than  formerly  of  popish  priests,  bish- 
ops, and  Jesuits.  Any  person  apprehending  and 
prosecuting  to  conviction  any  bishop,  priest,  or 
Jesuit,  for  saying  mass  or  exercising  any  priest- 
ly function,  is  to  receive  a  reward  of  £100.  The 
punishment  of  such  convicted  persons,  or  for  a 
papist  keeping  a  school,  is  to  be  perpetual  im- 
prisonment. Every  person  educated  in  the  po- 
pish religion  upon  attaining  the  age  of  eighteen, 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  and  supremacy,  and 
subscribe  the  declaration  against  transubstantia- 
tion  and  the  worship  of  saints,  and  in  default  of 


INTOLERAXCE— INVENTION. 


351 


such  oath  and  subscription  is  declared  incapable 
of  purchasing  lands,  or  of  inheriting  lands  under 
any  devise  or  limitation,  the  next  of  kin  being  a 
Protestant,  to  enjoy  such  devised  lands  during 
life. — Knight's  ExG.,  vol.  5,  ch.  15,  p.  235. 

2964.  INTOLERANCE,  ReUgious.  Tender  Con- 
sciences. [In  1670  Parker,  afterward  Bishop  of 
Oxford,  was  intolerant  toward  Nonconformists, 
and  proclaimed]  tender  consciences,  instead  of 
being  complied  with,  must  be  restrained  with 
more  peremptory  and  unyielding  rigor  than 
naked  and  unsanctified  villainy.  —  Knight's 
Eng.,vo1.  4,  ch.  19,  p.  311. 

2965.  INTOXICATION,  ResponsibiUty  for. 
Murder.  [Belisarius,  the  great  Roman  general, 
was  distinguished  by  his  firmness  and  severity.] 
Two  of  the  Huns,  who  in  a  drunken  quarrel  had 
slain  one  of  their  fellow-soldiers,  were  instantly 
shown  to  the  army  suspended  on  a  lofty  gibbet. 
The  national  dignity  was  resented  by  their  coun- 
trymen, who  disclaimed  the  servile  laws  of  the 
empire,  and  asserted  the  free  privilege  of  Scyth- 
ia,  where  a  small  fine  was  allowed  to  expiate  the 
hasty  sallies  of  intemperance  and  anger.  Their 
complaints  were  specious,  their  clamors  were 
loud,  and  the  Romans  were  not  averse  to  the  ex- 
ample of  disorder  and  impunity.  But  the  rising 
sedition  was  appeased  by  the  authority  and  elo- 
quence of  the  general ;  and  he  represented  to  the 
assembled  troops  the  obligation  of  justice,  the 
importance  of  discipline,  the  rewards  of  piety 
and  virtue,  and  the  unpardonable  guilt  of  mur- 
der, which,  in  his  apprehension,  was  aggravated 
rather  than  excused  by  the  vice  of  intoxication. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  41,  p.  121. 

2966.  INTRIGUE,  Genius  for.  GarondeBeau- 
marchais.  a.d.  1774.  "  Is  there,"  said  he  through 
De  Sartines,  the  head  of  the  police  [to  Louis 
XVI. ,  twenty  years  of  age,  and  absolute  monarch 
of  France],  "  anything  which  the  Icing  wishes  to 
know  alone  and  at  once — anything  which  he 
wishes  done  quickly  and  secretly,  here  am  I, 
•who  have  at  his  service  a  head,  a  heart,  arms, 
and  no  tongue." — Bancroft's  U.S.,  vol.  7,ch.  1. 

2967.  INTRIGUER,  Successful.  Sunderland. 
^Secretary  of  State  under  Charles  II.]  Like  many 
other  accomplished  flatterers  and  negotiators,  he 
was  far  more  skilful  in  the  art  of  reading  the 
characters  and  practising  on  the  weaknesses  of 
individuals  than  m  the  art  of  discerning  the  feel- 
ings of  great  masses  and  of  foreseeing  the  ap- 
proach of  great  revolutions.  He  was  adroit  in 
intrigue  ;  and  it  was  difficult  even  for  shrewd 
and  experienced  men,  who  had  been  amply  fore- 
warned of  his  perfidy,  to  withstand  the  fascina- 
tion of  his  manner,  and  to  refuse  credit  to  his 
professions  of  attachment ;  but  he  was  so  intent 
on  observing  and  courting  particular  persons, 
that  he  forgot  to  study  the  temper  of  the  nation. 
He  therefore  miscalculated  grossly  with  respect 
to  all  the  most  momentous  events  of  his  time. 
Everj  important  movement  and  rebound  of  the 

jfPublic  mind  took  him  by  surprise  ;   and  the 

rorld,  unable  to  understand  how  so  clever  a 

lan  could  be  blind  to  what  was  clearly  discern- 

'  by  the  politicians  of  the  coffee-houses,  some- 

IjUmes  attributed  to  deep  design  what  were,  in 

Itruth,  mere  blunders. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2, 

|p.  231. 

296!».  INVENTION  by  Accident.  Spinning- 
jenny.    In  1767  James  Hargreaves  completed  his 


"spinning-jenny."  The  spinster's  machine  in 
Hargreaves'  cottage  being  accidentally  over- 
turned, it  was  observed  that  the  wheel  and  the 
spindle  continued  to  revolve.  In  ihe  position  of 
the  wheel  on  its  side  the  spindle  became  perpen- 
dicular. The  ingenious  man  caught  the  idea, 
and  forthwith  constructed  a  multiplying  wheel, 
with  eight  rovings  and  eight  upright  spindlea 
His  jealous  neighbors  broke  into  his  house,  de- 
stroyed his  invention,  and  compelled  him  to  fly 
for  his  life  to  Nottingham.  [He  took  out  a  pat- 
ent, but  his  invention  soon  became  common 
property.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  3,  p.  46. 

2969. .  Chauncey  Jerome.  He  began, 

erelong,  to  send  consignments  of  wooden  clocks 
to  the  Southern  cilies,  and  this  it  was  that  led  to 
the  discarding  of  wood  for  the  works  of  Yankee 
clocks.  On  the  voyage  the  wood  would  swell 
sometimes,  and  spoil  them.  One  night,  when 
Jerome  was  depressed  from  a  temporary  lull  in 
the  business,  and  much  troubled  with  this  new 
difficulty,  the  idea  darted  into  his  mind  that 
possibly  a  clock  could  be  made  of  brass  as 
cheaply  as  of  wood.  He  sprang  out  of  bed  and 
fell  to  ciphering.  He  found  it  could  be  done. 
He  did  it. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  213. 

2970.  INVENTION,  Aid  of.  Julius  Ccesar. 
The  Veneti  had  collected  every  ship  that  they  or 
their  allies  possessed  to  defend  themselves.  They 
had  two  hundred  and  twenty  sail  in  all  —  a 
force,  considering  its  character,  extremely  for- 
midable. Their  vessels  were  too  strong  to  be 
run  down.  The  galleys  carried  turrets  ;  but  the 
bows  and  sterns  of  the  Veneti  were  still  too 
lofty  to  be  reached  effectively  by  the  Roman 
javelins.  The  Romans  had  the  advantage  in 
speed  ;  but  that  was  all.  They  too,  however, 
had  their  ingenuities.  They  had  studied  the 
construction  of  the  Breton  ships.  They  had 
provided  sickles  with  long  handles,  with  which 
they  proposed  to  catch  the  halyards  which  held 
the  weight  of  the  heavy  leather  sails.  It  was 
not  difficult  to  do,  if,  as  is  probable,  the  hal- 
yards were  made  fast,  not  to  the  mast,  but  to 
the  gunwale.  Sweeping  rapidly  alongside  they 
could  easily  cut  them  ;  the  sails  would  fall,  and 
the  vessels  would  be  unmanageable. — Froude's 
C^SAR,  ch.  15. 

2971.  INVENTION  appreciated.  Power-loom. 
[Dr.  Edmund  Cartwright,  a  clergyman,  invented 
the  power-loom  in  1784  ;  and  in  1807  Parliament 
granted  him  £10,000]  for  the  good  service  he 
had  rendered  the  public  by  his  invention  of 
weaving. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  3,  p.  54. 

2972.  INVENTION,  Benefit  of.  Cannon.  In 
the  battle  of  Angora  the  main  body  itself  was 
supported  on  the  flanks  and  in  the  rear  by  the 
bravest  squadrons  of  the  reserve,  commanded 
by  the  sons  and  grandsons  of  Timour,  The  con- 
queror of  Hindostan  ostentatiously  showed  a 
line  of  elephants,  the  trophies  rather  than  the 
instruments  of  victory ;  the  use  of  the  Greek 
fire  was  familiar  to  the  Moguls  and  Ottomans  ; 
but  had  they  borrowed  from  Europe  the  recent 
invention  of  gunpowder  and  cannon,  the  artifi- 
cial thunder,  in  the  hands  of  either  nation,  must 
have  turned  the  fortune  of  the  day. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  65,  p.  265. 

2973.  INVENTION,  Comfort  by.  Ear  the  n- 
ware.     [In  1763  Josiah  Wedgwood,  a  mechanic. 


352 


INVENTION. 


discovered  a  process  of  manufacturing  a  cheap 
and  excellent  earthenware,  which  removed]  the 
pewter  dishes  from  the  dingy  rows  in  the  trades- 
man's kitchen,  and  superseded  the  wooden  plat- 
ter and  the  brown  dish  of  the  poor  man's  cottage, 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  8,  p.  57. 

2974.  INVENTION,  Crisis  of.  Elias  Howe. 
One  day,  in  1844,  the  thought  flashed  upon  him. 
Is  it  necessary  that  a  macjiine  should  imitate  the 
performance  of  the  hand  ?  May  there  not  be 
another  stitch  ?  This  was  the  crisis  of  the  inven- 
tion The  idea  of  using  two  threads,  and  form- 
ing a  stitch  by  the  aid  of  a  shuttle  and  a  curved 
needle,  with  the  eye  near  the  point,  soon  occurred 
to  him,  and  he  felt  that  he  had  invented  a  sewing- 
machine.  It  was  in  the  month  of  October,  1844, 
that  he  was  able  to  convince  himself,  by  a  rough 
model  of  wood  and  wire,  that  such  a  machine 
as  he  had  projected  would  sew. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BiOG.,  p.  680. 

2975.  INVENTION,  Discouragement  in.  James 
Watt.  I  have  now  brought  the  engine  near  a  con- 
clusion, yet  I  am  not  an  idea  nearer  that  rest  I 
wish  for  than  I  was  four  years  ago.  However,  I 
am  resolved  to  do  all  I  can  to  carry  on  this  busi- 
ness, and  if  it  does  not  thrive  with  me  I  will  lay 
aside  the  burden  I  cannot  carry.  Of  all  things 
in  life  there  is  nothing  more  foolish  than  invent- 
ing.— Smiles'  Brief  Biographies,  p.  30. 

2976.  INVENTION,  Failure  of.  George  Wash- 
ington. We  find  in  his  diary  many  such  entries 
as  these  :  "  Spent  the  greater  part  of  the  day  in 
making  a  new  plough  of  my  own  invention." 
"  Peter  (my  smith)  and  I,  after  several  efforts  to 
make  a  plough  after  a  new  model,  partly  of  my 
own  contriving,  were  fain  to  give  it  over,  at 
least  for  the  present." — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  12. 

2977.  INVENTION,  Genius  for.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. It  is  an  attempt  to  make  it  an  easy  mat- 
ter to  transport  vessels  over  shoals  and  snags 
and  sawyers.  The  main  idea  is  that  of  an  appa- 
ratus resembling  a  noiseless  bellows,  placed  on 
each  side  of  the  hull  of  the  craft,  just  below  the 
water-line,  and  worked  by  an  odd  but  not  com- 
plicated system  of  ropes,  valves,  and  pulleys. 
When  the  keel  of  the  vessel  grates  .  .  .  these 
bellows  are  to  be  filled  with  air  ;  and  thus  buoy- 
ed up,  the  ship  is  expected  to  float.  .  .  .  The 
model  is  [at  the  Patent  Office]  about  eighteen  or 
twenty  inches  long,  .  .  .  whittled  with  a  knife 
out  of  a  shingle  and  a  cigar-box. — Raymond's 
Lincoln,  ch.  1,  p.  42. 

297§. .      Chinese.      The  Chinese 

have  had  a  manufacture  of  glass  for  two  thou- 
sand years  ;  they  have  made  paper  of  the  bam- 
boo from  time  immemorial ;  and  they  invented 
the  art  of  printing  in  the  time  of  Julius  Caesar. 
The  use  of  gunpowder  they  have  possessed  be- 
yond all  memory,  but  they  employed  it  only  in 
ornamental  fireworks.  They  have  been  great 
observers  of  the  heavens,  and  proficients  in  as- 
tronomy, from  time  immemorial.  They  were 
acquainted  with  the  compass,  but  only  as  a  mat- 
ter of  curiosity,  not  applying  it  to  navigation. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  24,  p.  340. 

2979.  .    James  Watt.    A  Masons' 

lodge  in  Glasgow  desired  to  have  an  organ,  and 
he  was  asked  to  build  it.  He  was  totallj'  desti- 
tute of  a  musical  ear,  and  could  not  distinguish 


one  note  from  another.  But  he  accepted  the 
offer.  He  studied  the  philosophical  theory  of 
music,  and  found  that  science  would  be  a  substi- 
tute for  his  want  of  an  ear. — Smiles'  Brief  Bi 

OGRAPHIES,  p.  14. 

2980.  INVENTION,  Great.  Spinning  Ma- 
chine.  [Richard  Arkwright,  born  in  Preston, 
England,  a  barber  by  trade,  invented  the  spin- 
ning-machine in  1768.]  Ten  years  after  the  date 
of  his  first  patent  his  enterprise  was  regarded  by 
many  as  a  doubtful  novelty,  [His  right  to  his  in- 
ventions was  contested,  and  his  monopoly  invad- 
ed on  every  side.]  In  October,  1779,  a  mill 
which  he  had  erected  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Chorley  was  burned  by  a  mob,  who  in  a  similar 
manner  destroyed  the  cotton-spinning  machines 
at  Manchester,  Wigan,  Blackburn,  Bolton,  and 
Preston. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  3,  p.  49. 

2981 .  INVENTION,  Growth  of.  Samuel  F.  B. 
Morse.  There  is  no  instance  on  record,  I  believe, 
of  a  great  invention  completed  by  .  .  ,  one  man. 
Usually  an  invention  of  first-rate  importance  ia 
originated  in  one  age,  and  brought  to  perfection 
in  another  ;  and  we  can  sometimes  trace  its  prog' 
ress  for  thousands  of  years.  Probably  so  simple 
a  matter  as  a  pair  of  scissors — one  of  the  oldest 
of  inventions — was  the  result  of  the  cogitations 
of  many  ingenious  minds,  and  has  undergone 
improvements  from  the  days  of  Pharaoh  to  those 
of  Rogers  &  Sons,  The  most  remarkable  case 
of  rapid  invention  with  which  I  am  acquainted 
is  that  of  the  sewing-machine,  which,  in  twenty- 
five  years,  has  been  brought  to  a  point  not  dis- 
tant from  perfection.  But,  then,  thousands  of  in- 
genious minds  have  exerted  themselves  upon  it  I 
In  the  Patent  Office  at  Washington  not  less  than 
thirteen  hundred  devices  and  improvements  have 
been  patented  relating  to  this  beautiful  contri- 
vance.— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  604. 

2982.  INVENTION,  Preservation  by.  Qreeh 
Mre.  The  invention  of  the  Greek  fire  did  not, 
like  that  of  gunpowder,  produce  a  total  revolu- 
tion in  the  art  of  war.  To  these  liquid  combus- 
tibles the  city  and  empire  of  Constantine  owed 
their  deliverance ;  and  they  were  employed  in 
sieges  and  sea-fights  with  terrible  effect. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  53,  p.  367. 

2983.  INVENTION,  Saved  by.  The  State.  The 
only  hope  of  calvation  for  the  Greek  Empire  and 
the  adjacent  kingdoms  would  have  been  some 
more  powerful  weapon,  some  discovery  in  the 
art  of  war,  that  should  give  them  a  decisive  su- 
periority over  their  Turkish  foes.  Such  a  weap- 
on was  in  their  hands  ;  such  a  discovery  had  been 
made  in  the  critical  moment  of  their  fate.  The 
chemists  of  China  or  Europe  had  found,  by  cas- 
ual or  elaborate  experiments,  that  a  mixture  of 
saltpetre,  sulphur,  and  charcoal  produces,  with 
a  spark  of  fire,  a  tremendous  explosion.  It  was 
soon  observed  that  if  the  expansive  force  were 
compressed  in  a  strong  tube,  a  ball  of  stone  or 
iron  might  be  expelled  with  irresistible  and  de- 
structive velocity.  The  precise  era  of  the  in- 
vention and  application  of  gunpowder  is  involved 
in  doubtful  traditions  and  equivocal  language  ; 
yet  we  may  clearly  discern  that  it  was  known 
before  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century  ;  and 
that  before  the  end  of  the  same  the  use  of  artil- 
lery in  battles  and  sieges,  by  sea  and  land,  was 
familiar  to  the  states  of  Germany,  Italy,  Spain 


INVENTION— INVESTIGATION. 


353 


France,  and  England. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65, 
p.  289. 

29§4.  INVENTION,  Useful.  Chauncey  Jerome. 
He  invented  the  cheap  brass  clock,  as  now 
made.  He  it  was  who  invented  the  ingenious 
machinery  by  the  use  of  which  those  clocks  can 
be  manufactured  for  a  tenth  of  the  sum  for  which 
they  could  be  produced  by  hand.  He  it  was  who 
first  sent  Yankee  clocks  to  foreign  countries.  He 
it  was  who  first  made  these  clocks  at  anything  like 
the  present  rate  of  speed  or  on  anything  like  the 
present  scale.  During  the  fifty  years  that  he 
has  been  in  the  business,  he  has  superintended 
the  manufacture  of  perhaps  ten  millions  of 
clocks,  and  he  has  brought  the  machinery  for 
making  them  to  such  a  point  that  six  men  can 
make  the  wheels  for  one  thousand  clocks  in  ten 
hours. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  210. 

29§5.  INVENTION,  UsefiU.  Pit-iron.  [Dr. 
John  Roebuck,  a  physician  at  Birmingham,  was 
the  first  to  smelt  iron  by  pit-coal.  He  also  in- 
vented the  process  for  converting  cast-iron  into 
malleable  iron.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  3, 
p.  55. 

29§6.  INVENTION  in  Youth.  The  "Mule." 
[Samuel  Crompton  was  sixteen  years  old  when, 
in  1769,  he  invented  the"  mule,"  which  changed 
the  whole  course  of  cotton-spinning.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  3,  p.  46. 

2987.  INVENTIONS,  Co-operative.  Arkwright 
—  Watt.  The  patent  for  the  spinning-frame  was 
taken  out  in  1769,  the  very  year  in  which  James 
Watt  patented  his  improved  steam-engine,  which 
was  to  keep  this  spinning-frame  in  motion. — 
Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  711. 

298§.  INVENTIONS  and  Politics.  Cotton  Gin. 
[One  of  the  subordinate  causes  of  the  civil  war] 
was  the  invention  of  the  cotton  gin  by  .  .  .    Eli 

Whitney,  in  1793, ...  of  Massachusetts The 

industry  of  the  cotton-growing  States  was  paral- 
yzed by  the  tediousness  of  preparing  the  staple 
for  market.  Mr.  Whitney  undertook  to  remore 
the  difficulty,  and  succeeded  in  inventing  a  gin 
which  astonished  the  beholder  by  the  rapidity 
and  excellence  of  its  work.  From  being  profit- 
less, cotton  became  the  most  profitable  of  all  the 
staples.  .  .  .  Whitney's  gin  added  a  thousand  mill- 
ion dollars  to  the  revenues  of  the  Southern 
States.  .  .  .  Just  in  proportion  to  the  increased 
profitableness  of  cotton,  slave-labor  became  im- 
portant, slaves  valuable,  and  the  system  of  sla- 
very a  fixed  and  deep-rooted  institution. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  62,  p.  487. 

2989.  INVENTOE  by  Accident.  Samuel  F.  B. 
Morse.  During  the  voyage  of  the  packet  ship 
Sully,  from  Havre  to  New  York,  in  October, 
1832,  a  conversation  arose  one  day  in  the  cabin 
upon  electricity  and  magnetism.  Dr.  Charles  S. 
Jackson,  of  Boston,  described  an  experiment  re- 
cently made  in  Paris  with  an  electro-magnet,  by 
means  of  which  electricity  had  been  transmitted 
through  a  great  length  of  wire,  arranged  in  cir- 
cles around  the  walls  of  a  large  apartment.  The 
transmission  had  been  instantaneous,  and  it 
seemed  as  though  the  flight  of  electricity  was  too 
rapid  to  be  measured.  Among  the  group  of 
passengers,  no  one  listened  more  attentively  to 
Dr.  Jackson's  recital  than  a  New  York  artist, 
named  Samuel  Finley  Breese  Morse,  who  was 
returning  from  a  three  years'  residence  in  Europe, 


whither  he  had  gone  for  improvement  in  his  art. 
"  Why,"  said  he,  when  the  doctor  had  finished, 
"if  that  is  so,  and  the  presence  of  electricity 
could  be  made  visible  in  any  desired  part  of  the 
circuit,  I  see  no  reason  why  intelligence  might 
not  be  transmitted  instantaneously  by  electrici- 
ty." "  How  convenient  it  would  be, "  added  one 
of  the  passengers,  "  if  we  could  send  news  in  that 
manner  !"  "  Why  can't  we  ?"  asked  Morse,  fas- 
cinated by  the  idea.  From  that  hour  the  subject 
occupied  his  thoughts  ;  and  he  began  forthwith 
to  exercise  his  Yankee  ingenuity  in  devising 
the  requisite  apparatus. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  602. 

2990.  INVENTOR,  Trials  of  the.  John  Fitch. 
In  all  the  records  of  invention  there  is  no  story 
more  sad  and  affecting  than  his.  Poor  he  was 
in  many  senses — poor  in  purse,  poor  in  appear 
ance,  poor  in  spirit.  He  was  born  poor,  lived 
poor,  died  poor.  ...  If  there  ever  was  a  true 
inventor,  this  man  was  one.  He  was  one  of  those 
eager  souls  who  would,  literally,  coin  their  own 
flesh  to  carry  their  point.  He  only  uttered  the 
obvious  truth  when  he  said,  one  day,  in  a  crisis 
of  his  invention,  that  if  he  could  get  £100  by  cut- 
ting off  one  of  his  legs,  he  would  gladly  give  it 
to  the  knife.  ...  In  1790  he  had  the  first  steam- 
boat ever  constructed  that  answered  the  purpose 
of  one. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  147. 

2991.  INVENTOR  wronged.  Eli  Whitney. 
[The  cotton  gin  added  a  thousand  million  dol- 
lars to  the  revenue  of  the  Southern  States. — Rid- 
path.]  How  much  did  the  inventor  gain  by  it? 
Not  one  dollar  !  Associating  himself  with  a  man 
of  capital,  he  went  to  Connecticut  to  set  up  a 
manufactory  of  cotton  gins.  But  the  simplicity 
of  the  machine  was  such  that  any  good  mechanic 
who  saw  it  could  make  one  ;  and  long  before 
Whitney  was  ready  to  supply  machines  of  his 
own  making  there  were  great  numbers  in  opera- 
tion all  over  the  cotton  States.  His  patent  proved 
to  be  no  protection  to  him.  If  he  brought  a  suit 
for  its  infringement,  no  Southern  jury  would 
give  him  a  verdict.  He  struggled  on  against  ad- 
verse influences  for  fifteen  years.  In  1808,  when 
his  patent  expired,  he  gave  up  the  contest,  and 
withdrew  from  the  business  a  poorer  man  than 
he  was  on  the  day  when  he  went,  with  his  hand- 
ful of  cotton-pods,  into  Mrs.  Greene's  basement. 
[See  Nos.  8113,  3115.] — Cyclopedia  op  Biog., 
p.  161. 

2992. .    John  Kay.     [John  Kay  is 

supposed  to  have  invented  the  first  spinning-ma- 
chine, about  1760,  in  Yorkshire,  England.  He 
invented  the  "fly-shuttle,"  by  whicli  a  weaver 
could  weave  twice  as  fast  as  before.]  He  was 
mobbed  out  of  the  country,  and  died  in  a  foreign 
land. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  3,  p.  44. 

2993.  INVENTORS  remunerated.  Slowly.  It 
was  ten  years  before  Boulton  and  Watt  derived 
any  profit  from  the  discovery  [of  the  steam-en- 
gine made  by  the  latter.  They  had  to  struggle 
against  common  prejudice]. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  7,  ch.  3. 

2994.  INVESTIGATION  opposed.  Finandal. 
[During  the  reign  of  Charles  II.]  Pepys  records 
that  in  the  lord  treasurer's  accounts  there  was  a 
sum  unaccounted  for  of  over  two  millions  ;  and 
that  it  was  thought  that  over  £400,000  of  the 
money  voted  for  the  war  had  gone  into  the  privy 


354 


INVESTIGATION— JEALOUSY. 


purse.  He  then  says  that  a  notion  of  a  commis- 
sion to  inspect  the  accounts  "  makes  the  king  and 
court  mad,  the  king  having  given  order  to  my 
lord  chamberlain  to  send  to  the  playhouses  and 
brothels,  to  bid  all  the  Parliament  men  that  were 
there  to  go  to  the  Parliament  presently."  The 
times  were  altered  since  they  were  to  be  sought 
for  in  churches  and  conventicles.  —  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  15,  p.  224. 

2995.  INVESTIGATION  resented.  Lord  Clar- 
endon. [Reign  of  Charles  II.]  Tlie  government 
engaged  with  the  United  Provinces.  The  House 
of  Commons  readily  voted  sums  unexampled  in 
our  history — sums  exceeding  those  which  had 
supported  the  armies  and  fleets  of  Cromwell  at 
the  time  when  his  power  was  the  terror  of  all 
the  world.  But  such  was  the  extravagance,  dis- 
honesty, and  incapacity  of  those  who  had  suc- 
ceeded to  his  authority,  that  this  liberality 
proved  worse  than  useless.  The  sj^cophants  of 
the  court,  ill-qualified  to  contend  against  the  great 
men  who  then  directed  the  arms  of  Holland — 
against  such  a  statesman  as  De  Witt,  and  such  a 
commander  as  De  Ruyter — made  fortunes  rapid- 
ly, while  the  sailors  mutinied  from  very  hunger, 
while  the  dockyards  were  unguarded,  while  the 
ships  were  leaky  and  without  rigging.  It  was  at 
length  determined  to  abandon  all  schemes  of  of- 
fensive war  ;  and  it  soon  appeared  that  even  a  de- 
fensive war  was  a  task  too  hard  for  that  adminis- 
tration. .  .  .  But  when  the  Commons  began  to 
inquire  in  what  manner  the  money  voted  for  the 
war  had  been  wasted,  and  to  examine  into  the 
maladministration  of  the  navy,  he  flamed  with 
indignation.  Such  inquiry,  according  to  him, 
was  out  of  their  province. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  2,  p.  179. 

2996.  INVESTIGATION,  Startling.  Credit 
Mobilier.  The  Credit  Mobilier  of  America  was  a 
joint-stock  company,  organized  in  1863  for  the 
purpose  of  facilitating  the  construction  of  public 
works.  In  1867  another  company  which  had  un- 
dertaken to  build  the  Pacific  Railroad  purchased 
the  charter  of  the  Credit  Mobilier,  and  the  cap- 
ital was  increased  to  $3,750,000.  [It  was  very 
profitable  ;  .  .  .  the  stock  rose  rapidly  in  value.] 
In  1872  a  lawsuit  in  Pennsylvania  developed  the 
startling  fact  that  much  of  the  stock  ,  .  .  was 
owned  by  members  of  Congress.  A  suspicion  that 
those  members  had  voted  corruptly  on  the  legis- 
lation affecting  the  Pacific  Railroad  at  once 
seized  the  public  mind,  and  led  to  a  congressional 
investigation,  in  the  course  of  which  many  scan- 
dalous transactions  were  brought  to  light. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  68,  p.  560. 

2997.  INVESTMENT,  Timely.  New  York.x.-D. 
1626.  Hitherto  the  Dutch  had  no  title  to  owner- 
ship of  the  land.  [Peter]  Minuit  [the  leader  of  the 
Dutch  colonists]  succeeded  at  once  in  purchasing 
the  island  of  Manhattan  from  its  native  proprie- 
tors. The  price  paid  was  60  guilders — about  $25 
— for  more  than  twenty  thousand  acres. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

2998.  IBON,  Importance  of.  England.  What 
mighty  efforts  of  invention  and  energy  between 
England  depending  upon  foreign  countries  for 
iron,  and  England  supplying  the  whole  world 
with  iron  !  England  without  iron  to  hold  together 
"  its  wooden  walls,"  and  England  building  iron 
ships — using  iron  as  the  great  material  of  the 
grandest  as  well  as  the  humblest  purposes  of  con- 


structive art — covering  the  whole  island  with 
iron  roads  for  vehicles  drawn  by  iron  engines, 
connecting  opposite  hills  by  iron  viaducts,  and 
carrying  iron  bridges  over  the  narrowest  river 
and  the  broadest  estuary — the  England  of  every 
tool  and  every  machine  produced  from  iron,  and 
the  England  with  scarcely  iron  enough  to  make 
its  ploughshares. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  1, 
p.  11. 

2999.  IRON  prized.  Early  Greeks.  It  is  proper 
to  observe  that  iron,  though  known  before  this 
period,  was  a  rare  metal,  and  accounted  of  high 
value.  Achilles  proposed  a  ball  of  iron  as  one  of 
the  prizes  in  the  funeral  games  which  he  cele- 
brated in  honor  of  Patroclus.  It  was  not  used 
in  the  fabrication  of  weapons  of  war.  These 
were  formed  of  copper  hardened  by  an  admixt- 
ure of  tin  ;  and  even  in  much  later  periods  the 
Roman  swords  were  of  the  same  compound 
metal. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  8,  p.  79. 

3000.  ISOLATION,  Safety  by.  German  States. 
[In  their  early  history]  themost  formidable  States 
of  Germany  affected  to  encompass  their  territo- 
ries with  a  wide  frontier  of  solitude  and  devas- 
tation. The  awful  distance  preserved  by  their 
neighbors  attested  the  terror  of  their  arms,  and 
in  some  measure  defended  them  from  the  dan- 
ger of  unexpected  incursions. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  9,  p.  275. 

3001.  ITINERACY,  Ministerial.  Methodist. 
[The  first  Methodist  preachers  in  America 
changed  their  circuits  every  six  months.*]  In 
1804  the  General  Conference  limited  the  period 
of  pastoral  service  to  two  successive  years  to  the 
same  charge  ;  hitherto  there  had  been  no  re- 
striction, and  some  had  been  three  years  in  one 
appointment.  In  1864  the  limitation  was  ex- 
tended to  three  years. — Stevens' M.  E.  Church, 
vol.  4,  p.  179. 

3002.  JEALOUSY,  Appeal  to.  Voltaire's.  [He 
was  invited  to  reside  at  Frederick's  court.  His 
avarice  occasioned  hesitation.]  Frederick,  with 
great  dexterity,  affected  indifference,  and  seemed 
inclined  to  transfer  his  idolatry  to  Baculard 
d'Arnaud.  His  Majesty  even  wrote  some  bad 
verses,  of  which  the  sense  was,  that  Voltaire  was 
a  setting  sun,  and  that  Arnaud  was  rising.  Good- 
natured  friends  soon  carried  the  lines  to  Voltaire. 
He  was  in  his  bed.  He  jumped  out  in  his  shirt, 
danced  about  the  room  with  rage,  and  sent  for  his 
passport  and  his  post-horses  [and  went  to  Prus- 
sia].—  Macaulay's  Frederick  the  Great, 
p.  62. 

3003.  JEALOUSY,  Cruelty  of.  Commodtis.  One 
evening,  as  the  emperor  was  returning  to  the 
palace  through  a  dark  and  narrow  portico  in  the 
amphitheatre,  an  assassin,  who  waited  his  pas- 
sage, rushed  upon  him  with  a  drawn  sword, 
loudly  exclaiming,  "  T/ie  Senate  sends  you  this." 
The  menace  prevented  the  deed ;  the  assassin 
was  seized  by  the  guards,  and  immediately  re- 
vealed the  authors  of  the  conspiracy.  It  had  been 
formed,  not  in  the  State,  but  within  the  walls  of 
the  palace.  Lucilla,  the  emperor's  sister,  and 
widow  of  Lucius  Verus,  impatient  of  the  second 
rank,  and  jealous  of  the  reigning  empress,  had 
armed  the  murderer  against  her  brother's  life.— 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  4,  p.  104. 

3004.  JEALOUSY,  Extensive.  Fatal.  Abdal- 
lah  was  the  most  beautiful  and  modest  of  the 


JEALOUSY— JESUITS. 


doa 


Arabian  youth  ;  and  in  the  first  night,  when  he 
consummated  his  marriage  with  Anima,  of  the 
noble  race  of  the  Zahrites,  two  hundred  virgins 
are  said  to  have  expired  of  jealousy  and  despair. 
^Gibbon's  Rome,  oh.  50,  p.  100. 

3005.  JEALOUSY,  National.  English.  [In 
1780  the  people  of  England  were  generally  unit- 
ed with  the  government  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
war  against  the  American  colonies.  France  had 
come  to  their  aid,  and  prejudice  in  England  was 
very  strong  against  that  country.]  Hartley  writes 
to  Franklin  :  "  I  verily  believe,  so  great  is  the  jeal- 
ousy between  England  and  France,  that  this 
country  would  fight  for  a  straw  to  the  last  man 
and  the  last  shilling  rather  than  be  dictated  to 
by  France." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  28, 
p.  438. 

3008.  JESTING,  Danger  of.  Demoralizing. 
Thespis  began  to  change  the  form  of  tragedy, 
and  the  novelty  of  the  thing  attracted  many  spec- 
tators ;  for  this  was  before  any  prize  was  pro- 
posed for  those  that  excelled  in  this  respect.  So- 
lon, who  was  always  willing  to  hear  and  to  learn, 
and  in  his  old  age  more  inclined  to  anything  that 
might  divert  and  entertain,  particularly  to  music 
and  good-fellowship,  went  to  see  Thespis  him- 
self exhibit,  as  the  custom  of  the  ancient  poets 
was.  When  the  play  was  done,  he  called  to 
Thespis,  and  asked  him  if  he  was  not  ashamed 
to  tell  so  many  lies  before  so  great  an  assembly. 
Thespis  answered  it  was  no  great  matter,  if 
he  spoke  or  acted  so  in  jest.  To  which  Solon  re- 
plied, striking  the  ground  violently  with  his  staff, 
"If  we  encourage  such  jesting  as  this,  we  shall 
quickly  find  it  in  our  contracts  and  agreements." 
— Pl,utarcii's  Solon. 

3007.  JESUITS  abolished.  Eighteenth  Century. 
Books  were  written  without  number  to  expose 
their  artifice  and  ambition.  Their  frauds,  their 
vices,  and  even  atrocious  crimes  were  loudly 
proclaimed  ;  and  it  was  urged,  with  great  reason, 
that  the  doctrines  which  they  taught  and  the 
maxims  they  inculcated  were  equally  pernicious 
to  religion,  to  civil  government,  and  to  all  the 
interests  of  society.  The  sovereigns  of  the  dif- 
ferent Catholic  kingdoms,  by  degrees,  began  to 
perceive  that  their  power  and  even  personal  se- 
curity was  in  danger,  and  the  Jesuits  were  suc- 
cessively expelled  from  France,  from  Spain, 
from  Portugal,  and  from  Sicily  ;  and  such  at 
length  was  the  influence  of  the  house  of  Bour- 
bon with  the  Holy  See,  that  the  order  was  en- 
tirely suppressed  and  abolished  in  1773. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  19,  p.  285. 

300§.  JESUITS,  Achievements  by.  Distinguish- 
ed. Before  the  order  had  existed  a  hundred 
years,  it  had  filled  the  whole  world  with  memo- 
rials of  great  things  done  and  suffered  for  the 
faith.  No  religious  community  could  produce 
a  list  of  men  so  variously  distinguished  ;  none  had 
extended  its  operations  over  so  vast  a  space  ;  yet 
in  none  had  there  ever  been  such  perfect  unity 
of  feeling  and  action.  There  was  no  region  of 
the  globe,  no  walk  of  speculative  or  of  active 
life,  in  which  Jesuits  were  not  to  be  found. 
They  guided  the  counsels  of  kings.  They  deci- 
phered Latin  inscriptions.  They  observed  the 
motions  of  Jupiter's  satellites.  They  published 
whole  libraries,  controversy,  casuistry,  history, 
treatises  on  optics,  Alcaic  odes,  editions  of  the 
fathers,  madrigals,  catechisms,  and  lampoons. 


The  liberal  education  of  youth  passed  almost 
entirely  into  their  hands,  and  was  conducted  by 
them  with  conspicuous  ability.  They  appear  to 
have  discovered  the  precise  point  to  which  intel- 
lectual culture  can  be  carried  without  risk  of 
intellectual  emancipation. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  6,  p.  50. 

3009.  JESUITS,  Assassination  by.  Henry  IV. 
A  daring  attempt  [was]  made  upon  his  life  by  a 
young  Jesuit  named  Chastel,  who  wounded  him 
in  the  mouth  with  a  dagger  as  he  re-entered  Paris 
from  Amiens.  This  crime  was  imputed,  with  or 
without  reason,  to  the  instigation  of  the  King  of 
Spain  ;  it  furnished  ground  for  an  exemplary 
chastisement  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  who 
were  sentenced  to  banishment  from  the  kingdom 
within  fifteen  days  by  a  decree  of  the  Parliament 
of  Paris.  [He  was  killed  by  a  monk.] — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  18,  §  7. 

3010. .  William  of  Orange.  Will- 
iam, Prince  of  Orange,  had  fallen  beneath  the 
blow  of  an  assassin,  hired,  it  is  more  than  suspect- 
ed, by  the  King  of  Spain,  and  directed  by  the 
Jesuits. — Students'  France,  ch.  17,  §  7. 

3011.  JESUITS  estranged..  Bdgn  of  Jame» 
II.  Louis  XIV.  was  now  their  chief  support. 
His  conscience  had,  from  boyhood,  been  in  their 
keeping  ;  and  he  had  learned  from  them  to  ab- 
hor Jansenism  quite  as  much  as  he  abhorred 
Protestantism,  and  very  much  more  than  he  ab- 
horred atheism.  Innocent  XI.,  on  the  other 
hand,  leaned  to  the  Jansenist  opinions.  The 
consequence  was,  that  the  society  found  itself  in. 
a  situation  never  contemplated  by  its  founder. 
The  Jesuits  were  estranged  from  the  supreme 
pontiff,  and  they  were  closely  allied  with  a 
prince  who  proclaimed  himself  the  champion  of 
the  Gallican  liberties  and  the  enemy  of  Ultra- 
montane pretensions. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6^ 
p.  57. 

3012.  JESUITS,  Mission  of.  Cosmopolitan. 
They  glided  from  one  Protestant  country  to  an 
other  under  innumerable  disguises,  as  gay  cava- 
liers, as  simple  rustics,  as  Puritan  preachers. 
They  wandered  to  countries  which  neither  mer- 
cantile avidity  nor  liberal  curiosity  had  ever  im- 
pelled any  stranger  to  explore.  They  were  to  be 
found  in  the  garb  of  Mandarins,  superintending 
the  observatory  at  Pekin.  They  were  to  be 
found,  spade  in  hand,  teaching  the  rudiments  of 
agriculture  to  the  savages  of  Paraguay.  Yet, 
whatever  might  be  their  residence,  whatever 
might  be  their  employment,  their  spirit  was  the 
same — entire  devotion  to  the  common  cause,  im- 
plicit obedience  to  the  central  authority. — Ma- 
caulay's Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  51. 

301 3.  JESUITS,  Plotting  of.  Gunpowder  Plot. 
[When  Gruido  Fawkes  was  examined  after  his 
arrest,  the  king  asked,]  "  Why  would  you  have 
killed  me  ?"  ' '  Because  you  are  excommunicated 
by  the  pope,"  was  the  reply.  "How  so?" 
said  James.  ' '  Every  Maundy  Thursday  the  pope 
doth  excommunicate  all  heretics  who  are  not 
of  the  Church  of  Rome,"  is  the  explanation. 
[Various  bodies  of  Roman  Catholics  were  mov- 
ing on  that  perilous  5th  of  November  to  Dun- 
church,  which  was  the  place  of  rendezvous,  by 
arrangement.]  They  were  all  followers  of  the 
Jesuits.  There  were  none  of  the  conspirators 
who  belonged  to  the  more  loyal  body  of  Catho 


356 


JESUITS. 


lies,  vho  were  guided  by  tlie  secular  priestliood. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  cli.  21,  p.  326. 

3014.  JESUITS,  Popularity  of,  Eightsenth  Cen- 
tury. It  was  not  strange  that  people  of  all  ranks, 
and  especially  people  of  the  highest  ranks, 
crowded  to  the  confessionals  in  the  Jesuit  tem- 
ples, for  from  those  confessionals  none  went  dis- 
contented away.  There  the  priest  was  all  things 
to  all  men.  He  showed  just  so  much  rigor  as 
might  not  drive  those  who  knelt  at  his  spiritual 
tribunal  to  the  Dominican  or  the  Franciscan 
Church.  If  he  had  to  deal  with  a  mind  truly 
devout,  he  spoke  in  the  saintly  tone  of  the  prim- 
itive fathers  ;  but  with  that  very  large  part  of 
mankind  who  have  religion  enough  to  make  them 
uneasy  when  they  do  wrong,  and  not  religion 
enough  to  keep  them  from  doing  wrong,  he  fol- 
lowed a  very  different  system.  Since  he  could 
not  reclaim  them  from  guilt,  it  was  his  business 
to  save  them  from  remorse.  He  had  at  his  com- 
mand an  immense  dispensary  of  anodynes  for 
wounded  consciences. — MACAULAY'sENG.,ch.  6, 
p.  52. 

3015.  JESUITS,  Power  of.  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury. Strangely  were  good  and  evil  intermixed 
in  the  character  of  these  celebrated  brethren  ; 
and  the  intermixture  was  the  secret  of  their 
gigantic  power.  That  power  could  never  have 
belonged  to  mere  hypocrites.  It  could  never 
have  belonged  to  rigid  moralists.  It  was  to  be 
attained  only  by  men  sincerely  enthusiastic  in  the 
pursuit  of  a  great  end,  and  at  the  same  time  un- 
scrupulous as  to  the  choice  of  means. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  6,  p.  53. 

3016.  JESUITS,  Purpose  of.  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury. The  Jesuits,  therefore,  to  the  three  vows  of 
poverty,  chastity,  and  monastic  obedience  added 
a  fourth,  which  was  implicit  devotion  to  the  pope. 
The  manifest  utility  of  this  institution  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  holy  see  procured  them  from  Pope 
Paul  III.  an  apostolic  bull,  granting  them  the 
most  ample  privileges.  It  was  soon  perceived 
that,  if  confined  to  their  cloisters,  their  utility 
would  be  too  much  circumscribed.  They  were 
allowed  to  mingle  in  the  world,  and  to  take  a 
share  in  all  the  active  concerns  of  public  life, 
which  it  was  their  duty  to  influence  and  direct 
assiduously  toward  the  great  end  of  establish- 
ing the  power  and  authority  of  the  popedom  ; 
and  this  end,  it  must  be  owned,  they  most  zeal- 
ously promoted.  Under  the  command  of  a 
superior,  or  general  of  the  order,  whose  instruc- 
tions they  were  bound  to  receive  with  implicit 
submission,  they  dispersed  themselves  over  the 
greatest  part  of  the  globe.  By  the  most  insinu- 
ating arts  they  courted  the  favor  and  wrought 
themselves  into  the  confidence  of  statesmen,  of 
civil  and  ecclesiastical  governors,  and  of  sover- 
eign princes  ;  and  operating  on  all  to  the  same 
purpose,  and  regularly  communicating  their  in- 
telligence to  their  head,  from  whom  they  received 
their  instructions,  the  whole  Catholic  world 
was  in  a  manner  directed  by  one  great  and  per- 
vading system  of  policy,  which  centred  in  the 
establishment  of  the  pope's  supreme  tempo- 
ral and  spiritual  jurisdiction. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  19,  p.  285. 

3017.  JESUITS,  Rescued  by.  Papacy.  In  the 
sixteenth  century  the  pontificate,  exposed  to  new 
dangers  more  formidable  than  had  ever  before 
threatened  it,  was  saved  by  a  new  religious  order, 


which  was  animated  by  intense  enthusiasm  and 
organized  with  exquisite  skill.  When  the 
Jesuits  came  to  the  rescue  of  the  papacy,  they 
found  it  in  extreme  peril ;  but  from  that  mo- 
ment the  tide  of  battle  turned.  Protestantism, 
which  had,  during  a  whole  generation,  carried 
all  before  it,  was  stopped  in  its  progress,  and 
rapidly  beaten  back  from  the  foot  of  the  Alps  to 
the  shores  of  the  Baltic. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  6,  p.  50. 

301§.  JESUITS,  Self-sacrifice  of.  Benevolence. 
When  in  our  time  a  new  and  terrible  pestilence 
passed  round  the  globe ;  when  in  some  great 
cities  fear  had  dissolved  all  the  ties  which  hold 
society  together  ;  when  the  secular  clergy  had 
deserted  their  flocks  ;  when  medical  succor  was 
not  to  be  purchased  by  gold  ;  when  the  strong- 
est natural  affections  had  yielded  to  the  love  of 
life,  even  then  the  Jesuit  was  found  by  the  pal- 
let which  bishop  and  curate,  physician  and  nurse, 
father  and  mother,  had  deserted,  bending  over 
infected  lips  to  catch  the  faint  accents  of  confes- 
sion, and  holding  up  to  the  last,  before  the  ex- 
piring penitent,  the  image  of  the  expiring  Re- 
deemer.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  51. 

3019.  JESUITS  vs.  the  State.  In  England. 
[The  Jesuits  invaded  England  in  1580,  for  the 
purpose  of  restoring  it  to  the  Roman  faith.  It 
was  a  principle  with  them  that  the  pope  had  a 
right  to  deprive  kings  of  their  crowns,  which 
could  not  be  doubted.  They  were  severely  pun- 
ished when  they  obstinately  maintained  the 
pope's  bull  depriving  the  queen  of  the  crown.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  12,  p.  180. 

3020.  JESUITS  suppressed.  By  Government. 
They  had  been  expelled  from  Portugal,  in  1759,. 
with  many  odious  circumstances  of  severity.  Ii 
1764  their  society  was  suppressed  in  France,^ 
and  their  property  confiscated.  In  1767  the 
members  of  the  order  were  driven  out  of  Spain. 
On  the  31st  of  July,  1773,  the  society  waa 
abolished  by  Pope  Clement  XIV.  [Their  func- 
tions,  houses,  and  institutions  were  abolished.]- 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  21,  p.  327. 


3021.  JESUITS,  Vices  of.  Insincerity.  It  wa 
alleged,  and  not  without  foundation,  that  the  ar- 
dent public  spirit  which  made  the  Jesuit  regard 
less  of  his  ease,  of  his  liberty,  and  of  his  lif( 
made  him  also  regardless  of  truth  and  of  mercy 
that  no  means  which  could  promote  the  ^^ 
terest  of  his  religion  seemed  to  him  unlawful, 
and  that  by  the  interest  of  his  religion  he  tofl 
often  meant  the  interest  of  his  society.  II 
was  alleged  that,  in  the  most  atrocious  plots 
corded  in  history,  his  agency  could  be  distinctlj 
traced  ;  that,  constant  only  in  attachment  to  th( 
fraternity  to  which  he  belonged,  he  was  in  som< 
countries  the  most  dangerous  enemy  of  freedom, 
and  in  others  the  most  dangerous  enemy  of  or- 
der.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  52. 

3022.  JESUITS,  Victories  of.  Fictitious. 
The  mighty  victories  which  he  [the  Jesuit] 
boasted  that  he  had  achieved  in  the  cause  of  the 
Church  were,  in  the  judgment  of  many  illustri- 
ous members  of  that  Church,  rather  apparent 
than  real.  He  had,  indeed,  labored  with  a  won- 
derful show  of  success  to  reduce  the  world 
under  her  laws,  but  he  had  done  so  by  relaxing 
her  laws  to  suit  the  temper  of  the  world.  In- 
stead of  toiling  to  elevate  human  nature  to  the 


JEWELRY— JOY. 


357 


noOle  standard  fixed  by  divine  precept  and  ex- 
ample, he  had  lowered  the  standard  till  it  was  be- 
neath the  average  level  of  human  nature.  He 
gloried  in  multitudes  of  converts  who  had  been 
baptized  in  the  remote  regions  of  the  East ;  but 
it  was  reported  that  from  some  of  these  converts 
the  facts  on  which  the  whole  theology  of  the  Gos- 
pel depends  had  been  cunningly  concealed,  and 
that  others  were  permitted  to  avoid  persecution 
by  bowing  down  before  the  images  of  false  gods, 
t  while  internally  repeating  Paters  and  Aves. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  cli.  6,  p.  53. 

3023.  JEWELRY,  Passion  for.  Henry  VII. 
[It  is  said]  his  desire  for  the  acquirement  of  jew- 
els scarcely  knew  any  bounds ;  and  on  them 
alone  he  spent  £110,000.  It  appears  .  .  .  that 
this  investment  of  money  in  jewels  was  a  part  of 
the  habitual  prudence  of  the  king. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15,  p.  236. 

3024.  JOKE  accepted.  LacedcBmonians.  [At 
the  public  tables,  where  all  the  people  ate  in  com- 
mon,] they  were  allowed  to  jest  without  scurrility, 
and  were  not  to  take  it  ill  when  the  raillery  was 
returned.  For  it  was  reckoned  worthy  of  a  lace- 
dmmonian  to  bear  a  jest ;  but  if  any  one's  patience 
failed,  he  had  only  to  desire  them  to  be  quiet, 
and  they  left  oflE  immediately. — Plutarch's 
Lives. 

3025.  JOKES,  Practical.  Frederick  the  Great. 
He  had  one  taste  which  maybe  pardoned  in  a  boy, 
but  which,  when  habitually  and  deliberately  in- 
dulged in  by  a  man  of  mature  age  and  strong  un- 
derstanding, is  almost  invariably  the  sign  of  a 
bad  heart — a  taste  for  severe  practical  jokes.  If 
a  friend  of  the  king  was  fond  of  dress,  oil  was 
flung  over  his  richest  suit.  If  he  was  fond  of 
money,  some  prank  was  invented  to  make  him 
disburse  more  than  he  could  spare.  If  he  was 
hypochondriacal,  he  was  made  to  believe  he  had 
the  dropsy.  If  he  particularly  set  his  heart  on 
visiting  a  place,  a  letter  was  forged  to  frighten 
him  from  going  thither. — Macaulay's  Fred- 
erick THE  Great,  p.  57. 

3026.  JOURNEY,  Bridal.  Thmnas  Jefferson. 
At  sunset  they  reached  the  seat  of  one  of  their 
neighbors,  which  was  eight  miles  from  Monti- 
cello-=-the  road  to  which  was  a  rough  mountain 
track,  upon  which  the  snow  lay  to  the  depth  of 
two  feet.  Late  at  night,  exhausted  with  their 
long  journey,  and  penetrated  with  the  cold,  they 
reached  the  house,  to  find  the  fires  all  out,  and 
the  servants  all  gone  to  their  own  cabins  for  the 
night.  Not  a  light  was  burning  ;  not  a  spark  of 
f^fire  was  left ;  not  a  morsel  of  food  could  be 
found ;  and  not  a  creature  was  in  the  house. 
This  was  a  sorry  welcome  to  a  bride  and  bride- 
groom ;  but  they  were  young  and  merry,  and 
made  a  jest  of  it. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  121. 

3027.  JOURNEY,  Tireless.  Tenth  Century.  A 
matron  of  Peloponnesus,  who  had  cherished  the 
infant  fortunes  of  Basil  the  Macedonian,  was 
excited  by  tenderness  or  vanity  to  visit  the  great- 
ness of  her  adopted  son.  In  a  journey  of  five 
hundred  miles  from  Patras  to  Constantinople, 
her  age  or  indolence  declined  the  fatigue  of  a 
horse  or  carriage  ;  the  soft  litter  or  bed  of  Dan- 
ielis  was  transported  on  the  shoulders  of  ten  ro- 
bust slaves  ;  and  as  they  were  relieved  at  easy 
distances,  a  band  of  three  himdred  were  selected 
for  the  performance  of  this  service.     She  was 


entertained  in  the  Byzantine  palace  with  filial 
reverence,  and  the  honors  of  a  queen. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  53,  p.  352. 

3028.  JOY  of  Discovery.  Galileo.  He  invent- 
ed the  thermometer  and  improved  the  compass. 
Hearing  one  day,  by  chance,  that  some  one  irt 
Holland  had  invented  a  contrivance  by  which, 
distant  objects  could  be  seen  as  though  they 
were  near,  he  entered  upon  a  course  of  experi- 
ments which,  in  a  few  days,  resulted  in  the  con- 
struction of  a  telescope.  At  once  he  began  to- 
use  the  new  instrument  in  the  study  of  the  heav- 
ens. To  his  boundless  wonder  and  delight,  he 
discovered  that  the  moon,  like  the  earth,  had  her 
mountains  and  her  valleys  ;  that  the  planet  Ju- 
piter went  his  round  accompanied  by  four  moons; 
that  the  Milky  Way  was  composed  of  innumer- 
able stars ;  and  that  there  were  spots  upon  the 
sun. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  262. 

3029.  JOY,  Fatal.  Explorers.  Dias  had  sta- 
tioned a  small  store-ship  in  one  of  the  bays  on 
the  coast  of  Guinea,  which  he  left  in  charge  of  a 
purser  and  a  small  crew.  "During  his  long  ab- 
sence disease  had  reduced  the  number  of  this 
little  band,  until  none  remained  but  the  purser 
and  two  or  three  sick,  despairing  sailors.  When 
at  last  the  purser  saw  in  the  distance  the  well- 
known  vessel  of  his  commander,  such  was  the 
shock  of  his  joy  that  he  fell  dead  upon  the  deck 
of  his  vessel. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  286. 

3030.  JOY  intoxicating.  Wellington.  [When 
Wellington  was  pursuing  the  routed  French  from 
Waterloo,  he  rode  with  the  advanced  guard.] 
Colonel  Hervey,  who  was  with  him,  advised  him 
to  desist,  as  the  country  was  growing  less  open, 
and  he  might  be  fired  at  by  some  stragglers  from 
behind  the  hedges.  "  Let  them  fire  away,"  he  re- 
plied ;  ' '  the  battle  is  won,  and  my  life  is  of  no  val- 
ue now." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  2,  p.  36. 

3031.  JOY,  Public.  Beign  of  James  II.  [Ac- 
quittal of  the  seven  bishops  who  refused  to  join 
the  king  in  overthrowing  the  Protestant  faith.] 
The  jury  appeared  in  their  box,  and  there  was 
a  breathless  stillness.  Sir  Samuel  Astry  spoke. 
"  Do  you  find  the  defendants,  or  any  of  them, 
guilty  of  the  misdemeanor  whereof  they  are  im- 
peached, or  not  guilty  ?"  Sir  Roger  Langley 
answered,  "  Not  guilty."  As  the  words  passed 
his  lips,  Halifax  sprang  up  and  waved  his  hat. 
At  that  signal  benches  and  galleries  raised  a 
shout.  In  a  moment  ten  thousand  persons,  who 
crowded  the  great  hall,  replied  with  a  still  loud- 
er shout,  which  made  the  old  oaken  roof  crack  ; 
and  in  another  moment  the  innumerable  throng- 
without  set  up  a  third  huzza,  which  was  heard 
at  Temple  Bar.  The  boats  which  covered  the 
Thames  gave  an  answering  cheer.  A  peal  of 
gunpowder  was  heard  on  the  water,  and  another, 
and  another ;  and  so,  in  a  few  moments,  the 
glad  tidings  went  flying  past  the  Savoy  and  the 
Friars  to  London  Bridge,  and  to  the  forest  of 
masts  below.  As  the  news  spread,  streets  and[ 
squares,  market-places  and  coffee-houses,  broke 
forth  into  acclamations.  Yet  were  the  acclama- 
tions less  strange  than  the  weeping  ;  for  the  feel- 
ings of  men  had  been  wound  up  to  such  a  point, 
that  at  length  the  stern  English  nature,  so  little 
used  to  outward  signs  of  emotion,  gave  way, 
and  thousands  sobbed  aloud  for  very  joy. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  355. 


358 


JUBILEE— JUDGMENT. 


3032.  JUBILEE,  National.  British.  [The  25th 
of  October,  1809,]  was  celebrated  throughout 
the  kingdom  [of  Great  Britain]  as  "  the  Jubilee" 
— the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  accession  to  the 
throne  of  George  III. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  20,  p.  526. 

3033.  JUDGE,  Dishonorable.  Reign  of  James 
II.  It  was,  indeed,  necessary  to  go  very  low 
down  in  the  legal  profession  before  men  could 
be  found  willing  to  render  such  services  as  were 
now  required.  The  new  chief  justice,  Sir  Rob- 
ert Wright,  was  ignorant  to  a  proverb ;  yet  ig- 
norance was  not  his  worst  fault.  His  vices  had 
ruined  him.  He  had  resorted  to  infamous  ways 
of  raising  money,  and  had,  on  one  occasion, 
made  a  false  affidavit  in  order  to  obtain  posses- 
sion of  £500.  Poor,  dissolute,  and  shameless, 
lie  had  become  one  of  the  parasites  of  Jeffrey's, 
"who  promoted  him  and  insulted  him.  Such 
•was  the  man  who  was  now  selected  by  James 
to  be  lord  chief  justice  of  England. — Macau- 
lay'sEng.,  ch.  8,  p.  253. 

3034.  JUDGES  despised.  Athenians.  Anachar- 
sis  having  seen  an  assembly  of  the  people  at 
Athens,  said  Jie  was  surprised  at  this,  that  in 
Oreece  wise  men  pleaded  causes,  and  fools  deter- 
mined them. — Plutarch. 

3035.  JUDGES,  Impartial.  Early  Greeks. 
They  were  ciiosen  from  among  the  wisest  and 
most  respectable  of  the  citizens,  and  in  the  latter 
times  consisted  principally  of  such  as  had  en- 
joyed the  dignity  of  archons  or  chief  magis- 
trates. They  held  their  meetings  in  the  open 
air,  upon  an  eminence  in  the  middle  of  the  city, 
and  determined  all  causes  during  the  night ;  for 
these  two  reasons,  as  Athenajus  informs  us,  that 
neither  the  number  nor  the  faces  of  the  judges 
being  known,  there  might  be  no  attempts  to 
corrupt  them  ;  and  that,  as  they  neither  saw  the 
plaintiff  nor  defendant,  their  decisions  might  be 
quite  impartial. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Bookl,  ch.  6, 
p.  55. 

3036.  JUDGES,  Justice  by.  Ancient  Persians. 
The  sovereign,  in  certain  causes  of  importance, 
sat  himself  in  judgment ;  though  in  the  ordinary 
administration  of  justice  there  were  a  certain 
number  of  judges  chosen,  on  account  of  their 
acknowledged  wisdom  and  probity,  who  made 
Tegular  circuits  through  the  provinces,  and  at- 
tended the  sovereign  in  his  stated  visitations  of 
Ms  dominions.  These  held  their  offices  for  life, 
but  were  removable  in  cases  of  malversation. 
The  story  is  well  known  of  the  judge  who, 
being  guilty  of  corruption  in  his  high  function, 
Tvas  by  Cambyses  condemned  to  be  flayed  alive, 
and  his  skin  hung  over  the  seat  of  judgment. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11,  p.  121. 

3037.  JUDGES,  Partisan.  Bdgn  of  James  II. 
Yast  numbers  of  those  unhappy  prisoners  who 
were  taken  after  the  defeat  of  Monmouth  were 
hanged  without  any  form  of  trial ;  and  the  exe- 
crable Judge  Jeffreys  filled  the  kingdom  with 
daily  executions  under  the  sanction  of  justice. 
Many  of  these  trials  were  attended  with  the 
most  iniquitous  procedure  ;  but  all  applications 
to  the  king  for  pardon  were  checked  by  a  decla- 
ration that  he  had  promised  to  forgive  none 
Tvho  should  be  legally  condemned.  "When 
the  bench  is  under  the  direction  of  the  cabinet, 
trials  are  conspiracies,  and  executions  are  mur- 
ders,"— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  30,  p.  425. 


303§.  JUDGES,  Reputable.  Athenian.  The 
judges  of  the  Areopagus  were  chosen  from 
among  the  most  respectable  of  the  citizens,  and 
were  generally  such  as  had  discharged  the  office 
of  archon.  'The  most  scrupulous  attention  Avas 
paid  to  character  in  the  election  of  these  judges. 
The  slightest  imputation  of  immorality,  a  sin- 
gle act  of  indecency,  or  even  of  unbecoming 
levity,  was  sufficient  to  disqualify  from  obtain- 
ing a  seat  in  that  tribunal,  or  to  forfeit  a  place 
after  it  liad  been  conferred.  To  be  found  in  a 
tavern  was  such  a  stain  on  the  character  of  a 
judge  that  it  was  deemed  a  sufficient  reason  of 
exclusion  from  that  office.  "  Let  no  Areopagite," 
says  the  Athenian  laws,  "  compose  a  comedy." 
That  judge  was  justly  thought  to  have  prostitut- 
ed his  character  who  had  stooped  to  employ  hia 
talents  in  furnishing  a  frivolous  amusement  for 
the  people. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  10, 
p.  102. 

3039.  JUDGMENT,  Dishonest.  James  II. 
[James  wished  a  justification  for  appointing 
Catholics  to  office  contrary  to  law.]  Jones,  the 
chief  justice  of  the  Common  Pleas,  a  man  who 
had  never  before  shrunk  from  any  drudgery, 
however  cruel  or  servile,  now  held  in  the  royal 
closet  language  which  might  have  become  the 
lips  of  the  purest  magistrates  in  our  history. 
He  was  plainly  told  that  he  must  give  up  either 
his  opinion  or  his  place.  "For  my  place,"  he 
answered,  "I  care  little.  I  am  old,  and  worn 
out  in  the  service  of  the  crown  ;  but  I  am  mor- 
tified to  find  that  your  Majesty  thinks  me  capa- 
ble of  giving  a  judgment  which  none  but  an  igno- 
rant or  a  dishonest  man  could  give."  "  I  am  deter- 
mined," said  the  king,  "  to  have  twelve  judges 
who  will  be  all  of  my  mind  as  to  this  matter." 
"Your  Majesty,"  answered  Jones,  "may  find 
twelve  judges  of  your  mind,  but  hardly  twelve 
lawyers."  He  was  dismissed.  —  Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  76. 

3040.  JUDGMENT,  Duplicity  in.  Francis 
North.  [Lord  Guildford.]  He  had  sense  enough 
to  perceive  from  the  first  that  Gates  and  Bedloe 
were  impostors ;  but  the  Parliament  and  the 
country  were  greatly  excited  ;  the  government 
had  yielded  to  the  pressure ;  and  North  was  a 
man  not  to  risk  a  good  place  for  the  sake  of  jus- 
tice and  humanity.  Accordingly,  while  he  was 
in  secret  drawing  up  a  refutation  of  the  whole 
romance  of  the  Popish  Plot,  he  declared  in  pub- 
lic that  the  truth  of  the  story  was  as  plain  as  the 
sun  in  heaven,  and  was  not  ashamed  to  brow- 
beat, from  the  seat  of  judgment,  the  unfortunate 
Roman  Catholics  who  were  arraigned  before 
him  for  their  lives. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  3, 
p.  257. 

3041.  JUDGMENT  by  Experts.  Frederick 
the  Great.  It  never  occurred  to  him  that  a  body 
of  men  whose  lives  were  passed  in  adjudicating 
on  questions  of  civil  right  were  more  likely  to 
form  correct  opinions  on  such  questions  than  a 
prince  whose  attention  was  divided  between  a 
thousand  objects,  and  who  had  probably  never 
read  a  law-book  through.  The  resistance  op- 
posed to  him  by  the  tribunals  inflamed  him  to 
fury.  He  reviled  his  chancellor.  He  kicked 
the  shins  of  his  judges.  He  did  not,  it  is  true.i 
intend  to  act  unjustly.  He  firmly  believed  that 
he  was  doing  right  and  defending  the  cause  of 
the  poor  against  the  wealthy.     Yet  this  well- 


JUDGMENT— JURY. 


359 


meant  meddling  probably  did  far  more  harm 
than  all  the  explosions  of  his  evil  passions  dur- 
ing the  whole  of  his  long  reign. — Macaulay's 
Frederick  the  Great,  p.  51. 

3042.  JUDGMENT,  Mistake  of.  George  III. 
[George  III.  informed  his  secretary,  Lord  North, 
immediately  after  "the  Boston  tea  party,"  that 
General  Gage  was  willing  to  return  to  Boston 
and  quell  the  disturbance.]  Four  regiments  sent 
to  Boston  will,  he  thinks,  be  sufficient  to  pre- 
vent any  disturbance. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  22,  p.  339. 

3043.  JUDGMENT,  Partiality  in.  Reign  of 
James  II.  None  of  the  English  nobles  enjoyed 
a  larger  measure  of  public  favor  than  Charles 
Sackville,  Earl  of  Dorset.  He  was,  indeed,  a 
remarkable  man.  In  his  youth  he  had  been  one 
of  the  most  notorious  libertines  of  the  wild  time 
which  followed  the  Restoration.  He  had  been 
the  terror  of  the  city  watch,  had  passed  many 
nights  in  the  round-house,  and  had  at  least  once 
occupied  a  cell  in  Newgate.  His  passion  for 
Betty  Morrice  and  for  Nell  Gwynn,  who  always 
called  him  her  Charles  the  First,  had  given  no 
small  amusement  and  scandal  to  the  town^  Yet, 
in  the  midst  of  follies  and  vices,  his  courageous 
spirit,  his  fine  understanding,  and  his  natural 
goodness  of  heart  had  been  conspicuous.  Men 
said  that  the  excesses  in  which  he  indulged  were 
common  between  him  and  the  whole  race  of  gay 
young  cavaliers,  but  that  his  sympathy  with 
human  suffering  and  the  generosity  with  which 
he  made  reparation  to  those  whom  his  freaks 
had  injured  were  all  his  own.  His  associates 
were  astonished  by  the  distinction  which  the 
public  made  between  him  and  them.  "  He  may 
do  what  he  chooses,"  said  Wilmot ;  "  he  is  never 
in  the  wrong."  The  judgment  of  the  world  be- 
came still  more  favorable  to  Dorset  when  he  had 
been  sobered  by  time  and  marriage.  His  grace- 
ful manners,  his  brilliant  conversation,  his  soft 
heart,  his  open  hand,  were  universally  praised. 
No  day  passed,  it  was  said,  in  which  some  dis- 
tressed family  had  not  reason  to  bless  his  name. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  8,  p.  297. 

3044.  JUDGMENT,  An  unfortunate.  Louis 
XVI.  Louis  XVI.  was  full  of  excellent  inten- 
tions, pure  in  morals,  not  deficient  in  natural 
good  sense,  and  sincerely  anxious  for  the  wel- 
fare of  his  subjects  ;  but  he  was  diffident  and 
timid  to  a  fault,  lamentably  wanting  in  strength 
and  energy  of  character,  and,  by  an  unfortunate 
fatality,  always  disposed  both  to  be  firm  and  to 
give  way  at  the  wrong  moment. — Students' 
France. 

3045.  JUDGMENT-DAY  anticipated.  Maho- 
met. His  mortal  disease  was  a  fever  of  four- 
teen days,  which  deprived  him  by  intervals  of 
the  use  of  reason.  As  soon  as  he  was  conscious 
of  his  danger,  he  edified  his  brethren  by  the  hu- 
mility of  his  virtue  or  penitence.  "  If  there  be 
any  man,"  said  the  apostle  from  the  pulpit, 
"whom  I  have  unjustly  scourged,  I  submit  my 
own  back  to  the  lash  of  retaliation.  Have  I  as- 
persed the  reputation  of  a  Mussulman  ?  let  him 
proclaim  my  faults  in  the  face  of  the  congrega- 
tion. Has  any  one  been  despoiled  of  his  goods  ? 
the  little  that  I  possess  shall  compensate  the 
principal  and  the  interest  of  the  debt."  "  Yes," 
replied  a  voice  from  the  crowd,  "  I  am  entitled 
to  three  drachms  of  silver."    Mahomet  heard 


the  complaint,  satisfied  the  demand,  and  thanked 
his  creditor  for  accusing  him  in  this  world 
rather  than  at  the  day  of  judgment. — Gibbon's 
Mahomet,  p.  49. 

3046.  JUDGMENT-DAY,  Fear  of.  Samuel 
Johnson.  Boswell  :  ' '  But  may  not  a  man  at-.^ 
tain  to  such  a  degree  of  hope  as  not  to  be  un- 
easy from  the  fear  of  death  ?"  Johnson  :  "  A 
man  may  have  such  a  degree  of  hope  as  to  keep 
him  quiet.  You  see  I  am  not  quiet,  from  the 
vehemence  with  which  I  talk  ;  but  I  do  not  de- 
spair." Mrs.  Adams:  "You  seem,  sir,  to  for- 
get the  merits  of  our  Redeemer."  Johnson  : 
"  Madam,  I  do  not  forget  the  merits  of  my  Re- 
deemer ;  but  my  Redeemer  has  said  that  He  will 
set  some_  on  His  right  hand  and  some  on  His 
left."  He  was  in  gloomy  agitation,  and  said, 
"I'll  have  no  more  on't." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  524. 

3047.  JUEISPKUDENCE,  Origin  of.  Roman. 
Romulus,  Numa,  and  Servius  Tullius  are  cele- 
brated as  the  most  ancient  legislators  ;  and  each 
of  them  claims  his  peculiar  part  in  the  threefold 
division  of  jurisprudence.  The  laws  of  marriage, 
the  education  of  children,  and  the  authority  of 
parents,  which  may  seem  to  draw  their  origin 
from  nature  itself,  are  ascribed  to  the  untutored 
wisdom  of  Romulus.  The  law  of  nations  and  of 
religious  worship,  which  Numa  introduced,  was 
derived  from  his  nocturnal  converse  with  the 
nymph  Egeria.  The  civil  law  is  attributed  to  the 
experience  of  Servius  ;  he  balanced  the  rights  and 
fortunes  of  the  seven  classes  of  citizens,  and 
guarded,  by  fifty  new  regulations,  the  observance 
of  contracts  and  the  punishment  of  crimes. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  301. 

304§.  JURY  coerced.  Reign  of  James  II. 
[Alice  Lisle  was  accused  of  high  treason  for 
sheltering  rebels  defeated  with  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth.] The  jury  retired,  and  remained  long 
in  consultation.  The  judge  grew  impatient.  [It 
was  Jeffreys.]  He  could  not  conceive,  he  said, 
how,  in  so  plain  a  case,  they  should  ever  have 
left  the  box.  He  sent  a  messenger  to  tell  them 
that,  if  they  did  not  instantly  return,  he  would 
adjourn  the  court  and  lock  them  up  all  night. 
Thus  put  to  the  torture,  they  came,  but  came  to 
say  that  they  doubted  whether  the  charge  had 
been  made  out.  Jeffreys  expostulated  with  them 
vehemently,  and  after  another  consultation,  they 
gave  a  reluctant  verdict  of  guilty.  On  the  fol- 
lowing morning  sentence  was  pronounced.  Jef- 
freys gave  directions  that  Alice  Lisle  should  be 
burned  alive  that  very  afternoon.  This  excess 
of  barbarity  moved  the  pity  and  indignation 
even  of  that  class  which  was  most  devoted  to  the 
crown. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  595. 

3040.  JURY,  A  determined.  Reign  of  James 
II.  [Trial  of  the  seven  bishops  of  the  Church  of 
England  who  refused  to  aid  the  king  in  the  over- 
throw of  the  Protestant  faith.]  It  was  absolute- 
ly necessary  to  watch  the  officers  who  watched 
the  doors,  for  those  officers  were  supposed  to  be 
in  the  interest  of  the  crown,  and  might,  if  not 
carefully  observed,  have  furnished  a  courtly 
juryman  with  food,  which  would  have  enabled 
him  to  starve  out  the  other  eleven.  Strict  guard 
was  therefore  kept.  Not  even  a  candle  to  light 
a  pipe  was  permitted  to  enter.  Some  basins  of 
water  for  washing  were  suffered  to  pass  at  about 
four  in  the  morning.  The  jurymen,  raging  with 


360 


JURY— JUSTICE. 


thirst,  soon  lapped  up  the  whole.  Great  num- 
bers of  people  walked  the  neighboring  streets  till 
dawn.  ...  At  first  nine  were  for  acquitting  and 
three  for  convicting.  Two  of  the  minority  soon 
gave  way  ;  but  Arnold  was  obstinate.  Thomas 
Austin,  a  country  gentleman  of  great  estate,  who 
had  paid  close  attention  to  the  evidence  and 
speeches,  and  had  taken  full  notes,  wished  to 
argue  the  question.  Arnold  declined.  He  was 
not  used,  he  doggedly  said,  to  reasoning  and  de- 
bating. His  conscience  was  not  satisfied  ;  and 
he  should  not  acquit  the  bishops.  ' '  If  you  come 
to  that,"  said  Austin,  "  look  at  me.  I  am  the 
largest  and  strongest  of  the  twelve  ;  and  before  I 
find  such  a  petition  as  this  a  libel,  here  will  I  stay 
till  I  am  no  bigger  than  a  tobacco  pipe."  It  was 
six  in  the  morning  before  Arnold  yielded.  [See 
more  at  No.  3031.] — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8, 
p.  353. 

3050.  JURY  imprisoned.  For  Verdict.  [In 
1554,  on  the  trial  of  Sir  Nicholas  Throckmorton, 
the  judges  and  counsel  heaped  accusation  upon 
accusation,  perplexed  him  with  questions,  and 
urgently  exhorted  him  to  confess  his  guilt.  They 
read  over  garbled  evidence  not  taken  in  open 
court,  and  required  him  to  answer  each  separate 
charge  as  produced.  The  talent  and  energy  of 
Throckmorton  produced  a  surprising  result.  He 
was  acquitted.]  The  court  immediately  after 
the  trial  committed  the  jury  to  prison.  Four 
made  a  submission,  and  were  released.  Eight  re- 
mained in  confinement  for  many  months ;  and 
when  brought  before  the  council  in  the  Star 
Chamber  were  sentenced  to  the  payment  of  enor- 
mous fines.  It  was  more  than  a  century  before 
the  infamous  system  was  discontinued  of  pun- 
ishing juries  for  verdicts  in  State  prosecutions 
that  were  not  agreeable  to  the  crown. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  4,  p.  67. 

305 1 .  JURY  limited.  ' '  Three  Bays. "  [Dur- 
ing  the  "  Reign  of  Terror  "]  a  resolution  was .  . . 
passed  in  the  Convention  authorizing  the  jury, 
when  three  days  had  been  spent  in  the  investiga- 
tion of  a  case,  to  declare  themselves  satisfied, 
without  waiting  for  further  pleadings  ;  this  infa- 
mous justification  was  at  once  acted  upon,  and 
the  Girondists  were  sentenced  to  death. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  27,  §  4. 

3052.  JURY  perverted.  By  Clergy.  In  1683 
.  .  .  the  sheriffs  could  pack  the  jurymen  upon 
State  trials  ;  the  jurymen  would  be  exhorted  from 
every  pulpit  to  believe,  upon  authority  of  the 
Scriptures,  that,  as  all  resistance  to  authority  was 
a  sin,  the  support  of  authority  in  all  its  desires 
was  a  virtue.  When  a  subject  stood  at  the  bar,  in- 
dicted for  treason  or  misdemeanor  of  the  king's 
command,  it  was  necessary  for  the  country's 
peace  that  the  crown  should  have  its  wished-for 
verdict. —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  23,  p.  369. 

3053.  JURY,  Unterrified.  Trial  of  William 
Penn.  a.d.  1670.  He  was  arraigned  for  having 
spoken  at  a  Quaker  meeting. . . .  Amid  angry  ex- 
clamations and  menaces,  he  proceeded  to  plead 
earnestly  for  the  fundamental  laws  of  England  • 
and  as  he  was  hurried  out  of  court,  still  reminded 
the  jury  that  "they  were  his  judges."  Dissatis- 
fied with  the  first  verdict  returned,  the  recorder 
heaped  upon  the  jury  every  opprobrious  epithet. 
— "  We  will  have  a  verdict  by  the  help  of  God,  or 
you  shall  starve  for  it."  "  You  are  Englishmen," 
said  Penn,  who  had  again  beeu  brought  to  the 


bar  ;  "  mind  your  piivilege,  give  not  away  youi* 
right."  ...  At  last  the  jury,  who  had  received 
no  refreshments  for  two  days  and  two  nights,  on 
the  third  day  gave  their  verdict,  "  Not  guilty." 
The  recorder  fined  them  forty  marks  apiece  for 
their  independence. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  16. 

3054.  JUSTICE  by  Combat.  Gaul.  The  trials 
by  single  combat  gradually  obtained  superior 
credit  and  authority  among  a  warlike  people 
who  could  not  believe  that  a  brave  man  deserved 
to  suffer,  or  that  a  coward  deserved  to  live.  Both 
in  civil  and  criminal  proceedings  the  plaintiff  or 
accuser,  the  defendant,  or  even  the  witness,  were 
exposed  to  mortal  challenge  from  the  antagonist 
who  was  destitute  of  legal  proofs  ;  and  it  was  in- 
cumbent on  them  either  to  desert  their  cause  or 
publicly  to  maintain  their  honor  in  the  lists  of 
battle.  They  fought  either  on  foot  or  horse- 
back, according  to  the  custom  of  their  nation  ; 
and  the  decision  of  the  sword  or  lance  was  rat- 
ified by  the  sanction  of  Heaven,  of  the  judge,  and 
of  the  people. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  38,  p.  596. 

3055.  JUSTICE,  Even.  Aristides.  He  was 
carrying  on  a  prosecution  against  his  enemy,  and 
after  he  had  brought  his  charge,  the  judges  were 
going  to  pass  sentence  ;  without  hearing  the  per- 
son accused,  he  rose  up  to  his  assistance,  en- 
treating that  he  might  be  heard,  and  have  the 
privilege  which  the  laws  allowed. — PiiUTARCH's 
Aristides. 

3056.  JUSTICE  exceeded.  Bajazet.  [French 
princes  who  had  been  taken  captive  by  the  Ot- 
toman Bajazet  I.  were  the  witnesses  of  his  zeal 
for  justice.]  In  their  presence,  and  at  his  com- 
mand, the  belly  of  one  of  his  chamberlains  was 
cut  open,  on  a  complaint  against  him  for  drink- 
ing the  goat's  milk  of  a  poor  woman.  The 
strangers  were  astonished  by  this  act  of  justice, 
but  it  was  the  justice  of  a  sultan  who  disdains  to 
balance  the  weight  of  evidence  or  to  measure 
the  degrees  of  guilt. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch,  64, 
p.  241. 

3057.  — .    .     Theophilus.    [The  Roman 

emperor.]  A  poor  woman  threw  herself  at  the 
emperor's  feet  to  complain  of  a  powerful  neigh- 
bor, the  brother  of  the  empress,  who  had  raised 
his  palace-wall  to  such  an  inconvenient  height, 
that  her  humble  dwelling  was  excluded  from, 
light  and  air  !  On  the  proof  of  the  fact,  instead 
of  granting,  like  an  ordinary  judge,  sufficient  or 
ample  damages  to  the  plaintiff,  the  sovereign  ad- 
judged to  her  use  and  benefit  the  palace  and  the 
ground.  Nor  was  Theophilus  content  with  this 
extravagant  satisfaction  ;  his  zeal  converted  a 
civil  trespass  into  a  criminal  act ;  and  the  unfort- 
unate patrician  was  stripped  and  scourged  in 
the  public  place  of  Constantinople. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  68,  p.  593. 

3058.    .     Emperor  Julian.     [The 

Emperor  Julian  was  superior]  to  the  last  temp- 
tation of  virtuous  minds,  an  indiscreet  and  in- 
temperate zeal  for  justice  ;  he  restrained,  with 
calmness  and  dignity,  the  warmth  of  an  advo- 
cate who  prosecuted,  for  extortion,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  Narbonnese  province.  "  Who  will 
ever  be  found  guilty,"  exclaimed  the  vehement 
Delphidius,  "if  it  be  enough  to  deny  ?"  "  And 
who,"  replied  Julian,  "  will  ever  be  innocent,  if 
it  be  sufficient  to  affirm  ?" — Gibbon's  Rome, 
Ch,  19,  p,  344, 


JUSTICE. 


361 


3059.  JUSTICE  by  Force.  Sir  Francis  Drake. 
[While  engaged  in  the  slave-trade,  the  Spaniards 
attacked  the  "fleet  with  which  he  sailed.]  Captain 
Drake  succeeded  in  rescuing  his  ship  from  the 
foe  ;  but  he  reached  England  a  ruined  man.  Al- 
though the  King  of  Spain  was  already  meditating 
the  conquest  of  England,  the  two  nations  were 
still  at  peace,  and  Captain  Drake  therefore  ap- 
plied to  the  Spanish  Government  for  the  restora- 
tion of  the  property  unlawfully  seized.  His  de- 
mands being  disregarded,  he  swore  to  take  by 
force  what  had  been  denied  to  his  solicitations. 
Never  was  an  oath  better  kept.  In  1772  he  con- 
trived to  equip  and  arm  two  small  vessels,  and 
obtained  from  the  queen  a  commission  such  as 
was  requisite  for  his  purpose.  Joined  by  a  third 
vessel  in  the  South  American  waters,  he  sudden- 
ly descended  upon  the  coasts  of  New  Granada, 
plundered  the  settlements,  burnt  the  Spanish 
shipping,  and  held  the  whole  region  at  his  mer- 
cy. He  returned  to  England  laden  with  a  pro- 
digious booty — enough  to  make  him  one  of  the 
richest  private  persons  in  Europe. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BioG.,  p.  358. 

3060.  JUSTICE,  Governmental.  Roman.  [Early 
in  the  sixth  century  the  Jews  were  insulted 
in  person,  their]  effects  were  pillaged,  and  their 
synagogues  were  burnt  by  the  mad  populace 
of  Ravenna  and  Rome,  inflamed,  as  it  should 
seem,  by  the  most  frivolous  or  extravagant  pre- 
tences. The  government  which  could  neglect, 
would  have  deserved  such  an  outrage.  A  legal 
inquiry  was  instantly  directed  ;  and  as  the  au- 
thors of  the  tumult  had  escaped  in  the  crowd, 
the  whole  community  was  condemned  to  repair 
the  damage  ;  and  the  obstinate  bigots,  who  re- 
fused their  contributions,  were  whipped  through 
the  streets  by  the  hand  of  the  executioner.  This 
simple  act  of  justice  exasperated  the  discon- 
tent of  the  Catholics,  who  applauded  the  merit 
and  patience  of  these  holy  confessors. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  39,  p.  31. 

3061.  JUSTICE  honored.  Canute  the  Great. 
[Canute,  .  .  .  the  first  Danish  king  of  England, 
m  his  letter  to]  "  all  the  nations  of  the  English," 
.  .  .  has  one  passage  which  may  make  us  be- 
lieve that  power  and  prosperity  are  not  always 
corrupting — "And  now  be  it  known  unto  you 
all  that  I  have  dedicated  my  life  to  God,  to  gov- 
ern my  kingdoms  with  justice,  and  to  observe 
the  right  in  all  things.  If  in  the  time  that  is 
past,  and  in  the  violence  and  carelessness  of  my 
youth,  I  have  violated  justice,  it  is  my  intention, 
by  the  help  of  God,  to  make  full  compensation. 
Therefore  I  beg  and  command  those  to  whom  I 
have  intrusted  the  government,  as  they  wish  to 
preserve  my  good- will,  and  save  their  own  souls, 
to  do  no  injustice  either  to  poor  or  rich.  Let 
those  who  are  noble,  and  those  who  are  not, 
equally  obtain  their  rights,  according  to  the  laws, 
from  which  no  deviation  shall  be  allowed,  either 
from  fear  of  me,  or  through  favor  to  the 
powerful,  or  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  my 
treasury.  I  want  no  money  raised  by  injustice." 
[a.d.  1035.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  11, 
p.  158. 

3062.  JUSTICE,  Impartiality  of.  Roman.  Tar- 
■^uin  was  at  this  time  in  Etruria,  where  he  pre- 
vaiied  on  two  of  the  most  powerful  cities,  Veil 
and  Tarquinii,  to  espouse  his  cause.  These  States 
"ent  ambassadors  to  Rome  with  a  formal  requisi- 


tion that  the  exiled  prince  might  be  allowed  to 
return.  .  .  .  This  purpose  they  gained  by  a  liber- 
al employment  of  bribes  and  promises.  The  con- 
spiracy, however,  was  detected  ;  and  it  was  found 
that  among  the  chief  persons  concerned  were  the 
two  sons  of  Brutus  and  the  nephews  of  Collati- 
nus.  An  example  was  now  exhibited,  severely 
virtuous  indeed,  but  which  the  necessity  of  cir- 
cumstances required  and  justified.  Brutus  him- 
self sat  in  judgment  upon  his  two  sons,  and  con- 
demned them  to  be  beheaded,  himself  witness- 
ing their  execution. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,, 
ch.  3,  p.  309. 

3063. .    A  Turk's.     [As  Mahmud 

the  Gaznevide]  sat  in  the  Divan,  an  unhappy  sub- 
ject bowed  before  the  throne  to  accuse  the  inso- 
lence of  a  Turkish  soldier  who  had  driven  him 
from  his  house  and  bed.  "  Suspend  your  clam- 
ors," said  Mahmud  ;  "  inform  me  of  his  next  vis- 
it, and  ourself  in  person  will  judge  ^nd  punish 
the  offender."  The  sultan  followed  his  guide, 
invested  the  house  with  his  guards,  and  extin- 
guishing the  torches,  pronounced  the  death  of 
the  criminal,  who  had  been  seized  in  the  act  of 
rapine  and  adultery.  After  the  execution  of  his 
sentence  the  lights  were  rekindled,  Mahmud  fell 
prostrate  in  prayei  and  rising  from  the  ground,, 
demanded  some  homely  fare,  which  he  devoured 
with  the  voraciousness  of  hunger.  The  poor 
man,  whose  injury  lie  had  avenged,  was  unable 
to  suppress  his  astonishment  and  curiosity  ;  and 
the  courteous  monarch  condescended  to  explain 
the  motives  of  this  singular  behavior.  ' '  I  had 
reason  to  suspect  that  none,  except  one  of  my 
sons,  could  dare  to  perpetrate  such  an  outrage  ; 
and  I  extinguished  the  lights,  that  my  justice 
might  be  blind  and  inexorable.  My  prayer  was 
a  thanksgiving  on  the  discovery  of  the  offender ; 
and  so  painful  was  my  anxiety,  that  I  had  passed 
three  days  without  food  since  the  first  moment 
of  your  complaint." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  57, 
p.  503. 

3064. .     Alexander.   It  is  said  that 

in  the  first  years  of  his  reign,  when  capital  causes 
were  brought  before  him,  he  used  to  stop  one  of 
his  ears  with  his  hand,  while  the  plaintiff  was 
opening  the  indictment,  that  he  might  reserve  it 
perfectly  unprejudiced  for  hearing  the  defend- 
ant.— Plutarch's  Alexander. 

3065.  JUSTICE,  Mockery  of.  Papal.  [In  1556, 
when  Archbishop  Cranmer]  came  before  the  com- 
missioners, he  was  cited  to  appear  at  Rome  with- 
in eighty  days,  there  to  answer  the  charges 
against  him.  This  was  one  of  the  mockeries  of 
the  Papal  rule  in  England.  There  were  prison- 
walls  between  the  archbishop  and  Rome,  and  at 
the  end  of  the  time  he  was  declared  contuma- 
cious.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  6. 

3066.  JUSTICE  for  Money.  Egyptians.  A 
hundred  of  the  principal  Alexandrians  came  to 
Italy  with  a  remonstrance  [against  the  appoint- 
ment of  Ptolemy  to  the  Egyptian  throne]  ;  and 
had  they  brought  money  with  them  they  might 
have  had  a  respectful  hearing.  But  they  had 
brought  none  or  not  enough,  and  Ptolemy,  se- 
cure of  his  patron's  support,  hired  a  party  of 
banditti,  who  set  on  the  deputation  when  it  land- 
ed, and  killed  the  greater  part  of  its  members. 
— Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  15. 

3067.  JUSTICE  outraged.  Jeffreys.  The  chiel- 
justice  was  fast  accumulating  a  fortune  out  of 


362 


JUSTICE. 


the  plunder  of  a  higher  class  of  Whigs.  He 
treated  largely  in  pardons.  His  most  lucrative 
transaction  of  this  kind  was  with  a  gentleman 
named  Edmund  Prideaux.  ...  It  is  probable 
that  his  only  crime  was  the  wealth  which  he  had 
inherited  from  his  father,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
who  had  been  in  high  office  under  the  Protector. 
No  exertions  were  spared  to  make  out  a  case  [of 
disloyalty]  by  the  crown.  Mercy  was  offered  to 
some  prisoners  on  condition  that  they  would  bear 
evidence  against  Prideaux.  The  unfortunate 
man  lay  long  in  jail,  and  at  length,  overcome  by 
fear  of  the  gallows,  consented  to  pay  £15,000,- 
000  for  his  liberation.  This  great  sum  was  re- 
ceived by  Jeffreys.  He  bought  with  it  an  estate, 
to  which  the  people  gave  the  name  Aceldama, 
from  that  accursed  field  which  was  purchased 
with  the  price  of  innocent  blood. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  604. 

306§. ,     Jeffreys.    [Trial  of  rebels 

under  the  Duke  of  Monmouth.]  Jeffreys  reached 
Dorchester,  the  principal  town  of  the  county  in 
which  Monmouth  had  landed,  and  the  judicial 
massacre  began.  The  court  was  hung,  by  order 
of  the  chief-justice,  with  scarlet ;  and  this  inno- 
vation seemed  to  the  multitude  to  indicate  a 
bloody  purpose.  It  was  also  rumored  that,  when 
the  clergyman  who  preached  the  assize  sermon 
enforced  the  duty  of  mercy,  the  ferocious  mouth 
of  the  judge  was  distorted  by  an  ominous  grin. 
These  things  made  men  augur  ill  of  what  was 
to  follow. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  596. 

3069.  JUSTICE,  Partiality  of.  Professed.  The- 
mistocles,  who  was  an  agreeable  companion, 
gained  many  friends,  and  became  respectable  in 
the  strength  of  his  popularity.  Thus  when  he 
was  told  that  he  would  govern  the  Athenians  ex- 
tremely well,  if  he  would  but  do  it  without  re- 
spect of  persons,  he  said,  "May  I  never  sit 
on  a  tribunal  where  my  friends  shall  not  find 
more  favor  from  me  than  strangers." — Plu- 
tarch's  Aristides. 

3070.  JUSTICE,  Partialityin.  AgesUaus.  Age- 
silaus,  indeed,  in  other  respects  was  strictly  and 
inflexibly  just ;  but  where  a  man's  friends  are 
concerned,  he  thought  a  rigid  regard  to  justice 
a  mere  pretence.  There  is  still  extant  a  short 
letter  of  his  to  Hydreius  the  Carian,  which  is 
a  proof  of  what  we  have  said  :  "  If  Nicias  is  inno- 
cent, acquit  him  ;  if  he  is  not  innocent,  acquit 
him  on  my  account ;  however,  be  sure  to  acquit 
him." — Plutarch's  Agesilaus. 

3071.  JUSTICE,  Poetic.  Cardinal  Wolsey.  Un- 
der Cromwell  the  coercion  of  juries  and  the 
management  of  judges  rendered  the  courts  mere 
mouthpieces  of  the  royal  will ;  and  where  even 
the  shadow  of  justice  proved  an  obstacle  to 
bloodshed,  Parliament  was  brought  into  play  to 
pass  bill  after  bill  of  attainder.  "He  shall  be 
judged  by  the  bloody  laws  he  has  himself  made," 
was  the  cry  of  the  council  at  the  moment  of  his 
fall,  and  by  a  singular  retribution  the  crowning 
injustice  which  he  sought  to  introduce  even  into 
the  practice  of  attainder — the  condemnation  of  a 
man  without  hearing  his  defence — was  only  prac- 
tised on  himself . — Hist,  op  Eng.  People,  §  577. 

3072.  JUSTICE,  Public.  Origin.  Among  the 
English,  as  among  all  the  races  of  mankind,  jus- 
tice had  originally  sprung  from  each  man's  per- 
sonal action.  There  had  been  a  time  when  every 


freeman  was  hie  own  avenger.  But  even  in  the 
earliest  forms  of  English  society  of  which  we 
find  traces  this  right  of  self-defence  was  being 
modified  and  restricted  by  a  growing  sense  of 
public  justice.  The  "  blood-wite,"  or  compensa- 
tion in  money  for  personal  wrong,  was  the  first 
effort  of  the  tribe  as  a  whole  to  regulate  private 
revenge.  The  freeman's  life  and  the  freeman's 
limb  had  each  on  this  system  its  legal  price. 
"Eye  for  eye"  ran  the  rough  code,  and  "life 
for  life,"  or  for  each  fair  damages.  We  see  a 
farther  step  toward  the  modern  recognition  of 
a  wrong  as  done,  not  to  the  individual  man,  but 
to  the  people  at  large,  in  another  custom  of  early 
date.  The  price  of  life  or  limb  was  paid,  not 
by  the  wrong-doer  to  the  man  he  wronged,  but 
by  the  family  or  house  of  the  wrong-doer  to  the 
family  or  house  of  the  wronged.  Order  and 
law  were  thus  made  to  rest  in  each  little  group 
of  people  upon  the  blood-bond  which  knit  its 
families  together. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  12. 

3073.  JUSTICE,  Satisfaction  of.  Ma  hornet. 
[When  near  his  end,  Mahomet]  made  an  effort  to 
obtain  himself  the  peace  and  pardon  of  the  liv- 
ing before  presenting  himself  before  his  Judge. 
Sustained  beneath  the  arms  by  his  two  cherished 
disciples,  Abubeker  and  Ali,  he  trailed  himself 
along  to  the  pulpit  of  the  mosque,  and  said,  with 
a  feeble  voice  :  "  Mussulmans  !  if  I  have  ever 
maltreated  any  among  you,  let  him  now  come 
and  strike  me  in  turn.  If  I  have  offended  any 
of  you  byword,  let  him  return  insult  for  insult. 
If  I  have  taken  from  any  his  property,  let  him 
take  all  that  I  possess  upon  the  earth.  And  these 
are  not  vain  words  ;  let  no  one,  in  doing  him- 
self justice,  apprehend  my  resentment.  Resent- 
ment and  anger  are  not  in  my  character."  A 
man  dared  to  step  from  the  crowd  and  claim  of 
him  a  concealed  debt.  "  Help  thyself,"  said  the 
prophet;  "  it  is  better  to  blush  in  this  life  be- 
fore men,  for  one's  injustice,  than  to  blush  in  the 
other  world  before  God." — Lamartike's  Tur- 
key, p.  148. 

3074.  JUSTICE,  Systematized.  Charlemagne. 
Still  further  to  harmonize  the  discordant  parts 
of  his  empire,  Charlemagne  divided  the  provinces 
into  different  districts,  each  of  which  contained 
several  counties.  He  abolished  the  ancient  cus- 
tom of  governing  them  by  dukes  ;  and  in  their 
place  he  appointed  three  or  four  royal  envoys, 
called  Misd  Dominici,  to  govern  each  province 
or  Missaticum,  obliging  them  to  an  exact  visita- 
tion of  it  every  three  months.  These  envoys 
held  four  courts  in  the  year  for  the  administra- 
tion of  justice  ;  and  the  arrangement  in  which 
the  business  of  these  courts  was  conducted  re- 
flects the  highest  honor  on  the  character  of 
Charlemagne.  The  causes  of  the  poor  were  first 
heard,  next  those  of  the  king,  then  the  causes  of 
the  clergy,  and  lastly  those  of  the  people  at 
large. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  0,  ch.  3,  p.  71. 

3075.  JUSTICE,  Tardy.  Cromwell.  His  govern- 
ment was  strong.  Charles  II.  followed,  and  his 
government  was  cowardly,  contemptible,  and 
weak.  Then,  at  length,  tardy  justice  was  done 
to  the  memory  of  Oliver.  Everywhere  men  mag- 
nified his  valor,  genius,  and  patriotism.  Every- 
where it  was  remembered  how,  when  he  ruled, 
all  foreign  powers  had  trembled  at  the  name  of 
England  ;  how  the  States-General,  now  so  haugh- 
ty, had  crouched  at  his  feet ;  and  how,  when  it 


KIDNAPPING— KNEELING. 


363 


was  known  that  he  was  no  more,  Amsterdam 
was  lighted  up  as  for  a  great  deliverance,  and 
children  ran  along  the  canals  shouting  for  joy 
that  the  devil  was  dead.  Even  Royalists  ex- 
claimed that  the  State  could  be  saved  only  by 
calling  the  old  soldiers  of  the  Commonwealth 
to  arms.  Soon  the  capital  begun  to  feel  the 
miseries  of  a  blockade.  —  Macaulay's  Eng.  , 
ch.  2,  p.  179. 

3076.  KIDNAPPING  by  Government.  Reign  of 
James  II.  [The  exiled  Bishop  Burnet  was  a 
powerful  antagonist  of  James  in  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic controversy.]  Proceedings  were  accord- 
ingly instituted  against  him  at  Edinburgh  ;  but 
lie  had  been  naturalized  in  Holland  ;  he  had 
married  a  woman  of  fortune  who  was  a  native 
of  that  province  ;  and  it  was  certain  that  his 
adopted  country  would  not  deliver  him  up.  It 
was  therefore  determined  to  kidnap  him.  Ruf- 
fians were  hired  with  great  sums  of  money  for 
this  perilous  and  infamous  service.  An  order 
for  £3000  on  this  account  was  actually  drawn  up 
for  signature  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of 
State. — Macaulay's  Esg.,  ch.  7,  p.  225. 

3077.  KINDNESS,  Religion  of.  Rev.  John  New- 
ton. Nevertheless  there  were  in  him  not  only 
force,  courage,  burning  zeal  for  doing  good, 
but  great  kindness,  and  even  tenderness  of  heart. 
"  I  see  in  this  world,"  he  said,  "  two  licaps  of  hu- 
man happiness  and  misery  ;  now,  if  I  can  take 
but  the  smallest  bit  from  one  heap  and  add  it  to 
the  other,  I  carry  a  point  ;  if,  as  I  go  home,  a 
child  has  dropped  a  half-penny,  and  by  giving 
it  another  I  can  wipe  away  its  tears,  I  feel  I  have 
done  something." — Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  3. 

3078.  KING  of  Fanatics.  JohnBoccold.  [The 
Anabaptists.  ]  They  surprised  and  took  posses- 
sion of  the  city  of  JVlunster,  where  they  preached 
their  doctrines  with  such  effect  that  the  people, 
inspired  with  frenzy,  expelled  their  bishop,  and 
declared  that  they  would  have  no  other  governor 
than  God  Almighty.  Matthias,  who  was  their 
chief  prophet,  having  been  killed  in  a  sally  from 
the  town  upon  the  troops  of  the  bishop  who  had 
laid  siege  of  it,  John  Boccold,  a  journeyman 
tailor,  who  had  been  distinguished  by  the  name 
of  Jack  of  Lej'den,  caused  himself,  with  great 
ceremony,  to  be  anointed  king,  and  appointed 
twelve  apostles  to  proclaim  his  sovereign  author- 
ity over  all  the  lower  Germany.  One  of  his  fa- 
vorite tenets  was  polygamy  ;  and  he  set  a  most  il- 
lustrious example  himself  by  marrying  fourteen 
wives.  One  of  his  wives  having  expressed  some 
doubt  as  to  his  divine  mission,  Boccold  immedi- 
ately cut  off  her  hea(i.  and  the  thirteen  others 
danced  round  her  body  with  transports  of  joy. 
Munster  being  closely  besieged,  this  fanatic  de- 
fended the  city  obstinately  for  twelve  months  ; 
but  he  fell  at  length  a  victim  to  the  treachery  of 
some  of  his  own  followers,  and  his  enemies  .  .  . 
put  him  to  death  with  .  .  .  cruelty. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,ch.  20,  p.  298. 

3079.  KING,  An  infant.  James.  [When 
Mary  abdicated  the  throne  of  Scotland,  James, 
her  infant  son,  was  borne  to  the  High  Church  of 
Stirling  ;  the  abdication  of  his  mother  was  read  ; 
Knox  preached  ;  the  child  was  crowned ;  the 
lords  took  the  oaths  of  allegiance  ;  and  the  in- 
fant of  thirteen  months  was  carried  back  to  his 
cradle.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  10,  p.  152. 


30§0. .     Of  France  and  England. 

Henry  V.  . .  .  died  in  the  thirty -fourth  year  of  his 
age,  one  of  the  most  heroic  princes  that  ever 
swayed  the  sceptre  of  England.  The  Duke  of 
Bedford,  brother  of  Henry  V.,  was  declared 
regent  of  France,  and  Henry  VI.,  a  child  of 
nine  months  old,  was  proclaimed  king  at  Paris 
and  London. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  13, 
p.  205. 

30§1.  KING.Odd.  George  Washingto;:.  [In  Siam 
there  is  a  first  and  second  king.  ]  A  first  king,  who 
does  everything,  whose  power  is  absolute  ;  and 
a  second  king,  who  does  nothing  but  draw  a 
large  income.  This  second  king,  oddly  enough, 
is  named  George  Washington,  having  been  so 
named  by  his  father,  who  greatly  admired  Amer- 
icans.— General  Grant's  Travels,  p.  268. 

30§2,  KING,  An  unkingly.  James  II.  He 
was  of  middle  stature,  more  corpulent  through 
his  clothes  than  in  his  body,  yet  fat  enough  ; 
his  eye  large,  ever  rolling  after  any  stranger  that 
came  in  his  presence,  insomuch  as  many,  for 
shame,  left  the  room  as  being  out  of  counte- 
nance ;  his  tongue  was  too  large  for  his  mouth, 
and  made  him  drink  very  uncomely,  as  if  eating 
his  drink,  which  came  out  into  his  cup  at  each 
side  of  his  mouth  ;  his  skin  was  as  soft  as  taffeta 
sarsenet,  which  felt  so  because  he  never  washed 
his  hands,  but  rubbed  his  fingers'  ends  quite 
slightly  with  the  wet  end  of  a  napkin  ;  his  legs 
were  very  weak,  some  have  thought  through 
some  foul  play  in  his  youth,  and  the  weakness 
made  him  ever  leaning  on  other  people's  shoul- 
ders, and  his  walk  was  ever  circular. — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  2,  p.  37. 

30§3.  KINGS  unhappy.  William  III  He... 
told  the  Duke  of  Hamilton  "  he  wished  he  were 
a  thousand  miles  from  England,  and  that  he 
had  never  been  king  of  it."  [He  was  annoyed 
by  the  unpatriotic  bickerings  in  Parliament.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  7,  p.  99. 

3084.  KISSING  Husbands.  Origin  of  .  When 
Troy  was  taken,  some  of  the  Trojans,  having  es- 
caped and  gained  their  ships,  put  to  sea,  and 
being  driven  by  the  winds  upon  the  coast  of  Tus- 
cany, came  to  an  anchor  in  the  river  Tiber  ; 
.  .  .  here  their  wives  being  much  fatigued,  and  no 
longer  able  to  bear  the  hardships  of  the  sea,  one 
of  them,  superior  to  the  rest  in  birth  and  pru- 
dence, named  Roma,  proposed  that  they  should 
burn  the  fleet ;  .  .  .  this  being  effected,  the  men 
at  first  were  much  exasperated,  but  afterward, 
through  necessity,  fixed  their  seat  on  the  Pala- 
tine Hill,  and  in  a  short  time  things  succeeded  be- 
yond their  expectation;  for  the  country  was  good, 
and  the  people  hospitable  ;  .  .  .  therefore,  beside 
other  honors  paid  to  Roma,  they  called  their  city, 
as  she  was  the  cause  of  its  being  built,  after  her 
name.  Hence  too,  we  are  informed, the  custom 
arose  for  the  women  to  salute  their  relations  and 
husbands  with  a  kiss,  because  tliose  women,  when 
they  had  burned  the  ships,  used  such  kind  of  en- 
dearments to  appease  the  resentment  of  their  hus- 
bands.— Plutarch's  Romulus. 

30§5.  KNEELING  to  God  only.  Alexander 
Hurray.  [In  1751  Hon.  Alexander  Murraj"- was 
accused  "of  having  illegally  interfered  to  ob- 
struct the  proceedings  on  the  scrutiny,  and  to 
influence]  the  high  bailiff  in  certain  returns  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Westminster.     When  he  was 


364 


KNIGHTHOOD— KNOWLEDGE. 


brought  to  the  bar  to  receive  his  sentence  of 
close  committal  to  Newgate  he  refused  to  kneel, 
as  commanded  by  the  Speaker.  The  Speaker 
called  out,  ' '  Your  obeisances  !  sir,  your  obei- 
sances !"  and  then,  "  Sir,  you  must  kneel."  He 
replied,  "  Sir,  I  beg  to  be  excused ;  I  never 
kneel  but  to  God."  The  Speaker  repeated  the 
command  with  great  warmth.  Murray  answer- 
ed, "  Sir,  I  am  sorry  I  cannot  comply  with  your 
request;  I  would  in  anything  else."  The  Speak- 
er cried,  "I call  upon  you  again  to  consider 
it."  Murray  answered,  "  Sir,  when  I  have  com- 
mitted a  crime  I  kneel  to  God  for  pardon  ;  but  I 
know  my  own  innocence,  and  cannot  kneel  to 
anybody  else. "  The  Speaker  ordered  the  sergeant 
to  take  him  away  and  secure  him. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  12,  p.  186. 

30S6.  KNIGHTHOOD,  Ceremony  of.  Chivalry. 
The  candidate  for  that  honor  was  previously 
prepared  for  it  by  the  most  austere  fasts.  He 
was  obliged  to  spend  a  whole  night  in  a  church 
in  prayer,  to  make  a  solemn  and  full  confession 
of  his  sins,  to  receive  the  holy  eucharist,  and  to 
have  his  body  purified  by  bathing ;  then  he  was 
again  introduced  into  the  church,  where  he  pre- 
sented to  the  priest  a  sword,  who,  giving  it  his 
benediction,  hung  it  round  the  neck  of  the  nov- 
ice ;  he  again,  taking  it  off,  presented  it  to  the 
knight,  or  chief,  who  was  to  confer  the  honor 
upon  him  ;  and  falling  down  on  his  knees,  and 
joining  his  hands,  after  solemnly  swearing  to 
maintain  the  cause  of  religion  and  chivalry,  he 
received  from  him  the  spurs,  the  halberd,  the 
coat-of-mail,  and  the  sword.  Then  the  chief,  em- 
bracing him  round  the  neck,  and  gently  striking 
Mm  three  times  with  the  flat  part  of  his  sword 
upon  the  shoulder,  finished  the  ceremony  by  pro- 
nouncing these  words,  "In  the  name  of  God, 
St.  Michael,  and  St.  George,  I  make  thee  a 
knight.  Be  valiant,  hardy,  and  loyal." — Tyt- 
liEB's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  10,  p.  167. 

30§7.  KNOWLEDGE  desired.  Samuel  John- 
son. He  observed,  "  All  knowledge  is  of  itself 
of  some  value.  There  is  nothing  so  minute  or 
inconsiderable  that  I  would  not  rather  know  it 
than  not.  In  the  same  manner,  all  power,  of 
whatever  sort,  is  of  itself  desirable.  A  man 
would  not  submit  to  learn  to  hem  a  ruffle  of  his 
■wife,  or  his  wife's  maid ;  but  if  a  mere  wish 
could  attain  it,  he  would  rather  wish  to  be  able 
to  hem  a  ruffle."— Boswell' a  Johnson,  p.  250. 
30SS.  KNOWLEDGE,  Eagerness  for.  The  Poet 
Shelley.  No  student  ever  read  more  assidu- 
ously. He  was  to  be  found,  book  in  hand,  at  all 
hours  ;  reading  in  season  and  out  of  season  ;  at 
table,  in  bed,  and  especially  during  a  walk  ;  not 
only  in  the  quiet  country,  and  in  retired  paths  ; 
not  only  at  Oxford,  in  the  public  walks,  and 
High  Street,  but  in  the  most  crowded  thorough- 
fares of  London.  Nor  was  he  less  absorbed  by 
the  volume  that  was  open  before  him  in  Cheap- 
side,  in  Cranbourne  Alley,  or  in  Bond  Street, 
than  in  a  lonely  lane  or  a  secluded  library. — 
Symonds'  Shelley,  ch.  2. 

3089.  KNOWLEDGE,  Happiness  by.  Socrates. 
With  regard  to  the  pursuit  of  knowledge,  Socra- 
tes held  that  all  science  was  contemptible  which 
did  not  tend  to  the  happiness  of  man,  by  the 
regulation  of  his  conduct  in  society  ;  that  the 
most  beneficial  wisdom  is  to  be  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  ourselves,  to  see  our  errors  and 


defects,  that  we  may  be  enabled  to  amend  them. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  268, 

3090.  KNOWLEDGE,  Humility  for.  jyimna, 
[Rev.  Thomas  Coke,  LL.D.,  a  graduate  of  Ox- 
ford,] found  in  Devonshire  an  untutored  but 
intelligent  Methodist,  a  class  leader  of  the  rus- 
tics in  the  neighborhood.  The  nature  of  faith, 
justification,  regeneration,  and  the  evidences 
which  attend  them — the  "unsearchable  riches  of 
Christ" — were  themes  upon  which  the  clergy- 
man found  he  could  be  instructed  by  the  un- 
lettered peasant.  He  acknowledged  that  he  owed, 
to  him  greater  obligations  "with  respect  to  the 
means  of  finding  peace  with  God  and  tranquillity 
of  mind  than  to  any  other  person." — Stevens' 
M.  E.  Church,  vol.  2,  p.  152. 

3091.  KNOWLEDGE  without  Learning.  Peter 
Cooper,  LL.D.  With  no  proclivity  to  classical 
or  philosophical  learning,  he  was  through  life  a 
diligent  student  of  human  aifairs,  and  nothing 
that  concerned  the  well-being  of  his  fellow-men 
escaped  his  notice,  from  his  nearest  neighbors 
to  the  mightiest  changes  in  the  conditions  of 
nations.  So  that,  while  he  could  not  be  called 
a  man  of  learning,  he  was  pre-eminently  a  man 
of  knowledge.  He  was  an  untiring  student  of 
nature  and  art ;  the  mingling  of  those  two  made 
up  his  whole  life  ;  they  culminated  at  last  in 
the  Institute,  which  represents  their  blending. — 
Life  of  Peter  Cooper,  by  Lester,  p.  12. 

3092.  KNOWLEDGE,  Limitations  of.  Aristo- 
tle. A  great  body  of  his  writings  is  yet  pre- 
served, and  is  sufficient  to  w^arrant  our  estima- 
tion of  Aristotle  as  one  of  the  most  vigorous  and 
comprehensive  geniuses  that  ever  the  world  has 
produced.  .  .  .  The  vanity  of  Aristotle  prompt- 
ed him  to  aim  at  universal  knowledge  ;  and  pro- 
fessing to  embrace  the  whole  circle  of  the 
sciences,  he  only  manifests  the  more  signally  hia 
superficial  knowledge  in  many  departments,  and 
his  presumptuous  rashness  in  deciding  ques- 
tions beyond  the  reach  of  human  intellect.  These 
palpable  defects  have  injured  his  legitimate  repu- 
tation in  those  branches  of  science  in  which  he  is 
truly  excellent. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 2,  ch.  9, 
p.  275. 

3093.  KNOWLEDGE,  Progress  of.  Aristotle. 
Mr.  Lewes  makes  a  remark  concerning  Aristo- 
tle :  "  It  is  the  glory  of  science  to  be  constantly 
progressive.  After  the  lapse  of  a  century,  the 
greatest  teacher,  on  reappearing  among  men, 
would  have  to  assume  the  attitude  of  a  learner. 
The  tery  seed  sown  hy  himself  would  have  sprunff 
vp  into  a  forest  to  obscure  the  view.  But  he  who 
rejoices  in  the  grandeur  of  the  forest  must  not 
forget  by  whom  the  seeds  Avere  sown.  His  her- 
itors, we  are  richer,  but  not  greater  than  he."" 
This  is  a  just  and  beautiful  passage.  There  is 
not  an  intelligent  boy  or  girl  in  a  well-conduct- 
ed school  who  could  not  set  Aristotle  right  on  a 
thousand  points  of  science,  who  could  not  laugh 
at  many  of  his  mistakes  ;  and  yet  it  is  not  less 
true  that  he  was  one  of  the  greatest  intellects 
that  has  ever  appeared  among  men. — Cyclope- 
dia OF  BiOG.,  p.  553. 

3094.  KNOWLEDGE,  Promotion  of.  Jared 
Sparks.  [Dr.  Jared  Sparks  went  from  the  car- 
penter's bench  to  the  Presidency  of  Harvard 
College.]  He  was  a  Connecticut  boy,  born  as 
long  ago  as  1789,  and  as  poor  as  any  boy  that 
reads  this  book.     He  earned  his  living  as  soon  as 


KNOWLEDGE— LABOR. 


365 


he  was  strong  enough  to  wield  a  hoe  or  drive  a 
plough-horse,  by  working  on  a  rough,  stony 
Connecticut  farm  ;  and  when  he  had  grown  to 
be  a  pretty  stout  lad,  he  was  occasionally  em- 
ployed in  a  saw-miU  of  the  neighborhood.  When 
the  time  came  for  him  to  learn  a  business  he 
apprenticed  himself  to  a  carpenter,  and  he  work- 
ed diligently  at  this  trade  for  two  years.  When 
he  was  twenty  years  of  age  he  was  still  ham- 
mering, planing,  and  mortising  as  a  carpenter's 
apprentice.  But  during  all  this  time,  whether 
working  on  a  farm,  or  in  the  saw-mill,  or  in  the 
-carpenter's  shop,  he  spent  his  leisure  hours  in 
reading  and  study.  He  had  a  most  extraordina- 
ry thirst  fo:  knowledge. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  , 
p.  619. 

3095.  kJTOWLEDGE,  Sacrifices  for.  Benja- 
min Franklin.  Benjamin  being  a  printer's  ap- 
prentice, he  was  more  and  more  puzzled  to  grat- 
ify his  love  of  knowledge.  But  one  day  he  hit 
upon  an  expedient  that  brought  in  a  little  cash. 
By  reading  a  vegetarian  book,  this  hard,  calcu- 
lating Yankee  lad  had  been  led  to  think  that 
people  could  live  better  without  meat  than  with 
it,  and  that  killing  innocent  animals  for  food 
was  cruel  and  wicked.  So  he  abstained  from 
meat  altogether  for  about  two  years.  As  this 
led  to  some  inconvenience  at  his  boarding-house, 
lie  made  this  cunning  proposition  to  his  master  : 
"  Give  me  one  half  the  money  you  pay  for  my 
board,  and  I  will  board  myself."  The  master 
consenting,  the  apprentice  lived  entirely  upon 
such  things  as  hominy,  bread,  rice,  and  potatoes, 
and  found  that  he  could  actually  live  upon  half 
of  the  half.  What  did  the  calculating  wretch 
do  with  the  money  ?  Put  it  into  his  money-box  ? 
No  ;  he  laid  it  all  out  in  the  improvement  of  his 
mind. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  129. 

3096. .  John  Fitch.  [The  inventor.] 

rinding  an  old  arithmetic  in  his  father's  house,  he 
studied  it  in  the  evenings  till  he  had  mastered  it. 
He  heard  one  day,  when  he  was  eleven  years  old, 
of  a  wonderful  book  called  Salmon's  Geography, 
which,  he  was  told,  would  give  him  information 
about  the  whole  world.  But,  alas  !  the  price  was 
ten  shillings.  After  vainly  entreating  his  father  to 
buy  it  for  him,  he  hit  upon  a  plan  for  raising 
that  enormous  sum  himself.  There  were  some 
lands  upon  his  father's  farm,  too  high  to  be 
reached  by  the  plough,  which  were  not  cultivat- 
ed. His  father  consented  to  let  him  plant  po- 
tatoes there,  and  to  have  the  produce  himself, 
provided  he  worked  the  land  only  on  holidays, 
or  after  his  regular  work  was  done.  [The  prod- 
uce came  to  ten  shillings,  the  book  cost  twelve 
shillings,  and  his  father  made  him  pay  for  the 
seed  potatoes.  So  he  incurred  a  debt.] — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BioG.,  p.  148. 

3097.  KNOWLEDGE,  Theft  of.  Stilpo.  Deme- 
trius [the  Macedonian  general,  having  taken  the 
city  of  Megara,  was]  satisfied  with  expelling 
the  garrison,  and  declared  the  city  free.  Amid 
these  transactions,  he  bethought  himself  of  Stil- 
po, a  philosopher  of  great  reputation,  who  sought 
only  the  retirement  and  tranquillity  of  a  studious 
life.  He  sent  for  him,  and  asked  him  whether 
they  had  taken  anything  from  him.  "  No,"  said 
Stilpo,  "  I  found  none  that  wanted  to  steal  any 
knowledge." — Plutarch's  Demetrius. 

309§.  LABOR  vs.  Capital.  England.  The 
common  people  of  that  age  were  not  in  the  habit 


of  meeting  for  public  discussion,  of  haranguing, 
or  of  petitioning  Parliament.  No  newspaper 
pleaded  their  cause.  It  was  in  rude  rhyme  that 
their  love  and  hatred,  their  exultation  and  their 
distress,  found  utterance.  A  great  part  of  their 
history  is  to  be  learned  only  from  their  ballads. 
One  of  the  most  remarkable  of  the  popular  lays 
chanted  about  the  streets  of  Norwich  and  Leeds 
in  the  time  of  Charles  II.  may  still  be  read  on 
the  original  broadside.  It  is  the  vehement  and 
bitter  cry  of  labor  against  capital.  It  describes 
the  good  old  times  when  every  artisan  employed 
in  the  woollen  manufacture  lived  as  well  as  a 
farmer.  But  those  times  were  past.  Sixpence  a 
day  now  was  all  that  could  be  earned  by  hard  la- 
bor at  the  loom.  If  the  poor  complained  that 
they  could  not  live  on  such  a  pittance,  they  were 
told  that  they  were  free  to  take  it  or  leave  it. 
For  so  miserable  a  recompense  were  the  produ- 
cers of  wealth  compelled  to  toil,  rising  early  and 
laying  down  late,  while  the  master  clothier,  eat- 
ing, sleeping,  and  idling,  became  rich  by  their 
exertions.  A  shilling  a  day,  the  poet  declares, 
is  what  the  weaver  would  have,  if  justice  were 
done. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  389. 

3099.  LABOR  degraded.  By  Charity.  [In 
1831  the  laborers  of  England]  believed,  as  they 
had  long  been  encouraged  by  the  magistrates  to 
believe,  that  the  parish  was  bound  to  find  work 
and  pay  wherever  there  was  no  profitable  work 
to  be  done.  [In  England  was  the  parish  gravel- 
pit.]  The  gravel-pit  lowered  the  wages  of  all 
agricultural  labor,  by  confounding  the  distinc- 
tions between  industry  and  idleness,  between 
strength  and  weakness,  between  dexterity  and 
clumsiness.  All  the  moral  qualifications  that 
made  one  laborer  more  valuable  than  another 
were  broken  down.  And  so  when  the  weekly 
pittance  for  unprofitable  labor  was  doled  out  by 
the  overseer  of  the  poor — when  the  farmer  equal- 
ized the  rate  of  wages  by  reducing  his  plough, 
man  and  carter  almost  to  the  level  of  the  gravel- 
diggers,  and  sent  their  wives  to  the  overseer  to 
make  up  by  allowance  the  just  payment  of  which 
they  were  defrauded — the  peasantry  took  to  burn- 
ing ricks  and  breaking  machines. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  16,  p.  287. 

3100.  LABOR,  Deliverance  by.  "Apron." 
The  Saracens  confess  a  loss  of  7500  men  ;  and 
the  battle  of  Cadesia  is  justly  described  by  the 
epithets  of  obstinate  and  atrocious.  The  stand- 
ard of  the  monarchy  was  overthrown  and  capt- 
ured in  the  field — a  leathern  apron  of  a  black- 
smith, who  in  ancient  times  had  arisen  the  de- 
liverer of  Persia  ;  but  this  badge  yf  heroic  pov- 
erty was  disguised,  and  almost  concealed,  by  a 
profusion  of  precious  gems. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  51,  p.  179. 

3101.  LABOR,  Evening.  English — Irish.  The 
Irish  laborers  close  the  day  with  a  game  on 
greasy  cards,  or  lying  stretched  before  the  fire. 
In  England,  when  the  labor  of  the  day  is  over,  it 
is  usual  for  men  to  betake  themselves  to  some 
other  labor  of  a  different  kind.  In  the  northern 
parts  of  that  industrious  land  the  inhabitants 
meet,  a  jolly  crew,  at  one  another's  houses,  where 
they  merrily  and  frugally  pass  the  long  dark 
winter  evenings,  several  families  by  the  same 
light  and  by  the  same  fire  working  at  their  dif- 
ferent manufactures  of  wool,  flax,  or  hemp, 
company  meanwhile  mutually  cheering  and  pro- 


366 


LABOR. 


Yoking  to  labor.  In  certain  other  parts  you  may 
see,  on  a  summer's  evening,  the  common  labor- 
ers sitting  along  the  streets  of  a  town  or  village, 
each  at  his  own  door,  with  a  cushion  before  him, 
making  bone-lace,  and  earning  more  in  an  even- 
ing's pastime  than  an  Irish  family  would  in  a 
whole  day.  Alas  !  for  the  bone-lace  makers. 
Their  industry  was  almost  extinguished  by  the 
inexorable  machine  (the  bobbin-net-frame)  in 
1809. — Berkeley,  in  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  2,  p.  19. 

3102.  LABOB,  Expensive.  George  Washing- 
ton. He  owned  one  hundred  and  one  cows,  and 
yet  had  to  buy  butter  sometimes  for  the  use  of 
his  family.  Would  the  reader  like  to  know  the 
reason  ?  General  Washington  himself  tells  us. 
He  mentions  in  his  diary  that  one  morning  in 
February,  1760,  he  went  out  to  where  "  my  car- 
penters "  were  hewing — the  said  carpenters  be- 
ing black  slaves.  "I  found,"  he  wrote,  "that 
four  of  them — namely,  George,  Tom,  Mike,  and 
young  Billy — had  only  hewed  one  hundred  and 
twenty  feet  since  yesterday  at  ten  o'clock."  Sur- 
prised at  this  meagre  result  of  a  day's  labor  of 
four  men,  he  sat  down  to  see  how  they  managed. 
Under  the  spell  of  the  master's  eye  they  worked 
faster,  but  still  in  a  wonderfully  bungling  and 
dawdling  manner.  He  records  that,  after  they 
had  prepared  a  log  for  cutting  into  lengths,  "they 
spent  twenty-five  minutes  more  in  getting  the 
cross-cut  saw,  standing  to  consider  what  to  do, 
sawing  the  stock  in  two  places,"  etc.  He  found 
that  the  four  men  had  done  exactly  one  man's 

*  work  the  day  before,  supposing  they  could  work 
no  faster  than  they  had  done  while  he  watched 
them,  and  that  one  intelligent,  active  laborer 
could  do  about  as  much  hewing  in  two  days  as 
they  would  in  a  week.  Here  we  have  the  reason 
why  a  man  possessing  one  hundred  and  one 
cows  had  to  buy  butter. — Cyclopedia  op  Bigg., 
p.  13. 

3103.  LABOR,  Forced.  Defence.  [In  antici- 
pation of  a  French  descent  upon  the  coasts  of 
England,]  there  is  a  statute  of  1513  for  the  special 
erection  of  bulwarks  from  Plymouth  to  Land's 
End,  and  in  all  other  landing-places.  ...  To  as- 
sist their  country  against  invasion  necessarily 
demands  some  personal  privation  from  the  high 
and  the  lowly.  But  the  government  which  en- 
acted that  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  maritime  dis- 
tricts should  be  compelled  to  work  at  such  bul- 
warks, with  their  own  instruments,  and  to  re- 
ceive no  compensation  for  their  toil,  was  a  gov- 
ernment that  hesitated  not  to  rob  the  poor  of 
their  only  capital,  their  power  of  labor,  to  spare 
the  rich,  whose  property  was  chiefly  imperilled 
by  the  probable  assaults  of  a  hostile  force. 
Those  who  came  not  to  work  and  to  starve,  at 
the  summons  of  the  mayors  and  constables,  were 
to  be  committed  to  prison.  The  builders  of  the 
pyramids,  with  their  scanty  fare  of  onions  and 
garlic,  were  in  a  happier  condition  than  the  free 
English  under  Henry  VIII. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  2,  ch.  16,  p.  267. 

3104./  LABOR  honored.  Ahraham  Lincoln. 
[In  1830  Thomas  Lincoln  moved  to  Macon  Co., 
111.]  He  immediately  erected  a  log-cabin,  and 
with  the  aid  of  his  son,  who  was  now  twenty- 
one,  proceeded  to  fence  in  his  new  farm.  Abra- 
ham had  little  idea  while  .  ,  .  mauling  the  rails 
...  he  was  writing  a  page  in  his  life  which 


would  be  read  by  the  whole  nation  years  after- 
ward. .  .  .  During  the  sitting  of  the  Republicau 
State  Convention,  at  Decatur,  a  banner  attached 
to  two  of  these  rails  .  .  .  was  brought  into  the 
assemblage,  and  formally  presented  to  that  body, 
amid  a  scene  of  unparalleled  enthusiasm.  .  .  . 
They  were  in  demand  in  every  State  of  the 
Union. — Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch.  1,  p.  22. 

3105.  LABOR  by  Impressment.  Edward  III. 
In  1349  his  letters-patent  went  forth  to  press 
hewers  of  stone,  carpenters,  and  other  artificers  ; 
and  the  same  principle  of  impressing  workmen 
was  put  in  force  twenty  years. — Kjsight'sEng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  30,  p.  469. 

3106.  LABOR  lost.  Audubon.  After  fifteen 
years  of  such  a  life  as  this  [forest  life]  he  paid 
a  visit  to  his  relations  in  Philadelphia,  carrying 
with  him  two  hundred  of  his  designs,  the  result 
of  his  laborious  and  perilous  wanderings.  Being 
obliged  to  leave  Philadelphia  for  some  weeks,  he 
left  these  in  a  box  at  the  house  of  one  of  his  re- 
lations. On  his  return,  what  were  his  horror  and 
despair  to  discover  that  they  were  totally  destroy- 
ed by  mice  !  "A  poignant  flame,"  he  relates, 
"  pierced  my  brain  like  an  arrow  of  fire,  and  for 
several  weeks  I  was  prostrated  with  fever.  At 
length  physical  and  moral  strength  awoke  with- 
in me.  Again  I  took  my  gun,  my  game-bag,  and 
portfolio,  and  my  pencils,  and  plunged  once  more 
into  the  depths  of  my  forests." — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  164. 

3107.  LABOR,  Machinery  relieves.  Changes. 
[The  Yorkshire  clothier,  about  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  kept]  his  one  horse  to  fetch 
home  his  wool  and  his  provisions  from  the 
market,  to  carry  his  yarn  to  the  spinners,  his 
manufactures  to  the  fulling-mill,  and,  when  fin- 
ished, to  the  market  to  be  sold. — Knight's  Eng.  , 
vol.  5,  ch.  2,  p.  27. 

310§. .  Mining.  De  Foe  says:  "We 

saw  the  poor  wretch  [a  lead  miner  in  Derby- 
shire] working  and  heaving  himself  up  with  dif- 
ficulty. ...  He  was  clothed  all  in  leather ;  had 
a  cap  of  the  same  without  brims,  and  some  tools 
in  a  little  basket,  which  he  drew  up  with  him.  . . . 
Beside  his  basket  of  tools  he  brought  up  with 
him  about  three  quarters  of  a  himdred  weight  of 
ore."  [He  worked  sixty  fathoms  deep.  He  as- 
cended by  anarrow,  square  opening,  in  the  angles 
of  which  pieces  of  wood  were  inserted.]  Such 
was  mining  in  the  days  before  the  steam-engine. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  2,  p.  21. 

3109.  LABOR  misapplied.  Cheat  Wall  of 
China.  [General  Grant  visited  it,  and  said  :]  "  I 
believe  that  the  labor  expended  on  this  wall 
could  have  built  every  railroad  in  the  United 
States,  every  canal  and  highway,  and  most  if 
not  all  our  cities." — General  Grant's  Trav- 
els, p.  464. 

3110.  LABOR  oppressed  by  Law.  England. 
A.D.  1388.  [In  1388  it  was]  enacted  "that  he  or 
she  which  use  to  labor  at  the  plough  and  cart,  or 
other  labor  or  service  of  husbandry,  till  they  be 
of  the  age  of  twelve  years,  from  thenceforth 
shall  abide  at  the  same  labor,  without  being  put 
to  any  mj^stery  or  handicraft ;  and  if  any  cove- 
nant or  bond  of  apprentice  be  from  henceforth 
made  to  the  contrary,  the  same  shall  be  holden 
for  none. "  Another  enactment  of  the  same  Par- 
liament is  to  the  effect  that  artificers  and  men  of 


LABOR. 


367 


craft,  servants  and  apprentices,  shall  be  com- 
pelled to  serve  in  the  harvest,  to  cut,  gather, 
and  bring  in  the  corn.  .  .  .  Male  and  female 
servants  and  laborers  are  not  to  depart  at  the  end 
of  their  term,  to  go  to  another  place,  without  let- 
ters testimonial  under  the  king's  seal,  intrusted 
for  that  purpose  to  some  good  man  of  the  hun- 
dred, rape,  wapentake,  city,  or  borough  ;  wan- 
dering without  such  letters  they  were  put  in  the 
stocks. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  1,  p.  13. 

3111.  LABOR  oppressed.  By  Law.  [In  1349] 
tlie  Statute  of  Laborers  was  passed.  Its  pre- 
amble read  :  "  Because  a  great  part  of  the  peo- 
Y)\e,  and  especially  of  workmen  and  servants, 
late  died  of  the  pestilence,  many,  seeing  the  ne- 
cessity of  masters  and  great  scarcity  of  servants, 
^\'ill  not  serve  unless  they  may  receive  excessive 
wages. "...  It  was  enacted  ' '  That  every  able- 
bodied  man  and  woman,  not  being  a  merchant  or 
exercising  any  craft,  or  having  estate  or  land, 
should  be  bounden  to  serve,  whenever  required 
so  to  do,  at  the  wages  accustomed  to  be  given  in 
the  twentieth  year  of  the  king,  and  in  five  or  six 
years  next  before.  If  any  man  or  woman,  free 
or  bond, .  .  .  would  not,  he  or  she  should  be  com- 
mitted to  the  next  jail."  It  also  enacted  that 
laborers  departing  from  their  service  should  be 
imprisoned,  and  that  those  masters  who  consent- 
ed to  give  the  higher  wages  should  be  liable  to 
be  mulcted  in  double  the  amount  paid  or  prom- 
ised. The  statute  then  goes  on  to  apply  tlie 
same  regulations  to  all  artificers  —  saddlers, 
skinners, .  .  .  cordwainers,  tailors,  smiths,  carpen- 
ters, masons,  tylers,  shipwrights,  carters.  .  .  . 
xNo  person  should  give  alms  to  such  as  might  be 
able  to  labor,  .  .  .  under  pain  of  imprisonment. 
But  the  laws  of  nature  were  too  strong  for  the 
laws  of  policy.  Two  years  later  we  have  an- 
other statute.  ...  A  scale  of  wages  is  then  set 
for  laborers  in  husbandry  ;  and  the  wages  of  car- 
penters, masons,  tylers,  and  others  concerned  in 
building  are  also  fixed.  The  principle  of  con- 
fining the  laborer  to  one  locality  is  established  by 
enacting,  with  the  exception  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Stafford,  Lancashire,  Derby,  Craven,  and  of 
the  Welsh  and  Scotch  marches,  who  may  come 
and  go  to  other  places  in  harvest  time — "that 
none  of  them  goeth  out  of  the  town  where  he 
dwelleth  in  the  winter,  to  serve  the  summer,  if 
he  may  serve  in  the  same  town." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  30,  p.  471. 

3112. .  Fixed  Wages.    [About  1597 

Parliament  enacted  that  rates  of  wages  were  to 
be  settled  annually  by  the  justices  in  sessions  as- 
sembled. The  rate  so  settled  having  been  ap- 
proved by  the  Privy  Council,  was  to  be  pro- 
claimed by  the  sheriff  ;  and  the  payer  and  re- 
ceiver of  higher  wages  were  subjected  to  fine  and 
imprisonment.  All  able-bodied  laborers  wander- 
ing through  refusal  to  work  for  such  wages 
were  styled  "rogues  and  vagabonds,"  and  sub- 
ject to  cruel  punishments.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  17,  p.  271. 

3113.  LABOR,  Profitless.  Cotton.  This  pod, 
which  is  about  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg,  bursts 
when  it  is  ripe,  and  the  cotton  gushes  out  at  the 
top  in  a  beautiful  white  flock.  If  you  examine 
this  flock  closely,  you  discover  that  it  contains 
eight  or  ten  large  seeds,  much  resembling,  in 
size  and  shape,  the  seeds  of  a  lemon.  The  fibres 
of  the  cotton  adhere  so  tightly  to  the  seeds,  that 


to  get  one  pound  of  clean  cotton,  without  wast- 
ing any,  used  to  require  a  whole  day's  labor.  It 
was  this  fact  that  rendered  the  raising  of  cotton 
so  little  profitable,  and  kept  the  Southern  States 
from  sharing  in  the  prosperity  enjoyed  by  the 
States  of  the  North,  after  the  close  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary War.  When  the  gentlemen  [who  were 
visiting  Mrs.  Green]  had  been  conversing  for 
some  time,  the  idea  was  started  that  perhaps 
this  work  could  be  done  by  a  machine.  Mrs. 
Greene  then  remarked  :  "  Gentlemen,  apply  to 
my  young  friend,  Mr.  Whitney ;  he  can  make 
anything."  Few  words  have  ever  been  spoken 
on  this  globe  that  have  had  such  important  and 
memorable  consequences  as  this  simple  observa- 
tion of  Mrs.  Nathaniel  Greene.  [See  No.  2991.] 
— Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  159. 

3114.  LABOR  prolonged.  Fourteen  Hours.  [By 
a  statute  of  1495  it  was  required  that]  from 
the  middle  of  March  to  the  middle  of  September 
every  laborer  and  artificer  was  to  be  at  his  work 
before  five  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  he  was 
to  depart  not  till  between  seven  and  eight  in  the 
evening.  In  this  season  he  was  to  have  half  an 
hour  for  breakfast,  an  hour  for  dinner,  and  half 
an  hour  for  his  "  nonemete  ;"  and  from  the  mid- 
dle of  May  to  the  middle  of  August  he  was  to 
have  half  an  hour  for  sleep  in  the  day.  From 
September  to  March  he  was  to  be  at  his  work 
"  in  the  springing  of  the  day,  and  depart  not 
till  night  of  the  same  day." — Knight's  Eng. , 
vol.  2,  ch.  7,  p.  113. 

3115.  LABOR  reduced.  By  Machinery.  [Eli 
Whitney  invented  the  cotton  gin,  and  invited  in- 
spection.] The  gentlemen  saw,  with  unbounded 
wonder  and  delight,  that  one  man,  with  this 
young  Yankee's  engine,  could  clean  as  much  cot- 
ton in  one  day  as  a  man  could  clean  by  hand  in  a 
whole  winter.  The  cotton  grown  on  a  large 
plantation  could  be  separated  from  the  seed  in  a 
few  days,  which  before  required  the  constant  la- 
bor of  a  hundred  hands  for  several  months. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  161. 

3116.  LABOR,  Remarkable.  JoJm  Wesley.  He 
preached  42,400  sermons  after  his  return  from 
Georgia — more  than  fifteen  a  week.  [He  died  in 
the  eighty-eighth  year  of  his  age,  after  preaching 
the  gospel  for  sixty-four  years.]  His  public  life 
.  .  .  stands  out  in  the  history  of  the  world  un- 
questi€>nably  pre-eminent  in  religious  labors  above 
that  of  any  other  man  since  the  apostolic  age. — 
Stevens'  M.  E.  Church,  vol.  2,  p.  290. 

3117.  Labor  respected.  Napoleon  I.  [At  St. 
Helena.]  Some  slaves,  with  heavy  burdens  on 
their  shoulders,  came  toiling  up  the  narrow  path. 
Mrs.  Balcombe,  who  was  on  her  voyage  to  Eng- 
land from  Bombay,  ...  in  rather  an  angry  tone 
ordered  them  to  keep  back.  But  the  emperor, 
making  room  for  the  slaves,  turned  to  Mrs.  Bal- 
combe, and  said,  mildly,  "  Respect  the  bur- 
den, madame." — Abbott  s  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  30. 

31 1§.  LABOR,  Success  by.  Jamestown  Colony. 
Many  circumstances  impeded  the  progress  of  the 
oldest  Virginia  colony.  The  first  settlers  at  James- 
town were  idle,  improvident,  and  dissolute.  Of 
the  one  hundred  and  five  men  who  came  ...  in 
the  spring  of  1607,  only  twelve  were  common  la- 
borers. There  were  four  carpenters  and  six  or 
eight  masons  and  blacksmiths,  but  the  lack  of 


368 


LABOR— LAND. 


mechanics  was  compensated  by  a  long  list  of 
forty-eight  gentlemen.  .  .  .  The  prospect  of 
planting  an  American  State  on  the  James  River 
was  not  at  all  encouraging. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  9,  p.  95.  [Bancroft  adds  :  "  One  half  of  the 
colony  perished  before  autumn."  Vol.  1,  ch.  4.] 

3119.  LABOB,  Wages  of.  Small.  [In  the  be- 
ginning of  the  eighteenth  century,  the  average 
wage  paid  to  a  farm-laborer  was  5s. ,  without  food. 
Fifteen  pounds  was  the  average  yearly  income 
of  the  laboring  man's  family.  Some  consider 
Is.  to  have  had  a  purchasing  power  equal  to  2s. 
at  the  present  time.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  4,  p.  50. 

3120.  .  Samuel  Johnson.  Rais- 
ing the  wages  of  day-laborers  is  wrong  ;  for  it 
does  not  make  them  live  better,  but  only  makes 
them  idler,  and  idleness  is  a  very  bad  thing  for 
iuman  nature. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  485. 

3121.  LABOE,  Youthful.  Thurloio  Weed.  My 
first  employment,  when  about  eight  years  old, 
was  in  blowing  a  blacksmith's  bellows  for  a  Mr. 
Reeves,  who  gave  me  six  cents  a  day,  which  con- 
tributed so  much  toward  the  support  of  the  fam- 
ily. I  stood  upon  a  box  to  enable  me  to  reach  the 
handle  of  the  bellows.  ...  I  got  a  situation  as 
cabin-boy  on  board  the  sloop  Ranger  ...  in  my 
ninth  year. — Life  op  Thurlow  Weed,  vol.  1, 
ch.  1. 

3122.  LABOEEE  honored,  The.  Abdolonymus. 
The  Phoenicians  had  suffered  much  oppression 
under  the  Persian  yoke,  and  were  thus  glad  to 
be  emancipated  from  its  tyranny.  Strato,  the 
king  or  governor  of  Sidon,  attempted  in  vain  to 
maintain  his  province  in  its  allegiance  ;  he  was 
deposed,  and  Alexander  having  allowed  his  fa- 
vorite Hephaestion  to  dispose  of  the  crown,  he 
conferred  it  on  Abdolonymus,  a  man  of  great 
worth  and  virtue,  and  of  illustrious  and  even 
royal  descent,  but  whom  misfortunes  had  re- 
duced to  seek  a  subsistence  by  manual  labor. — 
Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  4,  p.  184. 

3123.  LABOEEE  impoverished.  English,.  The 
laborer  of  the  eighteenth  century  never  ate 
wheaten  bread.  .  .  .  Tea  and  sugar,  the  comforts 
of  the  modern  cottage,  were  wholly  for  the  rich. 
Fresh  meat  was  eaten  only  twice  a  week  by  half 
the  working  people,  and  never  tasted  at  all  by 
the  other  half.  The  salt  to  cure  the  flesh  of  his 
hog  was  very  dear  and  frightfully  unwholesome. 
. .  .  Woolen  clothing  of  every  sort  was  far  dearer 
then.  Linen  was  almost  beyond  the  reach  of  his 
wife  and  children.  There  were  no  cheap  calicoes 
for  their  shirts,  no  smart  prints  equally  cheap 
for  their  frocks.  His  hovel,  with  "  one  chimney," 
was  unglazed,  and  its  thatched  roof  and  battered 
walls  offered  the  most  miserable  shelter.  Furni- 
ture he  had  none  beyond  a  bench  and  a  plank 
on  trestles,  an  iron  pot,  and  a  basin  or  two.  He 
had  the  ague,  and  his  children  died  of  the  small- 
pox without  medical  aid.  ...  He  had  not  the 
slightest  chance  of  going  out  of  his  condition 
through  education.  .  .  .  His  children  were  shut 
out  of  any  broader  view  of  life  than  that  of  their 
native  hamlet ;  for  charity  schools,  few  and  mean 
as  they  were,  .  .  .  were  only  established  in  some 
favored  towns.  The  farmers  and  the  small  free- 
holders were,  with  the  exception  of  their  greater 
command  over  the  necessaries  and  comforts  of 
life,  at  no  great  elevation  above  the  husbandman, 


who  worked  for  wages. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  4. 

3124.  LABOEEES  despised.  By  Normans. 
The  Normans  brought  into  England  a  contempt 
for  the  laboring  people,  the  serfs,  the  villein, . . . 
which  did  not  exist  in  any  such  degree  before 
the  Norman  conquest.  The  peasant  was  .  .  . 
in  every  respect  in  bondage.  His  foreign  master 
plundered  him  and  held  him  in  contempt.  .  .  . 
The  humblest  cabin  and  the  coarsest  fare  were 
thought  almost  too  good  for  the  villein.  "  Whv 
should  villeins  eat  beef  or  any  dainty  foodr' 
asks  one  of  the  Norman  jongleurs. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  22,  p.  325. 

3125.  LABOEEES  ignored.  3Iagna  Charta. 
Such  were  the  stipulations  in  favor  of  the  higher 
orders  of  the  State,  the  barons,  the  clergy,  the 
landholders,  and  freemen.  But  that  part  of  the 
people  who  tilled  the  ground,  who  constituted  in 
all  probability  the  majority  of  the  nation,  seem 
to  have  been  very  lightly  considered  in  this 
great  charter  of  freedom.  They  had  but  one 
single  clause  in  their  favor,  which  stipulated  that 
no  villein  or  rustic  should  by  any  fine  be  be- 
reaved of  his  carts,  his  ploughs,  and  instruments 
of  husbandry  ;  in  other  respects  they  were  con- 
sidered as  a  part  of  a  property  belonging  to  an 
estate,  and  were  transferable  along  with  the 
horses,  cows,  and  other  movables,  at  the  will 
of  the  owner. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  8, 
p.  149. 

3126.  LAND,  Division  of.  Beneficial.  One 
certain  effect  of  the  crusades  must  have  been 
great  changes  in  territorial  property  through- 
out the  kingdoms  of  Europe.  The  nobility  and 
barons  who  went  on  those  expeditions  were 
obliged  to  sell  their  lands  to  defray  their  charges. 
The  lands  passed  into  the  hands  of  other  propri- 
etors, and  their  former  masters,  such  of  them  as 
ever  returned  to  their  country,  had  expended  the 
whole  of  their  fortunes.  This  fluctuation  of 
property  diminished  the  -^veight  and  influence  of 
the  greater  barons,  and  weakened  the  aristocrat- 
ical  spirit  of  the  feudal  system.  The  lands  of  a 
single  lord  were  likewise  divided  among  a  num- 
ber of  smaller  proprietors,  for  few  individuals 
were  then  opulent  enough  to  have  purchased  en- 
tire lordships.  This  would  necessarily  diffuse 
a  spirit  of  independence,  and  bring  men  nearer 
to  an  equality  of  property.— Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  10,  p.  165. 

3127.  LAND,  Ownership  of.  England.  A 
landed  proprietor  who  held  an  estate  under  the 
crown  by  knight  service — and  it  was  thus  that 
most  of  the  soil  of  England  was  held — had  to 
pay  a  large  fine  on  coming  to  his  property.  He 
could  not  alienate  one  acre  without  purchasing 
a  license.  When  he  died,  if  his  domains  descend- 
ed to  an  infant,  the  sovereign  was  guardian,  and 
was  not  only  entitled  to  great  part  of  the  rents 
during  the  minority,  but  could  require  the  ward, 
under  heavy  penalties,  to  marry  any  person  of 
suitable  rank.  The  chief  bait  which  attracted  a 
needy  sycophant  to  the  court  was  the  hope  of  ob- 
taining, as  the  reward  of  servility  and  flattery,  a 
royal  letter  to  an  heiress.  These  abuses  had  per- 
ished with  tlie  monarchy.- Macahlay's  Eng., 
ch.  2,  p.  143. 

312§.  LAND,  Unimproved.  Reign  of  Charles 
11.     The  arable  land  and  pasture  land  were  not 


LANDS— LANGUAGE. 


369 


supposed  by  the  best  political  arithmeticians  of 
that  age  to  amount  to  much  more  than  half  the 
area  of  the  kingdom.  The  remainder  was  be- 
lieved to  consist  of  moor,  forest,  and  fen.  These 
computations  are  strongly  confirmed  by  the  road- 
books and  maps  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
From  those  books  and  maps  it  is  clear  that  many 
routes  which  now  pass  through  an  endless  suc- 
cession of  orchards,  hay-fields,  and  bean-fields, 
then  ran  through  nothing  but  heath,  swamp  and 
warren. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  cli.  3,  p.  290. 

3129.  LANDS,  Hereditary.  GranUd.  To  con- 
ciliate the  affections  of  the  soldiery  was  a  very 
material  object  with  the  first  emperors  ;  and  for 
this  purpose  no  policy  seemed  more  proper  than 
to  assign  to  them  gifts  of  portions  of  land  in  the 
provinces  where  they  were  stationed.  This,  we 
find,  was  the  case  even  in  Italy,  as  we  may  learn 
from  the  first  and  ninth  eclogues  of  Virgil.  Of 
these  distributions  of  land  we  find  frequent  men- 
tion among  the  ancient  Roman  lawyers.  They 
became  more  frequent  among  the  latter  emper- 
ors, who  found  it  necessary  to  court  the  favor 
and  support  of  the  army,  now  become  the  dis- 
posers of  the  imperial  diadem.  These  distribu- 
tions of  land  were  at  first  only  for  life.  The 
first  who  allowed  them  to  descend  to  the  heirs  of 
the  grantees  was  Alexander  Severus,  who,  as 
Lampridius  informs  us,  permitted  the  heirs  of 
the  grantees  to  enjoy  their  possessions,  on  the  ex- 
press condition  of  their  following  the  profession 
of  arms.  Constantine  the  Great  in  like  manner 
made  gifts  of  land  to  his  principal  ofiicers,  per- 
petual and  hereditary. — Tyti,er's  Hist.  ,  Book  6, 
ch.  2,  p.  65. 

3130.  LANGUAGE,  Adaptation  of.  Greek  and 
Roman.  The  two  languages  exercised  at  the 
same  time  their  separate  jurisdiction  throughout 
the  empire  ;  the  former  as  the  natural  idiom  of 
science  ;  the  latter  as  the  legal  dialect  of  public 
transactions.  Those  who  united  letters  with 
business  were  equally  conversant  with  both ; 
and  it  was  almost  impossible,  in  any  province, 
to  find  a  Roman  subject,  of  a  liberal  education, 
who  was  at  once  a  stranger  to  the  Greek  and 
to  the  Latin  language. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  2, 
p.  47. 

3131.  LANGUAGE,  Contempt  for.  Battle  of 
Hastings.  When  the  English  fall  the  Normans 
shout.  Each  side  taunts  and  defies  the  other,  yet 
neither  knoweth  what  the  other  saith  ;  and  the 
Normans  say  the  English  bark,  because  they  un- 
derstand not  their  speech. — Decisive  Battles, 
§327. 

3132.  LANGUAGE  and  Manners.  Romans. 
So  sensible  were  the  Romans  of  the  influence  of 
language  over  national  manners,  that  it  was  their 
most  serious  care  to  extend,  with  the  progress  of 
their  arms,  the  use  of  the  Latin  tongue. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  2,  p.  44. 

3133. .    Early.    Language,  in  the 

early  periods  of  every  nation,  is  in  a  very  rude 
condition,  and  it  is  in  this  imperfection  and  ap- 
parent barrenness  of  the  language  that  we  shall 
find  one  cause  for  the  lofty  tone  assumed  by  the 
poetry.  The  words  are  few,  but  they  are  invari- 
ably expressive.  They  are  descriptive  of  the 
strongest  passions,  of  the  deepest  feelings  of  the 
human  heart — of  patriotism  and  valor,  of  grief 
and  joy,  of  triumph  and  despair,  of  love  and 


hatred ;  of  such  feelings  as  are  to  be  found 
among  every  uncultivated  people — when  nature 
is  certainly  comparatively  in  a  savage  state  ; 
when  none  of  those  fantastic  and  artificial  ideas, 
and  therefore  none  of  those  low  and  insipid  ex- 
pressions have  been  introduced,  which  invariably 
accompany  the  process  of  luxury  and  refinement. 
In  the  ancient  languages  of  a  rude  people  we  find 
no  redundancy  of  expletives,  no  unnecessary 
words,  no  unmeaning  synonymes,  because  lan- 
guage is  formed  to  describe  what  passes  in  the 
minds  or  before  the  eyes  of  those  who  use  it. 
Even  in  their  common  discourse,  and  still  more 
in  their  war-songs,  or  their  solemn  harangues, 
the  speakers  were  actually  compelled  to  be  ner- 
vous, concise,  and  frequently  metaphorical.  The 
high-flown  and  figurative  style  must  have  then 
become  as  much  a  matter  of  necessity,  owing  to 
the  barrenness  of  the  language,  as  the  effect  of 
taste  or  imagination.  When  man  first  found  him- 
self in  society,  the  Almighty,  in  the  language 
which  He  created  for  him,  did  not  furnish  him 
with  what  was  calculated  to  delineate  the  minu- 
ter feelings  of  the  heart,  or  the  more  detailed 
and  delicate  scenery  of  nature,  but  with  that 
broad  and  bolder  pencil  which  could  describe 
those  conflicting  passions  which  then  tore  his 
mind,  or  those  awful  solitudes  with  which  he 
was  then  surrounded. — Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  4, 
ch.  3,  p.  426. 

3134.  LANGUAGE,  Origin  of.  Samuel  John- 
son. Talking  of  the  origin  of  language.  John- 
son :  "It  must  have  come  by  inspiration.  A 
thousand — nay,  a  million  of  children  could  not 
invent  a  language.  While  the  organs  are  pliable, 
there  is  not  understanding  enough  to  form  a  lan- 
guage ;  by  the  time  that  there  is  understanding 
enough,  the  organs  are  become  stiff.  We  know 
that  after  a  certain  age  we  cannot  learn  to  pro- 
nounce a  new  language.  No  foreigner  who 
comes  to  England  when  advanced  in  life  ever 
pronounces  English  tolerably  well  ;  at  least,  such 
instances  are  very  rare.  When  I  maintain  that 
language  must  have  come  by  inspiration,  I  do 
not  mean  that  inspiration  is  required  for  rhetoric, 
and  all  the  beauties  of  language  ;  for  when  once 
man  has  language,  we  can  conceive  that  he  may 
gradually  form  modifications  of  it.  I  mean  only 
that  inspiration  seems  to  me  to  be  necessary  to 
give  man  the  faculty  of  speech  ;  to  inform  him 
that  he  may  have  speech  ;  which  I  think  he 
could  no  more  find  out  without  inspiration  than, 
cows  or  hogs  would  think  of  such  a  faculty."— 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  495. 

3135.  LANGUAGE,  Paradisaic.  Persian.  [Ma- 
homet recommended  the  Persian  language  to  the 
use  of  paradise,  it  being  a  smooth  and  elegant 
idiom.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  42,  p.  216. 

3136.  LANGUAGE,  Training  in.  Romans. 
Next  to  this  care  of  the  mother,  or  the  female 
tutor,  in  instilling  the  rigid  principle  of  patriotic 
virtue,  a  very  remarkable  degree  of  attention 
appears  to  have  been  bestowed  by  the  Romans  in 
accustoming  their  children  to  correctness  of  lan- 
guage and  purity  of  expression.  Cicero  informs 
us  that  the  Gracchi  were  educated  non  tarn  in 
gremio  quam,  in  sermone  matris.  And  in  speak- 
ing of  Curio,  who  was  one  of  the  best  orators  of 
his  time,  he  adds,  that  without  possessing  the 
rules  of  his  art,  and  without  any  knowledge  of 
the  laws,  he  had  attained  to  eminence  merely 


870 


LAUGHTER— LAW. 


from  the  elegance  and  purity  of  his  diction. 
This  attention  to  the  language  of  children  may 
appear,  in  these  niodern  days,  an  absurd  and 
useless  refinement.  Among  the  Romans  it  was 
not  thought  so.  They  were  well  aware  how 
much  the  man  is  influenced  by  the  earliest  im- 
pressions and  habits  of  infancy.  They  suspected, 
and  not  without  just  grounds,  that  they  who  be- 
came familiar  with  the  language  and  expressions 
of  their  slaves  were  likely  to  be  initiated  also  in 
their  vices,  and  to  become  reconciled  to  their 
ideas  of  servility  and  dependence.  That  urbanity 
upon  which  this  people  so  much  prided  them- 
selves in  the  more  advanced  periods  of  the  com- 
monwealth was  nothing  else  than  a  certain  man- 
ly elegance,  which  distinguished  the  Roman 
citizens  from  those  nations  whom  they  account- 
ed barbarous. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3, 
p.  423. 

3137.  LAUGHTER,  Importance  of.  Lycurgus. 
Lycurgus  [the  lawgiver]  .  .  .  dedicated  a  little 
statue  to  the  god  of  laughter  in  each  hall.  He 
considered  facetiousness  as  a  seasoning  of  the 
hard  exercise  and  diet,  and  therefore  ordered  it 
to  take  place  on  all  proper  occasions,  in  their 
common  entertainments  and  parties  of  pleasure. 
— Plutarch's  Lycurgus. 

313§.  LAW,  Above.  James  II.  It  was  deter- 
mined that  the  nuncio  should  go  to  court  in 
solemn  procession.  Some  persons  on  whose 
obedience  the  king  had  counted  showed,  on  this 
occasion,  for  the  first  time,  signs  of  a  mutinous 
Bpirit.  Among  these  the  most  conspicuous  was 
the  second  temporal  peer  of  the  realm,  Charles 
Seymour,  commonly  called  the  proud  Duke  of 
Somerset.  He  was,  in  truth,  a  man  in  whom  the 
pride  of  birtli  and  rank  amounted  almost  to  a  dis- 
ease. . .  .  Some  members  of  his  family  implored 
him  not  to  draw  on  himself  the  royal  displeasure, 
but  their  entreaties  produced  no  effect.  The 
king  himself  expostulated.  "I  thought,  my 
lord,"  said  he,  "that  I  was  doing  you  a  great 
honor  in  appointing  you  to  escort  the  minister  of 
the  first  of  all  crowned  heads."  "  Sir,"  said  the 
duke,  "  I  am  advised  that  I  cannot  obey  your 
Majesty  without  breaking  the  law."  "  I  will 
make  you  fear  me  as  well  as  the  law,"  answered 
the  king,  insolently.  "  Do  you  not  know  that  I 
am  above  the  law  ?"  "  Your  Majesty  may  be 
above  the  law,"  replied  Somerset,  "but  I  am 
not ;  and  while  I  obey  the  law  I  fear  nothing." 
The  king  turned  away  in  high  displeasure,  and 
Somerset  was  instantly  dismissed  from  his  posts 
in  the  household  and  in  the  army.  [James  soon 
after  was  a  fugitive  and  an  exile.] — Mac  aula  y's 
Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  250. 

3139.  LAW,  Delay  of  the.  John  Hampden. 
[In  1636  "  John  Hampden,  Esq. ,"  refused  to  pay 
an  illegal  tax  of  31s.  M.  "  There  were  six  weeks 
of  solemn  pleading  in  the  Exchequer  Chamber 
before  all  the  judges— the  greatest  cause  that 
ever  was  tried  in  Westminster  Hall — followed  by 
many  months  of  judicial  deliberation,  before  the 
king's  right  to  enforce  the  tax  of  ship-money  was 
adjudged  to  be  lawful.  Hampden  refused  to 
pay  20s.  assessed  upon  his  lands.  The  formal 
pleadings  upon  the  writ  occupied  five  months 
before  the  question  came  to  be  argued.  The 
speeches  of  the  crown  lawyers  and  of  Hamp- 
den's counsel  occupy  one  hundred  and  seventeen 
pages  in  Rushworth's  folio  volume.    After  these 


protracted  arguments  before  the  judges,  three 
terms  were  occupied  by  them  in  giving  their 
opinions.  They  were  not  agreed  in  their  judg- 
ment. It  was  finally  decided  that  the  tax  was 
lawful.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  26,  p.  422. 

3140.  LAW,  Ignorance  of.  Romans.  It  was 
reckoned  dishonorable  for  any  person  of  the  pa- 
trician rank  not  to  have  thoroughl}'  studied  the 
laws  and  the  constitution  of  his  country.  In  one 
of  the  laws  of  the  Roman  pandects  an  anecdote 
is  recorded  of  Sulpitius,  a  gentleman  of  the  pa- 
trician order,  who  had  occasion  to  resort  for  ad- 
vice to  Quintus  Mucins  Scaevola,  then  the  most 
eminent  lawyer  in  Rome. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  4,  ch.  3,  p.  425. 

3141.  LAW  levels  all.  Emperor  Julian.  Dur- 
ing the  games  of  the  circus  he  had,  imprudent- 
ly or  designedly,  performed  the  manumission 
of  a  slave  in  the  presence  of  the  consul.  The 
moment  he  was  reminded  that  he  had  trespassed 
on  the  jurisdiction  of  another  magistrate,  he  con- 
demned himself  to  pay  a  fine  of  ten  pounds  of 
gold  ;  and  embraced  this  public  occasion  of  de- 
claring to  the  world  that  he  was  subject,  like 
the  rest  of  his  fellow-citizens,  to  the  laws,  and 
even  to  the  forms,  of  the  republic— Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  22,  p.  403. 

3142.  LAW,  Majesty  of.  Protection.  The  poor- 
est man  in  his  cottage  may  bid  defiance  to  all 
the  forces  of  the  crown.  It  may  be  frail  ;  its 
roof  may  shake  ;  the  storm  may  enter  it ;  but  the 
King  of  England  cannot  enter  it.  All  his  pow- 
er dares  not  cross  the  threshold  of  that  ruined 
tenement.  [Speech  of  Chatham.]— Knight's 
Eng.,  Vol.  1,  ch.  12,  p.  166. 

3143.  LAW,  Mockery  of.  Romans.  The  gov- 
ernors of  the  provinces  being  chosen  from  those 
who  have  been  consuls  or  praetors,  were  neces- 
sarily members  of  the  Senate.  Peculation  and 
extortion  in  these  high  functions  were  offences 
in  the  theory  of  gravest  kind  ;  but  the  offend- 
er could  only  be  tried  before  a  limited  number 
of  his  peers,  and  a  governor  who  had  plundered 
a  subject  State,  sold  justice,  pillaged  temples, 
and  stolen  all  that  he  could  lay  hands  on,  was 
safe  from  punishment  if  he  returned  to  Rome  a 
millionaire  and  would  admit  others  to  a  share  in 
his  spoils.  The  provincials  might  send  deputa- 
tions to  complain,  but  these  complaints  came 
before  men  who  had  themselves  governed  prov- 
inces or  else  aspired  to  govern  them.  It  had 
been  proved  in  too  many  instances  that  the  law 
which  professed  to  protect  them  was  a  mere 
mockery — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  3. 

3144.  LAW,  Novice  in.  Patrick  Heni-y.  He 
married  at  eighteen  ;  attempted  trade  ;  toiled 
successfully  as  a  farmer;  then  with  buoyant 
mind  resolved  on  becoming  a  lawyer ;  and  an- 
swering questions  successfully  by  the  aid  of  six 
weeks'  study  of  Coke  upon  Littleton  and  the  stat- 
utes of  Virginia,  he  gained  a  license  as  a  barris- 
ter. For  three  years  the  novice  dwelt  under  the 
roof  of  his  father-in-law,  an  innkeeper,  .  .  .ig- 
norant of  the  science  of  law,  and  slowly  learning 
its  forms. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  9. 

3145.  LAW  overturned.  Charles  II.  Mean- 
while, rapid  strides  were  made  toward  despot- 
ism. Proclamations,  dispensing  with  acts  of  Par- 
liament, or  enjoining  what  only  Parliament  could 
lawfully  enjoin,  appeared  in  rapid  succession. 


LAW— LAWS. 


371 


'Of  these  edicts,  the  most  important  was  the  Dec- 
laration of  Indulgence.  By  this  instrument  the 
penal  laws  against  Roman  Catholics  were  at  once 
set  aside  by  royal  authority  ;  and,  that  the  real 
object  of  the  measure  might  not  be  perceived, 
the  laws  against  Protestant  Nonconformists  were 
also  suspended.  —  Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2, 
p.  203. 

3146.  LAW,  Partiality  of  the.  England.  [In 
the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  Parson 
Adams  is  taken  before  a  fox-hunting  justice, 
who]  will  not  at  once  condemn  him  to  the  hang- 
man. "No,  no;  you  will  be  asked  what  you 
Jiave  to  say  for  yourself  when  you  come  on  your 
trial ;  we  are  not  trying  you  now  ;  I  shall  only 
commit  you  to  gaol."  In  vain  the  poor  curate 
asked,  "Is  it  no  punishment,  sir,  for  an  inno- 
cent man  to  be  several  months  in  gaol  ?"  His 
mittimus  would  have  been  signed  had  not  a  by- 
stander affirmed  that  Mr.  Adams  was  a  clergy- 
man and  a  gentleman  of  good  character.  ' '  Then," 
said  the  justice,  "  I  know  how  to  behave  myself 
to  a  gentleman  as  well  as  another.  Nobody  can 
say  I  have  committed  a  gentleman  since  I  have 
been  in  the  commission."  —  Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  108. 

3147.  LAW,  Sacredness  of.  Socrates.  He  was 
sentenced,  after  an  imprisonment  of  thirty  days, 
to  drink  the  juice  of  hemlock.  That  time  he  spent 
as  became  the  hero  and  the  philosopher.  His 
friends  had  prepared  the  means  of  his  escape, 
and  earnestly  endeavored  to  persuade  him  to  at- 
tempt it ;  but  he  convinced  them  that  it  is  a 
crime  to  violate  the  law,  even  where  its  sen- 
tence is  unjust. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  2, 
p.  156. 

314§.  LAW,  Supremacy  of .  Accessary.  [Charles 
II.,  in  1673,  in  detiance  of  law,  made  the  "Dec- 
laration of  Indulgence."]  Mr.  Alderman  Love, 
one  of  the  members  [of  Parliament]  for  the  city 
of  London,  opposed  the  declaration.  A  member 
said  to  him,  "  Why,  Mr.  Love,  you  are  a  Dissent- 
er yourself  ;  it  is  very  ungrateful  that  you  who 
receive  the  benefit  should  object  against  the  man- 
ner." He  replied  :  "I  am  a  Dissenter,  and  there- 
by unhappily  obnoxious  to  the  law.  The  law 
against  the  Dissenters  I  should  be  glad  to  see  re- 
pealed by  the  same  authority  that  made  it ;  but 
while  it  is  a  law  the  king  cannot  reneal  it  by  proc- 
lamation ;  and  I  had  much  rather  see  the  Dis- 
senters suffer  from  the  rigor  of  the  law,  though 
I  suffer  with  them,  than  see  all  the  laws  of  Eng- 
land trampled  under  the  foot  of  the  prerogative, 
as  in  this  example." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  19,  p.  320. 

3149.  LAW  suspended.  Rome.  It  had  long 
been  the  rule  at  Rome  that  no  officer  of  justice 
or  finance  could  enter  the  dwelling  inhabited  by 
the  minister  who  represented  a  Catholic  State. 
In  process  of  time,  not  only  the  dwelling,  but  a 
large  precinct  round  it,  was  held  inviolable.  .  .  . 
At  length  half  the  city  consisted  of  privileged 
districts,  within  which  the  papal  government  had 
no  more  power  than  within  the  Louvre  or  the 
Escurial.  Every  asylum  was  thronged  with  con- 
traband traders,  fraudulent  bankrupts,  thieves, 
and  assassins.  In  every  asylum  were  collected 
magazines  of  stolen  or  smuggled  goods.  From 
every  asylum  ruffians  sallied  forth  nightly  to 
plunder  and  stab.  In  no  town  of  Christendom, 
consequently,  was  law  so  impotent  and  wicked- 


ness so  audacious  as  in  the  ancient  capital  of  re- 
ligion and  civilization.  On  this  subject  Innocent 
felt  as  became  a  priest  and  a  prince.  He  declared 
that  he  would  receive  no  ambassador  who  in- 
sisted on  a  right  so  destructive  of  order  and  mo- 
rality.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  402. 

3150.  LAW,  Technicalities  of  the.  Pilgrim 
Fathers.  [Long  sought  a  patent  of  the  London 
Company  for  a  home  in  the  American  wilder- 
ness.] At  last,  in  1619,  its  members,  in  their  open 
court,  writes  one  of  the  Pilgrims,  "  demanded 
our  ends  of  going  ;  which  being  related,  they  said 
the  thing  was  of  God,  and  granted  a  large  pat- 
ent." Being  taken  in  the  name  of  one  who  failed 
to  accompany  the  expedition,  the  patent  was 
never  of  the  least  service. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  1,  ch.  8. 

3151.  LAW,  Unprotected  by.  Reign  of  James 
II.  [Protestantism  had  been  suppressed  and  Ca- 
tholicism promoted  in  Ireland.]  Those  who  had 
lately  been  the  lords  of  the  island  now  cried  out, 
in  the  bitterness  of  their  souls,  that  they  had  be- 
come a  prey  and  a  laughing-stock  to  their  own 
serfs  and  menials  ;  that  houses  were  burned  and 
cattle  stolen  with  impunity  ;  that  the  new  [Catho- 
lic] soldiers  roamed  the  country,  pillaging,  in- 
sulting, ravaging,  maiming,  tossing  one  Protes- 
tant in  a  blanket,  tying  up  another  by  the  hair, 
and  scourging  him  ;  that  to  appeal  to  the  law  was 
vain  ;  that  Irish  judges,  sheriffs,  juries,  and  wit- 
nesses were  all  in  league  to  save  Irish  criminals, 
.  .  .  the  whole  soil  would  soon  change  hands  .  .  . 
In  every  action  of  ejectment  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  [lord-lieutenant]  Tyrconnel,  judgment 
had  been  given  for  the  native  against  the  Eng- 
lishman.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  16,  p.  147. 

3152.  LAW,  Without.  English  Cabinet.  Few 
things  in  our  history  are  more  curious  than  the 
origin  and  growth  of  the  power  now  possessed 
by  the  cabinet.  .  .  .  During  many  years  old-fash- 
ioned politicians  continued  to  regard  the  cabinet 
as  an  unconstitutional  and  dangerous  board. 
Nevertheless,  it  constantly  became  more  and 
more  important.  It  at  length  drew  to  itself  the 
chief  executive  power,  and  has  now  been  regard- 
ed, durfng  several  generations,  as  an  essential 
part  of  our  polity.  Yet,  strange  to  say,  it  still 
continues  to  be  altogether  unknown  to  the  law. 
—Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  197. 

3153.  LAWS,  Broken.  The  Roman  Consul. 
Tarquinius  Superhus  had  trampled  on  all  the  con- 
stitutional restraints  and  on  all  the  regulations 
of  the  preceding  sovereigns.  He  had  nev«r  as- 
sembled the  senate,  nor  called  together  *  ne  peo- 
ple in  the  Comitia.  He  is  even  said  «)  have  de- 
stroyed or  broken  the  tablets  on  which  the  laws 
were  written,  in  order  to  efface  all  remembrance 
of  them.  It  was  necessary,  therefore,  after  his  ex- 
pulsion, that  new  tablets  should  be  framed. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  3,  p.  309. 

3154.  LAWS  disregarded.  American  Colonies. 
[The  Importation  Act  of  Parliament  was  passed 
in  1733.]  Exorbitant  duties  were  laid  on  all  the 
sugar,  molasses,  and  rum  imported  into  the  col- 
onies. At  first  the  payment  of  these  unreasonable 
customs  was  evaded  by  the  merchants,  and  then 
the  statute  was  openly  set  at  naught,  in  1750  it 
was  futher  enacted  that  iron- works  should  not  be 
erected  in  America.  The  manufacture  of  steel 
was  specially  forbidden,  and  the  felling  of  pines 


372 


LAWS. 


[useful  for  English  ship-masts]  outside  of  en- 
closures was  interdicted.  All  these  laws  were  dis- 
regarded and  denounced  by  the  people  of  the 
colonies  as  being  unjust  and  tyrannical. — Rid- 
PATH'sU.  S.,ch.  37,  p.  287. 

3155.  LAWS,  Enforcement  of.  Good.  When 
Anacharsis  knew  what  Solon  was  about,  he 
laughed  ...  at  the  absurdity  of  imagining  he 
could  restrain  the  avarice  and  injustice  of  his  citi- 
sens  by  written  laws,  which  in  all  respects  resernbled 
spiders'  webs,  and  would,  like  them,  only  entangle 
and  hold  the  poor  and  weak,  while  the  rich  and 
powerful  easily  broke  through  them.  To  this  So- 
lon replied  :  "Men  keep  their  agreements  when 
it  is  an  advantage  to  both  parties  not  to  break 
them ; "  and  he  would  so  frame  his  laws  as  to 
make  it  evident  to  the  Athenians  that  it  would  be 
more  for  their  interest  to  observe  than  to  trans- 
gress them. — Plutarch's  Solon. 

3156.  LAWS,  Obsolete.  Enfm-ced.  Henry  VII. 
enforced  obsolete  laws,  in  order  to  obtain  money 
from  the  wealthy  London  merchants,  in  which 
false  witnesses,  called  promoters,  were  systemati- 
cally employed. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15, 
p.  241. 

3157.  LAWS,  First  printed.  England.  [In 
1484,]  for  the  first  time,  the  laws  to  be  obeyed  by 
the  English  people  are  enacted  in  the  English 
tongue.  But  beyond  this,  they  are  the  first  laws 
in  our  land  which  were  ever  printed. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.2,  ch.  12,  p.  200. 

315S.  LAWS,  Proposal  of.  Athenians.  It  was 
a  singular  peculiarity  of  the  constitution  of 
Athens,  and,  as  Plutarch  informs  us,  likewise  of 
Thebes,  that  after  a  law  was  voted  and  passed  in 
the  assembly  of  the  people,  the  proposer  of  the 
law  might  have  been  cited  in  the  ordinary  civil 
courts,  tried,  and  brought  to  punishment,  if  the 
court  was  of  opinion  that  the  law  was  prejudicial 
to  the  public.  This  peculiarity  is  noticed  in  one  of 
Mr.  Hume's  political  essays  ("  Of  Some  Remark- 
able Customs  " ),  and  that  author  mentions  several 
examples  in  the  Grecian  history,  among  the  rest 
the  trial  of  Ctesiphon,  for  that  law  which  he  had 
proposed  and  carried,  for  rewarding  the  services 
of  Demosthenes  with  a  crown  of  gold — a  trial 
which  gave  occasion  to  two  of  the  most  splendid 
and  animated  orations  that  remain  to  us  of  the 
composition  of  the  ancients — the  orations  of 
^schines  and  Demosthenes. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Bookl,  ch.  10,  p.  106. 

3159.  LAWS,  Severe.  Solon.  Solpn  repealed 
the  laws  of  Draco,  except  those  concerning  mur- 
der, because  of  the  severity  of  the  punishments 
they  appointed,  which  for  almost  all  offences 
were  capital  ;  even  those  that  were  convicted  of 
idleness  were  to  suffer  death,  and  such  as  stole 
only  a  few  apples  or  potherbs  were  to  be  punish- 
ed in  the  same  manner  as  sacrilegious  persons 
and  murderers.  Hence  a  saying  of  Demades, 
who  lived  long  after,  was  much  admired,  that 
Draco  wrote  his  laws  not  with  ink, but  with  blood. 
And  he  himself  being  asked  why  he  made  death 
the  punishment  for  most  offences,  answered, 
"  Small  ones  deserve  it,  and  I  can  find  no  great- 
er for  the  most  heinous." — Plutarch's  Solon. 

30.60. .  Egyptian.   The  penal  laws 

of  Egypt  were  remarkably  severe.  Whoever  had 
it  in  his  power  to  save  the  life  of  a  citizen  and 
neglected  that  duty,  was  punished  as  his  murder- 


er— a  law  which  we  must  presume  admitted  of 
much  limitation,  according  to  circumstances.  It 
appears  to  have  been  from  the  same  motive  of 
preserving  the  lives  of  the  citizens,  that  if  a  per- 
son was  found  murdered,  the  city  within  whose 
bounds  the  murder  had  been  committed  was 
obliged  to  embalm  the  body  in  the  most  costly 
manner,  and  bestow  on  it  the  most  sumptuous 
funeral.  Perjury  was  justly  held  a  capital  crime  ; 
for  there  is  no  offence  productive  of  more  perni- 
cious consequences  to  society.  Calumniators 
were  condemned  to  the  same  punishment  which 
the  calumniated  person  either  had  or  might  have 
suffered,  had  the  calumny  been  believed.  The 
citizen  who  was  so  base  as  to  disclose  the  secrets 
of  the  State  to  its  enemies  was  punished  by  the 
cutting  out  of  his  tongue  ;  and  the  forger  of  pub- 
lic instruments  or  private  deeds,  the  counterfeiter 
of  the  current  coin,  and  the  user  of  false  weights 
and  measures,  were  condemned  to  have  both 
their  hands  cut  off.  The  laws  for  the  preservation 
of  the  chastity  of  women  were  extremely  rigid  : 
emasculation  was  the  punishment  of  him  who 
violated  a  free  woman,  and  burning  to  death 
was  the  punishment  of  an  adulterer. — Tytler's 
HiST.,Bookl,  ch.  4,  p.  37. 

3161.  LAWS,  Sumptuary.  Bomans.  In  order, 
if  possible,  to  restrain  siich  extreme  luxury,  a 
variety  of  sumptuary  laws  were  promulgated 
from  time  to  time,  some  of  them  limiting  the 
number  of  dishes,  others  the  number  of  guests, 
and  others  the  expense  to  be  bestowed  on  an  enter- 
tainment ;  but  all  these  attempts  were  complete- 
ly unsuccessful.  How,  in  effect,  could  it  have 
been  possible  to  bring  back  ancient  simplicity, 
unless  they  could  have  also  recalled  ancient  pov- 
erty ?  When  a  state  has  once  become  generally 
opulent,  the  expenses  of  the  rich  must  keep  pace 
with  their  fortunes,  otherwise  the  poor  would 
want  employment  and  subsistence.  It  is  luxury 
that  is  silently  levelling  that  inequalitj^  or  at  least 
keeping  fortunes  in  a  constant  fluctuation.  .  .  . 
We  may  wish  that  Rome  had  remained  poor  and 
virtuous  ;  but,  being  once  great  and  opulent,  it 
was  to  have  required  an  impossibility  that  she 
should  not  have  been  luxurious.  —  Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  5,  p.  451. 

3162. .     Roman.     Caesar  made  an 

effort,  in  which  Augustus  afterward  imitated 
him,  to  check  the  luxury  which  was  eating  into 
the  Roman  character.  He  forbade  the  idle  young 
patricians  to  be  carried  about  by  slaves  in  litters. 
The  markets  of  the  world  had  been  ransacked  to 
provide  dainties  for  these  gentlemen.  He  appoint- 
ed inspectors  to  survey  the  dealers'  stalls,  and  oc- 
casionally prohibited  dishes  were  carried  off  from 
the  dinner-table  under  the  eyes  of  the  disappoint- 
ed guests.  Enemies  enough  Caesar  made  by  these 
measures  ;  but  it  could  not  be  said  of  him  that  he 
allowed  indulgences  to  himself  which  he  inter- 
dicted to  others.  His  domestic  economy  was 
strict  and  simple,  the  accounts  being  kept  to  a 
sesterce.  His  frugality  was  hospitable.  He  had 
two  tables  always — one  for  his  civilian  friends, 
another  for  his  officers,  who  dined  in  uniform. 
The  food  was  plain,  but  the  best  of  its  kind  ;  and 
he  was  not  to  be  played  with  in  such  matters. 
An  unlucky  baker  who  supplied  his  guests 
with  bread  of  worse  quality  than  he  furnished  for 
himself  was  put  in  chains. — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  26. 


LAWS— LEADER. 


373 


3163.  LAWS,  Suspension  of.   Lacedamonians. 

iWben  the  Lacedaemonians  had  been  defeated  at 
jeuctra  they  were  too  greatly  reduced  in  strength 
and  numbers  to  enforce  the  laws  against  those 
who  had  fled  in  battle.]  In  this  perplexity  they 
had  recourse  to  Agesilaus,  and  invested  him  with 
new  powers  of  legislation.  But  he,  without  mak- 
ing any  addition,  retrenchment,  or  change,  went 
into  the  assembly,  and  told  the  Lacedaemonians 
the  laws  should  sleep  that  day,  and  resume  their 
authority  the  day  following,  and  retain  it  for- 
ever. By  this  means  he  preserved  to  the  State 
its  laws  entire,  as  well  as  the  obnoxious  persons 
from  infamy. — Plutarch's  Agesilaus. 

3164.  LAWS,  Unwritten.  Spartan.  Lycur- 
gus  did  not  permit  his  laws  to  be  written.  They 
were  few  and  simple,  and  were  impressed  on 
the  memory  of  the  youth  by  their  parents  and 
masters,  continually  renewed  in  their  minds  by 
the  conversation  of  their  elders,  and  most  effect- 
ually enforced  by  the  daily  practice  of  their 
lives. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  9. 

3165.  LAWYER,  An  ignorant.  Pahlius  Cotia. 
Publius  Cotta,  who  afliected  to  be  thought  an 
able  lawyer,  though  he  had  neither  learning  nor 
capacity,  being  called  in  as  a  witness  in  a  certain 
cause,  declared  he  knew  nothing  of  the  mat- 
ter. "Perhaps,"  said  Cicero,  "you  think  I 
am  asking  you  some  question  in  law." — Plu- 
tarch. 

3166.  LAWYERS,  Arts  of.  Roman.  In  the 
decline  of  Roman  jurisprudence,  the  ordinary 
promotion  of  lawyers  was  pregnant  with  mis- 
chief and  disgrace.  The  noble  arJ;,  which  had 
once  been  preserved  as  the  sacred  inheritance  of 
the  patricians,  was  fallen  into  the  hands  of  f reed- 
men  and  plebeians,  who,  with  cunning  rather 
than  with  skill,  exercised  a  sordid  and  perni- 
cious trade.  Some  of  them  procured  admittance 
into  families  for  the  purpose  of  fomenting  dif- 
ferences, of  encouraging  suits,  and  of  preparing 
a  harvest  of  gain  for  themselves  or  their  breth- 
ren. Others,  recluse  in  their  chambers,  main- 
tained the  dignity  of  legal  professors  by  furnish- 
ing a  rich  client  with  subtleties  to  confound  the 
plainest  truths,  and  with  arguments  to  color  the 
most  unjustifiable  pretensions.  The  splendid 
and  popular  class  was  composed  of  the  advo- 
cates, who  filled  the  Forum  with  the  sound  of 
their  turgid  and  loquacious  rhetoric.  Careless 
of  fame  and  of  justice,  thej^  are  described,  for 
the  most  part,  as  ignorant  and  rapacious  guides, 
who  conducted  their  clients  through  a  maze  of 
expense,  of  delay,  and  of  disappointment ;  from 
whence,  after  a  tedious  series  of  years,  they 
were  at  length  dismissed,  when  their  patience 
and  fortune  were  almost  exhausted. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  17,  p.  123. 

3167.  LAWYERS,  Hatred  of.  By  Germans. 
The  Germans,  who  exterminated  Varus  and  his 
legions,  had  been  particularly  offended  with  the 
Roman  laws  and  lawyers.  One  of  the  barbari- 
ans, after  the  effectual  precautions  of  cutting 
out  the  tongue  of  an  advocate,  and  sewing  up 
his  mouth,  observed,  with  much  satisfaction, 
that  the  viper  could  no  longer  hiss. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  33,  p.  399. 

3 1 6§ .  LAWYERS  imprisoned.  For  Deceit. 
[The  statute  of  1275]  provided  that  no  sergeant 
9r  pleader  should  use  deceit  to  beguile  the  court, 


under  pain  of  imprisonment. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  25,  p.  385. 

3169.  LAWYERS,  Patriotic.  New  York,  a.d, 
1765.  [The  Stamp  Act  was  everywhere  resisted. 
Governor  Golden  yielded  to  the  people  reluct- 
antly, and  no  stamps  were  issued.]  "The  law- 
yers," he  wrote,  ..."  of  this  place  are  the  au- 
thors and  conductors  of  the  present  sedition.  If 
judges  be  sent  from  England,  with  an  able  at- 
torney-general and  solicitor-general,  to  make 
examples  of  some  very  few,  this  colony  wUl  re- 
main quiet." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  19. 

3170.  LAWYERS,  Special.  Reign  of  James  11. 
Sawyer  had  been  sufl'ered  to  retain  his  situation 
more  than  a  year  and  a  half  after  he  had  de- 
clared against  the  dispensing  power.  This  ex- 
traordinary indulgence  he  owed  to  the  extreme 
difficulty  which  the  government  found  in  sup- 
plying his  place.  It  was  necessary,  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  pecuniary  interests  of  the  crown, 
that  at  least  one  of  the  two  chief  law  officers 
should  be  a  man  of  ability  and  knowledge.  .  .  . 
It  had  been  impossible  to  provide  a  better  solic- 
itor-general than  Powis,  a  man  who'indeed  stuck 
at  nothing,  but  who  was  incompetent  to  perform 
the  ordinary  duties  of  his  post.  In  these  circum- 
stances, it  was  thought  desirable  that  there 
should  be  a  division  of  labor.  An  attorney,  the 
value  of  whose  professional  talents  was  much 
diminished  by  his  conscientious  scruples,  was 
coupled  with  a  solicitor  whose  want  of  scruples 
made  some  amends  for  his  want  of  talents. 
When  the  government  wished  to  enforce  the 
law,  recourse  was  had  to  Sawyer.  When  the 
government  wished  to  break  the  law,  recourse 
was  had  to  Powis.  This  arrangement  lasted  till 
the  king  obtained  the  services  of  an  advocate 
who  was  at  once  baser  than  Powis  and  abler 
than  Sawyer. — Macaulay'sEng.,  ch.  8,  p.  315. 

3171.  LAYMEN  ignored.  MntJi  Century.  It 
is  curious  to  remark  that  while  the  clergy  were 
steadily  aiming  at  temporal  power,  secular 
princes,  as  if  interchanging  character  with  them, 
seem  to  have  fixed  their  chief  attention  on  spir- 
itual concerns.  The  monastic  life  was  now 
universally  in  the  highest  esteem,  and  nothing 
could  equal  the  veneration  that  was  paid  to  such 
as  devoted  themselves  to  the  sacred  gloom  and 
indolence  of  a  convent.  .  .  .  Kings,  dukes,  and 
counts,  regarding  their  secular  duties  as  mean 
and  sordid,  beheld  with  contempt  everything 
that  regarded  this  world,  and,  abandoning  their 
thrones  and  temporal  honors,  shut  themselves 
up  in  monasteries,  and  devoted  themselves  en- 
tirely to  the  exercises  of  prayer  and  mortifica- 
tion. Others,  wiiose  zeal  had  not  led  them 
quite  so  far,  showed  their  reverence  for  the 
church  by  employing  ecclesiastics  in  every  de- 
partment of  secular  government.  At  this  time 
all  embassies,  negotiations,  and  treaties  of  State 
were  conducted  by  monks  and  abbots,  who  most 
naturally  contrived  that  all  public  measures 
should  contribute  to  the  great  end  of  advancing 
the  sovereign  and  paramount  jurisdiction  of  the 
pope  and  the  ecclesiastical  councils.— Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  4,  p.  95. 

3172.  LEADER,  Matchless.  Henry  Clay.  Oth- 
er men  have  excelled  him  in  specific  powers, 
but  in  the  rare  combination  of  qualities  which 
constitute  at  once  the  matchless  leader  of  party 
and  the  statesman  of  consummate  ability  and 


374 


LEADER— LEARNING. 


inexhaustible  resource,  he  lias  never  been  sur- 
passed by  any  man  speaking  the  English  tongue. 
— Blaine's  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  vol. 
1,  p.  108. 

3173.  LEADER,  Noble.  John  Winthrop.  In 
the  year  1630  about  three  hundred  of  the  best 
Puritan  families  in  the  kingdom  came  to  New 
England.  Not  adventurers,  not  vagabonds,  were 
these  brave  people,  but  virtuous,  well-edu- 
cated, courageous  men  and  women,  who  for  con- 
science' sake  left  comfortable  homes,  with  no  ex- 
pectation of  returning.  It  was  not  the  least  of 
their  good  fortune  to  choose  a  noble  leader.  If 
ever  a  man  was  worthy  to  be  held  in  perpetual 
remembrance,  that  man  was  John  Winthrop, 
Governor  of  Massachusetts.  Born  a  royalist,  he 
cherished  the  principles  of  republicanism.  Him- 
self an  Episcopalian,  he  chose  affliction  with 
the  Puritans.  Surrounded  with  affluence  and 
comfort,  he  left  all  to  share  the  destiny  of  the 
persecuted  Pilgrims.  Calm,  prudent,  and  peace- 
able, he  joined  the  zeal  of  an  enthusiast  with 
the  sublime  faith  of  a  martyr. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  13,  p.  126! 

3174.  LEADEE,  Unnatural,  llead.  The  tail, 
it  seems,  one  day  quarrelled  with  the  head,  and 
instead  of  being  forced  always  to  follow,  in- 
sisted that  it  should  lead  in  its  turn.  Accord- 
ingly, the  tail  undertook  the  charge,  and  as  it 
moved  forward  at  all  adventures,  it  tore  itself  in 
a  terrible  manner  ;  and  the  head,  which  was 
thus  obliged,  against  nature,  to  follow  a  guide 
that  could  neither  see  nor  hear,  suffered  likewise 
in  its  turn. — Plutarch. 

3175.  LEASERS,  Change  of.  Buinous.  By  the 
10th  of  the  month  [July,  1864]  the  whole  Confed- 
erate army  had  retired  within  the  defences  of  At- 
lanta. This  stronghold  of  the  Confederacy  was  al 
once  besieged.  Here  were  the  great  machine- 
shops,  foundries,  car-works,  and  depots  of  sup- 
plies, upon  the  possession  of  which  so  much  de- 
pended. At  the  very  beginning  of  the  siege  the 
cautious  and  skilful  General  Johnston  was  super- 
seded by  the  rash  but  daring  General  J.  B.  Hood. 
It  was  the  policy  of  the  latter  to  fight  at  whatever 
hazard.  On  the  20th,  22d,  and  28th  of  July  he 
made  three  desperate  assaults  on  the  Union  lines 
around  Atlanta,  but  was  repulsed  with  dreadful 
losses  in  each  engagement.  In  the  three  conflicts 
the  Confederates  lost  more  men  than  Johnston 
had  lost  in  all  his  masterly  retreating  and  fight- 
ing between  Chattanooga  and  Atlanta.  For 
more  than  a  month  the  siege  was  pressed  with 
great  vigor.  At  last,  by  an  incautious  move- 
ment. Hood  separated  his  army ;  Sherman 
thrust  a  column  between  the  two  divisions  ;  and 
the  immediate  evacuation  of  Atlanta  followed. 
On  the  2d  of  September  the  Union  army  marched 
into  the  captured  city.  Since  leaving  Chatta- 
nooga General  Sherman  had  lost  fully  30,000 
men ;  and  the  Confederate  losses  were  even 
greater.  .  .  .  [On  the  15th  of  December  General 
Hood  was  defeated  at  Nashville.].  .  .  The  Con- 
federate army  was  ruined,  and  the  rash  general 
who  had  led  it  to  destruction  was  relieved  of 
his  command.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  66,  p.  526. 

3176.  LEADERSHIP,  Omen  of.  Tarquin.  Tar- 
quin,  during  some  of  his  wars,  had  vowed  to 
erect  a  temple  to  Jupiter,  Juno,  and  Minerva ; 
but  he  lived  only  to  see  the  work  begun.  In  dig- 
ging for  the  foundation  of  this  structure,  on  the 


top  of  the  Tarpeian  Hill,  the  skull  of  a  man  was 
found — a  very  ordinary  occurrence,  but  which 
the  augurs  declared  to  be  a  presage  that  Rome 
was  one  day  to  become  the  head,  or  mistress,  of 
the  universe.  The  new  temple  was  from  this 
incident  called  Cajyitolium. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  2,  p.  296. 

3177.  LEARNING  dishonored.  James  II.  [He 
proposed  one  Anthony  Farmer  to  be  President 
of  Magdalen  College  —  the  wealthiest  in  Eng- 
land.] This  man's  life  had  been  one  series  of 
shameful  acts.  He  had  been  a  member  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  and  had  escaped  ex- 
pulsion only  by  a  timely  retreat.  He  had  then 
joined  the  Dissenters.  Then  he  had  gone  to  Ox- 
ford, had  entered  himself  at  Magdalen,  and  had 
soon  become  notorious  there  for  every  kind  of 
\\cQ.  He  generally  reeled  into  his  college  at  night 
speechless  with  liquor.  He  was  celebrated  for 
having  headed  a  disgraceful  riot  at  Abingdon. 
He  had  been  a  constant  frequenter  of  noted 
haunts  of  libertines.  At  length  he  had  turned 
pander,  had  exceeded  even  the  ordinary  vileness 
of  his  vile  calling,  and  had  received  money  from 
dissolute  young  gentleman  commoners  for  ser- 
vices such  as  it  is  not  good  that  history  should' 
record.  This  wretch,  however,  had  pretended  to 
turn  papist.  His  apostasy  atoned  for  all  his  vices ; 
and,  though  still  a  youth,  he  was  selected  to  rule 
a  grave  and  religious  society  in  which  the  scan- 
dal given  by  his  depravity  was  still  fresh. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  267. 

317§.  LEARNING  esteemed.  Puritans.  [The 
Puritans  were  not  distinguished  for  any  capri- 
cious dislike*  of  music,  after  the  rantings  of 
Stubbesand  Prynne,  nor  of  secular  knowledge.] 
No  man  was  more  eager  than  Cromwell  himself 
to  protect  learning  and  learned  men.  He  sought 
out  scholars  for  public  employments.  .  .  .  His 
house  was  as  remarkable  for  its  refined  amuse- 
ments as  its  decorous  piety.  The  love  of  music 
was  with  him  almost  a  passion,  as  it  was  with 
Milton. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  11,  p.  173. 

3179.  LEARNING  honored.  Tartar.  [Timour 
the  Tartar  was  one  of  the  most  cruel  conquerors.] 
Everywhere,  however,  Timour  saved  and  pro- 
tected the  learned  men  of  the  conquered  city. 
The  aristocracy  of  human  thought  and  wisdom 
appeared  to  him  to  form  an  exception  to  that  hu- 
manity which  he  despised  to  the  extreme  of 
nothingness. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  321. 

31  §0.  LEARNING,  Secular.  Rejected.  [Ed- 
mund Rich  was  Archbishop  of  Canterbury — a 
saint  also.]  Even  knowledge  brought  its  trou- 
bles ;  the  Old  Testament,  which,  with  a  copy  of 
the  Decretals,  long  formed  his  sole  library, 
frowned  down  upon  a  love  of  secular  learning, 
from  which  Edmund  found  it  hard  to  wean  him- 
self. At  last,  in  some  hour  of  dream,  the  form 
of  his  dead  mother  floated  into  the  room,  where 
the  teacher  stood  among  his  mathematical  dia- 
grams. "  What  are  these  '?"  she  seemed  to  say  ; 
and,  seizing  Edmund's  right  hand,  she  drew  on 
the  palm  three  circles  interlaced,  each  of  which 
bore  the  name  of  a  person  of  the  Christian  Trin- 
ity. "  Be  these,"  she  cried,  as  the  figure  faded 
away,  "thy  diagrams  henceforth,  my  son." — 
Hist,  op  Eng.  People,  §  164. 

31§1.  LEARNING,  Superficial.  Samud  John- 
son.   He  defended  his  remark  upon  the  general 


LEARNING— LEGISLATION . 


375 


insufficiency  of  education  in  Scotland,  and  con- 
firmed to  me  the  autlienticity  of  bis  witty  saying 
on  the  learning  of  the  Scotch  :  "  Their  learning 
is  like  bread  in  a  besieged  town  :  eveiy  man  gets 
a  little,  but  no  man  gets  a  full  meal."  "  There  is," 
said  he,  "  in  Scotland  a  diffusion  of  learning,  a 
certain  portion  of  it  widely  and  thinly  spread. 
A  merchant  has  as  much  learning  as  one  of  their 
clergy." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  251. 

3182.  LEARNING,  Wide.  Samuel  Johnson. 
The  two  years  which  he  spent  at  home,  after 
his  return  from  Stourbridge,  he  passed  in  what  he 
thought  idleness,  and  was  scolded  by  his  father 
for  his  want  of  steady  application.  He  might,  per- 
haps, have  studied  more  assiduously  ;  but  it  may 
be  doubted  whether  such  a  mind  as  his  was  not 
more  enriched  by  roaming  at  large  in  the  fields 
of  literature  than  if  it  had  been  confined  to  any 
single  spot.  The  analogy  between  body  and  mind 
is  very  general,  and  the  parallel  will  hold  as  to 
their  food,  as  well  as  any  other  particular.  The 
flesh  of  animals  who  feed  excursively  is  allowed 
to  have  a  higher  flavor  than  that  of  those  who  are 
cooped  up.  May  there  not  be  the  same  differ-, 
ence  between  men  who  read  as  their  taste 
prompts,  and  men  who  are  confined  in  cells  and 
colleges  to  stated  tasks  ? — Boswell's  .Tohnson, 
1).  10. 

31§3.  LEGACIES,  Christian.  Reign  of  Constan- 
tine.  Eight  years  after  the  edict  of  Milan,  Con- 
stantine  granted  to  all  his  subjects  the  free  and 
universal  permission  of  bequeathing  their  fort- 
unes to  the  Holy  Catholic  Church  ;  and  their 
devout  liberality,  which  during  their  lives  was 
checked  by  luxury  or  avarice,  flowed  with  a  pro- 
fuse stream  at  the  hour  of  their  death.  The 
wealthy  Christians  were  encouraged  by  the  ex- 
ample of  their  sovereign.  An  absolute  monarch, 
who  is  rich  without  patrimony,  may  be  charita- 
ble without  merit ;  and  Constantine  too  easily 
believed  that  he  should  purchase  the  favor  of 
Heaven  if  he  maintained  the  idle  at  the  expense 
of  the  industrious,  and  distributed  among  the 
saints  the  wealth  of  the  republic.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  20,  p.  285. 

31 S4.  LEGACIES,  Eagerness  for.  Romans. 
A.D.  408.  The  prospect  of  gain  will  urge  a  rich 
and  gouty  senator  as  far  as  Spoleto  ;  every  sen- 
timent of  arrogance  and  dignity  is  subdued  by 
the  hopes  of  an  inheritance,  or  even  of  a  legacy  ; 
and  a  wealthy  childless  citizen  is  the  most  pow- 
erful of  the  Romans.  The  art  of  obtaining  the 
signature  of  a  favorable  testament,  and  sometimes 
of  hastening  the  moment  of  its  execution,  is  per- 
fectly understood  ;  and  it  has  happened  that  in 
the  same  house,  though  in  different  apartments, 
a  husband  and  a  wife,  with  the  laudable  design 
of  overreaching  each  other,  have  summoned 
their  respective  lawyers  to  declare,  at  the  same 
time,  their  mutual  but  contradictory  intentions. 
—Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31,  p.  259. 

31§5.  LEGACIES,  Enriched  by.  Cicero.  While 
so  many  unjust  and  extravagant  wills  were  every 
day  dictated  by  cunning  and  subscribed  by  folly, 
a  few  were  the  result  of  national  esteem  and 
virtuous  gratitude.  Cicero,  who  had  so  often  de- 
fended the  lives  and  fortunes  of  his  fellow-citi- 
zens, was  rewarded  with  legacies  to  the  amount 
of  a  hundred  and  seventy  thousand  pounds ; 
nor  do  the  friends  of  the  younger  Pliny  seem  to 


have  been  less  generous  to  that  amiable  orator. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6,  p.  193. 

31§6.  LEGISLATION,  Complicated.  "Log- 
rolling." When  the  bill  to  admit  Missouri  as  a 
State  was  finally,  in  January  of  1820,  brought 
before  Congress,  the  measure  was  opposed  by 
those  who  had  desired  the  exclusion  of  slavery. 
But  at  that  time  the  new  free  State  of  Maine  was 
asking  for  admission  into  the  Union  ;  and  those 
who  favored  slavery  in  Missouri  determined  to 
exclude  Maine  unless  Missouri  should  also  be 
admitted.  After  another  angry  debate,  which 
lasted  till  the  16th  of  February,  the  bill  coupling 
the  two  new  States  together  was  actually  passed. 
— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  52,  p.  421. 

3187.  LEGISLATION,  Corruption  of.  Mem- 
bers of  Parliament.  [In  1674  the  "  indigent  cour- 
tiers" in  the  House  of  Commons  were  thus  de- 
scribed by  Lord  Shaftesbury  as  supposed  :]  Their 
votes  are  publicly  saleable  for  a  guinea  and  a 
dinner  every  day  in  the  week,  unless  the  House 
be  upon  money,  or  a  minister  of  State  ;  for  that 
is  their  harvest  ;  and  then  they  make  their  earn- 
ings suit  the  work  they  are  about,  which  incline* 
them  most  constantly  as  sure  clients  to  the  court. 
The  only  thing  that  we  are  obliged  to  them  for 
is,  that  they  do  nothing  gratis,  but  make  every 
tax  as  well  chargeable  to  the  court  as  burden- 
some to  the  country,  and  save  no  man's  neck  but 
they  break  his  purse. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  20,  p.  324. 

3188.  LEGISLATION,  Fanatical.  "  Barehonei 
Parliament."  Yet  Cromwell,  thus  become  abso- 
lute master  of  the  whole  power,  civil  and  mili- 
tary, of  the  three  kingdoms,  thought  it  necessary 
to  leave  the  nation  some  shadow,  some  phantom, 
of  liberty.  It  was  proper  that  there  should  be 
the  appearance  of  a  parliament ;  and  he  there- 
fore, by  the  advice  of  his  council  of  officers,  sum- 
moned one  hundred  and  twenty  eight  persons, 
from  the  different  towns  and  counties  of  Eng- 
land— five  from  Scotland  and  six  from  Ireland — 
to  assemble  at  Westminster,  with  power  to  exer- 
cise legislative  authority  for  fifteen  months. 
These,  who  were  chiefly  a  set  of  low  fanatical 
mechanics.  Anabaptists,  and  Independents,  were 
in  scorn  denominated  by  the  people  Barebones' 
Parliament,  from  the  name  of  one  of  their  most 
violent  and  active  members,  Praisegod  Bare- 
bones,  a  leather-seller.  This  assembly,  whose 
shameful  ignorance,  meanness,  and  absurdity  of 
conduct  rendered  them  useless  and  contemptible 
both  to  Cromwell  and  the  nation,  voluntarily- 
dissolved  themselves  by  a  vote  after  a  session  of 
five  months. — Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  30, 
p.  414. 

3189.  LEGISLATION  by  Packing.  Oliver  Grom- 
xcell.  ■  Amid  these  successes  abroad  the  Protec- 
tor found  his  situation  at  home  extremely  un- 
easy. His  parliaments  were  refractory,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  the  violent 
method  of  excluding,  by  a  guard  at  the  door, 
such  of  the  members  as  he  knew  to  be  disaffect- 
ed to  him.  At  length,  by  using  every  art  to  in- 
fluence the  elections  and  to  fill  the  house  with 
his  sure  friends,  he  got  one  parliament  so  per- 
fectly to  his  mind  that  a  vote  was  proposed  and 
passed  for  investing  the  Protector  with  the  dig- 
nity of  king,  and  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
confer  with  him  on  that  subject,  and  overcome 
any  scruples  which  he  might  have  on  that  score. 


376 


LEGISLATION— LEVITY. 


But  Cromwell's  scruples  were  not  violent ;  lie 
had  other  objections  than  what  proceeded  from 
his  own  inclinations.  He  dreaded  the  resent- 
ment of  the  army. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  30,  p.  415. 

3190.  LEGISLATION  ridiculed.  British  Pro- 
hibition. [Manufactures  were  forbidden  in  the 
colonies.  Men  said  :]  "  Catching  a  mouse  within 
his  Majesty's  colonies  with  a  trap  of  our  own 
making  will  be  deemed,  in  the  ministerial  cant, 
an  infamous,  atrocious,  and  nefarious  crime." — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  14. 

3191.  LEGISLATION,  Special.  Emperor  Jus- 
tinian. [That  he  might  marry  a  prostitute,]  a 
law  was  promulgated  in  the  name  of  the  Em- 
peror Justin,  which  abolished  the  rigid  jurispru- 
dence of  antiquity.  A  glorious  repentance  (the 
words  of  the  edict)  was  left  open  for  the  unhappy 
females  who  had  prostituted  their  persons  on  the 
theatre,  and  they  were  permitted  to  contract  a 
legal  union  with  the  most  illustrious  of  the  Ro- 
mans. This  indulgence  was  speedily  followed  by 
the  solemn  nuptials  of  Justinian  and  Theodora  ; 
her  dignity  was  gradually  exalted  with  that  of 
her  lover. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  40,  p.  52. 

3192.  LEGISLATION,  Strange.  Andrew  Jack- 
son. In  1796  he  was  elected  to  the  House  of 
Representatives  from  the  new  State  of  Tennessee. 
Here  his  turbulent  and  wilful  disposition  mani- 
fested itself  in  full  force.  During  the  next  year 
he  was  promoted  to  the  Senate,  where  he  remain- 
ed a  year,  without  making  a  speech  or  casting  a 
Dote.  He  then  resigned  his  seat,  and  returned 
home. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  54,  p.  427. 

3193.  LEGISLATION  suspended.  "Eleven 
Years."  Now  commenced  a  new  era.  Many 
English  kings  had  occasionally  committed  un- 
constitutional acts,  but  none  had  ever  systemati- 
cally attempted  to  make  himself  a  despot,  and  to 
reduce  the  Parliament  to  a  nullity.  Such  was 
the  end  which  Charles  distinctly  proposed  to 
himself.  From  March,  1629,  to  April,  1640,  the 
houses  were  not  convoked.  Never  in  our  history 
had  there  been  an  interval  of  eleven  years  be- 
tween Parliament  and  Parliament.  Only  once 
had  there  been  an  interval  of  even  half  that 
length. — ^Iacaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  81. 

3194.  LEGISLATION  unintelligent.  Stamp 
Act.  [Of  the  Stamp  Act,  which  occasioned  the 
Revolutionary  War,]  Walpole  says  :  "  This  fa- 
mous bill,  little  undersood  here  at  that  lime, 
was  less  attended  to."  [Knight  sa^s  there 
was]  only  a  feeble  debate  and  one  division.  It 
was  passed  in  the  House  of  Lords  without  a  de- 
bate or  division. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  17, 
p.  272. 

3195.  LETTER,  Decoy.  Washington.  Wash- 
ington had  written  a  letter  to  .  .  .  Lafayette, 
then  in  Virginia,  which  he  caused  to  be  inter- 
cepted. In  the  letter  he  remarked  that  he  was 
pleased  with  the  probability  that  Earl  Cornwal- 
lis  would  fortify  either  Portsmouth  or  Old  Point 
Comfort,  for  were  Tie  to  fix  upon  Torktown, 
from  its  great  capabilities  of  defence,  he  might 
remain  there  snugly  and  unharmed,  until  a  supe- 
rior British  fleet  would  relieve  him  with  strong 
re-enforcements  or  embark  him  altogether.  This 
fated  letter  quieted  the  apprehensions  of  the 
British  commander-in-chief . — Custis'Washing- 
TON,  vol.  1,  ch.  6. 


3196.  LETTEE  from  Heaven.  The  Pope's. 
[The  pope  aided  his  usurpation  of  the  crown.] 
Pepin  prepared  to  discharge  his  obligations  to 
the  see  of  Rome,  of  which  he  was  reminded  by 
a  most  extraordinary  letter  from  heaven,  written 
by  Pope  Stephen  III.,  the  successor  of  Zachary, 
in  the  character  of  St.  Peter .  Urged  by  this  invo' 
cation,  he  passed  the  Alps,  and  compelled  the 
King  of  the  Lombards  to  evacuate  the  greater 
part  of  his  territories.  His  conquests  put  him 
in  possession  of  a  great  part  of  Italy. — Tytler'8 
Hist  ,  Book  6,  ch.  2,  p.  60. 

3197.  LETTERS,  Civilization  by.  Qerrmns. 
The  Germans  in  the  age  of  Tacitus  were  unac- 
quainted with  the  use  of  letters  ;  and  the  use  of 
letters  is  the  principal  circumstance  that  distin- 
guishes a  civilized  people  from  a  herd  of  savages, 
incapable  of  knowledge  or  reflection.  Without 
an  artificial  help  the  memory  soon  dissipates  or 
corrupts  the  ideas  intrusted  to  her  charge  ;  and 
the  nobler  faculties  of  the  mind,  no  longer  sup- 
plied with  models  or  with  materials,  gradually 
forget  their  powers ;  the  judgment  becomes  feeble 
and  lethargic,  the  imagination  languid  or  irreg- 
ular.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  257. 

319S.  LETTERS,  Mystery  of.  Captain  John 
Smith.  [When  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the 
Indians]  he  managed  to  write  a  letter  to  his 
countrymen,  telling  them  of  his  captivity  and 
their  peril  [from  attack],  asking  certain  articles, 
and  requesting  that  those  bearing  the  note 
should  be  thoroughly  frightened  before  their  re- 
turn.  This  letter,  which  seemed  to  have  such 
mysterious  power  of  carrying  intelligence  to  a 
distance,  was  not  lost  on  the  Indians,  who  dread- 
ed the  writer  more  than  ever.  When  the  war- 
riors bearing  the  epistle  arrived  at  Jamestown 
and  found  everything  precisely  as  Smith  had 
said,  their  terror  and  amazement  knew  no  bounds; 
...  all  thought  of  attacking  the  settlement  was 
given  up. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  9,  p.  100. 

3199.  LEVITY,  Characteristic.  French.  The 
passion  for  religious  warfare  was  not  jcl  extin- 
guished in  Europe  ;  a  new  expedition  was  fitted 
out  in  the  year  1202,  under  Baldwin  [I.],  Count 
of  Flanders,  consisting  of  about  40,000  men. 
The  object  of  this  crusade  was  different  from  all 
the  rest,  and  its  leaders,  under  the  cloak  of  a 
holy  war,  proposed,  instead  of  extirpating  the 
infidels,  to  dethrone  the  Emperor  of  Constanti- 
nople. .  .  .  Baldwin  and  his  army  .  .  .  laid  siego 
to  Constantinople  ;  he  took  it  almost  without  re- 
sistance. The  crusaders  put  all  that  opposed 
them  to  the  sword  ;  and  it  is  remarked,  as  strong- 
ly characteristic  of  a  spirit  of  national  levity, 
that  the  French,  immediately  after  a  scene  of 
massacre  and  pillage,  celebrated  a  splendid  ball, 
and  danced  with  the  ladies  of  Constantinople,  in 
the  sanctuary  of  the  church  of  St.  Sophia.  Thus 
Constantinople  was  taken  for  the  first  time,  sack- 
ed, and  plundered  by  the  Christians. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  9,  p.  161. 

3200.  LEVITY  contrasted.  French.  A  civil 
war  was  kindled  in  Paris,  of  which  the  object 
was  the  removal  of  the  Cardinal  Mazarin.  The 
fortune  and  the  power  of  this  minister  naturally 
excited  envy,  and  gave  rise  to  cabals  to  pull  him 
down  ;  and  the  maladministration  of  the  finances, 
the  distresses  of  the  State,  and  the  oppression  of 
the  people,  by  a  variety  of  new  taxes,  were  suf- 
ficient to  render  these  discontents  universal.  The 


LEWDNESS— LIBERTIES. 


377 


Parliament,  which  saw  edicts  pronounced  for 
taxes,  without  being,  as  usual,  confirmed  by 
them,  expressed  an  open  and  violent  disapproba- 
tion of  Mazarin's  measures.  .  .  .  The  gay  hu- 
mor of  the  French,  that  spirit  of  levity  which 
turns  everything  into  ridicule,  was  never  more 
conspicuous  than  in  this  war — a  strong  contrast 
to  the  temper  that  characterized  those  civil  com- 
motions, which  almost,  at  this  very  time,  had 
drowned  England  in  blood.  The  grievances  of 
the  English  prompted  to  a  serious,  a  gloomy, 
and  a  desperate  resistance,  which  embroiled  the 
whole  nation,  and  ended  in  the  destruction  of 
the  constitution.  The  grievances  of  the  French 
kindled  the  civil  war  of  the  Fronde,  but  afford- 
ed to  this  volatile  people  nothing  more  than  the 
occasion  of  an  agreeable  confusion,  and  a  fit  sub- 
ject for  lampoons  and  ballads.  The  Parisians 
marched  out  to  attack  the  royal  army  adorned 
with  plumes  of  feathers  and  fine  nosegays  ;  and 
when  the  regiment  of  the  Coadjutor  de  Retz,  who 
Avas  nominal  Archbishop  of  Corinth,  was  defeat- 
ed by  the  Royalists,  they  called  this  engagement 
the  first  epistle  to  the  Corinthians.  The  women 
had  as  active  a  share  in  these  proceedings  as  the 
men  ;  and  the  Duchess  of  Longueville  actually 
prevailed  on  the  great  Turenne  to  leave  the  king's 
party,  and  revolt  with  his  army  to  that  of  the 
xebels. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  34,  p.  454. 

3201.  LEWDNESS,  Habitual.  Charles  II. 
He  did  not  merely  indulge  his  passions ;  his 
neck  bowed  to  the  yoke  of  lewdness.  He  was 
Attached  to  women,  not  from  love,  for  he  had  no 
jealousy,  and  was  regardless  of  infidelities  ;  nor 
entirely  from  debauch,  but  from  the  pleasure  of 
living  near  them,  and  sauntering  in  their  com- 
pany. His  delight — such  is  the  record  of  the 
Toyalist  Evelyn — was  in  "concubines,  and  cat- 
tle of  that  sort ;"  and  up  to  the  last  week  of  his 
life  he  spent  his  time  in  dissoluteness  and  listen- 
ing to  love-songs. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2, 
■ch.  11. 

3202.  LIAR,  Proverbial.  Beign  of  Jamies  II. 
Richard  Talbot  .  .  .  had  long  before  earned  the 
nickname  of  Lying  Dick  Talbot ;  and  at  White- 
hall any  wild  fiction  was  commonly  designated 
as  one  of  Dick  Talbot's  truths.  He  now  daily 
proved  that  he  was  well  entitled  to  this  unenvi- 
able reputation.  Indeed,  in  him  mendacity  was 
almost  a  disease.  He  would,  after  giving  orders 
for  the  dismission  of  English  officers,  take  them 
into  his  closet,  assure  them  of  his  confidence  and 
friendship,  and  implore  Heaven  to  confound 
him,  sink  him,  blast  him,  if  he  did  not  take  good 
care  of  their  interests.  Sometimes  those  to  whom 
he  had  thus  perjured  himself  learned,  before  the 
day  closed,  that  he  had  cashiered  them. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  134. 

3203.  LIBEL,  Trials  for.  William  Horn. 
The  three  trials  of  William  Hone  are  among  the 
rnost  remarkable  in  our  [British]  constitutional 
history.  They  produced  more  distinct  effects 
upon  the  temper  of  the  country  than  any  public 
proceedings  of  that  time.  [They  taught  the 
government  that  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  is 
the  best  corrective  for  a  seditious  and  irreligious 
press.  William  Hone  was  a  bookseller,  who 
vended  his  wares  in  a  little  shop  in  the  Old 
Bailey.  On  the  18th  of  December,  1817,  he  is 
brought  for  trial  to  Guildhall  as  a  libeller.  He 
liad  written  a  series  of  politicai  satires.    He  was 


a  well-read  man,  of  remarkable  ability,  but  he 
made  a  financial  failure  of  every  enterprise  which 
he  undertook.  His  clothes  were  threadbare. 
And  being  too  poor  to  hire  counsel,  he  plead  for 
himself  before  the  jury,  and  defended  himself 
against  the  prosecution  by  the  attorney-general. 
He  was  charged  with  writing  a  parody  on  the 
Catechism,  the  Lord's  Prayer,  and  the  Ten  Com- 
mandments. The  offence  was  a  libel.  Hone 
read  in  defence  parodies,  written  by  authors, 
from  Martin  Luther  to  the  editor  of  Blacktcood's 
Magazine.  He  was  acquitted.  The  lord  chief- 
justice  was  mortified  at  his  acquittal.]  He  swore 
that,  at  whatever  cost,  he  would  preside  in  court 
next  day  himself,  so  that  conviction  might  be 
certain.  [He  was  charged  with  writing]  a  pro- 
fane libel  on  the  Litany.  [The  jury  acquit- 
ted him.  The  lord  chief -justice  the  next  day 
brought  him  to  answer  to  an  indictment  for] 
publishing  a  parody  on  the  creed  of  St.  Athana- 
sius,  called  "The  Sinecurest's  Creed."  [Hone 
was  again  acquitted.  He  became  very  popular 
with  tiie  masses,  and  his  writings  had  an  immense 
sale.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  5,  p.  86. 

3204.  LIBERALITY,  Cloak  of.  Commodus. 
[The  infamous  Roman  emperor.]  To  divert 
the  public  envy,  Oleander,  under  the  emperor's 
name,  erected  baths,  porticos,  and  places  of  ex- 
ercise, for  the  use  of  the  people.  He  flattered 
himself  that  the  Romans,  dazzled  and  amused  by 
this  apparent  liberality,  would  be  less  affected 
by  the  bloody  scenes  which  were  daily  exhibited  ; 
that  they  would  forget  the  death  of  Byrrhus,  a 
senator  to  whose  superior  merit  the  late  emperor 
had  granted  one  of  his  daughters  ;  and  that  thejr 
would  forgive  the  execution  of  Arrius  Antoni- 
nus, the  last  representative  of  the  name  and  vir- 
tues of  the  Antonines. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  4, 
p.  109. 

3205.  LIBERALITY  in  Opinions.  John  Wes- 
ley. [When  Wesley  was  eighty-six  years  of  age 
he  boasted  that  the  Methodist  Church]  "  requires 
of  its  members  no  conformity,  either  in  opinions 
or  modes  of  worship,  but  barely  this  one  thing, 
to  fear  God  and  work  righteousness." — Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  2,  p.  388. 

3206.  LIBERALITY  uncertain.  Charles  I. 
He  relied,  indeed,  chiefly,  for  pecuniary  aid,  on 
the  munificence  of  his  opulent  adherents.  Many  of 
these  mortgaged  their  land,  pawned  their  jewels, 
and  broke  up  their  silver  charges  and  christen- 
ing bowls  in  order  to  assist  him.  But  experience 
has  fully  proved  that  the  voluntary  liberality  of 
individuals,  even,  in  times  of  the  greatest  excite- 
ment, is  a  poor  financial  resource  when  com- 
pared with  severe  and  methodical  taxation,which 
presses  on  the  willing  and  unwilling  alike. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  106. 

3207.  LIBERTIES  demanded.  Magna  Charta. 
A  charter  very  favorable  to  the  liberties  of  the 
people,  and  tending  to  abridge  the  power  of 
the  sovereign  in  many  capital  articles,  had  been 
granted  by  Henry  I.  A  copy  of  this  charter, 
which  had  never  been  followed  by  any  substan- 
tial effect,  came  into  the  possession  of  Langton, 
who,  in  a  conference  with  some  of  the  principal 
barons,  proposed  that,  on  the  ground  of  these 
concessions  from  his  predecessor,  they  should 
insist  that  John  should  grant  a  solemn  confli-ma- 
tion  and  ratification  of  their  liberties  and  privi^ 
leges.    The  barons  bound  themselves  with  an 


378 


LIBERTIES— LIBERTY. 


oath  to  support  their  claims  by  a  vigorous  and 
steady  perseverance.  An  application  was  drawn 
up  and  presented  to  the  sovereign,  who,  unwill- 
ing to  yield  and  yet  unable  to  refuse,  appealed 
to  the  holy  see.  The  pope  [Innocent  III.]  had 
now  an  interest  to  support  his  vassal,  and  he 
wrote  instantly  to  England,  requiring  by  his 
supreme  authority  that  all  confederacies  among 
the  barons  which  tended  to  disturb  the  peace  of 
the  kingdom  should  be  immediately  put  an  end 
to.  This  requisition  met  with  its  just  disregard. 
The  associated  barons  had  taken  the  most  effect- 
ual measures  to  enforce  their  claims.  They  had 
assembled  an  army  of  2000  knights,  and  a  very 
numerous  body  of  foot.  With  these  forces  they 
surrounded  the  residence  of  the  court,  which  was 
then  at  Oxford,  and  transmitting  to  the  king  a 
scroll  of  the  chief  articles  of  their  demand,  they 
were  answered,  that  he  had  solemnly  sworn  never 
to  comply  with  any  one  of  them.  They  pro- 
ceeded immediately  to  hostilities,  laid  siege  to 
Northampton,  took  the  town  of  Bedford,  and 
marched  to  London,  where  they  were  received 
with  the  acclamations  of  all  ranks  of  the  people. 
The  King  [John],  who  found  his  partisans  daily 
abandoning  him,  began  now  to  talk  in  a  more 
submissive  strain.  He  offered  first  to  submit 
all  differences  to  the  pope,  and  this  being  per- 
emptorily refused,  he  at  length  acquainted  the 
confederates  that  it  was  his  supreme  pleasure 
to  grant  all  their  demands.  At  Runnymede,  be- 
tween Staines  and  Windsor,  a  spot  which  will 
be  deemed  sacred  to  the  latest  posterity,  a  solemn 
conference  was  held  between  John  and  the  as- 
sembled barons  of  England,  when,  after  a  very 
short  debate,  the  king  signed  and  sealed  that 
great  charter,  which  is  at  this  day  the  founda- 
tion and  bulwark  of  English  liberty — Magna 
Charta. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 6,  ch.  8,  p.  142. 

320§.  LIBERTIES  lost.  Massachusetts  Colony. 
Sir  Edmund  Andros  had  been  .  .  .  appointed 
royal  governor  of  all  New  England.  His  com- 
mission ought  to  have  been  entitled  an  article 

FOR  THE   DESTRUCTION   OF   COLONIAL   LIBERTY. 

, .  .  The  scarlet-coated  despot  landed  at  Boston  on 
the  20th  of  December  [1686],  and  at  once  began 
the  work  of  demolishing  the  cherished  institu- 
tions of  the  people  ....  Nothing  might  be  print- 
ed without  his  [censor's]  sanction.  Popular 
representation  was  abolished.  Voting  by  ballot 
was  prohibited.  Town  meetings  were  forbidden. 
.  .  .  The  public  schools  were  allowed  to  go  to 
ruin.  Men  were  arrested  without  warrant  of 
law.  .  .  .  Thus  did  Massachusetts  lose  her  lib- 
erty.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  15,  p.  146. 

3209.  LIBEBTIES  unprotected.  Rdgn  of 
James  II.  In  Ireland  .  .  .  panic  spread  fast  among 
the  English  when  they  found  that  the  viceroy 
[Lord  Clarendon],  their  fellow-countryman  and 
fellow-Protestant,  was  unable  to  extend  to  them 
the  protection  which  they  had  expected  from 
him.  They  began  to  know  by  bitter  experience 
what  it  is  to  be  a  subject  caste.  They  were 
harassed  by  the  natives  with  accusations  of  trea- 
son and  sedition.  This  Protestant  had  corre- 
sponded with  Monmouth  ;  that  Protestant  had 
said  something  disrespectful  of  the  king  four  or 
five  years  ago,  when  the  Exclusion  BiU  was  under 
discussion  ;  and  the  evidence  of  the  most  infa- 
mous of  mankind  was  ready  to  substantiate  every 
charge.     The  lord-lieutenant  expressed  his  ap- 


prehension that,  if  these  practices  were  not. 
stopped,  there  would  soon  be  at  Dublin  a  reign, 
of  terror  similar  to  that  which  he  had  seen  iu 
London,  when  every  man  held  his  life  and  honor 
at  the  mercv  of  Gates  and  Bedloe. — Macattlay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  129. 

3210.  LIBERTINE,  The  aged.  Louis  XV. 
Libertinage  must  be  observed  in  an  old  man,  to 
learn  all  its  baseness.  It  takes  the  experience 
and  daring  hardihood  of  sensual  age  to  be  thor- 
oughly depraved  ....  In  the  old  voluptuary 
sensuality  springs  from  infidelity  in  the  moral 
existence. .  .  .  The  absolute  King  of  France,  now 
that  he  was  growing  old,  abandoned  himself  to 
unbounded  dissoluteness,  and  while  he  trembled 
before  the  unknown  future,  and  dared  not  hear 
death  named,  he  filled  his  remaining  days  with 
lewd  pleasure,  in  which  Richelieu,  a  profligate 
of  seventy-two,  was  his  counsellor. — Bancroft'^ 
U.S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  48. 

3211.  LIBERTY,  Celebration  of.  Paris.  [In 
1790]  it  was  resolved  that  the  anniversary  of  the 
taking  of  the  Bastile  should  be  honored  by  a  mag- 
nificent  festival  in  the  Champ  de  Mars— a  grand 
federation,  to  which  deputies  should  come  from 
every  one  of  the  eighty-three  departments  of 
France.  To  prepare  an  immense  amphitheatre  for 
this  gathering,  .  .  .  12,000  workmen  were  em- 
ployed. But  they  worked  too  slowly.  All  Paris 
then  went  forth  to  dig  and  to  move  earth— all 
classes,  men  and  women,  coming  in  the  early 
morning .  .  .  and  returning  home  by  torchlight. 
[Three  hundred  thousand  persons  were  present 
on  the  14th  of  July,  seated  on  the  grass,  in  the 
midst  of  a  pouring  rain.  All  swore  to  be  faith- 
ful to  the  nation,  the  law,  and  the  king.  The 
king  swore  to  maintain  the  constitution.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  10,  p.  188. 

3212.  LIBERTY,  Champion  for.  Lafayette. 
In  spite  of  the  remonstrances  of  England,  Amer- 
ica, and  the  friends  of  liberty  everywhere,  La- 
fayette remained  a  prisoner.  To  every  demand 
for  his  liberation,  the  Austrian  Government  re- 
plied, with  its  usual  stupidity,  that  the  liberty  of 
Lafayette  was  incompatible  with  the  safety  of 
the  governments  of  Europe.  He  owed  his  liber- 
ation, at  length,  to  General  Bonaparte,  and  it  re- 
quired all  his  great  authority  to  procure  it. 
When  Lafayette  was  presented  to  Napoleon  to 
thank  him  for  his  interference,  the  First  Consul 
said  to  him  :  "  I  don't  know  what  the  devil  you 
have  done  to  the  Austrians,  but  it  cost  them  a 
mighty  struggle  to  let  you  go."— Cyclopedia  op 
BioG. ,  p.  484. 

3213.  LIBERTY,  Cloak  of.  Criminals.  [Dur- 
ing the  Reign  of  Terror  the]  enthusiastic  anc^ 
noble-hearted  Madame  Roland  was  led  to  the 
scaffold.  ...  On  passing  before  the  statue  of  Lib- 
erty, which  was  erected  at  the  Place  de  la  Re- 
volution, she  apostrophized  it  in  the  memorable 
words,  "  O  Liberty  !  what  crimes  are  committed 
in  thy  name  !" — Students'  France,  ch.  27,  §  4. 

3214.  LIBERTY,  Defence  of.  English  in  Ire- 
land. [James  II.  sought  the  overthrow  of  Prot- 
estantism.] Already  the  designs  of  the  court 
began  gradually  to  unfold  themselves.  A  royal 
order  came  from  Whitehall  for  disarming  the 
population.  This  order  [the  viceroy  in  Ireland] 
Tyrconnel  strictly  executed  as  respected  the 
English.     Though  the  country  was  infested  by 


LIBERTY. 


379 


predatory  bands,  a  Protestant  gentleman  could 
scarcely  obtain  permission  to  keep  a  brace  of 
pistols.  The  native  peasantry,  on  tlie  other  hand, 
were  suffered  to  retain  their  weapons. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  128.  . 

3315.  LIBERTY,  Delusive.  Bomans.  The  in- 
fatuated Romans  now  believed  themselves  a  free 
people,  since  they  had  no  longer  to  fight  for 
their  liberty.  It  was  the  policy  of  Augustus  to 
keep  up  this  favorable  delusion,  by  extraor- 
dinary marks  of  indulgence  and  munificence. 
He  gratified  the  people  by  continually  amusing 
them  with  their  favorite  games  and  spectacles  ; 
he  affected  an  extreme  regard  for  all  the  ancient 
popular  customs  ;  he  pretended  the  utmost  def- 
f erence  for  the  Senate  ;  he  re-established  the  Co- 
mitia,  which  the  internal  commotions  of  the  gov- 
ernment had  prevented  from  being  regularly 
held ;  he  flattered  the  people  with  the  ancient 
right  of  electing  their  own  magistrates ;  if  he 
presented  candidates,  it  was  only  to  give  a  simple 
recommendation,  under  reservation  that  they 
should  be  judged  worthy  by  the  people,  and  the 
people,  on  their  part,  could  not  but  regard  as  the 
most  certain  symptom  of  desert  there  commen- 
dation of  so  gracious  a  prince.  It  was  in  this 
manner  that  Augustus,  by  the  retention  of  all 
those  empty  but  ancient  appendages  of  liberty, 
concealed  the  form  of  that  arbitrary  monarchy 
which  he  determined  to  maintain. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  476. 

3216.  LIBEETY,  Devotion  to.  Lafayette. 
By  the  time  he  had  left  America,  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  he  had  expended  in  the  service  of  Con- 
gress 700,000  francs — a  free  gift  to  the  cause  of 
liberty.  One  of  the  most  pleasing  circumstances 
of  Lafayette's  residence  in  America  was  the  af- 
fectionate friendship  which  existed  between  him- 
self and  General  Washington.  He  looked  up  to 
Washington  as  to  a  father  as  well  as  a  chief,  and 
Washington  regarded  him  with  a  tenderness  tru- 
ly paternal.  Lafayette  named  his  eldest  son 
George  Washington,  and  never  omitted  any  op- 
portunity to  testify  his  love  and  veneration  for 
the  illustrious  American.  Franklin,  too,  was 
much  attached  to  the  youthful  enthusiast,  and 
privately  wrote  to  General  Washington,  asking 
him,  for  the  sake  of  the  young  and  anxious  wife 
of  the  marquis,  not  to  expose  his  life  except  in 
an  important  and  decisive  engagement. — Cyclo- 
pedia OP  Bigg.  ,  p.  479. 

3217.  LIBERTY  in  DisgniBe.  Barbarians 
civilized.  The  western  countries  were  civilized 
by  the  same  hands  which  subdued  them.  As 
soon  as  the  barbarians  were  reconciled  to  obe- 
dience, their  minds  were  opened  to  any  new  im- 
pressions of  knowledge  and  politeness.  The 
language  of  Virgil  and  Cicero,  though  with  some 
inevitable  mixture  of  corruption,  was  so  univer- 
sally adopted  in  Africa,  Spain,  Gaul,  Britain, 
and  Panonia,  that  the  faint  traces  of  the  Punic 
or  Celtic  idioms  were  preserved  only  in  the  moun- 
tains, or  among  the  peasants.  Education  and 
study  insensibly  inspired  the  natives  of  those 
countries  with  the  sentiments  of  Romans  ;  and 
Italy  gave  fashions,  as  well  as  laws,  to  her  Latin 
provincials. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  2,  p.  45. 

3218.  LIBERTY,  Emblem  of.  Liberty  Pole. 
A.D.  1770.  [After  three  repulses  the  British  sol- 
diers cut  down  the  citizens'  pole  in  New  York.] 
The  Sons  of  Liberty,  purchasing  a  piece  of  land 


near  the  junction  of  Broadway  and  Boweiy, 
erected  a  Liberty  Pole,  strongly  guarded  by  iron 
bands  and  bars,  deeply  sunk  into  the  earth,  and 
inscribed  "  Liberty  and  Property." — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  43. 

3219.  LIBERTY  endangered.  Fugitive  Slaw 
LaiD.  It  allowed  the  personal  liberty  of  a  man 
to  be  peremptorily  decided  by  a  United  States 
commissioner,  acting  with  absolute  power  and 
without  appeal.  For  a  claim  exceeding  $20 
in  value,  every  citizen  has  the  right  to  a  trial 
by  jury  ;  but  by  this  law  the  body,  the  life,  the 
very  soul  of  a  man,  possibly  a  free-born  cit- 
izen, might  be  consigned  to  perpetual  enslave- 
ment on  the  fallible  judgment  of  a  single  official. 
.  .  .  The  commissioner,  ...  in  the  event  of  his 
remanding  the  alleged  fugitive  to  slavery,  re- 
ceived a  fee  of  $10,  and  if  he  adjudged  him  to 
be  free,  only  $5. — Blaine's  Twenty  Years  op 
Congress,  p.  98. 

3220.  LIBERTY,  Enthusiasm  for.  Lafayette. 
December,  1776.  When  [Deane,]  the  American 
commissioner,  told  Lafayette  plainly  that  the 
credit  of  his  government  was  too  low  to  furnish 
the  volunteers  [from  France]  a  transport, 
"  Then,"  said  the  young  man,  "  I  will  purchase 
one  myself."  ...  At  his  own  cost  he  bought 
and  secretly  freighted  the  Victory,  which  was  to 
carry  himself,  the  veteran  De  Kalb,  and  twelve 
other  French  officers  to  America.  ...  At  the 
age  of  nineteen  it  seemed  to  him  an  amusement 
to  be  presented  to  the  king  against  whom  he  was 
going  to  fight. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  16. 

3221.  LIBERTY,  Government  for.  Roman. 
[When  the  consuls  were  elected]  they  immediate- 
ly exercised  an  act  of  jurisdiction,  by  the  manu- 
mission of  a  slave,  who  was  brought  before  them 
for  that  purpose  ;  and  the  ceremony  was  intend- 
ed to  represent  the  celebrated  action  of  the  elder 
Brutus,  the  author  of  liberty  and  of  the  consul- 
ship, when  he  admitted  among  his  fellow-citi- 
zens the  faithful  Vindex,  who  had  revealed  the 
conspiracy  of  the  Tarquins. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  17,  p.  111. 

3222.  LIBERTY  lost.  Athenians.  The  aver- 
sion to  restraint  assumes  the  same  external  ap- 
pearance with  the  love  of  liberty  ;  but  this  cri- 
terion will  enable  us  to  distinguish  the  reality 
from  the  counterfeit.  In  fact,  the  spirit  of  liber- 
ty and  a  general  corruption  of  manners  are  so 
totally  adverse  and  repugnant  to  each  other,  that 
it  is  utterly  impossible  they  should  have  even  the 
most  transitory  existence  in  the  same  age  and  na- 
tion. When  'Thrasybulus  delivered  Athens  from 
the  thirty  tyrants,  liberty  came  too  late  ;  the  man- 
ners of  the  Athenians  were  irretrievably  corrupt- 
ed ;  licentiousness,  avarice,  and  debauchery  had 
induced  a  mortal  disease.  When  Antigonus  and 
the  Achaean  States  restored  liberty  to  the  Spar- 
tans, they  could  not  enjoy  or  preserve  it ;  the 
spirit  of  liberty  was  utterly  extinct,  for  they 
were  a  corrupted  people.  The  liberty  of  Rome 
could  not  be  recovered  by  the  death  of  Caesar  ;  it 
had  gone  forever  with  her  virtuous  manners. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  6,  p.  465. 

3223.  LIBERTY,  Love  of.  Unconquerable. 
Such  was  the  result  of  the  Flemish  war — a  mem- 
orable strug'gle,  as  proving  for  the  first  time  that 
it  was  possible  for  a  small  feudal  State,  if  well 
organized  and  animated  by  a  fervent  love  of  lib- 


380 


LIBERTY. 


erty,  to  resist  successfully  the  will  of  a  despotic 
suzerain,  and  to  humble  the  pride  of  a  great  mili- 
tary kingdom. — Students'  Frxkce,  ch.  9,  §  15. 

3224.  LIBEETY,  Martyr  for.  Sir  Henry  Vane. 
[Executed  by  Charles  II.,  a.d.  1662.]  "Blessed 
be  God  !"  exclaimed  he,  as  he  bared  his  neck  for 
the  axe,  "  I  have  kept  a  conscience  void  of  of- 
fence till  this  day,  and  have  not  deserted  the 
righteous  cause  for  which  I  suffer."  That  cause 
was  democratic  liberty ;  in  the  history  of  the 
world  he  was  the  first  martyr  to  the  principle 
of  the  paramount  power  of  the  people.  .  .  .  The 
manner  of  his  death  was  the  admiration  of  his 
times. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11. 

3225.  LIBERTY  of  Mountaineers.  By  Arms. 
[In  Gaul.]  Of  the  native  barbarians,  the  Celti- 
berians  were  the  most  powerful,  as  the  Canta- 
brians  and  Asturians  proved  the  most  obstinate. 
Confident  in  the  strength  of  their  mountains, 
they  were  the  last  who  submitted  to  the  arms  of 
Rome,  and  the  first  who  threw  off  the  yoke  of 
the  Arabs. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1,  p.  22. 

3226.  LIBEETY,  Personal.  HaJieas  Corpus. 
The  famous  act  of  Habeas  Carpus  was  likewise 
the  work  of  this  Parliament — one  of  the  chief 
securities  of  English  liberty.  By  this  excellent 
statute,  the  nature  of  Vv'^hich  we  shall  hereafter 
more  fully  consider,  it  is  prohibited  to  send  any 
one  to  a  prison  beyond  seas  ;  no  judge,  under 
severe  penalties,  must  refuse  a  prisoner  a  writ  of 
habeas  coi'pus  by  which  the  jailer  is  directed  to 
produce  in  court  the  body  of  the  prisoner,  and 
to  certify  the  cause  of  his  detainer  and  imprison- 
ment ;  every  prisoner  must  be  indicted  the  first 
term  after  his  commitment,  and  brought  to  trial 
In  the  subsequent  term.  A  law  of  this  kind,  so 
favorable  to  the  liberty  of  the  subject,  takes  place 
in  no  government  except  that  of  Britain,  and  even 
of  itself  is  a  sufficient  argument  of  the  superior- 
ity of  our  constitution  to  that  of  all  other  gov- 
ernments.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  30, 
p.  422. 

3227.  LIBEETY,  Proclamation  of.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  On  the  1st  of  January,  1863,  the  Pres- 
ident issued  one  of  the  most  important  documents 
of  modern  times — the  emancipation  procla- 
mation. The  war  had  been  begun  with  no 
well-defined  intention  on  the  part  of  the  govern- 
ment to  free  the  slaves  of  the  South.  But  the 
President  and  the  Republican  party  looked  with 
disfavor  on  the  institution  of  slavery  ;  during  the 
progress  of  the  war  the  sentiment  of  abolition 
had  grown  with  great  rapidity  in  the  North  ;  and 
when  at  last  it  became  a  military  necessity  to 
strike  a  blow  at  the  labor-system  of  the  Southern 
States,  the  step  was  taken  with  but  little  hesitan- 
cy or  opposition.  Thus,  after  an  existence  of 
two  hundred  and  forty-four  years,  the  institution 
of  African  slavery  in  the  United  States  was 
swept  away. — Ridpatii's  U.  S.,  ch.  65,  p.  511. 

322S.  LIBEETY  protected.  Eleventh  Centu- 
ry. At  a  period  when  the  feudal  oppression  was 
at  its  height  and  the  condition  of  the  common- 
alty, through  the  greater  part  of  Europe,  was  in 
the  lower  stage  of  degradation,  one  of  these  small 
Christian  kingdoms  exhibited  the  example  of  a 
people  who  shared  the  sovereignty  with  the 
prince,  and  wisely  limited  his  arbitrary  govern- 
ment by  constitutional  restraints.  This  was  the 
kingdom  of  Aragon,  in  which  not  only  the  rep- 


resentatives of  the  towns  had  a  seat  in  the  Cortes, 
or  national  assemblies,  but  an  officer  was  elect- 
ed by  the  people,  termed  a  Justiza,  who  was  the 
supreme  interpreter  of  the  law,  and  whose  recog- 
nized duty  it  was  to  protect  the  rights  of  the  peo- 
ple against  the  encroachments  of  the  crown. 
This  officer,  whose  person  was  sacred,  was  cho- 
sen from  among  the  commoners  ;  he  had  a  right 
to  judge  whether  the  royal  edicts  were  agreeable 
to  law  before  they  could  be  carried  into  effect ; 
and  while  the  king's  ministers  were  answerable 
to  him  for  their  conduct,  he  was  responsible  to 
the  Cortes  alone.  This  great  officer  had  likewise 
the  privilege  of  receiving,  in  the  name  of  the 
people,  the  king's  oath  of  coronation  ;  and  dur- 
ing this  ceremony  he  held  a  naked  sword,  point- 
ed at  the  breast  of  the  sovereign,  whom  he  thus 
addressed  :  "  We,  your  equals,  constitute  you: 
our  sovereign,  and  we  solemnly  engage  to  obey 
your  mandates  on  condition  that  you  protect  us 
in  the  enjoyment  of  our  rights ;  if  otherwise,; 
not." — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  7,  p.  126. 

3229.  LIBEETY  by  Eeaction.  William  the 
Conqueror.  William,  in  short,  through  the  whole 
of  his  reign,  considered  the  English  as  a  conquer- 
ed nation.  Under  the  Anglo-Saxon  government  < 
the  people  had  enjoyed  a  very  considerable  por- 
tion of  freedom.  The  greater  barons,  perhaps 
even  some  of  the  landholders,  had  their  share  in 
the  government,  by  their  place  in  the  Wittenage- 
mot,  or  assembly  of  the  States.  Under  William 
the  rights  and  privileges  of  all  the  orders  of  the 
State  seem  to  have  been  annihilated  and  overpow- 
ered by  the  weight  of  the  crown  ;  but  this  very 
circumstance,  unfavorable  as  it  may  appear  to 
the  people's  liberties,  was,  in  fact,  the  very  cause 
of  the  subsequent  freedom  of  the  English  con- 
stitution. It  was  the  excessive  power  of  the 
crown  that  gave  rise  to  a  spirit  of  union  among 
the  people  in  all  their  efforts  to  resist  it ;  and 
from  the  want  of  that  spirit  of  union  in  the  oth- 
er feudal  kingdoms  of  the  continent — a  spirit 
which  was  not  excited  in  them  by  a  total  extinc- 
tion of  their  liberties  as  it  was  in  England  by  the 
whole  career  of  William  the  Conqueror — we  can 
easily  account  for  the  ^reat  difference  at  this 
day  between  their  constitutions  and  ours,  with 
respect  to  political  freedom. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  8,  p.  133. 

3230.  LIBEETY  in  Eeligion.  James  II.  He 
had,  as  supreme  ordinary,  put  forth  directions, 
charging  the  clergy  of  the  establishment  to  ab- 
stain from  touching  in  their  discourses  on  con- 
troverted points  of  doctrine.  Thus,  while  ser- 
mons in  defence  of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion, 
were  preached  on  every  Sunday  and  holiday  ^ 
within  the  precincts  of  the  royal  palaces,  the 
Church  of  the  State,  the  Church  of  the  great  ma- 
jority of  the  nation,  was  forbidden  to  explain 
and  vindicate  her  own  principles.  The  spirit  of  j 
the  whole  clerical  order  rose  against  this  injus- 
tice.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  84. 

3231.  LIBEETY,  Eeligious.  Colony  of  Mary- 
land. The  foundation  of  Maryland  was  peace- 
fully and  happily  laid.  Within  six  months  it 
had  advanced  more  than  Virginia  had  in  as  many 
years.  .  .  .  Every  other  country  in  the  world 
had  persecuting  laws.  "  I  will  not" — such  was 
the  oath  of  the  Governor  of  Maryland — "  I  will 
not  by  myself  or  any  other,  directly  or  indirect- 
ly, molest  any  person  professing  to  believe  in 


LIBERTY— LIBRARIES. 


381 


Jesus  Christ,  for  or  in  respect  of  religion." — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  cli.  7. 

3232.  LIBERTY  secured.  Magna  Charta. 
With  respect  to  the  people,  the  following  were 
the  principal  clauses  calculated  for  their  benefit. 
It  was  ordained  that  all  the  privileges  and  immu- 
nities granted  by  the  king  [John  I.]  to  his  bar- 
ons should  be  also  granted  by  the  barons  to  their 
vassals.  That  one  weight  and  one  ineas  u  re  should 
be  observed  throughout  the  kingdom.  That 
merchants  should  be  allowed  to  transact  all  busi- 
ness without  I)eing  exposed  to  any  arbitrarj^  tolls 
or  impositions  ;  that  they,  and  all  freemen,  should 
be  allowed  to  go  out  of  the  kingdom  and  return 
to  it  at  pleasure.  London,  and  all  cities  and  bor- 
oughs, shall  preserve  their  ancient  liberties,  im- 
munities, and  free  customs.  Aids  or  taxes  shall 
not  be  required  of  them,  except  by  the  consent 
of  the  great  council.  No  towns  or  individuals 
shall  be  obliged  to  make  or  support  bridges,  un- 
less it  has  been  the  immemorial  custom.  The 
goods  of  every  freeman  shall  be  disposed  of  ac- 
cording to  his  will  or  testament ;  if  he  die  intes- 
tate, his  heirs  at  law  shall  succeed  to  them.  The 
king's  courts  of  justice  shall  be  stationary,  and 
shall  no  longer  follow  his  person  ;  they  shall  be 
open  to  every  one,  and  justice  shall  no  longer  be 
bought,  refused,  or  delayed  by  them.  The  sher- 
iffs shall  be  incapacitated  to  determine  pleas  of 
the  crown,  and  shall  not  put  any  person  upon 
his  trial  from  rumor  or  suspicion  alone,  but  upon 
the  evidence  of  lawful  witnesses.  No  freeman 
shall  be  taken  or  imprisoned,  or  dispossessed  of 
his  free  tenements  or  liberties,  or  outlawed  or 
banished,  or  any  way  hurt  or  injured,  unless  by 
the  legal  judgment  of  his  peers,  or  by  the  law  of 
the  land;  and  all  who  suffered  otherwise  in  this 
and  the  former  reigns  shall  be  restored  to  their 
rights  and  possessions.  Every  freeman  shall  be 
fined  in  proportion  to  his  fault,  and  no  fine  shall 
be  levied  on  him  to  his  utter  ruin. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  7,  p.  149. 

3233.  LIBERTY  of  Speech  denied.  The  Com- 
mons. [In  1593  the  lord-keeper  replied  to  the 
Commons  in  the  name  of  the  queen,  when  they 
asked  for  liberty  of  speech.]  Privilege  of  speech 
is  granted,  but  you  must  know  what  privilege 
you  have  :  not  to  speak  every  one  what  he  list- 
eth,  or  what  cometh  into  his  brain  to  utter  that ; 
but  your  privilege  is  aye  or  no.  Wherefore, 
Mr.  Speaker,  her  Majesty's  pleasure  is,  that  if 
you  perceive  any  idle  heads,  which  will  not 
stick  to  hazard  their  own  estates,  which  will 
meddle  with  reforming  the  church  and  trans- 
forming the  Commonwealth,  and  do  exhibit  any 
bills  to  such  purpose,  that  you  receive  them  not, 
until  they  be  viewed  and  considered  by  those 
who  it  is  fitter  should  consider  of  such  things, 
and  can  better  judge  of  them. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  17,  p.  262. 

3234.  LIBERTY  vs.  Tyranny.  Roman  Sen- 
ator Boethius.  In  the  last  gloomy  season  of  The- 
odoric  [the  Gothic  King  of  Italy]  he  indignantly 
felt  that  he  was  a  slave  ;  but  as  his  master  had 
only  power  over  his  life,  he  stood  without  arms 
and  without  fear  against  the  face  of  an  angry 
barbarian,  who  had  been  provoked  to  believe 
that  the  safety  of  the  Senate  was  incompatible 
with  his  own.  The  Senator  Albinus  was  accused 
and  already  convicted  on  the  presumption  of 
hoping,  as  it  was  said,  the  liberty  of  Rome.    "  If 


Albinus  be  criminal,"  exclaimed  the  orator,  "  the 
Senate  and  myself  are  all  guilty  of  the  same 
crime.  If  we  are  innocent,  Albinus  is  equally 
entitled  to  the  protection  of  the  laws."  These 
laws  might  not  have  punished  the  simple  and 
barren  wish  of  an  unattainable  blessing,  but  they 
would  have  shown  less  indulgence  to  the  rash 
confession  of  Boethius,  that,  had  he  known  of  a 
conspiracy,  the  tyrant  never  should.  The  advo- 
cate of  Albinus  was  soon  involved  in  the  danger 
and  perhaps  the  guilt  of  his  client. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  39,  p.  35. 

3235.  LIBERTY,  Unexpected.  Oeorge  Wash- 
ington. A.D.  1774.  [Addressing  a  royal  ofl[icer, 
he  said  :]  "It  is  not  the  wish  of  that  government 
[Massachusetts]  or  any  other  upon  this  conti- 
nent, separately  or  collectively,  to  set  up  for  in- 
dependence ;  but  none  of  them  will  ever  submit 
to  the  loss  of  those  rights  and  privileges  without 
which  life,  libertj',  and  property  are  rendered 
totally  insecure." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  13. 

3236.  LIBERTY  and  Union.  Sources  of  The 
Netherlands  divide  with  England  the  glory  of 
having  planted  the  first  colonies  in  the  United 
States  ;  they  also  divide  the  glory  of  having  set 
the  examples  of  public  freedom.  If  England 
gave  our  fathers  the  idea  of  a  popular  represen- 
tation, the  United  Provinces  were  their  model  of 
a  federal  union. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  15. 

3237.  LIBERTY  by  Vigilance.  British.  In 
the  Middle  Ages  the  state  of  society  was  widely 
different.  Rarely  and  with  great  difficulty  did 
the  wrongs  of  individuals  come  to  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  public.  A  man  might  be  illegally 
confined  during  many  months  in  the  Castle  6i 
Carlisle  or  Norwich,  and  no  whisper  of  the  trans 
action  might  reach  London.  It  is  highly  prob- 
able that  the  rack  had  been  many  years  in  use 
before  the  great  majority  of  the  nation  had  the 
least  suspicion  that  it  was  ever  employed.  Nor  , 
were  our  ancestors  by  any  means  so  much  alive 
as  we  are  to  the  importance  of  maintaining  great 
general  rules.  We  have  been  taught  by  long 
experience  that  we  cannot,  without  danger,  suf- 
fer any  breach  of  the  Constitution  to  pass  unno- 
ticed.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  31. 

3238.  LIBRARIES,  Ancient.  Arabian.  In 
every  city  the  productions  of  Arabic  literature 
were  copied  and  collected  by  the  curiosity  of  the 
studious  and  the  vanity  of  the  rich.  A  private 
doctor  refused  the  invitation  of  the  sultan  of 
Bochara  because  the  carriage  of  his  books  would 
have  required  four  hundred  camels.  The  royal 
library  of  the  Fatimites  consisted  of  one  hundred 
thousand  manuscripts,  elegantly  transcribed  and 
splendidly  bound,  which  were  lent,  without  jeal- 
ousy or  avarice,  to  the  students  of  Cairo.  Yet 
this  collection  must  appear  moderate,  if  we  can 
believe  that  the  Ommiades  of  Spain  had  formed 
a  library  of  six  hundred  thousand  volumes,  for- 
ty-four of  which  were  employed  in  the  mere  cat- 
alogue. Their  capital,  Cordova,  with  the  adja- 
cent towns  of  Malaga,  Almeria,  and  Murcia,  had 
given  birth  to  more  than  three  hundred  writers, 
and  above  seventy  public  libraries  were  opened 
in  the  cities  of  the  Andalusian  kingdom.  The 
age  of  Arabian  learning  continued  about  five 
hundred  years,  till  the  great  eruption  of  the  Mo- 
guls, and  was  coeval  with  the  darkest  and  most 


382 


LIBRARIES— LICENTIOUSNESS. 


slothful  period  of  European  annals ;  but  since 
the  sun  of  science  has  arisen  in  the  West,  it  should 
seem  that  the  Oriental  studies  have  languished 
and  declined. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  52,  p.  302. 

3239.  LIBEABIES,  Subscription.  Benjamin 
Franklin.  He  invented  the  system  of  subscrip- 
tion libraries,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  one  that 
was  long  the  most  considerable  library  in  Amer- 
ica.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23. 

3240.  LIBRAEY  destroyed.  Alexandria.  Ptol- 
emy Soter  founded  the  famous  library  of  Al- 
exandria, that  immense  treasury  of  literature, 
which,  in  the  time  of  his  son  Ptolemy  Philadel- 
phus,  contained  above  one  hundred  thousand 
volumes.  It  was  still  enlarged  'by  the  succeeding 
monarchs  of  the  same  race,  till  it  amounted,  at 
length,  as  Strabo  informs  us,  to  seven  hundred 
thousand  volumes — a  collection  quite  prodigious, 
when  we  consider  the  comparative  labor  and  ex- 
pense of  amassing  books  before  the  invention  of 
printing,  and  since  that  era.  This  immense  li- 
brary was  burnt  to  ashes  in  the  war  which  Julius 
Caesar  waged  with  the  inhabitants  of  Alexandria. 
Adjoining  to  this  was  a  smaller  library,  which 
escaped  the  conflagration  at  that  time,  and 
which  became,  in  the  course  of  ages,  very  con- 
siderable ;  but,  as  if  fate  had  opposed  the  prog- 
ress and  continuance  of  Egyptian  literature,  this 
second  library  of  Alexandria  was  burnt,  about 
eight  hundred  years  afterward,  when  the  Sara- 
cens took  possession  of  Egypt.  The  books  were 
taken  out  by  order  of  the  Caliph  Omar,  and 
•used,  for  six  months,  in  supplying  the  fires  of  the 
public  baths.  "  If  these  books,"  said  Omar,  "con- 
tain nothing  but  what  is  in  the  Alcoran,  they 
are  of  no  use  ;  if  they  contain  anything  not  in  it, 
they  are  of  no  consequence  to  salvation  ;  and  if 
anything  contrary  to  it,  they  are  damnable,  and 
ought  not  to  be  suffered." — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  5,  p.  192. 

3241. .   Constantinople.  [The  royal 

college  of  Constantinople  was  burnt  in  the  reign 
of  Leo  the  Isaurian.  In  the  pompous  style  of  the 
age,  the  president]  of  that  foundation  was  named 
the  Sun  of  Science ;  his  twelve  associates,  the 
professors  in  the  different  arts  and  faculties, 
were  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac  ;  a  library  of 
thirty-six  thousand  five  hundred  volumes  was 
open  to  their  inquiries  ;  and  they  could  show  an 
ancient  manuscript  of  Homer,  on  a  roll  of  parch- 
ment one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  in  length,  the 
intestines,  as  it  was  fabled,  of  a  prodigious  ser- 
pent. But  the  seventh  and  eighth  centuries  were 
a  period  of  discord  and  darkness  ;  the  library 
was  burnt,  the  college  was  abolished,  the  Icono- 
clasts are  represented  as  the  foes  of  antiquity ; 
and  a  savage  ignorance  and  contempt  of  letters 
has  disgraced  the  princes  of  the  Heraclean  and 
Isaurian  dynasties. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  53, 
p.  378. 

3242.  LICENTIOUSNESS  authorized.  MaTiom- 
et.  In  his  adventures  with  Zeineb,  the  wife  of 
Zeid,  and  with  Mary,  an  Egyptian  captive,  the 
amorous  prophet  forgot  the  interest  of  his  repu- 
tation. At  the  house  of  Zeid,  his  freedman  and 
adopted  son,  he  beheld,  in  a  loose  undress,  the 
beauty  of  Zeineb,  and  burst  forth  into  an  ejacu- 
lation of  devotion  and  desire.  The  servile,  or 
grateful  freedman  understood  the  hint,  and  yield- 
ed without  hesitation  to  the  love  of  his  benefac- 
tor.   But  as  the  filial  relation  had  excited  some 


doubt  and  scandal,  the  Angel  Gabriel  descended 
from  heaven  to  ratify  the  deed,  to  annul  the 
adoption,  and  gently  to  reprove  the  apostle  for 
distrusting  the  indulgence  of  his  God.  One  of  his 
wives,  Hafna,  the  daughter  of  Omar,  surprised 
him  on  her  own  bed,  in  the  embrace  of  [Mary] 
his  Egyptian  captive  ;  she  promised  secrecy  and 
forgiveness  ;  he  swore  that  he  would  renounce 
the  possession  of  Mary.  Both  parties  forgot  their 
engagements  ;  and  Gabriel  again  descended  with 
a  chapter  of  the  Koran,  to  absolve  him  from  his 
oath,  and  to  exhort  him  freely  to  enjoy  his  cap- 
tives and  concubines,  without  listening  to  the 
clamors  of  his  wives.  In  a  solitary  retreat  of 
thirty  days  he  labored,  alone  with  Mary,  to  ful- 
fil the  commands  of  the  angel.  When  his  love 
and  revenge  were  satiated,  he  summoned  to  his 
presence  his  eleven  wives,  reproached  their  diso- 
bedience and  indiscretion,  and  threatened  them 
Avith  a  sentence  of  divorce,  both  in  this  world 
and  in  the  next ;  a  dreadful  sentence,  since  those 
who  had  ascended  the  bed  of  the  prophet  were 
forever  excluded  from  the  hope  of  a  second  mar- 
riage.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  150. 

3243.  LICENTIOUSNESS,  Fashionable.  Milan. 
A.D.  1797.  [Napoleon  had  conquered  Italy  and 
Austria,  and  was  the  most  famous  man  in  Eu- 
rope. After  the  war,  with  Josephine  he  resided 
for  a  time  at  Milan.]  Every  conceivable  temp- 
tation was  at  this  time  presented  to  entice  Na- 
poleon into  habits  of  licentiousness.  .  .  .  The 
corruption  of  those  days  of  infidelity  was  such 
that  the  ladies  were  jealous  of  Josephine's  exclu- 
sive influence  over  her  illustrious  spouse,  and 
they  exerted  all  their  powers  of  fascination  to 
lead  him  astray. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol. 
1,  ch.  9. 

3244.  LICENTIOUSNESS,  Literary.  John  Dry- 
den.  Not  a  line  tending  to  make  virtue  contempt- 
ible or  to  inflame  licentious  desire  would  thence- 
forward have  proceeded  from  his  pen.  The 
truth  unhappily  is,  that  the  dramas  which  he 
wrote  after  his  pretended  conversion  are  in  no 
respect  less  impure  or  profane  than  those  of  his 
youth.  Even  when  he  professed  to  translate  he 
constantly  wandered  from  his  originals  in  search 
of  images  which,  if  he  had  found  them  in  his 
originals,  he  ought  to  have  shunned.  What  was 
bad  became  worse  in  his  versions.  What  was  in- 
nocent contracted  a  taint  from  passing  through 
his  mind.  He  made  the  grossest  satires  of  Juve- 
nal more  gross,  interpolated  loose  descriptions  in 
the  tales  of  Boccaccio,  and  polluted  the  swset  and 
limpid  poetry  of  the  Georgics  with  filth  which 
would  have  moved  the  loathing  of  Virgil. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  184. 

3245.  LICENTIOUSNESS,  Pontifical.  Clement 
VI.  Clement  was  ill-endowed  with  the  virtues 
of  a  priest ;  he  possessed,  however,  the  spirit  and 
magnificence  of  a  prince,  whose  liberal  hand  dis- 
tributed benefices  and  kingdoms  with  equal  fa- 
cility. Under  his  reign  Avignon  was  the  seat  of 
pomp  and  pleasure ;  in  his  youth  he  had  sur- 
passed the  licentiousness  of  a  baron  ;  and  the 
palace — nay,  the  bed-chamber  of  the  pope,  was 
adorned  or  polluted  by  the  visits  of  his  female 
favorites. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  66,  p.  294. 

3246.  LICENTIOUSNESS  prevalent.  Beign  of 
CJiarles  II.  [After  the  overthrow  of  the  Puri- 
tans] men  flew  to  frivolous  amusements  and  to 
criminal  pleasures  with  the  greediness  which 


LICENTIOUSNESS— LIFE. 


383 


long  and  enforced  abstinence  naturally  pro- 
duces. Thomas  Hobbes  had  .  .  .  relaxed  the 
obligations  of  morality,  and  degraded  religion 
into  a  mere  affair  of  state.  Hobbism  soon  became 
an  almost  essential  part  of  the  character  of  the 
fine  gentleman.  All  the  lighter  kinds  of  litera- 
ture were  deeply  tainted  by  the  prevailing  licen- 
tiousness. Poetry  stooped  to  be  the  pander  of 
every  low  desire.  Ridicule,  instead  of  putting 
guilt  and  error  to  the  blush,  turned  her  formida- 
ble shafts  against  innocence  and  truth. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  169. 

3247.  LICENTIOUSNESS,  Regal.  Louis  XV. 
"When  the  personal  attractions  [of  Marchioness 
of  Pompadour]  began  to  wane,  she  had  the  ad- 
dress to  maintain  her  empire  over  the  king,  by 
sanctioning,  if  she  did  not  actually  suggest,  the 
infamous  establishment  called  the  Pare  aux 
Cerfs,  which  was  neither  more  nor  less  than  a 
-seraglio,  after  the  fashion  of  the  Oriental  mon- 
archs,  formed  by  Louis  in  a  beautiful  retreat  be- 
longing to  his  mistress  near  Versailles.  The  fa- 
vorite thus  secured  herself  against  the  rise  of  any 
•dangerous  rival  who  might  dispute  her  suprem- 
.acy ;  but  the  spectacle  offered  thenceforth  by 
the  French  court  was  a  flagrant  outrage  to  every 
principle  of  public  decency,  and  produced  results 
in  the  highest  degree  prejudicial  to  the  royal  au- 
thorit3^ — Students'  France,  ch.  24,  §  1. 

324§.  LICENTIOUSNESS,  Ruinous.  Dagobert. 
The  private  life  of  Dagobert  was  marked  by 
gross  licentiousness.  He  is  said  to  have  had,  at 
the  same  time,  three  queens-consort,  besides  nu- 
merous mistresses.  These  excesses,  added  to  the 
lavish  expenditure  of  his  court,  in  the  course  of 
a  few  years  exhausted  his  revenues  ;  and  in  order 
to  raise  money,  he  began  to  confiscate  the  estates 
of  nobles  who  offended  him,  imposed  exorbitant 
taxes,  revoked  fiefs  which  had  been  granted  in 
perpetuity,  and  exacted  heavy  contributions 
from  rich  churches  and  abbeys.  —  Students' 
-France,  ch.  4,  §  7. 

3249.  H'E'E,  idmia..  Diogenes.  Diogenes  held 
4hat  the  practice  of  virtue  was  man's  chief  end 
of  existence  ;  that  as  the  body  is  strengthened  by 
active  labor,  the  mind  is  invigorated  and  kept  in 
health  by  a  constant  tenor  of  active  virtue  ;  that 
•even  the  contempt  of  pleasure  is  a  solid  and  ra- 
tional pleasure  ;  that  self -applause  is  a  sufficient 
reward  to  the  wise  man  ;  while  glory,  honors, 
^nd  wealth  are  only  the  bait  of  fools  ;  that  the 
consummation  of  folly  is  to  be  loud  in  the  praise 
of  virtue  without  practising  it ;  that  the  gods  re- 
fuse the  prayers  of  man  often  from  compassion. 
— Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  269. 

3250.  LIFE,  Ambition  of.  John  Milton's.  The 
ruling  idea  of  Milton's  life,  and  the  key  to  his 
mental  history,  is  his  resolve  to  produce  a  great 
poem.  Not  that  the  aspiration  in  itself  is  singu- 
lar, for  it  is  probably  shared  by  every  young 

)et  in  his  turn.  As  every  clever  schoolboy  is 
iestined  by  himself  or  his  friends  to  become  lord- 
ehancellor,  and  every  private  in  the  French  army 
fcarries  in  his  haversack  the  baton  of  a  marshal, 
go  it  is  a  necessary  ingredient  of  the  dream  on 
%rnassus,  that  it  should  embody  itself  in  a  form 
af  surpassing  brilliance.  What  distinguishes 
[ilton  from  the  crowd  of  young  ambition,  au- 
ixjuventa,  is  the  constancy  of  resolve.  He  not 
)nly  nourished  through  manhood  the  dream 
&f  youth,  keeping  imder  the  importunate  in- 


stincts which  carry  off  most  ambitions  in  middle 
life  into  the  pursuit  of  place,  profit,  honor — the 
thorns  which  spring  up  and  smother  the  wheat 
—  but  carried  out  his  dream  in  its  integrity  in 
old  age.  He  formed  himself  for  this  achieve- 
ment, and  for  no  other.  Study  at  home,  travel 
abroad,  the  arena  of  political  controversy,  the 
public  service,  the  practice  of  the  domestic 
virtues,  were  so  many  parts  of  the  schooling 
which  was  to  make  a  poet. — Pattison's  Milton, 
ch.  13. 

3251.  LIFE,  Changes  in.  Samuel  Houston. 
His  separation  from  his  friends  at  the  steamboat 
was  a  touching  scene.  He  was  a  young  man,  for 
he  had  not  passed  his  thirty -fifth  year.  He  was 
in  the  vigor  and  strength  of  early  manhood.  He 
had  filled  the  highest  stations,  and  been  crowned 
with  the  highest  honors  his  State  could  give. 
They  knew  the  history  of  his  early  life,  and  they 
felt  pride  in  his  character.  He  was  literally  a 
man  of  the  people,  and  they  looked  forward  to 
his  future  advancement  with  all  the  pride  of  kin- 
dred feelings.  A  storm  had  suddenly  burst  upon 
his  path,  rin  an  unhappy  married  life  of  three 
months.  He  returned  to  the  Cherokee  Indians. 
He  remained  three  years.  Became  the  deliv- 
erer of  Texas.]  But  it  was  a  voluntary  exile 
from  scenes  which  only  harrowed  his  feelings 
while  he  stayed,  and  the  Providence  which  had 
shaped  out  his  future  life  was  leading  him  in  a 
mysterious  way  through  the  forests  to  found  a 
new  empire.  Let  those  who  laugh  at  a  Divine 
Providence,  which  watches  over  its  chosen  in- 
struments, sneer  as  they  read  this  ;  they  are  wel- 
come to  their  creed. — Lester's  Houston,  p.  42. 

3252. .    Captain  Cook.    At  thirteen 

(which  was  in  the  year  1741)  he  v^as  apprenticed 
to  a  dealer  in  dry  goods  near  one  of  the  seaport 
towns  of  Yorkshire,  and  passed  his  time  in  carry- 
ing home  parcels  and  waiting  upon  customers. 
He  did  not  like  this  occupation  ;  and  the  sea,  the 
open  sea,  was  ever  before  his  eyes,  alluring  him 
to  a  life  of  adventure.  His  father  d  ying,  he  per 
suaded  his  master  to  give  up  his  indentures,  and 
restore  him  to  liberty.  He  hastened  to  the  port, 
and  binding  himself  apprentice  to  the  owner  of  a 
coal-vessel,  he  went  on  board  in  the  capacity  of 
cabin-boy.  Certainly,  if  a  dandy  naval  officer 
had  cast  his  eyes  upon  this  coal-blackened  cabin- 
boy,  and  had  been  told  that  that  boy  would  die  a 
post-captain  in  the  royal  navy  of  Great  Britain,  he 
would  have  laughed  the  prediction  to  scorn. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  379. 

3253.  LIFE  attests  Character.  Humble.  On 
the  decease  of  Zeno,  the  emperor,  Ariadne,  the 
daughter,  and  mother,  and  the  widow  of  an  em- 
peror, gave  her  hand  and  the  imperial  title  to 
Anastasius,  an  aged  domestic  of  the  palace,  who 
survived  his  elevation  above  twenty -seven  years, 
and  whose  character  is  attested  by  the  acclama- 
tion of  the  people,  "  Reign  as  you  have  lived  !" 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  39,  p.  5. 

3254.  LIFE,  Choice  in.  Parable.  The  Arabs 
express  this  by  a  parable  that  incarnates,  as  is 
their  wont,  the  Word  in  the  recital.  King  Nim- 
rod,  say  they,  one  day  summoned  into  his  pres- 
ence his  three  sons.  He  ordered  to  be  set  before 
them  three  urns  under  seal.  One  of  the  urns  was  of 
gold,  the  other  of  amber,  the  third  of  clay.  The 
king  bade  the  eldest  of  his  sons  to  choose  among 
these  urns  that  which  appeared  to  him  to  contain 


384 


LIFE. 


the  treasure  of  greatest  price.  The  eldest  chose 
the  vase  of  gold,  on  which  was  wTitten  the  word 
Empire  ;  he  opened  it,  and  found  it  full  of  blood. 
The  second  took  the  vase  of  amber,  whereon  was 
written  the  word  Olory  ;  he  opened  it,  and  found 
it  full  of  the  ashes  of  men  who  had  made  a  great 
sensation  in  the  world.  The  third  son  took  the 
only  remaining  vase,  the  clay  one  ;  he  opened  it, 
and  found  it  quite  empty  ;  but  on  the  bottom  the 
potter  had  inscribed  the  name  of  Ood.  "  Which 
of  these  vases  weighs  the  most  ?"  asked  the  king 
of  his  courtiers.  The  men  of  ambition  replied 
it  was  the  vase  of  gold  ;  the  poets  and  conquer- 
ors, that  it  was  the  amber  one  ;  the  sages,  that  it 
was  the  empty  vase,  because  a  single  letter  of  the 
name  of  God  was  of  more  weight  than  the  entire 
globe.  We  are  of  the  opinion  of  the  sages.  We 
believe  that  the  greatest  things  are  great  but  in  the 
proportion  of  divinity  which  they  contain. — 
Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  39. 

3255.  LIFE,  City.  Samuel  Johnson.  I  sug- 
gested a  doubt,  that  if  I  were  to  reside  in  London, 
the  exquisite  zest  with  which  I  relished  it  in  oc- 
casional visits  might  go  off,  and  I  might  grow 
tired  of  it.  Johnson  :  "  Why,  sir,  you  find  no 
man,  at  all  intellectual,  who  is  willing  to  leave 
London.  No,  sir  ;  when  a  man  is  tired  of  London, 
he  is  tired  of  life ;  for  there  is  in  London  all  that 
life  can  afford." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  345. 

3256.  LIFE  degraded.  Romans.  Only  a  little 
above  the  slaves  stood  the  lower  class,  who  form- 
ed the  vast  majority  of  the  freeborn  inhabitants 
of  the  Roman  Empire.  They  were,  for  the  most 
part,  beggars  and  idlers,  familiar  with  the  gross- 
est indignities  of  an  unscrupulous  dependence. 
Despising  a  life  of  honest  industry,  they  asked 
only  for  bread  and  the  games  of  the  circus,  and 
were  ready  to  support  any  government,  even  the 
most  despotic,  if  it  would  supply  these  needs. 
They  spent  their  mornings  in  lounging  about  the 
EoiTim,  or  in  dancing  attendance  at  the  levees  of 
patrons.  .  .  .  They  spent  their  afternoons  and 
evenings  in  gossiping  at  the  Public  Baths,  in  list- 
lessly enjoying  the  polluted  plays  of  the  theatre, 
or  looking  with  fierce  thrills  of  delighted  horror 
at  the  bloody  sports  of  the  arena.  At  night  they 
crept  up  to  their  miserable  garrets  in  the  sixth 
and  seventh  stories. — Farrar's  Early  Days, 
ch.  1,  p.  3. 

3257.  LIFE  delusive.  Edward  Oibbon.  Twen- 
ty hours  before  his  death  Mr.  Gibbon  happened 
to  fall  into  a  conversation  not  uncommon  with 
him,  on  the  probable  duration  of  his  life.  He 
said  that  he  thought  himself  a  good  life  for  ten, 
twelve,  or  perhaps  twenty  years.  About  six  he 
ate  the  wing  of  a  chicken  and  drank  three  glasses 
of  Madeira.  After  dinner  he  became  very  uneasy 
and  impatient,  complained  a  good  deal,  and  ap- 
peared so  weak  that  his  servant  was  alarmed. — 
Morrison's  Gibbon,  ch.  10. 

325 §.  LIFE,  Destruction  of.  Crusades.  In 
these  two  unfortunate  expeditions  of  Lewis  IX., 
it  is  computed  that  there  perished  100,000  men  : 
50,000  had  perished  under  Frederic  Barbarossa, 
300,000  under  Philip  Augustus  and  Richard 
Coeur  de  Lion  ;  200,000  in  the  time  of  John  de 
Brienne  ;  and  160,000  had  before  been  sacrificed 
in  Asia,  besides  those  that  perished  in  the  expe- 
dition of  Constantinople.  Thus,  without  men- 
tioning a  crusade  in  the  North,  and  that  afterward 
to  be  taken  notice  of  against  the  Albigenses,  it  is 


a  reasonable  computation  to  estimate  that  two 
millions  of  Europeans,  in  these  expeditions,  were 
buried  in  the  East. — Tytlkr's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  10,  p.  165. 

3259.  LIFE,  Farewell  to.  John  Quincy  Adams. 
The  last  words  of  John  Quincy  Adams  are  said  ta 
have  been,  "  This  is  the  last  of  earth  ;  lam  con- 
tent."— American  Cyclopedia,  "John  Quin- 
cy Adams." 

3260.  LIFE  forfeited.  By  Neglect.  Edward 
Gibbon's  .  .  .  malady  was  dropsy,  complicated 
Avith  other  disorders.  He  had  most  strangely  neg- 
lected a  very  dangerous  symptom  for  upward  of 
thirty  years,  not  only  having  failed  to  take  medi- 
cal advice  about  it,  but  even  avoiding  all  allusion 
to  it  to  bosom  friends  like  Lord  Sheffield.  But 
longer  concealment  was  now  impossible.  He  sent 
for  the  eminent  surgeon  Farquhar.  .  .  .  Thus, 
in  consequence  of  his  own  strange  self-neglect 
and  imprudence,  was  extinguished  one  of  the 
most  richly-stored  minds  that  ever  lived.  Occur- 
ring when  it  did,  so  near  the  last  summons.  Gib- 
bon's prospective  hope  of  continued  life  ' '  for  ten,, 
twelve,  or  twenty  years  "  is  harshly  pathetic,  and 
full  of  that  irony  which  mocks  the  vain  cares  of 
men.  But,  truly,  his  forecast  was  not  irrational 
if  he  had  not  neglected  ordinary  precautions. — 
Morrison's  Gibbon,  ch.  10. 

3261 .  LIFE,  Future.  American  Indians.  The 
dying  chief  sometimes  arrayed  himself  in  the  gar- 
ments in  which  he  was  to  be  buried  ;  .  .  .  and 
when  he  had  given  up  the  ghost,  he  was  placed  by 
his  wigwam  in  a  sitting  posture,  as  if  to  show 
that  though  life  was  spent,  the  principle  of  being 
was  not  gone  ;  and  in  that  posture  he  was  buried. 
Everywhere  in  America  this  posture  was  adopt- 
ed at  burials. — Bancroft's  Hist.  U.  S.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  23. 

3262.  LIFE,  Impediments  in.  Samuel  John- 
son. His  figure  was  large  and  well  formed,  and 
his  countenance  of  the  cast  of  an  ancient  statue  ;. 
yet  his  appearance  was  rendered  strange  and 
somewhat  uncouth  by  convulsive  cramps,  by  the 
scars  of  that  disiemper  which  it  was  once  imag- 
ined the  royal  touch  could  cure,  and  by  a  sloven- 
ly mode  of  dress.  He  had  the  use  only  of  one- 
eye  ;  yet  so  much  does  mind  govern  and  even 
supply  the  deficiency  of  organs,  that  his  visual 
perceptions,  as  far  as  they  extended,  w^ere  uncom- 
monly quick  and  accurate.  So  morbid  was  his- 
temperament  that  he  never  knew  the  natural  joy 
of  a  free  and  vigorous  use  of  his  limbs  •.  when  he 
w^alked,  it  was  like  the  struggling  gait  of  one  in 
fetters  ;  when  he  rode,  he  had  no  command  or 
direction  of  his  horse,  but  was  carried  as  if  in  a 
balloon.  That  with  his  constitution  and  habits  of 
life  he  should  have  lived  seventy -five  years  is  a 
proof  that  an  inherent  vimda  vis  is  a  powerful 
preservative  of  the  human  frame. — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  565. 

3263.  LIFE,  Indestructible.  Animals.  The 
Indian  believes  also  of  each  individual  animal 
that  it  possesses  the  mysterious,  the  indestnicti- 
ble  principle  of  life  ;  there  is  not  a  breathing  thing- 
but  has  its  shade,  which  never  can  perish. — Ban- 
croft's Hist.  U.  S.  ,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

3264.  LIFE,  Influence  of.  A  Good.  [A  young- 
man  in  a  fit  of  anger  struck  out  one  of  Lycurgus' 
eyes  with  a  stick.  The  offender  was  surrendered 
to  him  for  punishment.]     He  took  him  into  hi& 


LIFE. 


385 


iouse,  but  showed  him  no  ill  treatment  either  by 
word  or  action,  only  ordering  him  to  wait  upon 
him,  instead  of  his  usual  servants  and  attendants. 
The  youth,  who  was  of  an  ingenuous  disposition, 
without  murmuring,  did  as  he  was  commanded. 
Living  in  this  manner  with  Lycurgus,  and  hav- 
ing an  opportunity  to  observe  the  mildness  and 
goodness  of  his  heart,  his  strict  temperance  and 
indefatigable  industry,  he  told  his  friends  that 
Lycurgus  was  not  that  proud  and  severe  man  he 
might  have  been  taken  for,  but,  above  all  others, 
gentle  and  engaging  in  his  behavior.  This,  then, 
was  the  chastisement,  and  this  punishment  he  suf- 
fered, of  a  wild  and  headstrong  young  man  to  be- 
come a  very  modest  and  prudent  citizen. — Plu- 
tarch's Lycuugus. 

3265.  LIFE,  Inner.  "  Inner  Voice."  Bacon 
iardly  proceeded  beyond  the  province  of  natural 
philosophy.  He  compared  the  subtile  visions, 
in  which  the  contemplative  soul  indulges,  to  the 
jspider's  web,  and  sneered  at  them  as  frivolous 
and  empty  ;  but  the  spider's  web  is  essential  to 
the  spider's  well-being,  and  for  his  neglect  of  the 

;  inner  voice  Bacon  paid  the  terrible  penalty  of  a 
life  disgraced  by  flattery,  selfishness,  and  mean 
■compliance. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  16. 

3266.  LIFE,  Insignificant.  Bibulus.  Ceesar 
iad  touched  the  right  point  in  congratulating 
•Cicero  on  his  military  exploits.  His  friends  in 
the  Senate  had  been  less  delicate.  Bibulus  had 
been  thanked  for  hiding  from  the  Parthians. 
When  Cicero  had  hinted  his  expectations  [of 
receiving  a  triumph],  the  Senate  had  passed 
to  the  order  of  the  day.  "Cato,"  he  wrote, 
"  treats  me  scurvily.  He  gives  me  praise  for.  jus- 
tice, clemency,  and  integrity,  which  I  did  not 
want.  What  I  did  want  he  will  not  let  me  have. 
Caesar  promises  me  everything.  Cato  has  given 
a  twenty  days'  thanksgiving  to  Bibulus.  Par- 
don me,  if  this  is  more  than  I  can  bear.  But 
I  am  relieved  from  my  worst  fear.  The  Par- 
thians have  left  Bibulus  half  alive." — Froude's 
C^SAR,  ch.  20. 

3267.  LIFE  lengthened.  One  Fourth.  [Sta- 
tistics show  that  between  the  years  1693  and 
1790  the  expectation  of  human  life  in  England 
iad  increased  one  fourth,  resulting  from  great 
social  advancement,  temporal  prosperity,  and 
from  less  frequent  and  less  fatal  epidemics.] — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  5,  ch.  10,  p.  58. 

326§.  LIFE,  Measure  of.  Charles  XII.  Hav- 
ing read  a  Latin  life  of  Alexander,  some  one 
asked  him  what  he  thought  of  that  conqueror. 
"I  think,"  said  he,  "that  I  should  like  to  re- 
semble him."  "  But,  "said  his  tutor,  "  Alexander 
lived  only  thirty-two  years."  "  Ah,"  replied  the 
prince,  "and  is  not  that  enough  when  one  has 
conquered  kingdoms  ?"  When  his  father  heard 
of  this  reply,  he  said  :  "  Here  is  a  boy  who  will 
make  a  better  king  than  I  am,  and  who  will  go 
farther  even  than  Gustavus  the  Great." — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  Bigg.,  p.  433. 

3269.  LIFE,  Miserable.  Roman  Slaves.  At 
the  lowest  extreme  of  the  social  scale  were  mill- 
ions of  slaves,  without  family,  without  religion, 
without  possessions,  who  had  no  recognized 
lights,  and  toward  wh :  m  none  had  any  recog- 
nized duties,  passing  r  rmally  from  a  childhood 
•of  degradation  to  a  manhood  of  hardship  and 
^n  old  age  of  unpitied  neglect. — Farrar's  Ear- 
ly Days,  p.  2. 


3270.  LIFE  neglected.  Robert  Burns.  Robert 
Burns,  in  the  course  of  nature,  might  yet  have 
been  living  ;  but  his  short  life  was  spent  in  toil 
and  penury  ;  and  he  died,  in  the  prime  of  his 
manhood,  miserable  and  neglected  ;  and  yet  al- 
ready a  brave  mausoleum  shines  over  his  dust, 
and  more  than  one  splendid  monument  has  been 
reared  in  other  places  to  his  fame :  the  street 
where  hj  languished  in  poverty  is  called  by  his 
name  ;  the  highest  personages  in  our  literature 
have  been  proud  to  appear  as  his  commentators 
and  admirers,  and  here  is  the  sixth  narrative  of 
his  Life  that  has  been  given  to  the  world  ! — 
Carlyle's  Burns,  p.  12. 

3271.  LIFE,  Object  in.  Philosophy  of  Epicurus. 
It  proposed  .  .  .  the  attainment  of  a  perfect  tran- 
quillity of  mind.  The  term  by  which  he  marked 
the  object  of  his  philosophy  contributed  much  to 
increase  the  number  of  his  disciples.  "  The  su- 
preme happiness  of  man,"  said  Epicurus,  "  con- 
sists in  pleasure.  To  this  centre  tend  all  his  de- 
sires ;  and  this,  however  disguised,  is  the  real  ob- 
ject of  all  his  actions.  The  purpose  of  philos- 
ophy is  to  teach  whatever  best  conduces  to  those 
laws.  Vice  therefore  was  folly,  and  virtue  the 
only  true  wisdom." — Tytler's  Hist. ,  Book  2, 
ch.  9,  p.  279. 

3272.  LIFE,  Opening  in.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
When  nineteen  years  old  Abraham  Lincoln, 
moved  perhaps  equally  by  the  desire  to  earn  an 
honest  livelihood,  in  the  shape  of  "  ten  dollars  a 
month  and  found,"  and  by  curiosity  to  see  more 
of  the  world,  made  a  trip  down  the  Mississippi 
to  New  Orleans  in  a  flat-boat.  He  went  in  com- 
pany with  the  son  of  the  owner  of  the  boat,  who 
intrusted  a  valuable  cargo  to  their  care. — Ray- 
mond's Lincoln,  ch.  1,  p.  22. 

3273.  LIFE,  Price  of.  Human.  The  nation- 
al inequality  established  by  the  Franks,  in  their 
criminal  proceedings,  was  the  last  insult  and 
abuse  of  conquest.  In  the  calm  moments  of  leg- 
islation they  solemnly  pronounced  that  the  life 
of  a  Roman  was  of  smaller  value  than  that  of  a 
barbarian.  The  Antrustion,  a  name  expressive 
of  the  most  illustrious  birth  or  dignity  among 
the  Franks,  was  appreciated  at  the  sum  of  six 
hundred  pieces  of  gold  ;  while  the  noble  provin- 
cial, who  was  admitted  to  the  king's  table,  might 
be  legally  murdered  at  the  expense  of  three  hun- 
dred pieces.  Two  hundred  were  deemed  sufii- 
cient  for  a  Frank  of  ordinary  condition  ;  but  the 
meaner  Romans  were  exposed  to  disgrace  and 
danger  by  a  trifling  compensation  of  one  hun- 
dred, or  even  fifty,  pieces  of  gold. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  38,  p.  594. 

3274.  LIFE,  A  protected.  Washington's.  [The 
Indians  concentrated  the  aim  of  their  rifles  on. 
him  at  Braddock's  defeat,  but  he  escaped  injury. 
Sixty-four  British  officers  were  killed  or  wound- 
ed, and  Washington  was  the  only  mounted  officer 
left.  A  distinguished  chief  said]  'twas  all  in 
vain  ;  a  poAver  mightier  than  we  shielded  him 
from  harm.  He  cannot  die  in  battle.  .  .  .  Lis- 
ten !  The  Great  Spirit  protects  that  man,  and 
guides  his  destinies  ;  he  will  become  the  chief  of 
nations.  [At  the  battles  of  Princeton,  German- 
town,  and  Monmouth  he  was  peculiarly  exposed, 
yet  uninjured.] — Custis'  Washington,  vol.  1, 
ch.  11. 

3275.  LIFE,  Public.  Fm- Otliers.  AsPelop- 
idas  .  .  .  was  departing  for  the  army,  his  wife, 


sse 


LIFE. 


who  followed  him  to  the  door,  besought  him, 
with  tears,  to  take  care  of  himself  ;  he  answered  : 
"My  dear,  private  persons  are  to  be  advised  to 
take  care  of  themselves,  but  persons  in  a  public 
character  to  take  care  of  others." — Plutakch's 
Pelopidas. 

3276.  LIFE,  Purpose  in.  John  Milton.  A 
seeming  idler,  but  really  hard  at  work,  in  his 
father's  liouse  at  Horton.  The  intimation  which 
he  had  given  of  his  purpose  in  the  sonnet 
.  .  .  had  become,  in  1641,  "an  inward  prompt- 
ing which  grows  dailj'  upon  me,  that  by  labor 
and  intent  study,  which  I  take  to  be  my  portion 
in  this  life,  joined  with  the  strong  propensity  of 
nature,  I  might  perhaps  leave  something  so  writ- 
ten to  after  times  as  they  should  not  willingly 
let  it  die." — Pattison's  Milton,  ch.  2. 

3277. .  Peter  Cooper.  Cooper  Insti- 
tute is  that  evening  school  which  Peter  Coo- 
per resolved  to  found  as  long  ago  as  1810,  when 
he  was  a  coach-maker's  apprentice  looking  about 
in  New  York  for  a  place  where  he  could  get  in- 
struction in  the  evening,  but  was  unable  to  find 
it.  Through  all  his  career,  as  a  cabinet-maker, 
grocer,  manufacturer  of  glue,  and  iron-founder, 
he  never  lost  sight  of  this  object.  If  he  had  a 
fortunate  year,  or  made  a  successful  speculation, 
he  was  gratified,  not  that  it  increased  his  wealth, 
but  because  it  brought  him  nearer  to  the  reali- 
zation of  his  dream. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  577. 

327§.  LIFE,  Qualification  for.  Education. 
His  son  Alexander  being  then  fourteen  years  of 
age,  Philip  invited  Aristotle  to  reside  in  his 
court,  and  take  charge  of  the  prince's  education. 
This  was  the  greatest  honor  which  a  king  could 
then  bestow  upon  a  man  of  learning.  Aristotle 
accepted  the  invitation.  He  was  received  at 
court  with  the  greatest  honor,  and  Alexander 
became  tenderly  attached  to  his  instructor.  He 
said  once  that  he  honored  Aristotle  no  less  than 
his  own  father  ;  for  if  to  the  one  he  owed  his 
life,  he  owed  to  the  other  that  which  made  life 
worth  having. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  556. 

3279.  LIFE,  A  rational.  Roman  Emperor  Alex- 
ander. [Alexander  rose  early  ;  the  first  moments 
of  the  day  were  consecrated  to  private  devotion, 
and  his  domestic  chapel  was  filled  with  the 
images  of  those  heroes  who,  by  improving  oi* 
reforming  human  life,  had  deserved  the  grate- 
ful reverence  of  posterity.  But  as  he  deemed 
the  service  of  mankind  the  most  acceptable 
worship  of  the  gods,  the  greatest  part  of  his 
morning  hours  was  employed  in  his  council, 
where  he  discussed  public  affairs  and  determined 
private  causes  with  a  patience  and  discretion 
above  his  years.  The  diyness  of  business  was 
relieved  by  the  charms  of  literature  ;  and  a  por- 
tion of  time  was  always  set  apart  for  his  favorite 
studies  of  poetry,  history,  and  philosophy.  The 
works  of  Virgil  and  Horace,  the  republics  of 
Plato  and  Cicero,  formed  his  taste,  enlarged  his 
understanding,  and  gave  him  the  noblest  ideas 
of  man  and  government.  The  exercises  of  the 
body  succeeded  to  those  of  the  mind  ;  and  Alex- 
ander, who  was  tall,  active,  and  robust,  sur- 
passed most  of  his  equals  in  the  gymnastic  arts. 
Refreshed  by  the  use  of  the  bath  and  a  slight 
dinner,  he  resumed,  with  new  vigor,  the  busi- 
ness of  the  day  ;  and  till  the  hour  of  supper, 
the  principal  meal  of  the  Romans,  he  was  at- 


tended by  his  secretaries,  with  whom  he  read 
and  answered  the  multitude  of  letters,  memo- 
rials, and  petitions,  that  must  have  been  ad- 
dressed to  the  master  of  the  greatest  part  of  the 
world.  His  table  was  served  with  the  most 
frugal  simplicity  ;  and  whenever  he  was  at  lib- 
erty to  consult  his  own  inclination,  the  company 
consisted  of  a  few  select  friends,  men  of  learning- 
and  virtue,  among  whom  Ulpian  was  constantly 
invited.  Their  conversation  was  familiar  and 
instructive  ;  and  the  pauses  were  occasionally 
enlivened  by  the  recital  of  some  pleasing  com- 
position, which  supplied  the  place  of  the  dancers, 
comedians,  and  even  gladiators,  so  frequently 
summoned  to  the  tables  of  the  rich  and  luxuri- 
ous Romans.  The  dress  of  Alexander  was  ])lain 
and  modest,  his  demeanor  courteous  and  affable  ; 
at  the  proper  hours  his  palace  was  open  to  all  his 
subjects,  but  the  voice  of  a  crier  was  heard,  as  in, 
the  Eleusinian  mysteries,  pronouncing  the  same 
salutary  admonition  :  ' '  Let  none  enter  those  holy 
walls,  unless  he  is  conscious  of  a  pure  and  inno- 
cent mind." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6,  p.  179. 

32§0.  LIFE  regulated.  Stoics.  The  virtue- 
of  the  Stoics  was  not  a  principle  of  tranquil  and 
passive  acquiescence  ;  it  was  a  state  of  continual,, 
active,  and  vigorous  exertion.  It  was  the  duty 
of  man  to  exercise  the  faculties  of  his  mind  in 
acquainting  himself  with  the  nature,  the  causes, 
and  the  relations  of  every  part  of  that  universe- 
which  he  sees  around  him,  that  he  may  truly 
understand  his  own  place  in  it  and  the  duties 
which  he  is  destined  and  called  on  to  fulfil.  It 
is  incumbent  on  man  likewise  to  exercise  his 
faculties  in  the  discerning  and  distinguishing 
those  things  over  which  he  has  the  power  and 
control,  and  those  which  are  beyond  his  power, 
and  therefore  ought  not  to  be  the  objects  of  his. 
care  or  his  attention.  All  things  whatever,  ac- 
cording to  the  Stoics,  fall  under  one  or  the  other 
of  these  descriptions.  To  the  class  of  things 
within  our  power  belong  our  opinions,  our  de- 
sires, affections,  endeavors,  aversions,  and,  in  a 
word,  whatever  may  be  termed  our  own  works. 
To  the  class  of  things  beyond  our  power  belong- 
the  body  of  man,  his  goods  or  possessions,  hon- 
ors, dignities,  offices,  and  generally  what  cannot 
be  termed  his  works. — Tytler'sHist.,  Book  *. 
ch.  9,  p.  279. 

32§1.  LIFE,  Rules  of.  Swedemborg.  His  "  Rules- 
of  Life"  [were]  :  1,  often  to  read  and  meditate 
on  the  Word  of  God  ;  2,  to  submit  everything^ 
to  the  will  of  Divine  Providence  ;  3,  to  observe 
in  everything  a  propriety  of  behavior,  and  to 
keep  the  conscience  clear  ;  4,  to  discharge  with 
fidelity  the  functions  of  ray  employment  and 
the  duties  of  my  office,  and  to  render  myself  in 
all  things  useful  to  society. — White's  Sweden- 
BORG,  ch.  7,  p.  61. 

3282.  LIFE,  Secret  of.  JosiaJi  Quincy.  It  con- 
cerns us  all  to  know  the  secret  of  such  health 
and  longevity  as  this.  His  father  died  very 
young,  and  his  mother  in  middle  life.  Nor  had 
any  of  his  paternal  ancestors  lived  beyond  seven- 
ty-four. ...  In  the  first  place,  he  was  strictly 
temperate  in  the  use  of  intoxicating  drinks, 
almost  to  total  abstinence.  At  breakfast  and  at 
night  he  ate  moderately  .  id  of  plain  food.  At 
dinner,  which  he  had  the  good  sense  to  eat  in  the- 
middle  of  the  day,  he  ate  heartily  of  whatever 
was  set  before  him.     He  discovered,  many  year* 


LIFE. 


387 


I  ago,  how  important  perfect  cleanliness  is  to  the 
^reservation  of  health,  and  he  made  a  frequent 
ase  of  the  bath-tub,  the  flesh-brush,  and  the  hair 
gloves.  He  v^as  an  exceedingly  early  riser.  He 
was  addicted  to  no  vice  whatever.  His  life  was 
blameless  and  cheerful.  He  indulged  none  of  the 
passions  which  waste  the  vitality  and  pervert  the 
character.  All  his  objects  were  such  as  a  rational 
and  virtuous  man  could  pursue  without  self-re- 
proach, and  with  the  approbation  of  the  wise 
and  good.  Thus  living,  he  attained  nearly  to  the 
age  of  ninety-three,  enjoying  life  almost  to  the 
last  hour,  and  passed  away  as  peacefully  and 
painlessly  as  a  child  goes  to  sleep.  He  was  an 
eminently  handsome  man,  from  youth  to  ex- 
treme old  age.  His  fine  set  of  teeth  he  kept  en- 
tire until  his  death  ;  and  this,  no  doubt,  had 
much  to  do  with  preserving  the  health  of  his 
body  and  the  proportions  of  his  countenance. 
[See  No.  3287.]— Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  759. 
32§3.  LIFE  shortened.  " Artemus  Ward." 
[Mr.  Chai'les  F.  Browne.]  Wherever  he  lectured, 
whether  in  New  England,  California,  or  Lon- 
don, there  was  sure  to  be  a  knot  of  young  fellows 
to  gather  round  him,  and  go  home  with  him  to 
his  hotel,  order  supper,  and  spend  half  the  night 
in  telling  stories  and  singing  songs.  To  any  man 
this  will  be  fatal  in  time  ;  but  when  the  nightly 
carouse  follows  an  evening's  performance  before 
an  audience,  and  is  succeeded  by  a  railroad  jour- 
ney the  next  day,  the  waste  of  vitality  is  fear- 
fully rapid.  Five  years  of  such  a  life  finished 
poor  Charles  Browne  [Artemus  Ward].  He  died 
in  London,  in  1867,  aged  thirty -three  years  ;  and 
he  now  lies  buried  at  the  home  of  his  childhood 
in  Maine.  ...  He  was  not  a  deep  drinker.  He 
was  not  a  man  of  strong  appetites.  It  was  the 
nights  wasted  in  conviviality,  which  his  system 
needed  for  sleep,  that  sent  him  to  his  grave  forty 
years  before  his  time. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  748. 

32§4.  LIFE,  Simplicity  of.  Backwoodsman. 
The  hardy  backwoodsman,  clad  in  a  hunting 
shirt  and  deer-skin  leggings,  armed  with  a  rifle, 
a  powder-horn,  and  a  pouch  for  shot  and  bullets, 
a  hatchet  and  a  hunter's  knife,  descended  the 
mountains  in  the  quest  of  more  distant  lands, 
which  he  forever  imagined  to  be  richer  and  love- 
lier than  those  he  knew.  Wherever  he  fixed  his 
halt,  the  hatchet  hewed  logs  for  his  cabin  and 
blazed  trees  of  the  forest  kept  the  records  of  his 
title-deeds.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  15. 

32§5.  LIFE,  Start  in.  Alexander  StepTiens. 
The  most  part  of  his  younger  days  had  been 
passed  in  the  ordinary  farm  labors  of  a  Southern 
plantation.  His  earliest  practice  in  these  labors 
would  seem  to  have  been  in  corn-dropping,  an  art 
in  which  he  soon  became  an  expert.  At  the  age 
of  eleven  he  commenced  ploughing,  and  by  the 
following  year  was  one  of  the  regular  ploughers 
on  the  farm.  As  he  also  ran  all  the  errands, 
was  mill-boy,  shop-boy,  and  did,  in  fact,  all  the 
little  jobs  that  fall  to  a  lad  so  situated,  it  will 
readil^  be  perceived  that  his  opportunities  for 
schooling  must  have  been  few  and  far  between. 
— Norton's  Life  of  Alexander  Stephens, 
ch.  1,  p.  1. 

32§6.  LIFE,  A  successful.  Washington  Ir- 
ving. The  life  of  Washington  Irving  was  one  of 
the  brightest  ever  led  by  an  author.  He  discov- 
ered his  genius  at  an  early  age  ;  was  graciously 


welcomed  by  his  countrymen  ;  answered  the 
literary  condition  of  the  period  when  he  ap- 
peared ;  won  easily,  and  as  easily  kept,  a  distin- 
guished place  in  the  republic  of  letters  ;  was 
generouslj^  rewarded  for  his  work  ;  charmed  his 
contemporaries  by  his  amiability  and  modesty  ; 
lived  long,  wisely,  happily,  and  died  at  a  ripe 
old  age,  in  the  fulness  of  his  powers  and  his 
fame. — Stoddard's  Irving,  p.  9. 

32§7.  LIFE,  Training  for.  Josiah  Qmncy. 
Born  in  1772,  and  died  in  1864  !  Ninety-two  years 
of  happy,  prosperous,  and  virtuous  life  !  How 
was  it  that,  in  a  world  so  full  of  the  sick,  the 
miserable,  and  the  unfortunate,  Josiah  Quincy 
should  have  lived  so  long,  and  enjoyed,  during 
almost  the  whole  of  his  life,  uninterrupted  hap- 
piness and  prosperity  ?  Let  us  see.  .  .  .  Left  an 
orphan  at  so  early  an  age,  his  education  was 
superintended  by  one  of  the  best  mothers  a  boy 
ever  had  ;  and  this  was  the  first  cause  both  of 
the  length  and  of  the  happiness  of  his  life.  This 
admirable  mother  was  so  careful  lest  her  fond- 
ness for  her  only  son  should  cause  her  to  indulge 
him  to  his  harm,  that  she  even  refrained  from 
caressing  him,  and,  in  all  that  she  did  for  him,, 
thought  of  his  welfare  first,  and  of  her  own 
pleasure  last,  or  not  at  all.  To  harden  him,  she 
used  to  have  him  taken  from  a  warm  bed  in 
winter,  as  well  as  in  summer,  and  carried  down 
to  a  cellar  kitchen,  and  there  dipped  three  times 
in  a  tub  of  cold  water.  She  even  accustomed 
him  to  sit  in  wet  feet,  and  endeavored  in  all 
ways  to  toughen  his  physical  system  against  the 
wear  and  tear  of  life.  [See  No.  3283.] — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BioG. ,  p.  749. 

32§8.  LIFE,  Uncivilized.  Indian.  In  mid- 
winter of  1703-4  the  town  of  Deerfleld  was  de- 
stroyed. .  .  .  Forty-seven  of  the  inhabitants  were 
tomahawked.  A  hundred  and  twelve  were 
dragged  into  captivity.  The  prisoners,  many 
of  them  women  and  children,  were  obliged  to 
march  to  Canada.  The  snow  lay  four  feet  deep. 
The  poor  wretches,  haggard  with  fear  and  star- 
vation, sank  down  and  died.  The  deadly 
hatchet  hung  ever  above  the  heads  of  the  feeble 
and  the  sick.  Eunice  Williams,  the  minister's 
wife,  fainted  by  the  wayside  ;  in  the  presence  of 
her  husband  and  five  captive  children  her  brains 
were  dashed  out  with  a  tomahawk.  Those  who 
survived  to  the  end  of  the  journey  were  after- 
ward ransomed  and  permitted  to  return  to  their 
desolated  homes.  A  daughter  of  Mr.  Williams 
remained  with  the  savages,  grew  up  among  the 
Mohawks,  married  a  chieftain,  and  in  after  years 
returned  in  Indian  garb  to  Deerfield.  No  en- 
treaties could  induce  her  to  remain  with  her 
friends.  The  solitude  of  the  woods  and  the  so- 
ciety of  her  tawny  husband  had  prevailed  over 
the  charms  of  civilization. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  17,  p.  154. 

32§9.  LIFE,  Unhappy.  Samuel  Johnson.  He 
used  frequently  to  observe  that  there  was  more 
to  be  endured  than  enjoyed  in  the  general  con- 
dition of  human  life  ;  and  frequently  quoted 
those  lines  of  Dry  den  : 

"  Strange  cozenage  !  none  would  live  past  years 

again. 
Yet  all  hope  pleasure  from  what  still  remain." 
For  his  part,  he  said,  he  never  passed  that  week 
in  his  life  which  he  would  wish  to  repeat,  were 


388 


LIFE— LIGHT. 


an  angel  to  make  the  proposal  to  him. — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  176. 

3290.  LIFE,  A  useful.  Sir  Humphry  Davy. 
It  was  Davy  who  gave  the  great  impulse  to  agri- 
cultural chemistry — a  branch  of  science  which 
has  already  revolutionized  farming  in  the  Old 
World,  and  which  is  destined  to  be  the  farmer's 
best  friend  in  the  New.  It  was  he  who  applied 
chemistry  to  the  art  of  tanning.  It  was  he  who 
discovered  that  diamond  is  nothing  but  crystal- 
lized charcoal,  and  he  who  foimd  out  how  to 
convert  whiskey  into  tolerable  brandy.  His 
discoveries  in  galvanism  and  electricity  were 
striking  and  valuable,  and  they  have  been  fur- 
ther developed  by  his  celebrated  pupil  and 
friend,  Faraday.  ...  Of  all  his  inventions,  the 
one  which  he  and  his  contemporaries  valued 
most  was  the  safety -lamp,  to  prevent  the  explo- 
sion of  fire-damp  in  mines.  This  lamp,  which 
is  merely  a  lantern  made  of  wire-gauze,  was  the 
result  of  an  exhaustive  investigation  of  the  na- 
ture and  composition  of  the  explosive  gas. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  ,  p.  304. 

3291.  LIFE,  Value  of.  In  Gold.  [With  the 
Romans.]  According  to  the  strange  jurispru- 
dence of  the  times,  the  guilt  of  blood  might  be 
redeemed  by  a  fine  ;  yet  the  high  price  of  nine 
hundred  pieces  of  gold  declares  a  just  sense  of 
the  value  of  a  simple  citizen.  Less  atrocious 
injuries,  a  wound,  a  fracture,  a  blow,  an  oppro- 
brious word,  were  measured  with  scrupulous 
and  almost  ridiculous  diligence  ;  and  the  pru- 
dence of  the  legislator  encouraged  the  ignoble 
practice  of  bartering  honor  and  revenge  for  a 
pecuniary  compensation. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch. 
45,  p.  415. 

3292.  LIFE,  Vanity  of.  Triumphal  Proces- 
lion.  [The  great  soldier  Belisarius]  obtained 
the  honors  of  a  triumph,  a  ceremony  .  . .  which 
ancient  Rome,  since  the  reign  of  Tiberius,  had 
reserved  for  the  auspicious  arms  of  the  Caesars. 
From  the  palace  of  Belisarius  the  procession 
was  conducted  through  the  principal  streets  to 
the  hippodrome.  .  .  .  The  wealth  of  nations  was 
displayed,  the  trophies  of  martial  or  effeminate 
luxury ;  rich  armor,  golden  thrones,  and  the 
chariots  of  state  which  had  been  used  by  the 
Vandal  queen  ;  the  massy  furniture  of  the  royal 
banquet,  the  splendor  of  precious  stones,  the 
elegant  forms  of  statues  and  vases,  the  more 
substantial  treasure  of  gold.  ...  A  long  train  of 
the  noblest  Vandals  reluctantly  exposed  their 
lofty  stature  and  manly  countenance.  Gelimer 
[the  captive  Vandal  king]  slowl)^  advanced  :  he 
was  clad  in  a  purple  robe,  and  still  maintained 
the  majesty  of  a  king.  Not  a  tear  escaped  from 
his  eyes,  not  a  sigh  was  heard  ;  but  his  pride  or 
piety  derived  some  secret  consolation  from  the 
worids  of  Solomon,  which  he  repeatedly  pro- 
Bounced,  Vanity  !  vanity  !  all  is  vanity  ! 
Instead  of  ascending  a  triumphal  car  drawn  by 
four  horses  or  elephants,  the  modest  conqueror 
marched  on  foot  at  the  head  of  his  brave  com- 
panions ;  his  prudence  might  decline  an  honor 
too  conspicuous  for  a  subject,  and  his  magna- 
nimity might  justly  disdain  what  had  been  so 
often  sullied  by  the  vilest  of  tyrants. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  41,  p.  139. 

3293.  LIFE,  Vision  of.  Strong  and  Weak. 
Truly  affecting  is  the  imaginary  spectacle,  so 


easily  conjured  up,  of  Cromwell  and  his  bride 
standing  by  the  altar  of  St.  Giles'  Church, 
Cripplegate.  . . .  The  soft  hand  of  Elizabeth — the 
rough,  strong  hand  of  Oliver  ;  the  hand  holding 
that  little  one  in  its  grasp  was  to  deal  death- 
blows on  battle-fields ;  it  was  to  sign  a  mon- 
arch's death-warrant ;  it  was  to  grasp  the  trun- 
cheon of  royalty  and  power  ;  it  was  to  fold  the 
purple  of  sovereignty  over  the  shoulders  ;  it 
was  to  wave  back  an  offered  crown  !  That 
frank  but  strongly  lined  face,  so  youthful,  yet 
prematurely  thoughtful,  and  that  kind  and  gen- 
tle creature,  face  to  face  before  him — through 
what  a  crowd  of  varying  changes  shall  it  sorrow 
and  smile  :  in  a  lowly  homestead,  directing  the 
work  of  maids  and  churls  ;  in  a  palace  and  a 
court,  among  nobles  and  sagacious  statesmen  ; 
and  again,  in  silence  and  obscurity,  and  shining 
with  the  same  equable  lustre  through  all.  Beau- 
tiful Elizabeth  Boucher  !  so  humble,  and  yet  so 
dignified  ! — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  25,  p.  42. 

3294.  LIFE,  "Wandering.  Tartars.  The  wan- 
dering Tartars  follow  at  this  day  the  life  of  the 
ancient  Scythians.  In  the  spring  a  large  body 
or  horde,  amounting  perhaps  to  ten  thousand, 
sets  out  in  quest  of  settlement  for  the  summer. 
They  drive  before  them  their  flocks  and  herds  ; 
and  when  they  come  to  an  inviting  spot,  they 
live  upon  it  till  all  its  verdure  is  eaten  up,  and 
till  the  country  supplies  no  more  game  for  the 
chase.  They  exchange  cattle  with  the  Russians, 
the  Persians,  and  the  Turks,  for  money,  with 
which  they  purchase  cloth,  silks,  stuffs,  and  ap- 
parel for  their  women.  They  have  the  use  of 
fire-arms,  which  they  are  very  dexterous  at  mak- 
ing, and  it  is  almost  the  only  mechanical  art 
which  they  exercise.  They  disdain  every  other 
species  of  labor,  and  account  no  employment  to 
be  honorable,  unless  that  of  hunting.  When  a 
man,  from  age,  is  incapable  of  partaking  in  the 
usual  occupation  of  his  tribe,  it  is  customary 
with  them,  as  it  is  likewise  with  the  Canadian 
savages,  to  build  him  a  small  hut  upon  the  banks 
of  a  river,  and,  giving  him  some  provisions, 
leave  him  to  die,  without  taking  any  further 
charge  of  him. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  23, 
p.  332. 

3295.  LIFE,  "Wasted.  Charles  II.  He  wished 
merely  to  be  a  king  such  as  Louis  XV.  of 
France  afterward  was — a  king  who  could  draw 
without  limit  on  the  treasury  for  the  gratifica- 
tion of  his  private  tastes,  who  could  hire  with 
wealth  and  honors  persons  capable  of  assist- 
ing him  to  kill  the  time,  and  who,  even  when 
the  State  was  brought  by  maladministration  to 
the  depths  of  humiliation  and  to  the  brink  of 
ruin,  could  still  exclude  unwelcome  truth  from 
the  purlieus  of  his  own  seraglio,  and  refuse  to 
see  and  hear  whatever  might  disturb  his  lux- 
urious repose.  .  .  .  His  favorite  vices  were  pre- 
cisely those  to  which  the  Puritans  were  least  in- 
dulgent. He  could  not  get  through  one  day 
without  the  help  of  diversions  which  the  I*u- 
ritans  regarded  as  sinful. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  2,  p.  159. 

3296.  LIGHT,  Contribution  of.  "  Hang  out 
your  Lights. "  The  steeple  of  Bow  Church,  erect- 
ed in  1512,  had  lanterns,  "  which  were  meant  to 
have  been  glazed,"  says  Stow,  "  and  lights  placed 
nightly  in  them  in  the  winter,  whereby  travellers 
to  the  city  might  have  the  better  sight  thereof. 


LIGHT— LITERATURE. 


389 


and  not  to  miss  of  their  ways."  The  mayor 
commanded  a  century  earlier  that  lanterns  and 
lights  should  be  suspended  in  front  of  the  houses 
on  winter  evenings.  "  Hang  out  your  lights" 
was  the  cry  of  the  ancient  watchman. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  29,  p.  481. 

3297.  LIGHT  introduced.  London  Streets.  In 
the  last  year  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  began  a 
great  change  in  the  police  of  London — a  change 
which  has  perhaps  added  as  much  to  the  happi- 
ness of  the  great  body  of  the  people  as  revolu- 
tions of  much  greater  fame.  An  ingenious  pro- 
jector, named  Edward  Heming,  obtained  letters 
patent,  conveying  to  him,  for  a  term  of  years,  the 
exclusive  right  of  lighting  up  London.  He  un- 
dertook, for  a  moderate  consideration,  to  place  a 
light  before  every  tenth  door,  on  moonless 
nights,  from  Michaelmas  to  Lady  Day,  and  from 
six  to  twelve  of  the  clock.  Those  who  now  see 
the  capital  all  the  year  round,  from  dusk  to 
dawn,  blazing  with  a  splendor  compared  with 
which  the  illuminations  for  La  Hogue  and  Blen- 
heim would  have  looked  pale,  may  perhaps  smile 
to  think  of  Heming's  lanterns,  which  glimmer- 
ed feebly  before  one  house  in  ten  during  a  small 
part  of  one  night  in  three.— Mac  aula  y's  Eng., 
ch.  3,  p.  336. 

329§.  LIGHT  opposed.  Gas.  In  1807  Pall  Mall 
was  lighted  by  gas.  The  original  gas  com- 
pany, whose  example  was  to  be  followed,  not 
only  by  all  England,  but  by  the  whole  civil- 
ized world,  was  first  derided,  and  then  treated 
in  Parliament  as  rapacious  monopolists,  intent 
upon  the  ruin  of  established  industry.  The  ad- 
venturers, in  gaslight  did  more  for  the  preven- 
tion of  crime  than  the  government  had  done 
since  the  days  of  Alfred.  [It  was  said  to  be 
ruinous  to  the  whale-fisheries  and  to  the  sea- 
men engaged  in  them.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8 
ch.  6,  p.  66. 

3299.  LIGHTNING,  Fear  of.  Superstition. 
The  public  expected  that  [the  Emperor  Carinus,] 
the  successor  of  [the  Roman  Emperor]  Cams, 
would  pursue  his  father's  footsteps,  and,  without 
allowing  the  Persians  to  recover  from  their  con- 
sternation, would  advance  sword  in  hand  to  the 
palaces  of  Susa  and  Ecbatana.  But  the  legions, 
however  strong  in  numbers  and  discipline,  were 
dismayed  by  the  most  abject  superstition.  Not- 
withstanding all  the  arts  that  were  practised  to 
disguise  the  manner  of  the  late  emperor's  death, 
it  was  found  impossible  to  remove  the  opinion  of 
the  multitude,  and  the  power  of  opinion  is  irre- 
sistible. Places  or  persons  struck  with  light- 
ning were  considered  by  the  ancients  with  pious 
horror,  as  singularly  devoted  to  the  wrath  of 
Heaven.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12,  p.  393. 

3300.    .      Mother  of  Washington. 

One  weakness  alone  belonged  to  this  lofty-mind- 
ed and  intrepid  woman.  It  was  a  fear  of  light- 
ning. In  early  life  a  female  friend  had  been 
killed  at  her  side  while  sitting  at  the  table.  .  .  . 
The  matron  never  recovered  from  the  shock. 
...  On  the  approach  of  a  thunder  cloud  she 
would  retire  to  her  chamber,  and  not  leave  it 
again  till  the  storm  had  passed  over.— Custis' 
Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

3301.  LIQUOR-TEAFFIC  vs.  Sabbath.  France. 
[When  Bonaparte  was  banished  to  Elba,  and 
Louis  XVIII.  was  restored  to  the  throne  of 


France,  he]  forbade  shops  to  be  opened  on  Sun- 
days and  fete  days.  Wine-sellers,  restauranteurs, 
and  billiard-table-keepers  thought  that  no  tyr- 
anny could  be  equal  to  that  of  closing  their  es- 
tablishments during  the  hours  of  divine  service. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  2,  p.  23. 

3302.  LITERATURE,  Conceit  in.  Greeks  of 
Constantinople.  In  prose  the  least  offensive  of 
the  Byzantine  writers  are  absolved  from  censure 
by  their  naked  and  unpresuming  simplicity  ; 
but  the  orators  most  eloquent  in  their  own  con- 
ceit are  the  farthest  removed  from  the  models 
whom  they  affect  to  emulate.  In  every  page 
our  taste  and  reason  are  wounded  by  the  choice 
of  gigantic  and  obsoleie  words,  a  stiff  and  intri- 
cate phraseology,  the  discord  of  images,  the  child- 
ish play  of  false  or  unseasonable  ornament,  and 
the  painful  attempt  to  elevate  themselves,  to  as- 
tonish the  reader,  and  to  involve  a  trivial  mean- 
ing in  the  smoke  of  obscurity  and  exaggeration. 
Their  prose  is  soaring  to  the  vicious  affectation 
of  poetry  ;  their  poetry  is  sinking  below  the  flat- 
ness and  insipidity  of  prose. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  53,  p.  381. 

3303.  LITERATURE,  Effects  of.  Military. 
We  are  told  that  in  the  sack  of  Athens  the  Goths 
had  collected  all  the  libraries,  and  were  on  the 
point  of  setting  fire  to  this  funeral  pile  of  Gre- 
cian learning,  had  not  one  of  their  chiefs,  of 
more  refined  policy  than  his  brethren,  dissuaded 
them  from  the  design  by  the  profound  obser- 
vation that  as  long  as  the  Greeks  were  addicted 
to  the  study  of  books,  they  would  never  apply 
themselves  to  the  exercise  of  arms.  The  saga- 
cious counsellor  (should  the  truth  of  the  act  be  ad- 
mitted) reasoned  like  an  ignorant  barbarian.  In 
the  most  polite  and  powerful  nations  genius  of 
every  kind  has  displayed  itself  about  the  same 
period ;  and  the  age  of  science  has  generally 
been  the  age  of  military  virtue  and  success. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  10,  p.  314. 

3304.  LITERATURE,  Fame  in.  Limited.  Of  the 
thirty  "heirs  of  fame"  (authors  and  poets)  who 
occupy  about  seven  hundred  pages  of  Johnson's 
biographies,  there  are  only  about  seven  whom 
the  world  has  not  very  ' '  willingly  let  die. "  Rowe, 
Prior,  Congreve,  Gay,  are  still  talked  about. 
Addison  and  Swift  are  read  for  their  prose. 
Pope  is  almost  the  sole  name  in  poetry  that  is 
not  partially  or  hermetically  sealed  up  in  the 
"monument  of  banished  minds." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  26,  p.  415. 

3305.  LITERATURE,  Genius  in.  Tasso.  He 
is  peculiarly  excellent  in  the  delineation  of  his 
characters.  ...  It  is  now  generally  allowed 
that  Boileau  and  Addison  have  much  underval- 
ued the  merit  of  Tasso,  when,  in  contrasting  him 
with  Virgil,  they  speak  of  the  tinsel  ornaments 
of  his  poems  compared  with  the  gold  of  the  other. 
Tasso,  though  not  on  the  whole  so  correct  a  poet 
as  Virgil,  has  his  strokes  of  the  sublime — his  gold- 
en passages — which  will  stand  the  test  of  the  sever- 
est criticism.  In  point  of  fancy  and  imagina- 
tion no  poet  has  gone  beyond  him  :  witness  the 
description  of  his  enchanted  forest ;  nor  have  we 
anywhere  more  beautiful  examplestf  the  true 
pathetic— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  36. 
p.  493. 

3306. .  Ariosto.  A  work  .  .  ,  (about 

the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century)  appeared  in 


390 


LITERATURE. 


Italy,  which  engrossed  the  attention  of  all  the 
literary  world.  This  was  the  "Orlando  Furi- 
oso  "  of  Ariosto,  an  epic  poem,  which,  with  a 
total  disregard  of  all  the  rules  of  this  species  of 
composition,  without  plan,  without  probability.. 
without  morality  or  decency,  has  the  most  cap- 
tivating charms  to  all  who  are  possessed  of  the 
smallest  degree  of  genuine  taste.  Orlando  is  the 
hero  of  the  piece,  and  he  is  mad.  Eight  books 
are  consumed  before  the  hero  is  introduced,  and 
his  first  appearance  is  in  bed  desiring  to  sleep. 
His  great  purpose  is  to  find  his  mistress  Angel- 
ica ;  but  his  search  of  her  is  interrupted  by  so 
many  adventures  of  other  knights  and  damsels, 
each  of  them  pursuing  some  separate  object,  few 
of  which  have  any  necessary  relation  to  the 
piece,  that  it  becomes  almost  impossible  to  pe- 
ruse this  poem  with  any  degree  of  connection  be- 
tween the  parts.  .  .  .  The  reader  must  hunt 
for  .  .  .  [any  tale]  through  a  dozen  books,  for  it 
is  often  cut  short  in  the  most  interesting  part, 
and  resumed  at  the  distance  of  five  or  six  cantos, 
as  abruptly  as  it  was  broken  off.  There  is  no 
good  moral  in  the  adventures  of  the  mad  Orlan- 
do, and  the  scenes  which  the  poet  describes  are 
often  most  grossly  indecent. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  36,  p.  493. 

3307. .    Milton.    From  the  date  of 

■•lie  Gerusalemme  Liberata  of  Tasso,  the  genius 
jf  epic  poetry  seems  to  have  lain  asleep  for 
above  a  century,  till  the  days  of  Milton ;  with 
the  exception  only  of  the  Fairy  Queen  of  Spen- 
ser, which  has  many  detached  passages  abound- 
ing in  beauties,  but,  as  an  intricate  and  protract- 
ed allegory,  is  dry  and  tedious  upon  the  whole. 
The  merits  of  the  Paradise  Lost  have  been  so 
admirably  illustrated  by  Addison  in  the  Specta- 
tor, and  the  work  itself,  as  well  as  his  criticism, 
are  so  generally  known,  that  it  becomes  entirely 
unnecessary  in  this  place  to  bestow  much  time 
in  characterizing  it.  Compared  with  the  great 
epic  poems  of  antiquity,  the  Iliad,  the  Odyssey, 
and  the  ^neid,  the  Paradise  Lost  has  more  ex- 
amples of  the  true  sublime  than  are  to  be  found  in 
all  those  compositions  put  together.  At  the  same 
time,  if  examined  by  critical  rules,  it  is  not  so 
perfect  a  work  as  any  one  of  them  ;  and  there  are 
greater  instances  of  a  mediocrity,  and  even  sink- 
ing in  composition,  than  are  to  be  found  in  any 
of  those  ancient  poems,  unless  in  the  sixth  book, 
which  is  almost  one  continued  specimen  of  the 
sublime.  It  is  but  seldom  that  the  poet  sustains 
himself  for  a  single  page  without  degenerating 
into  bombast,  false  wit,  or  obscurity. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book 6,  ch.  36,  p.  493. 

330S.  .     John  Dry  den.    In  the  end 

of  the  seventeenth  century  lyric  poetry  in  Eng- 
land was  carried  to  its  highest  perfection  by 
Dryden.  The  ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day  has  never 
since  been  equalled ;  and  it  may  even  be  pro- 
nounced equal  to  the  best  lyric  compositions  of 
antiquity.  The  genius  of  Dryden,  as  a  poet, 
was  universal.  As  a  satirist,  he  has  the  keen- 
ness without  the  indelicacy  of  Horace  or  Juve- 
nal. In  this  species  of  composition  his  Mack- 
flecknoe  and  Absalom  and  Achitophel  have  never 
been  surpassed.  He  excels  Boileau  in  this  re- 
spect, that  the  satire  of  the  French  poet  is  too 
general,  and  therefore  falls  short  of  its  great 
purpose,  which  is  to  amend.  The  author  who 
makes  mankind  in  general  the  subject  of  his  cen- 


sure or  of  his  ridicule  will  do  no  good  as  a  re 
former.  Dryden,  as  a  fabulist,  displays  a  verj 
happy  turn  for  the  poetical  narrative,  and  though 
the  subjects  of  his  fables  are  not  his  own,  they 
are  in  general  well  chosen.  The  merit  of  his 
dramatic  pieces,  though  considerable,  is  not  very 
high.  He  certainly  possessed  that  invention 
which  is  the  first  quality  of  a  dramatic  poet ; 
but  he  is  very  deficient  in  the  expression  of  pas- 
sion, and  in  his  finest  scenes  we  are  inclined 
more  to  admire  the  art  of  the  poet  than  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  feelings  of  his  characters. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  36,  p.  496. 

3309.  .     Shakespeare.     The  merits 

of  Shakespeare  have  often  been  analyzed,  and  are 
familiar  to  every  person  of  taste.  He  cannot  be 
measured  by  the  rules  of  criticism — he  under- 
stood them  not,  and  has  totally  disregarded 
them  ;  but  this  very  circumstance  has  given 
room  for  those  beauties  of  unconfined  nature  and 
astonishing  ebullitions  of  genius  which  delight 
and  surprise  in  his  productions,  and  which  the 
rules  of  the  drama  would  have  much  confined 
and  repressed.  I  know  not  whether  there  is  not 
something,  even  in  the  very  absurdities  of  Shake- 
speare, which  tends,  by  contrast,  to  exalt  the 
lustre  of  his  beauties  and  to  elevate  his  strokes  of 
the  sublime. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  36, 
p.  496. 

3310.  LITEEATUEE,  Honors  of.  Milton.  [See 
No.  3307.]  The  neglect  of  the  merit  of  Milton 
during  his  own  life  is  sufficiently  known.  Hume, 
in  his  History  of  England,  mentions  an  anecdote 
which  strongly  marks  the  small  regard  that  was 
had  for  this  great  poet,  even  by  that  party  to 
whose  service  he  had  devoted  his  talents.  White- 
locke,  in  his  Memorials,  talks  of  one  Milton, 
a  blind  man,  who  was  employed  in  translating  a 
treaty  with  Sweden  into  Latin  ! — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  36,  p.  494. 

3311.  LITEEATUEE,  Importance  of.  Fame. 
The  vigor  with  which  Attila  wielded  the  sword 
of  Mars  convinced  the  world  that  it  had  been 
reserved  alone  for  his  invincible  arm.  But  the 
extent  of  his  empire  affords  the  only  remaining 
evidence  of  the  number  and  importance  of  his 
victories ;  and  the  Scythian  monarch,  however 
ignorant  of  the  value  of  science  and  philosophy, 
might  perhaps  lament  that  his  illiterate  subjects 
were  destitute  of  the  art  which  could  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  his  exploits. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  34,  p.  397. 

3312.  LITEEATUEE,  Opportunity  of.  Alex- 
ander Pope.  External  conditions  pointed  to  let 
ters  as  the  sole  path  to  eminence,  but  it  was  pre- 
cisely the  path  for  which  he  had  admirable  quali- 
fications. The  sickly  son  of  the  Popish  trades- 
man was  cut  off  from  the  Bar,  the  Senate,  and  the 
Church.  Physically  contemptible,  politically 
ostracised,  and  in  a  humble  social  position,  he 
could  yet  win  this  dazzling  prize  and  force  his 
way  with  his  pen  to  the  highest  pinnacle  of  con- 
temporary fame.  Without  adventitious  favor, 
and  in  spite  of  many  bitter  antipathies,  he  was 
to  become  the  acknowledged  head  of  English  lit- 
erature and  the  welcome  companion  of  all  the 
most  eminent  men  of  his  time.  Though  he 
could  not  foresee  his  career  from  the  start,  he 
worked  as  vigorously  as  if  the  goal  had  already 
been  in  sight. — Meyer's  Wordsworth,  ch.  1. 


LITERATURE— LOAN. 


391 


3313.  LITERATURE,  Pleasures  of.  Charles 
James  Fox.  [When  Fox,  the  greut  orator  and  man 
of  the  world,  withdrew,  disaffected,  from  the 
excitements  oi  politics  and  from  his  place  in  Par- 
liament, he  employed  his  time  in]  reading  the 
Iliad;  writing  of  Prior,  and  Ariosto,  and  Dry- 
den,  and  La  Fontaine  ;  going  through  Lucretius 
regularly ;  and  taking  up  Chaucer  upon  his  ne- 
phew's suggestion.  It  is  pleasant  to  see  how  lit- 
erature can  fill  up  an  aching  void,  however  creat- 
ed.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  20,  p.  350. 

3314.  LITERATURE  and  Poverty.  Samuel 
Johnson.  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  .  .  .  came  to  Lon- 
don, a  literary  adventurer,  in  1737.  He  was  long 
destined  to  bear  the  poverty  and  to  encounter 
the  supposed  degradation  that  surrounded  the 
author  who  wrote  for  subsistence — the  successor 
of  the  author  who  wrote  for  preferment.  [He 
swallowed  the  scraps  from  the  bookseller  Cave's 
table,  hidden  behind  a  screen  to  conceal  his  rag- 
ged clothes.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  5, 
p.  85. 

3315.  LITERATURE,  Preservation  of.  Monk- 
ery. However  absurd  to  the  eye  of  reason  and 
philosophy  may  appear  the  principle  which  led  to 
monastic  seclusion,  the  obligations  which  learn- 
ing owes  to  those  truly  deserving  characters 
who,  in  ages  of  barbarism,  preserved  alive,  in 
their  secluded  cloisters,  the  embers  of  the  literary 
spirit,  ought  never  to  be  forgotten.  The  ancient 
classics  were  multiplied  by  transcripts,  to  which 
undoubtedly  we  owe  the  preservation  of  such  of 
the  Greek  and  Roman  authors  as  we  now  possess 
entire.  Even  the  original  labors  of  some  of  those 
monkish  writers  are  possessed  of  considerable 
merit,  and  evince  a  zeal  for  the  cultivation  of  let- 
ters, which  does  them  the  highest  honor. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  16,  p.  245. 

3316.  LITERATURE,  Profligate.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  The  profligacy  of  the  English  plays, 
satires,  songs,  and  novels  of  that  age  is  a  deep 
blot  on  our  national  fame.  The  evil  may  easily 
be  traced  to  its  source.  The  wits  and  the  Puri- 
tans had  never  been  on  friendly  terms.  There 
was  no  sympathy  between  the  two  classes.  They 
looked  on  the  whole  system  of  human  life  from 
different  points  and  in  different  lights.  The  ear- 
nest of  each  was  the  jest  of  the  other  ;  the  pleas- 
ures of  each  were  the  torments  of  the  other.  To 
the  stern  precision,  even  the  innocent  sport  of  the 
fancy,  seemed  a  crime.  To  light  and  festive  na- 
tures the  solemnity  of  the  zealous  brethren  fur- 
nished copious  matter  of  ridicule. — Macaulay's 
HisT..ch.  3,  p.  370. 

3317.  LITERATURE,  Recompense  of.  Alex- 
ander Pope.  Between  1715  and  1725  Pope  com- 
pleted the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey.  Never  was 
literary  labor  in  those  times  more  abundantly  rec- 
ompensed. Pope  received  nearly  £9000  from 
his  subscribers  and  his  publisher  as  his  clear  gain 
from  these  undertakings. — Knight's  Eng. 

331 S.  LITERATURE,  Restoration  of.  Arabs. 
It  is  generally  admitted  that  the  Arabians  were 
the  first  restorers  of  literature  in  Europe,  after 
that  extinction  which  it  suffered  from  the  irrup- 
tion of  the  barbarous  nations  and  the  fall  of  the 
Western  Empire.  About  the  beginning  of  the 
eighth  century  this  enterprising  people,  in  the 
course  of  their  Asiatic  conquests,  found  many 
manuscripts  of  the  ancient  Greek  authors,  which 


they  carefully  preserved ;  and  in  that  dawn  of 
mental  improvement  which  now  began  to  appeal 
at  Bagdad,  the  gratification  which  the  Arabians 
received  from  the  perusal  of  those  manuscripts 
was  such  that  they  requested  their  caliphs  to  pro- 
cure from  the  Constantinopolitan  emperors  the 
works  of  the  best  Greek  writers.  These  they 
translated  into  Arabic  ;  but  the  authors  who  chief 
ly  engaged  their  attention  were  those  who  treat- 
ed of  mathematical,  metaphysical,  and  physical 
knowledge.  The  Arabians  continued  to  extend 
their  conquests  and  to  communicate  their  knowl- 
edge to  some  of  the  European  nations,  which  aJ 
that  time  were  involved  in  the  greatest  ignorance. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  16,  p.  244. 

3319.  LITERATURE  ridiculed.  Crusaders. 
[They  pillaged  Constantinople.]  To  expose  the 
arms  of  a  people  of  scribes  and  scholars,  they 
affected  to  display  a  pen,  an  inkhorn,  and  a  sheet 
of  paper,  without  discerning  that  the  instruments 
of  science  and  valor  were  alike  feeble  and  useless 
in  the  hands  of  the  modern  Greeks. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  60,  p.  93. 

3320.  LITERATURE,Viciou8.  Reign  of  Charles 
II.  Of  that  generation,  from  Dryden  down  to 
Durfey,  the  common  characteristic  was  hard- 
hearted, shameless,  swaggering  licentiousness,  at 
once  inelegant  and  inhuman.  The  influence  ol 
these  writers  was  doubtless  noxious,  yet  less  nox- 
ious than  it  would  have  been  had  they  been  les? 
depraved.  The  poison  which  they  administered 
was  so  strong  that  it  was,  in  long  time,  rejected 
with  nausea.  None  of  them  understood  the  dan- 
gerous art  of  associating  images  of  unlawful 
pleasure  with  all  that  is  endearing  and  ennobling. 
None  of  them  was  aware  that  a  certain  decorum 
is  essential  even  to  voluptuousness  ;  that  drapery 
may  be  more  aUuring  than  exposure  ;  and  that  the 
imagination  may  be  far  more  powerfully  moved 
by  delicate  hints  which  impel  it  to  exert  itself 
than  by  gross  descriptions  which  it  takes  in  pas- 
sively.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  373. 

3321.  LITIGATION,  Period  of.  Fifteenth 
Century.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  featurea 
of  society  in  this  period  [a.d.  1450-1485]  is  the 
incessant  litigation.  Every  gentleman  had  some 
knowledge  of  law,  and  his  knowledge  never  rust- 
ed for  want  of  practice. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  7,  p.  109. 

3322.  LITTLE  THINGS,  Importance  of.  Span- 
ish War.  [The  Duke  of  Wellington  wrote  in  hia 
despatches  from  Portugal  to  the  government :] 
The  people  of  England  .  .  .  will  not  readily  be^ 
lieve  that  important  results  here  frequently  de- 
pend on  fifty  or  sixty  mules,  more  or  less,  or  a 
few  bundles  of  straw  to  feed  them. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  30,  p.  538. 

3323.  LITURGY  opposed.  Scots.  Charles  [I.] 
and  Laud  determined  to  force  on  the  Scots  the 
English  Liturgy,  or,  rather,  a  liturgy  which, 
wherever  it  differed  from  that  of  "England, 
differed,  in  the  judgment  of  all  rigid  Protestants, 
for  the  worse.  .  .  .  The  first  performance  of  the 
foreign  ceremonies  produced  a  riot.  The  riot 
rapidly  became  a  revolution.  Ambition,  patriot- 
ism, fanaticism,  were  mingled  in  one  headlong 
torrent.  The  whole  nation  was  in  arms. — • 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  88. 

3324.  LOAN,  A  hopeless.  Samuel  Johnson. 
The  heterogeneous  composition  of  human  na- 


392 


LOBBYIST— LOST. 


ture  was  remarkably  exemplified  in  Johnson. 
His  liberality  in  giving  his  money  to  persons  in 
distress  was  extraordinary.  Yet  there  lurked 
about  him  a  propensity  to  paltry  saving.  One 
day  I  owned  to  him  that  "  I  was  occasionally 
troubled  with  a  fit  of  narrowness."  "  Why,  sir," 
said  he,  "  so  am  I.  But  I  do  not  tell  it."  He  has 
now  and  then  borrowed  a  shilling  of  me  ;  and 
when  I  asked  him  for  it  again  seemed  to  be  ra- 
ther out  of  humor.  A  droll  little  circumstance 
once  occurred  :  as  if  he  meant  to  reprimand  my 
minute  exactness  as  a  creditor,  he  thus  address- 
ed me  :  "  Boswell,  lend  me  sixpence — Twt  to  be 
repaid." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  489. 

3325.  LOBBYIST,  A  successful.  Marcus  Cras- 
svs.  As  he  despaired  of  rising  to  an  equality  with 
him  [Pompey]  in  war,  he  betook  himself  to  the 
administration  ;  and  by  paying  his  court,  by  de- 
fending the  impeached,  by  lending  money,  and 
by  assisting  and  canvassing  for  persons  who 
stood  for  offices,  he  gained  an  authority  and  in- 
fluence equal  to  that  which  Pompey  acquired  by 
his  military  achievements. — Plutarch's  Mar- 
cus Crassus. 

3326.  LONGEVITY,  Causes  of.  John  Locke. 
Whenever  it  was  possible  he  preferred  the  quiet 
life  and  pure  air  of  the  country  to  the  many  at- 
tractions which  the  capital  must  have  offered  to 
a  man  with  his  wide  acquaintance,  and  with  so 
many  political  and  literary  interests.  In  diet  he 
practised  an  abstemiousness  very  rare  among 
men  of  that  age.  His  ordinary  drink  was  water, 
and  to  this  habit  he  attributed  not  only  his  length 
of  years,  but  also  the  extraordinary  excellence 
of  his  eyesight.  Till  recently  a  curious  relic  of 
Locke's  water-drinking  habits  was  preserved  in 
the  shape  of  a  large  mortar  of  spongy  stone, 
which  acted  as  a  natural  filter,  and  which  he 
used  to  call  his  brew-house.  He  was  assiduous 
in  taking  exercise,  and  was  specially  fond  of 
walking  and  gardening.  In  the  latter  years  of 
his  life  he  used  to  ride  out  slowly  every  day  after 
dinner.  [He  had  feeble  health  from  his  youth.] 
— Fowler's  Locke,  ch.  7. 

3327.  LONGEVITY  by  Prudence.  Peter  Cooper. 
Peter  was  the  fifth  of  nine  children,  of  whom 
seven  were  boys.  He  seemed  not  to  inherit  a 
strong  constitution,  and  in  his  case,  as  in  so 
many  others,  the  fact  that  he  reached  so  advanced 
an  age  could  be  attributed  only  to  his  living  so 
natural  a  life  ;  that  he  subjected  himself  to  no 
influences  or  exposures  which  cut  off  the  great 
mass  of  men  in  civilized  countries  from  living 
out  their  natural  lives.  He  owed  his  longevity 
chiefly  to  himself. — Lester's  Life  of  Peter 
Cooper,  p.  10. 

332§i.  LOBB  absent,  The.  House  of  Commons. 
A  few  of  the  members  who  dissented,  .  .  .  con- 
tinuing to  occupy  the  House  of  Commons,  Crom- 
well sent  one  of  his  officers  to  turn  them  out. 
This  officer,  a  Colonel  White,  entering  the  house, 
demanded  what  they  were  doing  there ;  the 
chairman  answered,  "They  are  seeking  the 
Lord."  "Then,"  said  White,  "you  may  go  else- 
where, for  to  my  certain  knowledge  the  Lord 
has  not  been  here  these  many  years  ;"  so  saying 
he  turned  them  out  of  doors.  Thus  the  supreme 
power  became  vested  in  the  council  of  officers, 
[who  nominated  Cromwell  Lord  Protector  of 
the  three  kingdoms]. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  30,  p.  414. 


3329.  LOSS,  Gain  by  partial.  Hannibal.  [Ha^i 
ing  conquered  Spain,]  he  left  Hanno,  with  11,- 
00*0  men,  to  retain  possession  gf  the  newly- 
conquered  country  ;  and  he  further  diminished! 
his  army  by  sending  home  as  many  more  of  his- 
Spanish  soldiers,  probably  those  who  had  most 
distinguished  themselves,  as  an  earnest  to  the 
rest,  that  they  too,  if  they  did  their  duty  well, 
might  expect  a  similar  release,  and  might  look 
forward  to  return  erelong  to  their  homes,  full 
of  spoil  and  glory. — Arnold's  Hannibal,  p.  9. 

3330.  LOSS,  Inevitable.  Battle  of  Sedgemoor. 
[Rebellion  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  against 
James  II.]  The  .  .  .  divisions  of  the  royal  army 
were  in  motion.  The  Life  Guards  and  Blues  came 
pricking  fast  from  Weston  Zoyland,  and  scatter- 
ed in  an  instant  some  of  Grey's  horse,  who  had 
attempted  to  rally.  The  fugitives  spread  a  panic 
among  their  comrades  in  the  rear,  who  had 
charge  of  the  ammunition.  The  wagoners  drove 
off  at  full  speed,  and  never  stopped  till  they 
were  many  miles  from  the  field  of  battle.  Mon- 
mouth had  hitherto  done  his  part  like  a  stout  and 
able  warrior.  He  had  been  seen  on  foot,  pike  in 
hand,  encouraging  his  infantry  by  voice  and  by 
example. .  . .  But  the  struggle  of  the  hardy  rustics 
could  not  last.  Their  powder  and  ball  were 
spent.  Cries  were  heard  of  ' '  Ammunition  !  for 
God's  sake,  ammunition  !"  But  no  ammunitiort 
was  at  hand. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  564. 

3331.  LOSSES,  Disparity  in.  Battle  of  Nem 
Orleans.  Earthworks  had  been  constructed, 
and  a  long  line  of  cotton  bales  and  sand-bags- 
thrown  up  for  protection.  On  the  morning  of 
the  memorable  8th  of  January  the  British  moved 
forward.  They  went  to  a  terrible  fate.  The 
battle  began  with  the  light  of  early  morning,, 
and  was  ended  before  nine  o'clock.  Pakenham 
hurled  column  after  column  against  the  Ameri- 
can position,  and  column  after  column  was  smit- 
ten with  irretrievable  ruin.  Jackson's  men  be- 
hind their  breastworks  were  almost  entirely 
secure  from  the  enemy's  fire,  while  every  dis- 
charge of  the  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  rifles  told 
with  awful  effect  on  the  exposed  veterans  of 
England.  Pakenham,  trying  to  rally  his  men,, 
was  killed  ;  General  Gibbs,  second  in  command, 
was  mortally  wounded  ;  General  Keene  fell  disa- 
bled ;  only  General  Lambert  was  left  to  call  the 
shattered  fragments  of  the  army  from  the  field. 
Never  was  there  in  a  great  battle  such  disparity 
of  losses.  Of  the  British  fully  700  were  killed, 
1400  wounded,  and  500  taken  prisoners.  The 
American  loss  amounted  to  8  killed  and  13- 
wounded. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  51,  p.  418. 

3332.  LOST,  Seeking  the.  Sir  John  Franklin'^ 
Crew.  This  prolonged  search  for  a  handful  of 
men  presents  a  curious  contrast  to  the  reckless- 
ness with  which  human  life  is  frequently  risked 
and  destroyed.  We  kill  40,000  of  one  another 
in  a  great  battle  without  the  slightest  remorse  ; 
but  if  a  poor  little  child  goes  astray  in  the  woods, 
the  population  of  half  a  dozen  towns  engager 
eagerly  in  the  search  for  it,  day  and  night,  till 
its  fate  is  ascertained.  Thousands  of  England's- 
people  are  permitted  to  perish  every  year  for 
want  of  food  and  care,  and  no  one  regards  the 
fact ;  but  let  a  few  men  be  lost  in  the  polar  ice, 
and  the  resources  of  the  empire  are  lavished  in 
the  endeavor  to  rescue  them.  Such  a  creature 
is  man  ! — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  400. 


LOT— LOVE. 


393 


3333.  LOT,  Choice  by.  Turkmans.  The  vic- 
torious Turkmans  immediately  proceeded  to  the 
election  of  a  king  ;  and  if  the  probable  tale  of  a 
Latin  historian  deserves  any  credit,  they  deter- 
mined by  lot  the  choice  of  their  new  master.  A 
number  of  arrows  were  successively  inscribed 
with  the  name  of  a  tribe,  a  family,  and  a  candi- 
date ;  they  were  drawn  from  the  bundle  by  the 
hand  of  a  child.  —  Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  57, 
p.  507. 

3334.  LOTTERY,  Profitable.  Peter  Cooper.  In 
his  seventeenth  year,  stirred  with  a  higher  am- 
bition, the  boy  came  to  New  York  to  start  in  life 
for  himself.  He  had  accumulated  $10  of  his 
own  money,  and,  thinking  to  augment  it  rapidly, 
he  invested  his  capital  in  a  lottery  ticket.  He 
lost  it,  of  course,  as  millions  of  older  fools  have 
since.  But  he  never  regretted  it,  and  he  often 
recalled  the  fact  with  good-humor  and  thankful- 
ness, for  he  said  it  was  "  the  cheapest  piece  of 
knowledge  he  ever  bought." — Lester's  Life  of 
Peter  Cooper,  p.  13. 

3335.  LOVE,  The  abode  of.  "  Agapemone."  In 
1246  the  Rev.  Henry  Prince,  a  curate  of  Char- 
linch,  Eng. ,  united  with  several  members  of  his 
church  in  founding  an  establishment  near  Spax- 
ton,  called  by  them  the  Agapemone.  They 
possess  a  long  file  of  elegant  buildings,  where 
they  live  professedly  in  the  most  refined  pleas- 
ure. The  cusine  is  admirable.  The  "  turn-out" 
in  the  afternoon  consists  of  a  graceful  barouche 
drawn  by  four  thorough-bred  grays,  preceded  by 
outriders  and  bloodhounds,  and  accompanied 
by  a  mounted  escort.  Thus  dashingly  ' '  the 
family  of  love"  was  wont  to  take  the  air.  .  .  . 
Without  care,  in  a  beautiful  spot,  amid  sound 
of  music,  delicious  cookery,  and  all  those  appli- 
ances which  to  the  sensualist  makes  even  nature 
more  delightful,  they  lived  in  their  ease  in  much 
enjoyment,  and  mocked  at  the  religious  commu- 
nities outside  their  extensive  walls  for  their 
seriousness  and  their  cares.  They  rode  out  on 
gallant  horses,  they  followed  the  hounds  with 
keen  delight,  played  at  all  manner  of  manly 
sports  within  their  own  grounds,  and  took  espe- 
cial joy  in  a  game  peculiar  to  England,  called 
"hockey,"  which  they  played  on  Sundays  to  the 
disediflcation  of  their  neighbors  around.  Their 
property  is  considerable  and  in  common,  and, 
strange  to  relate,  all  their  converts  have  been 
from  among  the  wealthy.  The  relations  between 
the  sexes  are  not  of  a  grossly  sensual  nature,  as 
might  be  inferred  from  the  title  of  the  sect.  .  .  . 
They  enter  upon  matrimonial  unions  while  the 
attraction  lasts,  or  until  a  new  one  supersedes 
it ;  but  one  partner  at  a  time  is  all  that  is  allowed 
to  any  one.  They  profess  to  be  Trinitarians,  and 
hold  to  the  Apostles'  Creed.  They  now  declare 
that  they  do  all  things  for  the  glory  of  God. 
.  .  .  They  renounce  prayers,  but  sing  hymns 
of  praise. — Am.  Cyclopedia,  "Agapemone." 

3336.  LOVE,  Accidental.  I:^r  Walter  Scott. 
One  Sunday,  about  two  years  before  ills  call  to 
the  bar,  Scott  offered  his  umbrella  to  a  young 
lady  of  much  beauty  who  was  coming  out  of  the 
Greyfriars  Church  during  a  shower ;  the  um- 
brella was  graciously  accepted  ;  and  it  was  not 
an  unprecedented  consequence  that  Scott  fell  in 
love  with  the  borrower,  who  turned  out  to  be 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Sir  John  and  Lady  Jane 
Stuar:,  Eelches,  of  Invernay.     For  near  six  years 


after  this  Scott  indulged  the  hope  of  marrying 
this  lady,  and  it  does  not  seem  doubtful  that  the 
lady  herself  was  in  part  responsible  for  this  im- 
pression.— Hutton's  Life  of  Scott,  ch.  3. 

3337.  LOVE,  Active.  Oeorge  WMtefield.  The 
device  of  Whitefield's  seal  was  a  winged  heart, 
soaring  above  the  globe,  and  the  motto,  Astror 
petamus. — Southey. 

333§.  LOVE,  Battle  of.  Lovers.  [Aidoneus, 
king  of  the  Molossians,]  named  his  wife  Proser- 
pine, his  daughter  Core,  and  his  dog  Cerberus  ; 
with  this  dog  he  commanded  all  his  daughter's 
suitors  to  fight,  promising  her  to  him  that 
should  overcome  him. — Plutarch's  Theseus. 

3339.  LOVE,  Changed  by.  Another  Body.  Cato 
the  Censor  used  to  say  the  soul  of  a  lover  lived  iu 
the  body  of  another. — Plutarch. 

3340.  LOVE,  Conjugal.  Napoleon  I.  While 
these  scenes  were  conspiring  [in  opening  the 
Italian  campaign]  Napoleon  did  not  forget  the 
bride  he  had  left  in  Paris.  Though  for  seven 
days  and  nights  he  had  allowed  himself  no  quiet 
meal,  no  regular  repose,  and  had  not  taken  off 
either  his  coat  or  his  boots,  he  found  time  to 
send  frequent  and  most  affectionate,  though 
very  short,  notes  to  Josephine. — Abbott's  Na- 
poleon B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  4. 

3341.  LOVE,  Disappointment  in.  Kosciusko  the 
Pole.  He  left  his  native  country  from  a  disap- 
pointment in  love ;  and  devoting  himself  to 
freedom  and  humanity,  in  the  autumn  of  1776 
he  entered  the  American  army  as  an  officer  of 
engineers.  [He  was  a  grand  soldier,  and  fell  in 
the  war.] — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  19. 

3342.  LOVE,  Infatuation  of.  Mary  Stuart. 
Du  Chatelard  [her  page],  surprised  a  second  time 
hidden  behind  the  curtains  of  the  queen's  bed, 
was  sent  to  trial,  and  condemned  to  death  by  the 
judges  of  Edinburgh  for  a  meditated  treason. 
With  a  single  word  Mary  might  have  commuted 
his  punishment  or  granted  him  pardon,  but  she 
ungenerously  abandoned  him  to  the  executionero 
Ascending  the  scaffold  erected  before  the  win- 
dows of  Holyrood  Palace,  the  theatre  of  his  mad- 
ness and  the  dwelling  of  the  queen,  he  faced 
death  like  a  hero  and  a  poet.  "  If,"  said  he,  "I 
die  not  without  repi'oach,  like  the  Chevalier  Bay. 
ard,  my  ancestor,  like  him  I  die,  at  least,  without 
fear."  For  his  last  prayer  he  recited  Ronsard's 
beautiful  Ode  on  Death.  Then,  casting  his  last 
looks  and  thoughts  toward  the  windows  of  the 
palace  inhabited  by  the  charm  of  his  life  and 
the  cause  of  his  death,  "  Farewell !"  he  cried, 
"  thou  who  art  so  beautiful  and  so  cruel  ;  who 
killest  me,  and  whom  I  cannot  cease  to  love  !"— 
Lamartine's  Queen  of  Scots,  p.  16. 

3343.  LOVE,  Juvenile.  Napoleon  I.  When 
Napoleon  was  but  five  or  six  years  of  age  he 
was  placed  in  a  school.  .  .  .  There  a  fair-haired 
little  maiden  won  his  youthful  heart.  It  was 
Napoleon's  first  love.  His  impetuous  nature  was 
all  engrossed  by  his  new  passion,  and  he  inspired 
as  ardent  an  affection  in  the  bosom  of  his  loved 
companion.  .  .  .  He  walked  to  and  from  school, 
holding  the  hand  of  Giacominetta.  He  aban- 
doned all  the  plays  and  companionship  of  other 
children  to  talk  and  muse  with  her.  The  older 
boys  and  girls  made  themselves  merry  with  the 
display  of  affection  which  the  loving  couple  ex- 
hibited ;  .  .  .  [this]  exerted  not  the  slightest  influ- 


394 


LOVE— LOVER. 


jence  to  abash  Jsapoleon. — Abbott's  Napoleon 
B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

3344.  LOVE  a  Necessity.  Cannoneers.  [Na- 
poleon's soldiers  dragged  their  dismembered 
«annon  over  the  Alps.]  It  was  now  the  great 
glory  of  these  men  to  take  care  of  their  guns. 
They  loved  tenderly  the  merciless  monsters. 
They  lavished  caresses  and  terms  of  endearment 
upon  the  glittering,  polished,  death-dealing  brass. 
The  heart  of  man  is  a  strange  enigma.  Even 
when  most  degraded  it  needs  something  to  love. 
These  blood-stained  soldiers,  brutalized  by  vice, 
amid  all  the  horrors  of  battle,  lovingly  fondled 
the  murderous  machines  of  war.  .  .  .  The  unre- 
lenting gun  was  the  stern  cannoneer's  lady-love. 
He  kissed  it  with  unwashed,  mustached  lips. 
.  .  .  Affectionately  he  named  it  Mary,  Emma, 
Jiizzie. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  19. 

3345.  LOVE,  Passionate.  Poet  Shelley.  Shelley 
fell  suddenly  and  passionately  in  love  with  God- 
win's daughter,  Mary.  Peacock,  [his  intimate 
friend,  says]  as  to  the  overwhelming  nature  of  the 
new  attachment :  "  Nothing  that  I  ever  read  in 
lale  or  history  could  present  a  more  striking  image 
of  a  sudden,  violent,  irresistible,  uncontrollable 
passion,  than  that  under  which  I  found  him 
laboring.  .  .  .  Between  his  old  feeling  toward 
Harriet  [his  wife],  /?w?^  wliom  he  was  not  then  sep- 
arated, and  his  passion  for  Mary,  he  showed  in 
his  looks,  in  his  gestures,  in  his  speech,  the  state 
of  a  mind  '  suffering,  like  a  little  kingdom,  the 
nature  of  an  insurrection.'  His  eyes  were  blood- 
shot, his  hair  and  dress  disordered.  He  caught 
up  a  bottle  of  laudanum,  and  said,  '  I  never  part 
from  this.'" — Symonds'  Shelley,  ch.  4. 

3346.  LOVE  vs.  Prudence.  Agesilaus.  [Age- 
fiilaus  was  very  ardent  in  his  friendships.  ]  There 
were,  indeed,  times  when  his  attachments  gave 
way  to  the  exigencies  of  state.  Once  being  ob- 
liged to  decamp  in  a  hurry,  he  was  leaving  a 
favorite  sick  behind  him.  The  favorite  called 
after  him,  and  earnestly  entreated  him  to  come 
back  ;  upon  which  he  turned  and  said,  "  How 
little  consistent  are  love  and  prudence  !" — Plu- 
tarch's Agesilaus. 

3347.  LOVE,  Religion  of.  Napoleon  I.  [Na- 
poleon said  to  Montholon  at  St.  Helena  :]  "  Al- 
■exander,  Caesar,  Charlemagne,  and  myself  have 
founded  empires  ;  but  upon  what  did  we  rest 
the  creations  of  our  genius  ?  Upon  force.  Jesus 
Christ  alone  founded  His  empire  upon  love  ;  and 
at  this  moment  millions  of  men  would  die  for 
Him.  I  die  before  my  time,  and  my  body  will 
be  given  back  to  worms.  Such  is  the  fate  of  him 
who  has  been  called  the  great  Napoleon.  What 
an  abyss  between  my  deep  misery  and  the  eter- 
nal kingdom  of  Christ,  which  is  proclaimed, 
loved,  and  adored,  and  which  is  extended  over 
the  whole  earth  !  Call  you  this  d^ng  ?  Is  it  not 
rather  living  ?  The  death  of  Christ  is  the  death 
of  a  God  !" — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  14. 

334§.  LOVE,  Eomantic.  Geoffrey  Eudel  was 
•a  mad  poet,  who  fell  in  love  with  the  Countess  of 
Tripoli,  whom  he  had  never  seen,  and  who, 
being  afterward  blessed  with  a  sight  of  her, 
dropped  down  dead  for  joy. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  16,  p.  248. 

3349. .   Samuel  Johnson.  A  young 

"Woman  of  Leek,   in    Staffordshire,  while    he 


served  his  apprenticeship  there,  conceived  a  vio- 
lent passion  for  him  ;  and  though  it  met  with  no 
favorable  return,followed  him  to  Lichfield,  where 
she  took  lodgings  opposite  to  the  house  in  which 
he  lived,  and  indulged  her  hopeless  flame.  When 
he  was  informed  that  it  so  preyed  upon  her  mind 
that  her  life  was  in  danger,  he  with  a  generous 
humanity  went  to  her  and  offered  to  marry  her, 
but  it  was  then  too  late  ;  her  vital  power  was  ex- 
hausted ;  and  she  actually  exhibited  one  of  the 
very  rare  instances  of  dying  for  love.  She  was 
buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Lichfield  ;  and  he, 
with  a  tender  regard,  placed  a  stone  over  her 
grave. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  5. 

3350. .     Poet  Shelley.     Nearly  the 

whole  of  the  winter  was  spent  in  Naples,  where 
Shelley  suffered  from  depression  of  more  than 
ordinary  depth.  Mrs.  Shelley  attributed  this 
gloom  to  the  state  of  his  health ;  but  Medwin 
tells  a  strange  story,  which,  if  it  is  not  wholly  a 
romance,  may  better  account  for  the  poet's  mel- 
ancholy. He  says  that  so  far  back  as  the  year 
1816,  on  the  night  before  his  departure  from 
London,  "  a  married  lady,  young,  handsome, 
and  of  noble  connections,"  came  to  him,  avowed 
the  passionate  love  she  had  conceived  for  him, 
and  proposed  that  they  should  fly  together.  He 
explained  to  her  that  his  hand  and  heart  had 
both  been  given  irrevocably  to  another,  and, 
after  the  expression  of  the  most  exalted  senti- 
ments on  both  sides,  they  parted. — Symonds' 
Shelley,  ch.  5. 

3351.  LOVE,  Shadow  of.  Washington  Irving. 
He  had  passed  through  troubles  which  had  deep- 
ened his  knowledge  of  life,  having  lost  his  fa- 
ther, who  died  shortly  before  the  completion  of 
"  Salmagundi,"  and  his  mother,  who  died  about 
ten  years  later,  and  whose  death  was  still  fresh 
in  his  memory.  Between  these  two  sorrows 
came  the  tragedy  which  darkened  his  young 
manhood,  and  was  never  forgotten — the  death  of 
Matilda  Hoffman,  the  young  lady  to  whom  he 
was  attached,  who  closed  her  brief  existence  at 
the  age  of  eighteen,  while  he  was  composing  the 
amusing  annals  of  Mr.  Diedrich  Knickerbocker. 
— Stoddard's  Irving,  p.  35. 

3352.  LOVE,  Supremacy  of.  Domestic.  [Queen 
Elizabeth  required  obedience.  A  domestic  an- 
ecdote illustrates  this  principle  of  her  conduct. 
Harrington  says]  the  queen  did  once  ask  rny 
wife  in  merry  sort,  "  how  she  kept  my  good- will 
and  love,  which  1  did  always  maintain  to  be 
truly  good  toward  her  and  my  children."  My 
Moll,  in  wise  and  discreet  manner,  told  her  High- 
ness "  she  had  confidence  in  her  husband's  \m- 
derstanding  and  courage,  well  founded  on  her 
own  steadfastness,  not  to  offend  or  thwart,  but  to 
cherish  and  obey  ;  hereby  did  she  persuade  her 
husband  of  her  own  affection,  and  in  so  doing 
did  command  his."  "  Go  to,  go  to,  mistress," 
saith  the  queen  ;  "  you  are  wisely  bent,  I  find  ; 
after  such  sort  do  I  keep  the  good-will  of  all  my 
husbands,  my  good  people  ;  for  if  they  did  not 
rest  assured  of  some  special  love  toward  them, 
they  would  not  readily  yield  me  such  good  obe- 
dience."— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  18,  p.  284. 

3353.  LOVER,  A  fallen.  Hernando  Cortez. 
Spanish  girls  were  kept  almost  as  secluded,  and 
guarded  almost  as  carefully,  as  the  ladies  in 
the  harem  of  a  Turk.  Therefore,  when  a  young 
man  fell  in  love,  instead  of  ringing  the  door-befl 


LOVER— LUCK. 


395 


■and  sending  in  his  card,  he  often  made  a  rope  lad- 
-der,  and  surveyed  the  residence  of  the  young 
lady,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  the  best  mode  of 
getting  upon  her  balcony  or  into  her  window. 
Our  adventurer  proceeded  in  this  manner.  In 
scaling  the  wall  of  the  garden  which  enclosed  the 
house  wherein  lived  the  object  of  his  passion,  he 
fell  to  the  ground,  and  injured  himself  so  seri- 
ously that  it  was  long  before  he  recovered  his 
health. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  317. 

3354.  LOVER,  Fickle.  Robert  Burns.  For 
.several  years  love-making  was  his  chief  amuse- 
ment, or  rather  his  most  serious  business.  His 
brother  tells  us  that  he  was  in  the  secret  of  half 
.the  love  affairs  of  the  parish  of  Tarbolton,  and 
was  never  without  at  least  one  of  his  own.  There 
was  not  a  comely  girl  in  Tarbolton  on  whom 
he  did  not  compose  a  song,  and  then  he  made 
-one  which  included  them  all. — Shaikp's  Burns, 
^h  1. 

3355.  LOVER,  A  youthful.  Lord  Byron. 
When  first  he  imagined  himself  the  victim  of  the 
tender  passion  he  was  only  eight  years  of  age  ; 
and  he  cherished  so  fond  a  recollection  of  his 
infant  flame,  that  when,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  his 
mother  carelessly  told  him  that  his  "  old  sweet- 
lieart,  Mary  Duff,"  was  married,  he  was  nearly 
thrown  into  convulsions,  which  so  alarmed  his 
mother  that  she  avoided  mentioning  the  subject  to 
him  ever  after.  At  twelve  he  thought  himself 
madly  in  love  with  a  beautiful  cousin.  "  I  could 
not  sleep — I  could  not  eat — I  could  not  rest,"  he 
afterward  wrote.  The  last  of  his  boyish  pas- 
sions, which  seized  him  when  he  was  fifteen,  be- 
fore it  was  possible  for  him  to  have  been  really  in 
love,  was  not  so  violent  as  his  first ;  but  he  always 
spoke  of  it  as  something  exceedingly  serious. 
The  lady  was  much  older  than  himself,  and  very 
properly  regarded  and  treated  him  as  a  school- 
l)oy. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  291. 

3356.  LOVERS,  Rival.  Thomas  Jefferson. 
Urs.  Martha  Skelton  [had  many  lovers,  and] 
among  all  her  lovers  he  was  the  favored  swain. 
The  story  goes  that  two  of  his  rivals  arrived  at 
the  same  moment  at  the  widow's  house,  and 
-were  shown  into  a  room  together.  It  happened 
that,  at  that  moment,  Mr.  Jefferson  and  Mrs. 
Skelton  were  singing  and  playing  together,  their 
voices  being  accompanied  by  her  harpsichord 
:and  his  violin.  The  song  was  a  tender  and 
plaintive  melody,  and  they  performed  it  as  two 
lovers  might  be  expected  to  execute  a  piece  of 
music  which  enabled  them  to  express  their  feel- 
ings to  one  another.  The  rivals  listened  for  a 
few  moments,  and  then  retired,  to  return  no 
more  on  the  same  errand. — Cyclopedia  of 
Bigg.,  p.  221. 

3357.  LOYALTY  esteemed.  Cromwell.  We 
think  this  is  the  moment  to  say  a  few  words  upon 
that  other  ever  difficult  problem.  What  were 
Cromwell's  intentions  with  reference  to  himself 
and  to  Charles  [I.]  ?  We  cannot  see  that  there  is 
foundation  for  any  other  thought  than  that  Crom- 
well especially  intended  to  preserve  English  law  ; 
and  to  him,  we  dare  say,  a  king  was  not  more 
.-sacred  than  a  man,  and  a  lawless  king  not  so 
-sacred  as  an  obedient  and  law-keeping  man, — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  14,  p.  179. 

3358.  LOYALTY,  Unreserved.  Widow  Wind- 
Jiam.  [After  his  defeat  Charles  I.  was]  conveyed 


to  the  residence  of  a  widow  named  Windham, 
who  had  lost  her  husband  and  three  eldest  sons 
in  the  cause  of  Charles  I. ,  and  with  unshaken 
devotion  now  offered  her  two  surviving  ones  to 
the  successor  of  the  decapitated  monarch.  She 
received  Charles,  not  as  a  fugitive  but  as  a  king. 
"When  my  husband  lay  on  his  death-bed,"  said 
she,  "he  called  to  him  our  five  sons,  and  thus 
addressed  them  :  '  My  children,  we  have  hither- 
to enjoyed  calm  and  peaceful  days  under  our 
three  last  sovereigns  ;  but  I  warn  you  that  I  see 
clouds  and  tempests  gathering  over  the  kingdom. 
I  perceive  factions  springing  up  in  every  quarter, 
which  menace  the  repose  of  our  beloved  country. 
Listen  to  me  well:  whatever  turn  events  may  take, 
be  ever  true  to  your  lawful  sovereign  ;  obey  him, 
and  remain  loyal  to  the  crown  !  Yes,'  added  he, 
with  vehemence,  '  I  charge  you  to  stand  by  the 
crown,  even  though  it  should  hang  wpon  a  bush  !' 
These  last  words  engraved  their  duty  on  the 
hearts  of  my  children,"  continued  the  mother, 
"and  those  who  are  still  spared  to  me  are  yours, 
as  their  dead  brothers  were  given  to  your  father. " 
— Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  54. 

3359.  LOYALTY,  Vigorous.  Bismarck.  At  a 
beer  saloon  much  frequented  by  Conservatives, 
Bismarck,  one  evening,  just  as  he  had  taken  his 
seat,  and  was  about  to  drink  his  first  glass  of 
beer,  overheard  a  man,  who  sat  at  the  next  table, 
speak  of  a  member  of  the  royal  family  in  a  par- 
ticularly insulting  manner.  Bismarck  rose,  and, 
lifting  his  glass  of  beer,  thundered  out,  "  Out 
of  the  house  !  If  you  are  not  off  when  I  have 
drunk  this  beer,  I  will  break  the  glass  on  your 
head  !"  Upon  this  there  was  a  wild  commotion  in 
the  room,  and  loud  outcries,  but  Bismarck  drank 
his  glass  of  beer  with  the  utmost  composure. 
When  he  had  finished  it  he  smashed  the  glass 
upon  the  offender's  head.  The  outcries  ceased 
for  a  moment,  and  Bismarck  said,  quietly, 
"Waiter,  what  is  to  pay  for  this  broken  glass  ?" 
The  manner  in  which  this  outrage  was  commit- 
ted— Bismarck's  commanding  look  and  bearing 
— carried  the  day  ;  the  beer-drinkers  applauded 
the  act,  and  the  man  dared  not  resent  it. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  Bigg.  ,  p.  632. 

3360.  LOYALTY,  Zealous.  Puritans.  The 
Puritans,  even  in  the  depths  of  the  prisons  to 
which  she  [Elizabeth]  had  sent  them,  prayed, 
and  with  no  simulated  fervor,  that  she  might  be 
kept  from  the  dagger  of  the  assassin,  that  rebel- 
lion might  be  put  down  under  her  feet,  and  that 
her  arms  might  be  victorious  by  sea  and  land. 
One  of  the  most  stubborn  of  the  stubborn  sect, 
immediately  after  one  of  his  hands  had  been 
lopped  off  by  the  executioner  for  an  offence  into 
which  he  had  been  hurried  by  his  intemperate 
zeal,  waved  his  hat  with  the  hand  which  was 
still  left  him,  and  shouted,  "  God  save  the 
Queen  !" — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  58. 

3361 .  LUCK,  Days  of.  Ancient.  The  month 
Thargelion  (May)  was  also  remarkably  unfortu- 
nate to  the  barbarians ;  for  in  that  month  Alexan- 
der defeated  the  King  of  Persia's  generals  near 
the  Granicus,  and  the  Carthaginians  were  beaten 
by  Timoleon  in  Sicily  on  the  twenty -fourth  of 
the  same — a  day  still  more  remarkable  (accord- 
ing to  Ephorus,  Callisthenes,  Demaster,  and 
Phylarchus)  for  the  taking  of  Troy.  On  the 
contrary,  the  month  Melagitnion  (August),  which 
the  Boeotians  call  Panemus,  was  very  unlucky 


396 


LUXURY. 


to  the  Greeks ;  for  on  the  seventh  they  were 
beaten  by  Antipater  in  the  battle  of  Crannon  and 
utterly  ruined,  and  before  that  they  were  de- 
feated by  Philip  at  Chseronea.  And  on  that 
same  day,  month,  and  year,  the  troops  which 
under  Archidamus  made  a  descent  upon  Italy, 
were  cut  to  pieces  by  the  barbarians.  The  Car- 
thaginians have  set  a  mark  upon  the  twenty- 
second  of  that  month  as  a  day  that  has  always 
brought  upon  them  the  greatest  calamities. — 
Plutarch's  Camillus. 

3362.  LUXUEY,  Employment  by.  To  the 
Poor.  Under  the  Roman  empire,  the  labor  of  an 
industrious  and  ingenious  people  was  variously 
but  incessantly  employed  in  the  service  of  the 
rich.  In  their  dress,  their  table,  their  houses,  and 
their  furniture,  the  favorites  of  fortune  united 
every  refinement  of  conveniency,  of  elegance, 
and  of  splendor — whatever  could  soothe  their 
pride  or  gratify  their  sensuality.  Such  refine- 
ments, under  the  odious  name  of  luxury,  have 
been  severely  arraigned  by  the  moralists  of  every 
age  ;  and  it  might  perhaps  be  more  conducive  to 
the  virtue,  as  well  as  happiness,  of  mankind,  if 
all  possessed  the  necessaries  and  none  the  siiper- 
fluities  of  life.  But  in  the  present  imperfect 
condition  of  society,  luxury,  though  it  may  pro- 
ceed from  vice  or  folly,  seems  to  be  the  only 
means  that  can  correct  the  unequal  distribution 
of  property. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  2,  p.  67. 

3363.  LUXUSY,  Dangers  of.  Puritans.  [In 
1593]  Thomas  Nash,  whom  the  Puritans  counted 
among  the  wicked,  .  .  .  [says:]  "We  must  have 
our  tables  furnished  like  poulterers'  stalls,  or 
as  though  we  were  to  victual  Noah's  Ark  again. 
.  .  .  What  a  coil  have  we,  this  course  and  that 
course,  removing  this  dish  higher,  setting 
another  lower,  and  taking  away  the  third  !  A 
general  might  in  less  space  move  his  camp  than 
they  standing  dispose  of  their  gluttony.  .  .  . 
From  gluttony  of  meats  let  me  descend  to  super- 
fluity in  drink — a  sin  that,  ever  since  we  mixed 
ourselves  with  the  low  countries,  is  counted  hon- 
orable."— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  16,  p.  249. 

3364.  LUXURY  denied.  Oxford  Friars.  [St.] 
Francis  made  a  hard  fight  against  the  taste  for 
sumptuous  buildings  and  for  greater  personal 
comfort  which  characterized  the  time.  "  I  didn't 
enter  into  religion  to  build  walls,"  protested  an 
English  provincial  when  the  brethren  pressed  for 
a  larger  house ;  and  Albert  of  Pisa  ordered  a 
stone  cloister,  which  the  burgesses  of  Southamp- 
ton had  built  for  them,  to  be  razed  to  the  ground. 
"  You  need  no  little  mountains  to  lift  your  heads 
to  heaven,"  was  his  scornful  reply  to  a  claim  for 
pillows.  None  but  the  sick  went  shod.  An  Ox- 
ford friar  found  a  pair  of  shoes  one  morning, 
and  wore  them  at  matins.  At  night  he  dreamed 
that  robbers  leapt  on  him  in  a  dangerous  pass  be- 
tween Gloucester  and  Oxford  with  shouts  of 
"  Kill,  kill !"  "I  am  a  friar,"  shrieked  the  terror- 
stricken  brother.  "  You  lie,"  was  the  instant 
answer,  "  for  you  go  shod."  The  friar  lifted  up 
his  foot  in  disproof,  but  the  shoe  was  there.  In 
an  agony  of  repentance  he  woke  and  flung  the 
pair  out  of  the  window. — Hist,  of  Eng.  Peo- 
ple, §  208. 

3365.  LUXUEY,  Evil  of.  8pa/rtans.  In  .  .  .  the 
regulation  of  manners  one  single  principle  in- 
fluenced the  whole  plan  of  Lycurgus.  Luxury 
is  tJie  bane  of  society.    Let  us  see  in  what  manner 


the  particular  institutions  of  the  Spartan  legisla- 
tor were  calculated  to  guard  against  that  power- 
ful source  of  corruption.  The  inequality  of 
possessions  was,  in  the  first  place,  to  be  corrected,, 
which  could  not  be  done  without  a  new  partition, 
of  territorial  property.  This  was  in  all  proba- 
bility the  greatest  of  those  difiiculties  which 
Lycurgus  had  to  encounter. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  1,  ch.  9,  p.  91. 

3366.  LUXUEY,  Excess  in.  Alexander.  [Alex- 
ander the  Great,  after  the  conquest  of  Persia,] 
found  that  his  great  ofiicers  set  no  bounds  to  their 
luxury,  that  they  were  most  extravagantly  deli- 
cate in  their  diet  and  profuse  in  other  respects, 
insomuch  that  Agnon  of  Teos  wore  silver  nails- 
in  his  shoes  ;  Leonatus  had  many  camel  loads  of 
earth  brought  from  Egypt  to  rub  himself  with 
when  he  went  to  the  wrestling-ring ;  Philota^ 
had  hunting-nets  that  would  enclose  the  space  of 
a  hundred  furlongs  ;  more  made  use  of  rich  es- 
sences than  oil  after  bathing,  and  had  their 
grooms  of  the  bath,  as  well  as  chamberlains  who- 
excelled  in  bed-making.  This  degeneracy  he  re- 
proved with  all  the  temper  of  a  philosopher. — 
Plutarch. 

3367.  LUXUEY  misplaced.  Romans.  [The 
Romans  under  Pompey  were  defeated  at  Phar- 
salia  by  Caesar.]  The  camp  itself  was  a  singular 
picture.  Houses  of  turf  had  been  built  for  the 
luxurious  patricians,  with  ivy  trained  over  the 
entrances  to  shade  their  delicate  faces  from  the 
summer  sun ;  couches  had  been  laid  out  for 
them  to  repose  on  after  their  expected  victory  - 
tables  were  spread  with  plate  and  wines  and  the 
daintiest  preparations  of  Roman  cookery.  Caesar 
commented  on  the  scene  with  mournful  irony. 
"And  these  men,"  he  said,  "accused  my  pa- 
tient, suffering  army,  which  had  not  even  com- 
mon necessaries,  of  dissoluteness  and  profli- 
gacy !" — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  22. 

336§.  LUXUEY,  Nauseous.  Tobacco.  [At  Cu- 
ba Columbus  and  his  men]  for  the  first  time 
witnessed  the  use  of  a  weed  which  the  ingenious 
caprice  of  man  has  since  converted  into  an  uni- 
versal luxury,  in  defiance  of  the  opposition  of  the 
senses.  They  beheld  several  of  the  natives  going 
about  with  firebrands  in  their  hands,  and  certain 
dried  herbs  which  they  rolled  up  in  a  leaf,  and 
lighting  one  end,  put  the  other  in  their  mouths, 
and  continued  exhaling  and  pufiing  out  the 
smoke.  A  roll  of  this  kind  they  called  a  tobac- 
co, a  name  since  transferred  to  the  plant  of  which 
the  rolls  were  made.  The  Spaniards,  although 
prepared  to  meet  with  wonders,  were  struck 
with  astonishment  at  this  singular  and  apparent- 
ly nauseous  indulgence. — Irvlng's  Columbus, 
Book  4,  ch.  4. 

3369.  LUXUEY  and  Poverty.  Roman.  Every 
age  in  its  decline  has  exhibited  the  spectacle  of 
selfish  luxury  side  by  side  with  abject  poverty  ; 
of— 

"  Wealth,  a  monster  gorged 
'Mid  starving  populations ;" 
but  nowhere  and  at  no  period  were  these  con- 
trasts so  startling  as  they  were  in  imperial  Rome. 
There  a  whole  population  might  be  trembling^ 
lest  they  should  be  starved  by  the  delay  of  an 
Alexandrian  corn-ship,  while  the  upper  classes 
were  squandering  a  fortune  at  a  single  banquet, 
drinking  out  of  myrrhine  and  jewelled  vase* 
worth  hundreds  of  pounds,  and  feasting  on  the 


LUXURY— MACHINERY. 


397 


"brains  of  peacocks  and  the  tongues  of  nightin- 
gales. As  a  consequence,  disease  was  rife,  men 
were  short-lived.  ...  At  this  very  time  the 
-dress  of  Roman  ladies  displayed  an  unheard-of 
splendor.  The  elder  Pliny  tells  us  that  he  him- 
self saw  Lollia  Paulina  dressed  for  a  betrothal 
feast  in  a  robe  entirely  covered  with  pearls  and 
emeralds,  which  had  cost  40,000,000  sesterces, 
and  which  was  known  to  be  less  costly  than 
some  of  her  other  dresses.  Gluttony,  caprice, 
-extravagance,  ostentation,  impurity,  rioted  in 
the  heart  of  a  society  which  knew  of  no  other 
means  by  which  to  break  the  monotony  of  its 
"weariness,  or  alleviate  the  anguish  of  its  despair. 
— Farrar's  Early  Days,  ch.  1,  p.  3. 

3370.  LUXURY  repudiated.  Primitive  CJiris- 
Haris.  They  were  vainly  aspiring  to  imitate  the 
perfection  of  angels;. . .  disdained,  or. . .  affected 
to  disdain,  every  earthly  and  corporeal  delight. 
Some  of  our  senses,  indeed,  are  necessary  for 
■our  preservation,  others  for  our  subsistence,  and 
others  again  for  our  information  ;  and  thus  far  it 
■was  inapossible  to  reject  the  use  of  them.  The  first 
sensation  of  pleasure  was  marked  as  the  first  mo- 
ment of  their  abuse.  The  unfeeling  candidate 
for  heaven  was  instructed,  not  only  to  resist  the 
josser  allurements  of  the  taste  or  smell,  but  even 
to  shut  his  ears  against  the  profane  harmony  of 
sounds,  and  to  view  with  indifference  the  most 
finished  productions  of  human  art.  Gay  appar- 
el, magnificent  houses,  and  elegant  furniture 
were  supposed  to  unite  the  double  guilt  of  pride 
and  of  sensuality  ;  a  simple  and  mortified  appear- 
ance was  more  suitable  to  the  Christian  who  was 
certain  of  his  sins  and  doubtful  of  his  salvation. 
In  their  censures  of  luxury,  the  Fathers  are  ex- 
tremely minute  and  circumstantial ;  and  among 
the  various  articles  which  excite  their  pious  in- 
dignation, we  may  enumerate  false  hair,  gar- 
ments of  any  color  except  white,  instruments  of 
music,  vases  of  gold  or  silver,  downy  pillows 
<as  Jacob  reposed  his  head  on  a  stone),  white 
l)read,  foreign  wines,  public  salutations,  the  use 
of  warm  baths,  and  the  practice  of  shaving  the 
"beard,  which,  according  to  the  expression  of 
"TertuUian,  is  a  lie  against  our  own  faces,  and  an 
impious  attempt  to  improve  the  works  of  the 
Dreator. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  25,  p.  548. 

3371.  LUXURY,  Senseless.  i?om««,i^ea«<.  The 
lense  ridiculously  bestowed  on  these  enter- 

linments,  and  the  labor  employed  in  collecting 

\e  rarest  and  most  costly  articles  of  food,  ex- 

ied  all  belief.    In  this,  as  indeed  in  every  other 

>ecies  of  luxury,  there  was  the  most  capricious 

refinement  of  extravagance.  Suetonius  mentions 

supper  given  to  Vitellius  by  his  brother,  in 

^hich,  among  other  articles,   there  were  two 

thousand  of  the  choicest  fishes  {lectisdmorum  pis- 

-ium),  seven  thousand  of  the  most  delicate  birds 

one  dish,   from  its  size  and  capacity,   was 

imed  the  cegis,  or  shield  of  Minerm.  It  was  filled 

defly  with  the  livers  of  scari  (a  delicate  species 

rf  fish),  the  brains  of  pheasants  and  peacocks, 

^e  tongues  of  parrots  (imagined,  probably,  to 

tender  from  their  much  chattering),  and  the 

ilies  of  lampreys,  brought  from  most  distant 

►rovinces.    This  may  serve  as  some  specimen  of 

le  luxury  of  the  Roman  suppers. — Tytler's 

.1ST.,  Book  4,  ch.  4,  p.  450. 

3372.  LUXURY,  Unsatisfying.    Baian.    [The 
i«hagan  of  the  Avars,  a  barbarian  people  who 


invaded  Southern  Europe.]  He  wished,  at  the 
expense  of  the  emperor,  to  repose  in  a  golden 
bed.  The  wealth  of  Constantinople  and  the  skil- 
ful diligence  of  her  artists  were  instantly  devot- 
ed to  the  gratification  of  his  caprice  ;  but  when 
the  work  was  finished  he  rejected  with  scorn  a 
present  so  unworthy  the  majesty  of  a  great  king. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  46,  p.  443. 

3373.  LYING, Polite.  SamuelJohnson.  [His 
study]  seemed  to  be  very  favorable  for  retire- 
ment and  meditation.  Johnson  told  me  that  he 
went  up  thither  without  mentioning  it  to  his  ser- 
vant when  he  wanted  to  study  secure  from  in- 
terruption ;  for  he  would  not  allow  his  servant 
to  say  he  was  not  at  home  when  he  really  was. 
"A  servant's  strict  regard  to  truth,"  said  he, 
"  must  be  weakened  by  such  a  practice.  A  phi 
losopher  may  know  that  it  is  merely  a  form  of 
denial ;  but  few  servants  are  such  nice  distin- 
guishers.  If  I  accustom  a  servant  to  tell  a  lie  for 
me,  have  I  not  reason  to  apprehend  that  he  will 
tell  many  lies  for  himself?" — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  120. 

3374.  MACHINERY,  Benefits  of.  Clocks. 
Eighty  years  ago  a  good  family  clock  cost  from 
$75  to  $150,  and  the  cheapest  clocks  made  were 
$25  each.  These  last  were  small  clocks  hung  to 
a  nail  in  the  wall,  and  were  wound  up  by  pull- 
ing a  string.  At  that  time  the  State  of  Connect- 
icut already  took  the  lead  in  the  business  of 
clock-making,  and  we  find  it  mentioned,  as  a 
great  wonder,  that  in  1804  three  hundred  and 
fifty  clocks  were  made  in  Connecticut.  The  bust 
ness  was  done  in  a  very  simple  and  primitive 
manner.  A  man  would  get  a  few  clocks  finished, 
then  strap  four  or  five  on  a  horse's  back,  and  go 
off  into  an  adjacent  county  to  sell  them,  offering 
them  from  door  to  door.  At  a  later  date  some 
makers  got  on  so  far  as  to  employ  one  or  more 
agents  to  travel  for  them.  At  the  present  time 
Connecticut  makes  six  hundred  thousand  clocks 
per  annum,  and  sells  most  of  them  at  less  than 
$5  each.  Before  the  war  some  makers  sold  their 
cheapest  clocks,  wholesale,  at  50  cents  each, 
their  good  clocks  at  $2,  and  their  best  at  about 
$4.  The  marvellous  cheapness  and  excellence 
of  these  time-keepers  have  spread  them  over  the 
whole  earth. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  209. 

3375.  MACHINERY  a  Means.  SamuelJohn- 
son. Mr.  Fergusson,  the  self-taught  philosopher, 
told  him  of  a  new-invented  machine  which  went 
without  horses ;  a  man  who  sat  in  it  turned  a 
handle,  which  worked  a  spring  that  drove  it  for- 
ward. "Then,  sir,"  said  Johnson,  "what  is 
gained  is,  the  man  has  his  choice  whether  he  will 
move  himself  alone,  or  himself  and  the  machine 
too." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  167. 

3376.  MACHINERY,  Triumph  of.  Cdocks. 
Never  have  I  seen  more  original  and  startling 
mechanical  effects  than  are  produced  by  Je- 
rome's clock-making  machinery.  Think  of  one 
man  and  one  boy  sawing  veneers  enough  in  one 
day  for  three  hundred  clock-cases  !  Think  of  six 
men  making  brass  wheels  enough  in  a  day  for 
one  thousand  clocks  !  Think  of  a  factory  of 
twenty -five  persons  producing  two  thousand 
clocks  a  week  !  Think  of  a  clock  being  made  for 
40  cents  !  All  this  is  chiefly  due  to  the  patience 
and  genius  of  Chauncey  Jerome. — Cyclopedia 
OF  Bigg.,  p.  214. 


398 


MADNESS— MAGNIFICENCE. 


3377.  MADNESS  effective.  James  Otis.  [The 
Massachusetts  patriot  published  a  book  against 
the  Stamp  Act.]  The  book  of  Otis  was  reprinted 
in  England.  Lord  Mansfield,  who  had  read  it,  re- 
buked those  who  spoke  of  it  with  contempt. 
But  they  rejoined,  "  The  man  is  mad  !"  "  What 
then?"  answered  Mansfield.  "One  mad  man 
often  makes  many.  Massaniello  was  mad — no- 
body doubted  it ;  yet  for  all  that  he  overturned 
the  government  of  Naples." — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  5,  ch.  10. 

337§.  MAGIC,  Belief  in.  Columbus.  [To  the 
Spaniards  the  South  American  Indians  seemed 
versed  in  sorcery.]  Columbus  himself  entertain- 
ed an  idea  of  the  kind,  and  assures  the  sovereigns, 
in  his  letter  from  Jamaica,  that  the  people  of 
Cariari  and  its  vicinity  are  great  enchanters,  and 
he  intimates  that  the  two  Indian  girls  who  had 
visited  his  ship  had  magic  powder  concealed 
about  their  persons.  He  adds  that  the  sailors  at- 
tributed all  the  delays  and  hardships  experienced 
on  that  coast  to  their  being  under  the  influence 
of  some  evil  spell,  worked  by  the  witchcraft  of 
the  natives,  and  that  they  still  remained  in  that 
belief. — Ikving's  Columbus,  Book  14,  ch.  3. 

3379.  MAGNANIMITY,  Admirable.  Trial  of 
Sir  Henri/  Vane.  He  had  asked  for  counsel. 
"  Who,"  cried  the  solicitor,  "  will  dare  to  speak 
for  you,  unless  you  can  call  down  from  the  gib- 
bet the  heads  of  your  fellow  traitors  ?"  "I  stand 
single,"  said  Vane  ;  "yet,  being  thus  left  alone,  I 
am  not  afraid,  in  this  great  presence,  to  bear  my 
witness  to  the  glorious  cause  [of  popular  liber- 
ty], nor  to  seal  it  with  my  blood." — Bancroft's 
V.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11. 

33§0.  MAGNANIMITY,  Noble.  General  Bobert 
E.  Lee.  [At  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  an  English 
olBcer  says  :]  I  saw  General  Wilcox  come  up  to 
him,  and  explain,  almost  crying,  the  state  of  his 
brigade.  General  Lee  immediately  shook  hands 
with  him,  and  said,  cheerfully,  "Never  mind, 
general,  all  this  has  been  my  fault ;  it  is  Jthat  have 
lost  this  fight,  and  you  must  help  me  out  of  it 
the  best  way  you  can."  In  this  way  I  saw  Gen- 
eral Lee  encourage  and  reanimate  his  somewhat 
dispirited  troops,  and  magnanimously  take  upon 
his  own  shoulders  the  whole  weight  of  the  re- 
pulse.— Pollard's  Second  Year  of  the  War, 
p.  355. 

33§1.  MAGNANIMITY  of  Savages.  Onondagas. 
A.D.  1687.  [Louis  XIV.  required  Iroquois  Indians 
for  galley-slaves.]  By  open  hostilities  no  captives 
could  be  made  ;  and  Lamberville,  the  missionary 
among  the  Onondaigas,  was  unconsciously  em- 
ployed to  decoy  the  Iroquois  chiefs  into  Fort  On- 
tario. [They  were  put  in  irons  and  sent  to 
France.]  .  .  .  Meantime  the  old  men  of  the  Onon- 
dagas summoned  Lamberville  to  their  presence. 
"  We  have  much  reason,"  said  an  aged  chief, 
"to  treat  thee  as  an  enemy,  but  we  know  thee 
too  well.  Thou  hast  betrayed  us,  but  treason  was 
not  in  thy  heart.  Fly,  therefore,  for  when  our 
young  braves  shall  have  sung  their  war  song  they 
will  listen  to  no  voice  but  the  swelling  voice  of 
their  anger."  And  trusty  guides  conducted  the 
missionary  through  by-paths  to  a  place  of  secu- 
rity.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  17. 

33§2.  MAGNIFICENCE  vs.  Happiness.  Abdal- 
rahmans.  [See  No.  3383.]  In  the  West  the  Om- 
miades  of  Spain  supported,  with  equal  pomp,  the 


title  of  commander  of  the  faithful.  Three  miles, 
from  Cordova,  in  honor  of  his  favorite  sultana, 
the  third  and  greatest  of  the  Abdalrahmans  con- 
structed the  city,  palace,  and  gardens  of  Zehra. 
Twenty-five  years,  and  above  three  millions  ster- 
ling, were  employed  by  the  founder  ;  his  liberal 
taste  invited  the  artists  of  Constantinople,  the 
most  skilful  sculptors  and  architects  of  the  age  ; 
and  the  buildings  were  sustained  or  adorned  by 
twelve  hundred  columns  of  Spanish  and  African, 
of  Greek  and  Italian  marble.  The  hall  of  audience 
was  incrusted  with  gold  and  pearls,  and  a  great 
basin  in  the  centre  was  surrounded  with  the  curi- 
ous and  costly  figures  of  birds  and  quadrupeds. 
In  a  lofty  pavilion  of  the  gardens  one  of  thes& 
basins  and  fountains,  so  delightful  in  a  sultry  cli- 
mate, was  replenished,  not  with  w^ater,  but  with 
the  purest  quicksilver.  The  seraglio  of  Abdalrah- 
man,  his  wives,  concubines,  and  black  eunuchs- 
amounted  to  six  thousand  three  hundred  persons  ; 
and  he  was  attended  to  the  field  by  a  guard  of 
twelve  thousand  horse,  whose  belts  and  cimeters. 
were  studded  with  gold.  It  may  be  ...  of  some 
use ...  to  transcribe  an  authentic  memorial  which 
was  found  in  the  closet  of  the  deceased  caliph. 
"  I  have  now  reigned  above  fifty  years  in  victory 
or  peace,  beloved  by  my  subjects,  dreaded  by 
my  enemies,  and  respected  by  my  allies.  Riches, 
and  honors,  power  and  pleasure,  have  waited  on 
my  call,  nor  does  any  earthly  blessing  appear  to- 
have  been  wanting  to  my  felicity.  In  this  situa- 
tion I  have  diligently  numbered  the  days  of  pure 
and  genuine  happiness  which  have  fallen  to  my 
lot :  they  amount  to  fourteen.  O  man  !  place 
not  thy  confidence  in  this  present  world  !" — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  52,  p.  298. 

33§3.  MAGNIFICENCE,  Oriental.  At  Bagdad. 
The  glories  of  the  [caliph's]  court  were  bright- 
ened rather  than  impaired  in  the  decline  of  the 
empire,  and  a  Greek  ambassador  might  admire 
or  pity  the  magnificence  of  the  feeble  Moctader. 
"  'The  caliph's  whole  army,"  says  the  historian 
Abulfeda,  "both  horse  and  foot,  was  under 
arms,  which  together  made  a  body  of  160,000' 
men.  His  state  officers,  the  favorite  slaves,  stood 
near  him  in  splendid  apparel,  their  belts  glitter- 
ing with  gold  and  gems.  Near  them  were  7000* 
eunuchs,  4000  of  them  white,  the  remainder 
black.  The  porters  or  door-keepers  were  in  num- 
ber 700.  Barges  and  boats,  with  the  most  su- 
perb decorations,  were  seen  svdmming  upon  the 
Tigris.  Nor  was  the  palace  itself  less  splendid, 
in  which  were  hung  up  38,000  pieces  of  tapestry, 
12,500  of  which  were  of  silk  embroidered  with 
gold.  The  carpets  on  the  floor  were  22,000.  A 
hundred  lions  were  brought  out,  with  a  keeper 
to  each  lion.  Among  the  other  spectacles  of 
rare  and  stupendous  luxury  was  a  tree  of  gold 
and  silver  spreading  into  eighteen  large  branches,, 
on  which,  and  on  the  lesser  boughs,  sat  a  variety 
of  birds  made  of  the  same  precious  metals,  a^ 
well  as  the  leaves  of  the  tree.  While  the  machi- 
nery affected  spontaneous  motions,  the  several 
birds  warbled  their  natural  harmony.  Through 
this  scene  of  magnificence  the  Greek  ambassador 
was  led  by  the  vizier  to  the  foot  of  [Moctader'sJ 
the  caliph's  throne." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  52, 
p.  298. 

33§4.  MAGNIFICENCE,  Royal.  Arcadius, 
[Emperor  of  Rome.]  The  eloquent  sermons  of 
St.  Chrysostom  celebrate,  while  they  condema 


MAIDEN— MAN. 


399 


the  pompous  luxury  of  the  reign  of  Arcadius. 
"  The  emperor,"  says  he,  "  wears  on  his  head 
either  a  diadem  or  a  crown  of  gold,  decorated 
with  precious  stones  of  inestimable  value.  These 
ornaments  and  his  purple  garments  are  reserved 
for  his  sacred  person  alone  ;  and  his  robes  of  silk 
are  embroided  with  the  figures  of  golden  dragons. 
His  throne  is  of  massy  gold.  Whenever  he  ap- 
pears in  public  he  is  surrounded  by  his  courtiers, 
his  guards,  and  his  attendants.  Their  spears, 
their  shields,  their  cuirasses,  the  bridles  and  trap- 
pings of  their  horses,  have  either  the  substance 
or  the  appearance  of  gold  ;  and  the  large  splen- 
did boss  in  the  midst  of  their  shield  is  encircled 
with  smaller  bosses,  which  represent  the  shape  of 
the  human  eye.  The  two  mules  that  draw  the 
chariot  of  the  monarch  are  perfectly  white,  and 
shining  all  over  with  gold.  The  chariot  Itself,  of 
pure  and  solid  gold,  attracts  the  admiration  of  the 
spectators,  who  contemplate  the  purple  curtains, 
the  snowy  carpet,  the  size  of  the  precious  stones, 
'  and  the  resplendent  plates  of  gold,  that  glitter  as 
they  are  agitated  by  the  motion  of  the  carriage. 
The  Imperial  pictures  are  white,  on  a  bhie 
ground  ;  the  emperor  appears  seated  on  his 
throne,  with  his  arms,  his  horses,  and  his  guards 
beside  him,  and  his  vanquished  enemies  in  chains 
at  his  feet." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  32,  p.  323. 

33§5.  MAIDEN,  A  military.  Roman.  [Daugh- 
ter of  the  Prefect  Gregory — African  invasion  of 
the  Arabs.]  The  daughter  of  Gregory,  a  maid 
of  incomparable  beauty  and  spirit,  is  said  to  have 
fought  by  his  side  ;  from  her  earliest  youth  she 
was  trained  to  mount  on  horseback,  to  draw  the 
bow,  and  to  wield  the  cimeter  ;  and  the  richness 
of  her  arms  and  apparel  were  conspicuous  in  the 
foremost  ranks  of  the  battle.  Her  hand,  with  a 
hundred  thousand  pieces  of  gold,  was  offered  for 
the  head  of  [Abdallah]  the  Arabian  general,  and 
the  youths  of  Africa  were  excited  by  the  prospect 
of  the  glorious  prize.  At  the  pressing  solicitation 
of  his  brethren  Abdallah  withdrew  his  person 
from  the  field  ;  but  the  Saracens  were  discouraged 
by  the  retreat  of  their  leader,  and  the  repetition 
of  these  equal  or  unsuccessful  conflicts. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  237. 

33§6.  MAILS  detained.  Bdgn  of  James  II. 
[James  was  trying  to  coerce  Parliament  to  grant 
political  relief  to  the  Roman  Catholics.]  While 
the  contest  lasted,  the  anxiety  in  London  was  in- 
tense. Every  report,  every  line  from  Edinburgh, 
was  eagerly  devoured.  One  day  the  story  ran  that 
Hamilton  had  given  way,  and  that  the  govern- 
ment would  carry  every  point.  Then  came  in- 
telligence that  the  Opposition  had  rallied,  and 
was  more  obstinate  than  ever.  At  the  most  criti- 
cal moment  orders  were  sent  to  the  post-office  that 
the  bags  from  Scotland  should  be  transmitted  to 
Whitehall.  During  a  whole  week  not  a  single 
private  letter  from  beyond  the  Tweed  was  deliver- 
ed in  London. — Mac aul ay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  6,  p.  114. 

33§7.  MAJOEITY,Ruleof.  Condemned.  Their 
idea  [the  people  of  the  north]  of  government  may 
be  briefly  stated  as  the  sovereignty  of  mimbers. .  . . 
According  to  the  interpretation  of  the  Yankees, 
the  body  politic  ought  simply  to  have  a  political 
organization  to  bring  out  and  enforce  the  will  of 
the  majority.  .  .  .  The  Northern  idea  was  mate- 
rialistic ;  it  degraded  political  authority,  because 
it  despoiled  it  of  its  moral  offices,  and  represent- 
ed it  as  an  accident  determined  by  a  comparison 


of  numbers.  It  destroyed  the  virtue  of  minori- 
ties ;  compelled  them  to  servile  acquiescence  ; .  .  . 
it  laid  the  foundations  of  a  despotism  more  terri- 
ble than  that  of  any  single  tyrant ;  destroyed 
moral  courage  in  the  people  ;  broke  down  all  the 
barriers  of  conservatism,  and  substituted  the 
phrase,  "  the  majority  must  govern  "  for  the  con- 
science and  justice  of  society. — Pollard's  Sec- 
ond Yeak  op  the  War,  ch.  13,  p.  292. 

33§§.  MAJORITY,  An  unconquerable.  Eng- 
land. [James  II.  sought  the  overthrow  of  the  Es- 
tablished Church  and  the  promotion  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  faith.]  The  proportion  which  they 
bore  to  the  population  of  England  was  very  much 
smaller  than  at  present.  .  .  .  Forty-nine  fiftieths 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  kingdom,  forty-nine  fif- 
tieths of  the  property  of  the  kingdom,  almost  all 
the  political,  legal,  and  military  ability  and 
knowledge  to  be  found  in  the  kingdom,  were 
Protestant.  Nevertheless,  the  king,  under  a 
strong  infatuation,  had  determined  to  use  his 
vast  patronage  as  a  means  of  making  proselytes. 
To  be  of  his  Church  was,  in  his  view,  the  first  of 
all  qualifications  for  office.  To  be  of  the  national 
Church  was  a  positive  disqualification. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  219. 

33§9.  MALIGNITY,  Parental.  To  Frederick 
\the  Great] .  He  asked  puzzling  questions,  and 
brought  forward  arguments  which  seemed  to 
savor  of  something  different  from  pure  Luther- 
anism.  The  king  suspected  that  his  son  was  in- 
clined to  be  a  heretic  of  some  sort  or  other, 
whether  Calvinistor  atheist,  his  Majesty  did  not 
very  well  know.  The  ordinary  malignity  of 
Frederick  William  was  bad  enough.  He  now 
thought  malignity  a  part  of  his  duty  as  a  Chris- 
tian man,  and  all  the  conscience  that  he  had 
stimulated  his  hatred.  The  flute  was  broken,  the 
French  books  were  sent  out  of  the  palace,  the 
prince  was  kicked  and  cudgelled  and  pulled  by 
the  hair.  At  dinner  the  plates  were  hurled  at  his 
head  ;  sometimes  he  was  restricted  to  bread  and 
water,  sometimes  he  was  forced  to  swallow  food 
so  nauseous  that  he  could  not  keep  it  on  his 
stomach.  Once  his  father  knocked  him  down, 
dragged  him  along  the  floor  to  a  window,  and 
was  with  difficulty  prevented  from  strangling 
him  with  the  cord  of  the  curtain.  The  queen, 
for  the  crime  of  not  wishing  to  see  her  son  mur- 
dered, was  subjected  to  the  grossest  indignities. 
The  Princess  Wilhelmina,  who  took  her  broth- 
er's part,  was  treated  almost  as  ill  as  Mrs.  Brown- 
rigg's  apprentices.  Driven  to  despair,  the  unhap- 
py youth  tried  to  run  away ;  then  the  fury  of 
the  old  tyrant  rose  to  madness.  The  prince  was 
an  officer  in  the  army  ;  his  flight  was  therefore 
desertion,  and,  in  the  moral  code  of  Frederick 
William,  desertion  was  the  highest  of  all  crimes, 
[Execution  would  have  followed  but  for  the  in- 
tervention of  others.] — Macaulay's Frederick 
THE  Great,  p.  13. 

3390.  MAN  civilized.  Changes  in  America. 
[See  No.  3398.]  Man  is  still  in  harmony  with  na- 
ture, which  he  has  subdued,  developed,  and 
adorned.  For  him  the  rivers  that  flow  to  remot- 
est climes  mingle  their  waters  ;  for  him  the 
lakes  gain  new  outlets  to  the  ocean  ;  for  him  the 
arch  spans  the  flood,  and  science  spreads  iron 
pathways  to  the  recent  wilderness  ;  for  him  the 
hills  yield  up  the  shining  marble  and  the  endur- 
ing granite  ;  for  him  immense  rafts  bring  down 


400 


MAN— MANHOOD. 


the  forests  of  the  interior  ;  for  him  the  marts  of 
the  city  gather  the  produce  of  all  climes,  and 
libraries  collect  the  works  of  every  language  and 
of  every  age.  The  passions  of  society  are  chas- 
tened into  purity ;  manners  are  made  benevo- 
lent by  refinement,  and  the  virtue  of  the  country 
is  the  guardian  of  its  peace. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

3391.  MAN  defined.  Plato.  Plato  had  defined 
^an  to  be  a  two-legged  animal,  without  feath- 
ers. Diogenes  plucked  the  feathers  from  a  cock, 
and  said.  Behold  Plato's  man! — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  270. 

3392.  MAN  degenerated.  Unskilful.  [Ti- 
mour  the  Tartar  visited  the  ruins  of  Baalbec,]  of 
"which  he  ascribed  the  construction  to  demons 
and  genii,  not  being  able  to  conceive  them  hu- 
man, [these]  appeared  to  him  to  transcend  those 
■of  Persepolis.  He  felt  some  envy  toward  the 
unknown  sovereigns  of  these  mysterious  edifices. 
"Have  mankind,  then,"  said  he,  "degenerated, 
■or  is  it  that  the  stones  have  vegetated  after  being 
extracted  from  the  quarries  ?" — Lamartine's 
Turkey,  p.  322. 

3393.  MAN,  An  honest.  Estimated.  [Cardi- 
nal Mazarin  estimated  Louis  XIV.  very  highly.] 
"There  is  enough  in  him,"  said  he,  "to  make 
four  kings  and  one  honest  man."  His  powers 
of  application  were  remarkable.  During  the 
whole  of  his  reign  he  labored  regularly  in  his 
■cabinet  for  eight  hours  every  day. — Students' 
France,  ch.  21,  §  1. 

3394.  MAN,  Mission  of.  Stoics.  The  Stoics 
believed  the  universe  to  be  the  work  of  a  .  .  . 
Being  whose  providence  continually  regulates 
the  whole,  ...  so  as  to  produce  the  greatest 
possible  sum  of  general  good  ;  so  they  regarded 
man  as  a  principal  instrument  in  the  hand  of  God 
to  accomplish  that  great  purpose.  The  Creator, 
therefore,  .  .  .  had  so  framed  the  moral  consti- 
tution of  man,  that  he  finds  his  own  chief  happi- 
ness in  promoting  the  welfare  and  happiness  of 
liis  fellow-creatures.  In  the  free  consent  of 
man  to  fulfil  this  end  of  his  being,  by  accommo- 
dating his  mind  to  the  divine  will,  and  thus  en- 
deavoring to  discharge  his  part  in  society  with 
<;heerful  zeal,  with  perfect  integrity,  with  manly 
resolution,  and  with  an  entire  resignation  to  the 
■decrees  of  Providence,  lies  the  sum  and  essence 
of  his  duty. — Tytlbr's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9, 
p.  279. 

3395.  MAN,  A  monster.  Bonaparte.  [Mr. 
Jefferson]  has  given  his  testimony  against  the 
character  of  Napoleon:  .  .  .  "  If  he  could  seri- 
ously and  repeatedly  affirm  that  he  had  raised 
himself  to  power  without  ever  having  commit- 
ted a  crime,  it  proves  that  he  wanted  totally  the 
sense  of  right  and  wrong.  If  he  could  consider 
the  million  of  human  lives  that  he  had  destroyed, 
or  caused  to  be  destroyed ;  the  desolations  of 
countries,  by  plunderings,  burnings,  and  famine; 
the  dethronement  of  lawful  rulers  of  the  world, 
without  the  consent  of  their  constituents,  to  place 
his  brothers  and  sisters  on  their  thrones  ;  the  cut- 
ting up  of  established  societies  of  men,  and  jum- 
bling them  discordantly  together  at  his  caprice  ; 
the  demolition  of  the  fairest  hopes  of  mankind 
for  the  recovery  of  their  rights  and  the  ameliora- 
tion of  their  condition  ;  and  all  the  numberless 
train  of  his  other  enormities — the  man,  I  say, 


who  could  consider  all  these  as  no  crimes,  must 
have  been  a  moral  monster,  against  whom  every 
hand  should  have  been  lifted  to  slay  him." — 
Quoted  from  Tucker's  "Life  of  Jeffer- 
son," IN  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  10,  p.  176. 

3396.  MAN  or  a  Mouse,  A.  Robert  Moii'is,  of 
Philadelphia.  [The  financial  helper  of  Washing- 
ton during  the  Revolution  afterward  engaged  in 
immense  speculations,  and  was  ruined.]  Wash- 
ington .  .  .  remonstrated,  observing :  "  You  are 
old  ;  you  had  better  retire,  rather  than  engage  in 
such  extensive  concerns."  Morris  replied,  "Your 
advice  is  proof  of  that  wisdom  and  prudence 
which  govern  all  your  words  and  actions  ;  but, 
my  dear  general,  I  can  never  do  things  in  the 
small ;  I  must  be  either  a  man  or  a  m/mse." — 
CusTis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  13. 

3397.  MAN,  Origin  of.  West  Indians.  [See 
No.  2709.]  They  believed  that  mankind  issued 
from  a  .  .  .  cavern,  the  large  men  from  a  great 
aperture,  the  small  men  from  a  little  cranny. 
They  were  for  a  long  time  destitute  of  women,  but 
wandering  on  one  occasion  near  a  small  lake, 
they  saw  certain  animals  among  the  branches  of 
the  trees,  which  proved  to  be  women.  On  at- 
tempting to  catch  them,  however,  they  were 
found  to  be  as  slippery  as  eels,  so  that  it  was  im- 
possible to  hold  them.  At  length  they  employ- 
ed certain  men,  whose  hands  were  rendered 
rough  by  a  kind  of  leprosy.  These  succeeded 
in  securing  four  of  these  slippery  females,  from, 
whom  the  world  was  peopled. — Irving's  Co- 
lumbus, Book  6,  ch.  10. 

339S.  MAN  nncivilized.  American  Indians. 
Man,  the  occupant  of  the  soil,  was  as  untamed 
as  the  savage  scene,  in  harmony  with  the  rude 
nature  by  which  he  was  surrounded — a  vagrant 
over  the  continent,  in  constant  warfare  with  his 
fellow-men — the  bark  of  the  birch  his  canoes ; 
strings  of  shells  his  ornaments,  his  record,  and 
his  coin  ;  the  roots  of  uncultivated  plants  among 
his  resources  for  food  ;  his  knowledge  in  archi- 
tecture surpassed  both  in  strength  and  durability 
by  the  skill  of  the  beaver  ;  bended  saplings  the 
beams  of  his  house  ;  the  branches  and  rind  of 
trees  its  root ;  drifts  of  leaves  his  couch  ;  mats  of 
bulrushes  his  protection  against  winter's  cold ; 
his  religion  the  adoration  of  nature  ;  his  morals 
the  promptings  of  undisciplined  intellect ;  dis- 
puting with  the  wolves  and  bears  the  lordship  of 
the  soil,  and  dividing  with  the  squirrel  the  wild 
fruits  with  which  the  universal  woodlands 
abounded. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.2,  ch.  15. 

3399.  MAN CEUVEES  ignored.  Directness.  [One 
of  Admiral  Nelson's  frequent  injunctions  was  :] 
"  Never  mind  manoeuvres  ;  always  go  at  them. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  20,  p.  357. 

3400.  MANHOOD,  Complete.  Julius  Ccesa/r. 
In  person  Caesar  was  tall  and  slight.  His  feat 
ures  were  more  refined  than  was  usual  in  Ro- 
man faces  ;  the  forehead  was  wide  and  high,  the 
nose  large  and  thin,  the  lips  full,  the  eyes  dark 
gray  like  an  eagle's,  the  neck  extremely  thick 
and  sinevpy.  His  complexion  was  pale.  His 
beard  and  mustache  were  kept  carefully  shaved. 
His  hair  was  short  and  naturally  scanty,  falling 
off  toward  the  end  of  his  life  and  leaving  him 
partially  bald.  His  voice,  especially  when  he 
spoke  in  public,  was  high  and  shrill.  His  health, 
was  uniformly  strong  until  his  last  year,  whenh© 


MANHOOD. 


401 


became  subject  to  epileptic  fits.  He  was  a  great 
bather,  and  scrupulously  neat  in  all  his  habits, 
abstemious  in  his  food,  and  careless  in  what  it 
consisted,  rarely  or  never  touching  wine,  and 
noting  sobriety  as  the  highest  of  qualities  when 
describing  any  new  people.  He  was  an  athlete 
in  early  life,  admirable  in  all  manly  exercises, 
and  especially  in  riding.  In  Gaul,  as  has  been 
said  already,  he  rode  a  remarkable  horse,  which 
he  had  bred  himself,  and  which  would  let  no 
one  but  Caesar  mount  him.  From  his  boyhood 
it  was  observed  of  him  that  he  was  the  truest  of 
friends,  that  he  avoided  quarrels,  and  was  most 
easily  appeased  Avhen  offended.  In  manner  he 
was  quiet  and  gentleman-like,  with  the  natural 
courtesy  of  high-breeding.  On  an  occasion  when 
he  was  dining  somewhere  the  other  guests  found 
the  oil  too  rancid  for  them.  Caesar  took  it  vdth- 
out  remark,  to  spare  his  entertainer's  feelings. 
When  on  a  journey  through  a  forest  with  his 
friend  Oppius,  he  came  one  night  to  a  hut  where 
there  was  a  single  bed.  Oppius  being  unwell, 
Caesar  gave  it  up  to  him,  and  slept  on  the  ground. 
— Fkoude's  C^sar,  ch.  28. 

3401.  MANHOOB  deteriorated.  Ancient 
Greece.  [k.t>.  396.]  Corinth,  Argos,  Sparta, 
yielded  without  resistance  to  the  arms  of  the 
Goths  ;  and  the  most  fortunate  of  the  inhabi- 
tants were  saved,  by  death,  from  beholding  the 
slavery  of  their  families  and  the  conflagration  of 
their  cities.  The  vases  and  statues  were  distrib- 
uted among  the  barbarians,  with  more  regard  to 
the  value  of  the  materials  than  to  the  elegance 
of  the  workmanship  ;  the  female  captives  sub- 
mitted to  the  laws  of  war  ;  the  enjoyment  of 
beauty  was  the  reward  of  valor  ;  and  the  Greeks 
could  not  reasonably  complain  of  an  abuse  which 
was  justified  by  the  example  of  the  heroic  times. 
The  descendants  of  that  extraordinary  people, 
who  had  considered  valor  and  discipline  as  the 
walls  of  Sparta,  no  longer  remembered  the  gen- 
erous reply  of  their  ancestors  to  an  invader  more 
formidable  than  Alaric.  "If  thou  art  a  god, 
thou  wilt  not  hurt  those  who  have  never  injured 
thee  ;  if  thou  art  a  man,  advance,  and  thou  wilt 
find  men  equal  to  thyself." — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  30,  p.  194. 

3402.  MANHOOD  evinced.  Goethe.  In  Goethe 
we  discover  by  far  the  most  striking  instance,  in 
our  time,  of  a  writer  who  is,  in  strict  speech, 
what  philosophy  can  call  a  man.  He  is  neither 
noble  nor  plebeian,  neither  liberal  nor  servile, 
nor  infidel  nor  devotee  ;  but  the  best  excellence 
of  all  these,  joined  in  pure  union — "a clear  and 
universal  man."  Goethe's  poetry  is  no  separate 
faculty,  no  mental  handicraft,  but  the  voice  of 
the  whole  harmonious  manhood — nay,  it  is  the 
very  harmony,  the  living  and  life-giving  har- 
mony of  that  rich  manhood  which  forms  his 
poetry.  All  good  men  may  be  called  poets  in 
act  or  in  word  ;  all  good  poets  are  so  in  both. — 
Caklyle's  Goethe,  ch.  1. 

3403.  MANHOOD  exhibited.  Dr.  Rowland  Tay- 
lor. Taylor,  who  as  a  man  of  mark  had  been  one  of 
the  first  victims  chosen  for  execution,  was  arrest- 
ed in  London,  and  condemned  to  suffer  in  his  own 
parish.  His  wife,  "  suspecting  that  her  husband 
should  that  night  be  carried  away,"  had  waited 
through  the  darkness  with  her  children  in  the 
porch  of  St.  Botolph's  beside  Aldgate.  ' '  Now 
when  the  sheriff   his  company  came  against 


St.  Botolph's  Church,  Elizabeth  cried,  saying, 
'  Oh,  my  poor  father  !  Mother  !  mother  !  here  is- 
my  father  led  away  ! '  Then  cried  his  wife,  '  Row- 
land, Rowland,  where  art  thou  ? '  for  it  was  a 
very  dark  morning,  that  the  one  could  not  see  the 
other.  Dr.  Taylor  answered,  '  I  am  here,  dear 
wife,'  and  stayed.  The  sheriff's  men  would  have 
led  him  forth,  but  the  sheriff  said,  '  Stay  a  little, 
masters,  I  pray  you,  and  let  him  speak  to  his 
wife.'  "  Then  came  she  to  him,  and  he  took  his 
daughter  Mary  in  his  arms,  and  he  and  his  wdfe 
and  Elizabeth  knelt  down  and  said  the  Lord's 
prayer.  At  which  sight  the  sheriff  wept  apace, 
and  so  did  divers  others  of  the  company.  After 
they  had  prayed  he  rose  up  and  kissed  his  wife 
and  shook  her  by  the  hand,  and  said,  "Farewell, 
my  dear  wife,  be  of  good  comfort,  for  I  am  quiet 
in  my  conscience  !  God  shall  still  be  a  father  to- 
my  children."  .  .  .  Then  said  his  wife,  "  God 
be  with  thee,  dear  Rowland  !  I  will,  with  God's- 
grace,  meet  thee  at  Hadleigh."  All  the  way  Dr. 
Taylor  was  merry  and  cheerful  as  one  that  ac- 
counted himself  going  to  a  most  pleasant  ban- 
quet or  bridal.  .  .  .  Coming  within  two  miles  of 
Hadleigh,  he  desired  to  light  off  his  horse,  which 
done  he  leaped  and  set  a  frisk  or  twain  as  men 
commonly  do  for  dancing.  "  Why,  master  doc- 
tor," quote  the  sheriff,  "how  do  you  now?" 
He  answered.  "Well,  God  be  praised,  master 
sheriff,  never  better ;  for  now  I  know  I  am 
almost  at  home.  I  lack  not  past  two  stiles  to  go 
over,  and  I  am  even  at  my  Father's  house  !  " — 
Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  659. 

3404.  MANHOOD,  Fcecast  of.  Sam  Hous- 
ton. And  yet,  this  running  wild  among  the  Ind- 
ians,  sleeping  on    the  ground,   chasing    wild 

fame,  living  in  the  forests,  and  reading  Homer's- 
liad  withal,  seemed  a  pretty  strange  business, 
and  people  used  to  say  that  Sam  Houston  would, 
either  be  a  great  Indian  chief  or  die  in  a  mad- 
house, or  be  governor  of  the  State — for  it  was- 
very  certain  that  some  strange  thing  would  over- 
take him  ! — Lester's  Houston,  p.  18. 

3405.  MANHOOD,  Honest.  Cromwell.  We* 
may  have  too  little  ceremony  as  well  as  too 
much.  It  does  not  matter  much,  but  we  da 
rather  like  our  servant  to  tap  at  our  study  door 
before  coming  in,  although  we  do  not  care  about 
her  handing  our  letters  on  a  silver  salver.  When 
ambassadors  crowded  Cromwell's  court  from  all 
the  States  of  Europe,  some  of  them,  in  deference- 
to  the  usualities  of  royalty,  desired  to  kiss  his- 
hand  ;  but,  with  manly  dignity,  he  retired  back 
two  or  three  steps  higher,  to  his  throne,  bowed 
to  the  deputation,  and  so  closed  the  audience. 
A  man,  we  see,  who  will  not  bate  an  inch  of  his- 
nation's  dignity,  nor  wear  more  than  his  man- 
hood for  his  own.  As  he  would  not  adopt  the- 
designation,  so  he  would  not  permit  himself  to 
play  at  being  a  king. — Hood's  Cromwell, 
ch.  15,  p.  199. 

3406.  MANHOOD,  Model.  George  Washington. 
His  faculties  were  so  well  balanced  and  com- 
bined that  his  constitution,  free  from  excess,, 
was  tempered  evenly  with  all  the  elements  of  ac- 
tivity, and  his  mind  resembled  a  well-organized 
commonwealth  ;  his  passions,  which  had  the  in- 
tensest  vigor,  owned  allegiance  to  reason  ;  and 
with  all  the  fiery  quickness  of  his  spirit,  his  im- 
petuous and  massive  will  was  held  in  check  by 
consummate  judgment.     He  had  in  his  compo< 


402 


MANHOOD— MANKIND. 


sition  a  calm  which  gave  him  in  moments  of 
highest  excitement  the  power  of  self-control,  and 
enabled  him  to  excel  in  patience,  even  when  he 
had  most  cause  for  disgust. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  7,  ch.  37. 

3407.  MANHOOD,  Physical.  Washington. 
Oeneral  Washington  stood  six  feet  three  in 
his  slippers,  and  in  the  prime  of  his  life  was 
rather  slender  than  otherwise,  but  as  straight  as 
an  arrow.  His  form  was  well-proportioned  and 
evenly  developed,  so  that  he  carried  his  tallness 
gracefully,  and  looked  strikingly  well  on  horse- 
back. There  has  never  been  a  more  active,  sin- 
ewy figure  than  his  when  he  was  a  young  man  ; 
it  was  only  in  later  life  that  his  movements 
became  slow  and  dignified. — Cyclopedia  of 
Bigg.,  p.  9. 

340§.  MANHOOD  recognized.  Ancient  Ger- 
mans. Civil  governments,  in  their  first  institu- 
tion, are  voluntary  associations  for  mutual  de- 
fence. To  obtain  the  desired  end,  it  is  absolute- 
ly necessary  that  each  individual  should  conceive 
himself  obliged  to  submit  his  private  opinions 
and  actions  to  the  judgment  of  the  greater  num- 
ber of  his  associates.  The  German  tribes  were 
contented  with  this  rude  but  liberal  outline  of 
political  society.  As  soon  as  a  youth,  born  of 
free  parents,  had  attained  the  age  of  manhood, 
he  was  introduced  into  the  general  council  of 
his  countrymen,  solemnly  invested  with  a  shield 
and  spear,  and  adopted  as  an  equal  and  worthy 
member  of  the  military  commonwealth. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  264. 

3409.  .     Ancient   Germans.     The 

government  of  the  Germanic  nations,  where  a 
vast  number  of  detached  tribes  were  each  under 
the  command  of  an  independent  chief,  and  the 
condition  of  individuals,  whose  almost  constant 
occupation  was  war,  were  a  necessary  cause  of 
that  exclusive  regard  which  was  paid  to  the  pro- 
fession of  arms,  in  comparison  with  which  every 
other  employment  was  esteemed  mean  and  un- 
important. It  was  customary  in  many  nations 
that  the  first  introduction  of  youth  to  the  occu- 
pations of  manhood  was  attended  with  peculiar 
ceremonies  and  distinguished  solemnity ;  and 
thus,  among  the  German  nations,  it  was  ex- 
tremely natural  that  the  youth  should  be  intro- 
duced with  particular  ceremonies  to  that  military 
profession  in  which  he  was  to  be  engaged  for 
life.  The  chief  of  the  tribe,  under  whose  ban- 
ner all  his  vassals  were  to  fight,  bestowed,  him- 
self, the  sword  and  armor  upon  the  young  sol- 
dier, as  a  mark  that,  being  conferred  by  him, 
they  were  to  be  used  at  his  command,  and  for 
Ms  service  alone. — Tytleb's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  10,  p.  167. 

3410.  MANHOOD  tested.  William  of  Orange. 
If  his  battles  were  not  those  of  a  great  tactician, 
they  entitled  him  to  be  called  a  great  man.  No 
disaster  could  for  one  moment  deprive  him  of 
his  firmness  or  of  the  entire  possession  of  all  his 
faculties.  ...  He  was  proved  by  every  test ;  by 
war,  by  wounds,  by  painful  and  depressing  mal- 
adies, by  raging  seas,  by  the  imminent  and  con- 
stant risk  of  assassination,  a  risk  which  has  shak- 
en very  strong  nerves,  a  risk  which  severely 
tried  even  the  adamantine  fortitude  of  Crom- 
well ;  yet  none  could  ever  discover  what  that 
thing  was  which  the  Prince  of  Orange  feared. 
His  advisers  could  with  difficulty  induce  him  to 


take  any  precaution  against  the  pistols  and  dag- 
gers of  conspirators.  Old  sailors  were  amazed 
at  the  composure  which  he  preserved  amid  roar- 
ing breakers  on  a  perilous  coast.  In  battle  his 
bravery  made  him  conspicuous  even  among  tens 
of  thousands  of  brave  warriors,  drew  forth  the 
generous  applause  of  hostile  armies,  and  was 
never  questioned  even  by  the  injustice  of  hostile 
factions.  During  his  first  campaigns  he  exposed 
himself  like  a  man  who  sought  for  death  ;  was 
always  foremost  in  the  charge  and  last  in  the  re- 
treat ;  fought,  sword  in  hand,  in  the  thickest 
press  ;  and  with  a  musket  ball  in  his  arm  and 
the  blood  streaming  over  his  cuirass  still  stood 
his  ground  and  waved  his  hat  under  the  hottest 
fire. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  154. 

3411.  MANIA,  Popular.  Crusaders.  [In  1096] 
the  peasant  shod  his  oxen  like  horses,  and,  yok- 
ing them  to  a  cart,  migrated  with  his  wife  and 
children ;  and  the  children,  whenever  they  ap- 
proached a  town,  cried  out,  "Is  this  Jerusa- 
lem ?"  Lands  were  abandoned.  Houses  and 
chattels  were  sold  for  ready  money  by  townsmen 
and  husbandmen.  The  passion  to  reach  Jerusa- 
lem extinguished  all  ordinary  love  of  gain  and 
absorbed  every  other  motive  for  exertion.  .  .  . 
The  desire  to  see  that  land,  if  not  possess  it,  went 
through  the  most  remote  parts  of  Christian  Eu- 
rope. ...  As  they  passed  through  the  populous 
cities  of  Germany  the  spirit  of  fanatical  hatred 
.  .  .  incited  the  multitude  to  pillage  and  massa- 
cre the  Jews. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  16, 
p.  228. 

3412.  MANKIND  distrusted.  Charles  II.  was 
addicted  beyond  measure  to  sensual  indulgence, 
fond  of  sauntering  and  of  frivolous  amusements, 
incapable  of  self-denial  and  of  exertion,  without 
faith  in  human  virtue  or  in  human  attachment, 
without  desire  of  renown,  and  without  sensibil- 
ity to  reproach.  According  to  him,  every  per- 
son was  to  be  bought.  But  some  people  hag- 
gled more  about  their  price  than  others  ;  and 
when  this  haggling  was  very  obstinate  and  very 
skilful,  it  was  called  by  some  fine  name.  The 
chief  trick  by  which  clever  men  kept  up  the 
price  of  their  abilities  was  called  integrity.  The 
chief  trick  by  which  handsome  women  kept  up 
the  price  of  their  beauty  was  called  modesty.  .  .  . 
Thinking  thus  of  mankind,  Charles  naturally 
cared  very  little  what  they  thought  of  him.  Hon- 
or and  shame  were  scarcely  more  to  him  than 
light  and  darkness  to  the  blind. — Macaui,ay's 
Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  156. 

3413.  MANKIND,  Inequality  of.  Samuel 
Johnson.  On  his  favorite  subject  of  subordina- 
tion, Johnson  said  :  "  So  far  is  it  from  being  true 
that  men  are  naturally  equal,  that  no  two  people 
can  be  half  an  hour  together  but  one  shall  ac- 
quire an  evident  superiority  over  the  other." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  142. 

3414.  MANKIND,  Prosperity  of.  Age.  ^  If  a 
man  were  called  to  fix  the  period  in  the  history 
of  the  world  during  which  the  condition  of  the 
human  race  was  most  happy  and  prosperous,  he 
would,  without  hesitation,  name  that  which 
elapsed  from  the  death  of  Domitian  to  the  acces- 
sion of  Commodus.  The  vast  extent  of  the  Ro- 
man Empire  was  governed  by  absolute  power, 
under  the  guidance  of  virtue  and  wisdom. — Gib 
bon's  Rome,  ch.  3,  p.  95. 


MANNERS— MANUFACTURES. 


403 


3415.  MANNERS,  Blunt.  Diogenes.  The 
bluntness  of  his  manners  was  exemphfied  in  his 
celebrated  answer  to  Alexander  the  Great,  who, 
coming  to  Adsit  the  philosopher,  and  finding  him 
seated  in  his  tub,  asked  if  he  could  do  him 
^ny  favor.  "  Yes,"  said  the  other,  "  stand  from 
between  me  and  the  sun." — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  9,  p.  271. 

3416.  MANNERS  changed.  Romans.  These 
Asiatic  conquests  were,  in  a  moral  point  of  view, 
much  more  prejudicial  than  advantageous  to  the 
Romans.  Their  simple  and  austere  manners  be- 
gan gradually  to  relax,  and  they  acquired  a  rel- 
ish for  luxurious  enjoyments.  This  change  in 
the  manners  of  his  countrymen  roused  the  virtu- 
<His  indignation  of  Cato  the  Censor,  the  determin- 
<^'d  enemy  of  every  species  of  luxury  and  corrup- 
tion. At  the  time  when  Hannibal  was  ravaging 
Italy,  and  when  the  Roman  state  had  the  strong- 
est motive  to  retrench  all  superfluous  expenses, 
41  sumptuary  statute,  called  the  Oppian  law,  was 
passed,  which  prohibited  the  women  from  the 
use  of  gold  in  their  ornaments,  beyond  the  quan- 
tity of  half  an  ounce,  and  from  wearing  gar- 
ments of  different  colors,  and  likewise  interdict- 
ed the  use  of  chariots.  At  the  end  of  the  Sec- 
ond Punic  War  the  Roman  ladies  used  all  their 
influence  to  have  this  law  repealed,  urging  that 
the  motive  for  its  enactment  no  longer  existed. 
So  earnest  were  they  in  their  purpose,  that,  for- 
getting that  modest  reserve  which  is  their  sex's 
highest  ornament,  they  rushed  out  into  the 
streets,  and  besetting  every  avenue  to  the  forum, 
laid  hold  of  the  men  as  they  passed,  and  endeav- 
ored, both  by  clamor  and  by  blandishments,  to 
engage  their  votes  for  the  abrogation  of  this  odi- 
ous statute.  It  was  no  wonder  that  the  rigid  vir- 
tue of  old  Cato,  then  consul,  was  inflamed  with 
indignation  at  this  spectacle. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  9,  p.  378. 

3417.  MANNERS,  Effects  of.  Samuel  John- 
son. The  difference,  he  observed,  between  a 
■well-bred  and  an  ill-bred  man  is  this  :  "  One  im- 
mediately attracts  your  liking,  the  other  your 
aversion.  You  love  the  one  till  you  find  rea- 
■son  to  hate  him ;  you  hate  the  other  till  you 
find  reason  to  love  lum." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  530. 

3418, .     Samuel  Johnson.     I  had 

the  resolution  to  ask  Johnson  whether  he  thought 
that  the  roughness  of  his  manner  had  been  an 
advantage  or  not,  and  if  he  would  not  have  done 
more  good  if  he  had  been  more  gentle.  John- 
son :  "  No,  sir  ;  I  have  done  more  good  as  I  am. 
Obscenity  and  impiety  have  always  been  repress- 
ed in  my  company."  Boswell  :  .  .  .  "  Great- 
er liberties  have  been  taken  in  the  presence  of  a 
bishop,  though  a  very  good  man,  from  his  being 
milder,  and  thereforenot  commanding  such  awe. 
Yet,  sir,  many  people  who  might  have  been  Iben- 
efited  by  your  conversation  have  been  frightened 
away.  A  worthy  friend  of  ours  has  told  me 
that  he  has  often  been  afraid  to  talk  to  you." 
Johnson  :  "  Sir,  he  need  not  have  been  afraid, 
if  he  had  anything  rational  to  say.  If  he  had 
not,  it  was  better  he  did  not  talk." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  523. 

3419.  MANNERS  neglected.  Samuel  John- 
son. The  late  Alexander,  Earl  of  Eglintoune, 
who  loved  wit  more  than  wine,  and  men  of  gen- 
ius more  than  sycophants,  had  a  great  admira- 


tion of  Johnson  ;  but  from  the  remarkable  ele- 
gance of  his  own  manners  was,  perhaps,  too  del- 
icately sensible  of  the  roughness  which  some- 
times appeared  in  Johnson's  behavior.  .  .  .  He 
regretted  that  Johnson  had  not  been  educated 
with  more  refinement,  and  lived  more  in  polish- 
ed society.  "No,  no,  my  lord,"  said  Signior 
Baretti,  "  do  with  him  what  you  would,  he  would 
always  have  been  a  bear."  "  True,"  answered 
the  earl,  with  a  smile,  "  but  he  would  have  been 
a  dancing  bear."  [Goldsmith  said  :]  "  Johnson, 
to  be  sure,  has  a  roughness  in  his  manners  ;  but 
no  man  alive  has  a  more  tender  heart.  He  has 
nothing  of  the  bear  but  his  skin." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  159. 

3420.  MANNERS,  Plain.  George  Fox  the  Qua- 
ker. A.D.  1649.  About  two  years  and  a  half 
from  the  day  when  Cromwell  went  on  his  knees 
to  kiss  the  hand  of  the  young  boy  who  was  Duke 
of  York,  the  Lord,  who  sent  George  Fox  into 
the  world,  forbade  him  to  put  off  his  hat  to  any, 
high  or  low,  and  he  was  required  to  thee  and  tJiou 
all  men  and  women,  without  any  respect  to  rich 
or  poor,  to  great  or  small. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  2,  ch.  16. 

3421.  MANNERS,  Unrefined.  Johnson.  He 
observed  :  ' '  The  great  in  France  live  very  mag- 
nificently, but  the  rest  very  miserably.  There 
is  no  happy  middle  state,  as  in  England.  The 
shops  of  Paris  are  mean  ;  the  meat  in  the  mar- 
kets is  such  as  would  be  sent  to  a  jail  in  Eng- 
land ;  and  Mr.  Thrale  justly  observed  that  the 
cookery  of  the  French  was  forced  upon  them  by 
necessity  ;  for  they  could  not  eat  their  meat,  un- 
less they  added  same  taste  to  it.  The  French  are 
an  indelicate  people  ;  they  will  spit  upon  any 

place.     At  Madame 's,  a  literary  lady  of 

rank,  the  footman  took  the  sugar  in  his  fingers, 
and  threw  it  into  my  coffee.  I  was  going  to  put 
it  aside  :  but  hearing  it  was  made  on  purpose  for 
me,  I  e'en  tasted  Tom's  fingers.  The  same  lady 
would  needs  make  tea  a  I'Anglaise.  The  spout 
of  the  teapot  did  not  pour  freely  ;  she  bade  the 
footman  blow  into  it." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  264. 

3422.  MANNERS,  Urbane.  CharUs  II.  The 
morning  light  began  to  peep  through  the  win- 
dows of  Whitehall,  and  Charles  desired  the  at- 
tendants to  pull  aside  the  curtains,  that  he  might 
have  one  more  look  at  the  day.  He  remarked 
that  it  was  time  to  wind  up  a  clock  which  stood 
near  his  bed.  These  little  circumstances  were 
long  remembered,  because  they  proved  beyond 
dispute  that,  when  he  declared  himself  a  Roman 
Catholic,  he  was  in  full  possession  of  his  facul- 
ties. He  apologized  to  those  who  had  stood 
round  him  all  night  for  the  trouble  which  he  had 
caused.  He  had  been,  he  said,  a  most  uncon- 
scionable time  dying,  but  he  hoped  that  they 
would  excuse  it.  This  was  the  last  glimpse  of 
that  exquisite  urbanity,  so  often  found  potent  to 
charm  away  the  resentment  of  a  justly  incensed 
nation. — Ma  caul  ay's  Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  408. 

3423.  MANUFACTURES,  Exhibition  of.  Bos- 
ton Common,  a.d.  1754.  At  Boston  a  society 
was  formed  for  promoting  domestic  manufact- 
ures ;  on  one  of  its  anniversaries  three  hundred 
young  women  appeared  on  the  common,  clad  in 
homespun,  seated  in  a  triple  row,  each  with  a 
spinning-wheel,  and  each  busily  transferring  the 


404 


MANUFACTURES— MAKRIAGE. 


flax  from  the  distaff  to  the  spool. — Banceoft's 
V.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  4. 

3424.  MANUFACTURES  fostered.  Flemish. 
After  the  establishment  of  the  great  mart  of 
Bruges,  the  Flemings  began  to  apply  their  whole 
industry  to  the  establishment  of  manufactures, 
and  Baldwin,  the  young  Count  of  Flanders,  en- 
couraged this  spirit  by  bestowing  privileges  and 
immunities  on  the  merchants  and  manufactur- 
ers. His  successors,  however,  possessed  a  very 
different  spirit  ;  they  recalled  these  immunities  ; 
and  the  consequence  was,  that  the  manufactur- 
ers left  Flanders  and  settled  in  Brabant,  where 
the  dukes  of  that  province  showed  them  for 
some  time  all  manner  of  favor.  This,  however, 
did  not  long  continue.  The  revocation  of  their 
immunities,  by  some  impolitic  sovereigns  of 
that  province,  banished  trade  and  manufactures 
from  Brabant,  as  it  had  done  from  Flanders. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  17,  p.  262. 

3425.  MANUFACTURES,  Monopoly  in.  Hat- 
ters. In  the  land  of  furs  it  was  found  that  hats 
were  well  made  ;  the  London  company  of  hat- 
ters remonstrated  ;  and  their  craft  was  protected 
by  an  act  forbidding  hats  to  be  transported  from 
one  plantation  to  another.  .  .  .  "None  of  the 
plantations  should  manufacture  iron  wares  of 
any  kind  whatsoever ;"  and  the  house  of  peers 
added  a  clause  prohibiting  every  "forge  going 
by  water  for  making  bar  or  rod  iron." — Ban- 
croft's U.  S. 

3426.  MANUFACTURES  restricted.  Reign  of 
Charles  II.  As  early  as  the  reign  of  Elizabeth 
there  had  been  loud  complaints  that  whole  for- 
ests were  cut  down  for  the  purpose  of  feeding 
the  furnaces,  and  the  Parliament  had  interfered 
to  prohibit  the  manufacturers  from  burning 
timber.      The  manufacture  consequently  lan- 

fuished.  At  the  close  of  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.  great  part  of  the  iron  which  was  used  in 
the  country  was  imported  from  abroad. — ^Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  296. 

3427.  MARCHING,  Prodigious.  Spartans.  Af- 
ter the  battle  had  been  fought  [at  Marathon], 
but  while  the  dead  bodies  were  yet  on  the 
ground,  the  promised  re-enforcement  from  Spar- 
ta arrived.  Two  thousand  Lacedaemonian 
spearmen,  starting  immediately  after  the  full 
moon,  had  marched  the  hundred  and  fifty  miles 
between  Athens  and  Sparta  in  the  wonderfully 
short  time  of  three  days.  Though  too  late  to 
share  in  the  glory  of  the  action,  they  requested 
to  be  allowed  to  march  to  the  battle-field  to  be- 
hold the  Medes.  They  proceeded  thither,  gazed 
on  the  dead  bodies  of  the  invaders,  and  then, 
praising  the  Athenians  and  what  they  had  done, 
they  returned  to  Lacedsemon. — Decisive  Bat- 
tles, §  48. 

342§.  MARINER,  Famous.  Discovery  of  Amer- 
ica. The  enterprise  of  Columbus,  the  most  mem- 
orable maritime  enterprise  in  the  history  of  the 
world,  formed  between  Europe  and  America 
the  communication  which  will  never  cease. — 
Bancroft's  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  ch.  1. 

3429.  MARINERS,  Cautious.  Portuguese.  Till 
the  middle  of  the  flf  leenth  century  none  of  the 
nations  of  Europe  had  ventured  to  sail  out  of  the 
sight  of  their  coasts.  Their  vessels  were  flat-bot- 
tomed and  extremely  shallow  ;  and  as  they  fol- 
lowed in  their  navigation  every  turning  of  the 


coast,  which  exposed  them  continually  to  shifting, 
and  contrary  winds,  it  was  not  unusual  that  a 
voyage,  which  would  now  be  performed  in  a 
few  months,  lasted  at  that  time  four  or  five  years. 
We  have  already  remarked  the  very  limited 
knowledge  which  the  Greeks  and  Romans  pos- 
sessed of  the  habitable  globe.  The  Eastern 
Ocean  was  known  only  by  name,  and  the  Atlan- 
tic scarcely  attempted  out  of  the  sight  of  the 
coast  of  Europe.  It  was  supposed  that  all  to 
the  west  was  an  immense  extent  of  ocean. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  18,  p.  266. 

3430.  MARKSMAN,  Royal.  Gommodus.  The- 
Emperor  Commodus,  elated  with  praise  which 
gradually  extinguished  the  innate  sense  of  shame, 
resolved  to  exhibit  before  the  eyes  of  the  Romart 
people  those  exercises  which  till  then  he  had 
decently  confined  within  the  walls  of  his  palace, 
and  to  the  presence  of  a  few  favorites.  On  the- 
appointed  day  the  various  motives  of  flattery, 
fear,  and  curiosity  attracted  to  the  amphithe- 
atre an  innumerable  multitude  of  spectators ;. 
and  some  degree  of  applause  was  deservedly  be- 
stowed on  the  uncommon  skill  of  the  imperial 
performer.  Whether  he  aimed  at  the  head  or 
heart  of  the  animal,  the  wound  was  alike  certain 
and  mortal.  With  arrows  whose  point  was- 
shaped  into  the  form  of  a  crescent,  Commodus- 
often  intercepted  the  rapid  career,  and  cut  asun- 
der the  long,  bony  neck  of  the  ostrich.  A  pan- 
ther was  let  loose  ;  and  the  archer  waited  till  he 
had  leaped  upon  a  trembling  malefactor.  In 
the  same  instant  the  shaft  flew,  the  beast  dropped 
dead,  and  the  man  remained  unhurt.  The  dens- 
of  the  amphitheatre  disgorged  at  once  a  hundred 
lions  ;  a  hundred  darts  from  the  unerring  hand 
of  Commodus  laid  them  dead  as  they  ran  rag- 
ing around  the  Arena.  Neither  the  huge  bulk 
of  the  elephant  nor  the  scaly  hide  of  the  rhi- 
noceros could  defend  them  from  his  stroke. 
Ethiopia  and  India  yielded  their  most  extraor- 
dinary productions  ;  and  several  animals  were- 
slain  in  the  amphitheatre,  which  had  been  seen 
only  in  the  representations  of  art,  or  perhaps  of 
fancy.  In  all  these  exhibitions  the  securest 
precautions  were  used  to  protect  the  person  of 
the  Roman  Hercules  from  the  desperate  spring- 
of  any  savage,  who  might  possibly  disregard 
the  dignity  of  the  emperor  and  the  sanctity  of 
the  god. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  4,  p.  113. 

3431.  MARRIAGE,  Ceremony  of.  From  the- 
Romans.  Our  marriage  ceremonies  are  all  Ro- 
man— the  ring,  the  veil,  the  wedding  gifts,  the 
groomsman  and  bridesmaids,  the  bride-cake. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3,  p.  49. 

3432.  MARRIAGE  cheap.  Alexander  Keith, 
[The  Rev.  Alexander  Keith,  soon  after  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Marriage  act,  had  the  reputation  of  | 
marrying  very  cheap.  ]  Many  came  to  be  married  | 
when  they  had  half  a  crown  in  their  pockets  and  | 
sixpence  to  buy  a  pot  of  beer,  and  for  which  they  \ 
had  pawned  some  of  their  clothes.  .  .  .  Hiaj 
motto  was,  ' '  Happy  is  the  wooing  that  is  not  ,.■ 
long  a-doing."  .  .  .  Six  thousand  a  year  were] 
married  at  his  chapel. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,: 
ch.  12,  p.  194. 

3433.  MARRIAGE,  Choice  in.     Samuel  John-  • 
son.     BoswELL :  "Pray,  sir,  do  you  not  sup-i 
pose  that  there  are  fifty  women  in  the  world, 
with  any  one  of  whom  a  man  may  be  as  happy, 
as  with  any  one  woman  in  particular  ?"  John- 


MARRIAGE. 


405 


son:  "Ay,  sir,  fifty  thousand."  Bosweij.  : 
■"  Then,  sir,  you  are  not  of  opinion  with  some 
who  imagine  that  certain  men  and  certain  wom- 
<en  are  made  for  each  other,  and  that  they  can- 
-not  be  happy  if  they  miss  their  counterparts." 
-Johnson:  "  To  be  sure  not,  sir  I  believe  mar- 
riages would  in  general  be  as  happy,  and  often 
•more  so,  if  they  were  all  made  by  the  Lord 
Chancellor,  upon  a  due  consideration  of  the 
characters  and  circumstances,  without  the  parties 
having  any  choice  in  the  matter." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  283. 

3434.  MARRIAGE  by  Coercion.  William  Wat. 
Auld  Wat's  son  William,  captured  by  Sir  Gideon 
Murray,  of  Elibank,  during  a  raid  of  the  Scotts 
on  Sir  Gideon's  lands,  was,  as  tradition  says, 
^ven  his  choice  between  being  hanged  on  Sir 
Oideon's  private  gallows,  and  marrying  the  ug- 
liest of  Sir  Gideon's  three  ugly  daughters,  Meikle- 
:mouthed  Meg,  reputed  as  carrying  off  the  prize 
of  ugliness  among  the  women  of  four  counties. 
Sir  William  was  a  handsome  man.  He  took 
three  days  to  consider  the  alternative  proposed 
to  him,  but  he  chose  life  with  the  large-mouthed 
lady  in  the  end ;  and  found  her,  according  to 
the  tradition  which  the  poet,  her  descendant,  has 
transmitted,  an  excellent  wife,  with  a  fine  talent 
for  pickling  the  beef  which  her  husband  stole 
from  the  herds  of  his  foes.  Meikle-mouthed  Meg 
transmitted  a  distinct  trace  of  her  large  mouth 
to  all  her  descendants,  and  not  least  to  him  who 
Tvas  to  use  his  '•  meikle"  mouth  to  best  advan- 
tage as  the  spokesman  of  his  race  [Sir  Walter 
.Scott]. — Hutton's  Life  of  Scott,  ch.  1. 

3435.  MARRIAGE  declined.  Qibeen  Eliza- 
■beth.  [Queen  Elizabeth  was  urged  by  the  House 
«of  Commons  to  become  a  married  woman.  She 
:strongly  expressed  her  constant  preference  for 

the  unmarried  state.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 

ch.  8,  p.  109. 

3436.  MARRIAGE,  Denial  of.  Homma.  The 
.sister  of  Valentinian  [the  Roman  emperor]  was 
•educated  in  the  palace  of  Ravenna  ;  and  as  her 
Tiiarriage  might  be  productive  of  some  danger  to 
the  State  she  was  raised,  by  the  title  of  Augusta, 
.above  the  hopes  of  the  most  presumptuous  sub- 
ject. But  the  fair  Honoria  had  no  sooner  attain- 
ed the  sixteenth  year  of  her  age  than  she  detest- 
ed the  importunate  greatness  which  must  forever 
■exclude  her  from  the  comforts  of  honorable 
love.  In  the  midst  of  vain  and  unsatisfactory 
pomp  Honoria  sighed,  yielded  to  the  impulse  of 
nature,  and  threw  herself  into  the  arms  of  her 
chamberlain  Eugenius.  Her  guilt  and  shame 
{such  is  the  absurd  language  of  imperious  man) 
■were  soon  betrayed  by  the  appearances  of  preg- 
nancy ;  but  the  disgrace  of  the  royal  family  was 
published  to  the  world  by  the  imprudence  of 
the  Empress  Placidia. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  25, 
p.  431. 

3437.  MARRIAGE,  A  detested.  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots.  [After  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  had  secured, 
.as  was  believed,  the  murder  of  her  first  husband, 
she  soon  called  upon  Craig,  a  Protestant  min- 
ister, to  proclaim  the  banns  of  matrimony  be- 
tween herself  and  Both  well,  which  he  did  in  the 
High  Church,  adding,]  I  take  heaven  and  earth 
to  witness  that  I  abhor  and  detest  this  marriage. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  9,  p.  147. 

343§.  MARRIAGE,  Disappointment  in.  David 
■Crockett.     He  soon  fell  in  love  again,  at  a  ball, 


and,  before  the  evening  was  finished,  he  was  en- 
gaged to  be  married,  and  a  day  was  appointed 
for  him  to  announce  the  fact  to  the  girl's  parents. 
On  the  appointed  day  he  started  for  the  young 
lady's  abode,  but  falling  in  on  the  way  with  a 
gay  party,  he  spent  the  whole  night  in  a  frolic  ; 
and  when,  the  next  morning,  he  approached  the 
house  of  his  lady-love,  he  learned  that  she  was 
to  be  married  that  evening  to  another  man.  His 
riding-whip  slipped  from  his  hand,  his  jaw  fell, 
and  he  sat  on  his  horse  staring  wildly  at  his  in- 
formant. He  recovered  his  spirits,  however, 
went  to  the  wedding,  and  danced  all  night,  the 
merriest  of  the  merry. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  666. 

3439.  MARRIAGE  dishonored.  Time  of  Nero. 
Family  life  among  the  Romans  had  once  been  a 
sacred  thing,  and  for  five  hundred  and  twenty 
years  divorce  had  been  unknown  among  them. 
Under  the  empire  marriage  had  come  to  be  re- 
garded with  disfavor  and  disdain.  Women,  as 
Seneca  says,  were  married  in  order  to  be  di- 
vorced, and  were  divorced  in  order  to  marry ; 
and  noble  Roman  matrons  counted  the  years, 
not  by  the  consuls,  but  by  their  discarded  or 
discarding  husbands. — Farrar's  Early  Days, 
p.  5. 

3440.  MARRIAGE,  Dowry  in.  "Oxen."  At 
the  age  of  twelve  [Abyssinian]  youths  entertain 
views  of  matrimony.  Oxen  form  the  basis  of 
their  selection — that  is  to  say,  they  marry  the 
girl  whose  father  can  provide  them  with  the  most 
oxen.  The  chosen  fair  one  need  not  be  over 
nine  years  of  age. — Appleton's  Cyclopedia, 
"Abyssinia." 

3441.  MARRIAGE,  Early.  Eight  Years  Old. 
[In  1396  Richard  II.,  a  widower,  married  Isa- 
bella, daughter  of  the  King  of  France,  she  being 
only  eight  years  old.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  2,  p.  27. 

3442.  .     Mahomet.      Ayesha  .  .  . 

was  doubtless  a  virgin,  since  Mahomet  consum- 
mated his  nuptials  (such  is  the  premature  ripeness 
of  the  climate)  when  she  was  only  nine  years  old. 
— Gibbon's  Mahomet,  p.  55. 

3443.  MARRIAGE  encouraged.  Origin.  The 
first  sovereigns  of  all  nations  are  said  to  have 
instituted  marriage  —  Menes,  the  first  king  of 
Egypt ;  Fohi,  the  first  sovereign  of  China  ;  Ce- 
crops,  the  first  legislator  of  the  Greeks.  The 
earliest  laws  of  many  civilized  nations  likewise 
provided  encouragements  for  matrimony.  By 
the  Jewish  law  a  married  man  was  for  the  first 
year  exempted  from  going  to  war  and  excused 
from  the  burden  of  any  public  office.  Among 
the  Peruvians  he  was  free  for  a  year  from  the 
payment  of  all  taxes.  The  respect  for  the  matri- 
monial union  cannot  be  more  clearly  evinced 
than  by  the  severity  with  which  the  greater  part 
of  the  ancient  nations  restrained  the  crime  of 
adultery. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Bookl,  ch.  3,  p.  23. 

3444.  MARRIAGE  excused.  Henry  VIII. 
His  fourth  wife  was  Anne  of  Cleves,  who  did 
not  retain  his  affections  above  nine  months.  He 
represented  to  his  clergy  that  at  the  time  he  mar- 
ried her  he  had  not  given  his  inward  consent ; 
but  it  is  less  surprising  that  a  monarch  of  this 
character  should  urge  such  an  excuse,  than  that 
his  clergy  and  Parliament  should  sustain  it.  Anne 
was  divorced. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 6,  ch.  20, 
p.  303. 


406 


MARRIAGE. 


3445.  MABBIAGE,  Extraordinary.  JoTin  Hoio- 
ard.  In  his  twenty -fifth  3'ear  he  had  a  long  and 
dangerous  illness.  When  he  was  first  seized  he 
was  living  in  lodgings  near  London,  where  he 
fancied  he  was  not  treated  with  the  attention 
his  case  demanded.  He  consequently  removed 
to  the  house  of  a  widow,  who  was  herself  a 
confirmed  invalid,  and  fifty -two  years  of  age. 
This  lady,  who  possessed  a  small  independence, 
nursed  him  during  many  months  with  such  ten- 
der care  that  he  felt  toward  her  an  unbounded 

'gratitude,  and  upon  his  recovery  he  offered  her 
his  hand.  .  .  .  This  singular  marriage  between  a 
man  of  twenty-five  and  a  woman  of  fifty-two  was 
productive,  as  Howard  always  averred,  of  noth- 
ing but  happiness.  After  two  years  and  a  half 
of  tranquil  felicity  the  lady  died. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BiOG.,  p.  33. 

3446.  MABBIAGE,  A  forced.  Princess  Anne. 
[In  1490  Maximilian,  King  of  the  Romans,  want- 
ed the  Princess  Anne,  the  rich  heiress  of  Francis, 
and  with  her  the  duchy  of  Brittany ;  and  she 
entered  into  a  contract  of  marriage  with  him.] 
Charles  of  France  now  put  forth  his  pretensions 
to  the  hand  of  the  lady.  The  contract  was  void, 
he  said,  because  Brittany  was  a  fief  of  France, 
and  the  lord  could  control  the  marriage  of  an 
heiress  who  was  his  vassal.  The  argument  was 
supported  by  the  emphatic  presence  of  a  French 
army ;  the  princess,  who  resisted  till  resistance 
was  no  longer  possible,  was  forced  into  a  mar- 
riage which  she  hated  and  into  the  conclusion 
of  a  treaty  which  placed  the  province,  so  long 
independent,  under  French  rule. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  13,  p.  217. 

3447.  MABBIAGE,  A  fortunate.  John  Adams. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and,  returning  to 
his  father's  house,  endeavored  to  set  up  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  His  father  lived  then 
at  Braintree,  a  small  and  obscure  town  fourteen 
miles  from  Boston,  where  there  was  very  little 
chance  for  a  young  lawyer.  For  some  years  his 
gains  were  small  and  his  anxieties  severe.  It  was 
not  until  after  his  father's  death  that  his  circum- 
stances were  alleviated,  and  he  was  enabled  to 
marry.  His  marriage  was  one  of  the  most  fort- 
unate ever  contracted  in  this  world ;  for  not 
only  was  the  lady  one  of  the  most  amiable  and 
accomplished  of  women,  but,  being  a  member 
of  a  numerous  and  influential  family,  she  brought 
to  her  husband  a  great  increase  of  business.  He 
was  then  twenty -nine  years  of  age. — Cyclope- 
dia of  BiOG.,  p.  175. 

344§.  MABBIAGE,  Happy,  Peter  Cooper.  In 
1814,  before  the  war  ended,  he  contracted  that  ex- 
quisite marriage  which  gave  him  fifty-five  years 
of  domestic  happiness,  as  complete,  as  unalloyed, 
as  mortals  can  ever  hope  to  enjoy.  It  is  believed 
by  members  of  his  family  that  during  that  long 
period  of  time  there  was  never  an  act  done  or  a 
word  spoken  by  either  of  them  which  gave  pain 
to  the  other.  They  began  their  married  life  on  a 
humble  scale  indeed.  When  a  cradle  became 
necessary,  and  he  was  called  upon  to  rock  it 
oftener  than  was  convenient,  he  Invented  a  self- 
rocking  cradle,  with  a  fan  attachment,  which  he 
patented,  and  sold  the  patent  for  a  small  sum. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  572. 

3449.  MABBIAGE  in  Heaven.  Swed&nborg. 
Swedenborg,  in  his  treatise  on  Conjugal  Love, 
first  speaks  of  marriages  in  heaven.    He  shows 


that  a  man  lives  a  man  after  death,  and  that  a. 
woman  lives  a  woman  ;  and  since  it  was  ordained 
from  creation  that  the  woman  should  be  for  the' 
man,  and  the  man  for  the  woman,  and  thus  that 
each  should  be  the  other's,  and  since  that  love- 
is  innate  in  both,  it  follows  that  there  are  mar- 
riages in  heaven  as  well  as  on  earth.  Marriage 
in  the  heavens  is  the  conjunction  of  two  into  one 
mind.  The  mind  of  man  consists  of  two  parts, 
the  understanding  and  the  will.  When  these  two 
parts  act  in  unity,  they  are  called  one  mind.  The 
understanding  is  predominant  in  man,  and  the 
will  in  woman  ;  but  in  the  marriage  of  minds^ 
there  is  no  predominance,  for  the  will  of  the 
wife  becomes  also  the  will  of  the  husband,  and 
the  understanding  of  the  husband  is  also  that  of 
the  wife  ;  because  each  loves  to  will  and  to  think 
as  the  other  wills  and  thinks,  and  thus  they  will 
and  think  mutually  and  reciprocally.  Hence 
their  conjunction  ;  so  that  in  heaven  two  mar- 
ried partners  are  not  called  two,  but  one  angel. 
— White's  Swedenborg,  ch.  22,  p.  191. 

3450.  MABBIAGE,  Ill-chosen.  Catherine  of 
Russia.  [She  was  the  daughter  of  a  German 
prince,  and  married  Peter,  a  dissipated,  vulgar, 
cowardly  Russian  prince.]  On  arriving  at  Mos- 
cow, in  her  fifteenth  year,  she  was  presented  to 
her  future  husband,  and,  it  is  said,  conceived  for 
him  so  profound  a  disgust  that  she  fell  sick,  and 
was  unable  to  reappear  in  public  for  several 
weeks.  She  submitted,  however,  to  her  fate, 
and,  after  being  baptized  into  the  Greek  Church 
under  the  name  of  Catherine,  she  was  married 
to  the  imperial  prince — he  being  seventeen  years 
of  age,  and  she  sixteen.  Seldom  has  there  been 
a  more  ill-assorted  union.  Catherine  was  born 
to  command,  Peter  was  born  to  serve.  She 
was  a  young  lady  of  wit,  information,  and  good 
breeding ;  he  knew  no  pleasures  beyond  those 
which  he  could  enjoy  in  common  with  the  be- 
sotted officers  of  the  Imperial  Guard. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BioG. ,  p.  403. 

3451.  MABBIAGE,  Ill-mated  second.  Loui» 
XII.  The  young  Princess  Mary,  the  sister  of  the 
English  king,  was  married  to  the  widowed  Louis. 
But  this  hasty  match  was  followed  by  unfore- 
seen and  melancholy  consequences.  The  king, 
whose  health  was  declining,  had  for  some  time 
restricted  himself  to  the  simplest  and  most  regu- 
lar habits  of  life,  dining  early,  and  retiring  to 
rest  at  sunset.  In  the  society  of  his  beautiful  and 
light-hearted  bride  he  was  now  induced  to  en- 
gage in  a  round  of  exciting  festivities,  ill  suited 
to  his  years  and  infirmities  ;  his  strength  rapidly 
failed  during  the  autumn,  and  he  expired  at  the 
palace  of  the  Tournelles,  in  the  fifty-fonrth  year 
of  his  age,  on  the  1st  of  January,  1615. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  13,  §  9. 

3452.  MABBIAGE,  Imported  for.  Virginians. 
In  this  condition  of  affairs  Smith  was  superseded 
by  Sir  Edwyn  Sandys,  a  man  of  great  prudence- 
and  integrity.  ...  By  the  influence  of  Sandys 
and  his  friends  ninety  young  women  of  good 
breeding  and  modest  manners  were  induced  to  em- 
igrate to  Jamestown.  In  the  following  year  sixty 
others  of  similar  good  character  came  over,  and 
received  a  hearty  welcome.  The  statement  that 
the  early  Virginians  bought  their  wives  is  absurd. 
All  that  was  don«  was  this  :  when  Sandys  sent 
the  first  company  of  women  to%  America,  he 
charged  the  colonists  with  the  expense  of  the 


MARRIAGE. 


407 


*  voyage,  a  measure  made  necessary  by  the  fact 
that  the  company  was  almost  bankrupt.  An  as- 
sessment was  made  according  to  the  number  who 
were  brought  over,  and  the  rate  fixed  at  a  hun- 
dred and  twenty  pounds  of  tobacco  for  each  pas- 
senger— a  sum  which  the  settlers  cheerfully  paid. 
The  many  marriages  that  followed  were  cele- 
brated in  the  usual  way,  and  nothing  further 
was  thought  of  the  transaction.  When  the  sec- 
ond shipload  came,  the  cost  of  transportation 
was  reported  at  a  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  for 
each  passenger,  which  was  also  paid  without 
complaint. — Ridpath's  TJ.  S.,  eh.  11,  p.  111. 

3453.  MAERIAGE,  Inauspicious.  Andrew  Jack- 
son's. [Young  lawyer  Jackson  boarded  with  Mrs. 
Donelson  at  Nashville,  Tenn.]  He  soon  discov- 
ered that  Mrs.  Robards  [her  daughter]  lived  very 
unhappily  with  her  husband,  who  was  a  man 
of  violent  temper  and  most  jealous  disposition. 
Young  Jackson  had  not  long  resided  in  the 
family  before  Mr.  Robards  began  to  be  jealous 
of  him,  and  many  violent  scenes  took  place 
between  them.  The  jealous  Robards  at  length 
abandoned  his  wife,  and  went  off  to  his  old 
home  in  Kentucky,  leaving  Jackson  master-  of 
the  field.  ...  A  rumor  soon  after  reached  the 
place  that  Robards  had  procured  a  divorce 
from  his  wife  in  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  soon 
after  which  Andrew  Jackson  and  Rachel  Donel- 
son were  married.  The  rumor  proved  to  be 
false,  and  they  lived  together  for  two  years  be- 
fore a  divorce  was  really  granted,  at  the  end  of 
which  time  they  were  married  again.  This  mar- 
riage, though  so  inauspiciously  begun,  was  an 
eminently  happy  one,  although  out  of  doors  it 
caused  the  irascible  Jackson  a  great  deal  of 
trouble.  [See  No.  105.] — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  534. 

3454.  MAREIAGE,  Incestuous.  Ancient.  The 
freedom  of  love  and  marriage  was  restrained 
among  the  Romans  by  natural  and  civil  impedi- 
ments. An  instinct,  almost  innate  and  universal, 
appears  to  prohibit  the  incestuous  commerce  of 
parents  and  children  in  the  infinite  series  of  as- 
cending and  descending  generations.  Concern- 
ing the  oblique  and  collateral  branches,  nature 
is  indifferent,  reason  mute,  and  custom  various 
and  arbitrary.  In  Egypt  the  marriage  of  broth- 
ers and  sisters  was  admitted  without  scruple  or 
exception  ;  a  Spartan  might  espouse  the  daugh- 
ter of  his  father,  an  Athenian  that  of  his  moth- 
er ;  and  the  nuptials  of  an  uncle  with  his  niece 
were  applauded  at  Athens  as  a  happy  union  of 
the  dearest  relations. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44, 
p.  35. 

3455.  MABRIA6E,  Indecent.  Queen  of  Scots. 
To  satisfy  the  public  opinion,  however,  Bothwell 
was  tried  by  his  peers  for  the  murder  of  Darn- 
ley,  and  no  evidence  being  brought  against  him, 
he  was  absolved  by  the  verdict  of  a  jury.  The 
queen,  who  had  never  believed  him  guilty,  had 
now,  as  she  thought,  a  perfect  assurance  of  his 
innocence.  He  stood  high  in  her  favor,  and, 
prompted  by  ambition,  began  to  aspire  at  the 
dangerous  honor  of  obtaining  her  hand  in  mar- 
riage. These  views  being  known  to  Murray  ai?d 
his  associates,  seemed  to  afford,  at  length,  a  most 
promising  means  for  accomplishing  the  ruin  of 
Mary,  and  throwing  into  their  hands  the  govern- 
ment of  the  kingdom.  It  now,  therefore,  became 
their  great  object  to  bring  about  the  marriage  of 


Bothwell  with  the  queen ;  a  formal  deed,  or 
bond,  was  for  that  purpose  framed  by  the  Earl 
of  Morton  and  the  chief  nobility  of  his  party, 
recommending  Bothwell,  in  the  strongest  terms, 
as  the  most  proper  person  she  could  choose  for  a 
husband.  Mary  gave  in  to  the  snare  ;  she  married 
Bothwell,  a  measure  which  is  the  most  indefensi- 
ble part  of  her  conduct ;  for  however  she  might 
have  been  persuaded  of  his  innocence,  of  which 
this  request  of  her  chief  nobility  was  certainly  a 
very  strong  testimony,  yet  the  public  voice  still 
pointed  him  out  as  an  associate  in  the  murder  of 
her  husband  ;  and  to  marry  this  man  was  a 
measure  as  indecent  as  it  was  ruinous  and  impol- 
itic—Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  28,  p.  387. 

3456.  MARRIAGE  to  Industry.  Sabine^.  When 
the  Sabines,  after  the  war  with  the  Romans, 
were  reconciled,  conditions  were  obtained  for  the 
women,  that  they  should  not  be  obliged  by  their 
husbands  to  do  any  other  work  beside  spinning. 
It  was  customary  therefore,  ever  after,  that  they 
who  gave  the  bride,  or  conducted  her  home,  oi 
were  present  on  the  occasion,  should  cry  out, 
amid  the  mirth  of  the  wedding,  "  Taladus  ;"  inti- 
mating that  she  was  not  to  be  employed  in  an> 
other  labor  but  that  of  spinning. — Plutarch'., 
Romulus. 

3457.  MARRIAGE,  Informal.  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth. [The  day  before  his  execution  for  rebel- 
lion bishops  Ken  and  Turner  visited  the  prison- 
er.] He  maintained  that  his  connection  with 
Lady  [Henrietta]  Wentworth  wns  blameless  in 
the  sight  of  God.  He  had  been  married,  he  said, 
when  a  child.  He  had  never  cared  for  his  duch- 
ess. The  happiness  which  he  had  not  found  at 
home  he  had  sought  in  a  round  of  loose  amours, 
condemned  by  religion  and  morality.  Henrietta 
had  reclaimed  him  from  a  life  of  vice.  To  her 
he  had  been  strictly  constant.  They  had,  by  com- 
mon consent,  offered  up  fervent  prayers  for  the 
Divine  guidance.  After  those  prayers  they  had 
found  their  affection  for  each  other  strengthened ; 
and  they  could  then  no  longer  doubt  that,  in  the 
sight  of  God,  they  were  a  wedded  pair.  The  bish- 
ops were  so  much  scandalized  by  this  view  of  the 
conjugal  relation  that  they  refused  to  administer 
the  sacrament  to  the  prisoner. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  577. 

345S.  MARRIAGE,  Irregular.  Rolert  Bums. 
Jean  Armour,  the  daughter  of  a  respectable  mas- 
ter-mason in  that  village,  had  the  chief  place  in 
his  affections.  All  through  1785  theii-  courtship 
had  continued,  but  early  in  1786  a  secret  and  ir- 
regular marriage,  with  a  written  acknowledg- 
ment of  it,  had  to  be  effected.  Then  followed 
the  father's  indignation  that  his  daughter  should 
be  married  to  so  wild  and  worthless  a  man  as 
Burns ;  compulsion  of  his  daughter  to  give  up 
Burns,  and  to  destroy  the  document  which 
vouched  their  marriage  ;  Burns'  despair  driving 
him  to  the  verge  of  insanity ;  the  letting  loose 
by  the  Armours  of  the  terrors  of  the  law  against 
him  ;  his  skulking  for  a  time  in  concealment ; 
his  resolve  to  emigrate  to  the  West  Indies,  and 
become  a  slave-driver.  ...  In  September  of  the 
same  year  Jean  Armour  became  the  mother  of 
twin  children. — Shairp's  Burns,  ch.  1. 

3459.  MA2RIAGE,  Kingdom  for.  Earl  God- 
win. [In  1042  Earl  Godwin  forced  his  daugh- 
ter Edith  upon  Edward  the  Confessor,  the  king 
of  about  half  of  England,  a  man  of  forty,  say 


408 


MARRIAGE. 


ing,]  Swear  to  me  that  you  will  take  my  daugh- 
ter for  your  wife,  and  1  will  give  you  the  king- 
•dom  of  England.  [Edward  was  unwilling  to  re- 
■ceive  the  kingdom  with  such  an  encumbrance.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  12,  p.  167. 

3460.  MABBIAGE,  Loose.  Romans.  Mar- 
riage, which  under  the  ancient  Romans  was  the 
most  sacred  of  ties,  had  become  the  lightest  and 
the  loosest.  Cicero  divorced  Terentia  when  she 
was  old  and  ill-tempered,  and  married  a  young 
woman.  Cato  made  over  his  Marcia,  the  moth- 
er of  his  children,  to  his  friend  Hortensius,  and 
took  her  back  as  a  wealthy  widow  when  Hor- 
tensius died.  Pompey  put  away  his  first  wife  at 
Sylla's  bidding,  and  took  a  second,  who  was  al- 
ready the  wife  of  another  man.  Caesar,  when 
little  more  than  a  boy,  dared  the  Dictator's  dis- 
pleasure rather  than  condescend  to  a  similar  com- 
pliance.— Froude's  CoESAr,  ch.  13. 

3461.  MARRIAGE,  Mediation  in.  Isaac  New- 
ton. One  Mr.  Smith,  a  clergyman  of  the  neigh- 
borhood, who  had  a  good  estate,  having  attained 
middle  age,  and  being  still  a  bachelor,  one  of  his 
parishioners  advised  him  to  marry.  He  replied 
that  he  did  not  know  where  to  get  a  good  wife. 
"The  widow  Newton,"  said  his  friend,  "is  an 
extraordinary  good  woman."  "But,"  said  the 
clergyman,  "  how  do  I  know  she  will  have  me  ? 
and  I  don't  care  to  ask  and  be  denied.  But 
if  you  will  go  and  ask  her,  I'll  pay  you  for  your 
day's  work."  The  gentleman  having  performed 
his  errand,  Mrs.  Newton  answered  that  she  would 
be  guided  in  the  affair  by  the  advice  of  her 
brother.  Upon  receiving  this  answer,  the  clergy- 
man despatched  him  to  the  brother,  with  whom 
the  marriage  was  arranged. — Parton's  New- 
ton, p.  74. 

3462.  MARRIAGE,  Meekness  in.  "Count Rum- 
ford."  [Benjamin  Thompson,  of  Massachusetts, 
was  Count  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.]  In 
Concord,  at  the  time  of  Thompson's  arrival, 
there  dwelt  the  widow  of  a  Colonel  Rolfe  with 
her  infant  son.  Her  husband  had  died  in  Decem- 
ber, 1771,  leaving  a  large  estate.  .  .  .  Rumford, 
.somewhat  ungallantly,  told  his  friend  Pictet  in 
after  years  that  she  married  him  rather  than  he 
her.  She  was  obviously  a  woman  of  decision. 
As  soon  as  they  were  engaged,  an  old  curricle, 
left  by  her  father,  was  fished  up,  and,  therein 
mounted,  she  carried  her  betrothed  to  Boston, 
and  committed  him  to  the  care  of  the  tailor  and 
the  hairdresser.  This  journey  involved  a  drive 
of  sixty  miles.  On  the  return  they  called  at  the 
house  of  Thompson's  mother,  who,  when  she 
.saw  him,  is  reported  to  have  exclaimed,  "  Why, 
Ben,  my  son,  how  could  you  go  and  lay  out  all 
your  winter's  earnings  in  finery  ?"  Thompson 
was  nineteen  when  he  married,  his  wife  being 
thirty-three. — Tyndall's  Count  Rumford. 

3463.  MARRIAGE,  Modes  of.  Romans.  There 
were  three  different  modes  by  which  marriage 
could  be  contracted  among  the  Romans.  The 
marriages  of  the  patricians  were  celebrated  in 
the  presence  of  ten  witnesses,  and  with  a  variety 
of  religious  ceremonies  peculiar  to  their  order. 
The  plebeians  married  after  two  different  forms  : 
the  one  was  by  a  species  of  sale,  emptio  mnditio  ; 
and  the  other  by  the  simple  cohabitation  of 
the  parties  for  a  year,  which  by  law  constituted 
-a  marriage. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  6, 
p.  340. 


3464.  MARRIAGE  for  Money.  Cicero's.  Cice- 
ro's freedman  Tyro  affirms  that  he  married  his 
second  wife,  after  the  divorce  of  his  first,  for  her 
wealth,  that  it  might  enable  him  to  pay  his 
debts.  She  was,  indeed,  very  rich,  and  her  fort- 
une was  in  the  hands  of  Cicero,  who  was  left 
her  guardian.  As  his  debts  were  great,  his 
friends  and  relations  persuaded  him  to  marry  the 
young  lady,  notwithstanding  the  disparity  of 
years,  and  satisfy  his  creditors  out  of  her  fortune. 
— Plutarch's  Cicero. 

3465. .  Lord  Byron.  Having  squan- 
dered his  own  fortune  and  that  of  his  first  wife, 
and  incurred  immense  debts,  he  cast  his  eyes 
upon  Miss  Catherine  Gordon,  a  silly,  romantic 
Scotch  girl  of  ancient  family  and  large  fortune, 
and  openly  avowed  his  intention  to  marry  her  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  paying  off  his  debts.  In 
money,  stocks  and  land,  the  young  lady  pos- 
sessed property  equal  to  about  a  quarter  of  a 
million  of  our  dollars,  all  of  which,  with  her 
hand  and  heart,  she  bestowed  upon  this  hand- 
some, fascinating,  and  despicable  debauchee. 
Before  the  honeymoon  was  over  a  crowd  of 
creditors  came  upon  the  husband  of  this  fine 
estate.  First,  all  the  ready  money  was  paid 
away — £3000.  Next  went  the  bank  stock  and 
fishery  shares — £1000  more.  Then,  £1500  worth 
of  timber  was  cut  from  the  estate  and  sold. 
Next,  £8000  were  raised  by  a  mortgage  on  the 
estate,  and  all  paid  to  creditors.  Finally,  when 
they  had  been  married  less  than  two  years,  the 
estate  was  sold,  and  all  the  money  which  it 
yielded  was  poured  into  the  bottomless  pit  of 
Captain  Byron's  debts,  except  a  small  sum  ne- 
cessary to  secure  Mrs.  Byron  the  annual  pittance 
named  above.  When  he  had  wrung  from  her 
all  that  she  possessed,  and  even  made  away  with 
part  of  her  little  annuity,  he  abandoned  her  and 
went  off  to  the  continent,  leaving  to  her  care 
their  only  son,  a  boy  three  years  of  age.  .  .  .  She 
loved  him  to  the  last. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog. 
p.  290. 

3466. .     CUmlry.     The  old  days 

were  passed,  when  the  knight  knelt  at  the  feet 
of  his  lady-love,  and  went  forth  to  the  tourna-J 
ment  to  challenge  men  to  produce  her  equal  inj 
beauty  and  virtue.     The  knight  now  ascertainec" 
what  portion  the  lady's  father  would  give,  anc 
he  bargained  for  the  uttermost  crown.     The 
mother  made  no  hesitation  in  speaking  boldly  to| 
a  powerful  person  for  a  daughter,  ' '  to  get  f ol 
her  one  good  marriage  if  he  knew  any."     [a.d. 
1450-1485.] — Knight's  Eng.,   vol.    2,    ch. 
p.  123. 

3467.  MARRIAGE  without  Money.  Themis^ 
tocles.  Two  citizens  courting  his  daughter,  he 
preferred  the  worthy  man  to  the  rich  one,  anc" 
assigned  this  reason — he  had  rather  she  shoulc 
have  a  man  without  money  than  money  withou^ 
a  man. — Plutarch's  Cicero. 

346§.  MARRIAGE,  Morals  in.  Samuel  John-\ 
son.  "  In  religion  men  and  women  do  not  con- 
cern themselves  much  about  difference  of  opin-| 
ion ;  and  ladies  set  no  value  on  the  moral] 
character  of  men  who  pay  their  addresses  toj 
them  ;  the  greatest  profligate  will  be  as  wellj 
received  as  the  man  of  the  greatest  virtue,  and! 
this  by  a  very  good  woman,  by  a  woman  who] 
says  her  prayers  three  times  a  day."  Our  ladies  1 
endeavored  to  defend  their  sex  from  this  charge,  f 


MARRIAGE. 


409 


but  he  roared  them  down.  "  No,  no  ;  a  lady  will 
take  Jonathan  Wild  as  readily  as  St.  Austin,  if 
he  has  three-pence  more  ;  and,  what  is  worse, 
her  parents  will  give  her  to  him.  Women  have 
a  perpetual  envy  of  our  vices  ;  they  are  less 
vicious  than* we,  not  from  choice,  but  because  we 
restrict  them  ;  they  are  the  slaves  of  order  and 
fashion  ;  their  virtue  is  of  more  consequence  to 
us  than  our  own,  so  far  as  concerns  this  world." 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  523. 

3469. .  Needful.  When  a  propo- 
sal was  made  to  Oliver  Cromwell  that  Charles 
[II.]  should  marry  his  daughter,  the  Protector 
•objected  his  "  debauched  life"  as  an  insupera- 
ble difficulty. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  14, 
p.  231. 

3470.  MAEEIAOE,  Name  by.  Charles  11. 
Charles,  while  a  wanderer  on  the  Continent,  had 
fallen  in  at  the  Hague  with  Lucy  Walters,  a 
Welsh  girl  of  great  beauty,  but  of  weak  under- 
standing and  dissolute  manners.  She  became 
his  mistress,  and  presented  him  with  a  son.  A 
suspicious  lover  might  have  had  his  doubts  ;  for 
the  lady  had  several  admirers,  and  was  not  sup- 
posed to  be  cruel  to  any.  Charles,  however, 
readily  took  her  word,  and  poured  forth  on  little 
James  Crofts,  as  the  boy  was  then  called,  an 
overflowing  fondness,  such  as  seemed  hardly  to 
belong  to  that  easy  but  cool  and  careless  nature. 
Soon  after  the  Restoration  the  young  favorite, 
who  had  learned  in  France  the  exercises  then 
considered  necessary  to  a  fine  gentleman,  made 
his  appearance  at  Whitehall.  He  was  lodged  in 
the  palace,  attended  by  pages,  and  permitted  to 
■enjoy  several  distinctions  which  had  till  then 
been  confined  to  princes  of  the  blood  royal.  He 
was  married,  while  still  in  tender  youth,  to  Anne 
Scott,  heiress  of  the  noble  house  of  Buccleuch. 
He  took  her  name,  and  received  with  her  hand 
possession  of  her  ample  domains. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  233. 

3471.  MARRIAGE,  Promoted  by.  By  Oovern- 
ment.  Majorian,  the  Roman  emperor,  conceived 
that  it  wrf  his  interest  to  increase  the  number  of 
his  subjects,  and  that  it  was  his  duty  to  guard  the 
purity  of  the  marriage-bed  ;  but  the  means  which 
be  employed  to  accomplish  these  salutary  pur- 
poses are  of  an  ambiguous  and  perhaps  excep- 
tionable kind.  The  pious  maids,  who  consecrated 
their  virginity  to  Christ,  were  restrained  from 
taking  the  veil  till  they  had  reached  their  fortieth 
year.  Widows  under  that  age  were  compelled 
to  form  a  second  alliance  within  the  term  of  five 
years,  by  the  forfeiture  of  half  their  wealth  to 
their  nearest  relations,  or  to  the  State.  Unequal 
marriages  were  condemned  or  annulled.  The 
punishment  of  confiscation  and  exile  were 
deemed  so  inadequate  to  the  guilt  of  adultery, 
that  if  the  criminal  returned  to  Italy,  he  might, 
by  the  express  declaration  of  Majorian,  be  slain 
with  impunity.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  36,  p.  479. 

3472.  MARRIAGE,  Proposal  of.  By  Women. 
[Kadidjah  became  attached  to  Mahomet.]  She 
did  not  dare,  according  to  the  Arabian  usage,  to 
speak  herself  to  him  of  her  feelings.  She  had 
it  done  by  an  old  man  attached  to  her  house. 
The  message  which  she  sent  by  him  ran  as  fol- 
lows :  "My  cousin,  the  relationship  that  exists 
between  our  families,  the  precocious  considera- 
tion that  surrounds  thee,  thy  wisdom  and  thy 
fidelity  in  the  conduct  of  my  caravans,  combine 


to  make  me  desire  to  be  thine." — Lamartine's 
Turkey,  p.  64. 

3473.  MARRIAGE  by  Proxy.  Anne  of  Britta- 
ny. The  young  duchess, .  . .  besieged  by  contend- 
ing suitors  for  her  hand,  was  at  length  induced, 
by  the  counsels  of  Dunois.to  favor  the  pretensions 
of  Maximilian  of  Austria  ;  and  a  marriage  be- 
tween them  was  secretly  solemnized  by  proxy  in 
the  summer  of  1490,  all  forms  being  carefully 
observed  on  the  occasion  which  could  tend  to 
make  the  contract  binding  and  irrevocable. — 
Students'  France,  ch.  12,  §  13. 

3474. .    PtHnce  Arthur.     In  1499, 

when  [Prince]  Arthur  had  reached  his  twelfth 
year,  the  marriage  ceremony  was  performed, 
the  Spanish  princess  being  represented  by  proxy. 
[She  was  Catherine  of  Aragon.]  —  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15,  p.  235. 

3475. .  Llewellyn — Eleanora.  Be- 
fore the  death  of  the  widow  of  Leicester  [Simon 
de  Montfort],  in  1275,  the  young  Eleanora  [her 
daughter]  was  married  by  proxy  to  [Llewellyn] 
the  Welsh  prince,  who  kept  that  faith  to  the 
poor  and  exiled  orphan  which  he  had  vowed  in 
the  days  of  her  prosperity. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  25,  p.  383. 

3476.  MARRIAGE,  Recklessness  in.  Princess 
Honomi.  [See  No.  3436.]  Her  impatience  of  long 
and  hopeless  celibacy  urged  her  to  embrace  a 
strange  and  desperate  resolution.  The  name  of 
Attila  was  familiar  and  formidable  at  Constan- 
tinople ;  and  his  frequent  embassies  entertained 
a  perpetual  intercourse  between  his  camp  and 
the  imperial  palace.  In  the  pursuit  of  love,  or 
rather  of  revenge,  the  daughter  of  Placidia  sac- 
rificed every  duty  and  every  prejudice,  and  of- 
fered to  deliver  her  person  into  the  arms  of  a 
barbarian,  of  whose  language  she  was  ignorant, 
whose  figure  was  scarcely  human,  and  whose 
religion  and  manners  she  abhorred.  By  the  min- 
istry of  a  faithful  eunuch  she  transmitted  to  At- 
tila a  ring,  the  pledge  of  her  affection,  and 
earnestly  conjured  him  to  claim  her  a  i  a  lawful 
spouse,  to  whom  he  had  been  secretl  v  betroth- 
ed. These  indecent  advances  were  received, 
however,  with  coldness  and  disdain. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  35,  p.  431. 

3477.  MARRIAGE  of  Relatives.  Middle  Ages. 
The  subserviency  of  .  .  .  [Robert  II.]  to  the  domi- 
neering spirit  of  the  popedom  had  its  natural  ef- 
fect in  exciting  the  holy  fathers  to  further  exer- 
cises of  authority.  Robert  had  been  excommu- 
nicated for  marrying  his  relation  ;  and  his  grand 
son,  Philip  I.,  was  excommunicated  for  divorc- 
ing a  lady  who  was  his  relation,  to  make  way 
for  a  mistress.  Of  all  the  superstitions  of  these 
times,  it  was  not  the  least  prejudicial  to  the  wel- 
fare of  States  that  the  marriage  of  relations,  even 
to  the  seventh  degree,  was  prohibited  by  the 
Church.  Henry,  the  father  of  Philip  I.  of  France, 
to  whom  almost  all  the  sovereigns  of  Europe 
were  related,  was  obliged  to  seek  a  wife  from 
the  barbarous  empire  of  Russia.  —  Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  7,  p.  123. 

347§.  MARRIAGE  repeated.  Julius  Cmar.  It 
is  characteristic  of  the  manners  of  the  age  that 
Julius  Caesar  had  married  four  times,  Augustus 
thrice,  Tiberius  twice.  Gains  thrice,  Claudius  six 
times,  and  Nero  thrice.    Yet  Nero  was  the  last 


410 


MARRIAGE. 


of  the  Caesars,  even  of  the  adoptive  line.  No 
descendants  had  survived  of  the  offspring  of  so 
many  unions,  and,  as  Merivale  says,  "  a  large 
proportion,  which  it  would  be  tedious  to  calcu- 
late, were  the  victims  of  domestic  jealousy  and 
politic  assassination." — Farrak's  Early  Days, 
ch.  1,  p.  13. 

3479.  MABRIACrE,  Eepetition  of.  Condemned. 
The  primitive  ideas  of  the  merit  and  holiness  of 
celibacy  were  preached  by  the  monks  and  en- 
tertained by  the  Greeks.  Marriage  was  allowed 
as  a  necessary  means  for  the  propagation  of  man- 
kind ;  after  the  death  of  either  party  the  sur- 
vivor might  satisfy,  by  a  secand  union,  the  weak- 
ness or  the  strength  of  the  flesh  ;  but  a  thh^d 
marriage  was  censured  as  a  state  of  legal  forni- 
cation ;  and  Sk  fourth  was  a  sin  or  a  scandal  as  yet 
uukuuwu  to  the  Christians  of  the  East. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  48,  p.  602. 

34§0.  MABBIA6E,  'BMva&a.tia.Qaribaldi.Once, 
when  in  a  melancholy  mood,  after  seeing  six- 
teen of  his  beloved  Italian  comrades  perish  by 
shipwreck,  he  thought  to  relieve  his  sadness  by 
marrying.  He  caught  sight  in  a  window  of  a 
graceful  female  form.  He  knew  not  who  she 
was,  nor  to  what  family  she  belonged  ;  but 
something  told  him  that  she  was  the  destined 
woman.  A  friend  introduced  him  that  very  day, 
and  ere  many  weeks  had  rolled  by  he  was  her 
husband.  In  many  a  rough  campaign  she 
marched  by  his  side  ;  on  many  a  voyage  she 
shared  his  cabin ;  and  she  died,  at  last,  of  fa- 
tigue and  exposure  in  Italy,  leaving  three  chil- 
dren to  mourn  her  loss.  The  great,  soft-hearted 
Garibaldi  has  ever  since  reproached  himself  bit- 
terly for  having  taken  her  away  from  her  safe 
and  happy  home  to  share  the  lot  of  a  soldier  of 
liberty.  Over  her  dead  body,  he  says,  he  prayed 
for  forgiveness  for  the  sin  of  taking  her  from 
home.  She,  however,  had  never  repined,  but 
really  seemed  to  enjoy  the  life  of  battle  and 
adventure  which  her  husband  led. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BioG.,  p.  495. 

34§1.  MARRIAGE,  Second.  8amuelJdhn»on. 
A  gentleman  who  had  been  very  unhappy  in 
marriage  married  immediately  after  his  wife 
died.  Johnson  said  [to  Dr.  Maxwell]  it  was  the 
triumph  of  hope  over  experience. — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  177. 

34§2. .    Samuel  Johnson.    When  I 

censured  a  gentleman  of  my  acquaintance  for 
marrying  a  second  time,  as  it  showed  a  disregard 
of  his  first  wife,  he  said,  "  Not  at  all,  sir.  On  the 
contrary,  were  he  not  to  marry  again,  it  might 
be  concluded  that  his  first  wife  had  given  him  a 
disgust  to  marriage  ;  but  by  taking  a  second 
wife  he  pays  the  highest  compliment  to  the  first, 
by  showing  that  she  made  him  so  happy  as  a  mar- 
ried man  that  he  wishes  to  be  so  a  second  time." 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  160. 

34§3.  MARRIAGE,  Secret.  Spartan.  The  Spar- 
tan marriages  were  performed  in  secret ;  the  hus- 
band stole  away,  or  forcibly  carried  away,  his 
T.  ife  ;  she  was  dressed  for  some  time  in  man's  ap- 
parel, to  conceal  her  ;  while  the  husband  contin- 
ued to  sleep  as  usual  in  the  public  dormitories 
with  his  companions,  and  to  see  his  wife  only  by 
stealth,  till  the  birth  of  a  child  made  him  known 
at  once  as  a  husband  and  a  father. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  9,  p.  94. 


34S4.  MARRIAGE  secured.  Auction.  Herodo- 
tus .  .  .  relates  a  singular  practice  which  pre- 
vailed among  the  Assjiians  with  respect  to  mar- 
riage, though  it  seems  to  have  a  natural  founda- 
tion in  the  custom  above  mentioned,  which  pre- 
vailed in  most  of  the  ancient  nations.  In  every 
village,  says  that  author,  they  brought  together 
once  in  the  year  all  the  youno'  women  who  were 
marriageable,  and  the  public  crier,  beginning 
with  the  most  beautiful,  put  them  up  to  auction 
one  after  another.  The  rich  paid  a  high  price 
for  those  whose  figure  seemed  to  them  the  most 
agreeable  ;  and  the  money  raised  by  the  sale  of 
these  was  assigned  as  a  portion  to  the  more 
homely.  When  it  was  their  turn  to  be  put  up  to 
sale,  each  woman  was  bestowed  on  the  man  who 
was  willing  to  accept  of  her  with  the  smallest 
portion  ;  but  no  man  was  allowed  to  carry  off 
the  woman  he  had  purchased,  unless  he  gave  se- 
curity that  he  would  take  her  to  wife  ;  and  if 
afterward  it  happened  that  the  husband  for  any 
cause  put  away  his  wife,  he  was  obliged  to  pay 
back  the  money  he  had  received  with  her. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  3,  p.  24. 

34§5.  MARRIAGE,  Selection  in.  Russians. 
The  Russians,  who  have  borrowed  from  the 
Greeks  the  greatest  part  of  their  civil  and  eccle- 
siastical policy,  preserved,  till  the  last  century, 
a  singular  institution  in  the  marriage  of  th« 
Czar.  They  collected,  not  the  virgins  of  every 
rank  and  of  every  province — a  vain  and  roman- 
tic idea — but  the  daughters  of  the  principal  no- 
bles, who  awaited  in  the  palace  the  choice  of 
their  sovereign.  It  is  affirmed  that  a  similar 
method  was  adopted  in  the  nuptials  of  Theophi- 
lus.  With  a  golden  apple  in  his  hand,  he  slowly 
walked  between  two  lines  of  contending  beau- 
ties ;  his  eye  was  detained  by  the  charms  of 
Icasia,  and  in  the  awkwardness  of  a  first  decla- 
ration, the  prince  could  only  observe  that,  in 
this  world,  women  had  been  the  cause  of  much 
evil.  "And  surely,  sir,"  she  pertly  replied, 
"  they  have  likewise  been  the  occasion  of  much 
good."  This  affectation  of  unseasonable  wit 
displeased  the  imperial  lover ;  he  turned  aside 
in  disgust ;  Icasia  concealed  her  mortification  in 
a  convent ;  and  the  modest  silence  of  Theodora 
was  rewarded  with  the  golden  apple. — Gibbon's  i 
Rome,  ch.  48,  p.  594. 

34§6.  MARRIAGE,  Sensational.  Luther.  The ; 
wedding    ceremony    took    place  in   the  custo-  i 
mary  manner.     Bugenhagen  pronounced  themj 
man  and  wife,  and  added  God's  blessing.     The 
wedding-rings  of  Luther  and  Catharine,  the  gift 
of  a  friend,  have  been  preserved  in  the  MuseumJ 
of  Brunswick.     They  are  artistically  made,  anc" 
bear  the  inscription,  "  What  God  hath  joinec 
together,  let  not  man  put  asunder."  ...  In 
fortnight  thereafter  the  usual  wedding  festivitie 
were  held,  to  which  Luther  invited  his  parent 
and  friends.     From  the  university  Luther  re- 
ceived a  finely  engraved  silver  tankard,  now  inj 
possession  of  the  University  of  Greifswald.  The 
electoral  court  furnished  a  roast  of  venison,  and] 
the  city  authorities  a  generous  supply  of  wine, 
.  .  .  And  thus  the  unprecedented  had  happenedJ 
— an  expelled  monk  had  married  a  runawayj 
nun  !    Great  was  the  talk  and  the  commotio! 
that  ensued  !    Luther's  enemies  derisively  re- 
minded him  of  the  old  legend  that  of  such  al 
union  Antichrist  would  be  begotten.     Many  of  J 


MARRIAGE. 


411 


his  best  friends,  Melanchthon  among  the  num- 
ber, were  troubled  about  his  act. — Rein's  Lu- 
ther, eh.  15,  p.  134. 

3487.  MARRIAGE,  A  splendid.  Prince  Bu- 
pert.  In  1613  the  marriage  of  Elizabeth  of  Eng- 
land, the  daughter  of  James  I.,  was  solemnized, 
in  her  sixteenth  year,  with  the  Prince  Palatine, 
the  Elector  of  Bohemia.  If  we  muy  judge  from 
contemporaneous  chronicles,  the  beauty  of  this 
only  surviving  sister  of  Charles  was  singular ; 
she  was  called  the  "Pearl  of  Britain"  and  the 
"  Queen  of  Hearts  ;"  while  the  charming  sym- 
metry of  her  form  and  features  are  said  to  have 
been  enhanced  by  the  exquisite  play  of  soft  ex- 
pression over  her  face.  It  has  been  said  that 
history  borrows  the  colors  of  romance  when  she 
paints  this  fair  young  princess  on  the  morning 
of  her  marriage,  as  she  passed  along  to  the 
chapel  over  a  gallery  raised  for  the  purpose, 
glowing  in  all  the  lights  of  loveliness  and  maj- 
esty, arrayed  in  white,  her  rich  dark  hair  falling 
over  her  shoulders,  and  on  her  head  a  crown  of 
pure  gold ;  one  hand  locked  in  that  of  her 
brother  Charles,  and  the  other  leaning  on  the 
arm  of  the  old  Earl  of  Northampton  ;  her  train 
of  noble  bridesmaids  followed  on  her  steps.  It 
is  said  that  England  had  never  seen  the  equal  to 
the  sumptuous  splendor  of  this  marriage  ;  the 
bravery  and  riches  were  incomparable,  the  gold, 
the  silver,  the  pearls,  the  diamonds  and  every 
variety  of  jewels.  The  king's,  queen's,  and 
prince's  jewels  were  valued  alone  at  £900,000 
sterling.  Then  came  magnificent  masques,  and 
the  mock  fight  upon  the  Thames  ;  and  then 
some  gay  masque  representing  the  marriage  of 
the  Thames  and  the  Rhine  ;  and  at  night  fire- 
works blazing  over  London.  For  the  marriage 
was  very  popular,  and  was  supposed  to  be  a 
good  omen  for  the  cause  of  Protestantism. — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  9,  p.  128. 

34§§.  MARRIAGE,  Surprise  by.   John  Milton. 
In  the  early  part  of  the  summer  of  1643  Milton 
took  a  sudden  journey  into  the  country,  ' '  no- 
body about  him  certainly  knowing  the  reason, 
or  that  it  was  any  more  than  a  journey  of  recre- 
ation." He  was  absent  about  a  month,  and  when 
he  returned  he  brought  back  a  wife  with  him. 
Nor  was  the  bride  alone.  She  was  attended  "  by 
some  few  of  her  nearest  relations,"  and  there 
was  feasting  and  celebration  of  the  nuptials  in 
,   the  house  in  Aldersgate  Street.  .  .  .  Milton,  with 
I  a  poet's  want  of   caution,   or  indifference   to 
,  money,  and  with  a  lofty  masculine  disregard  of 
I  the  temper  and  character  of  the  girl  he  asked  to 
'   share  his  life,  came  home  with  his  bride  in  tri- 
1  uraph,  and  held  feasting  in  celebration  of  his 
.  hasty  and  ill-considered  choice.     It  was  a  be- 
!  ginning  of  sorrows  to  him. — Milton,  by  M. 
;  Pattison,  ch.  5. 

34§9.  MARRIAGE,  Uncertain.  Eeign  of  Eliz- 
!  aieth.  When  Parker  [Archbisop  of  Canterbury] 
.  wjis  firm  in  resisting  the  introduction  of  the  cru- 
cifix or  of  celibacy,  Elizabeth  showed  her  re- 
sentment by  an  insult  to  his  wife.  Married  la- 
dies were  addressed  at  this  time  as  "madam," 
unmarried  ladies  as  "mistress;"  but  the  mar- 
riage of  the  clergy  was  still  unsanctioned  by  law, 
for  Elizabeth  had  refused  to  revive  the  statute  of 
Edward  by  which  it  was  allowed,  and  the  posi- 
tion of  a  priest's  wife  was  legally  a  very  doubt- 
ful one.      When  Mrs.   Parker,   therefore,   ad 


vanced  at  the  close  of  a  sumptuous  entertain, 
ment  at  Lambeth  to  take  leave  of  the  queen, 
Elizabeth  feigned  a  momentary  hesitation. 
"  Madam,"  she  said  at  last,  "  I  may  not  call  you,, 
and  mistress  I  am  loath  to  call  you  ;  however,  I 
thank  you  for  your  good  cheer. " — Hist,  of  Eng. 
People,  §  703. 

3490.  MARRIAGE,  Unendurable.  Jo7m  Mil- 
ion.  In  his  thirty-fifth  year,  just  as  the  civil 
war  was  actually  beginning,  he  went  into  the 
country,  telling  no  one  the  object  of  the  jour- 
ney. A  month  after  he  returned  home  a  mar- 
ried man,  bringing  his  wife  with  him.  She  was 
a  good  enough  country  girl,  the  daughter  of  an 
old  friend  of  Milton's  father,  but  as  unsuitable 
a  wife  for  John  Milton  as  any  woman  in  Eng- 
land. She  was  rather  stupid,  very  ignorant, 
fond  of  pleasure,  accustomed  to  go  to  country 
balls  and  dance  with  gay  young  officers.  Mil- 
ton was  a  grave,  austere  student,  absorbed  in  the 
weightiest  public  topics,  and  living  only  in  his 
books  and  in  his  thoughts.  The  poor  girl  found 
his  house  so  intolerably  dull,  that,  after  a  short 
trial  of  it,  she  asked  leave  to  go  home  for  a 
short  visit,  and,  being  at  home,  she  positively 
refused  to  go  back.  He  was  not  less  disgusted 
with  her  ;  and  his  sufferings  leading  him  to  study 
the  great  questions  of  marriage  and  divorce,  he 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  divorce  ought  to  be 
about  as  free  and  about  as  easy  as  marriage.  He 
published  divert  pamphlets  on  this  subject,  the 
substance  of  which  is  this  :  that  when  man  and 
wife,  after  a  fair  and  full  trial,  find  they  cannot 
live  together  in  peace,  and  both  deliberately 
choose  to  separate,  there  ought  to  be  no  legal 
obstacle  to  their  doing  so,  provided  always 
that  proper  provision  be  made  for  the  support 
and  education  of  the  children. — Cyclopedia  op 
BiOG.,  p.  170. 

3491.  MARRIAGE,  Unequal.  Samuel  John- 
son. A  young  lady,  who  had  married  a  man 
much  her  inferior  in  rank,  being  mentioned,  a 
question  arose  how  a  woman's  relations  should 
behave  to  her  in  such  a  situation.  ...  I  con- 
tended that  she  ought  to  be  treated  with  an  in- 
flexible steadiness  of  displeasure.  .  .  .  Johnson  : 
"  Madam,  we  must  distinguish.  Were  I  a  man 
of  rank,  I  would  not  let  a  daughter  starve  who 
had  made  a  mean  marriage  ;  but  having  volun- 
tarily degraded  herself  from  the  station  which, 
she  was  originally  entitled  to  hold,  I  would  sup- 
port her  only  in  that  which  she  herself  had  cho- 
sen, and  would  not  put  her  on  a  level  with  ,my- 
other  daughters.  You  are  to  consider,  madam, 
that  it  is  our  duty  to  maintain  the  subordination 
of  civilized  society ;  and  when  there  is  a  gross 
and  shameful  deviation  from  rank,  it  should  be 
punished  so  as  to  deter  others  from  the  same 
perversion." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  241. 

3492.  MARRIAGE,  Unfit  for.  Samuel  John- 
son. Marriage  is  the  best  state  for  man  in  gen- 
eral ;  and  every  man  is  a  worse  man  in  propor- 
tion as  he  is  unfit  for  the  married  state. — Bo&- 
avell's  Johnson,  p.  282. 

3493.  MARRIAGE,  Unhappy.  Shaleipeare: 
Now  we  come  to  the  great  calamity  of  Shake- 
speare's life.  One  of  his  father's  friends  was 
Richard  Hathaway,  a  substantial  farmer  near 
Stratford,  who  had  a  daughter,  Anne,  eight 
years  older  than  Shakespeare.  When  he  was  a 
boy  of  eighteen  and  she  a  woman  of  twenty -six 


412 


MARRIAGE— MARTYR. 


they  were  married  ;  and  five  months  after  their 
first  child  was  born.  No  one  who  has  much 
knowledge  of  human  nature  needs  any  evidence 
that  such  a  marriage  was  a  ceaseless  misery  and 
shame  to  him  as  long  as  he  lived.  The  many 
passages  of  his  works  in  which  unfavorable  views 
are  given  of  the  female  character  reveal  the 
melancholy  truth.  The  ill-starred  couple  had 
three  children,  Susanna,  Hamnet,  and  Judith, 
all  of  whom  were  born  before  the  father  was 
twenty  one — the  two  last-named  being  twins. 
.  .  .  There  is  a  good  reason  to  believe  that  from 
his  twenty-first  year  he  had  never  been  a  hus- 
band to  his  wife,  and  really  had  no  home. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  37. 

3494.  MAERIAGE,  Unsafe.  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots.  [She  was  regarded  as  accessory  to  her 
husband's  assassination.]  "  Would  you  like  to 
marry  my  sister  of  Scotland  ?"  ironically  asked 
Elizabeth  of  the  Earl  of  Norfolk,  who  was  be- 
lieved to  be  smitten  by  the  charms  of  his  pris- 
oner. "Madam,"  replied  the  earl,  horrified  at 
such  an  idea,  "  I  shall  never  espouse  a  wife 
whose  husband  cannot  lay  his  head  with  safety 
on  his  pillow. " — Lamaktiise's  Mary  Queek  of 
Scots,  p.  38. 

3495.  MARRIAGE,  Vow  of.  Captain  Cook. 
During  one  of  his  visits  to  England  he  married 
a  girl  fifteen  years  of  age,  whom  he  had  held  at 
the  baptismal  font  in  her  infancy,  and  whom  he 
had  then  said  he  would  marry.  He  was  nine- 
teen when  he  made  this  vow,  and  thirty-four 
when  he  fulfilled  it.  He  was  a  sailor  in  a  coal 
ship  when  he  held  the  baby  in  his  arms  at  the 
altar  ;  he  was  a  rising  naval  oflScer  when,  to  the 
same  altar,  he  led  the  blooming  bride. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BioG.,  p.  380. 

3496.  MARRIAGE,  A  wicked.  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots.  [Bothwell  assassinated  Darnley,  her 
husband.  See  No.  2188.]  She  only  refused  Both- 
well  one  thing — the  tutelage  and  guardianship 
of  her  son,  who  was  kept  at  Stirling.  Violent 
and  noisy  quarrels  took  place  about  this  at  Holy- 
rood,  even  on  the  evening  before  the  marriage 
of  the  widow  and  her  husband's  assassin.  The 
Erench  ambassador  heard  the  turmoil.  Both- 
Avell  insisted,  and  the  queen,  determined  to  re- 
sist, called  loudly  for  a  dagger  wherewith  to  kill 
herself.  "  On  the  day  after  the  ceremony," 
■writes  the  ambassador,  "I  perceived  strange 
clouds  on  the  countenances  both  of  the  queen 
and  her  husband,  which  she  tried  to  excuse,  say- 
ing that  if  I  saw  her  sad  it  was  because  she  had 
DO  reason  to  rejoice,  desiring  nothing  but  death." 
— Lamartine's  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  p.  30. 

3497.  MARRIAGE,  A  worthy.  John  Adams. 
A  few  days  after  John  Adams  had  been  pre- 
sented to  George  III.  and  Queen  Charlotte,  his 
"wife  and  daughter  were  obliged,  by  the  estab- 
lished etiquette,  to  take  part  in  a  similar  cere- 
mony. Mr.  Adams  had  an  advantage  over  al- 
most all  the  revolutionary  fathers  in  possessing 
a  wife  who  was  fully  his  equal  in  understand- 
ing. The  wives  of  Washington  and  Franklin 
were  most  estimable  ladies,  but  they  had  no 
intellectual  tastes,  and  would  hardly  have  held 
their  ground  in  a  conversation  upon  literature 
or  science.  Mrs.  Adams,  however,  was  really  a 
very  superior  woman.  Besides  having  an  ample 
share  of  Yankee  sense  and  shrewdness,  besides 
being  an  excellent  manager  and  housekeeper, 


she  was  fond  of  books,  possessed  considerable 
knowledge,  and  wrote  letters  quite  as  sprightly 
and  entertaining,  and  much  more  sensible  and 
instructive,  than  those  of  Madame  de  Sevigne  or 
Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu,  who  are  so  fa- 
mous for  their  letters.  When  we  read  her  ex- 
cellent epistles,  we  can  hardly  believe,  what  is 
nevertheless  true,  that  she  was  born  and  bred  in 
a  country  parsonage  in  New  England,  and  never 
Avent  to  school  one  day  in  her  life.  She  owed 
her  excellent  education  wholly  to  her  parents 
and  relations,  and  to  her  own  remarkable  quick- 
ness of  mind. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  186. 

349§.  MARRIAGES,  Mixed.  Romans.  A  just 
regard  to  the  purity  of  descent  preserves  the  har- 
mony of  public  and  private  life  ;  but  the  mixture 
of  foreign  blood  is  the  fruitful  source  of  disorder 
and  discord.  Such  had  ever  been  the  opinion 
and  practice  of  the  sage  Romans ;  their  juris- 
prudence proscribed  the  marriage  of  a  citizen  and 
a  stranger  ;  in  the  days  of  freedom  and  virtue  a 
senator  would  have  scorned  to  match  his  daugh- 
ter with  a  king  ;  the  glory  of  Mark  Antony  was 
sullied  by  an  Egyptian  wife  ;  and  the  Emperor 
Titus  was  compelled,  by  populur  censure,  to 
dismiss,  with  reluctance,  the  reluctant  Berenice. 
This  perpetual  interdict  was  ratified  by  the  fab- 
ulous sanction  of  the  great  Constantine. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  359. 

3499.  MARRIAGES,  Roman.  Customs.  Ex- 
perience has  proved  that  savages  are  the  tyrants 
of  the  female  sex,  and  that  the  condition  of 
woman  is  usually  softened  by  the  refinements  of 
social  life.  In  the  hope  of  a  robust  progeny, 
Lycurgus  had  delayed  the  season  of  marriage  ; 
it  was  fixed  by  Nunia  at  the  tender  age  of  twelve 
years,  that  the  Roman  husband  might  educate  to 
his  will  a  pure  and  obedient  virgin.  According 
to  the  custom  of  antiquity,  he  bought  his  bride 
of  her  parents,  and  she  fulfilled  the  coemption  by 
purchasing,  with  three  pieces  of  copper,  a  just 
introduction  to  his  house  and  household  deities. 
A  sacrifice  of  fruits  was  offered  by  the  pontiffs 
in  the  presence  of  ten  witnesses  ;  the  contracting 
parties  were  seated  on  the  same  sheep-skin  ;  they 
tasted  a  salt  cake  of  far  or  rice  ;  and  i\\\s,  confar- 
reation,  which  denoted  the  ancient  food  of  Italy, 
served  as  an  emblem  of  their  mystic  union  of 
mind  and  body.  But  this  union  on  the  side  of  the 
woman  was  rigorous  and  unequal  ;  and  she  re- 
nounced the  name  and  worship  of  her  father's 
house  to  embrace  a  new  servitude,  decorated 
only  by  the  title  of  adoption,  a  fiction  of  the  law, 
neither  rational  nor  elegant,  bestowed  on  the 
mother  of  a  family  (her  proper  appellation),  the 
strange  characters  of  sister  to  her  own  children, 
and  of  daughter  to  her  husband  or  master,  who 
was  invested  with  the  plenitude  of  paternal  pow- 
er. By  his  judgment  or  caprice  her  behavior 
was  approved  or  censured  or  chastised  ;  he  ex- 
ercised the  jurisdiction  of  life  and  death  ;  and  it 
was  allowed  that  in  the  cases  of  adultery  or 
drunkenness  the  sentence  might  be  properly  in- 
flicted. She  acquired  and  inherited  for  the  sole 
profit  of  her  lord  ;  and  so  clearly  was  woman  de- 
fined, not  as  a  person,  but  as  a  thing,  that,  if  the 
original  title  were  deficient,  she  might  be  claimed, 
like  other  movables,  hy  the  ^ise  and  possession  of 
an  entire  year. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  345. 

3500.  MARTYR,  A  false.  Reign  of  James^  11. 
[Rochester,  the  Lord  Treasurer,  had  sat  in  a  tribu- 


MARTYR— MARTYRS. 


413 


nal  which  persecuted  the  Established  Church  ; 
to  save  his  office  he  affected  to  doubt  her  ortho- 
doxy. [See  Office,  Love  of,  No.  3874.]  Yet  he  was 
extolled  by  the  great  body  of  churchmen  as  if  he 
had  been  the  bravest  and  purest  of  martyrs.  The 
Old  and  New  Testaments,  the  Martyrologies  of 
Eusebius  and  of  Fox,  were  ransacked  to  find 
parallels  for  his  heroic  piety.  He  was  Daniel  in 
the  den  of  lions,  Shadrach  in  the  fiery  furnace, 
Peter  in  the  dungeon  of  Herod,  Paul  at  the  bar 
of  Nero,  Ignatius  in  the  amphitheatre,  Latimer 
at  the  stake. — Mac  aula  y's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  144. 

3501.  MARTYR,  A  sinful.  Lord  Churchill. 
The  most  remarkable  letter  was  from  Churchill. 
It  was  written  with  that  natural  eloquence  which, 
illiterate  as  he  was,  he  never  wanted  on  great  oc- 
casions, and  with  an  air  of  magnanimity  which, 
perfidious  as  he  was,  he  could  with  singular  dex- 
terity assume.  The  Princess  Anne,  he  said,  had 
commanded  him  to  assure  her  illustrious  rela- 
tives at  the  Hague  that  she  was  fully  resolved, 
by  God's  help,  rather  to  lose  her  life  than  to  be 
guilty  of  apostasy.  As  for  himself,  his  places 
and  the  royal  favor  were  as  nothing  to  him  in 
comparison  with  his  religion.  He  concluded  by 
declaring,  in  lofty  language,  that,  though  he 
could  not  pretend  to  have  lived  the  life  of  a  saint, 
he  should  be  found  ready,  on  occasion,  to  die  the 
death  of  a  martyr. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7, 
p.  240. 

3502.  MARTYRDOM  coveted.  Quakers  in 
Massachusetts.  Some  of  the  Quakers  were  ex- 
travagant and  foolish ;  they  cried  out  from  the 
windows  at  the  magistrates  and  ministers  that 
passed  by,  and  mocked  the  civil  and  religious  in- 
stitutions of  the  country.  They  riotously  inter- 
rupted public  worship  ;  and  women,  forgetting 
the  decorum  of  their  sex,  and  claiming  a  divine 
origin  for  their  absurd  caprices,  smeared  their 
faces,  and  even  went  naked  through  the  streets. 
[Yet]  ...  a  fault  against  manners  may  not 
be  punished  by  a  crime  against  nature. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

3503. .  Early  Ghristians.    "We  can 

more  easily  admire  than  imitate  the  fervor  of 
the  first  Christians,  who,  according  to  the  lively 
expression  of  Sulpicius  Severus,  desired  martyr- 
dom with  more  eagerness  than  his  own  contem- 
poraries solicited  a  bishopric.  .  .  .  Some  stories 
are  related  of  the  courage  of  martyrs,  who  actu- 
idly  performed  what  Ignatius  had  intended,  who 
exasperated  the  fury  of  the  lions,  pressed  the  ex- 
ecutioner to  hasten  his  office,  cheerfully  leaped 
into  the  fires  which  were  kindled  to  consume 
tliem,  and  discovered  a  sensation  of  joy  and 
pleasure  in  the  midst  of  the  most  exquisite  tor- 
tures.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16,  p.  41. 

3504.  MARTYRDOM,  Devotion  to.  John  Knox. 
Knox  was  the  Savonarola  of  Edinburgh ;  as 
overbearing,  popular,  and  cruel  as  he  of  Florence, 
lie  stood  alone  between  the  people,  the  throne, 
and  the  Parliament  as  a  fourth  power,  repre- 
senting sacred  sedition — a  power  which  claimed 
a  place  side  by  side  with  the  other  powers  of  the 
State  ;  a  man  more  to  be  feared  by  the  queen  be- 
cause his  virtue  was,  so  to  speak,  a  kind  of  fa- 
natical conscience.  To  become  a  martyr  or  to 
make  martyrs  for  what  he  believed  to  be  the 
cause  of  God  were  to  him  indifferent.  He  was 
ready  to  give  himself  up  to  the  death,  and  why 
should  he  hesitate  to  devote  others  to  the  scaf- 


fold ? — Lamabtine's  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
p.  11. 

3505.  MARTYRDOM,  Eminence  by.  Thomas 
Becket.  After  a  stormy  parley  with  him  in  his 
chamber,  they  withdrew  to  arm.  Thomas  was 
hurried  by  his  clerks  into  the  cathedral,  but  as  he 
reached  the  steps  leading  from  the  transept  to  the 
choir,  his  pursuers  burst  in  from  the  cloisters. 
"Where,"  cried  Reginald  Fitzurse,  in  the  dusk  of 
the  dimly  lighted  minster — "where  is  the  trai- 
tor, Thomas  Becket  ?"  The  primate  turned  res- 
olutely back  :  "  Here  am  I,  no  traitor,  but  a 
priest  of  God,"  he  replied,  and  again  descending 
the  steps,  he  placed  himself  with  his  back  against 
a  pillar,  and  fronted  his  foes.  All  the  bravery 
and  violence  of  his  old  knightly  life  seemed  to 
revive  in  Thomas  as  he  tossed  back  the  threats 
and  demands  of  his  assailants.  "You  are  our 
prisoner,"  shouted  Fitzurse,  and  the  four  knights 
seized  him  to  drag  him  from  the  church.  "  Do 
not  touch  me,  Reginald,"  cried  the  primate ; 
"  pander  that  you  are,  you  owe  me  fealty  ;"  and 
availing  himself  of  his  personal  strength  he  shook 
him  roughly  off.  "  Strike,  strike,"  retorted  Fitz- 
urse, and  blow  after  blow  struck  Thomas  to  the 
ground.  A  retainer  of  Ranulf  de  Broc  with  the 
point  of  his  sword  scattered  the  primate's  brains 
on  the  ground.  "  Let  us  be  off,"  he  cried,  tri- 
umphantly ;  "this  traitor  will  never  rise  again." 
The  brutal  murder  was  received  with  a  thrill 
of  horror  throughout  Christendom ;  miracles 
were  wrought  at  the  martyr's  tomb,  he  was 
canonized,  and  became  the  most  popular  of 
English  saints.  The  stately  "  martj'rdom"  which 
rose  over  his  relics  at  Canterbury  seemed  to  em- 
•body  the  triumph  which  his  blood  had  won. — 
Hist,  of  English  People,  §  138. 

3506.  MARTYRS,  Fanatical.  Donatists.  Many 
fanatics  were  possessed  Avith  the  horror  of  life 
and  the  desire  of  martyrdom,  and  they  deemed  it 
of  little  moment  by  what  means  or  by  what  hands 
they  perished,  if  their  conduct  was  sanctified  by 
the  intention  of  devoting  themselves  to  the  glory 
of  the  true  faith  and  the  hope  of  eternal  happi- 
ness. Sometimes  they  rudely  disturbed  the  fes- 
tivals and  profaned  the  temples  of  paganism 
with  the  design  of  exciting  the  most  zealous  of 
the  idolaters  to  revenge  the  insulted  honor  of 
their  gods.  They  sometimes  forced  their  way 
into  the  courts  of  justice,  and  compelled  the 
affrighted  judge  to  give  orders  for  their  im- 
mediate execution.  They  frequently  stopped 
travellers  on  the  public  highways  and  obliged 
them  to  inflict  the  stroke  of  martyrdom,  by  the 
promise  of  a  reward,  if  they  consented,  and  by 
the  threat  of  instant  death,  if  they  refused  to 
grant  so  very  singular  a  favor.  When  they  were 
disappointed  of  every  other  resource,  they  an- 
nounced the  day  on  which,  in  the  presence  of 
their  friends  and  brethren,  they  should  cast 
themselves  headlong  from  some  lofty  rock  ;  and 
many  precipices  were  shown  which  had  ac- 
quired fame  by  the  number  of  religious  sui- 
cides. In  the  actions  of  these  desperate  enthu- 
siasts, who  were  admired  by  one  party  as  the 
martyrs  of  God  and  abhorred  by  the  other  as 
the  victims  of  Satan,  an  impartial  philosopher 
may  discover  the  influence  and  the  last  abuse  of 
that  inflexible  spirit  which  was  originally  de- 
rived from  the  character  and  principles  of  the 
Jewish  nation — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  21,  p.  368. 


414 


MARTYRS— MASSACRE. 


3507.  MAETYES,  First.  English.  [In  1555 
John  Rogers  was  burnt  at  the  stake  in  Smith- 
field,  Lawrence  Saunders  was  burnt  at  Coven- 
try, John  Hooper  was  burnt  at  Gloucester,  and 
Rowland  Taylor  was  burnt  at  Hadleigh.  These 
were  four  of  the  first  Protestant  martyrs  burnt 
in  England.] — Knight's  Ekg.,  vol.  3,  ch.  6, 
p.  79. 

350§.  MAETYES,  Missionary.  JemitPHesU. 
Breboeuf  was  set  apart  on  a  scaffold.  They  (the 
Mohawks)  cut  his  lower  lip  and  his  nose,  applied 
burning  torches  to  his  body,  burned  his  gums, 
and  thrust  hot  iron  down  his  throat.  The  deli- 
cate Lallemand  was  stripped  naked,  and  envel- 
oped from  head  to  foot  with  bark  full  of  rosin. 
Brought  into  the  presence  of  Breboeuf,  he  ex- 
claimed, "  We  are  made  a  spectacle  unto  the 
world,  and  to  angels,  and  men  !"  The  pine 
bark  was  set  on  fire,  and  when  it  was  in  a  blaze 
boiling  water  was  poured  on  the  heads  of  both 
the  missionaries,  The  voice  of  Lallemand  was 
choked  by  the  thick  smoke  ;  but  the  fire  having 
snapped  his  bonds,  he  lifted  his  hands  to  heav- 
en. Breboeuf  was  scalped  while  yet  alive,  and 
died  after  a  torture  of  three  hours  ;  the  sufferings 
of  Lallemand  were  protracted  for  seventeen 
hours.  The  lives  of  both  had  been  a  continual 
heroism. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  20. 

3509.  MAETYES  tortured.  By  Nero.  Imag- 
ine that  awful  scene,  once  witnessed,  ...  in  the 
square  before  St.  Peter's  at  Rome  !  Imagine  it, 
that  we  may  realize  how  vast  is  the  change  which 
Christianity  has  wrought  in  the  feelings  of  man- 
kind !  There,  where  the  vast  dome  now  rises, 
were  once  the  gardens  of  Nero.  They  were 
thronged  with  gay  crowds,  among  whom  the 
emperor  moved  in  his  frivolous  degradation, 
and  on  every  side  were  men  dying  slowly  on 
their  cross  of  shame.  Along  the  paths  of  those 
gardens  on  the  autumn  nights  were  ghastly 
torches,  blackening  the  ground  beneath  them 
with  streams  of  sulphurous  pitch,  and  each  of 
those  living  torches  was  a  martyr  in  his  shirt  of 
fire.  And  in  the  amphitheatre  hard  by,  in  sight 
of  twenty  thousand  spectators,  famished  dogs 
were  tearing  to  pieces  some  of  the  best  and  pur- 
est of  men  and  women,  hideously  disguised  in 
the  skins  of  bears  or  wolves.  Thus  did  Nero 
baptize  in  the  blood  of  martyrs  the  city  which 
was  to  be  for  ages  the  capital  of  the  world  ! — 
Farrar's  Early  Days,  ch.  5,  p.  39. 

3510.  MAETYES,  True.  Syrian  Doctors. 
Among  the  suppliants  and  captives  Timour  dis- 
tinguished the  doctors  of  the  law,  whom  he  in- 
vited to  the  dangerous  honor  of  a  personal  con- 
ference. .  ,  .  To  these  doctors  he  proposed  a 
captious  question,  which  the  casuists  of  Bokha- 
ra, Samarcand,  and  Herat  were  incapable  of  re- 
solving. "  Who  are  the  true  martyrs,  of  those 
who  are  slain  on  my  side,  or  on  that  of  my  ene- 
mies ?"  But  he  was  silenced,  or  satisfied,  by  the 
dexterity  of  one  of  the  cadhis  of  Aleppo,  who 
replied,  in  the  words  of  Mahomet  himself,  that 
the  motive,  not  the  ensign,  constitutes  the  mar- 
tyr ;  and  that  the  Moslems  of  either  party,  who 
Bght  only  for  the  glory  of  God,  may  deserve 
that  sacred  appellation. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65, 
p.  262. 

3511.  MAEVELS,  Age  of.  Age  of  Theseus. 
It  is  principally  on  the  age  of  Theseus  that  the 
Greeks  have  indulged  their  vein  for  the  marvel- 


lous. Everthing  is  supernatural,  and  every  great 
man  is  either  a  god  or  a  demi-god.  The  most 
probable  source  of  this  I  conceive  to  be  that  the 
princes,  who  had  then  become  really  powerful, 
and  exercised  a  high  control  over  their  subjects, 
taking  advantage  of  the  superstitious  character 
of  the  times,  and  of  the  people's  credulity,  as- 
sumed to  themselves  a  divine  origin,  in  order 
the  better  to  support  their  new  authority.  Hav- 
ing at  all  times  the  priests  under  their  influence, 
they  could  do  this  with  great  facility,  by  institut- 
ing religious  rites  in  honor  of  their  divine  pro- 
genitors ;  and  if  they  could  thus  prevail  so  far 
as  to  pass  with  their  contemporaries  for  the  off- 
spring of  the  gods,  it  is  no  wonder  that  the  suc- 
ceeding ages  should  retain  the  same  idea  of  them. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  8,  p.  70. 

35l!8.  MASQUEEADE,  Deadly.  Charles  VI. 
The  young  monarch  was  unfortunately  seized 
with  a  deprivation  of  his  intellects,  which  broke 
out  in  the  most  dreadful  fits  of  madness.  The 
ignorance  of  men  in  those  ages  attributed  this  fa- 
tal but  natural  calamity  to  the  effects  of  witch- 
craft. An  Italian  lady,  the  wife  of  his  brother, 
the  Duke  of  Orleans,  w^as  accused  as  the  author 
of  his  misfortunes,  and  the  suspicion  was  in- 
creased by  a  very  strange  accident.  In  a  mas- 
querade at  court  the  king  appeared  in  the  garb 
of  a  wild  man,  covered  with  leaves,  which  were 
stuck  with  pitch  upon  a  close  habit  of  linen, 
and  he  led  in  chains  four  other  satyrs,  dressed  in 
the  same  manner.  The  Duke  of  Orleans,  who 
held  a  burning  torch,  approached  accidentally 
too  near  these  combustible  knights  ;  one  of  the 
habits  took  fire,  and  the  four  satyrs,  who  were 
four  of  the  principal  nobility,  were  burnt  to 
death.  The  king  escaped  with  life,  but  was 
seized  with  a  dreadful  fit  of  frenzy.  To  relieve 
him,  they  sent  for  a  magician  from  Montpelier, 
and  he  became  somewhat  better.  The  fact  was, 
his  disease  had  lucid  intervals,  and  in  these 
he  sometimes  resumed  the  management  of  his 
kingdom — which  was  of  the  worst  consequence  to 
France,  for  no  measure  was  ever  pursued  to  an 
end  or  with  stability. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  13. 

3513.  MASSACEE,  Evidence  of.  Louis  IX. 
The  Oriental  writers  confess  that  Louis  might 
have  escaped,  if  he  would  have  deserted  his  sub- 
jects ;  he  was  made  prisoner,  with  the  greatest 
part  of  his  nobles ;  all  who  could  not  redeem 
their  lives  by  service  or  ransom  were  inhumanly 
massacred  ;  and  the  walls  of  Cairo  were  deco- 
rated with  a  circle  of  Christian  heads.  The  king 
of  France  was  loaded  with  chains.  [Attack 
of  Crusaders  on  Massoura.] — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  59,  p.  43. 

3514.  MASSACEE,  General.  Goths.  [The 
Goths  invaded  Thrace.]  After  a  long  resistance, 
Philippopolis,  destitute  of  succor,  was  taken  by 
storm.  A  hundred  thousand  persons  are  report- 
ed to  have  been  massacred  in  the  sack  of  that 
great  city. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  10,  p.  291. 

3515.  MASSACEE,  Immense.  London.  Sue- 
tonius Paulinus,  under  the  Emperor  Nero,  .  .  . 
[was  sent  against  Britain.]  The  Britons,  more 
exasperated  than  intimidated,  were  all  in  arms, 
and,  headed  by  Boadicea,  Queen  of  the  Iceni,  had . 
attacked  several  of  the  Roman  settlements.  Sue- 
tonius hastened  to  the  protection  of  London. 
The  Britons,  however,  reduced  it  to  ashes,  mas: 


MASSACRE— MASSES. 


415 


sacred  tlie  inhabitants  that  remained  in  it,  put- 
ting to  death  70,000  of  the  Romans  and  their  al- 
lies. Suetonius  revenged  these  losses  by  a  deci- 
sive victory,  in  which  80,000  Britons  fell  in  the 
field.  Boadicea,  to  escape  slavery  or  an  igno- 
minous  death,  put  an  end  to  her  own  life  by  poi- 
son.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  5,  p.  104. 

3516.  MASSACEE  by  Mob.  Paris,  a.d.  1418. 
On  the  12th  of  June  .  .  .  the  people  broke  open 
the  prisons  and  private  houses  where  the  Armag- 
nacs  were  confined,  [and]  massacred  1500  vic- 
tims in  one  morning. — Knight's  Eng.,vo1.  2, 
ch.  5,  p.  68. 

3517.  MASSACEE  of  Patriots.  Boston.  On  the 
6th  of  March  a  more  serious  difficulty  occurred  in 
Boston.  An  altercation  had  taken  place  between 
a  party  of  citizens  and  the  soldiers.  A  crowd 
gathered,  surrounded  Captain  Preston's  company 
of  the  city  guard,  hooted  at  them,  and  dared  them 
to  fire.  At  length  the  exasperated  soldiers  dis- 
charged a  volley,  killing  three  of  the  citizens,  and 
wounding  several  others.  This  outrage,  known 
as  the  Boston  massacre,  created  a  profound  sen- 
sation. The  city  was  ablaze  with  excitement. 
Several  thousand  men  assembled  under  arms. 
Governor  Hutchinson  came  out,  promising  that 
justice  should  be  done,  and  trying  to  appease  the 
multitude.  The  brave  Samuel  Adams  spoke  for 
the  people.  An  immediate  withdrawal  of  the 
troops  from  the  city  was  demanded,  and  the 
governor  was  obliged  to  yield.  Captain  Pres- 
ton and  his  company  were  arrested  and  tried 
for  murder.  The  prosecution  was  conducted 
"with  great  spirit,  and  two  of  the  offenders  were 
convicted  of  manslaughter. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  37,  p.  294. 

.  351§.  MASSACEE  prevented.  Jamestown. 
The  savages  carefully  concealed  their  murder- 
ous purpose.  Until  the  very  day  of  the  massacre 
they  continued  on  terms  of  friendship  with  the 
English.  They  came  unmolested  into  the  settle- 
ments, ate  with  their  victims,  borrowed  boats 
and  guns,  made  purchases,  and  gave  not  the  slight- 
est token  of  hostility.  The  attack  was  planned 
for  the  22d  of  March,  at  midday.  At  the  fatal 
hour  the  work  of  butchery  began.  Every  ham- 
let in  Virginia  was  attacked  by  a  band  of  yell- 
ing barbarians.  No  age,  sex,  or  condition  awak- 
ened an  emotion  of  pity.  Men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren were  indiscriminately  slaughtered,  until 
347  had  perished  under  the  knives  and  hatch- 
ets of  the  savages.  But  Indian  treachery  was 
thwarted  by  Indian  faithfulness.  ...  A  con- 
verted red  man,  wishing  to  save  an  Englishman 
[of  Jamestown]  who  had  been  his  friend,  went 
to  him  on  the  night  before  the  massacre,  and 
revealed  the  plot.  The  alarm  was  spread  among 
the  settlements,  and  thus  the  greater  part  of 
the  colony  escaped  destruction.     But  the  outer 

Plantations  were  entirely  destroyed. — Ridpath's 
r.  S.,  ch.  11,  p.  112. 

3519.  MASSACEE,  Punished  by.  By  Etissians. 
X  When  "Warsaw  capitulated,  in  1794,  the  Russian 
commander  Suwaroff  had  put  to  the  sword 
20,000  wretched  inhabitants  of  the  suburb  of 
Praga.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  17,  p.  315. 

3520.  MASSACEE  by  Treachery.  Roman.  The 
punishment  of  a  Roman  city  was  blindly  com- 
mitted to  the  undistinguishing  sword  of  the 
barbarians,  and  the  hostile  preparations  were 


concerted  with  the  dark  and  perfidious  artifice 
of  an  illegal  conspiracy.  The  people  of  Thessa- 
lonica  were  treacherously  invited,  in  the  name 
of  their  sovereign,  to  the  games  of  the.  Circus  ; 
and  such  was  their  insatiate  avidity  for  those 
amusements,  that  every  consideration  of  fear  or 
suspicion  was  disregarded  by  the  numerous 
spectators.  As  soon  as  the  assembly  was  com- 
plete, the  soldiers,  who  had  secretly  been  post- 
ed round  the  Circus,  received  the  signal,  not 
of  the  races,  but  of  a  general  massacre.  The 
promiscuous  carnage  continued  three  hours, 
without  discrimination  of  strangers,  of  natives, 
of  age  or  sex,  of  innocence  or  guilt ;  the  most 
moderate  accounts  state  the  number  of  the  slain  at 
7000,  and  it  is  affirmed  by  some  writers  that  more 
than  15,000  victims  were  sacrificed  to  the  manes 
of  Botheric.  [Theodosius  was  the  emperor  who 
commanded  it.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  29,  p.  114. 

3521 .  MASSACEE,  Wholesale.  Seleuda.  [War 
between  the  Parthian  and  Roman  empires.] 
The  sack  and  conflagration  of  Seleucia,  with  the 
massacre  of  300,000  of  the  inhabitants,  tarnished 
the  glory  of  the  Roman  triumph. —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  8,  p.  242. 

3522.  MASSACEES,  Eeligious.  French  Bev- 
ohition.  [The  Revolutionists,  on  the  2d  of 
September,  1792,  massacred  200  priests  at  the 
Church  of  De  Carmes.]  Throughout  that  night 
of  horror  the  city  which  two  hundred  and 
twenty  years  before  had  been  polluted  by  the 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  at  the  command 
of  a  crowned  bigot,  in  the  name  of  religion, 
was  again  polluted  by  a  massacre  as  frightful, 
at  the  command  of  furious  demagogues,  in 
the  name  of  Liberty.  At  the  prison  of  Abbaye, 
after  a  few  murders  in  the  afternoon,  a  general 
slaughter  took  place  as  night  drew  on.  [The 
prison  of  La  Force  was  emptied  in  the  same  man- 
ner.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  12,  p.  229. 

3523.  MASSES  aroused,  The.  Revolution.  That 
no  act  of  his  [Charles  I.]  should  be  wanting  to 
justify  the  apposition  of  his  enemies,  he  went 
next  day  to  the  House  of  Commons,  attend- 
ed by  desperadoes — "  soldiers  of  fortune" — arm- 
ed with  partisan,  pistol,  and  sword,  to  seize  the 
members  denounced.  This  scene  has  been  so 
often  described  that  it  were  quite  a  work  of  su- 
pererogation to  describe  it  again  here.  Let  all 
be  summed  up  in  a  word.  Reconciliation  be- 
tween the  king  and  the  Parliament  was  now  im- 
possible. The  privileges  of  the  House  had  been 
violated  in  a  manner  in  which  no  monarch  had 
dared  to  violate  them  before.  And  such  a  par- 
liament ! — men  of  the  most  distinguished  cour- 
age and  intelligence  in  the  kingdom.  The  mem- 
bers he  sought  had  escaped  through  the  window. 
They  fled  in  haste  to  the  city.  Thither  the 
most  distinguished  members  of  the  House  fol- 
lowed them.  They  were  protected  by  the  Com- 
mon Council  from  the  king,  who  himself  follow- 
ed them  to  the  city,  demanding  their  bodies  ; 
but  in  vain.  He  was  his  own  officer,  both  of 
military  and  police  ;  but  as  he  went  along,  the 
growls  of  "  Privilege,  privilege — privilege  of 
Parliament,"  greeted  him  everywhere.  One  of 
the  crowd,  bolder  than  the  rest,  approached  his 
carriage,  shouting,  "  To  your  tents,  O  Israel !" 
The  king  had  given  the  last  drop  to  fill  up  the 
measure  of  contempt  with  which  he  was  regard- 
ed.    He  had  struggled  with  his  Parliament  and 


He 


MASSES— MATERNITY. 


he  was  unsuccessful.  Here  was  a  hint  for  such 
men  to  act  upon  ;  and  petitions  from  all  parts  of 
the  land  poured  in,  from  vast  bodies  of  the  peo- 
ple, declaring  their  intention  to  stand  by  the 
Parliament :  from  counties,  cities,  towns,  par- 
ishes, trades  ;  the  porters  petitioned  ;  the  water 
men  (water-rats,  Charles  called  them)  petitioned. 
And  we  may  gather  the  state  of  domestic  con- 
fusion from  the  fact  that  the  women  petitioned. 
The  mind  of  the  country  was  roused  against  the 
monarch.  Meantime  the  exiled  members  were 
brought  back  in  triumph  to  the  House,  amid 
the  pealing  of  martial  music,  flags  waving  from 
the  mastheads  of  all  the  vessels  on  the  river,  the 
masts  covered  with  shouting  sailors,  and  the 
long  procession  of  city  barges — for  at  that  day 
most  great  triumphal  processions  took  place  on 
the  Thames  ;  and  while  the  five  members  step- 
ped into  the  House,  the  House  rising  to  receive 
them,  Charles  fled  to  Hampton  Court,  nor  did 
he  see  his  palace  at  "Whitehall  again  until  he  be- 
held it  as  a  prisoner,  and  stepped  from  its  ban- 
queting house  to  the  scaffold. — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  4,  p.  90. 

3524.  MASSES  overlooked.  By  Historians. 
Nothing  has  yet  been  said  of  the  great  body  of 
the  people — of  those  who  held  the  plough  and 
tended  the  oxen  ;  who  toiled  at  the  looms  of  Nor- 
wich and  squared  the  Portland  stone  for  St. 
Paul's  ;  nor  can  very  much  be  said.  The  most 
numerous  class  is  precisely  the  class  respecting 
which  we  have  the  most  meagre  information.  In 
those  times  [of  the  Restoration]  philanthropists 
did  not  yet  regard  it  as  a  sacred  duty,  nor  had 
demagogues  yet  found  it  a  lucrative  trade,  to  ex- 
patiate on  the  distress  of  the  laborer.  History 
was  too  much  occupied  with  courts  and  camps 
to  spare  a  line  for  the  hut  of  the  peasant  or  for 
the  garret  of  the  mechanic. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  3,  p.  385. 

3525.  MASSES,  Power  of  the.  Stamp  Act.  The 
1st  of  November  came.  On  that  day  the  Stamp 
Act  was  to  take  effect.  During  the  summer  great 
quantities  of  the  stamped  paper  had  been  pre- 
pared and  sent  to  America.  Ten  boxes  of  it  were 
seized  by  the  people  of  New  York,  and  openly  de- 
stroyed. In  Connecticut  the  stamp-officer  was 
threatened  with  hanging.  In  Boston  houses 
were  destroyed,  and  the  stamps  given  to  the  winds 
and  flames.  Whole  cargoes  of  the  obnoxious 
paper  were  shipped  to  England,  and  every  stamp 
officer  in  America  was  obliged  to  resign  or  leave 
the  country.  By  the  1st  of  November  there  were 
scarcely  stamps  enough  remaining  to  furnish  af- 
ter times  with  specimens.  The  day  was  kept  as  a 
day  of  mourning.  The  stores  were  closed  ;  flags 
were  hung  at  half  mast ;  the  bells  were  tolled  ; 
effigies  of  the  authors  and  abettors  of  the  Stamp 
Act  were  borne  about  in  mockery,  and  then  burn- 
ed. The  people  of  New  Hampshire  formed  a 
funeral  procession  and  buried  a  coffin  bearing  the 
inscription  of  Liberty.  A  cartoon  was  circulated 
hinting  at  union  as  the  remedy  for  existing  evils. 
The  picture  represented  a  snake  broken  into  sec- 
tions. Each  joint  was  labelled  with  the  initials 
of  a  colony  ;  the  head  was  marked  "  N.  E."  for 
New  England,  and  the  title  was  "  Join  or  Die!" 
— RiDPATH's  U.  S.,  ch.  37,  p.  291. 

3526. .  Boston  Tea  Party.    On  the 

16th  of  December  the  dispute  was  settled  in  a 
memorable  manner.     There  was  a  great  town 


meeting,  at  which  seven  thousand  people  were  as- 
sembled. Adams  and  Quincy  spoke  to  the  mul- 
titudes. Evening  came  on,  and  the  meeting  was 
about  to  adjourn  when  a  war-whoop  was  heard, 
and  about  fifty  men,  disguised  as  Indians,  passed 
the  door  of  the  Old  South  Church.  The  crowd 
followed  to  Griffin's  wharf,  where  the  three  tea- 
ships  were  at  anchor.  Then  everything  became 
quiet.  The  disguised  men  quickly  boarded  the 
vessels,  broke  open  the  three  hundred  and  forty 
chests  of  tea  that  composed  the  cargoes,  and 
poured  the  contents  into  the  sea.  Such  was  the 
Boston  Tea  Party.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  37, 
p.  295. 

3527.  MATEEIALISM  corrected.  Benjamin 
Franklin.  He  has  been  called  the  representative 
of  materialism  ;  and  yet  when  he  thought  on  re- 
ligion, his  mind  passed  beyond  reliai:ce  on  sects 
to  faith  in  God ;  when  he  wrote  on  politics  he 
founded  the  freedom  of  his  country  on  principles 
that  knew  no  change  ;  when  he  turned  an  observ- 
ing eye  on  nature  he  passed  always  from  the  ef- 
fect to  the  cause,  from  individual  appearances 
to  universal  laws. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  23. 

352§.  MATEENITY,  Miraculous.  Reign  of 
James  II.  [It  was  suspected  that  Catholic  James 
intended  to  produce  a  spurious  heir.]  The  folly 
of  some  Roman  Catholics  confirmed  the  vulgar 
prejudice.  They  spoke  of  the  auspicious*  event 
as  strange,  as  miraculous,  as  an  exertion  of  the 
same  Divine  power  which  had  made  Sarah 
proud  and  happy  in  Isaac,  and  had  given  Samuel 
to  the  prayers  of  Hannah.  Mary's  mother,  the 
Duchess  of  Modena,  had  lately  died.  A  short 
time  before  her  death  she  had,  it  was  said,  im- 
plored the  Virgin  of  Loretta,  with  fervent  vows 
and  rich  offerings,  to  bestow  a  son  on  James. 
The  king  himself  had,  in  the  preceding  August, 
turned  aside  from  his  progress  to  visit  the  Holy 
Well,  and  had  there  besought  Saint  Winifred  to 
obtain  for  him  that  boon  without  which  his  great 
designs  for  the  propagation  of  the  true  faith 
could  be  but  imperfectly  executed.  The  impru- 
dent zealots  who  dwelt  on  these  tales  foretold 
with  confidence  that  the  unborn  infant  would  bo 
a  boy,  and  offered  to  back  their  opinion  by  lay- 
ing twenty  guineas  to  one.  Heaven,  they  affinn- 
ed,  would  not  have  interfered  but  for  a  great 
end.  One  fanatic  announced  that  the  queen 
would  give  birth  to  twins,  of  whom  the  elder 
would  be  King  of  England,  and  the  younger 
Pope  of  Rome.  [Queen]  Mary  could  not  conceal 
the  delight  with  which  she  heard  this  prophecy  ; 
and  her  ladies  found  that  they  could  not  gratuy 
her  more  than  by  talking  of  it.  The  Roman 
Catholics  would  have  acted  more  wisely  if  they 
had  spoken  of  the  pregnancy  as  of  a  natural 
event,  and  if  they  had  borne  with  moderation 
their  unexpected  good  fortune.  Their  insolent 
triumph  excited  the  popular  suspicions.  From 
the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Denmark  down  to 
porters  and  laundresses,  nobody  alluded  to  the 
promised  birth  without  a  sneer.  The  wits  of 
London  described  the  new  miracle  in  rhymes 
which,  it  may  well  be  supposed,  were  not  the 
most  delicate.  The  rough  country  squires  roared 
with  laughter  if  they  met  any  one  simple  enough 
to  believe  that  the  queen  was  really  likely  to 
be  again  a  mother. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8, 
p.  287. 


MATERNITY— MECHANICS. 


417 


3529.  MATERNITY,  Passion  of.  Indian  Squaw. 
The  squaw  loves  her  child  with  instinctive  pas- 
sion ;  and  if  she  does  not  manifest  it  by  lively 
caresses,  her  tenderness  is  real,  wakeful,  and  con- 
stant. No  savage  mother  ever  trusted  her  babe 
to  a  hireling  nurse  ;  no  savage  mother  ever  put 
away  her  own  child  to  suckle  that  of  another. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

3530.  MATHEMATICS,  Accuracy  in.  Egyp- 
tians. The  arts  and  sciences  are  indeed  so  inti- 
mately connected,  that  there  can  be  no  great 
progress  in  the  one  without  a  proportional  ad- 
vancement in  the  other  ;  as,  for  example,  archi- 
tecture, which  requires  a  knowledge  of  geometry 
and  the  laws  of  mechanics  ;  the  working  of 
metals,  dyeing,  which  presuppose  an  acquaint- 
ance with  chemical  principles.  "  When  we  see," 
says  Millot, ' '  the  Egyptians  surveying  their  lands 
Avith  precision,  distributing  the  waters  of  the 
Nile  by  numberless  canals,  measuring  with  exact- 
ness the  increase  of  the  river,  making  and  em- 
ploying various  species  of  machinery,  measuring 
time,  and  calculating  the  revolutions  of  the  stars, 
we  must  suppose  them  to  have  attained  a  con- 
siderable proficiency  in  the  science  of  mathe- 
matics. The  Egyptians  understood  the  division 
of  the  zodiac  into  twelve  signs,  which  argues 
a  considerable  advancement  in  astronomy." — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4,  p.  42. 

3531.  MATHEMATICS,  Deficiency  in.  South 
Americans.  The  Abiponians,  a  tribe  of  South 
American  Indians  who  inhabit  a  district  in  Para- 
guay, can  go  no  further  than  three  in  counting. 
— Appleton's  Cyclopedia,  "Abiponians." 

3532.  MATHEMATICS,  Genius  for.  Zerah  Col- 
burn.  During  this  first  year  of  his  exhibition 
he  solved  such  questions  as  the  following,  in 
periods  of  time  varying  from  three  seconds  to 
one  minnte  :  ' '  How  many  seconds  are  there  in 
2000  years?"  Answer  :  63,072,000,000.  "How 
many  strokes  will  a  clock  strike  in  2000  years  ?" 
Answer:  113,880,000.  "What  is  the  product 
of  12,225,  multiplied  by  1223  ?"  Answer  :  14,- 
951,175.  "What  is  the  square  of  1449?"  An- 
«wer  :  2,099,601.  "  In  seven  acres  of  corn,  with 
17  rows  to  each  acre,  64  hills  to  each  row,  8  ears 
to  each  hill,  and  150  kernels  to  each  ear,  how 
many  kernels  are  there  ?"  Answer  :  9,139,200. 
Practice  gave  him  greater  facility.  The  next 
year  he  performed  such  problems  as  these : 
"  How  many  hours  are  there  in  1811  years  ?" 
Answer  (in  twenty  seconds) :  15,864,360.  "  How 
many  seconds  in  11  years  ?"  Answer  (in  four 
seconds) :  346,896,000.  ' '  What  sum,  multiplied 
by  itself,  will  produce  998,001  ?"  Answer  (in 
three  seconds) :  999.  "  How  many  hours  in  38 
years  2  months  and  7  days  ?"  Answer  (in  six 
seconds) :  334,488.  .  .  .  The  number  4,294,967,- 
297  was  proposed  to  him  to  find  the  factors. 
Now,  certain  French  mathematicians  had  assert- 
ed that  this  was  a  prime  number  ;  but  the  Ger- 
man, Euler,  had  discovered  that  its  factors  are 
641  and  6.700,417.  This  wonderful  boy,  then 
aged  eight  years,  by  the  mere  operation  of  his 
mind,  named  the  factors  in  about  twenty  sec- 
onds.—Cyclopedia  OP  BioG.,  p.  82. 

3533.  MATHEMATICS,  Precocity  in.  Zerah 
Colburn.  [When  a  little  boy  six  years  of  age,  in 
his  Vermont  home,  his  father,  having  overheard 
him  say,  "  Three  times  twelve  are  thirty -six,"] 
half  in  joke  he  asked  him  :  "  How  much  is  13 


times  97  ?"  The  boy  instantly  gave  the  correct 
answer,  1261.  "  I  could  not  have  been  more 
surprised,"  the  father  used  to  say,  "if  a  man 
had  sprung  out  of  the  earth  and  stood  erect  be- 
fore me."  .  .  .  The  boy  who  could  not  tell  a  4 
from  a  9  possessed  the  power  of  multiplying 
four  figures  by  four  figures,  with  unerring  cer- 
tainty, in  about  ten  seconds. — Cyclopedia  of 
BioG.,  p.  79. 

3534.  MEANNESS,  Hatred  of.  Thackeray. 
[See  Criticism,  Mania  for.  No.  1310.]  The  tinker 
thinks  that  every  pot  is  unsound.  The  cobbler 
doubts  the  stability  of  every  shoe.  So  at  last  it 
grew  to  be  the  case  with  Thackeray.  There  was 
more  hope  that  the  city  should  be  saved  because 
of  its  ten  just  men,  than  for  society,  if  society 
were  to  depend  on  ten  who  were  not  snobs.  All 
this  arose  from  the  keenness  of  his  vision  into 
that  which  was  really  mean.  But  that  keenness 
became  so  aggravated  by  the  intenseness  of  his 
search  that  the  slightest  speck  of  dust  became  to 
his  eyes  as  a  foul  stain.  Publicola,  as  we  saw, 
damned  one  poor  man  to  a  wretched  immor- 
tality, and  another  was  called  pitilessly  over 
the  coals  because  he  had  mixed  a  grain  of 
flattery  with  a  bushel  of  truth.  Thackeray  tells 
us  that  he  was  born  to  hunt  out  snobs,  as  certain 
dogs  are  trained  to  find  trufiies. — Trollope's 
Thackeray,  ch.  2. 

3535.  MECHANICS  despised.  Archimedes. 
King  Hiero  .  .  .  entreated  him  to  turn  his  art 
from  abstracted  notions  to  matters  of  sense,  and 
to  make  his  reasonings  more  intelligible  to  the 
generality  of  mankind,  applying  them  to  the  uses 
of  common  life.  The  first  that  turned  their 
thoughts  to  mechanics,  a  branch  of  knowledge 
which  came  afterward  to  be  so  much  admired, 
were  Eudoxus  and  Archytas,  who  thus  gave  a 
variety  and  an  agreeable  turn  to  geometry,  and 
confirmed  certain  problems  by  sensible  experi- 
ments and  the  use  of  instruments,  which  could 
not  be  demonstrated  in  the  way  of  theorem. 
That  problem,  for  example,  of  two  mean  pro- 
portional lines,  which  cannot  be  found  out  geo- 
metrically, and  yet  is  so  necessary  for  the  solu- 
tion of  other  questions,  they  solved  mechanically, 
by  the  assistance  of  certain  instruments  called 
mesolabes,  taken  from  conic  sections.  But  when 
Plato  inveighed  against  them,  with  great  indig- 
nation, as  corrupting  and  debasing  the  excellence 
of  geometry  by  making  her  descend  from  in- 
corporeal and  intellectual  to  corporeal  and  sen- 
sible things,  and  obliging  her  to  make  use  of 
matter,  which  requires  much  manual  labor,  and 
is  the  object  of  servile  trades,  then  mechanics 
were  separated  from  geometry,  and,  being  a  long 
time  despised  by  the  philosopher,  were  con- 
sidered as  a  branch  of  the  military  art. — Plu- 
tarch's Marcellus. 

3536.  MECHANICS  disparaged.  Lacedmmoni- 
ans.  One  of  the  greatest  privileges  that  Lycur- 
gus  procured  for  his  countrymen  was  the  enjoy- 
ment of  leisure,  the  consequence  of  his  forbid- 
ding them  to  exercise  any  mechanic  trade.  It 
was  not  worth  their  while  to  take  great  pains  to 
raise  a  fortune,  since  riches  there  were  of  no  ac- 
count ;  and  the  Helotes,  who  tilled  the  ground, 
were  answerable  for  the  produce. — Plutarch's 
Lycurgus. 

3537.  MECHANICS,  Hereditary.  East  Indian. 
The  tribe  of  mechanics  is  branched  out  into  as 


418 


MECHANICS— MEDDLING. 


many  subdivisions  as  there  are  trades,  and  no 
man  is  allowed  to  relinquish  the  trade  of  his  fore- 
fathers— a  very  singular  system,  which,  as  we 
formerly  mentioned,  prevailed  likewise  among 
the  ancient  Egyptians.  Besides  these  four  prin- 
cipal classes  [viz.,  Bramins,  soldiers,  husband- 
men and  mechanics,]  or  tribes,  there  is  a  fifth, 
that  of  the  pariahs,  which  is  the  outcast  of  all 
the  rest.  The  persons  who  compose  it  are  em- 
ployed in  the  meanest  offices  of  society.  They 
bury  the  dead ;  they  are  the  scavengers  of  the 
tO'v?"n  ;  and  so  much  is  their  condition  held  in 
detestation,  that  if  any  one  of  this  class  touches 
a  person  belonging  to  any  of  the  four  great 
castes,  or  tribes,  it  is  allowable  to  put  him  to 
death  upon  the  spot.  All  these  classes,  or  castes, 
are  separated  from  each  other  by  insurmountable 
barriers  ;  they  are  not  allowed  to  intermarry,  to 
live,  or  to  eat  together,  and  whoever  transgresses 
these  rules  is  banished  as  a  disgrace  to  his  tribe. 
— Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  23,  p.  337. 

353§.  MECHANICS,  Patriotism  of.  Carpen- 
ters of  Boston.  A.D.  1774.  [The  port  was  closed, 
the  capital  removed  to  Salem,  and  the  city  occu- 
pied by  British  troops.]  All  the  while  the  suflter- 
ings  of  Boston  grew  more  and  more  severe  ;  yet 
in  the  height  of  distress  for  want  of  employ- 
ment its  carpenters  refused  to  construct  barracks 
for  the  [British]  army.  —  Bancboft's  U.  S., 
vol.  7,  ch.  10. 

3539.  MECHANICS,  Patriotism  of.  Carpen- 
ters of  Philadelphia.  A.D.  1774.  [The  Continent- 
al Congress  convened  in  Philadelphia.]  The 
members  of  Congress,  meeting  at  Smith's  tavern, 
moved  in  a  body  to  select  the  place  for  their  de- 
liberations. Galloway,  the  Speaker  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, would  have  had  them  use  the  State  House, 
but  the  carpenters  of  Philadelphia  offered  their 
plain  but  spacious  hall ;  and  from  respect  for  the 
mechanics,  it  was  accepted  by  a  great  majority. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  11. 

3540. .    Civil  War.  [They  were  of 

greatest  service  to  Parliament  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolutiou.  ]  The  men  of  London  taken  from  the 
loom  and  anvil,  from  the  shops  of  Ludgate  or  the 
wharves  of  Billingsgate,  stood  like  a  wall.  .  .  . 
Prince  Rupert  himself  led  up  the  choice  horse  to 
charge  them,  and  endured  their  storm  of  small 
shot,  but  could  make  no  impression  upon  their 

stand  of  pikes The  contempt  of  the  Cavaliers 

for  the  "  base  mechanicals  "  was  one  great  cause 
of  the  triumph  of  the  Roundheads.  .  .  .  They  had 
an  ever-present  belief  that  they  were  doing  "  the 
Lord's  work  ; "  and  whether  starving  in  a  fortress 
or  ridden  down  by  men  in  steel,  they  would  not  be 
moved. 

"  With  dread  of  death  to  flight,  or  foul  retreat." 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  2,  p.  24. 

3541. .  Apprentices.  [In  1642,  at  the 

time  of  the  Revolution,  the  mechanics'  appren- 
tices in  London  were  ardent  in  their  endeavors  for 
the  destruction  of  despotism.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  30,  p.  489. 

3542.  MECHANICS,  Practical.  James  Watt. 
The  mechanical  dexterity  he  acquired  was  the 
foundation  upon  which  he  built  the  speculations 
to  which  he  owes  his  glory,  nor  without  this 
manual  training  is  there  the  least  likelihood  that 
he  would  have  become  the  improver  and  almost 
the  creator  of  the  steam-engine. — Smiles'  Brief 
Biographies,  p.  4. 


3543.  MECHANICS,  Taste  for.  Sir  Isaac  New. 
ton.     From  childhood  Newton  exhibited  a  re- 
markable talent  for  mechanics.     His  favorite 
playthings  were  little  saws,  hammers,  chisels, 
and  hatchets,  with  which  he  made  many  curious 
and  ingenious  machines.     There  was  a  windmill 
in  course  of  erection  near  his  home.    He  watch- 
ed the  workmen  with  the  greatest  interest,  and 
constructed  a  small  model  of  the  mill,  which,  one 
of  his  friends  said,  was  "  as  clean  and  curious  a 
piece  of  workmanship  as  the  original."   He  was 
dissatisfied,  however,  with  his  mill,  because  it 
would  not  work  when  there  was  no  wind  ;  and 
therefore  he  added  to  it  a  contrivance  by  which 
it  could  be  kept  in  motion  by  a  mouse.  He  madej 
a  water-clock,  the  motive  power  of  ^^hich  waal 
the  dropping  of  water  upon  a  wheel.     Everyf 
morning,  on  getting  out  of  bed,  the  boy  woundj 
up  his  clock  by  supplying  it  with  the  water  re-; 
quisite  to  keep  it  running  for  twenty -four  hours,] 
— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  247. 

3544.  MECHANICS,  Wages  of.  Thirteenth  Cen- 
tury.    The  daily  pay  of  carpenters,  masons,  and  ; 
tylers  was  Sd.  with  keep,  and  4d.  one  half  pen- 
ny without.  — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  27, 
p.  408. 

3545.  MEDDLING,  Destruction  by.      Flood., 
[West  Indians  to  Columbus.]     They  said  that 
there  once  lived  in  the  island  a  mighty  cacique.l 
who  slew  his  only  son  for  conspiring  against  him.| 
He  afterward  collected  and  picked  his  bones,  anc" 
preserved  them  in  a  gourd,  as  was  the  custom  of 
the  natives  with  the  relics  of  their  friends.     Oi 
a  subsequent  day  the  cacique  and  his  wife  open*] 
ed  the  gourd  to  contemplate  the  bones  of  theil 
son,  when,  to  their  astonishment,  several  flsh^ 
great  and  small,  leaped  out.     Upon  this  the  ca 
cique  closed  the  gourd,  and  placied  it  on  the  to| 
of  his  houne,  boasting  that  he  had  the  sea  shut  ui 
within  it,  and   could  have  fish   whenever  h6 
pleased.     Four  brothers,  however,  who  had  beei 
born  at  the  same  birth,  and  were  curious  inter-| 
meddlers,  hearing  of  this  gourd,  came  duriuj^^ 
the  absence  of  the  cacique  to  peep  into  it.  In  theil 
carelessness   they  suffered  it  to  fall  upon  the 
ground,  where  it  was  dashed  to  pieces  ;  when,  lo  ' 
to  their  astonishment  and  dismay,  there  issued 
forth  a  mighty  flood,  with  dolphins,  and  sharksJ 
and   tumbling   porpoises,  and    great   spouting 
whales  ;  and  the  water  spread,  until  it  overflowe 
the  earth,  and  formed  the  ocean,  leaving  only  th6 
tops  of  the  mountains  uncovered,  which  are  thjj 
present  islands. — Irving's  Columbus,  Book  " 
ch.  10. 

3546.  MEDDLING  reproved.  Bishop  Burr 
[The  intimate  friend  of  William  Prince  oi^ 
Orange,  whose  invading  army  had  just  landed' 
England.]  As  soon  as  Burnet  was  on  shore  h« 
hastened  to  the  prince.  An  amusing  dialogu^ 
took  place  between  them.  Burnet  poured  fortl 
his  congratulations  with  genuine  delight,  an( 
then  eagerly  asked  what  were  his  Highness 
plans.  Military  men  are  seldom  disposed  to  taki 
counsel  with  gownsmen  on  military  matters,  anf 
William  regarded  the  interference  of  unprofe^ 
sional  advisers,  in  questions  relating  to  war,  wit^ 
even  more  than  the  disgust  ordinarily  felt  by  sol 
diers  on  such  occasions.  But  he  was  at  tha 
moment  in  an  excellent  humor,  and  instead  d 
signifying  his  displeasure  by  a  short  and  cutting 
reprimand,  graciously  extended  his  hand,  ana 


MEDIATION— MEDICINE. 


419 


answered  his  chaplain's  question  by  another 
question  :  "  Well,  doctor,  what  do  you  think  of 
predestination  now  ?"  The  reproof  was  so  del- 
icate that  Burnet,  whose  perceptions  were  not 
very  fine,  did  not  perceive  it.  He  answered  with 
great  fervor  that  he  should  never  forget  the 
signal  manner  in  which  Providence  had  favored 
their  undertaking. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9, 
p.  446. 

3547.  MEDIATION  rejected.  Jaines  II.  In- 
stead of  becoming  a  mediator  [between  Catho- 
lics and  Protestants,]  he  became  the  fiercest  and 
most  reckless  of  partisans.  .  .  .  The  contest  was 
terrible.  The  effect  of  the  insane  attempt  to  sub- 
jugate England  by  means  of  Ireland  was  that 
the  Irish  became  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of 
water  to  the  English.  The  old  proprietors,  by 
their  effort  to  recover  what  they  had  lost,  lost 
the  greater  part  of  what  they  had  retained.  The 
momentary  ascendency  of  popery  produced  such 
a  series  of  barbarous  laws  against  popery  as 
made  the  statute-book  of  Ireland  a  proverb  of 
infamy  throughout  Christendom.  Such  were 
the  bitter  fruits  of  the  policy  of  James. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  126. 

3548.  MEDIATOE,  Temporizing.  William 
Penn.  [Magdalen  College  had  refused  to  elect 
to  the  presidency  the  nominee  of  James  II.]  The 
king,  greatly  incensed  and  mortified  by  his  defeat, 
quitted  Oxford.  .  .  .  His  obstinacy  and  violence 
had  brought  him  into  an  embarrassing  position. 
He  had  trusted  too  much  to  the  effect  of  his 
frowns  and  angry  tones,  and  had  rashly  staked, 
not  merely  the  credit  of  his  administration,  but 
his  personal  dignity,  on  the  issue  of  the  contest. 
Could  he  yield  to  subjects  whom  he  had  men- 
aced with  raised  voice  and  furious  gestures  ? . . . 
The  agency  of  Penn  was  employed.  He  had  too 
much  good  feeling  to  approve  of  the  violent  and 
unjust  proceedings  of  the  government,  and  even 
ventured  to  express  part  of  what  he  thought. 
James  was,  as  usual,  obstinate  in  the  wrong. 
The  courtly  Quaker,  therefore,  did  his  best  to 
seduce  the  college  from  the  path  of  right.  He 
first  tried  intimidation.  Ruin,  he  said,  impended 
over  the  society.  The  king  was  highly  incensed. 
The  case  might  be  a  hard  one.  Most  people 
thought  it  so.  But  every  child  knew  that  his 
Majesty  loved  to  have  his  own  way,  and  could 
not  bear  to  be  thwarted.  Penn  therefore  ex- 
horted the  fellows  not  to  rely  on  the  goodness  of 
their  cause,  but  to  submit,  or  at  least  to  tempo- 
rize. Such  counsel  came  strangely  from  one 
who  had  himself  been  expelled  from  the  univer- 
sity for  raising  a  riot  about  the  surplice,  who 
had  run  the  risk  of  being  disinherited  rather 
than  take  off  his  hat  to  the  princes  of  the  blood, 
and  who  had  been  sent  to  prison  for  haranguing 
in  conventicles.  He  did  not  succeed  in  frighten- 
ing the  Magdalen  men.  [See  No.  1842.]  —  Ma- 
caulay's Eng.  ,  ch.  8,  p.  274. 

3549.  MEDIATOR, Unfaithful.  James II.  ~jn- 
happily,  James,  instead  of  becoming  a  mediator, 
became  the  fiercest  and  most  reckless  of  parti- 
sans. Instead  of  allaying  the  animosity  of  the 
two  populations,  he  inflamed  it  to  a  height  before 
unknown.  He  determined  to  reverse  their  posi- 
tion, and  put  the  Protestant  colonists  under  the 
feet  of  the  popish  Celts.  To  be  of  the  estab- 
lished religion,  to  be  of  English  blood,  was  in  his 
view  a  disqualification  for  civil  and  military 


employment.  He  meditated  the  design  of  again 
confiscating  and  again  portioning  out  the  soil  of 
half  the  island,  and  showed  his  inclination  so 
clearly  that  one  class  was  soon  agitated  by  ter- 
rors which  he  afterward  vainly  wished  to  soothe, 
and  the  other  by  hopes  which  he  afterward  vain- 
ly wished  to  restrain.  But  this  was  the  smallest 
part  of  his  guilt  and  madness.  He  deliberately 
resolved,  not  merely  to  give  to  the  aboriginal 
inhabitants  of  Ireland  the  entire  possession  of 
their  own  country,  but  also  to  use  them  as  his 
instruments  for  setting  up  arbitrary  government 
in  England. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  126. 

3550.  MEDICINE,  Advance  in.  Reign  of  Charlet 
II.  Medicine  had  in  England  become  an  exper- 
imental and  progressive  science,  and  every  day 
made  some  new  advance,  in  defiance  of  Hip 
pocrates  and  Galen.  The  attention  of  specula- 
tive men  had  been,  for  the  first  time,  directed  to 
the  important  subject  of  sanitary  police.  The 
great  plague  of  1665  induced  them  to  consider 
with  care  the  defective  architecture,  draining, 
and  ventilation  of  the  capital.  The  great  fire  of 
1666  afforded  an  opportunity  for  effecting  ex- 
tensive improvements.  The  whole  matter  was 
diligently  examined  by  the  Royal  Society  ;  and 
to  the  suggestions  of  that  body  must  be  partlji 
attributed  the  changes  which,  though  far  short 
of  what  the  public  welfare  required,  yet  made  a 
wide  difference  between  the  new  and  the  old 
London,  and  probably  put  a  final  close  to  the 
ravages  of  pestilence  in  our  country. — ^Lvcau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  381. 

3551.  MEDICINE,  Aversion  to.  Oeorge  Wash- 
ington.  His  illnesses  were  of  rare  occurrence, 
but  particularly  severe.  His  aversion  to  the  use 
of  medicine  was  extreme ;  and  even  when  in 
great  suffering,  it  was  only  by  the  entreaties  of 
his  lady  and  .  .  .  Dr.  James  Craik  that  he  could 
be  prevailed  upon  to  take  the  slightest  prepara- 
tion of  medicine. — Custis'  Washington,  vol.  1, 
ch.  2. 

3552.  MEDICINE  discarded.  Napoleon  I  [Las 
Casas  writes:]  "The  emperor  has  no  faith  in 
medicine,  and  never  takes  any.  He  had  adopted 
a  peculiar  mode  of  treatment  for  himself.  When- 
ever he  found  himself  unwell,  his  plan  was  to 
run  into  an  extreme  the  opposite  of  what  had 
happened  to  be  his  habit  at  the  time.  This  he 
calls  restoring  the  equilibrium  of  nature.  If, 
for  instance,  he  had  been  inactive  for  a  length  of 
time,  he  would  suddenly  ride  about  sixty  miles, 
or  hunt  for  a  whole  day."  .  .  .  [He also  said  :1 
"  My  remedies  are  fasting  and  the  warm  bath.' 
— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  30. 

3553.  MEDICINE,  School  of.  First.  The 
treasures  of  Grecian  medicine  had  been  commit 
nicated  to  the  Arabian  colonies  of  Africa,  Spain, 
and  Sicily,  and  in  the  intercourse  of  peace  and 
war  a  spark  of  knowledge  had  been  kindled  and 
cherished  at  Salerno,  an  illustrious  city,  in  which 
the  men  were  honest  and  the  women  beautiful. 
A  school,  the  first  that  arose  in  the  darkness  of 
Europe,  was  consecrated  to  the  healing  art ;  thf 
conscience  of  monks  and  bishops  was  reconciled 
to  that  salutary  and  lucrative  profession  ;  and  a 
crowd  of  patients,  of  the  most  eminent  rank  and 
most  distant  climates,  invited  or  visited  the 
physicians  of  Salerno. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  56, 
p.  462. 


420 


MEDITATION— MELANCHOLY. 


3554.  MEDITATION,  Peculiar.  Bwedenhorg. 
Swedenborg  was  gifted  with  peculiar  powers  of 
respiration.  From  earl}^  childhood,  when  on  his 
knees  at  prayer,  and  afterward  when  engaged 
in  profound  meditation,  he  found  that  his  natu- 
ral respiration  was  for  the  time  suspended.  .  .  . 
He  writes  :  "  My  respiration  has  been  so  formed 
by  the  Lord  as  to  enable  me  to  breathe  inwardly 
for  a  long  period  of  time,  without  the  aid  of  the 
external  air,  my  respiration  being  directed  with- 
in, and  my  outward  senses,  as  well  as  actions, 
still  continuing  in  their  vigor,  which  is  only  pos- 
sible with  persons  who  have  been  so  formed  by 
the  Lord.  I  have  also  been  instructed  that  my 
breathing  was  so  directed,  without  my  being 
aware  of  it,  in  order  to  enable  me  to  be  with 
spirits,  and  to  speak  with  them." — White's  Swe- 
denborg, ch.  8,  p.  67. 

3555.  MEDIUM,  Fraudulent.  Counterfeiting. 
The  account  was  as  follows :  "  On  the  night  of 
the  1st  of  February  many  gentlemen  eminent 
for  their  rank  and  character  were,  by  the  invi- 
tation of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Aldrich,  of  Clerkenwell, 
assembled  at  his  house,  for  the  examination  of 
the  noises  supposed  to  be  made  by  a  departed 
spirit,  for  the  detection  of  some  enormous  crime. 
About  ten  at  night  the  gentlemen  met  in  the 
chamber  in  which  the  girl,  supposed  to  be 
disturbed  by  a  spirit,  had,  with  proper  caution, 
been  put  to  bed  by  several  ladies.  .  .  .  The 
supposed  spirit  had  before  publicly  promised,  by 
an  affirmative  knock,  that  it  would  attend  one 
of  the  gentlemen  into  the  vault  under  the  church 
of  St.  John,  Clerkenwell,  where  the  body  is  de- 
posited, and  give  a  token  of  her  presence  there, 
by  a  knock  upon  her  coffin ;  it  was  therefore 
determined  to  make  this  trial  of  the  existence  or 
veracity  of  the  supposed  spirit.  While  they  were 
inquiring  and  deliberating,  they  were  summoned 
into  the  girl's  chamber  by  some  ladies  who  were 
near  her  bed,  and  who  had  heard  knocks  and 
scratches.  When  the  gentlemen  entered  the  girl 
declared  that  she  felt  the  spirit  like  a  mouse  upon 
her  back,  and  was  required  to  hold  her  hands  out 
of  bed.  The  company  at  one  o'clock  went  into  the 
church,  and  the  gentlemen  to  whom  the  promise 
was  made  went  with  another  into  the  vault. 
The  spirit  was  solemnlj'^  required  to  perform  its 
promise,  but  nothing  more  than  silence  ensued  ; 
the  person  supposed  to  be  accused  by  the  spirit 
then  went  down  with  several  others,  but  no  ef- 
fect was  perceived.  ...  It  is  therefore  the 
opinion  of  the  whole  assembly  that  the  child  has 
some  art  of  making  or  counterfeiting  a  particu- 
lar noise,  and  that  there  is  no  agency  of  any 
higher  cause." —  Note  in  Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  112. 

3556.  MEEKNESS,  Christian.  Uncrowned. 
[The  Crusaders  having  taken  Jerusalem  and 
made  it  a  Latin  kingdom,  offered  it  to]  Godfrey 
de  Bouillon.  That  excellent  prince  accepted  the 
high  honor  conferred  upon  him,  but  refused,  in 
his  pious  humility,  to  wear  a  diadem  of  gold  and 

J'ewels  where  his  Redeemer's  brows  had  been 
acerated  by  a  crown  of  thorns. — Students' 
Fkance,  ch.  7,  §  17. 

3557.  MELANCHOLY,  Characteristic.  Aho^ 
rigines.  The  red  man  was,  at  his  best  estate,  an 
unsocial,  solitary,  and  gloomy  spirit.  He  was  a 
man  of  the  woods.  He  communed  only  with 
himself  and  the  genius  of  solitude.      He  sat  ' 


apart.  The  forest  was  better  than  his  wigwam, 
and  his  wigwam  better  than  the  village. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  1,  p.  45. 

355§.  MELANCHOLY,  Depressed  by.  Charles 
V.  The  last  years  of  Charles  were  the  most  tu- 
multuous and  the  least  successful.  The  load  of 
cares,  and  the  difficulties  which  surrounded  him 
on  every  side,  at  length  entirely  overpowered 
him.  The  vigor  of  his  mind  w^as  broken,  his 
animal  spirits  were  exhausted,  and,  in  a  state  of 
despondency  and  melancholy  dotage,  he  abdi- 
cated the  empire,  and  renounced  the  world  at 
the  age  of  fifty-six.  This  celebrated  resignation , 
though  prompted  by  dejection  of  spirit,  was  con- 
ducted with  some  policy,  and  with  a  regard  to 
the  interest  of  those  who  were  to  come  after  him. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  19,  p.  286. 

3559.  MELANCHOLY,  Excusable.  John  Mil- 
ton. Milton  was,  like  Dante,  a  statesman  and  a 
lover  ;  and,  like  Dante,  he  had  been  unfortunate 
in  ambition  and  in  love.  He  had  survived 
his  health  and  his  sight,  the  comforts  of  his 
home,  and  the  prosperity  of  his  party.  Of  the 
great  men  by  whom  he  had  been  distinguished 
at  his  entrance  into  life,  some  had  been  taken 
away  from  the  evil  to  come  ;  some  had  carried 
into  foreign  climates  their  unconquerable  hatred 
of  oppression  ;  some  were  pining  in  dungeons  ; 
and  some  had  poured  forth  their  blood  on  scaf- 
folds. Venal  and  licentious  scribblers,  with  just 
sufficient  talent  to  clothe  the  thoughts  of  a  pan- 
dar  in  the  style  of  a  bellman,  were  now  the  fa- 
vorite writers  of  the  sovereign  and  of  the  public. 
It  was  a  loathsome  herd,  which  could  be  com- 
pared to  nothing  so  fitly  as  to  the  rabble  of  Co- 
mus,  grotesque  monsters,  half  bestial,  half  hu- 
man, dropping  with  wine,  bloated  with  gluttony, 
and  reeling  in  obscene  dances.  Amid  these 
that  fair  Muse  was  placed,  like  the  chaste  lady 
of  the  Masque,  lofty,  spotless,  and  serene,  to  be 
chattered  at,  and  pointed  at,  and  grinned  at,  by 
the  whole  rout  of  Satyrs  and  Goblins.  If  ever 
despondency  and  asperity  could  be  excused  in 
any  man,  they  might  have  been  excused  in  Mil- 
ton.— Macaulay's  Milton,  p.  35. 

3560.  MELANCHOLY  inherited.  Samuel 
Johnson.  Mr.  Michael  Johnson  [the  father  of 
Samuel]  was  a  man  of  a  large  and  robust  body, 
and  of  a  strong  and  active  mind  ;  yet,  as  in  the 
most  solid  rocks  veins  of  unsound  substance  are 
often  discovered,  there  was  in  him  a  mixture  of 
that  disease,  the  nature  of  which  eludes  the  most 
minute  inquiry,  though  the  effects  are  well  known 
to  be  a  weariness  of  life,  an  unconcern  about 
those  things  which  agitate  the  greater  part  of 
mankind,  and  a  general  sensation  of  gloomy 
wretchedness.  From  him,  then,  his  son  inher- 
ited, with  some  other  qualities,  "a  vile  melan- 
choly," which  in  his  too  strong  expression  of 
any  disturbance  of  the  mind  "made  him  mad 
all  his  life,  at  least  not  sober." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  4. 

3561. .     Samuel  Johnson.  Talking 

of  constitutional  melancholy,  he  observed  :  "  A 
man  so  afflicted,  sir,  must  divert  distressing 
thoughts,  and  not  combat  with  them."  Bos- 
well  :  "May  not  he  think  them  down,  sir?" 
Johnson  :  "  No,  sir.  To  attempt  to  think  them 
down  is  madness.  He  should  have  a  lamp  con- 
stantly burning  in  his  bed-chamber  during  the 
night,  and  if  wakefully  disturbed  take  a  book, 


MELANCHOLY— MEMORIALS. 


421 


and  read,  and  compose  himself  to  rest.  To  have 
tlie  management  of  the  mind  is  a  great  art,  and 
it  may  be  attained  in  a  considerable  degree  by 
experience  and  habitual  exercise.  .  .  .  Let 
him  take  a  course  of  chemistry  or  a  course  of 
rope-dancing,  or  a  course  of  anything  to  which 
he  is  inclined  at  the  time.  Let  him  contrive  to 
have  as  many  retreats  for  his  mind  as  he  can,  as 
many  things  to  which  it  can  fly  from  itself." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  277. 

3562.  MELANCHOLY,  Natural.  Samuel  John- 
son. The  "morbid  melancholy"  which  was 
lurking  in  his  constitution,  and  to  which  we 
may  ascribe  those  particularities,  .  .  .  gathered 
such  strength  in  his  twentieth  year  as  to  afflict 
him  in  a  dreadful  manner.  While  he  was  at 
Lichfield,  in  the  college  vacation  of  the  year 
1729,  he  felt  himself  overwhelmed  with  a  horri- 
ble hypochondria,  with  perpetual  irritation,  fret- 
fulness,  and  impatience,  and  with  a  dejection, 
gloom,  and  despair,  which  made  existence  mis- 
ery. From  this  dismal  malady  he  never  after- 
ward was  perfectly  relieved. — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  11. 

3563.  MELANCHOLY,  Philosophy  of.  Unfath- 
omable. Heraclitus,  whose  disposition  [was]  the 
reverse  of  that  of  Democritus,  accounted  every- 
thing a  matter  of  melancholy.  He  seems  to  have 
been  endowed  with  the  austere  spirit  of  a  Car- 
thusian ;  for,  rejecting  the  chief  magistracy  of 
his  native  city,  Ephesus,  on  account  of  the  in- 
corrigible vice  of  its  inhabitants,  he  betook  him- 
self to  the  desert,  and  fed  upon  roots  and  water, 
making  the  beasts  his  companions  in  preference 
to  man.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  Nature,  in 
which  he  made  fire  the  origin  of  all  things  ;  but 
this  fire  he  conceived  to  be  endowed  with  mind, 
and  to  be  properly  the  anima  mundi,  or  the  Di- 
vinity. His  writings  were  purposely  obscure, 
whence  he  got  the  epithet  of  .  .  .  the  dark  phi- 
losopher. It  is  said  that  Euripides  having  sent 
this  treatise  on  Nature  to  Socrates,  the  latter, 
with  his  accustomed  modesty,  gave  it  this  char- 
acter, that  all  that  he  could  understand  of  it 
seemed  good,  and  that  what  had  surpassed  his 
understanding  might  likewise  be  so. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  266. 

3564.  MELANCHOLY,  ReUgious.  Gem-ge  Fox 
i^ie  Quaker,  a.  D.  1644.  The  mind  of  Fox  as  it 
revolved  the  question  of  human  destiny  was  ag- 
itated even  to  despair.  . .  .  Abandoning  his  flocks 
and  shoemaker's  bench,  he  nourished  his  inexplic- 
able grief  by  retired  meditations,  and  .  . .  sought 
in  the  gloom  of  the  forest  for  a  vision  of  God. 
He  questioned  his  life ;  but  his  blameless  life 
was  ignorant  of  remorse.  He  went  to  many 
"priests"  for  comfort,  but  found  no  comfort 
from  them.  .  .  .  Some  advised  him  to  marry, 
others  to  join  Cromwell's  army.  ,  .  .  His  restless 
spirit  drove  him  into  the  fields,  where  he  walked 
many  nights  ...  in  misery  too  great  to  be  de- 
clared. Yet  at  times  a  beam  of  heavenly  joy 
beamed  upon  his  soul,  and  he  reposed,  as  it  were, 
serenely  on  Abraham's  bosom. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  16. 

3565. .     Puritans.     We  may  think 

of  Cromwell  standing  in  the  market  with  his 
fellow-tradesmen,  and  striding  through  those 
fields,  and  by  those  roadsides,  and  by  the  course 
of  the  stream,  then  sedgy  and  swampy  enough. 
What   thoughts  came  upon  him,  for  was  he 


not  fighting  there  the  same  battle  Luther  fought 
at  Erf  urth  ?  He  was  vexed  by  fits  of  strange 
black  hypochondria.  Dr.  Simcot,  of  Hunting- 
don, "in  shadow  of  meaning,  much  meaning 
expressions,"  intimates  to  us  how  much  he  suf- 
fered. He  was  oppressed  with  dreadful  con- 
sciousness of  sin  and  defect.  He  groaned  in 
spirit  like  Paul,  like  later  saints — Bunyan,  for" 
instance.  The  stunted  willows  and  sedgy  water- 
courses, the  flags  and  reeds,  would  often  echo 
back  the  mourning  words,  "  Oh,  wretched  man 
that  I  am  !"  What  conception  had  he  of  the 
course  lying  before  him  ?  What  knowledge? 
had  he  of  the  intentions  of  Providence  con- 
cerning him  ?  Life  lay  before  him  all  in  shad- 
ow. For  fifteen  years  he  appears  to  have  had 
no  other  concern  than  "  to  know  Christ  and  the 
power  of  His  resurrection,  and  the  fellowship  of 
His  sufferings." — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  2, 
p.  44. 

3566.  MELANCHOLY  resisted.  SamiielJoJin- 
son.  Johnson,  upon  the  first  violent  attack  of 
this  disorder,  strove  to  overcome  it  by  forcible 
exertions.  He  frequently  walked  to  Birming- 
ham and  back  again,  and  tried  many  other  ex- 
pedients ;  but  all  in  vain.  His  expression  con- 
cerning it  to  me  was, "  I  did  not  then  know  how 
to  manage  it."  His  distress  became  so  intolera- 
ble, that  he  applied  to  Dr.  Swinfin,  physician  in 
Lichfield.  He  mentioned  to  me  now,  for  the 
first  time,  that  he  had  been  distressed  bj^  melan- 
choly, and  for  that  reason  had  been  obliged  to 
fly  from  study  and  meditation  to  the  dissij^ating 
variety  of  life.  Against  melancholy  he  recom- 
mended constant  occupation  of  mind,  a  great 
deal  of  exercise,  moderation  in  eating  and  drink- 
ing, and  especially  to  shun  drinking  at  night. 
He  said  melancholy  people  were  apt  to  fly  to  in- 
temperance for  relief,  but  that  it  sunk  them  much 
deeper  in  misery.  He  observed  that  laboring 
men  who  work  hard  and  live  sparingly  are  sel- 
dom or  never  troubled  with  low  spirits. — Bos- 
well's Johnson,  p.  12. 

3567.  MELANCHOLY,  Royal.  Queen  Eliza- 
beth.  From  the  death  of  Essex  the  queen,  now 
in  the  seventieth  year  of  her  age,  seemed  to  lose 
all  enjoyment  of  life.  She  fell  into  profound 
melancholy  ;  she  reflected  then  with  remorse  on 
some  past  actions  of  her  reign,  and  was  at  times 
under  the  most  violent  emotions  of  anguish  and 
despair.  Her  constitution,  enfeebled  by  age,  very 
soon  fell  a  victim  to  her  mental  disquietude  ;  and 
perceiving  her  end  approaching,  she  declared 
that  the  succession  to  the  crown  of  England 
should  devolve  to  her  immediate  heir,  James 
VI.  of  Scotland.  —  Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  28,  p.  394. 

356S.  MEMORIALS,  Enduring.  Language. 
It  is  one  of  the  surprising  results  of  moral  pow- 
er that  language,  composed  of  fleeting  sounds, 
retains  and  transmits  the  remembrance  of  past 
occurrences  long  after  every  other  has  pa.ssed 
away.  Of  the  labors  of  the  Indians  on  the  soil 
of  Virginia  there  remains  nothing  so  respecta- 
ble as  would  be  a  common  ditch  for  draining 
lands  ;  the  memorials  of  iheir  former  existence 
are  found  only  in  the  names  of  the  rivers  and 
mountains. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  6. 

3569.  MEMORIALS,  Odd.  Old  Shoes.  [la 
1612  Thomas  Coryat,]  having  walked  over  many 
countries  of  Europe,   hung  up  in  his  parish 


422 


MEMORY— MEN. 


church  as  a  memorial  the  one  pair  of  shoes  in 
which  he  had  trudged  nine  hundred  miles. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22,  p.  347. 

3570.  MEMORY,  Blunders  of.  Goldsmith.  One 
relates  to  a  venerable  dish  of  peas,  served  up  at 
Sir  Joshua's  table,  which  should  have  been 
green,  but  were  any  other  color.  A  wag  sug- 
gested to  Goldsmith,  in  a  whisper,  that  they 
should  be  sent  to  Hammersmith,  as  that  was 
the  way  to  turn-evi-greea  (Turnliam  Green). 
Goldsmith,  delighted  with  the  pun,  endeavored 
to  repeat  it  at  Burke's  table,  but  missed  the 
point.  "  That  is  the  way  to  make  'em  green," 
said  he.  Nobody  laughed.  He  perceived  he  was 
at  fault.  ' '  I  mean  that  is  the  road  to  turn  'em 
green."  A  dead  pause  and  a  stare  ;  "whereup- 
on," adds  Beauclerc,  "he  started  up  disconcert- 
ed and  abruptly  left  the  table." — iRViffG's  Gold- 
smith, ch.  34,  p.  201. 

3571.  MEMOBT,  Excellent.  Samuel  Johnson. 

He  was  uncommonly  inquisitive  ;  and  his  mem- 
oiy  was  so  tenacious  that  he  never  forgot  any- 
thing that  he  either  heard  or  read.  Mr.  Hec- 
tor remembers  having  recited  to  him  eighteen 
verses,  which,  after  a  little  pause,  he  repeated 
verbatim,  varjang  only  one  epithet,  by  which 
he  improved  the  line. — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  9. 

3572.  MEMORY,  Extraordinary.  Poet  SJielley . 
His  powers  of  memory  were  extraordinary,  and 
the  rapidity  with  which  he  read  a  book,  taking 
in  seven  or  eight  lines  at  a  glance,  and  seizing 
the  sense  upon  the  hint  of  leading  words,  was  no 
less  astonishing.  Impatient  speed  and  indiffer- 
ence to  minutiae  were  indeed  among  the  cardi- 
nal qualities  of  his  intellect.  To  them  we  may 
trace  not  only  the  swiftness  of  his  imaginative 
flight,  but  also  his  frequent  satisfaction  with  the 
somewhat  less  than  perfect  inartistic  execution. 
— Symonds'  Shelley,  ch.  2. 

3573. .    William  III.  William  III. 

had  a  memory  that  amazed  all  about  him.  — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  5,  ch.  5,  p.  66. 

3574.  MEMORY,  Marvellous.  Napoleon  I.  He 
received  all  letters,  read  them,  and  never  forgot 
their  contents.  ...  So  retentive  was  his  mem- 
ory, that  scenes  over  which  he  had  once  glanced 
his  eye  were  never  effaced  from  his  mind.  He 
recollected  the  respective  produce  of  all  taxes 
through  every  year  of  his  administration. — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  3. 

3575.  MEMORY,  Patriotic.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. [He  closed  his  first  inaugural  address, 
amid  the  threatenings  of  civil  war,  in  these 
words  :]  "  The  mystic  cord  of  memory,  stretch- 
ing from  every  battlefield  and  patriot  grave  to 
every  living  heart  and  hearthstone  all  over  this 
broad  land,  will  yet  swell  the  chorus  of  the  Un- 
ion, when  again  touched,  as  surely  they  will  be, 
by  the  better  angels  of  our  nature." — Raymond's 
Lincoln,  ch.  6,  p.  169. 

3576.  MTIMORY  trained.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
fHe  became  a  storekeeper  and  postmaster.]  He 
was  still  employing  every  opportunity  offered 
Mm  to  improve  his  mind.  He  had  mastered 
grammar,  and  occupied  his  leisure  time  in  gen- 
eral reading,  taking  care  to  write  out  a  synop- 
sis of  every  book  he  perused,  so  as  to  fix  the 
contents  in  his  memory. — Raymond's  Lincoln, 
ch.  1,  p.  26. 


3577.  MEN,  Angelic.  Swedeinborg.  The  heav- 
en of  angels  is  formed  from  the  human  race,  all 
angels  having  lived  the  life  of  men,  and  none 
having  been  so  created  ;  and  as  the  perfection  of 
heaven  increases  to  eternity  with  the  increase  of 
regenerate  men  from  the  world,  it  follows  that 
the  earth  will  never  cease  to  exist,  nor  men  to 
live  and  be  born  upon  it.  The  world  is  the  sem- 
inary of  heaven.  Heaven  depends  upon  the 
world  for  its  growth,  increase,  and  perfection. 
Heaven  could  not  exist  without  worlds. — 
White's  Swedenborg,  ch.  12,  p.  95. 

357§.  MEN  vs.  Animals.  Napoleon  I.  The 
night  after  the  battle  of  Bassano.  .  .  .  Napoleon 
rode  over  the  plain,  .  .  .  covered  with  the  bodies 
of  the  dying  and  the  dead.  .  .  .  Suddenly  a  dog 
sprang  from  beneath  the  cloak  of  his  dead  mas- 
ter, and  rushed  to  Napoleon,  as  if  franticly  im- 
ploring his  aid,  and  then  rushed  back  again  to 
the  mangled  corpse,  licking  the  blood  from  the 
face  and  the  hands,  and  howling  most  piteously. 
Napoleon  was  deeply  moved.  .  .  .  Many  years 
afterward  he  remarked  :  "  I  know  not  how  it  is, 
but  no  incident  upon  any  field  of  battle  ever  pro- 
duced so  deep  an  impression  upon  my  feelings. 
This  man,  thought  I,  lies  forsaken  of  all  but  his 
dog.  ...  I  had  with  tearless  eyes  beheld  .  .  . 
thousands  of  my  countrymen  slain,  and  yet  my 
sympathies  were  almost  deeply  and  resistlessly 
moved  by  the  mournful  howling  of  a  dog  !" — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  6. 

3579.  MEN,  Courting  great.  SamuelJohnson. 
I  talked  of  the  mode  adopted  by  some  to  rise  in 
the  world,  by  courting  great  men,  and  asked  him 
whether  he  had  ever  submitted  to  it.  Johnson  : 
' '  Why,  sir,  I  never  was  near  enough  to  great  men 
to  court  them.  You  may  be  prudently  attached 
to  great  men,  and  yet  independent.  You  are  not 
to  do  what  you  think  wrong  ;  and,  sir,  you  are 
to  calculate,  and  not  pay  too  dear  for  what  you 
get.  You  must  not  give  a  shilling's  worth  of 
court  for  sixpence  worth  of  good.  But  if  you 
can  get  a  shilling's  worth  of  good  for  sixpence 
worth  of  court,  you  are  a  fool  if  you  do  not  pay 
court." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  141. 

3580.  MEN,  Periods  of  Great.  Discoverers. 
Copernicus,  the  son  of  a  Prussian  surgeon,  was 
born  in  1473,  ten  years  before  the  birth  of  Lu- 
ther, and  thirteen  years  before  the  discovery  of 
America.  Great  men  appear  to  come  in  groups. 
About  the  same  time  were  born  the  man  who  rev- 
olutionized science,  the  man  who  reformed  re- 
ligion, the  man  who  added  another  continent  to 
the  known  world,  and  the  man  who  invented 
printing.  So,  in  later  times.  Watt,  the  improver 
of  the  steam-engine,  Hargrave  and  Arkwright, 
the  inventors  of  the  spinning  machinery,  began 
their  experiments  almost  in  the  same  year. — Cy- 
clopedia OF  BioG.,  p.  204. 

35§1.  MEN,  Providential,  Great.  Cromwell. 
Doubtless,  as  we  have  often  heard,  great  men 
are  the  outbirths  of  their  time  ;  there  is  a  prov- 
idence in  their  appearance,  they  are  not  the 
product  of  chance  ;  they  come,  God-appointed, 
to  do  their  work  among  men,  and  they  are  im- 
mortal till  their  work  is  done.  We  should  not, 
perhaps,  speak  so  much  of  the  absolute  greatness 
of  the  men  of  one  age  as  compared  with  the  men 
of  another  ;  they  are  all  equally  fitted  to  the  task 
of  the  day.     Let  the  man  who  most  hates  the 


MEN— MERIT. 


423 


memor}^  of  Cromwell  ask  not  so  much  what  the 
laud  and  the  law  were  with  him,  as  what  they 
must  inevitably  have  been  without  him.  lie- 
move  the  leading  man  from  any  time,  and  you 
break  the  harmony  of  the  time,  you  destroy  the 
work  of  that  age  ;  for  an  age  cannot  move  with- 
out its  great  men — they  inspire  it,  they  urge  it 
forward,  they  are  its  priests  and  its  prophets  and 
its  monarchs.  The  hero  of  a  time,  therefore,  is 
the  history  of  a  time  ;  he  is  the  focus  where  in- 
fluences are  gathered,  and  from  whence  they 
shoot  out.  It  has  been  said  that  all  institutions  are 
the  projected  shadow  of  some  great  man,  he  has 
absorbed  all  the  light  of  his  time  in  himself  ;  per- 
haps he  has  not  created,  yet  now  he  throws  forth 
light  from  his  name — clear,  steady,  practical 
light,  that  shall  travel  over  a  century  ;  his  name 
shall  be  the  s^^nonym  of  an  epoch,  and  shall  in- 
clude all  the  events  of  that  age.  Thus  it  is  with 
Cromwell. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  1,  p.  20. 

35§2. .    Charlemagne.   [M.  Guizot 

says  :]  ' '  Why  a  great  man  comes  at  a  particular 
epoch,  and  what  force  of  his  own  he  puts  into 
the  development  of  the  world,  no  one  can  say. 
This  is  a  secret  of  Providence  ;  but,  nevertheless, 
the  fact  is  certain."  Such  a  man  does  come  to 
put  an  end  to  anarchy  and  social  stagnation — a 
terrible  and  often  a  tyrannical  power.  Such  a 
man  was  Charlemagne.  He  drove  back  the  bar- 
barian forces  that  were  pressing  forward  against 
the  establishment  of  European  civilization  by 
his  power  as  a  conqueror.  He  reduced  the 
scattered  elements  of  authority  and  justice  into  a 
system  by  his  skill  as  an  administrator.  He 
ujive  the  grape  of  the  south  to  the  shores  of  the 
Rhine,  and  otherwise  extended  the  domain  of 
fertility,  as  a  physical  improver.  He  raised  up 
tlie  real  civilizing  power  of  knowledge  to  render 
Ills  triumphs  of  war  and  peace  of  permanent 
utility  by  his  zeal  as  a  patriot  and  his  zeal  as  a 
student. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  6,  p.  75. 

35§3.  MEN,  Imaginary.  Americans.  The 
earliest  books  on  America  contain  tales  as  wild 
as  fancy  could  invent  or  credulity  repeat.  The 
land  was  peopled  with  pygmies  and  with  giants. 
The  tropical  forests  were  said  to  conceal  tribes 
of  negroes ;  and  tenants  of  the  hyperborean 
regions  were  white,  like  the  polar  bear  or  ermine. 
Jacques  Cartier  had  heard  of  a  nation  that  did  not 
eat ;  and  the  pedant  Lafitan  believed,  if  not  in  a 
race  of  headless  men,  at  least  that  there  was  a 
nation  with  the  head  not  rising  above  the  shoul- 
der.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol,  3,  ch.  22. 

35§4.  MEN,  Large.  King  Fredsrick  William. 
The  ambition  of  the  king  was  to  form  a  brigade 
of  giants,  and  every  country  was  ransacked  by 
his  agents  for  men  above  the  ordinaiy  stature. 
These  researches  were  not  confined  to  Europe. 
No  head  that  towered  above  the  crowd  in  the 
bazaars  of  Aleppo,  of  Cairo,  or  of  Surat  could 
escape  the  crimps  of  Frederick  William.     One 
Irishman  more  than  seven  feet  high,  who  was 
picked  up  in  London  by  the  Prussian  ambassa- 
dor, received  a  bounty  of  nearly  £1300  sterling — 
very  much  more  than  the  ambassador's  salary. 
;    This  extravagance  was  the  more  absurd  because 
\    a  stout  youth  of  five  feet  eight,  who  might  have 
;    been  procured  for  a  few  dollars,  would  in  all 
;    probability  have  been  a  much  more  valuable 
!    soldier. — Macaulay's  Frederick  the  Great, 
\    p.  8. 


35§5.  MEN,  Misplaced.  James  11. — lialeigh. 
On  a  cold  October  morning,  in  1619,  a  great 
crime  was  perpetrated. . .  .  That  fine  old  English 
gentleman,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  was  brought 
fortli  to  the  scaffold  in  Palace  Yard.  Perhaps 
the  reader  is  scarcely  able  to  repress  the  feeling, 
even  now,  of  abhorrent  indignation  that  such  a 
miserable  piece  of  loathsome  corruption  as 
James  should  have  been  able  to  order  the  death 
of  so  great  and  magnanimous  a  man.  It  was 
on  the  29th  of  October,  when  the  officers  went 
into  his  room  to  tell  him  that  all  was  in  readi- 
ness for  his  execution,  they  found  him  smoking 
his  last  pipe  and  drinking  his  last  cup  of  sack, 
remarking  to  those  who  came  to  fetch  him  that 
' '  it  was  a  good  liquor,  if  a  man  might  stay  by 
it."  He  said  he  was  ready,  and  so  they  set 
forth. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  2,  p.  37. 

35§6.  MEN,  Self-made.  William  Pitt.  [He 
was  first  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland,  and  shortly 
after  promoted  to  be  paymaster-general.]  Pitt, 
without  wealth  or  high  birth,  had  made  him- 
self the  marked  man  of  his  time  ....  In  five 
years  he  raised  a  dispirited  nation  to  an  unpre- 
cedented height  of  honor  and  power. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  12,  p.  179. 

35  §7.  MEN,  Similarity  in.  Babes.  A  story  is 
told,  how  many  years  since,  before  the  age  of 
railways,  a  nobleman  and  his  lady,  with  their 
infant  child,  travelling  in  a  wild  neighborhood, 
were  overtaken  by  a  snow-storm  and  compelled 
to  seek  shelter  in  a  rude  shepherd's  hut ;  when 
the  nurse,  who  was  in  attendance  upon  her  lord 
and  lady,  began  undressing  the  infant  by  the 
side  of  the  warm  fire,  the  inhabitants  of  the  hut 
gazed  in  awe  and  silence  at  the  process.  As  the 
little  one  was  disrobed  of  its  silken  frock  and 
fine  linen,  and  rich  dress  after  dress  was  taken 
away,  still  the  shepherd  and  his  wife  gazed  with 
awe,  until,  when  the  process  of  undressing  waa 
completed,  and  the  naked  baby  was  being  washed 
and  Avarmed  by  the  fire,  when  all  the  wrap- 
pages and  outer  husks  were  peeled  off,  the  shep- 
herd and  his  wife  exclaimed,  "  Why,  it's  just 
like  one  of  ours  !"  But  it  is  a  very  difficult 
thing  to  understand  that  kings  and  queens  and 
princes  are  just  like  one  of  us  when  their  state 
robes  are  off  ;  and  thus  the  adventures  of  fugitive 
Charles  [II.]  derive  their  interest  and  sanctity 
from  the  supposed  importance  of  the  person,  and 
the  worship  with  which  he  is  regarded  arises 
from  the  sense  of  the  place  he  fills,  and  his  es- 
sential  importance  to  the  future  schemes  of  Al- 
mighty Providence. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.l3, 
p.  169. 

358§.  MERCY,  Provision  for.  Ahraham  Lin- 
coln. His  doorkeepers  had  standing  orders  from 
him,  that  no  matter  how  great  might  be  the 
throng,  if  either  senators  or  representatives  had  to 
wait,  or  to  be  turned  away  without  an  audience, 
he  must  see,  before  the  day  closed,  every  messen- 
ger who  came  to  him  with  a  petition  for  the 
saving  of  life. — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  736. 

35S9.  MESIT,  Evidence  of.  Buler.  He  who 
is  born  in  purple  is  seldom  worthy  to  reign  ; 
but  the  elevation  of  a  private  man,  of  a  peasant, 
perhaps,  or  a  slave,  affords  a  strong  presumption 
of  his  courage  and  capacity. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  52,  p.  325. 

3590.  MEBIT,  Force  of.  Poet  Terence.  Ter- 
ence made  his  first  appearance  when  CaecUius 


424 


MERIT— MIND. 


was  at  the  height  of  his  reputation.  It  is  said 
that,  when  he  offered  his  first  play  to  the  JEdiles, 
they  sent  him  with  it  to  Caecilius  for  his  judg- 
ment of  the  piece.  Csecilius  was  then  at  supper  ; 
and  as  the  young  bard  was  very  meanly  dressed, 
he  was  bid  to  sit  behind  on  a  low  stool,  and  to 
read  his  composition.  Scarcely,  however,  had 
he  read  a  few  sentences,  when  Caecilius  desired 
him  to  approach,  and  placed  him  at  the  table 
next  to  himself.  His  reputation  arose  at  once  to 
such  a  height  that  his  "  Eunuchus,"  on  its  first 
appearance,  was  publicly  performed  twice  each 
day. — Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  3,  p.  430. 

3591.  MEEIT,  Ignorance  of.  Saracens.  [At 
the  sacking  of  Madayn  in  Persia.]  From  the  re- 
mote islands  of  the  Indian  Ocean  a  large  provi- 
sion of  camphire  had  been  imported,  which  is 
employed  with  a  mixture  of  wax  to  illuminate 
the  palaces  of  the  East.  Strangers  to  the  name 
and  properties  of  that  odoriferous  gum,  the  Sar- 
acens, mistaking  it  for  salt,  mingled  the  camphire 
in  their  bread,  and  were  astonished  at  the  bitter- 
ness of  the  taste.  One  of  the  apartments  of  the 
palace  was  decorated  with  a  carpet  of  silk  sixty 
cubits  in  length  and  as  many  in  breadth  ;  a  par- 
adise or  garden  was  depictured  on  the  ground  ; 
the  flowers,  fruits,  and  shrubs  were  imitated  by 
the  figures  of  the  gold  embroidery  and  the  col- 
ors of  the  precious  stones  ;  and  the  ample  square 
was  encircled  by  a  variegated  and  verdant  bor- 
der. The  Arabian  general  persuaded  his  sol- 
diers to  relinquish  their  claim,  in  the  reasonable 
hope  that  the  eyes  of  the  caliph  would  be  de- 
lighted with  the  splendid  workmanship  of  na- 
ture and  industry.  Regardless  of  the  merit  of 
art  and  the  pomp  of  royalty,  the  rigid  Omar  di- 
vided the  prize  among  his  brethren  of  Medina  ; 
the  picture  was  destroyed  ;  but  such  was  the  in- 
trinsic value  of  the  materials,  that  the  share  of 
Ali  alone  was  sold  for  20,000  drams. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  187. 

3593.  MEKIT,  NobiUtyby.  Napoleon  I.  [The 
Austrian]  Emperor  Francis  .  .  .  was  extremely 
anxious  to  prove  the  illustrious  descent  of  his 
prospective  son-in-law.  .  .  .  Napoleon  refused  to 
have  the  account  published,  remarking,  "  I  had 
rather  be  the  descendant  of  an  honest  man  than 
of  any  petty  tyrant  of  Italy.  I  wish  my  nobil- 
ity to  commence  with  myself,  and  derive  all  my 
titles  from  the  French  people.  I  am  the  Ru- 
dolph of  Hapsburg  of  my  family.  My  patent 
of  nobility  dates  from  the  battle  of  Montenotte." 
— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

3593.  MERIT,  Partial.  Samuel  Johnson.  He 
talked  ver 


ry- 


d  very  contemptuously  of  Churchill's  poet- 
.  .  "  No,  sir,  I  called  the  fellow  a  block- 
head at  first,  and  I  will  call  him  a  blockhead 
still.  However,  I  will  acknowledge  that  I  have 
a  better  opinion  of  him  now  than  I  once  had  ; 
for  he  has  shown  more  fertility  than  I  expected. 
To  be  sure,  he  is  a  tree  that  cannot  produce  good 
fruit ;  he  only  bears  crabs.  But,  sir,  a  tree  that 
produces  a  great  many  crabs  is  better  than  a  tree 
which  produces  only  a  few." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  115. 

3594.  MESIT,  Promotion  by.  Anglo-Saxons. 
The  Saxons,  who  enjoyed  the  same  liberty  with 
all  the  ancient  Germans,  retained  that  political 
freedom  in  their  new  settlements  to  which  they 
had  been  accustomed  in  their  own  country. 
Their  kings,  who  were  no  more  than  the  chiefs 


of  a  clan  or  tribe,  possessed  no  greater  authority 
than  what  is  commonly  annexed  to  that  charac- 
ter in  all  barbarous  nations.  The  chief,  or  king, 
was  the  first  among  the  citizens,  but  his  author- 
ity depended  more  on  his  personal  abilities  than 
on  his  rank.  "  He  was  even  so  far  considered 
as  on  a  level  with  the  people  that  a  stated  price 
was  fixed  on  his  head,  and  a  legal  fine  was  levied 
on  his  murderer  ;  which,  although  proportioned 
to  his  station,  and  superior  to  that  paid  for  the 
life  of  a  subject,  was  a  sensible  mark  of  his 
subordination  to  the  community." — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book,  6,  ch.  6,  p.  117. 

3595.  MERIT,  Supremacy  of.  Napoleon  I. 
[When  twenty-six  years  of  age  he  was  made 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  of  Italy,  with 
veteran  officers  under  him.]  There  were  many 
very  beautiful  and  dissolute  females  in  Nice, 
.  .  .  who,  trafficking  in  their  charms,  were  living 
in  great  wealth  and  voluptuousness.  .  . .  Their  al- 
lurements were  unavailing.  .  .  He  had  no  relig- 
ious scruples  to  interfere  with  his  indulgences. 
.  .  .  "  I  pursued  a  line  of  conduct  in  the  highest 
degree  irreproachable  and  exemplary.  .  .  .  My 
supremacy  could  be  retained  only  by  proving 
myself  a  better  man  than  any  other  man  in  the 
army.  Had  I  yielded  to  human  weaknesses  I 
should  have  lost  my  power. " — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  4. 

3596.  METAPHYSICS,  Contempt  for.  Napo- 
leon I.  [After  overcoming  the  Austrian  army] 
he  entered  the  celebrated  university  [at  Pavia], 
accompanied  by  his  military  suite.  With  the 
utmost  celerity  he  moved  from  class  to  class, 
asking  questions  with  such  rapidity  the  profess- 
ors could  hardly  find  time  or  breath  to  answer 
his  questions.  "What  class  is  this?"  he  in- 
quired, as  he  entered  the  first  recitation  room. 
"  The  class  of  metaphysics,"  was  the  reply.  Na- 
poleon, who  had  but  very  little  respect  for  the 
uncertain  deductions  of  mental  philosophy,  ex- 
claimed, very  emphatically.  "  Bah  !"  and  took  a 
pinch  of  snuff. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  5. 

3597.  METHOD,  "RegvlaXed  "by.  John  Wesley. 
"John  Wesley's  conversation  is  good,  but 
he  is  never  at  leisure.  He  is  always  obliged 
to  go  at  a  certain  hour.  This  is  very  disagree- 
able to  a  man  who  loves  to  fold  his  legs  and  have 
out  his  talk,  as  I  do." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  361. 

359§.  MIND  vs.  Body.  Columbus.  [He  spent 
five  months  exploring  the  West  Indies,  amid 
great  hardships  and  perils.]  The  moment  he 
was  relieved  from  all  solicitude,  and  beheld  him- 
self in  a  known  and  tranquil  sea,  the  excitement 
suddenly  ceased,  and  mind  and  body  sank  ex- 
hausted by  almost  superhuman  exertions.  The 
very  day  on  which  he  sailed  from  Mona  he  was 
struck  with  a  sudden  malady,  which  deprived 
him  of  memory,  of  sight,  and  all  his  faculties. 
He  fell  into  a  deep  lethargy,  resembling  death 
itself.  His  crew,  alarmed  at  this  profound  torpor, 
feared  that  death  was  really  at  hand.  They 
abandoned,  therefore,  all  further  prosecution  of 
the  voyage,  and  spreading  their  sails  to  the  east 
wind  so  prevalent  in  those  seas,  bore  Columbus 
back,  in  a  state  of  complete  insensibility,  to  the 
harbor  of  Isabella  [from  whence  he  had  sailed]. 
— Irving's  Columbus,  Book  7,  ch.  7. 


MIND— MINISTERS. 


425 


3599. .     William  Prince  of  Orange. 

The  audacity  of  his  spirit  was  the  more  remark- 
able because  his  physical  organization  was  un- 
usually delicate.  From  a  child  he  had  been 
weak  and  sickly.  In  the  prime  of  manhood  his 
complaints  had  been  aggravated  by  a  severe  at- 
tack of  small-pox.  He  was  asthmatic  and  con- 
sumptive. His  slender  frame  was  shaken  by  a 
constant  hoarse  coiigh.  He  could  not  sleep  unless 
his  head  was  propped  by  several  pillows,  and 
could  scarcely  draw  his  breath  in  any  but  the 
purest  air.  Cruel  headaches  frequently  tortured 
him.  Exertion  soon  fatigued  him.  The  physi- 
cians constantly  kept  up  the  hopes  of  his  enemies 
by  fixing  some  date  beyond  which,  if  there  were 
anything  certain  in  medical  science,  it  was  im- 
possible that  his  broken  constitution  could  hold 
out.  Y'^t,  through  a  life  which  was  one  long 
disease,  the  force  of  his  mind  never  failed,  on 
any  great  occasion,  to  bear  up  his  suffering  and 
languid  body  — Macaulay'sEng.,  ch,  7,  p.  155. 

3600.  MIND,  Entertainment  of.  Dr.  Campbell. 

tDr.  Campbell  is  taken  to  dine  with  a  citizen  of 
jondon.  He  says  :]  I'll  do  so  no  more,  for  there 
is  no  entertainment  but  meat  or  drink  with  that 
class  of  people. — Knight's  Ekg.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6, 
p.  113. 

3601 .  MIND,  Infirmities  of.  Unimrsal.  It  is 
a  very  ancient  remark,  that  folly  has  its  corner 
in  the  brain  of  every  wise  man  ;  and  certain  it 
is,  that  not  the  poets  only,  like  Tasso,  but  the 
clearest  minds — Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Pascal,  Spi- 
noza— have  been  deeply  tinged  with  insanity.  . .  . 
It  was  at  least  natural  for  Bradford  and  his  con- 
temporaries, while  they  acknowledged  his  [Roger 
Williams]  power  as  a  preacher,  to  esteem  him 
unsettled  in  judgment. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  1,  ch.  9. 

3602.  MIND,  Surroundings  of.  Cromwell. 
Robert  Cromwell,  father  of  the  future  sovereign 
of  England,  brought  up  his  family  in  poverty.  .  .  . 
The  poor,  rough,  unyielding  nature  of  this  moist 
country,  the  unbroken  horizon,  the  muddy  river, 
cloudy  sky,  and  miserable  trees  .  .  .  were  calcu- 
lated to  sadden  the  disposition  of  a  child.  The 
character  of  the  scenes  in  which  we  are  brought 
up  impresses  our  souls.  Great  fanatics  generally 
proceed  from  sad  and  sterile  countries.  Mahom- 
et sprang  from  the  scorching  valleys  of  Ara- 
bia ;  Luther  from  the  frozen  mountains  of  Lower 
Germany  ;  Calvin  from  the  inanimate  plains  of 
Picardy  ;  Cromwell  from  the  stagnant  marshes 
of  the  Ouse.  As  is  the  place,  so  is  the  man. — 
Lx\.martine's  Cromwell,  p.  5. 

3603.  MIND,  Undeveloped.  Redgn  of  James 
II.  [The  Roman  Catholic  country  squire.]  The 
disabilities  under  which  he  lay  had  prevented  his 
mind  from  expanding  to  the  standard,  moderate 
as  that  standard  was,  which  the  minds  of  Protes- 
tant country  gentlemen  then  ordinarily  attained. 
Excluded  when  a  boy  from  Eton  and  Westmin- 
ster, when  a  youth  from  Oxford  and  Cambridge, 
when  a  man  from  Parliament  and  from  the 
bench  of  justice,  he  generally  vegetated  as  qui- 
etly as  the  elms  of  the  avenue  which  led  to  his 
ancestral  grange.  His  corn-fields,  his  dairy  and 
his  cider  press,  his  greyhounds,  his  fishing-rod 
and  his  gun,  his  ale  and  his  tobacco,  occupied 
almost  all  his  thoughts.  With  his  neighbors,  in 
spite  of  his  religion,  he  was  generally  on  good 


terms.     They  knew  him  to  be  unambitious  and 
inoffensive. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  306. 

3604.  MIND  undisturbed.  Samuel  Johnson. 
When  a  person  was  mentioned  who  said,  "I 
have  lived  fifty-one  years  in  this  world  without 
having  had  ten  minutes  of  uneasiness,"  he 
exclaimed,  "  The  man  who  says  so  lies  :  he  at 
tempts  to  impose  on  human  credulity."  The 
Bishop  of  Exeter  in  vain  observed  that  men 
were  very  different.  His  Lordship's  manner  was 
not  impressive,  and  I  learned  afterward  that 
Johnson  did  not  find  out  that  the  person  who 
talked  to  him  was  a  prelate  ;  if  he  had,  I  doubt 
not  that  he  would  have  treated  him  with  more 
respect. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  516. 

3605.  MIND,  Versatility  of.  ^een  Elizabeth. 
Elizabeth  could  talk  poetry  with  Spenser  and 
philosophy  with  Bruno  ;  she  could  discuss  eu- 
phuism with  Lilly,  and  enjoy  the  chivalry  of  Es- 
sex ;  she  could  turn  from  talk  of  the  last  fash- 
ions to  pore  with  Cecil  over  despatches  and 
treasury-books ;  she  could  pass  from  tracking 
traitors  with  Walsingham  to  settle  points  of  doc- 
trine with  Parker,  or  to  calculate  with  Frobisher 
the  chances  of  a  north-west  passage  to  the  Indies. 
The  versatility  and  many-sidedness  of  her  mind 
enabled  her  to  understand  every  phase  of  the 
intellectual  movement  about  her,  and  to  fix  by  a 
sort  of  instinct  on  its  higher  representatives. — 
Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  f  710. 

3606.  MINDS,  Narrow.  Charactei-istic.  Defoe, 
in  general  no  illiberal  judge,  complained  of  the 
inconveniences  of  Bristol — its  narrow  streets,  its 
narrow  river,  and  "  also  another  narrow — that 
is,  the  minds  of  the  generality  of  its  people."  — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  1,  p.  7. 

3607.  MINISTEBS  constrained.  Mahomet. 
Aboutaleb,  dreading  tke  calamities  which  would 
afflict  the  people  through  the  civil  war  which 
the  obstinacy  of  his  nephew  was  about  to  pro- 
voke, besought  the  deputies  to  wait,  and  sent  to 
call  Mahomet.  "  Avoid  then,"  said  he  to  him  in 
their  presence,  with  a  tone  of  reproach  and  pa- 
ternal pain,  "  to  bring  upon  thee  and  thine  the 
calamities  that  now  menance  us."  "  Oh,  my  un- 
cle," replied  Mahomet,  sadly,  "  I  would  wish  it 
were  in  my  power  to  obey  thee  without  a  crime  ; 
but  though  the  sun  were  made  to  descend  upon 
my  right  and  the  moon  upon  my  left,  to  compel 
me  to  silence,  and  though  death  were  set  before 
me  face  to  face,  to  intimidate  me,  I  would  not 
give  up  the  work  which  I  am  ordered  to  at- 
tempt." In  speaking  these  words  he  wept 
with  regret  at  not  being  able  to  gratify  his  uncle, 
and  being  inevitably  cast  off  by  him  in  conse- 
quence. He  made  some  steps  to  leave  the  as- 
sembly ;  but  Aboutaleb,  affected  by  his  counte- 
nance and  edified  by  his  conviction,  said  to  him, 
"  Come  back,  my  brother's  son."  Mahomet  ap- 
proached him.  "  Well,"  said  the  uncle  to  him, 
"  go  on  prophesying  what  thou  wiliest,  never — 
I  vow  it  here  before  thyself  and  thy  accusers — 
shall  I  abandon  thee  to  thine  enemies." — Lamab- 
tine's  Turkey,  p.  76. 

360S.  MINISTERS,  Discreet.  Pagans.  [Ju- 
lian the  Apostate  endeavored  to  elevate  the  pagan 
religion  of  the  Romans.  He  said  :]  When  they 
are  summoned  in  their  turn  to  officiate  before  the 
altar,  they  ought  not,  during  the  appointed  num- 
ber of  days,  to  depart  from  the  precincts  of  the 


426 


MINISTERS— MINORITY. 


temple  ;  nor  should  a  single  day  be  suffered  to 
elapse  without  the  prayers  and  the  sacrifice  which 
they  are  obliged  to  offer  for  the  prosperity  of  the 
State  and  of  individuals.  The  exercise  of  their 
sacred  functions  requires  an  immaculate  purity, 
both  of  mind  and  body ;  and  even  when  they 
are  dismissed  from  the  temple  to  the  occupations 
of  common  life,  it  is  incumbent  on  them  to  excel 
in  decency  and  virtue  the  rest  of  their  fellow- 
citizens.  The  priest  of  the  gods  should  never 
be  seen  in  theatres  or  taverns.  His  conversation 
should  be  chaste,  his  diet  temperate,  his  friends 
of  honorable  reputation  ;  and  if  he  sometimes 
visits  the  Forum  or  the  Palace,  he  should  appear 
only  as  the  advocate  of  those  who  have  vainly 
solicited  either  justice  or  mercy.  His  studies 
should  be  suited  to  the  sanctity  of  his  profession. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  23,  p.  426. 

3600.  MINISTEES,  Salary  of.  £50  to  £72.  [In 

1688  eminent  clergymen's  income  was  £72.  The 
lesser  clergymen  £50.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  3,  p.  36. 

3610. .  Paid  in  Tobacco.  [In  1754, 

in  the  colony  of  Virginia,  tobacco]  was  the  meas- 
ure of  value,  and  the  principal  currency.  Pub- 
lic officers,  ministers  of  the  church,  had  their 
salaries  paid  at  so  many  annual  pounds  of  to- 
bacco.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  13,  p.  207. 

361 1.  MINISTERS,  Wives  of.  Duties  in  1547. 
[Her  duties  were  to  see  that  his  dairy  was  kept 
sweet,  his  wool  converted  into  useful  raiment, 
his  strawberry  plants  trimmed  and  watered,  and 
his  bees  hived  in  due  season.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  2,  ch.  29,  p.  488. 

3612.  MINISTEES,  Work  of.  Lay.  It  may 
be  affirmed  that  not  only  was  Methodism  found- 
ed in  the  New  World  by  local  preachers — by 
Embury  in  New  York,  Webb  in  New  Jersey 
and  Pennsylvania,  Strawbridge  in  Maryland, 
Neal  in  Canada,  Gilbert  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
Black  in  Nova  Scotia — but  that  nearly  its  whole 
frontier  march,  from  the  extreme  nortii  t«  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  been  led  on  by  these  hum- 
ble laborers. — Ste\tens'  M.  E.  Chukch,  vol.  2, 
p.  139. 

3613.  MINISTRY,  Call  to  the.  By  a  Text. 
Two  of  the  early  Methodists,  whose  names  were 
Owen  and  Carpenter,  had  frequent  conversa- 
tions about  their  duty  to  proclaim  the  gospel. 
The}^  agreed  to  settle  the  question  by  opening 
the  Bible  and  following  the  lead  of  the  first  pas- 
sage which  presented  itself.  Owen  opened  the 
Bible,  and  the  first  sentence  his  eyes  fell  upon 
was,  "  Woe  is  me  if  I  preach  not  the  gospel." 
Carpenter  said,  "I  cannot."  Owen  said,  "I 
will ;"  the  thing  with  him  was  settled. — Ste- 
vens' M.  E.  Church,  vol.  2,  p.  334. 

3614.  .  Metlwdists.     [At  the  third 

Wesleyan  Conference  three  tests  were  given  to 
decide  the  question  for  those  who  felt  called  to 
preach  the  gospel.]  "Have  they  gifts,  grace, 
and  usefulness  '?  First :  Do  they  know  God  as  a 
pardoning  God  ?  Have  they  the  love  of  God 
abiding  in  them  ?  Do  they  desire  and  seek 
nothing  but  God  ?  Are  they  holy  in  all  manner 
of  conversation  ?  Second  :  Have  they  gifts  (as 
well  as  grace)  for  the  work  ?  Have  they  (in 
some  tolerable  degree)  a  clear,  sound  underetand- 
ing  ?  Have  they  a  right  judgment  in  the  things 
of  God  ?    Have  they  a  just  conception  of  salva- 


tion by  faith  ?  And  has  God  given  them  any 
degree  of  utterance  ?  Do  they  speak  justly, 
readilj',  clearly  ?  Third  :  Have  they  fruit  ?  Are 
any  truly  convinced  of  sin,  and  converted  to  God 
by  their  preaching  ?  As  long  as  these  three 
marks  concur  in  any,  w^e  believe,"  aflirmed  the 
Conference,  "  that  he  is  called  of  God  to  preach. 
These  we  receive  as  a  sufficient  proof  that  he  is 
moved  thereto  by  the  Holy  Ohost ;"  a  decision 
which  has  never  been  essentially  modified  [by 
the  Methodist  Church]. — Stevens'  Methodism, 
vol.  1,  p.  316. 

3615.  MINISTRY,  An  early.  Rev.  Richard 
Watson.  This  eminent  theologian  of  Wesleyan 
Methodism  entered  the  ministrjr  when  sixteen 
years  old.  He  was  remarkable  in  childhood  for 
the  precocity  of  his  faculties. — Stevens'  Meth- 
odism, vol.  3,  p.  81. 

3616.  MINISTRY,  Expelled  from  the.  Rev. 
Samuel  Johnson.  It  was  resolved  that,  before 
the  punishment  was  inflicted,  Johnson  should 
be  degraded  from  the  priesthood.  The  prelates 
who  had  been  charged  by  the  ecclesiastical  com- 
mission with  the  care  of  the  diocese  of  London 
cited  him  before  them  in  the  chapter  house  of 
Saint  Paul's  Cathedral.  The  manner  in  which 
he  went  through  the  ceremony  made  a  deep  im- 
pression on  many  minds.  When  he  was  stripped 
of  his  sacred  robe,  he  exclaimed,  "You  are  tak- 
ing away  my  gown  because  I  have  tried  to  keep 
your  gowns  on  your  backs."  The  only  part  of 
the  formalities  which  seemed  to  distress  him  was 
the  plucking  of  the  Bible  out  of  his  hand.  He 
made  a  faint  struggle  to  retain  the  sacred  book, 
kissed  it,  and  burst  into  tears.  "  You  cannot," 
he  said,  "  deprive  me  of  the  hopes  which  I  owe 
to  it."  [He  had  written  tracts  against  Roman- 
ism.]— MacatjLay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  99. 

3617.  MINORITY,  Power  of.  James  11.  Then 
followed  an  auction,  the  strangest  that  history 
has  recorded.  On  one  side  the  king,  on  the 
other  the  Church,  began  to  bid  eagerly  against 
each  other  for  the  favor  of  those  whom  up  to 
that  time  king  and  Church  had  combined  to  op- 
press. The  Protestant  Dissenters,  who,  a  few 
months  before,  had  been  a  despised  and  pro- 
scribed class,  now  held  the  balance  of  power.  The 
harshness  with  Avhich  they  had  been  treated  was 
universally  condemned.  The  court  tried  to 
throw  all  the  blame  on  the  hierarchy.  The  hier- 
archy flung  it  back  on  the  court.  The  king  de- 
clared that  he  had  unwillingly  persecuted  the 
separatists  only  because  his  affairs  had  been  in 
such  a  state  that  he  could  not  venture  to  dis- 
oblige the  established  clergy.  The  established 
clergy  protested  that  they  had  borne  a  part  in 
severities  uncongenial  to  their  feelings  only 
from  deference  to  the  authority  of  the  king. — 
Macaulat's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  199. 

361§.  MINORITY,  Power  of.  Cromwell. 
Cromwell  having  a  design  to  set  up  himself, 
and  bring  the  crown  upon  his  own  head,  sent 
for  some  of  the  chief  city  divines,  as  if  he  made 
it  a  matter  of  conscience  to  be  determined  by 
their  advice.  Among  these  was  the  leading  Mr. 
Calamy,  who  very  boldly  opposed  the  project  of 
Cromwell's  single  government,  and  offered  to 
prove  it  both  unlawful  and  impracticable.  Crom- 
well answered  readily  upon  the  first  head  of  un- 
lawful, and  appealed  to  the  safety  of  the  nation 
being  the  supreme  law.    ' '  But,"  says  he,  '  •  pray, 


MINORITY— MIRACLES. 


427 


Mr.  Calamy,  why  impracticable  ?"  He  replied, 
"  Oh,  it  is  against  the  voice  of  the  nation  ;  there 
will  be  nine  in  ten  against  you  !"  "  Very  well," 
says  Cromwell ;  "but  what  if  I  should  disarm 
the  nine,  and  put  the  sword  in  the  tenth  man's 
hand — would  not  that  do  the  business  ?" — Note 
ts  Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  30,  p.  416. 

3619.  MINORITY,  Presumptuous.  Annexing 
England.  The  lure  to  James  was  the  hand  of 
the  English  king's  daughter,  Margaret  Tudor. 
For  five  years  the  negotiations  dragged  wearily 
along.  The  bitter  hate  of  the  two  peoples  block- 
ed the  way,  and  even  Henry's  ministers  objected 
that  the  English  crown  might  be  made  by  the 
match  the  heritage  of  a  Scottish  king.  "  Then," 
they  said,  "  Scotland  will  annex  England." 
"No,"  said  the  king,  with  shrewd  sense  ;  "  in 
such  a  case  England  would  annex  Scotland,  for 
the  greater  always  draws  to  it  the  less."  His 
steady  pressure  at  last  won  the  day.  In  1502  the 
marriage  treaty  with  the  Scot  king  was  formal- 
ly concluded ;  and  quiet,  as  Henry  trusted,  se- 
cured in  the  north. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People, 
§500. 

3620.  MIEACLE,  Fraudulent.  Weeping  Vir- 
gin. At  Loretto  there  was  an  image  of  the  Vir- 
gin, which  the  Church  represented  as  of  celestial 
origin,  and  which  .  .  .  seemed  to  shed  tears  in 
view  of  the  perils  of  the  Papacy.  Napoleon  sent 
for  the  sacred  image,  exposed  the  deception,  by 
which,  through  the  instrumentality  of  glass 
beads,  tears  appeared  to  flow,  and  imprisoned 
the  priests  for  deluding  the  people  with  trickery 
which  tended  to  bring  all  religion  into  contempt. 
—Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  7. 

3621.  MIRACLES,  False.  Delphic  Pnesta.  The 
town  of  Delphi,  famous  for  its  oracle,  was  a 
tempting  object  of  plunder,  from  the  treasures 
accumulated  in  its  temple.  These  were  saved 
by  the" laudable  artifice  of  the  priests.  After  or- 
dering the  inhabitants  of  the  town  to  quit  their 
houses,  and  fly  with  their  wives  and  children  to 
the  mouhtains,  these  men,  from  their  skill  in 
that  species  of  legerdemain  which  can  work  mir- 
acles upon  the  rude  and  ignorant,  contrived,  by 
artificial  thunders  and  lightnings,  accompanied 
with  horrible  noises,  while  vast  fragments  of  rock 
hurled  from  the  precipices  gave  all  the  appear- 
ance of  an  earthquake,  to  create  such  ten'or  in 
the  assailing  Persians  [under  Xerxes],  that  they 
firmly  believed  the  divinity  of  the  place  had  in- 
terfered to  protect  his  temple,  and  fled  with  dis- 
may from  the  sacred  territory. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  1,  p.  134. 

3622. .     Mahomet's.     The  votaries 

of  Mahomet  are  more  assured  than  himself 
of  his  miraculous  gifts,  and  their  confidence  and 
credulity  increase  as  they  are  further  removed 
from  the  time  and  place  of  his  spiritual  ex- 
ploits. They  believe  or  afllrm  that  trees  went 
forth  to  meet  him  ;  that  he  was  saluted  by  stones  ; 
that  water  gushed  from  his  fingers  ;  that  he  fed 
the  hungry,  cured  the  sick,  and  raised  the  dead  ; 
that  a  beam  groaned  to  him  ;  that  a  camel  com- 
plained to  him  ;  that  a  shoulder  of  mutton  in- 
formed him  of  its  being  poisoned  ;  and  that  both 
animate  and  inanimate  nature  were  equally  sub- 
ject to  the  apostle  of  God. — Gibbon's  Mahom- 
et, p.  25. 

3623. .    Mahomet's.    A  mysterious 

animal,   the  Borak,   conveyed   him    from  the 


temple  of  Mecca  to  that  of  Jerusalem  ;  with  his 
companion  Gabriel  he  successively  ascended  the 
seven  heavens,  and  received  and  repaid  the  sal- 
utations of  the  patriarchs,  the  prophets,  and 
the  angels,  in  their  respective  mansions.  Be- 
yond the  seventh  heaven  Mahomet  alone  was 
permitted  to  proceed  ;  he  passed  the  veil  of  uni- 
ty, approached  within  two  bow- shots  of  the 
throne,  and  felt  a  cold  that  pierced  him  to  the 
heart  when  his  shoulder  was  touched  by  the 
hand  of  God.  After  this  familiar  though  im- 
portant conversation  he  again  descended  to  Je- 
rusalem, remounted  the  Borak,  returned  to  Mec- 
ca, and  performed  in  the  tenth  part  of  the  night 
the  journey  of  many  thousand  years.  Accord- 
ing to  another  legend,  the  apostle  confounded 
in  a  national  assembly  the  malicious  challenge 
of  the  Koreish.  His  resistless  word  split  asun- 
der the  orb  of  the  moon  ;  the  obedient  planet 
stooped  from  her  station  in  the  sky,  accomplish- 
ed the  seven  revolutions  round  the  Caaba,  salut- 
ed Mahomet  in  the  Arabian  tongue,  and,  sud- 
denly contracting  her  dimensions,  entered  at  the 
collar,  and  issued  forth  through  the  sleeve  of  his 
shirt. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  113. 

3624.  MIRACLES  ty  Martyrs.  Catholic. 
[The  disobedience  of  the  Catholics  of  Tipasa  in 
Africa  toward  the  Arian  bishop  appointed  over 
them,  exasperated  the]  cruelty  of  Hunneric.  A 
militaiy  count  was  despatched  from  Carthage  to 
Tipasa  ;  he  collected  the  Catholics  in  the  Forum, 
and,  in  the  presence  of  the  whole  province,  de- 
prived the  guilty  of  their  right  hands  and  their 
tongues.  But  the  holy  confessors  continued  to 
speak  without  tongues  ;  and  this  miracle  is  at- 
tested by  Victor,  an  African  bishop,  who  pub- 
lished a  history  of  the  persecution  within  two 
years  after  the  event.  "  If  any  one,"  says  Vic- 
tor, "  should  doubt  of  the  truth,  let  him  repair 
to  Constantinople,  and  listen  to  the  clear  and  per- 
fect language  of  Restitutus,  the  sub-deacon,  one 
of  these  glorious  sufferers,  who  is  now  lodged  in 
the  palace  of  the  Emperor  Zeno,  and  is  respected 
by  the  devout  empress."  At  Constantinople  we 
are  astonished  to  find  a  cool,  a  learned,  and  un- 
exceptionable witness,  without  interest  and 
without  passion,  ^neas  of  Gaza,  a  Platonic 
philosopher,  has  accurately  described  his  own 
observations  on  these  African  sufferers  :  "I  saw 
them  myself  ;  I  heard  them  speak  ;  I  diligently 
inquired  by  what  means  such  an  articulate  voice 
could  be  formed  without  any  organ  of  speech  ;  I 
used  my  eyes  to  examine  the  report  of  my  ears  ; 
I  opened  their  mouth,  and  saw  that  the  whole 
tongue  had  been  completely  torn  away  by  the 
roots — an  operation  which  the  physicians  gener- 
ally suppose  to  be  mortal."  The  testimony  of 
^neas  of  Gaza  might  be  confirmed  by  the  su- 
perfluous evidence  of  the  Emperor  Justinian,  in 
a  perpetual  edict ;  of  Count  Marcellinus,  in  his 
chronicle  of  the  times ;  and  of  Pope  Gr.egory 
I.,  who  had  resided  at  Constantinople  as  the 
minister  of  the  Roman  pontiff. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  35,  p.  557. 

3625.  MIRACLES,  Modern.  Pascal.  Pascal 
was  fully  persuaded  that  miracles  were  still  per- 
formed in  this  world.  One  of  his  nieces  was  af. 
flicted,  for  three  years  and  a  half,  with  a  fistula 
in  the  tear-gland  of  one  of  her  eyes,  which  the 
most  eminent  surgeons  of  Paris  pronoxmced  in- 
curable.    The  mother  of  the  child,  acting  upon 


428 


MIRACLES— MISSION. 


the  advice  of  Pascal,  took  her  to  a  church  where 
was  preserved  what  was  called  "  the  holy  thorn" 
— that  is,  one  of  the  thorns  of  Christ's  crown  of 
thorns.  The  fistula  was  then  so  bad  that  matter 
ran  from  it,  not  only  through  the  eye,  but  from 
the  nose  and  mouth.  "  Nevertheless."  she  says, 
'•  the  child  was  cured,  in  a  moment,  by  the  touch 
of  the  holy  thorn." — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  103. 

3626.  MIRACLES,  Monkish.  Legendary.  [The 
Egyptian  and  Syrian  monks  were  considered  the 
favorites  of  heaven,  and  were  accustomed  to  cure 
inveterate  diseases  with  a  touch,  a  word,]  or  a 
distant  message,  and  to  expel  the  most  obstinate 
demons  from  the  souls  or  bodies  which  they  pos- 
sessed. They  familiarly  accosted,  or  imperious- 
ly  commanded,  the  lions  and  serpents  of  the  des- 
erts ;  infused  vegetation  into  a  sapless  trunk ; 
suspended  iron  on  the  surface  of  the  water ; 
passed  the  Nile  on  the  back  of  a  crocodile,  and 
refreshed  themselves  in  a  fiery  furnace.  These 
extravagant  tales,  which  display  the  fiction,  with- 
out the  genius,  of  poetry,  have  seriously  affected 
the  reason,  the  faith,  and  the  morals  of  the 
Christians. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  37,  p.  540. 

3627.  MIETH,  Ill-timed.  GromweU.  [Trial 
of  Charles  I.]  Another  of  his  relations.  Colonel 
Ingoldsby,  entered  the  hall  accidentally  while 
the  ofiicers  were  signing  the  sentence  of  the  Par- 
liament, and  refused  to  set  his  name  to  an  act 
that  his  conscience  disapproved.  Cromwell  rose 
from  his  seat,  and  clasping  Ingoldsby  in  his 
arms,  as  if  the  death-warrant  of  the  king  was 
a  camp  frolic,  carried  him  to  the  table,  and  guid- 
ing the  pen  in  his  hand,  forced  him  to  sign,  with 
a  laugh  and  a  joke.  When  all  had  affixed  their 
names,  Cromwell,  as  if  unable  to  contain  his  joy, 
snatched  the  pen  from  the  fingers  of  the  last, 
dipped  it  anew  in  the  ink,  and  smeared  the  face 
of  his  next  neighbor,  either  thinking  or  not  think- 
ing that  in  that  ink  he  beheld  the  blood  of  his 
king. — Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  44. 

362§.  MISFORTUNE,  Born  to.  Charles  I. 
There  were  many  unfortunate  circumstances 
which  combined  to  bring  about  the  unhappy 
doom  of  Charles  I.  He  was  unfortunate  in  his 
own  nature,  in  himself ;  it  was  unhappy  that 
one  with  a  nature  so  weak  and  a  will  so  strong 
ehould  be  called  upon  to  face  men  and  circum- 
stances such  as  he  found  arrayed  against  him. 
But  we  have  always  thought  the  most  unfortu- 
nate in  the  life  of  Charles  to  have  been  that  he 
was  the  son  of  his  father.  The  name  of  James  I. 
has  become,  speaking  on  the  best  authority,  syn- 
onymous with  every  sentiment  of  contempt.  It 
is  quite  doubtful  whether  a  single  feature  of 
character  or  a  single  incident  in  his  history  can 
command  unchallenged  regard  or  respect ;  that 
about  him  which  does  not  provoke  indignation 
excites  laughter.  His  conduct  as  sovereign  of 
his  own  country,  of  Scotland — before  he  succeed- 
ed to  the  throne  of  England — was  such  as  to  awa- 
ken more  than  our  suspicion,  beyond  doubt  to 
rouse  our  abhorrence.  He  has  been  handed  down 
through  history  as  a  great  investigator  of  the 
mysteries  of  kingcraft ;  but  the  record  of  the 
criminal  trials  of  Scotland  shows  that  he  chiefly 
exercised  his  sagacity  among  those  mysteries 
for  the  purpose  of  procuring  vengeance  on  those 
monsters  of  iniquity  who  had  sneered  at  his  per- 
son or  undervalued  his  abilities.     Whenever  his 


own  person  was  reflected  on  he  followed  the  de- 
linquent like  a  panther  prowling  for  his  prey  j 
and,  as  Pitcairn  has  shown  in  his  immense  an<3 
invaluable  work  on  the  criminal  trials  of  Scot- 
land, he  never  failed  in  pursuing  his  victim  t» 
death. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  2,  p.  34. 

3629.  MISFORTUNE,  Cruelty  with.  Amer- 
ican Indians.  The  aged  and  infirm  met  with 
little  tenderness  [from  the  hunting  tribes].  The 
hunters,  as  they  roam  the  wilderness,  desert  their 
old  men  ;  if  provisions  fail,  the  feeble  drop 
down  and  are  lost,  or  life  is  shortened  by  a  blow. 
.  .  .  Those  who  lingered  among  them  [with 
serious  diseases],  especially  the  aged,  were  some- 
times neglected,  and  sometimes  put  to  death. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

3630.  MISFORTUNE,  Fellowship  in.  Lucien 
Bonaparte.  When  Napoleon  was  imprisoned 
upon  the  rock  of  St.  Helena,  Lucien  applied  to 
the  British  Government  for  permission  to  share 
his  captivity.  He  offered  to  go,  with  or  without 
his  wife  and  children,  for  two  years.  He  engaged 
not  to  occasion  any  augmentation  of  the  ex- 
pense, and  promised  to  submit  to  every  restric- 
tion placed  upon  his  brother. — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  1. 

3631.  MISFORTUNE  overruled.  Oliver  Gold- 
smith. [He  intended  to  sail  for  Holland  ;  .  .  . 
was  diverted  by  jovial  companions,  and  sailed 
for  Bordeaux.]  It  seems  that  the  agreeable  com- 
panions with  whom  our  greenhorn  had  struck 
up  such  a  sudden  intimacy  were  Scotchmen 
in  the  French  service,  who  had  been  in  Scot- 
land enlisting  recmits  for  the  French  army. 
In  vain  Goldsmith  protested  his  innocence  ;  he 
was  marched  off  Avith  his  fellow-revellers  to 
prison,  whence  he  with  difficulty  obtained  his 
release  at  the  end  of  a  fortnight.  With  his  cus- 
tomary facility,  however,  at  palliating  Ivis  mis- 
adventures, he  found  everything  turn  out  for 
the  best.  His  imprisonment  saved  his  life,  for 
during  his  detention  the  ship  proceeded  on  her 
voyage,  but  was  wrecked  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Garonne,  and  all  on  board  perished. — Irving's 
Goldsmith,  ch.  5,  p.  45. 

3632.  MISFORTUNES,  Effect  of.  Frederick  the 
Great.  [By  the  misfortunes  of  war  and  the  loss 
of  his  mother,]  the  most  cynical  of  men  was 
very  unhappy.  His  face  was  so  haggard  and 
his  form  so  thin  that  when  on  his  return  from 
Bohemia  he  passed  through  Leipsic,  the  people 
hardly  knew  him  again.  His  sleep  was  broken; 
the  tears  in  spite  of  himself  often  started  into  his 
eyes  ;  and  the  grave  began  to  present  itself  to  his 
agitated  mind  as  the  best  refuge  from  misery 
and  dishonor.  .  .  .  He  always  carried  about 
with  him  a  sure  and  speedy  poison  in  a  small 
glass  case  ;  and  to  the  few  in  whom  he  placed 
confidence  he  made  no  mystery  of  his  resolu- 
tion.— Macaulay's  Frederick  the  Great, 
p.  90. 

3633.  MISSION  in  Life.  William  Prince  of 
Orange.  [He  had  been  invited  to  invade  Eng- 
land, to  rescue  it  from  tyranny  and  Catholicism.] 
Hundreds  of  Calvinistic  preachers  proclaimed 
that  the  same  power  which  had  set  apart  Sam- 
son from  the  womb  to  be  the  scourge  of  the 
Philistine,  and  which  had  called  Gideon  from 
the  threshing-floor  to  smite  the  Midianite,  had 
raised  up  William  of  Orange  to  be  the  cham- 


MISSION— MISSIONS. 


429 


pion  of  all  free  nations  and  of  all  pure  churches ; 
nor  was  this  notion  without  influence  on  his  own 
mind.  To  the  confidence  which  the  heroic  fa- 
talist placed  in  his  high  destiny  and  in  his  sacred 
cause  is  to  be  partly  attributed  his  singular  in- 
difference to  danger.  He  had  a  great  work  to 
•do ;  and  till  it  was  done,  nothing  could  harm 
him.  Therefore  it  was  that,  in  spite  of  physi- 
cians, he  recovered  from  maladies  which  seemed 
hopeless ;  that  bands  of  assassins  conspired  in 
vain  against  his  life  ;  that  the  open  skiff,  to 
which  he  trusted  himself  in  a  starless  night,  on 
a  raging  ocean,  and  near  a  treacherous  shore, 
brought  him  safe  to  land  ;  and  that,  on  twenty 
£elds  of  battle,  the  cannon-balls  passed  him  to 
the  right  and  left. — Mac aul ay's  Eng.,  ch.  7, 
p.  170. 

3634.  MISSION  misjudged.  Strangers.  [King 
Louis  Philippe  and  his  brothers  visited  America, 
and  went  West  in  disguise.]  In  a  log- tavern 
of  a  single  apartment,  wherein  the  guests 
slept  on  the  floor  and  the  landlord  and  his  wife 
on  the  only  bedstead,  the  duke  overheard  the 
landlord,  in  the  night,  saying  to  his  wife  what  a 
pity  it  was  that  three  such  promising  young 
men  should  be  roaming  about  the  country  with- 
out object,  instead  of  buying  land  in  that  settle- 
ment and  establishing  themselves  respectably. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  ,  p.  509. 

3635.  MISSIONARIES,  Discoveries  by.  Cath- 
olic. Years  before  the  Pilgrims  anchored  within 
Cape  Cod,  the  Roman  Church  had  been  planted, 
by  missionaries  from  France,  in  the  Eastern 
moiety  of  Maine  ;  and  Le  Caron,  an  unambi- 
tious Franciscan,  the  companion  of  Champlain, 
had  penetrated  the  lands  of  the  Mohawks,  had 
passed  to  the  north  into  the  hunting-gi-ounds  of 
the  Wyandots,  and,  bound  by  his  vows  to  the 
life  of  a  beggar,  had,  on  foot,  or  paddling  a 
bark  cannoe,  gone  onward  and  still  onward, 
taking  alms  of  the  savages,  till  he  reached  the 
rivers  of  Lake  Huron. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  20. 

3636.  MISSIONARIES,  Heroism  of.  JesuiU. 
Immediately  on  its  institution  their  missiona- 
ries, kindled  with  a  heroism  which  defied  every 
danger  and  endured  every  toil,  made  their  way 
to  the  ends  of  the  earth  ;  they  raised  the  emblem  of 
man's  salvation  on  the  Moluccas,  in  India,  in  Ja- 
pan, in  Cochin  China  ;  they  penetrated  Ethiopia, 
and  reached  the  Abyssinians  ;  they  planted  mis- 
sions among  the  Caffres  ;  in  California,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Maranhon,  in  the  plains  of  Para- 
guay, they  invited  the  wildest  of  barbarians  to  the 
civilization  of  Christianity. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  20. 

3637.  MISSIONARIES,  Zealous.  Irish.  Pat- 
rick, the  fiist  missionary  of  the  island,  had  not 
been  half  a  century  dead  when  Irish  Christianity 
flung  itself  with  a  fiery  zeal  into  battle  with  the 
mass  of  heathenism  which  was  rolling  in  upon  the 
Christian  world.  Irish  missionaries  labored 
among  the  Picts  of  the  Highlands  and  among 
the  Frisians  of  the  northern  seas.  An  Irish  mis- 
sionary, Columba,  founded  monasteries  in  Bur- 

fundy  and  the  Apennines.  The  Canton  of 
t.  Gall  still  commemorates  in  its  name  another 
Irish  missionary,  before  whom  the  spirits  of  flood 
and  fell  fled  wailing  over  the  waters  of  the  Lake 
of  Constance.  For  a  time  it  seemed  as  if  the 
course  of  the  world's  history  was  to  be  changed  ; 


as  if  the  older  Celtic  race  that  Roman  and  Ger- 
man had  swept  before  them  had  turned  to  the 
moral  conquest  of  their  conquerors  ;  as  if  Celtic 
and  not  Latin  Christianity  was  to  mould  the  des- 
tinies of  the  churches  of  the  West. — Hist,  of 
English  People,  §  49. 

363§.  MISSIONARY,  A  false.  Cortez.  Six  large 
vessels  were  speedily  equipped,  and  three  hun- 
dred men  eagerly  volunteered  to  follow  a  leader 
already  known  for  his  courage  and  skill.  The 
orders  given  by  Velasquez  to  the  commander  of 
the  expedition  enjoined  it  upon  him  to  deal 
gently  and  liberally  with  the  Mexicans,  since  the 
grand  objects  in  view  were,  first,  and  above  all, 
to  convert  them  to  Christianity ;  secondly,  to 
open  with  them  a  peaceful,  honest  commerce  ; 
and,  lastly,  to  get  such  a  knowledge  of  the  coun- 
try and  its  waters  as  would  be  of  use  to  future 
navigators. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  320. 

3639.  MISSIONS  by  Conquest.  Failure.  The 
king  [of  Portugal],  entering  warmly  into  his 
[Alfonso  d' Albuquerque]  views,  gave  him  a  se- 
cret commission  as  Go vernor-in- Chief  of  the  In- 
dies, with  powers  almost  absolute,  and  with 
orders  to  go  out  merely  as  captain  of  one  of  the 
ships  of  a  fleet,  and,  on  reaching  India,  to  pro- 
duce his  commission  and  assume  the  supreme 
command.  He  set  sail  in  1506,  in  the  fifty- 
fourth  year  of  his  age,  commanding  one  vessel 
of  a  fleet  of  fourteen  sail.  His  commission  ex- 
pressly stated  that  the  king's  first  object  was  the 
spread  of  Christianity,  and  that  to  this  end  all 
others  were  to  be  strictly  secondary.  [India  was 
not  Christianized  by  an  armed  fleet.] — Cyclope- 
dia OF  BioG.,  p.  313. 

3640.  MISSIONS  destroyed.  In  Japan.  Polit- 
ical tenets,  it  may  be  believed,  had  mingled  them- 
selves with  religious  notions,  and  the  emperor 
was  very  justly  apprehensive  that  this  fervor 
shown  by  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  for  the 
conversion  of  his  subjects  was  but  a  preparative 
to  their  designs  against  the  empire  itself. .  . .  Still, 
however,  the  indulgence  of  the  emperor  allowed 
these  foreigners  a  free  trade  till  the  year  1637, 
when  a  Spanish  ship  happened  to  be  taken  by 
the  Dutch,  near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  on 
board  of  which  were  found  letters  from  a  Portu- 
guese officer  to  the  court  of  Spain,  containing 
the  project  of  a  conspiracy  for  dethroning  and 
putting  to  death  the  Emperor  of  Japan,  and  seiz- 
ing the  government.  The  Dutch  were  jealous 
of  the  lucrative  trade  carried  on  by  the  Spaniards 
in  this  country,  and  immediately  conveyed  in- 
telligence of  this  conspiracy  to  the  court  of  Ja- 
pan. The  Portuguese  officer  was  seized,  and 
confessed  the  whole  design.  He  was  immediately 
put  to  death,  and  the  emperor,  in  a  solemn  as- 
sembly of  his  nobles,  pronounced  an  edict  for- 
bidding, on  pain  of  death,  any  of  his  subjects 
leaving  the  kingdom,  and  commanding  that  all 
the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  should  be  instantly 
expelled  from  Japan  ;  that  all  Christian  converts 
should  be  imprisoned,  and  offering  a  very  high 
reward  for  the  discovery  of  any  priest  or  mis- 
sionary who  should  remain  in  his  dominions. 
The  Christians  actually  rose  in  arms,  and  were 
mad  enough  to  attempt  resistance,  but  they  were 
overpowered  and  expelled  to  a  man. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  24,  p.  250. 

3641 .  MISSIONS  develop  Science.  Columbus. 
[Discovery  of  unknown  lands.]     A  deep  re- 


430 


MISSIONS— MODESTY. 


ligious  sentiment  mingled  with  his  meditations, 
and  gave  them  at  times  a  tinge  of  superstition, 
but  it  was  of  a  sublime  and  lofty  kind  ;  he  looked 
upon  himself  as  standing  in  the  hand  of  Heaven, 
chosen  from  among  men  for  the  accomplish- 
ment of  its  high  purpose  ;  he  read,  as  he  sup- 
posed, his  contemplated  discovery  foretold  in 
Holy  Writ,  and  shadowed  forth  darkly  in  the 
mystic  revelations  of  the  prophets.  The  ends  of 
the  earth  were  to  be  brought  together,  and  all  na- 
tions and  tongues  and  languages  united  under 
the  banners  of  the  Redeemer.  This  was  to  be  the 
triumphant  consummation  of  his  enterprise, 
bringing  the  remote  and  unknown  regions  of  the 
earth  into  communion  with  Christian  Europe  ; 
carrying  the  light  of  the  true  faith  into  benight- 
ed and  pagan  lands,  and  gathering  their  count- 
less nations  under  the  holy  dominion  of  the 
church.  .  .  .  Columbus  first  conceived  an  en- 
thusiastic idea,  or  rather  made  a  kind  of  mental 
vow,  which  remained  more  or  less  present  to  his 
mind  until  the  very  day  of  his  death.  He  deter- 
mined that,  should  his  projected  enterprise  be 
successful,  he  would  devote  the  profits  arising 
fi-om  his  anticipated  discoveries  to  a  crusade  for 
the  rescue  of  the  holy  sepulchre  from  the  power 
of  the  infidels. — Ikving's  Columbus,  Book  3, 
ch.  4,  5. 

3642.  MISSIONS,  Successful.  In  Japan.  The 
Spaniards,  soon  after  they  obtained  the  sover- 
eignty of  Portugal,  availed  themselves  of  the 
discovery  of  these  islands,  and  began  to  carry  on 
an  immense  trade  to  the  coast  of  Japan.  The 
Japanese  were  fond  of  this  intercourse,  and  the 
emperor  encouraged  it ;  but  this  favorable  dis- 
position was  nothing  more  than  an  incentive  to 
the  ambition  of  the  Spaniards  to  aim  at  the  abso- 
lute sovereignty  of  the  country.  For  this  pur- 
pose they  began  by  their  usual  mode  of  emplo}^- 
mg  missionaries  to  convert  the  idolatrous  Japan- 
ese to  the  Christian  religion.  Legions  of  priests 
were  sent  over,  and  so  zealous  were  they  in  their 
function,  that  toward  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century  they  boasted  that  the  number  of  their 
new  converts  amounted  to  no  less  than  600,000. 
[See  Missions  Destroyed.] — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  24,  p.  250. 

3643.  MISSIONS  to  be  sustained.  Melville  B. 
Cox.  [He  was  about  to  embark  as  a  missionaiy 
to  Liberia,  and  die  a  martyr's  death.]  To  a  stu- 
dent of  the  Wesleyan  University  he  remarked, 
"If  I  die  in  Africa,  you  must  come  and  write 
my  epitaph."  "  What  shall  it  be  ?"  asked  his 
young  friend.  "  Write,"  he  replied, "  '  Let  a  thou- 
sand fall  before  Africa  be  given  up.'  "  [In  less 
than  five  months  after  his  arrival,  in  1833,  he 
slept  in  an  African  grave.] — Stevens'  M.  E. 
Church. 

3644.  MISSIONS,  Zeal  for.  Dr.  Tliomas  Coke. 
[A  friend  remonstrated  with  Dr.  Thomas  Coke 
when  he  proposed  to  go  to  India  at  his  own  ex- 
pense and  there  establish  Wesleyan  missions,  he 
being  nearly  seventy  years  old.]  He  replied  : 
"  lam  now  dead  to  Europe  and  alive  for  India. 
God  Himself  has  said  to  me.  Go  to  Ceylon  !  I 
would  rather  be  set  naked  on  its  coast,  and  with- 
out a  friend,  than  not  to  go.  I  am  learning  the 
Portuguese  language  continuall3^"  —  Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  3,  p.  330. 

3645.  MISTAKE,  Encouraging.  Columbus. 
The  great  mistake  with  Columbus  and  others 


who  shared  his  opinions  was  not  concerning  the 
figure  of  the  earth,  but  in  regard  to  its  size.  He 
believed  the  world  to  be  no  more  than  ten  thou- 
sand or  twelve  thousand  miles  in  circumference. 
He  therefore  confidently  expected  that  after  sail- 
ing about  three  thousand  miles  to  the  westward 
he  should  arrive  at  the  East  Indies  ;  and  to  do 
that  was  the  one  great  purpose  of  his  life. — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  3,  p.  55. 

3646.  MOB,  Terrifying.  Draft.  On  the  8d 
of  March  the  ConscHption  Act  was  passed  by  Con- 
gress, and  two  months  afterward  the  President 
ordered  a  general  draft  of  300,000  men.  All 
able-bodied  citizens  between  the  ages  of  twenty 
and  forty-five  years  were  subject  to  the  requisi- 
tion. The  measure  was  bitterly  denounced  by 
the  opponents  of  the  war,  and  in  many  places 
the  draft-officers  were  forcibly  resisted.  On  the 
13th  of  July,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  a  vast 
mob  rose  in  arms,  demolished  the  buildings 
which  were  occupied  by  the  provost  marshals, 
burned  the  colored  orphan  asylum,  attacked  the 
police,  and  killed  about  a  hundred  people,  most 
of  whom  were  negroes.  For  three  days  the  au- 
thorities of  the  city  were  set  at  defiance.  On 
the  second  day  of  the  reign  of  terror  Governor 
[Horatio]  Seymour  arrived  and  addressed  the 
mob  in  a  mild-mannered  way,  promising  that  the 
draft  should  be  suspended,  and  advising  the  riot- 
ers to  disperse  ;  but  they  gave  little  heed  to  his 
mellow  admonition,  and  went  on  with  the  work 
of  destruction.  General  Wool,  commander  of 
the  military  district  of  New  York,  then  took  the 
matter  in  hand  ;  but  the  troops  at  his  disposal 
were  at  first  unable  to  overawe  the  insurgents. 
Some  volunteer  regiments,  however,  came  troop- 
ing home  from  Gettysburg  ;  the  Metropolitan 
Police  companies  were  compactly  organized,  and 
the  combined  forces  soon  cruslied  the  insurrec- 
tion with  a  strong  hand.  ...  On  the  19th  of  Au- 
gust President  Lincoln  issued  a  proclamation 
suspending  the  privileges  of  the  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  throughout  the  Union. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  65,  p.  522. 

3647.  MODESTY,  Conspicuous.  Benjamin 
Franklin.  [When  very  young,  he  had  remark- 
able success  in  his  business  enterprise  and  in  gain- 
ing influential  friends.  See  Success,  Deserved.} 
The  intelligent  and  highly  cultivated  Logan  bore 
testimony  to  his  merits  before  they  had  burst 
upon  the  world  :  "  Our  most  ingenious  printer 
has  the  clearest  understanding,  with  extreme 
modpsty.  He  is  certainly  an  extraordinary  man, 
of  a  singular  good  judgment,  but  of  equal  mod- 
esty."— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23. 

3648.  MODESTY  of  Genius.  Isaac  Newton. 
So  little  did  he  value  the  glory  of  his  discoveries, 
that  he  was  with  difficulty  induced  to  make  them 
known  to  the  world,  having  a  mortal  dread  of 
being  drawn  into  controversy.  Some  of  his  most 
brilliant  discoveries  remained  unpublished  for 
several  years.  And  when,  at  last,  his  Principia 
had  appeared,  which  contained  the  results  of  his 
studies,  he  had  to  be  much  persuaded  before  he 
would  consent  to  issue  a  second  edition. — Par- 
ton's  Newton,  p.  85. 

8649.  MODESTY,  A  Hero's.  Garibaldi.  When 
the  successful  villainy  of  Louis  Napoleon  had 
ruined  the  cause  of  Italian  independence,  Gari-     J 
baldi  was  one  of  the  hundreds  of  brave  men  who    S| 
sought  an  asylum  in  the  United  States.    At  mid-      , 


MODESTY— MONEY. 


431 


summer,  in  1850,  he  reached  New  York,  where, 
of"  course,  he  was  at  once  solicited  to  make  an  ex- 
hibiticn  of  himself,  or,  as  we  say,  "accept  an 
ovation."  He  modestly  asked  to  be  excused. 
Such  an  exhibition,  he  said,  was  not  necessary, 
and  could  not  help  the  cause  ;  nor  would  the 
American  people,  he  thought,  esteem  him  the 
less  because  he  veiled  his  sorrows  in  privacy.  All 
he  asked  was  to  be  allowed  to  earn  his  living  by 
honest  labor,  and  remain  under  the  protection  of 
i  the  American  flag  until  the  time  should  come  for 
renewing  the  attempt  which  treason  had  frustrat- 
ed only  for  a  time.  From  being  a  general  in 
command  of  an  army.  Garibaldi  became  a  Staten 
Island  candle-maker,  and  soon  resumed  his  old 
calling  of  mariner.  —  Cyclopedia  op  Biog.  , 
p.  496. 

3650.  MODESTY  unopposed.  John  Howard. 
It  has  been  the  lot  of  many  philanthropists  to  en- 
counter obloquy  and  opposition  in  their  efforts 
to  benefit  mankind.  It  was  Howard's  happier 
fortune  to  enjoy,  at  all  times,  the  approval  of  his 
countrymen,  and  to  receive  needful  aid  from  per- 
sons in  authority.  He  was  so  devoid  of  all  pre- 
tence, and  went  about  his  work  in  such  a  quiet, 
earnest  manner,  and  gave  such  unquestionable 
proofs  of  the  benevolence  of  his  motives,  that  the 
enmity  of  men  whose  evil  practices  he  exposed 
was  disarmed,  and  all  others  observed  his  pro- 
ceedings with  admiration.  His  rank,  too,  as  a 
gentleman  of  independent  property,  greatly  facil- 
itated his  labors,  and  when  he  had  publicly  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  House  of  Commons,  he 
had  a  kind  of  official  character,  which  opened  to 
him  the  doors  of  every  jail  the  moment  he  pre- 
sented himself.  He  pursued  his  investigations 
in  a  very  business-like  manner,  carrying  with  him 
a  rule  with  which  to  measure  the  dungeons,  a 
pair  of  scales  for  weighing  the  allowance  of  food, 
and  a  memorandum  book  in  which  to  record 
his  facts. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  46. 

3651.  MONEY  — AFFECTION.  Restoration. 
When  the  commissioners  of  Parliament  conveyed 
to  Charles  [II.]  information  of  the  abolition  of 
the  Commonwealth,  Lord  Grenville  preceded 
them  with  the  best  proof  of  loyalty  and  affec- 
tion— £4500  in  gold  and  a  bill  of  exchange 
for  £35,000.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  14, 
p.  236. 

3653.  MONEY,  Changed  Value  of.  Decreased. 
[The  relative  value  of  money  in  the  fifteenth 
century  was  fifteen  times  greater  than  at  the 
present  day.]  —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  8, 
p.  121. 

3653.  MONEY,  Corrupted  by.  James  II.  Ba- 
rillon  [the  French  minister]  received  them  civil- 
ly. Rochester  [prime-minister  of  James  II.], 
grown  bolder,  proceeded  to  ask  for  money.  "It 
will  be  well  laid  out,"  he  said  ;  "your  master 
cannot  employ  his  revenues  better.  Represent 
to_  him  strongly  how  important  it  is  that  the 
King  of  England  should  be  dependent,  not  on 
his  own  people,  but  on  the  friendship  of  France 
alone."  .  .  .  Barillon  hastened  to  communicate  to 
Louis  [XIV.]  the  wishes  of  the  English  Govern- 
ment ;  but  Louis  had  already  anticipated  them. 
His  first  act,  after  he  was  apprised  of  the  death 
of  Charles,  was  to  collect  bills  of  exchange  on 
England  to  the  amount  of  500,000  livres,  a 
sum  equivalent  to  about  £37,500  sterling.     [See 


Excuses,  Ignominious,  No.  1978.] — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  425. 

3654.  MONEY,  Dangers  of.  Spartans.  Xen- 
ophon  acquaints  us  that  when  Lysander  had 
taken  Athens  he  sent  to  Sparta  many  rich  spoils 
and  470  talents  of  silver.  The  coming  of  this 
huge  mass  of  wealth  created  great  disputes  at 
Sparta.  Many  celebrated  Lysander's  praises,  and 
rejoiced  exceedingly  at  this  good  fortune,  as  they 
called  it ;  others,  who  were  better  acquainted 
with  the  nature  of  things,  and  with  their  consti- 
tution,were  of  quite  another  opinion  ;  they  looked 
upon  the  receipt  of  this  treasure  as  an  open  viola- 
tion of  the  laws  of  Lycurgus  ;  and  they  expressed 
their  apprehensions  loudly,  that,  in  process  of 
time,  they  might,  by  a  change  in  their  manners, 
pay  infinitely  more  for  this  money  than  it  was 
worth.  The  event  justified  their  fears. — Plu- 
tarch's Lycurgus. 

3655.  MONEY  debased.  With  Iron.  [Lycur- 
gus,  the  Lacedaemonian  lawgiver,  wishing  to  pro- 
duce an  equality  of  wealth,]  stopped  the  cur- 
rency of  the  gold  and  silver  coin,  and  ordered 
that  they  should  make  use  of  iron  money  only  ; 
then  to  a  great  quantity  and  weight  of  this  he 
assigned  but  a  small  value,  so  that  to  lay  up  10 
mincB  a  whole  room  was  required,  and  to  remove 
it  nothing  less  than  a  yoke  of  oxen.  When  this 
became  current,  many  kinds  of  injustice  ceased 
in  Lacedsemon.  Who  would  steal  or  take  a  bribe, 
who  would  defraud  or  rob,  when  he  could  not 
conceal  the  booty  ;  when  he  could  neither  be 
dignified  by  the  possession  of  it,  nor,  if  cut  in 
pieces,  be  served  by  its  use  ?  For  we  are  told  that 
when  hot  they  quenched  it  in  vinegar  to  make 
it  brittle  and  unmalleable,  and  consequently  unfit 
for  any  other  service.  In  the  next  place,  he  ex- 
cluded unprofitable  and  superfluous  arts  ;  indeed, 
if  he  had  not  done  this,  most  of  them  would  have 
fallen  of  themselves,  when  the  new  money  took 
place,  as  the  manufacturers  could  not  be  dis- 
posed of.  Their  iron  coin  would  not  pass  in  the 
rest  of  Greece,  but  was  ridiculed  and  despised, 
so  that  the  Spartans  had  no  means  of  purchasing 
any  foreign  or  curious  wares  ;  nor  did  any  mer- 
chant-ship unlade  in  their  harbors.  There  were 
not  even  to  be  found  in  all  their  country  either 
sophists,  wandering  fortune-tellers,  keepers  of 
infamous  houses,  or  dealers  in  gold  and  silver 
trinkets,  because  there  was  no  money.  Thus 
luxury,  losing  by  degrees  the  means  that  cher- 
ished and  supported  it,  died  away  of  itself  ;  even 
they  who  had  great  possessions  had  no  advantage 
from  them,  since  they  could  not  be  displayed  in 
public,  but  must  lie  useless,  in  unregarded  re- 
positories.— Plutarch's  Lycurgus. 

3656.  MONEY  declined.  Pension.  Halifax  .  .  . 
offered  a  pension  to  [Alexander]  Pope,  saying 
that  nothing  should  be  demanded  of  him  for 
it.  The  young  poet  had  not  earned  an  indepen- 
dence, and  was  in  feeble  health.  "  I  wrote,"  he 
says,  "to  Lord  Halifax  to  thank  him  for  his 
most  obliging  offer,  saying  that  I  had  consid- 
ered the  matter  over  fully,  and  that  all  the  differ- 
ence that  I  could  find  in  having  and  not  having 
a  pension  was,  that  if  I  had  one  I  might  live 
more  at  large  in  town,  and  that  if  I  had  not,  I 
might  live  happily  enough  in  the  country.  So 
the  thing  dropped,  and  I  had  my  liberty  with- 
out a  coach." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  26, 
p.  416. 


433 


MONEY. 


3657.  MONEY  depreciated.  ''Clipped."  The 
milled  money  disappeared  almost  as  fast  as  it  was 
coined,  and  the  hammered  money  was  clipped 
and  pared  more  and  more,  till  it  was  often  not 
worth  half  or  even  a  third  of  the  sum  for  which 
it  passed.  At  Oxford,  indeed,  a  hundred  pounds' 
worth  of  the  current  silver  money,  which  ought 
to  have  weighed  four  hundred  ounces,  was  found 
to  weigh  only  a  hundred  and  sixteen.  Every 
month  the  state  of  things  was  becoming  worse 
and  worse.  The  cost  of  commodities  was  con- 
stantly rising,  and  every  payment  of  any  amount 
involved  endless  altercations.  In  a  bargain  not 
only  had  the  price  of  the  article  to  be  settled, 
but  also  the  value  of  the  money  in  which  it  was 
to  be  paid. — Fowler's  Locke,  ch.  6. 

365§.    .      "  Clipped  and  pared." 

All  commercial  transactions  had  become  disar- 
ranged ;  no  one  knew  what  he  was  really  worth, 
•or  what  any  commodity  might  cost  him  a  few 
months  hence.  Macaulay,  who  has  given  a 
most  graphic  description  of  the  financial  condi- 
tion of  the  country  at  this  time,  hardly  exagger- 
ates when  he  says,  "  It  may  be  doubted  whether 
all  the  misery  which  had  been  inflicted  on  the 
^English  nation  in  a  quarter  of  a  century  by  bad 
kings,  bad  ministers,  bad  parliaments,  and  bad 
judges  was  equal  to  the  misery  caused  in  a  sin- 
gle year  by  bad  crowns  and  bad  shillings." — 
Powler's  Locke,  ch.  6. 

3659. .  Continental.  The  finan- 
cial credit  of  the  nation  was  sinking  to  the  low- 
est ebb.  Congress,  having  no  silver  and  gold 
with  which  to  meet  the  accumulating  expenses 
of  the  war,  had  resorted  to  paper  money.  At 
£rst  the  expedient  was  successful,  and  the  conti- 
nental bills  were  received  at  par  ;  but  as  one  is- 
sue followed  another,  the  value  of  the  notes  rap- 
idly diminished,  until,  by  the  middle  of  1780, 
they  were  not  worth  two  cents  to  the  dollar.  To 
aggravate  the  evil,  the  emissaries  of  Great  Britain 
executed  counterfeits  of  the  congressional  money, 
and  sowed  the  spurious  bills  broadcast  over  the 
land.  Business  was  paralyzed  for  the  want  of  a 
currency,  and  the  distress  became  extreme  ;  but 
Robert  Morris  and  a  few  other  wealthy  patriots 
came  forward  with  their  private  fortunes  and 
saved  the  suffering  colonies  from  ruin.  The 
mothers  of  America  also  lent  a  helping  hand  ; 
and  the  patriot  camp  was  gladdened  with  many 
a  contribution  of  food  and  clothing  which  wom- 
an's sacrificing  care  had  provided. — Ridpath's 
U.  IS.,  ch.  43.  p.  343. 

3660.  MONEY  disregarded.  Samuel  Adams. 
He  was  .  .  .  two  and  forty  years  of  age ;  poor, 
and  so  contented  with  poverty  that  men  cen- 
sured him  as  ' '  wanting  wisdom  to  estimate  riches 
at  their  just  value."  But  he  was  frugal  and  tem- 
perate ;  and  his  prudent  and  industrious  wife, 
■endowed  with  the  best  qualities  of  a  New  Eng- 
land woman,  knew  how  to  work  with  her  own 
hands,  so  that  the  small  resources,  which  men 
of  the  least  opulent  class  would  have  deemed  a 
very  imperfect  support,  were  sufficient  for  his 
simple  wants.  Yet  such  was  the  union  of  dig- 
nity with  economy,  that  whoever  visited  him 
saw  around  him  every  circumstance  of  propri- 
ety.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  10. 

3661.  MONEY,  Earning.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
I  was  about  eighteen  years  of  age.  I  belonged, 
jou  know,  to  what  they  call  down  South  the 


' '  scrubs"  — people  who  do  not  own  slaves  are  no- 
body there.  [He  constructed  a  little  flat-boat  to 
take  produce  to  market.  Two  men  engaged  him 
to  take  themselves  and  their  trunks  out  into  the 
stream  to  the  steamboat.]  I  sculled  them  out  to 
the  steamboat.  They  got  on  board,  and  I  lifted 
up  their  heavy  trunks,  and  put  them  on  deck. 
.  .  .  Each  of  them  took  from  his  pocket  a  silver 
half  dollar,  and  threw  it  on  the  floor  of  my  boat, 
[He  expected  only  two  or  three  bits.]  I  could 
scarcely  believe  my  eyes  when  I  saw  the  money. 
.  .  .  I  could  scarcelj^  credit  that  I,  a  poor  boy, 
had  earned  a  dollar  in  less  than  a  day  ;  .  .  •  the 
world  seemed  wider  and  fairer  before  me.  I  was 
a  more  hopeful  and  confident  being  from  that 
time. — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  754. 

3662.  MONEY  expensive.  Charles  I.  He  wa3 
reckless  in  his  extravagance,  he  would  listen  to 
no  advice,  his  embarrassments  increased  daily  ; 
he  did  not  like  parliaments,  and  without  parlia* 
ments  how  could  he  obtain  a  parliamentary 
grant  ?  So  he  ordered  the  sheriffs  of  all  the 
counties  to  demand  of  all  persons  of  substance, 
within  their  respective  limits,  a  free  gift  propor- 
tionate to  the  necessities  of  the  king  ;  the  sher- 
iffs also  were  ordered  to  take  strict  cognizance 
of  all  persons  who  refused  to  contribute,  and  the 
names  of  such  given  in  to  the  Privy  Council 
were  marked  out  for  perpetual  harrying  and 
hostility  by  the  court.  He  did  not  gain  much  by 
this  obnoxious  and  arbitrary  scheme — only  about 
£50,000,  it  is  said  ;  but  it  lost  him  the  confidence 
and  the  affection  of  the  entire  nation. — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  2,  p.  39. 

3663.  MONEY,  Love  of.  Jews.  Immediately 
after  the  conquest  of  Granada  he  [Ferdinand  of 
Spain]  expelled  all  the  Jews  from  the  kingdom 
— a  most  impolitic  step,  which  deprived  Spain  of 
about  150,000  inhabitants.  The  greatest  part  of 
these  took  refuge  in  Portugal,  and  carried  with 
them  their  arts,  their  industry,  and  their  com- 
merce ;  the  rest  sailed  over  into  Africa,  where 
they  were  still  more  inhumanly  used  than  in 
Spain.  The  Moors  of  that  country  are  said  to  have 
ripped  open  their  bellies  in  order  to  search  for 
the  gold  which  they  were  supposed  to  have  con- 
cealed in  their  bowels. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  14,  p.  219. 

3664.  MONEY,  Meanness  and.  Henry  III. 
[King  Henry  III.  made  the  royal  office  a  trade.] 
History  presents  him  in  scarcely  any  other  light 
than  that  of  an  extortioner  or  a  beggar.  .  .  .  The 
I'ecords  of  the  exchequer  abundantly  show  that 
for  forty  years  ' '  there  were  no  contrivances  for 
obtaining  money  so  mean  or  unjust  that  he  dis- 
dained to  practise  them."  .  .  .  The  pope  had 
more  than  an  equal  share  of  the  spoil. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  24,  p.  361. 

3665.  MONEY,  Paper.  Manufactured.  [John 
Law,  a  Scotch  adventurer  who  had  made  a  fort- 
une at  the  gaming-table,  proposed  to  retrieve  the 
immense  public  debt  of  France  by  the  following 
system  :]  Indefinite  issue  of  paper  money,  which 
was  to  be  substituted  for  the  precious  metals  as 
the  circulating  medium.  Gold  and  silver,  he  ar- 
gued, have  no  real,  but  only  a  conventional  value; 
the  supply  of  them  is  limited,  and  cannot  be  in- 
creased at  pleasure.  If,  then,  their  value  can  be 
transferred  to  paper,  which  can  easily  be  issued 
to  any  desired  amount,  it  is  evident  that  national 
wealth  may  be  augmented  to  an  almost  incon- 


MONEY. 


433 


ceivable  extent.  A  bank  was  opened  in  1716, 
but  at  first  only  as  a  private  enterprise.  Its  suc- 
cess was  rapid  and  complete  ;  and  in  December, 
1718,  the  regent  converted  it  into  a  royal  bank, 
the  State  becoming  the  proprietor  of  the  whole 
of  its  twelve  hundred  shares.  —  Students' 
Trance,  ch.  33,  §  4. 

3666.  MONEY,  Paper.  Assignats.  To  meet  the 
urgency  of  the  moment,  the  corporation  of  Paris 
contracted  to  take  a  certain  portion  of  the  [estates 
of  the  church,  all  of  which  had  been  confisca- 
ted, and]  which  was  to  be  resold  in  course  of 
time  to  private  individuals  ;  other  municipalities 
followed  this  example  ;  and  as  they  were  unable 
to  pay  in  specie,  they  were  allowed  to  issue  bonds 
or  promissory  notes,  secured  upon  the  property, 
which  the  creditors  of  the  State  were  to  ac- 
cept instead  of  money.  It  was  thus  that  the  fa- 
mous system  of  assignats  took  its  rise.  These  as- 
signats were  afterward  issued  upon  the  credit  of 
the  government,  and,  a  forced  currency  being 
given  to  them,  they  were  made  to  answer  all 
the  purposes  of  coin.  But  as  the  value  of  the 
assignats  depended  solely  upon  public  credit, 
the  subsequent  rapid  march  of  the  Revolution 
reduced  them  at  length  to  a  state  of  utter  depre- 
ciation. They  were  reissued  from  time  to  time 
in  immense  quantities,  but  became  altogether 
worthless  in  the  end,  the  amount  in  circula- 
tion far  exceeding  the  whole  value  of  the  prop- 
erty which  they  professedly  represented. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  36,  §  4. 

3667. .  Bankruptcy.  The  assig- 
nats, which  were  still  a  legal  tender,  realized 
no  more  than  the  two  hundredth  part  of  their 
nominal  value.  At  length,  after  the  issue  of 
paper  money  had  reached  the  almost  incredible 
amount  of  forty -five  thousand  millions  (eighteen 
hundred  millions  sterling),  it  was  found  utterly 
impossible  to  maintain  it  in  circulation  ;  the  as- 
signats were  refused  by  all  classes,  from  the 
highest  to  the  lowest,  throughout  France.  The 
government  now  determined  to  withdraw  them, 
and  substituted  for  them  a  new  kind  of  paper 
currency,  called  mandats  territoraux  ;  these  man- 
dats  were  charged  upon  the  landed  estates  be- 
longing to  the  nation,  and  entitled  the  holder 
to  a  certain  specified  amount  of  that  property, 
according  to  the  valuation  made  in  the  year 
1790.     The  assignats  were  suppressed,  and  the 

Slate  used  for  engraving  them  broken  up,  in 
larch,  1796.  The  issue  of  the  mandats  was  an 
improvement,  since  they  represented  a  substan- 
tial value  in  land,  for  which  they  were  exchange- 
able at  any  moment ;  but  after  a  time  they  also 
fell  into  discredit,  and  could  only  be  negotiat- 
ed at  an  enormous  discount.  The  measure 
led  eventually  to  a  bankruptcy  of  no  less  than 
thirty-three  milliards  of  francs.  —  Students' 
France,  ch.  37,  §  13. 

366S. .    American  Colonies.     The 

first  effect  of  the  unreal  enlargement  of  the 
currency  appeared  beneficial,  and  men  rejoiced 
in  the  seeming  impulse  given  to  trade.  It  was 
presently  found  that  specie  was  repelled  from 
the  country  by  the  system  ;  ...  far  from  reme- 
dying the  scarcity  of  money,  it  excited  a  thirst  for 
new  issues.  .  .  .  Commerce  was  corrupted  in  its 
sources  by  the  uncertainty  attending  the  expres- 
sions of  value  in  every  contract.— Bancroft's 
U.S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23. 


3669. .  Legal  Tender.  The  fort- 
unes of  the  war  had  been  wholly  on  the  side  of 
the  French  and  their  allies.  But  New  England 
was  now  thoroughly  aroused.  In  order  to  pro- 
vide the  ways  and  means  of  war,  a  colonial  con- 
gress was  convened  at  New  York.  Here  it  was 
resolved  to  attempt  the  conquest  of 'Canada  by 
marching  an  army  by  way  of  Lake  Champlain 
against  Montreal.  At  the  same  time  Massachusetts 
was  to  co-operate  with  the  land  forces  by  send- 
ing a  fleet,  by  way  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  for  the  re- 
duction of  Quebec.  .  .  .  Vexatious  delays  retard- 
ed the  expedition  until  the  middle  of  October. 
Meanwhile  an  Abnaki  Indian  had  carried  the 
news  of  the  coming  armament  to  Frontenac, 
Governor  of  Canada  ;  and  when  the  fleet  came  iu 
sight  of  the  town,  the  castle  of  St.  Louis  was  so 
well  garrisoned  and  provisioned  as  to  bid  defi- 
ance to  the  English  forces.  The  opportunity 
was  lost,  and  it  only  remained  for  Phipps  to  sail 
back  to  Boston.  To  meet  the  expenses  of  this 
unfortunate  expedition,  Massachusetts  was  oblig- 
ed to  issue  bills  of  credit,  which  were  made  £ 
legal  tender  in  the  payment  of  debt.  Such  was 
the  origin  of  paper  money  in  America. — Rid 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  16,  p.  149. 

3670.  MONEY,  Power  of.  Political.  [Essex 
having  offended  Queen  Elizabeth,  she  refused 
to  renew  his  patents  for  the  valuable  monopoly 
of  sweet  wines  when  they  expired,  saying,]  In 
order  to  manage  an  ungovernable  beast,  he  must 
be  stinted  of  his  provender. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  18,  p.  385. 

3671. .  Samuel  Johnson.  In  civ- 
ilized society  personal  merit  will  not  serve  you 
so  much  as  money  will.  Sir,  you  may  make  the 
experiment.  Go  into  the  street,  and  give  one 
man  a  lecture  on  morality,  and  another  a  shilling, 
and  see  which  will  respect  you  most.  If  you 
wish  only  to  support  nature.  Sir  William  Petty 
fixes  your  allowance  at  £3  a  year  ;  but  as  times 
are  much  altered,  let  us  call* it  £6.  This  sum 
will  fill  your  belly,  shelter  you  from  the  weather, 
and  even  get  you  a  strong  lasting  coat,  suppos- 
ing it  to  be  made  of  good  bull's  hide.  Now, 
sir,  all  beyond  this  is  artificial,  and  is  desired  ia 
order  to  obtain  a  greater  degree  of  respect  from 
our  fellow-creatures.  And,  sir,  if  £600  a  year 
procure  a  man  more  consequence,  and,  of  course, 
more  happiness,  than  £6  a  year,  the  same  pro- 
portion will  hold  as  to  £6000,  and  so  on,  as  far 
as  opulence  can  be  carried.  Perhaps  he  who 
has  a  large  fortune  may  not  be  so  happy  as  he 
who  has  a  small  one ;  but  that  must  proceed 
from  other  causes  than  from  his  having  the 
large  fortune ;  for,  costeris  paribus,  he  who  Is 
rich  in  a  civilized  society  must  be  happier  than 
he  who  is  poor  ;  as  riches,  if  properly  used  (and 
it  is  a  man's  own  fault  if  they  are  not),  must  be 
productive  of  the  highest  advantages.  Money, 
to  be  sure,  of  itself  is  of  no  use,  for  its  only 
use  is  to  part  with  it. — Bos  well's  Johnson, 
p.  131. 

3673. .  Didius  Julianus.  [He  had 

purchased  the  throne  of  the  Roman  Empire  at 
auction.]  He  had  reason  to  tremble.  On  the 
throne  of  the  world  he  found  himself  without  a 
friend,  and  even  without  an  adherent.  The 
guards  themselves  were  ashamed  of  the  prince 
whom  their  avarice  had  persuaded  them  to  ac- 
cept ;  nor  was  there  a  citizen  who  did  not  consider 


434 


MONEY. 


his  elevation  with  horror,  as  the  last  insult  on  the 
Koman  name.  The  nobility,  whose  conspicuous 
station  and  ample  possessions  exacted  the  strict- 
est caution,  dissembled  their  sentiments,  and 
met  the  affected  civility  of  the  emperor  with 
smiles  of  complacency  and  professions  of  duty. 
But  the  people,  secure  in  their  numbers  and  ob- 
scurity, gave  a  free  vent  to  their  passions.  The 
streets  and  public  places  of  Rome  resounded 
with  clamors  and  imprecations.  The  enraged 
multitude  affronted  the  person  of  Julian,  reject- 
ed his  liberality,  and,  conscious  of  the  impo- 
tence of  their  own  resentment,  they  called  aloud 
on  the  legions  of  the  frontiers  to  assert  the  vio- 
lated majesty  of  the  Roman  Empire. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  5,  p.  129. 

3673.  MONEY,  Pressure  for.  Eegent  Due 
d'  Orleans.  There  had  been  a  very  large  annual 
deficit  for  fifteen  successive  years,  which  had 
been  made  up  by  selling  offices  and  borrowing 
money.  "When  the  regent  took  the  reins  of 
power,  he  found,  1st,  an  almost  incalculable 
debt ;  2d,  800,000,000  francs  then  due  ;  3d,  an 
empty  treasury.  Almost  every  one  in  Paris, 
from  princes  to  lackeys,  who  had  any  property  at 
all,  held  the  royal  paper,  then  worth  one  fourth 
its  apparent  value.  What  was  to  be  done  ? 
They  tried  the  wildest  expedients.  The  coin 
was  adulterated  ;  new  bonds,  similar  to  those  we 
call  "  preferred,"  were  issued  ;  men,  enriched  by 
speculating  upon  the  necessities  of  the  govern- 
ment, were  squeezed  until  they  gave  up  their 
millions.  If  a  man  was  very  rich,  and  not  a 
nobleman,  it  was  enough  ;  the  Bastile,  the  pil- 
lory, and  confiscation  extracted  from  him  the 
wherewith  to  supply  the  regent's  drunken  or- 
gies, the  extraTagance  of  his  mistresses,  and  the 
pay  of  his  troops.  Servants  accused  their  mas- 
ters of  possessing  a  secret  hoard,  and  were  re- 
warded for  their  perfidy  with  one  half  of  it. 
Rich  men,  trying  to  escape  from  the  kingdom 
with  their  property,  were  hunted  down  and 
brought  back  to  prison  and  to  ruin.  Once  they 
seized  fourteen  kegs  of  gold  coin,  hidden  in 
fourteen  pipes  of  wine,  just  as  the  wagons  were 
crossing  the  line  into  Holland.  One  great  capi- 
talist escaped  from  the  kingdom  disguised  as  a 
hay -peddler,  with  his  money  hidden  in  his  hay. 
The  whole  number  of  persons  arrested  on  the 
charge  of  having  more  money  than  they  wanted 
was  6000  ;  the  number  condemned  and  fined  was 
4410,  and  the  amount  of  money  wrung  from 
them  was  400,000,000  francs. — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,p.  453. 

3674.  MONEY  vs.  Merit.  Moez.  Many  ficti- 
tious descendants  of  Mahomet  arose  after  his 
death.  One  of  the  Fatimite  caliphs  silenced  an 
indiscreet  question  by  drawing  his  cimeter  : 
"  This,"  said  Moez,  "  is  my  pedigree;  and  these," 
casting  a  handful  of  gold  to  his  soldiers — "  and 
these  are  my  kindred  and  my  children." — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  5,  p.  166. 

3675.  MONEY  vs.  ReUgion.  Dutch.  A  fleet 
was  necessary  for  the  reduction  of  Rochelle, 
where  the  Calvinists,  who  then  suffered  great 
persecution,  were  attempting  to  imitate  the  exam- 
ple of  the  Hollanders,  and  throw  off  their  sub- 
jection to  the  crown  of  France.  The  cardinal 
found  it  impossible  to  fit  out  an  armament  with 
that  celerity  which  was  necessary,  and  he  con- 
cluded a  bargain  with  the  Dutch  to  furnish  a 


fleet  for  subduing  their  Protestant  brethren.  An 
opportunity  thus  offered  of  making  money,  the 
Dutch  had  no  scruples  on  the  score  of  conscience ; 
and  they  fought  for  the  Catholic  religion  as 
keenly  as  they  had  done  half  a  century  before 
for  the  Protestant. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  35,  p.  443. 

3676.  MONEY,  Rtde  of.  Beign  of  William 
and  Mary.  The  floating  credits  of  commerce, 
aided  by  commercial  accumulations,  soon  grew 
powerful  enough  to  balance  the  landed  interest : 
stock  aristocracy  competed  with  feudalism.  So 
imposing  was  the  spectacle  of  the  introduction 
of  the  citizens  and  of  commerce  as  the  arbiter  of 
alliances,  the  umpire  of  factions,  the  judge  of 
war  and  peace,  that  it  roused  the  attention  of 
speculative  men.  ,  .  .  The  gentle  Addison  .  .  . 
declared  nothing  to  be  more  reasonable  than 
that  "those  who  have  engrossed  the  riches  of 
the  nation  should  have  the  management  of  its 
public  treasure,  and  the  direction  of  its  fleets  and 
armies." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  19. 

3677.  MONEY,  Serviceable.  Incitement.  The 
value  of  money  has  been  settled  by  general  con- 
sent to  express  our  wants  and  our  property,  as 
letters  were  invented  to  express  our  ideas  ;  and 
both  these  institutions,  by  giving  a  more  active 
energy  to  the  powers  and  passions  of  human  na- 
ture, have  contributed  to  multiply  the  objects 
they  were  designed  to  represent.  The  use  of 
gold  and  silver  is  in  a  great  measure  factitious  ; 
but  it  would  be  impossible  to  enumerate  the  im- 
portant and  various  services  which  agriculture 
and  all  the  arts  have  received  from  iron,  when 
tempered  and  fashioned  by  the  operation  of  fire 
and  the  dexterous  hand  of  man.  Money,  in  a 
word,  is  the  most  universal  incitement,  iron  the 
most  powerful  instrument,  of  human  industry  ; 
and  it  is  very  difficult  to  conceive  by  what  means 
a  people,  neither  actuated  by  the  one  nor  second- 
ed by  the  oth(?r,  could  emerge  from  the  gross- 
est barbarism. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  260. 

367§.  MONEY,  Throne  for.  Roman.  After 
the  atrocious  niurder  of  Pertinax,  the  Praetorian 
guards  treated  with  Sulpicianus,  the  emperor's 
father  in-law,  for  the  bestowment  of  the  throne. 
...  He  had  already  begun  to  use  the  only  ef- 
fectual argument,  and  to  treat  for  the  imperial 
dignity ;  but  the  more  prudent  of  the  Praeto- 
rians, apprehensive  that,  in  this  private  contract, 
they  should  not  obtain  a  just  price  for  so  valu- 
able a  commodity,  ran  out  upon  the  ramparts, 
and,  with  a  loud  voice,  proclaimed  that  the  Ro- 
man world  was  to  be  disposed  of  to  the  best 
bidder  by  public  auction.  This  infamous  offer, 
the  most  insolent  excess  of  military  license,  dif- 
fused a  universal  grief,  shame,  and  indignation 
throughout  the  city.  It  reached  at  length  the 
ears  of  Didius  Julianus,  a  wealthy  senator,  who, 
regardless  of  the  public  calamities,  was  indulg- 
ing himself  in  the  luxury  of  the  table.  His  wife 
and  his  daughter,  his  f  reedmen  and  his  parasites, 
easily  convinced  him  that  he  deserved  the  throne, 
and  earnestly  conjured  him  to  embrace  so  fortu- 
nate an  opportunity.  The  vain  old  man  hasten- 
ed to  the  Praetorian  camp,  where  Sulpicianus 
was  still  in  treaty  with  the  guards,  and  began 
to  bid  against  him  from  the  foot  of  the  rampart. 
The  unworthy  negotiation  was  transacted  by 
faithful  emissaries,  who  passed  alternately  from 
one  candidate  to  the  other,  and  acquainted  each 


MONEY— MONKERY. 


435 


of  them  with  the  offers  of  his  rival.  Sulpicianus 
had  already  promised  a  donative  of  5000  drachms 
(above  £160)  to  each  soldier  ;  when  Julian,  eager 
for  the  prize,  rose  at  once  to  the  sum  of  6250 
drachms,  or  upward  of  £200  sterling.  The 
gates  of  the  camp  were  instantly  thrown  open  to 
the  purchaser  ;  he  was  declared  emperor,  and 
leceived  an  oath  of  allegiance  from  the  soldiers, 
•who  retained  humanity  enough  to  stipulate  that 
Jie  should  pardon  and  forget  the  competition  of 
Sulpicianus.  .  .  .  Julian  was  conducted  into  a 
private  apartment  of  the  baths  of  the  palace,  and 
beheaded  as  a  common  criminal,  after  having 
purchased,  with  an  immense  treasure,  an  anxious 
and  precarious  reign  of  only  sixty-six  days.— 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  5,  p.  127, 

3679.  MONEY,  Use  of.  Samuel  Johnson.  A 
friend  of  ours  was  living  at  too  much  expense, 
considering  how  poor  an  appearance  he  made. 
^'  If,"  said  he,  "  a  man  has  splendor  from  his  ex- 
pense, if  he  spends  his  money  in  pride  or  in 
pleasure,  he  has  value  ;  but  if  he  lets  others 
spend  it  for  him,  which  is  most  commonly  the 
case,  he  has  no  advantage  from  it. " — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  359. 

36§0. .     Maxim.     It  was  a  maxim 

■with  Alexander  and  Philip  to  procure  empire 
^ith  money,  and  not  money  by  empire,  and  who, 
by  pursuing  that  maxim,  conquered  the  world. 
For  it  was  a  common  saying  that  it  was  not 
Philip,  but  Philip's  gold,  that  took  the  cities  of 
Greece.  As  for  Alexander,  when  he  went  upon 
the  Indian  expedition,  and  saw  the  Macedonians 
dragging  after  them  a  heavy  and  unwieldy  load 
of  Persian  wealth,  he  first  set  fire  to  the  royal 
carriages,  and  then  persuaded  the  rest  to  do  the 
same  to  theirs,  that  they  might  move  forward  to 
the  war  light  and  unencumbered. — Plutarch's 
Paxjlus  3^]milius. 

3681.  MONEY  wanted.  Richard  I.  [Richard 
I.,  the  Crusader,]  exhibited  his  royal  spirit  in 
one  universal  swoop  of  extortion  and  corruption, 
to  raise  money  for  his  great  adventure  in  the 
East.  .  .  .  He  put  up  the  crown  demesnes  for 
sale.  He  sold  the  public  offices.  He  sold  earl- 
doms. He  sold  the  claim  which  Henry  had  as- 
serted to  the  right  of  homage  for  the  crown  of 
Scotland.  ...  "I  would  sell  London,  if  I  could 
find  a  chapman,"  he  exclaimed.  ..  .  When  this 
wholesale  dealer  returned  after  an  absence  of  four 
years,  he  forcibly  resumed  the  lands  which  he 
had  sold,  and  turned  out  the  officers  who  had 
purchased  their  places. — Knight's  Eng.,vo1.  1, 
ch.  21,  p.  307. 

36§2.  MONEY  enforced,  Worthless.  Brass. 
[James  II.  in  Ireland]  issued  a  coinage  of  brass 
money  which  was  to  pass  as  sixpences,  shillings, 
and  half  crowns.  Eight  half  crowns  of  this 
money  were  not  intrinsically  worth  twopence. 
The  tradesmen  of  Dublin,  if  they  refused  the 
money,  were  threatened  to  be  hanged  by  the 
provost  marshal.  The  government  decreed  that 
no  covetous  person  should  give  by  exchange  of 
the  currency  intolerable  rates  for  gold  and  sil- 
ver, to  the  great  disparagement  of  the  brass  and 
copper  money,  under  pain  of  death. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  7,  p.  96. 

3683.  MONKEEY,  Early  Progress  of.  Popular. 
[The  popular  monks,]  whose  reputation  was  con- 
nected with  the  fame  and  success  of  the  order. 


assiduously  labored  to  multipljr  the  number  of 
their  fellow-captives.  They  insinuated  them- 
selves into  noble  and  opulent  families  ;  and  the 
specious  arts  of  flattery  and  seduction  were 
employed  to  secure  those  proselytes  who  might 
bestow  wealth  or  dignity  on  the  monastic  profes- 
sion. The  indignant  father  bewailed  the  loss, 
perhaps,  of  an  only  son  ;  the  credulous  maid  was 
betrayed  by  vanity  to  violate  the  laws  of  nature  ; 
and  the  matron  aspired  to  imaginary  perfection, 
by  renouncing  the  virtues  of  domestic  life.  Paula 
yielded  to  the  persuasive  eloquence  of  Jerom ; 
and  the  profane  title  of  mother-in-law  of  God 
tempted  that  illustrious  widow  to  consecrate  the 
virginity  of  her  daughter  Eustochium.  By  the  ad- 
vice, and  in  the  company  of  her  spiritual  guide, 
Paula  abandoned  Rome  and  her  infant  son  ;  re- 
tired to  the  holy  village  of  Bethlehem  ;  founded 
a  hospital  and  four  monasteries  ;  and  acquired, 
by  her  alms  and  penance,  an  eminent  and  con- 
spicuous station  in  the  Catholic  Church.  Such 
rare  and  illustrious  penitents  were  celebrated  as 
the  glory  and  example  of  their  age ;  but  the 
monasteries  were  filled  by  a  crowd  of  obscure 
and  abject  plebeians,  who  gained  in  the  cloister 
much  more  than  they  had  sacrificed  in  the  world. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  37,  p.  527. 

3684.  MONKERY,  Origin  of.  Body  subjugated. 
It  was  a  doctrine,  both  of  the  Stoic  and  Platonic 
philosophy,  that  in  order  to  raise  the  soul  to  its 
highest  enjoyment,  and  to  a  communion  with  su- 
perior intelligences,  it  was  necessary  to  separate  it 
from  the  body  by  mortifying  and  entirely  dis- 
regarding that  earthly  vehicle,  which  checked 
its  flight  and  chained  it  to  the  mean  and  sordid 
enjoyments  of  the  senses.  These  prevailing  no- 
tions of  the  heathen  philosophy,  joined  to  a  mis- 
taken interpretation  put  upon  some  of  the  pre- 
cepts of  the  gospel,  contributed  to  inspire  some 
enthusiastic  Christians  with  the  same  ideas.  The 
first  of  these  who  thought  of  separating  them- 
selves from  society  were  a  few  who,  after  Con- 
stantine  had  restored  peace  to  the  church,  being 
now  free  from  persecution,  began  to  conceive 
that  since  they  were  no  longer  exposed  to  the 
persecutions  of  temporal  power,  they  ought  to 
procure  for  themselves  voluntary  grievances  and 
afflictions.  In  that  view  they  betook  themselves  to 
wilds  and  solitudes,  where  they  spent  their  time 
in  caves  and  hermitages  in  alternate  exercises  of 
devotion  and  in  rigorous  acts  of  penance  and 
mortification.  Some  of  them  loaded  their  limbs 
with  heavy  irons  ;  others  walked  naked  till  their 
bodies  acquired  a  covering  of  hair  like  the  wild 
beasts  ;  and  others  chose  still  more  nearly  to  ally 
themselves  to  the  brute  creation,  by  actually 
grazing  with  them  in  the  fields. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3,  p.  82. 

3685.  MONKERY,  Success  of.  Early  in 
Fourth  Century.  The  reputation  which  these  per- 
sons acquired  for  superior  sanctity,  and  the  ex- 
traordinary blessings  which  were  believed  to  at- 
tend their  pious  vows  and  prayers,  naturally  pro- 
cured them  many  remuneratory  donations  from 
those  who  believed  they  had  profited  by  their  in- 
tercessions. Some  of  the  holy  men  began  to  lead 
a  very  comfortable  life  ;  and  still  pretending  to 
bestow  all  their  superfluities  in  arms  and  chari- 
table donations,  they  retained  as  much  as  to  ena' 
ble  them  to  pass  their  time  with  much  ease  and 
satisfaction.    Toward  the  end  of  the  fourth  cen- 


436 


MONKS— MONOPOLY. 


tury  these  monks  or  hermits  had  multiplied  in 
such  a  manner  that  there  was  not  a  province  in 
the  East  that  was  not  full  of  them.  They  spread 
themselves  likewise  over  a  great  part  of  Africa, 
and  in  the  west  they  penetrated  within  the  bish- 
opric of  Rome,  and  soon  became  very  numerous 
over  all  Italy. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3, 
p.  83. 

36§6.  MONKS,  Artistic.  English.  [Dunstan 
required  that  the  monks  should]  dedicate  the 
hours  spared  from  the  service  of  religion  to  the 
pursuits  of  learning  and  the  arts.  .  .  .  They 
would  be  the  artists  of  their  time — the  architects 
and  the  painters,  [a.d.  958-975.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10,  p.  143. 

36§7.  MONKS,  Wealthy.  Italy.  St.  Benedict, 
who  introduced  monachism  into  Italy,  was  the 
founder  of  tliat  particular  order  called  Bene- 
dictine, which  has  distinguished  itself  in  most  of 
the  countries  of  Europe  by  the  ambition  of  many 
of  the  brotherhood,  as  well  as  by  the  enormous 
wealth  which  they  found  means  to  accumulate  ; 
and,  we  ought  to  add,  by  the  laborious  learning 
which  some  of  them  displayed.  Benedict  was 
an  Italian  by  birth  ;  he  had  studied  at  Rome,  and 
soon  distinguished  himself  by  his  talents  as  well 
as  superior  sanctity.  An  affectation  of  singu- 
larity, probably,  made  him  retire,  when  a  very 
young  man,  to  a  cave  at  Subiaco,  where  he  re- 
mained for  some  years.  Some  neighboring  her- 
mits chose  him  for  their  head,  or  superior  ;  and 
the  donations  which  they  received  from  the  de- 
vout and  charitable  very  soon  enabled  them  to 
build  a  large  monastery.  The  reputation  of  Ben- 
edict increased  daily,  and  he  began  to  perform 
miracles,  which  attracted  the  notice  of  Totila, 
the  Gothic  king  of  Italy.  The  number  of  his  fra- 
ternity was  daily  augmented,  and  it  became  cus- 
tomary for  the  rich  to  make  large  donations.  .  .  . 
Benedict,  finding  his  fraternity  grow  extremely 
numerous,  sent  colonies  into  Sicily  and  into 
France,  where  they  throve  amazingly.  Hence 
they  transported  themselves  into  England  ;  and, 
in  a  very  little  time,  there  was  not  a  kingdom  of 
Europe  where  the  Benedictines  had  not  obtained 
a  footing. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3,  p.  84. 

36S§.  MONOMANIA,  Rashness  of.  John 
Brown.  On  the  quiet  morning  of  October,  1859, 
with  no  warning  whatever  to  the  inhabitants, 
the  United  States  arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry  was 
found  to  be  in  the  possession  of  an  invading  mob. 
.  .  .  By  the  opening  of  the  second  day  a  force 
of  1500  men  surrounded  the  arsenal,  and  when 
the  insurgents  surrendered,  it  was  found  that 
there  had  been  but  23  in  all.  Four  were  still  alive, 
including  their  leader,  John  Brown.  .  .  .  He 
conceived  the  utterly  impracticable  scheme  of 
liberating  the  slaves  of  the  South  by  calling  on 
them  to  rise,  putting  arms  in  their  hands.  .  .  . 
Governor  Wise  stated  that  during  the  fight,  while 
Brown  held  the  arsenal,  with  one  of  his  sons  ly- 
ing dead  beside  him,  another  gasping  with  a 
mortal  wound,  he  felt  the  pulse  of  the  dying 
boy,  used  his  own  musket,  and  coolly  command- 
ed his  men,  all  amid  a  shower  of  bullets.  .  .  . 
"While  of  sound  mind  on  most  subjects,  Brown 
had  evidently  lost  his  mental  balance  on  the  one 
topic  of  slavery. — Blaine's  Twenty  Years  of 
Congress,  vol.  1,  p.  155. 

36§9.  MONOPOLIES  encouraged.  Reign  of 
Charles  I.   [About  1630  Charles  I.  granted  a  pat- 


ent to  a  company  of  soap-makers,  who  should  be 
the  sole  manufacturers  in  England.  They  were 
to  pay  him  £10,000  and  £8  per  ton  upon  all  soap 
produced.  The  government  obtained  £200,000 
by  this  and  similar  devices.  Great  opposition 
was  aroused.  The  women  petitioned  against  it. 
There  was  scarcely  an  industrial  occupation, 
from  the  sale  of  coals  to  the  collection  of  rags, 
that  was  not  made  the  subject  of  a  monopoly.] 
—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  26,  p.  416. 

3690.  MONOPOLIES,  Unpatriotic.  Olivei 
Cromwell.  [In  1650,  while  Cromwell  was  pros- 
ecuting his  campaign  against  Charles  II.  in  Scot- 
land, he  wrote  the  Speaker  of  the  Parliament, 
urging  the  reformation  of  many  abuses,  adding,] 
If  there  be  any  one  that  makes  many  poor  to 
make  a  few  rich,  that  suits  not  a  Commonwealth. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  9,  p.  135. 

3691.  MONOPOLY  abolished.  Land.  The  am- 
bition of  the  principal  plebeians  was  now  satisfied 
[by  electing  one  of  their  number  to  the  ofl3ce  of 
Praetor],  and  the  patricians  had  in  return  some 
small  gratification  by  these  new  offices.  It  re- 
mained now  only  that  the  populace  should  like- 
wise be  gratified,  and  this  was  done  by  the  Li- 
cinian  law,  which  enacted  that  no  Roman  citizen 
should  possess  above  five  hundred  acres  of  land, 
and  that  the  surplus  should  be  distributed  at  a 
settled  and  low  rate  of  price  among  the  poorest 
of  the  people. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  6, 
p.  350. 

3692.  MONOPOLY,  Commercial.  Charles  11. 
The  Virginians  soon  found  that  they  had  ex- 
changed a  republican  tyrant,  with  good  princi- 
ples, for  a  monarchical  tyrant,  with  bad  ones. 
King  Charles  II.  was  the  worst  monarch  of 
modern  times,  and  the  people  of  Virginia  had  in 
him  and  his  government  a  special  cause  of  grief. 
The  commercial  system  of.  the  Commonwealth, 
so  far  from  being  abolished,  was  re-enacted  in  a 
more  hateful  form  than  ever.  The  new  statute 
provided  that  all  the  colonial  commerce,  whether 
exports  or  imports,  should  be  carried  on  in  Eng- 
lish ships.  The  trade  between  the  colonies  was 
burdened  with  a  heavy  tax  for  the  benefit  of  the 
government,  and  tobacco,  the  staple  of  Virginia, 
could  be  sold  nowhere  but  in  England.  This 
odious  measure  gave  to  English  merchantmen  a 
monopoly  of  the  carrying  trade  of  the  colonies, 
and  by  destroying  competition  among  the  buyers 
of  tobacco  robbed  the  Virginians  to  that  extent 
of  their  leading  product.  Remonstx-ance  was  tried 
in  vain.  The  cold  and  selfish  monarch  only 
sneered  at  the  complaints  of  his  American  sub- 
jects, and  the  commercial  ordinances  were  vig- 
orously enforced. — Rldpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  13, 
p.  118. 

3693. .    Navigation  Act  of  1660. 

"  No  merchandise  shall  be  imported  into  the 
plantation  but  in  English  vessels,  navigated  by 
Englishmen,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture."  .  .  . 
None  but  native  or  naturalized  subjects  should 
become  a  merchant  or  factor  in  any  English 
settlement — excluding  the  colonists  from  the 
benefits  of  foreign  competition.  [Later]  a  new 
law  prohibited  the  importation  of  European 
commodities  into  the  colonies,  except  in  English 
ships  from  England,  to  the  end  that  England 
might  be  made  the  staple,  not  only  of  colonial 
productions,  but  of  colonial  supplies.  .  .  .  The 
Navigation  Act  contained  a  pledge  of  the  ulti- 


MONOPOLY— MOODS. 


437 


mate  independence  of  America. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  2,  cli.  11. 

3694.  MONOPOLY,  Conscience  vs.  Peter  Coo- 
per. Happening  to  control  a  small  interest  in  the 
great  Cooper  Iron  Works  at  Trenton  many  years 
ago,  [to  Mr.  Lester,]  he  said,  "  I  do  net  feel 
quite  easy  about  the  amount  we  are  making 
in  the  production  of  one  thing  in  our  works  at 
Trenton.  Working  under  one  of  our  patents, 
we  have  a  monopoly  which  seems  to  me  some- 
thing wrong,  that  we  alone  are  manufacturing, 
etc.  Everybody  has  to  come  to  us  for  it,  and  we 
are  making  money  too  fast;  it  is  not  right." 
"Well,"  I  replied,  "  you  can  get  over  that  trouble 
very  easily  by  reducing  the  price,  even  if  you 
are  not  obliged  to."  "  That  is  it,"  said  he  ;  "  and 
it  shall  be  done.  The  world  needs  this  thing, 
and  we  are  making  them  pay  too  high  for  it ;  if 
it  were  a  mere  matter  of  fancy,  or  luxury,  or 
taste,  I  should  feel  differently  about  it ;  but  as  it 
is  a  very  necessary  article,  I  must  do  something 
about  it." — Lester's  Life  of  Peter  Cooper, 
p.  18. 

3695.  MONOPOLY,  Exasperating.  Beign  of 
Charles  I.  Every  item  almost  was  taxed.  Hack- 
ney coaches  were  prohibited  because  sedan  chairs 
appeared  for  the  first  time,  Sir  Sanders  Dun- 
combe  having  purchased  from  the  king  the  right 
to  carry  people  up  and  down  in  them. — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  4,  p.  84. 

3696.  MONOPOLY  and  Famine.  Cleander. 
[During  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Commodus] 
pestilence  and  famine  contributed  to  fill  up  the 
measure  of  the  calamities  of  Rome.  The  first 
could  be  only  imputed  to  the  just  indignation  of 
the  gods  ;  but  a  monopoly  of  corn,  supported  by 
the  riches  and  power  of  the  minister,  was  consid- 
ered as  the  immediate  cause  of  the  second. 
[Cleander  was  the  emperor's  favorite]. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  4,  p.  109. 

369r.  MONOPOLY  in  Land.  To  tlie  Plymouth 
Council.  King  James  issued  to  forty  of  his  sub- 
jects, .  .  .  the  most  wealthy  and  powerful  of 
the  English  nobility,  a  patent  which,  ...  in 
the  history  of  the  world,  has  but  one  parallel. 
.  .  .  The  territory,  .  .  .  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific,  .  .  .  extended  in  breadth  from  the 
fortieth  to  the  forty-eighth  degree  of  north  lat- 
itude ;  .  .  .  that  is  to  say,  nearly  all  the  inhab- 
ited British  possessions  to  the  north  of  the  United 
States,  all  New  England,  New  York,  half  of 
New  Jersey,  very  nearly  all  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
the  whole  country  to  the  west  of  these  States, 
comprising,  and  at  the  time  believed  to  comprise, 
more  than  a  million  of  square  miles.  .  .  .  The 
grant  was  absolute  and  exclusive. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  8. 

369§.  MONOPOLY  of  Manufactures.  Act  of  Par- 
liament. "  After  the  first  day  of  December, 
1699,  no  wool  or  manufacture  made  or  mixed 
with  wool,  being  the  produce  or  manufacture  of 
any  of  the  English  plantations  in  America,  shall 
be  loaden  upon  any  horse,  cart,  or  other  carriage, 
to  be  carried  out  of  the  English  plantations  to 
any  other  of  the  said  plantations,  or  to  any  other 
place  whatsoever."  The  policy  was  continued 
by  every  administration.  "Should  our  .  .  . 
commercial  control  be  denied,"  said  the  elder 
Pitt,  seventy  years  afterward,  "  I  would  not  suf- 
fer even  a  nail  or  a  horseshoe  to  be  manufac- 


tured in  America." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  19. 

3699. .     Act  of  1672.     Parliament 

.  .  .  resolved  to  exclude  New  England  merchants 
from  competing  with  the  English  in  the  markets 
of  the  Southern  plantations.  ,  .  .  America  was 
[later]  forbidden  not  merely  to  manufacture 
those  articles  which  might  compete  with  the 
English  in  foreign  markets,  but  even  to  supply 
herself  with  those  articles  which  her  position  en- 
abled her  to  manufacture  with  success  for  her 
own  wants. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11. 

3700. .  New  Amsterdam,  a.d.  1629. 

The  colonists  were  forbidden  to  manufacture  any 
woollen  or  linen  or  cotton  fabrics ;  not  a  web 
might  be  woven  or  a  shuttle  thrown,  on  penal- 
ty of  exile.  To  impair  the  monopoly  of  the 
Dutch  weavers  was  punishable  as  perjury. — 
Bancroft's  TJ.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

3701.  MONOPOLY,  Powers  of.  Senator  Win- 
dom.  [Garfield's  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,]  in 
a  letter  to  the  Anti-monopoly  League,  at  their 
public  meeting  at  the  Cooper  Institute,  on  the 
21st  day  of  February,  1881 :  "  I  repeat  to-day,  in 
substance,  words  uttered  seven  years  ago,  that 
'  there  are  in  this  country  four  men  who,  in  the 
matter  of  taxation,  possess  and  frequently  exer- 
cise powers  which  neither  Congress  nor  any  of 
our  State  Legislatures  would  dare  to  exert — pow- 
ers which,  if  exercised  in  Great  Britain,  would 
shake  the  throne  to  its  very  foundation.  These 
may  at  any  time,  and  for  any  reason  satisfactory 
to  themselves,  by  a  stroke  of  the  pen,  reduce  the 
value  of  property  in  the  United  States  by  hun- 
dreds of  millions.  They  may,  at  their  own  will 
and  pleasure,  disarrange  and  embarrass  business, 
depress  one  city  or  locality  and  build  another, 
enrich  one  individual  and  ruin  his  competitors, 
and,  when  complaint  is  made,  coolly  reply, 
' '  What  are  you  going  to  do  ?" ' " — Lester's 
Life  op  Peter  Cooper,  p.  54. 

3702.  MONOPOLY  resisted.  Governmental. 
The  encroachment  was,  as  usual,  patiently  borne, 
till  it  became  serious.  But  at  length  the  queen 
took  upon  herself  to  grant  patents  of  monopoly 
by  scores.  There  was  scarcely  a  family  in  the 
realm  which  did  not  feel  itself  aggrieved  by  the 
oppression  and  extortion  which  this  abuse  natu- 
rally caused.  Iron,  oil,  vinegar,  coal,  saltpetre, 
lead,  starch,  yarn,  skins,  leather,  glass,  could  be 
bought  only  at  exorbitant  prices.  The  House  of 
Commons  met  in  an  angry  and  determined  mood. 
It  was  in  vain  that  a  courtly  minority  blamed 
the  speaker  for  suffering  the  acts  of  the  queen's 
Highness  to  be  called  in  question.  The  language 
of  the  discontented  party  was  high  and  menac- 
ing, and  was  echoed  by  the  voice  of  the  whole 
nation.  .  .  .  She,  [Queen  Elizabeth,]  however, 
with  admirable  judgment  and  temper,  declined 
the  contest,  put  herself  at  the  head  of  the  reform- 
ing party,  redressed  the  grievance. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  59. 

3703.  MOODS,  Reaction  of,  William  Cowper. 
It  was,  perhaps,  while  he  was  winding  thread 
that  Lady  Austen  told  him  the  story  of  John 
Gilpin.  He  lay  awake  at  night  laughing  over  it, 
and  next  morning  produced  the  ballad.  It  soon 
became  famous,  and  was  recited  by  Henderson, 
a  popular  actor,  on  the  stage,  though,  as  its  gen- 
tility was  doubtful,  its  author  withheld  his  name. 


438 


MORALITY— MORALS. 


He  afterward  fancied  that  this  wonderful  piece 
of  humor  had  been  written  in  a  mood  of  the 
deepest  depression.  Probably  he  had  written  it 
in  an  interval  of  high  spirits  between  two  such 
moods. — Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  5. 

3704.  MORALITY,  Conventional.  Shelley's 
Father.  Mr.  Timothy  Shelley  was  in  no  sehse 
of  the  word  a  bad  man  ;  but  he  was  everything 
which  the  poet's  father  ought  not  to  have  been. 
,  .  .  His  religious  opinions  might  be  summed  up 
in  Clough's  epigram  : 

"  At  church  on  Sunday  to  attend 
Will  serve  to  keep  the  world  your  friend." 
His  morality  in  like  manner  was  purely  conven- 
tional, as  may  be  gathered  from  his  telling  his 
eldest  son  that  he  would  never  pardon  a  mesalli- 
ance, but  would  provide  for  as  many  illegitimate 
children  as  he  choose  to  have. — Symonds'  Shel- 
ley, ch.  1. 

3705.  MORALITY  denied.  Itoman  Catholic. 
There  was  among  the  English  a  strong  convic- 
tion that  the  Roman  Catholic,  where  the  interests 
of  his  religion  were  concerned,  thought  himself 
free  from  all  the  ordinary  rules  of  morality — nay, 
that  he  thought  it  meritorious  to  violate  those 
rules,  if,  by  so  doing,  he  could  avert  injury  or 
scandal  from  the  church  of  which  he  was  a 
member.  Nor  was  this  opinion  destitute  of  a 
show  of  reason.  It  was  impossible  to  deny  that 
Roman  Catholic  casuists  of  great  eminence  had 
written  in  defence  of  equivocation,  of  mental  res- 
ervation, of  perjury,  and  even  of  assassination. 
Nor,  it  was  said,  had  the  speculations  of  this 
odious  school  of  sophists  been  barren  of  results. 
The  massacre  of  Saint  Bartholomew,  the  murder 
of  the  first  William  of  Orange,  the  murder  of 
Henry  III.  of  France,  the  numerous  conspiracies 
which  had  been  formed  against  the  life  of  Eliz- 
ibeth,  and,  above  all,  the  gunpowder  treason, 
were  constantly  cited  as  instances  of  the  close 
connection  between  vicious  theory  and  vicious 
practice.  It  was  alleged  that  every  one  of  these 
crimes  had  been  prompted  or  applauded  by 
Roman  Catholic  divines. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  6,  p.  6. 

3706.  MORALITY,  Philosophic.  Socrates.  Soc- 
rates founded  all  his  morality  on  the  belief  of  a 
God  who  delighted  in  virtue,  and  whose  justice 
would  reward  the  good  and  punish  the  wicked 
in  an  after  state.  Of  consequence,  he  believed  in 
the  immortality^  of  the  soul.  He  held  that  there 
were  intermediate  beings  between  God  and  man, 
who  presided  over  the  different  parts  of  the  crea- 
tion, and  who  were  to  be  honored  with  an  in- 
ferior worship.  He  believed  that  virtuous  men 
were  particularly  favored  by  the  Divinity,  who 
more  especially  manifested  his  care  of  them  by 
the  constant  presence  and  aid  of  a  good  genius, 
who  directed  all  their  actions  and  guarded  them 
by  secret  monitions  from  impending  evils  ;  but 
on  this  subject,  as  he  declined  to  express  himself 
with  precision,  it  has  been  reasonably  conjectur- 
ed that  he  alluded  merely  to  the  influence  of 
conscience,  which  extends  its  power  to  the  vir- 
tuous alone,  and  deserts  the  vicious,  abandoning 
them  to  the  just  consequences  of  their  crimes. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  267. 

3707.  MORALITY  vs.  Refinement.  Home. 
Pilra  of  the  destruction  of  Corinth  and  Carthage.] 
This  was  the  era  of  the  nommencement  of  a  taste 


for  the  fine  arts  at  Rome,  to  which  the  knowl- 
edge of  Asiatic  luxuries  had  successfully  paved 
the  way.  "  How  happy  for  mankind,"  says  Ab- 
be Millot,  "  could  a  nation  be  distinguished  at 
once  for  its  virtue  and  its  refinement,  and  be- 
come polished  and  enlightened  while  it  retained 
a  purity  of  morals  !"  But  this  is  a  beautiful  im- 
possibility.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  9, 
p.  384. 

370§.  MORALITY,  Shallow,  aerical.  [Rev. 
William  Grimshaw,  before  his  conversion,  was 
curate  of  Ha  worth,  in  Yorkshire.]  He  had  stud- 
ied at  Cambridge,  and  went  from  the  university" 
to  his  clerical  duties,  corrupt  in  his  morals  and 
unsound  in  his  opinions.  Content  with  the  per- 
functory performance  of  his  parish  duties,  he 
considered  himself  a  fair  example  of  the  clerical 
manners  of  the  times  ;  especially  as  it  is  said 
that  he  refrained,  as  much  as  possible,  from, 
gross  swearing,  unless  in  "suitable  company," 
and  when  he  got  drunk  would  take  care  to  sleep 
it  off  before  he  went  home. — Stevens'  Meth- 
odism, vol.  1,  p.  258. 

3709.  MORALITY  preserves  the  State.  Bo- 
mans.  That  the  extinction  of  the  liberties  of  the 
Roman  people  and  the  downfall  of  the  com- 
monwealth were  owing  to  the  corruption  of  the 
Roman  manners,  there  cannot  be  the  smallest 
doubt ;  nor  is  it  diificult  to  point  out  in  a  few 
words  the  causes  of  that  corruption.  The  ex- 
tent of  the  Roman  dominions  toward  the  end 
of  the  republic  proved  fatal  to  its  virtues.  While 
confined  within  the  bounds  of  Italy,  every  Ro- 
man soldier,  accustomed  to  a  life  of  hardship, 
of  frugality,  and  of  industry,  placed  his  chief 
happiness  in  contributing  in  war  to  the  preser- 
vation of  his  country,  and  in  peace  to  the  main- 
tenance of  his  family  by  honest  labor.  A  State 
of  this  kind,  which  knows  no  intervals  of  ease 
or  of  indolence,  is  a  certain  preservative  of  good 
morals,  and  a  sure  antidote  against  every  spe- 
cies of  corruption.  But  the  conquest  of  Italy 
paved  the  way  for  the  reduction  of  foreign  na- 
tions ;  for  an  immense  acquisition  of  territory — 
a  flood  of  wealth — and  an  acquaintance  with  tho 
manners,  the  luxuries,  and  the  vices  of  the  na- 
tions whom  they  subdued. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  4,  ch.  6,  p.  468. 

3710. .  Romans.    If  the  morals  o£ 

the  people  be  entire,  the  spirit  of  patriotism  per- 
vading the  ranks  of  the  State  will  excite  to  such, 
exertions  as  may  soon  recover  the  national  hon- 
or. Of  this  truth  the  Roman  State  afforded  at 
one  time  a  most  striking  example.  When  Han- 
nibal was  carrying  everything  before  him  ia 
Italy,  when  the  Roman  name  was  sunk  so  low 
that  the  allies  of  the  republic  were  daily  drop- 
ping off,  and  the  Italian  States  seemed  to  stand 
aloof  and  leave  her  to  her  fate,  there  was  in  the 
manners  of  the  people,  and  in  that  patriotic  ar- 
dor which  can  only  exist  in  an  uncorrupted 
age,  a  spirit  of  reconvalescence,  which  speedily 
operated  a  most  wonderful  change  of  fortune. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  6,  p.  465. 

3711.  MORALS  by  Chastisement.  Edmunds 
Rich.  Edmund,  hand  in  hand  with  a  brother 
Robert  of  his,  begged  his  way  as  poor  scholars 
were  wont  to  the  great  school  of  Western  Chris- 
tendom. Here  a  damsel,  heedless  of  his  tonsure, 
wooed  him  so  pertinaciously  that  Edmund  con- 
sented at  last  to  an  assignation ;  but  when  he 


MORALS— MOTHER. 


439 


appeared  it  was  in  company  of  grave  academi- 
cal officials  who,  as  the  maiden  declared  in  the 
hour  of  penitence  which  followed,  "straight- 
way whipped  the  offending  Eve  out  of  her." — 
Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  ,164. 

3713.  MOBALS  degraded.  Aristocracy.  For 
years  had  it  been  whispered  that  the  House  of 
Austria  should  unite  itself  firmly  with  the  House 
of  Bourbon,  and  now  the  Empress  Maria  The- 
resa, herself  a  hereditary  queen,  a  wife  and 
mother,  religious  even  to  bigotry,  by  an  auto- 
graph letter  caressed  endearingly  the  Marchion- 
ess de  Pompadour,  once  the  French  king's 
[Louis  XV.]  mistress,  now  the  procuress  of  his 
pleasures,  to  win  her  influence  for  the  alliance. 
—Bancroft's  U.  S.  ,  vol.  4,  ch.  13. 

3713.  MOEALS  examined.  Athenian  Officials. 
The  Areopagus,  by  an  inquiry  termed  dokimada, 
inquired  into  the  life  and  morals  of  all  who  held 
offices  in  the  State,  and  such  as  could  not  stand 
the  scrutiny  were  not  only  incapacitated  for  em- 
ploy, but  declared  infamous.  Such  was  the 
award  likewise  against  a  son  who  should  refuse  to 
support  his  indigent  parents. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  1,  ch.  10. 

3714.  MOEALS,  Exceptional.  New  England 
Colonies.  One  might  dwell  there  "  from  year  to 
year  and  not  see  a  drunkard,  or  hear  an  oath, 
or  meet  a  beggar."  The  consequence  was  uni- 
versal  health— one  of  the  chief  elements  of  pub- 

,  lie  happiness.  The  average  duration  of  human 
life,  as  compared  with  Europe,  was  doubled. .  .  . 
They  are  the  parents  of  one  third  of  the  whole 
white  population  of  the  United  States.  .  .  .  Each 
family  has  multiplied  on  the  average  to  one  thou- 
sand souls.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

3715.  MORALS,  Grounds  of.  Diverse.  The 
philosophers  of  Greece  deduced  their  morals 
from  the  nature  of  man,  rather  than  from  that 
of  God.  They  meditated,  however,  on  the  Di- 
vine nature,  as  a  very  curious  and  important 
speculation  ;  and  in  the  profound  inquiry  they 
displayed  the  strength  and  weakness  of  the  hu- 
man understanding.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  3. 
p.  35.  ' 

3716.  MORALS,  Importance  of.  Politics.  No 
nation  has  afforded  a  more  striking  example 
than  the  Romans  have  done  of  the  necessity  of 
good  morals  to  the.  preservation  of  political  liberty 
and  the  happiness  of  the  people.  This  is  a  doc- 
trine of  so  much  importance,  that  it  cannot  be 
too  seriously  considered  nor  attended  to.  Un- 
like, in  this  respect,  to  many  other  political  truths 
which  are  interesting  only  to  statesmen,  and 
those  who  conduct  the  machine  of  government, 
this  truth  is  of  importance  to  be  known  and  con- 
sidered by  every  single  individual  of  the  com- 
munity ;  because  the  error  or  fault  is  in  the  con- 
duct of  individuals,  and  can  only  be  amended  by 
a  conviction  brought  home  to  the  mind  of  every 
private  man,  that  the  reformation  must  be  begun 
by  his  own  virtuous  and  patriotic  endeavors.  .  .  . 
Virtue  is  necessary,  and  indispensably  necessary, 
to  the  existence  of  every  government,  whatever 
be  its  form ;  and  no  human  institution  where 
men  are  assembled  together  to  act  in  concert, 
however  limited  be  their  numbers,  or  however 
extensive,  however  wise  may  be  their  governors, 
however  excellent  their  laws,  can  possess  any 
measure  of  duration  without  that  powerful  ce- 


ment, virtue  in  the  principles  and  morals  of  the 
people.     Quid  leges  sine  moi-ibus  vanm   projid- 
unt,  is  a  sentiment  equally  applicable  to  all  gov- 
ernments whatever.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6 
ch.  6,  p.  464. 

3717.  MORALS,  Rule  in.  Thales  taught, 
"  Neither  the  crimes  of  bad  men,  nor  even  their 
thoughts,  are  concealed  from  the  gods.  Health 
of  body,  a  moderate  fortune,  and  a  cultivated 
mind  are  the  chief  ingredients  of  happiness. 
Parents  may  expect  from  their  children  that 
obedience  which  they  themselves  paid  to  their 
parents.  Stop  the  mouth  of  slander  by  pru- 
dence. Take  care  not  to  commit  the  same  fault 
yourself  which  you  censure  in  others." — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  261. 

37 IS.  MORTALITY  remembered.  Agincourt. 
[At  the  battle  of  Agincourt,  the  English  being 
but  one  to  ten  against  the  French,  before  the 
action  began]  they  knelt  down,  invoking  the 
protection  of  God ;  and  each  man  put  a  small 
piece  of  earth  into  his  mouth,  in  remembrance 
that  they  were  formed  of  dust  and  to  dust  should 
return.  [They  gained  a  complete  victory,  with 
small  loss  to  themselves,  but  with  a  terrible 
destruction  of  the  French.]— Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  11,  ch.  4. 

3719.  MORTIFICATION  by  Failure.  Ikign 
of  James  II.  [Lord  Castlemaine  was  English 
rninister  to  Rome,  where  he  was  very  ostenta- 
tious. See  Macaulay  in  context.]  In  the  midst 
of  these  festivities  Castlemaine  had  to  suffer 
cruel  mortifications  and  humiliations.  The  pope 
treated  him  with  extreme  coldness  and  reserve. 
As  often  as  the  ambassador  pressed  for  an  an- 
swer to  the  request  which  he  had  been  instructed 
to  make  in  favor  of  Petre  [that  the  rule  prohib- 
iting Jesuits  from  preferment  might  be  relaxed]. 
Innocent  [XIII.]  was  taken  with  a  violent  fit  of 
coughing,  which  put  an  end  to  the  conversation. 
The  fame  of  these  singular  audiences  spread 
over  Rome.  Pasquin  was  not  silent.  All  the 
curious  and  tattling  population  of  the  idlest  of 
cities — the  Jesuits  and  the  prelates  of  the  French 
faction  only  excepted — laughed  at  Castlemaine's- 
discomfiture. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  7,  p.  348. 

3780.  MORTIFICATION,  Hateful.  James  II. 
[Forty  thousand  pounds  had  been  collected  for 
the  exiled  Huguenots  by  Protestant  Englishmen. 
The  Roman  Catholic  king  had  called  for  the 
money  under  political  pressure.]  The  king  was 
bitterly  mortified  by  the  large  amount  of  the  col- 
lection which  had  been  made  in  obedience  to 
his  own  call.  He  knew,  he  said,  what  all  this 
liberality  meant.  It  was  mere  Whiggish  spite 
to  himself  and  his  religion. — Macaulay's  Eng.  , 
ch.  6,  p.  73. 

3721.  MOTHER,  An  honored.  Nero.  The 
Senate  accepted  the  initiative  of  the  Praetorians, 
and  by  sunset  Nero  was  securely  seated  on  the 
throne  of  the  Roman  world.  The  dream  of 
Agrippina's  life  was  accomplished.  She  was 
now  the  mother,  as  she  had  been  the  sister  and 
the  wife,  of  an  emperor;  and  that  young  em- 
peror, when  the  tribune  came  to  ask  him  the 
watchword  for  the  night,  answered  in  the  worda 
—Optimae  Main!  "To  the  Best  of  Mothers  !" 
— Farrar's  Early  Days,  ch.  2,  p.  20. 

3722.  MOTHER,  A  humiliating.  Byron's. 
The  worst  enemy  he  ever  had  was  his  mother. 


440 


MOTHER. 


She  was  an  ignorant,  foolish  woman,  disagree- 
able in  her  appearance,  very  fat  and  awkward, 
capricious,  and  of  a  violent  temper.  She  in- 
dulged him  most  injuriously,  often  permitting 
him  to  absent  himself  from  school  for  a  week  at 
a  time,  and  when  she  was  angry  with  him,  her 
rage  was  such  as  to  render  her  helpless,  and  the 
boy  would  run  away  from  her  and  laugh  at 
her.  .  .  .  Dr.  Glennie,  the  master  of  his  school, 
.  .  .  denied  him  the  privilege  of  going  home  on 
Saturday  ;  whereupon  Mrs.  Byron,  indignant  at 
being  deprived  of  the  society  of  her  son,  would 
go  to  the  school,  and  pour  out  such  a  storm  of 
invective  in  the  doctor's  parlor  that  the  boys  in 
the  school-room  would  hear  her,  to  the  great 
shame  of  the  young  lord.  The  schoolmaster 
once  overheard  a  boy  say  to  him :  "  Byron, 
your  mother  is  a  fool."  "  I  know  it,"  was  his 
sad  reply. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  291. 

3723.  MOTHEE,  Influence  of  a.  Francis  I. 
[When  Francis  I.  of  France]  had  reached  his 
twenty-first  year,  he  was  still  in  complete  sub- 
jection to  his  mother. — Students'  France, 
ch.  14,  §  1. 

3724.  MOTHER,  A  patriotic.  Spartan.  The 
Persians  still  continued  to  maintain  a  formidable 
armament  upon  the  sea,  and  the  operations  of 
the  Greeks  were  now  exerted  to  clear  the  ^gean 
and  Mediterranean  of  their  hostile  squadrons. 
The  united  fleet  of  Greece  was  commanded  by 
Aristides  and  Pausanias ;  the  latter  a  man  of 
high  birth  and  authority,  uncle  to  one  of  the 
Spartan  kings,  and  regent  during  his  nephew's 
minority,  but  himself  infamous  for  betraying  his 
country.  He  had  privately  despatched  letters  to 
Xerxes,  offering  to  facilitate  to  him  the  conquest 
of  Greece,  and  demanding  his  daughter  in  mar- 
riage as  a  reward  of  this  signal  service.  Fortu- 
nately his  letters  were  intercepted.  The  traitor 
fled  for  protection  to  the  temple  of  Minerva,  a 
sanctuary  from  which  it  was  judged  impossible 
to  force  him.  His  mother  showed  an  example 
of  virtue  truly  Lacedaemonian.  She  walked  to 
the  gate  of  the  temple,  and  laying  down  a  stone 
before  the  threshold,  silently  retired  ;  the  signal 
was  understood  and  venerated  ;  the  Ephori  gave 
Immediate  orders  for  building  a  wall  around  the 
temple,  and  within  its  precincts  the  traitor  was 
starved  to  death. —  Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2, 
ch.  1,  p.  138. 

3725. .  Sam  Houston's  Mother.    [He 

enlisted  in  tJie  ranks,  during  the  war  with  Eng- 
land, and  his  friends  deemed  him  disgraced  and 
ruined.]  But  his  mother  gave  her  consent  as  she 
stood  in  the  door  of  her  cottage,  and  handed  her 
boy  the  musket :  "  There,  my  son,  take  this," 
she  said,  "  and  never  disgrace  it ;  for  remember, 
I  had  rather  all  my  sons  should  fill  one  honorable 
grave  than  that  one  of  them  should  turn  his 
back  on  an  enemy.  Go,  and  remember,  too, 
that  while  the  door  of  my  cottage  is  open  to  all 
brave  men,  it  is  always  shut  against  cowards." 
He  was  soon  promoted  to  be  a  sergeant. — Les- 
ter's Houston,  p.  21. 

3726.  MOTHEE,  Power  of  a.  Nap oleon  I. 
He  was  thus  induced,  in  his  day  of  power,  to 
bring  back  a  wayward  nation  of  thirty  millions 
from  cheerless,  brutalizing,  comfortless  unbelief, 
to  the  consoling,  ennobling,  purifying  influences 
of  Christianity.  When,  at  the  command  of  Na- 
poleon, the  church-bells  began  again  to  toll  the 


hour  of  prayer  on  every  hillside  and  through 
every  valley  of  France  ;  .  .  .  when  the  young 
in  their  nuptials  and  the  aged  in  their  death  were 
blessed  by  the  solemnities  of  gospel  ministra- 
tions, it  was  a  mother's  influence  which  inspired 
a  dutiful  son  to  make  the  magic  change  which 
thus,  in  an  hour,  transformed  France  from  a 
pagan  to  nominally  a  Christian  land.  Honor 
to  Letitia,  the  mother  of  Napoleon  ! — Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  4. 

3727. .     Napoleon  I.      Napoleon 

ever  regarded  his  mother  with  the  most  profound 
respect  and  affection.  He  repeatedly  declared 
that  the  family  were  entirely  indebted  to  her  for 
that  physical,  intellectual,  and  moral  training 
which  prepared  them  to  ascend  the  lofty  sum- 
mits of  power  to  which  they  finally  attained  .... 
He  often  said,  "My  opinion  is,  that  the  future 
good  or  bad  conduct  of  a  child  depends  entirely 
upon  its  mother."  One  of  his  first  acts  on  at- 
taining power  was  to  surround  his  mother  with 
every  luxury  which  wealth  could  furnish  .... 
He  established  schools  for  female  education,  re- 
marking that  France  needed  nothing  so  much  to 
promote  its  regeneration  as  good  mothers. — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

3728.  MOTHEE,  Pride  of  a.  Cornelia.  At 
this  period  ai-ose  Tiberius  and  Caius  Gracchus, 
two  brothers,  of  plebeian  blood  by  their  father's 
side,  but  ennobled  by  civic  honors,  and  on  their 
mother's  side,  by  descent  from  the  illustrious 
Scipio  Africanus.  Their  mother,  Cornelia,  was 
wont  to  stimulate  their  ambition  by  this  generous 
reproach  :  "  Why,  my  sons,  must  I  ever  be  called 
the  daughter  of  Scipio,  rather  than  the  mother 
of  the  Gracchi  ?" —  Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  4, 
ch.  1,  p.  385. 

3729.  MOTHEE  revenged,  A.  Hannah  Dvstin. 
A.D.  1697.  [She  was  captured  at  Haverhill, 
N.  H. ,  her  home  burned,  and  babe  killed.  See  No. 
117.  She]  and  her  nurse  and  a  boy  from  Wor- 
cester find  themselves  on  an  island  in  the  Merri- 
mac,  just  above  Concord,  in  a  wigwam  occupied 
by  two  Indian  families.  The  mother  planned 
escape.  "  Where  would  you  strike,"  said  the 
boy,  Samuel  Leonardson,  to  his  master,  "to kill 
instantly  ?"  and  the  Indian  told  him  where  and 
how  to  scalp.  At  night,  while  the  household 
slumbers,  the  captives,  two  women  and  a  boy, 
each  with  a  tomahawk,  strike  vigorously  and 
fleetly,  and  with  wise  division  of  labor  ;  and  of 
the  twelve  sleepers  ten  lie  dead  ;  of  one  squaw 
the  wound  was  not  mortal ;  one  child  was  spared 
from  design.  The  love  of  glory  next  asserted 
its  power  ;  and  the  gun  and  tomahawk  of  the 
murderer  of  her  infant,  and  a  bag  heaped  full 
with  scalps,  were  choicely  kept  as  the  trophies 
of  the  heroine.  The  three  .  .  .  descended  to  the 
English  settlements. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  21. 

3730.  MOTHEE,  A  ruling.  Of  Roman  Ern- 
peror  Alexander.  The  pride  and  avarice  of  his 
mother  cast  a  shade  on  the  glories  of  his  reign  ; 
and  by  exacting  from  his  riper  years  the  same 
dutiful  obedience  which  she  had  justly  claimed 
from  his  unexperienced  youth,  Mama^a  exposed 
to  public  ridicule  both  her  son's  character  and 
her  own.  [See  Woman,  Dominion  of,  No.  6052.] 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6,  p.  184. 

3731.  MOTHEE,  Sorrowful.  King  Pliilip's 
War.  Writes  Mary  Rowlandson  :..  .  "Some  in 


MOTHER— MURDER. 


441 


the  house  were  fighting  for  their  lives  ;  others 
wallowing  in  blood  ;  the  house  on  fire  over  our 
heads.  ...  I  took  my  children  to  go  forth,  .  .  . 
bullets  flying  thick  ;  one  went  through  my  side 
and  through  my  poor  child  in  my  arms.".  .  .  An 
Indian  massacre  followed.  "There  remained 
nothing  to  me  but  one  poor  wounded  babe. 
Down  I  must  sit  in  the  snow,  with  my  sick  child, 
the  picture  of  death,  in  my  lap.  Not  the  least 
crumb  of  refreshing  came  within  either  of  our 
mouths  from  Wednesday  to  Saturday  night,  ex- 
cept only  a  little  cold  water.  .  .  .  One  Indian, 
then  a  second,  and  then  a  third  would  come  and 
tell  me,  Your  master  will  quickly  knock  your 
child  on  the  head." — Bancroft's U.  S.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  12. 

3732.  MOTHEE,  Hostility  to  a  Step-.  Mil- 
■ton's  DaugJiters.  He  was  left  again  a  widower. 
Six  years  later  he  married  his  third  wife,  who 
was  twenty-eight  years  younger  than  himself, 
who  survived  him  for  the  long  period  of  fifty- 
five  years.  This  last  marriage  was  embittered 
by  ceaseless  contentions  between  his  daughters 
and  his  wife,  of  which  Milton  lays  the  blame 
upon  his  daughters.  He  says  his  wife  was  good 
and  kind  to  him  in  his  blind  old  age,  but  that 
his  daughters  were  undutiful  and  inhuman — 
not  only  neglecting  him  and  leaving  him  alone, 
but  plotting  with  his  maid-servant  to  cheat  him 
in  the  marketing.  ...  He  died  in  1674,  aged 
sixty -six  years.  His  property,  which  amounted 
to  £1500  sterling,  became  the  subject  of  a  law- 
suit between  the  widow  and  the  daughters  of 
the  poet.  They  had  quarrelled  over  his  dying- 
bed,  and  they  quarrelled  over  his  freshly  made 
grave. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  170. 

3T33.  MOTIVES,  Higher.  Mahomet.  [After 
the  conquest  of  Mecca.]  The  fugitives  Sia6.  auxil- 
iaries complained  that  they  who  had  borne  the 
burden  were  neglected  in  the  season  of  victory. 
"Alas  !"  replied  their  artful  leader,  "  suffer  me 
to  conciliate  these  recent  enemies,  these  doubtful 
proselytes,  by  the  gift  of  some  perishable  goods. 
To  your  guard  I  intrust  my  life  and  fortunes. 
You  are  the  companions  of  my  exile,  of  my  king- 
dom, of  my  paradise." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50, 
V).  139. 

3734.  MOTIVES,  Morality  in.  Samuel  John- 
son. The  morality  of  an  action  depends  on 
the  motive  from  which  we  act.     If  I  fling  half 

.a  crown  to  a  beggar,  with  intention  to  break  his 
head,  and  he  picks  it  up  and  buys  victuals  with 
it,  the  physical  effect  is  good  ;  but,  with  respect 
to  me,  the  action  is  verj'^  wrong.  So,  religious 
exercises,  if  not  performed  with  an  intention  to 
please  God,  avail  us  nothing.  As  our  Saviour 
says  of  those  who  perform  them  from  other  mo- 
tives, "Verily,  they  have  their  reward." — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  109. 

3735.  MOUNTAINS,  Benefits  of.  Africa.  The 
cause  of  the  periodical  inundation  of  the  Nile  has 
been  satisfactorily  explained  by  Pliny  .  .  .  and 
nearly  in  similar  terms  by  Dr.  Pococke.  The 
north  winds,  says  this  writer,  which  begin  to  blow 
about  the  end  of  May,  drive  the  clouds  formed 
by  the  vapors  of  the  Mediterranean  to  the  south- 
ward, as  far  as  the  mountains  of  Ethiopia, 
where,  being  stopped  in  their  course,  and  con- 
densed on  the  summits  of  those  mountains,  they 
:fall  down  in  violent  rains,  which  continue  for 


some  months. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4, 
p.  35. 

3736.  MOUENING  in  Bereavement.  Graded, 
[Numa,  one  of  the  first  kings  of  Rome,]  fixed  the 
time  of  mourning  according  to  the  different 
ages  of  the  deceased.  He  allowed  none  for  a 
child  that  died  under  three  years  of  age ;  and 
for  one  older,  the  mourning  was  only  to  last  as 
many  months  as  he  lived  years,  provided  those 
were  not  more  than  ten.  The  longest  mourning 
was  not  to  continue  above  ten  months,  after 
which  space  widows  were  permitted  to  marry 
again  ;  but  she  that  took  another  husband  before 
that  term  was  out  was  obliged  by  his  decree  to 
sacrifice  a  cow  with  calf.— Plutarch's  Numa. 

3737.  MOUENING,  National.  Assassination 
of  Lincoln.  In  the  great  cities  of  the  land  all 
business  instantly  stopped  ;  no  man  had  the 
heart  to  think  of  gain  ;  flags  drooped  half-mast 
from  every  winged  messenger  of  the  sea,  from 
every  church-spire,  from  every  tree  of  liberty, 
and  from  every  public  building.  .  .  .  Grad- 
ually as  the  day  wore  on  emblems  of  mourning 
were  hung  from  every  house  throughout  the 
town,  and  before  the  sun  had  set  every  city 
.  .  .  was  enshrouded  in  the  shadow  of  national 
grief.  .  .  .  None  deplored  the  crime  .  .  .  with 
more  sincerity  than  those  who  had  been  involv- 
ed in  the  guilt  of  the  rebellion. — Raymond's 
Lincoln,  ch.  21,  p.  702. 

373S.  MOUENING,  Eespectfal.  Death  of  Wash- 
ington. The  news  arrived  in  France.  Napo- 
leon immediately  issued  the  following  order  of 
the  day  to  the  army :  ' '  Washington  is  dead. 
That  great  man  fought  against  tyranny.  He  es- 
tablished the  liberty  of  his  country.  His  mern- 
ory  will  be  ever  dear  to  the  freemen  of  both  hemi- 
spheres, and  especially  to  the  French  soldiers, 
who,  like  him  and  the  American  troops,  have 
fought  for  liberty  and  equality.  As  a  mark  of 
respect,  the  First  Consul  orders  that  for  ten  days 
black  crape  be  suspended  from  all  the  standards 
and  banners  of  the  Republic."— Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  16. 

3739.  MULTITUDE,  Fickleness  of  the.  Oliver 
Cromwell.  [On  Cromwell's  return  to  London 
from  his  successful  campaign  in  Ireland,]  he  was 
received  with  every  honor  that  Parliament  and 
city  could  bestow,  and  by  the  enthusiastic  ac- 
clamations of  the  people.  He  did  not  despise 
popular  applause,  but  he  knew  something  of  its 
intrinsic  value.  Some  one  said,  ' '  What  a  crowd 
come  to  see  your  Lordship's  triumph  !"  He  re- 
plied, "  If  it  were  to  see  me  hanged,  how  many 
more  there  would  be  !"— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  9,  p.  132. 

3740.  MULTITUDE,  Unreasoning.  Sheep.  [Ca- 
to  the  Censor  said]  the  Roman  people  were 
like  sheep,  for  as  those  can  scarce  be  brought  to 
stir  singly,  but  all  in  a  body  readily  follow  their 
leaders,  just  such  are  ye.  The  men  whose  coun- 
sel you  would  not  take  as  individuals  lead  you 
with  ease  in  a  crowd. — Plutarch's  Cato  the 
Censor.  ' 

3741.  MUEDEE,  Atrocious.  By  Alexander. 
Philotas,  a  worthy  favorite  of  Alexander,  the 
only  remaining  son  of  his  oldest  and  ablest  gen- 
eral Parmenio,  had  received  some  vague  infor- 
mation of  a  treasonable  design  against  the  life 
of  Alexander,  but  delayed  to  mention  it,  prob- 


U2 


MURDER— MUSIC. 


ably  from  giving  no  credit  to  the  informer.  On 
the  report  reaching  his  ears  from  a  different 
quarter,  Alexander,  who  was  told  at  the  same 
time  that  Philotas  had  been  informed  of  the  de- 
sign and  refused  to  communicate  it,  immediately 
conceived  the  unworthy  suspicion  that  his  silence 
arose  from  his  own  concern  in  the  conspiracy. 
On  no  other  grounds  Philotas  was  put  to  the  tort- 
ure, and,  in  the  agony  of  pain,  uttering  some- 
thing that  bore  the  appearance  of  confessing  his 
offence,  which  was  nothing  more  than  a  venial 
piece  of  negligence,  he  was,  by  the  command  of 
Alexander,  stoned  to  death.  But  this  was  not 
enough.  The  aged  Parmenio,  whom  the  king 
concluded  to  be  either  an  accomplice  in  the 
crime  of  his  son,  or  at  least  to  be  incapable  of 
ever  forgiving  his  punishment,  was,  by  the 
same  command,  assassinated  in  his  tent. — Tyt- 
lek's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  4,  p.  191. 

3742.  MUBDEB  of  the  Innocents.  King  Rich- 
ard III.  Edward  IV.,  at  the  age  of  forty- 
two,  [was]  poisoned,  as  is  supposed,  by  his 
brother  Richard,  Duke  of  Gloucester.  He  left 
two  sons,  the  eldest  Edward  V.,  a  boy  of  thirteen 
years  of  age.  Gloucester,  named  Protector  of 
the  kingdom,  gave  orders  that  the  two  princes, 
for  security,  should  be  lodged  in  the  Tower.  .  .  . 
The  Duke  of  Buckingham,  the  slavish  instrument 
of  an  ambitious  tyrant,  had  wrought  upon  a 
mob  of  the  meanest  of  the  populace  to  declare 
that  they  wished  Richard,  Duke  of  Gloucester, 
to  accept  the  crown  ;  this  was  interpreted  to  be 
the  voice  of  the  nation.  The  crafty  tyrant, 
with  affected  scruples  and  with  much  appear- 
ance of  humility,  was  at  length  prevailed  on  to 
.  .  .  accept  the  crown.  His  elevation  had  been 
purchased  by  a  series  of  crimes,  and  was  now  to 
be  secured  by  an  act  of  accumulated  horror. 
Three  assassins,  by  the  command  of  Richard, 
entered  at  midnight  the  apartment  of  the  Tower 
where  the  princes  lay  asleep,  and  smothering 
them  in  the  bed-clothes,  buried  them  in  a  cor- 
ner of  the  building. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  14,  p.  227. 

3743.  MUEDEBESS  murdered.  Agrippina. 
[The  mother  of  Nero.  She  murdered  her  hus- 
band, and  was  assassinated  by  order  of  her  son, 
whom  her  crimes  had  elevated  to  the  throne.] 
The  door  was  darkened  by  the  entrance  of  Ani- 
cetus,  with  the  trierarch  Herculeius  and  the  naval 
centurion  Obaritus.  "  If  you  have  come  to  in- 
quire about  my  health,"  said  the  undaunted  wom- 
an, "say  that  I  have  recovered.  If  to  commit 
a  crime,  I  will  not  believe  that  you  have  my  son's 
orders  ;  he  would  not  command  a  matricide." 
Returning  no  answer,  the  murderers  surrounded 
her  bed,  and  the  trierarch  struck  her  on  the  head 
with  his  stick.  "  Strike  my  womb,"  she  ex- 
claimed, as  the  centurion  drew  his  sword  ;  "it 
bore  a  Nero."  These  were  her  last  words  before 
she  sank  down  slain  with  many  wounds. — Far- 
^ar's  Early  Days,  ch.  3,  p.  27. 

3744.  MUSIC,  Art  in.  SamuelJohnson.  Gold- 
smith :  "  The  greatest  musical  performers  have 
but  small  emoluments.  Giardini,  I  am  told, 
does  not  get  above  seven  hundred  a  year." 
Johnson  :  "That  is,  indeed,  but  little  for  a  man 
to  get  who  does  best  that  which  so  many  en- 
deavor to  do.  There  is  nothing,  I  think,  in 
which  the  power  of  art  is  shown  so  much  as  in 
playing  on  the  fiddle.     In  all  other  things  we 


can  do  something  at  first.  Any  man  will  forge- 
a  bar  of  iron,  if  you  give  him  a  hammer  ;  not  so' 
well  as  a  smith,  but  tolerably.  A  man  will  saw 
a  piece  of  wood,  and  make  a  box,  though  a 
clumsy  one  ;  but  give  him  a  fiddle  and  a  fiddle- 
stick, and  he  can  do  nothing." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  208. 

3745.  MUSIC  condemned.  Spartans.  Timo- 
theus  the  Milesian  [was]  a  celebrated  Dithyram- 
bic  poet  and  musician.  He  added  even  a  twelfth 
string  to  the  harp,  for  which  he  was  severely  pun- 
ished by  the  sage  Spartans,  who  concluded  that 
luxury  of  sound  would  effeminate  the  people. — 
Plutarch's  Agis,  Langhorne's  Note. 

3746.  MUSIC,  Imaginary.  Dunstan.  Quick- 
witted, of  tenacious  memory,  a  ready  and  fluent 
speaker,  gay  and  genial  in  address,  an  artist,  a 
musician,  he  was  at  the  same  time  an  indefati- 
gable worker  at  books,  at  building,  at  handi- 
craft. As  his  sphere  began  to  widen  we  see 
him  followed  by  a  train  of  pupils,  busy  with  lit- 
erature, writing,  harping,  painting,  designing. 
One  morning  a  lady  summons  him  to  her  house- 
to  design  a  robe  which  she  is  embroidering, 
and,  as  he  bends  with  her  maidens  over  their 
toil,  his  harp,  hung  upon  the  walls,  sounds  with- 
out mortal  touch  tones  which  the  excited  ears 
around  frame  into  a  joyous  antiphon. — Hist. 
Eng.  People,  §  74. 

3747.  MUSIC,  Love  of.  Sixteenth  Century. 
Music  was  the  especial  art  of  the  Elizabethan 
days.  In  every  household  there  was  the  love  of 
music,  and  in  many  families  it  was  cultivated  as 
an  essential  part  of.  education.  The  plain  tune 
of  the  Church  did  not  unfit  the  people  for  the 
madrigals  of  the  fireside — exquisite  compositions, 
which  tell  how  much  of  the  highest  enjoyments 
of  a  refined  taste  belonged  to  an  age  which  we 
are  too  apt  to  consider  very  inferior  to  our  own 
in  the  amenities  of  life. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,. 
ch.  16,  p.  250. 

374§.  MUSIC  a  Necessity.  Vandal.  [Geli- 
mer,  the  King  of  the  Yandals  in  Africa,  sought 
refuge  from  the  Romans  on  an  inaccessible 
mountain  in  Numidia.  From  the  poverty  of  the 
rude  Moors  he  greatly  suffered.  Pharas,  one  of 
the  Roman  generals,  urged  him  by  letter  to  ac- 
cept the  clemency  of  the  emperor.  ]  "  I  am  not  in- 
sensible," replied  the  King  of  the  Vandals,  "  how 
kind  and  rational  is  your  advice.  But  I  cannot 
persuade  myself  to  become  the  slave  of  an  unjust 
enemy,  who  has  deserved  my  implacable  hatred. 
Him  I  had  never  injured  either  by  word  or  deed  ; 
yet  he  has  sent  against  me,  I  know  not  from 
whence,  a  certain  Belisarius,  who  has  cast  rne 
headlong  from  the  throne  into  this  abyss  of  mis- 
ery. Justinian  is  a  man  ;  he  is  a  prince  ;  does  he 
not  dread  for  himself  a  similar  reverse  of  fort- 
une ?  I  can  wi-ite  no  more  ;  my  grief  oppresses 
me.  Send  me,  I  beseech  you,  my  dear  Pharas — 
send  me  a  lyre,  a  sponge,  and  a  loaf  of  bread." 
From  the  Vandal  messenger  Pharas  was  inform- 
ed of  the  motives  of  the  singular  request.  It  was 
long  since  the  King  of  Africa  had  tasted  bread  ; 
a  defluxion  had  fallen  on  his  eyes,  the  effect  of 
fatigue  or  incessant  weeping  ;  and  he  wished  to 
solace  the  melancholy  hours  by  singing  to  the 
lyre  the  sad  story  of  his  own  misfortunes.  The 
humanity  of  Pharas  was  moved ;  he  sent  the- 
three  extraordinary  gifts. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch, 
4,  p.  137. 


MUSIC— MUTINY, 


443 


3749.  MUSIC,  Opposed  to.  Puritam.  They 
held  that  "  sweet  music  at  the  first  delighteth  the 
ears,  but  afterward  corrupteth  and  depraveth  the 
mind." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  eh.  16,  p.  250. 

3750.  MUSIC  a  political  Power.  Popular 
Song.  [In  1687  Lord  Wharton  published  a  song 
ridiculing  King  James  II.  and  Tyrconnel,  the 
lord-deputy.]  "  The  whole  army,"  says  Burnet, 
"  and  at  last  the  people  of  both  city  and  country, 
were  singing  it  perpetually."  Wharton  afterward 
boasted  that  he  had  rhymed  James  out  of  his  do- 
minions. He  had  produced  a  song  like  many 
other  songs,  of  wondrous  popularity,  with  little 
intrinsic  merit.  It  was  whistled  and  sung  in  every 
street  in  1688. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  26, 
p.  416. 

3751.  MUSIC,  Power  of.  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 
Love  for  the  art  had  unfortunately  led  to  an  un- 
due preference  for  the  artist.  There  is  in  music 
an  attractive  language  without  words,  which  un- 
consciously creates  sympathy,  and  which  gives 
the  musician  a  powerful  influence  over  the  imagi- 
nation of  women  of  cultivated  minds.  The  de- 
licious, impassioned,  or  heroic  notes  of  the  voice 
or  of  the  instrument  seem  to  breathe  a  soul  in  uni- 
son with  those  sublime  or  touching  chords.  The 
music  and  the  musician  become,  as  it  were,  one. 
Rizzio,  after  having  merely  furnished  her  with 
amusement  in  times  of  sadness,  ended  by  becom- 
ing her  confidant,  and  her  favor  speedily  became 
manifest  to  all.  The  musician,  rapidly  elevated 
by  her  from  his  servile  position  to  the  summit  of 
credit  and  honors,  became,  under  the  namfe  of 
secretary,  the  reigning  favorite  and  the  minister 
of  her  policy. — Lamartine's  Mary,  p.  12. 

3752.  MUSIC  in  Strife.  Charles  XII.  He 
had  a  fleet  blockading  the  port  of  Copenhagen, 
and  an  army  thundering  at  its  gates.  "  What  is 
that  whistling  noise  I  hear  overhead  ?"  asked  the 
king,  as  he  was  disembarking  on  the  Danish 
shore.  "It  is  the  musket- balls,  sire,"  said  an 
ofiicer.  "  Good  !"  said  the  king  ;  "  that  shall  be 
my  music  henceforth." — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  436. 

3753.  MUSIC,  Taste  for.  Italians.  In  Italy, 
writes  Steele,  a  cobbler  may  be  heard  working 
to  an  opera  tune  ;  and  "  there  is  not  a  laborer  or 
handicraft  man  that,  in  the  cool  of  the  evening, 
does  not  relieve  himself  with  solos  and  sonatas." 
But,  "  on  the  contrary,  our  honest  countrymen 
have  so  little  inclination  to  music,  that  they  sel- 
dom begin  to  sing  till  they  are  half  drunk." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  27,  p.  431. 

3754.  MUSIC  unappreciated.  General  Grant. 
[At  Bangkok  in  Siam.]  A  guard  of  honor  pre- 
sented arms,  the  band  played  the  "  Star-Spangled 
Banner,"  which  was  the  first  time  they  had  heard 
that  air  in  the  East,  all  the  other  bands  they  had 
encountered  laboring  under  the  delusion  that  our 
national  air  was  "  Hail  Columbia."  As  the  gen- 
eral does  not  know  one  tune  from  another,  it 
never  made  much  difference  so  far  as  he  was  con- 
cerned.— General  Grant's  Travels,  p.  364. 

3755.  MUSIC,  Undignified.  Aldbiades.  In  the 
course  of  his  education,  he  willingly  took  the  les- 
sons of  his  masters,  but  refused  learning  to  play 
upon  the  flute,  which  he  looked  upon  as  a  mean 
art,  and  unbecoming  a  gentleman.  "  The  use  of 
the  plectrum  upon  the  lyre,"  he  would  say,  "  has 


nothing  in  it  that  disorders  the  features  or  form  ; 
but  a  man  is  hardly  to  be  known  by  his  most  in- 
timate friends  when  he  plays  upon  the  flute.  Be- 
sides, the  lyre  does  not  hinder  the  performer  from 
speaking  or  accompanying  it  with  a  song  ;  where- 
as the  flute  so  engages  the  mouth  and  tlie  breath 
that  it  leaves  no  possibility  of  speaking." — Plu- 
tarch's Alcibiades. 

3756.  MUTINY,  Courage  against.  Julnis  Cae- 
sar. His  soldiers  ,  .  .  had  deserved  admirably 
well,  but  they  were  unfortunately  overconscious 
of  their  merits.  Ill-intentioned  ofiicers  had  taught 
them  to  look  for  extravagant  rewards.  Their  ex- 
pectations were  not  fulfilled  ;  and  when  they  sup- 
posed that  their  labors  were  over,  they  received 
orders  to  prepare  for  a  campaign  in  Africa.  .  .  . 
They  mutinied.  .  . .  The  soldiers  of  the  favored 
Tenth  .  .  .  demanded  speech  of  Caesar.  He  bade 
them  come  to  him,  and,  with  his  usual  fearless- 
ness, told  them  to  bring  their  swords.  .  .  .  [In- 
stead of  calling  them  "brothers-in-arms,"  as 
usual,  he  called  them  "citizens,"  which  was  a 
dismissal  from  service.]  Again  passionately  they 
implored  to  be  allowed  to  continue  with  him.  He 
relented,  but  not  entirely.  "  Let  all  go  who  wish 
to  go,"  he  said  ;  "  I  will  have  none  serve  with  me 
who  serve  unwillingly. "  ' '  All,  all !"  they  cried  ; 
"not  one  of  us  will  leave  you" — and  not  one 
went.  The  matiny  was  the  greatest  peril,  per- 
haps, to  which  Caesar  had  ever  been  exposed. 
No  more  was  said. —  Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  14. 

3757.  MUTINY,  Cruel.  Sir  Hewy  Hudson.  In 
the  summer  of  1610  a  ship,  called  the  Discovery, 
was  given  to  Hudson  ;  and  with  a  vision  of  the 
Indies  flitting  before  his  imagination,  he  left  Eng- 
land, never  to  return.  The  route  to  China  was 
at  last  revealed.  So  believed  the  great  captain 
and  his  crew  ;  but  sailing  farther  to  the  west,  the 
inhospitable  shores  narrowed  on  the  more  inhos- 
pitable sea,  and  Hudson  found  himself  envi- 
roned, with  the  terrors  of  winter,  in  the  frozen 
gulf  (Hudson's  Bay)  of  the  North.  With  unfal- 
tering courage  he  bore  up  until  his  provisions 
were  almost  exhausted  ;  spring  was  at  hand,  and 
the  day  of  escape  had  already  arrived  when  the 
treacherous  crew  broke  out  in  mutiny.  They 
seized  Hudson  and  his  only  son,  with  seven  other 
faithful  sailors,  threw  them  into  an  open  shallop, 
and  cast  them  off  among  the  icebergs.  The  fate 
of  the  illustrious  mariner  has  never  been  known. 
— RiDPATH's  U.  S.,  eh.  8,  p.  93. 

375§.  MUTINY  by  Disappointment.  Second 
Voyage.  [A  little  colony  was  planted  in  the  West 
Indies.]  Bernard  Diaz  de  Pisa,  a  man  of  some 
importance,  who  had  held  a  civil  oflflce  about  the 
court,  had  come  out  with  the  expedition  as  comp- 
troller ;  he  seems  to  have  presumed  upon  his  of- 
ficial powers,  and  to  have  had  early  differences 
with  the  admiral.  Disgusted  with  his  employ- 
ment in  the  colony,  he  soon  made  a  faction  among 
the  discontented,  and  proposed  that  they  should 
take  advantage  of  the  indisposition  of  Columbus 
to  seize  upon  some  or  all  of  the  five  ships  in  the 
harbor,  and  return  in  them  to  Spain.  It  would 
be  easy  to  justify  their  clandestine  return,  by 
preferring  a  complaint  against  the  admiral,  rep- 
resenting the  fallacy  of  his  enterprises,  and  ac- 
cusing him  of  gross  deceptions  and  exaggerations 
in  his  accounts  of  the  countries.  [The  conspiracy 
was  discovered  in  due  season.] — Irving's  Co* 
LUMBUS,  Book  6,  ch.  7. 


444 


MUTINY— NAME. 


3759.  MUTINY,  Reform  by.  Bntish  Navy.  On 
the  loth  of  April  [1797]  Lord  Bridport,  who 
had  taken  the  command  of  the  Channel  fleet, 
made  the  signal  to  prepare  for  sea.  The  sailors 
of  his  flagship,  the  Royal  George,  instead  of 
weighing  anchor  ran  up  the  shrouds  and  gave 
three  cheers.  The  shouts  were  echoed  from  every 
ship  at  Spithead.  Those  cheers,  so  often  the  prel- 
ude of  victory,  were  sounds  well  calculated  to 
strike  terror  into  the  heart  of  the  boldest  captain. 
They  were  the  signals  of  mutiny.  .  .  .  Although 
the  commands  of  the  admiral  to  put  to  sea  were 
set  at  naught — although  every  officer  saw  that 
his  power  of  compelling  obedience  was  gone, 
not  a  hand  was  raised  in  offence,  not  a  voice  was 
heard  in  disrespect.  [Thirty-two  delegates,  two 
from  each  ship,  met  in  Lord  Howe's  cabin  to  de- 
liberate. On  the  17th  every  seaman  was  sworn 
to  sustain  the  common  cause  ;]  on  the  fore-yard- 
arms  of  every  ship  ropes  were  reeved,  ready  for 
the  execution  of  summary  punishment  upon  any 
deserter.  [Two  petitions  were  drawn  up — one  to 
the  House  of  Commons  and  one  to  the  Admiralty, 
setting  forth  their  just  demands  with  temper  and 
discretion.]  The  pay  and  pensions  of  the  army 
had  been  increased,  while  the  seamen  had  been 
neglected.  [The  sailors  received  only  fourteen 
ounces  to  the  pound  in  the  provisions  served  out 
to  them,  two  ounces  being  retained  as  the  per- 
quisite of  the  purser.  They  had  short  quantities 
in  every  article  measured.  Their  food  was  bad. 
They  demanded  reform  and  also  pay  while  in 
hospital  from  wounds  received  during  action, 
until  discharged.  The  mutiny  succeeded.  The 
reforms  were  made.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  19. 

3760.  MUTINY  of  Sailors.  Bntish  Navy.  [On 
the  22d  of  May,  1797,  the  fleet  at  the  Nore  were 
joined  by  four  men-of-war  and  a  sloop  which  de- 
serted from  the  fleet  blockading  the  Texel.  Their 
acts  were  those  of  a  foreign  enemy.  The  red  flag 
— the  pirate's  signal,  which  implied  no  quarter 
would  be  given — was  hoisted.  Merchant  ves- 
sels were  intercepted.  The  mutineers  had  not 
the  support  of  the  other  fleets,  and  they  were  not 
united  among  themselves.  Soon  all  the  vessels 
returned  to  their  duties  without  gaining  any 
concessions  from  the  government.  The  leader 
of  the  revolt  was  executed.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  7,  ch.  19,  p.  340. 

3761.  MYSTEEIES,  Inexplicable.  Samuel 
Johnson.  I  introduced  the  subject  of  second- 
sight,  and  other  mysterious  manifestations,  the 
fulfilment  of  which,  I  suggested,  might  happen 
Ijy  chance.  Johnson:  "  Yes,  sir,  but  they  have 
happened  so  often,  that  mankind  have  agreed  to 
think  them  not  fortuitous."  I  talked  to  him  a 
^reat  deal  of  what  I  had  seen  in  Corsica,  and  of 
my  intention  to  publish  an  account  of  it.  He 
encouraged  me  by  saying,  "  You  cannot  go  to 
the  bottdm  of  the  subject ;  but  all  that  you  tell 
us  will  be  new  to  us.  Give  us  as  many  anec- 
dotes as  you  can." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  142. 

3762.  MYSTICISM,  Methods  of.  Monkery.  A 
holy  abbe,  superior  of  thousands  of  monks,  ex- 
plained ;  "When  you  are  alone  in  your  cell, 
shut  the  door  and  sit  in  a  corner.  Elevate  your 
imagination  above  all  transitory  and  vain  things  ; 
rest  your  beard  and  your  chin  upon  your  breast ; 
turn  your  eyes  and  thoughts  toward  the  middle 
of  your  belly  where  the  navel  is  placed,  and 


search  for  the  seat  of  the  soul.  All  will  at  first 
appear  to  you  disorder,  obscurity,  confusion. 
But  if  you  persevere  night  and  day,  you  will  ex-  J 
perience  a  delicious  pleasure.  From  the  moment  M 
the  soul  discovers  the  place  of  the  heart,  it  en- 
joys a  mystic  and  ethereal  illumination." — Lam- 
artine's  Turkey,  p.  226. 

3763.  MYTHS,  Origin  of.  West  Indians.  When 
ever  Columbus  approached  a  populous  vil- 
lage, he  placed  the  cavalry  in  front,  for  the 
horses  inspired  a  mingled  terror  and  admiration 
among  the  natives.  Las  Casas  observes  that  at 
first  they  supposed  the  rider  and  his  horse  to  be 
one  animal,  and  nothing  could  exceed  their  as"- 
tonishment  at  seeing  the  horsemen  dismount,  a 
circumstance  which  shows  that  the  alleged  ori- 
gin of  the  ancient  fable  of  the  centaurs  is  at  least 
founded  in  nature.  On  the  approach  of  the  army 
the  Indians  generallj^  fled  with  terror,  and  took 
refuge  in  their  houses. — Irving's  Columbus, 
Book  6,  ch.  9. 

3764.  NAME  abandoned.  In  Scotland.  [The 
Earl  of  Argyle  was  captured  after  a  vain  at- 
tempt to  rebel  against  James  II.]  The  man 
who  bore  the  chief  part  in  the  arrest  was  named 
Riddell.  On  this  account  the  whole  race  of 
Riddells  was,  during  more  than  a  century,  held 
in  abhorrence  by  the  great  tribe  of  Campbell. 
Within  living  memory,  when  a  Riddell  visited 
a  fair  in  Argyleshire,  he  found  it  necessary  to 
assume  a  false  name. — M ac aula y's  Eng.  ,  ch.  5, 
p.  519. 

3765.  NAME,  Aid  of  a.  Alexander.  Pyrrhus, 
taking  up  arms, .  . .  marched  against  Bercea.  The 
night  before  he  set  out  he  dreamed  that  Alex- 
ander the  Great  called  him,  and  that  when  he 
came  to  him  he  found  him  sick  in  bed,  but  was 
received  with  many  obliging  expressions  of 
friendship,  and  a  promise  of  sudden  assistance. 
Pyrrhus  said,  "  How  can  you,  sir,  who  are  sick, 
be  able  to  assist  me  ?"  Alexander  answered,  "I 
will  do  it  with  my  name  ;"  and  at  the  same  time 
he  mounted  a  Nisaean  horse,  and  seemed  to  lead 
the  way. — Plutarch's  Pyrrhus. 

3766.  NAME,  Change  of.  Bobert.  [Robert,  son 
of  Richard  II.,  was]  sometimes  styled  "  Robert 
the  Magnificent,"  and  more  commonly  "  Rob- 
ert the  Devil." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch,  13, 
p.  168. 

3767.  NAME,  A  detested.  Jeffreys.  Jeffreys 
had  done  his  work,  and  returned  to  claim  his  re- 
ward. He  arrived  at  Windsor  from  the  West, 
leaving  carnage,  mourning,  and  terror  behind 
him.  The  hatred  with  which  he  was  regarded 
in  Somersetshire  has  no  parallel  in  our  history. 
It  was  not  to  be  quenched  by  time  or  by  political 
changes,  was  long  transmitted  from  generation 
to  generation,  and  raged  fiercely  against  his 
innocent  progeny.  When  he  had  been  many 
years  dead,  when  his  name  and  title  were  ex- 
tinct, his  granddaughter,  the  Countess  of  Pom- 
fret,  travelling  along  the  western  road,  was  in- 
sulted by  the  populace,  and  found  that  she  could 
not  safely  venture  herself  among  the  descendants 
of  those  who  had  witnessed  the  bloody  assizes. 
But  at  the  court  Jeffreys  was  cordially  welcomed. 
He  was  a  judge  after  his  master's  own  heart.— 
Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  5,  p.  610. 

376S.  NAME^  Difference  in.      Unimportant. 
When  the  ambassadors  of  Antiochus  [the  Great^ 


NAME— NAMES. 


445 


represented  to  the  Achoeans  how  numerous  the 
king's  forces  were,  and,  to  make  them  appear 
still  more  so,  reckoned  them  up  by  all  their  dif- 
ferent names,  "  I  supped  once,"  said  Flamlnius, 
"  v/ith  a  friend  ;  and  upon  my  complaining  of 
the  great  number  of  dishes,  and  expressing  my 
wonder  how  he  could  furnish  his  table  with  such 
a  vast  variety,  '  Be  not  uneasy  about  that,'  said 
my  friend, '  for  it  is  all  hog's  flesh  ;  and  the  differ- 
ence is  only  in  the  dressing  and  the  sauce.'  In 
like  manner,  I  say  to  you,  my  Achaean  friend, 
be  not  astonished  at  the  number  of  Antiochus' 
forces,  at  these  pikemen,  these  halberdiers  and 
cuirassiers  ;  for  they  are  all  Syrians,  only  distin- 
guished by  the  trifling  arms  they  bear." — Plu- 
tarch's Flaminius. 

I  3769.  NAME  falsified.  Conquerors.  The  odi- 
i  ous  name  of  conquerors  was  softened  into  the 
mild  and  friendly  appellation  of  ihegii£sts  of  the 
Romans  ;  and  the  barbarians  of  Gaul,  more  es- 
pecially the  Goths,  repeatedly  declared  that  they 
were  bound  to  the  people  by  the  ties  of  hospital- 
ity, and  to  the  emperor  by  the  duty  of  allegiance 
and  military  service. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31, 
p.  315. 

3770.  NAME,  A  fearful.    Richard  I.     Ifhero- 
i    ism  be  confined  to  brutal  and  ferocious  valor, 

Richard  Plantagenet  will  stand  high  among  the 
heroes  of  the  age.  The  memory  of  Gceur  de  Lion, 

;  of  the  lion-hearted  prince,  was  long  dear  and 
glorious  to  his  English  subjects  ;  and,  at  the  dis- 

;  tance  of  sixty  years,  it  was  celebrated  in  prover- 
bial sayings  by  the  grandsons  of  the  Turks  and 
Saracens,  against  whom  he  had  fought ;  his  tre- 
mendous name  was  employed  by  the  Syrian 
mothers  to  silence  their  infants  ;  and  if  a  horse 
suddenly  started  from  the  way,  his  rider  was 
wont  to  exclaim,  "  Dost  thou  think  King  Rich- 
ard is  in  that  bush  ?" — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  49, 
p.  33. 

3771.  NAME,  A  helpful.  "Washington."  At 
Rome  he  was  strongly  tempted  to  turn  painter  ; 
and  it  was  there  also  that  he  was  the  recipient  of 
attentions  more  flattering  than  he  could  account 
for  until  just  as  he  was  going  away.  "  Tell  me, 
sir,"  said  a  great  Roman  banker,  who  had  paid 
him  particular  honor,  ' '  are  you  a  relative  of 
General  Washington  ?"  He  thus  learned  that 
he  had  been  indebted  for  unexpected  invitations 
and  other  civilities  to  his  supposed  relationship 
to  our  first  President.  Mr.  Irving,  after  telling 
this  anecdote,  used  sometimes  to  add  to  it  an- 
other. An  English  lady  and  her  daughter  paused 
in  a  gallery  of  art  before  a  bust  of  Washingtmi. 
"  Mother,"  said  the  daughter,  "  who  was  Wash- 
ington ?"  "  Why,  my  dear,  don't  you  know  ? 
He  wrote  the  Sketch  Book." — Cyclopedia  of 
BioG.,  p.  721. 

3772.  NAME,  Posthumous.  Gcesar.  [The  au- 
thority of]  Caesar  was  so  formidable  in  Rome, 
that  it  supported  his  friends  even  after  he  was 
dead.  And  a  simple  boy  rose  to  the  first  emi- 
nence of  power  by  adopting  his  name,  which 
served  as  a  charm  against  the  envy  and  the  in- 
fluence of  Antony. — Pldtarch. 

3773.  NAME,  A  terrible.  General  Jackson. 
In  the  latter  part  of  1817  the  Seminole  Indians 
on  the  frontiers  of  Georgia  and  Alabama  became 
hostile.  Some  bad  negroes  and  treacherous 
Creeks  joined  the  savages  in  their  depredations. 


General  Gaines,  commandant  of  a  post  on  Flint 
River,  "wfas  sent  into  the  Seminole  country,  but 
after  destroying  a  few  villages  his  forces  were 
found  inadequate  to  conquer  the  red  man. 
General  Jackson  was  then  ordered  to  collect  from 
the  adjacent  States  a  sufficient  army  and  reduce 
the  Seminoles  to  submission.  Instead  of  follow- 
ing his  directions,  that  stern  and  self-willed  man 
mustered  1000  riflemen  from  West  Tennessee, 
and  in  the  spring  of  1818  overran  the  hostile 
country  with  little  opposition.  The  Indians  were 
afraid  to  fight  the  man  whom  they  had  named 
the  Big  Knife.— Ridpatii's  U.  S.,  ch.  52,  p.  418. 

3774.  NAMES,  Burdened  with.  The  Welsh. 
Henry  [VIII.]  himself,  it  will  be  remembered, 
was  of  Welsh  descent ;  and  he  strongly  recom- 
mended it  to  the  Welsh  to  adopt  the  mode  of 
most  civilized  nations,  in  taking  family  names, 
instead  of  their  manner  c  f  adding  their  father's, 
and,  perhaps,  their  grandfather's  name  to  their 
own  Christian  one,  as  Morgan  ap  WiUiams,  or 
Richard  ap  Morgan  ap  Williams. — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  2,  p.  26. 

3775.  NAMES,  Coincidence  in.  Bacon.  In 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  however,, 
arose  a  genius  of  singular  eminence,  who,  pierc- 
ing at  once  through  the  thickest  cloud  of  igno- 
rance and  barbarism,  seemed  formed  to  enlight- 
en Europe.  This  was  Roger  Bacon,  an  English 
Franciscan  friar,  who  in  variety  and  extent  of 
genius  is  entitled  most  deservedly  to  the  highest 
rank  in  the  annals  of  European  literature.  He 
was  acquainted  with  all  the  ancient  languages, 
and  familiar  with  the  works  of  their  best  au- 
thors. At  that  time,  when  every  pretender  to 
knowledge  drew  his  creed  of  science  from  the 
works  of  Aristotle,  and  servilely  adhered  to  his 
dogmas  and  opinions,  the  genius  of  Roger  Bacon 
saw  the  insufficiency  of  that  philosophy  ;  and  he 
began  to  apply  himself  with  indefatigable  indus- 
try to  that  method  of  investigation  by  experi- 
ment, and  by  the  observation  of  nature,  which 
was  afterward,  at  the  distance  of  four  centuries, 
so  happily  pursued  and  so  strenuously  recom- 
mended by  an  illustrious  philosopher  of  the  same 
name,  Francis  Bacon,  Lord  Verulam.  In  the 
"  Opus  Majus"  of  Roger  Bacon  he  declares  that 
if  it  had  been  in  his  power,  he  would  have  burnt 
the  whole  works  of  Aristotle  qtiia  eorum  studium 
nan  est  nisi  temporis  amissio,  et  causa  erroris,  et 
multipUcatio  ignorantim.  Accordingly,  this  great 
man,  applying  himself  to  the  improvement  of 
philosophy  by  observation  and  experiment,  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  some  of  the  most  impor- 
tant discoveries  in  astronomy,  in  optics,  in  chem- 
istry, in  medicine,  and  in  mechanics. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  16,  p.  246. 

3776.  NAMES,  High-sounding.  In  Canton. 
The  streets  are  narrow  and  common,  but  they 
have  high-sounding  names,  the  Broadway  of 
Canton  being  called  "  Benevolence  ;"  others  are 
named  "Peace,"  "Bright  Cloud,"  "Longevi- 
ty," " Early-Bestowed  Blessings,"  "Everlasting 
Love,"  "  One  Hundred  Grandsons,"  "  One  Thou- 
sand Grandsons,"  "Five  Happinesses,"  "Re- 
freshing Breezes,"  "Accumulated  Blessings," 
"Ninefold  Brightness,"  etc. — General  Grant's 
Travels,  p.  397. 

3777.  NAMES,  Influence  of.  Government. 
The  title  of  king  had  armed  the  Romans  against 
his  life.     Augustus  was  sensible  that  mankind  is 


446 


NAMES— NATION. 


governed  by  names  ;  nor  was  he  deceived  in  his 
expectation  that  the  Senate  and  people  would 
submit  to  slavery,  provided  they  were  respect- 
fully assured  that  they  still  enjoyed  their  ancient 
freedom.  A  feeble  Senate  and  enervated  people 
cheerfully  acquiesced  in  the  pleasing  illusion,  as 
long  as  it  was  supported  by  the  virtue,  or  even 
by  the  prudence,  of  the  successors  of  Augustus. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  3,  p.  87. 

3778.  NAMES,  Memorizing.  Sa/muel  Johnson. 
Nothing  is  more  common  than  to  mistake  sur- 
names when  we  hear  them  carelessly  uttered  for 
the  first  time.  To  prevent  this,  he  used  not  only 
to  pronounce  them  slowly  and  distinctly,  but  to 
take  the  trouble  of  spelling  them — a  practice 
which  I  have  often  followed,  and  which  I  wish 
were  general. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  489. 

3779.  NAMES,  Unimportant.  Victory.  Blake 
did  not  trouble  himself  with  governing  trouble- 
some people  ;  his  work  lay  in  fighting  England's 
enemies  and  maintaining  England's  honor  on  the 
seas.  First  we  find  him  in  conflict  again  with 
an  old  land  foe.  Prince  Rupert,  who  had  also  be- 
taken himself  to  the  waters.  Blake  followed  him 
to  the  Tagus,  trailing  after  him  the  Common- 
wealth's men-of-war  with  their  homely  names  of 
the  Tiger,  the  Tenth  Whelp,  John,  Signet ; 
homely  vessels  no  doubt,  but  they  succeeded  in 
scattering  Rupert's  vessels  with  their  finer  names, 
and  the  prince,  with  the  fragments  of  his  fleet, 
hurried  away  to  the  West  Indies. — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  16,  p.  205. 

37§0.  NATION,  Characterized.  Indian.  The 
Indians  were  strongly  marked  with  national  pe- 
culiarities. The  most  striking  characteristic  of 
the  race  was  a  certain  sense  of  personal  inde- 
pendence, wilfulness  of  action,  freedom  from  re- 
straint. To  the  red  man's  imagination  the  idea 
of  a  civil  authority  which  should  subordinate  his 
passions,  curb  his  will,  and  thwart  his  purposes 
was  intolerable.  Among  this  people  no  common 
enterprise  was  possible  unless  made  so  by  the 
concurrence  of  free  wills.  If  the  chieftain  en- 
tered the  war-path,  his  kinsman  and  the  braves 
of  other  tribes  followed  him  only  because  they 
chose  his  leadership.  His  authority  and  right  of 
command  extended  no  further  than  to  be  fore- 
most in  danger,  most  cunning  in  savage  strategy, 
bravest  in  battle.  So  of  all  the  relations  of  Ind- 
ian life. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  1,  p.  44. 

37§1.  NATION,  A  conceited.  England.  [A 
Venetian  traveller  says]  they  think  there  are  no 
other  men  than  themselves,  and  no  other  world 
but  England  ;  and  whenever  they  see  a  hand- 
some foreigner,  they  say  that  he  looks  like  an 
Englishman. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15, 
p.  254. 

37§2.  NATION,  A  degenerate.  Moha/mmedans. 
Othman  was  succeeded  by  Ali,  the  son-in-law  of 
Mahomet.  This  prince,  whose  name  is  to  this 
day  revered  by  the  Mohammedans,  inherited,  in 
many  respects,  the  genius  of  his  father-in-law. 
-  .  .  The  genius  of  the  Arabians,  fired  by  en- 
thusiasm and  invigorated  by  conquest,  seemed 
now  in  the  train  of  carrying  everything  before 
it.  It  is  wonderful  what  may  be  achieved  by  a 
people  who  are  once  in  the  track  of  glory.  Na- 
.  tions,  in  fact,  seem  to  have  their  ages  of  brill- 
iancy, when  all  is  life,  and  vigor,  and  enterprise  ; 
and  these  perhaps  preceded,  and  again  to  be  fol- 


lowed by,  an  era  of  inanimation,  weakness,  and 
degeneracy.  In  this  splendid  period  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  Saracens,  their  conquests  were  in- 
credible. Within  half  a  century  from  the  first 
opening  of  the  career  of  Mahomet  they  had 
raised  an  empire  more  extensive  than  what  re- 
mained, at  this  time,  of  the  dominion  of  the  Ro- 
mans.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6.  ch.  1,  p.  54. 

_  3783. .     Moors.     Spain  was  at  this 

time  chiefly  possessed  by  the  Moors.  The  Chris- 
tians occupied  about  a  fourth  part  of  the  coun- 
try, and  that  the  most  barren  of  the  whole.  .  .  . 
The  Moors  possessed  the  rest  of  the  country, 
comprehending  Portugal.  Their  capital . . .  was 
the  city  of  Cordova,  a  rnost  delightful  residence, 
which  they  had  adorned  with  every  embellish- 
ment of  art  and  magnificence.  These  Arabians 
were  at  this  time,  perhaps,  the  most  refined  and 
polished  people  in  the  world.  Luxury  and 
pleasure  at  length  corrupted  the  princes  of  the 
Moors,  and  their  dominions,  in  the  tenth  cen- 
tury, were  split  among  a  number  of  petty 
sovereigns. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  7, 
p.  125. 

3784. ;  England,  1756.  Effemina- 
cy, vanity,  luxury,  rapacity,  universally  pre- 
vailed. Religion  was  despised.  The  principle 
of  honor  was  lost  or  totally  corrupted.  The 
national  capacity  was  lowered.  The  national 
spirit  of  defence  was  impaired. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  6,  ch.  14,  p.  212. 

3785.  NATION,  Heterogeneous.  Borne.  Romu- 
lus .  . .  built  his  city,  having  sent  for  persons  from 
Hetruria,  who  (as  is  usual  in  sacred  mysteries), 
according  to  stated  ceremonies  and  written  rules, 
were  to  order  and  direct  how  everything  was  to 
be  done.  First,  a  circular  ditch  was  dug  about 
what  is  now  called  the  Comitium,  or  Hall  of 
Justice,  and  the  first-fruits  of  everything  that  is 
reckoned  either  good  by  use  or  necessary  by 
nature  were  cast  into  it ;  and  then  each  bring- 
ing a  small  quantity  of  the  earth  of  the  country 
from  whence  became,  threw  it  in  promiscuously. 
This  ditch  had  the  name  of  Mundus,  the  same 
with  that  of  the  universe. — Plutarch's  Romu- 
lus. 

3786.  NATION,  An  inconsiderate.  Feare d. 
[William  Pitt  and  Edmund  Burke  were  Eng- 
land's famous  statesmen.]  In  1791  Pitt  invited 
Burke  to  dine  with  him.  After  dinner  Burke 
was  earnestly  representing  the  danger  which 
threatened  the  country  from  French  [revolu- 
tionary] principles,  when  Pitt  said,  "  Never  fear, 
Mr  Burke  ;  depend  on  it,  we  shall  go  on  as  we 
are  tiU  the  day  of  judgment."  "Very  likely, 
sir,"  replied  Burke;  "it  is  the  day  of  no  judg- 
ment that  I  am  afraid  of." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  7,  ch.  11,  p.  207. 

3787.  NATION,  Prospective.  New  France. 
In  the  month  of  January,  1524,  Verrazzani  left 
the  shores  of  Europe.  His  fleet  consisted  at  first 
of  four  vessels,  but  three  of  them  were  dam- 
aged in  a  storm,  and  the  voyage  was  undertaken 
with  a  single  ship  called  the  Dolphin.  .  .  .  The 
whole  coast  of  New  Jersey  was  explored,  and 
the  hills  marked  as  containing  minerals.  The 
harbor  of  New  York  was  entered,  and  its  safe 
and  spacious  waters  noted  with  admiration.  At 
Newport,  R.  I.,  Verrazzani  anchored  for  fif- 
teen days,  and  a  trade  was  again  opened  with 
the   Indians.       Before  leaving   the   place  the 


NATION— NATURE. 


*i7 


;  Trench  sailors  repaid  the  confidence  of  the  na- 
'  tives  by  kidnapping  a  child  and  attempting  to 
■steal  a  defenceless  Indian  girl.  Sailing  from 
I  Newport,  Verrazzani  continued  his  explorations 
f  jiorthward.  The  long  and  broken  line  of  the 
New  England  coast  was  traced  with  consider- 
:able  care. .  .  .  Passing  to  the  east  of  Nova  Scotia, 
the  bold  navigator  reached  Newfoundland  in 
the  latter  part  of  May.  In  July  he  returned  tg 
France,  and  published  an  account,  still  extant, 
•of  his  great  discoveries.  The  name  of  New 
Prance  was  now  given  to  the  whole  country 
whose  sea-coast  had  been  traced  by  the  adven- 
turous crew  of  the  Dolphin. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
<!h.  5,  p.  70. 

37§8.  NATION  rescued,  A.  Battle  at  Leu- 
tJien.  [Frederick  the  Great  against  the  Austri- 
.ans,  after  suffering  great  disasters.  His  enemies 
•combined  against  Prussia.  Great  was  the  valor 
•shown  and  the  victory  won.  See  No.  1236.] 
The  soldiers  knew  how  the  rescue  of  their  nation 
hung  on  that  battle  ;  and  as  a  grenadier  on  the 
field  of  carnage  began  to  sing,  "Thanks  be  to 
God,"  the  whole  army,  in  the  darkness  of  even- 
ing, standing  amid  thousands  of  the  dead,  up- 
lifted the  hymn  of  praise. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
Tol.  4,  ch.  13. 

3789.  NATION,  Shameful.  Spain.  The  guns 
of  the  enemy  rolled  no  more  round  the  British 
coast  till  Cromwell  was  dead  and  Charles  Stuart 
came  back  ;  and  then,  indeed,  even  London 
herself  heard  them  thundering  up  the  Medway 
.and  the  Thames.  Turks,  pirates,  and  corsairs — 
these  were  swept  away  of  course  ;  but  in  those 
<days  Spain  herself  was  but  a  kingdom  of  rob- 
bers and  buccaneers.  Waves  of  golden  romance, 
•what  imagination  does  not  kindle  over  the  sto- 
xies  of  the  Spanish  Main  !  The  power  of  Spain 
was  there — Spain,  the  bloodiest  power  of  Eu- 
Tope  ;  Spain,  the  land  of  the  Inquisition  ;  Spain, 
the  disgraced,  degraded  land  of  every  supersti- 
tion. Against  her  Cromwell  declared  war.  Al- 
liance with  France,  hostility  to  Spain,  and  we 
lave  seen  how  the  immortal  Blake  and  his  flre- 
jships  scoured  those  distant  seas.  That  great 
.sea-king  ! — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  16,  p.  217. 

3790.  NATIONS  contrasted.  Athenians — La- 
<edcemonians.  The  manners  of  the  Athenians 
formed  a  most  striking  contrast  to  those  of  the 
Lacedaemonians.  It  is,  in  fact,  hardly  possi- 
ble to  find  a  greater  dissimilarity  even  in  na- 
tions inhabiting  the  most  opposite  extremes  of 

\  the  earth.  The  Athenian  found,  either  in  his 
Jelish  for  serious  business  or  in  his  taste  for 
pleasure,  a  constant  occupation.  The  arts  at 
Athens  met  with  the  highest  encouragement. 

i*The  luxury  of  the  rich  perpetually  employed 
the  industry  of  the  poor  ;  and  the  sciences  were 
gultivated  with  the  same  ardor  as  the  arts  ;  for 
the  connection  of  mental  enjoyments  with  mod- 
derate  gratification  of  sense  is  the  refinement  of 
luxury.  But  in  the  pleasures  of  the  Athenians, 
unless,  indeed,  in  the  most  corrupted  times  of 
the  commonwealth,  decency  was  most  scrupu- 
lously observed.  We  have  seen  those  rigid  re- 
straints on  the  conduct  of  magistrates.  An  ar- 
chon  convicted  of  drunkenness  was,  for  the 
first  offence, condemned  to  pay  a  heavy  fine,  and 
for  a  second  was  punished  with  death.  This 
general  decency  of  character  was  much  heigh t- 
■ened  by  a  certain  urbanity  of  manners,  which 


eminently  distinguished  the  Athenians  above  all 
the  other  States  of  Greece. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  1,  ch.  10,  p.  107. 

3791.  NATIONS,  Union  of.  Commonwealth. 
Henry  IV.  devised  a  grand  scheme,  which  con- 
sisted in  the  formation  of  a  confederacy  or  com- 
monwealth of  nations,  embracing  within  itself, 
on  a  perfectly  equal  footing,  the  three  prevailing 
forms  of  Christianity — the  Catholic,  the  Luther- 
an, and  the  Reformed — and  guaranteeing  the 
free  enjoyment  of  those  political  institutions  ^y 
which  each  member  might  prefer.  The  associ- 
ation was  to  comprise  six  hereditary  monarchies 

— France,  Spain,  Great  Britain,  Denmark,  Swe- 
den, and  Savoy,  or  Northern  Italy  ;  six  elective 
monarchies  —  the  empire,  Poland,  Hungary, 
Venice,  Bohemia,  and  the  Papal  States ;  and 
three  republics — the  Netherlands,  Switzerland, 
and  the  Italian  Republic,  containing  Genoa, 
Lucca,  and  other  small  provinces.  .  .  .  The  equi- 
librium thus  established  was  to  be  maintained 
by  a  federal  council  or  diet,  the  decisions  of 
which  were  to  be  final  in  all  cases  of  dispute 
between  the  associated  States. — Students' 
France,  ch.  18,  §  13. 

3792.  NATIONS,  Vanishing.  Algonquins.  It 
appears  that  their  original  seat  was  on  the  Ottawa 
River.  At  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury the  Algonquins  numbered  fully  a  quarter  of 
a  million.  The  tribes  of  this  great  family  were 
nomadic  in  their  habits,  roaming  from  one  hunt- 
ing ground  and  river  to  another,  according  to 
the  exigencies  of  fishing  and  the  chase.  Agri- 
culture was  but  little  esteemed.  They  were  di- 
vided into  many  subordinate  tribes,  each  having 
its  local  name,  dialect,  and  traditions.  When  the 
first  European  settlements  were  planted  the  Al- 
gonquin race  was  already  declining  in  numbers 
and  influence.  Wasting  diseases  destroyed  whole 
tribes.  Of  all  the  Indian  nations,  the  Algonquins 
suffered  most  from  contact  with  the  white  man. 
Before  his  aggressive  spirit,  his  fiery  rum,  and 
his  destructive  weapons,  the  warriors  were  una.- 
ble  to  stand.  The  race  has  withered  to  a  shadow  ; 
only  a  few  thousands  remain  to  rehearse  the 
story  of  their  ancestors. — Ridpath's  U.S.,  ch.  1, 
p.  42. 

3793.  NATUEE  vs.  Art.  Samuel  Johnson. 
BoswELL  :  "  I  am  well  assured  that  the  people 
of  Otaheite  who  have  the  bread  tree,  the  fruit  of 
which  serves  them  for  bread,  laughed  heartily 
when  they  were  informed  of  the  tedious  process 
necessary  with  us  to  have  bread — ploughing, 
sowing,  harrowing,  reaping,  threshing,  grinding, 
baking."  Johnson:  "Why,  sir,  all  ignorant 
savages  will  laugh  when  they  are  told  of  the  ad- 
vantages of  civilized  life.  Were  you  to  tell  men 
who  live  without  houses  how  we  pile  brick  upon 
brick,  and  rafter  upon  rafter,  and  that  after  a 
house  is  raised  to  a  certain  height  a  man  tum- 
bles off  a  scaffold  and  breaks  his  neck,  he 
would  laugh  heartily  at  our  folly  in  building  ; 
but  it  does  not  follow  that  men  are  better  with- 
out houses.  No,  sir,"  holding  up  a  slice  of  a  good 
loaf,  "this  is  better  than  the  bread-tree." — Bos> 
well's  Johnson,  p.  216. 

3794.  NATUEE,  Demands  of.  Isaac  Newton. 
Early  in  his  college  career  Newton  would  spend 
a  whole  nigh',  in  the  solution  of  a  mathematical 
problem,  and  would  greet  him  [his  friend]  in  the 
morning  with  a  joyful  salutation,  seeming  to  be 


548 


NATURE— NECESSITY. 


as  much  refreshed  by  his  success  as  if  he  had 
spent  the  night  in  sleep.  He  would  leave  his 
dinner  untasted  on  the  table,  hour  after  hour, 
while  he  brooded  over  some  mathematical  diffi- 
culty, and  at  length  order  the  dishes  to  be  re- 
moved, not  being  aware  that  he  had  no  dinner. 
Nature  will  not  suspend  her  laws  even  in  favor 
of  her  most  illustrious  interpreter.  The  bloom 
faded  from  his  cheeks  ;  his  digestion  became  im- 
paired, and  a  serious  illness  threatened  his  life. 
He  took  warning,  as  he  remarked,  and  "  learned 
to  go  to  bed  betimes." — Pakton's  Newton, 
p.  79. 

3795.  NATTJEE  depreciated.  Samuel  John- 
son. We  walked  in  the  evening  in  Greenwich 
Park.  He  asked  me,  I  suppose,  by  way  of  try- 
ing my  disposition,  "Is  not  this  very  fine?" 
Having  no  exquisite  relish  of  the  beauties  of  na- 
ture, and  being  more  delighted  with  "  the  busy 
hum  of  men,"  I  answered,  "Yes,  sir;  but  not 
equal  to  Fleet  Street."  Johnson:  "You  are 
right,  sir." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  127. 

3796.  NATUEE,  Irrepressible.  Andrew  Jack- 
son. The  new  President  was  a  native  of  North 
Carolina,  born  on  the  Waxhaw,  March  15,  1767. 
His  belligerent  nature  broke  out  in  boyhood, 
and  his  mother's  plan  of  devoting  him  to  the 
ministry  was  hopelessly  defeated. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  54,  p.  426. 

3797.  NATUBE  misinterpreted.  Providence. 
It  was  the  fashion  of  the  times  to  attribute  every 
remarkable  event  to  the  particular  will  of  the 
Deity  ;  the  alterations  of  nature  were  connected, 
by  an  invisible  chain,  with  the  moral  and  meta- 
physical opinions  of  the  human  mind  ;  and  the 
most  sagacious  divines  could  distinguish,  accord- 
ing to  the  color  of  their  respective  prejudices, 
that  the  establishment  of  heresy  tended  to  pro- 
duce an  earthquake,  or  that  a  deluge  was  the 
inevitable  consequence  of  the  progress  of  sin  and 
error. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26,  p.  2. 

3798.  NATUEE,  EeUef  in.  Edmund  Burke. 
It  is  still  a  touching  picture  to  the  historic  imag- 
ination to  follow  him  from  the  heat  and  violence 
of  the  House,  where  tipsy  squires  derided  the 
greatest  genius  of  his  time,  down  to  the  calm 
shades  of  Beacon  sfleld,  where  he  would  with  his 
own  hands  give  food  to  a  starving  beggar,  or 
medicine  to  a  peasant  sick  of  the  ague  ;  where 
he  would  talk  of  the  weather,  the  turnips,  and 
the  hay  with  the  team-men  and  the  farm-bailiff  ; 
and  where,  in  the  evening  stillness,  he  would 
pace  the  walk  under  the  trees,  and  reflect  on  the 
state  of  Europe  and  the  distractions  of  his  coun- 
try.— Morley's  Burke,  ch.  6. 

3799.  NATUEB,  Secrets  of.  Reign  of  Charles 
II.  The  great  work  of  interpreting  nature  was 
performed  by  the  English  of  that  age  as  it  had 
never  before  been  performed  in  any  age  by  any 
nation.  The  spirit  of  Francis  Bacon  was  abroad — 
a  spirit  admirably  compounded  of  audacity  and 
sobriety.  There  was  a  strong  persuasion  that 
the  whole  world  was  full  of  secrets  of  high  mo- 
ment to  the  happiness  of  man,  and  that  man  had, 
by  his  Maker,  been  intrusted  with  the  key  which, 
rightly  used,  would  give  access  to  them.  There 
was,  at  the  same  time,  a  conviction  that  in  phys- 
ics it  was  impossible  to  arrive  at  the  knowledge 
of  general  laws  except  by  the  careful  observation 
of  particular  facts. — Mac aul ay's  Eng.,  ch.  3, 
p.  381. 


3S00.  NAVIGATION  undeveloped.  A.D.  300. 
So  imperfect  in  those  times  was  the  art  of  navi- 
gation, that  orators  have  celebrated  the  daring 
courage  of  the  Romans,  who  ventured  to  set  sail 
with  a  side-wind,  and  on  a  stormy  day. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  13,  p.  412. 

3§01.  NAVY,  A  formidable.  Invincible  Ar- 
mada. Queen  Elizabeth,  who  openly  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Hollanders,  had,  by  one  of  her 
admirals.  Sir  Francis  Drake,  taken  and  plun- 
dered some  of  the  Spanish  settlements  in  Amer- 
ica. To  revenge  these  injuries,  Philip  [II.]  pre- 
pared for  an  invasion  of  the  kingdom  of  Eng- 
land, and  equipped  the  Invincible  Armada,  the- 
most  formidable  naval  armament  that  had  ever 
been  raised  by  any  single  nation.  This  immense 
armament  consisted  of  150  large  ships  of  war, 
manned  by  20,000  soldiers  and  upward  of  8000 
seamen,  besides  2000  galley-slaves,  and  armed 
with  3000  pieces  of  cannon.  To  co-operate  with 
this  prodigious  naval  force,  30,000  men  were  tO' 
be  conveyed  in  transports  from  Flanders,  and  a 
general  insurrection  was  expected  of  all  the  Cath- 
olics in  Britain  to  depose  Elizabeth,  and  place 
her  cousin,  Mary  of  Scotland,  upon  the  throne 
of  England. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  26, 
p.  369. 

3§02.  NAVY,  Need  of.  Peter  the  Great.  He 
next  turned  his  attention  to  the  creation  of  a 
navy.  His  father,  in  pursuance  of  the  same  de- 
sign, had  caused  one  ship  to  be  built  for  him  in 
Holland  ;  but  that  one  ship,  the  whole  navy  of 
Russia,  had  been  burnt,  and  in  all  the  empire 
there  were  but  two  men  capable  of  navigating 
a  ship.  Peter  sought  out  these  two  men,  one  of 
whom  proved  to  be  a  man  of  great  ability  ;  and 
him  the  czar  promoted  to  the  post  of  chief  con- 
structor. Workmen  were  brought  from  Hol- 
land ;  a  navy-yard  was  established  ;  and  soon 
the  first  vessel  was  launched. — Cyclopedia  op 
BiOG.,  p.  429. 

3803.  NECESSITY,  Law  of.  Captain  John 
Smith.  Descending  James  River  as  far  as  Hamp- 
ton Roads,  he  landed  with  his  five  companions, 
went  boldly  among  the  natives,  and  began  to- 
offer  them  hatchets  and  copper  coins  in  exchange 
for  com.  The  Indians  only  laughed  at  the  pro- 
posal, and  then  mocked  the  half-starved  foreign- 
ers by  offering  to  barter  a  piece  of  bread  for 
Smith's  sword  and  musket.  Finding  that  good 
treatment  was  only  thrown  away,  the  Englisk 
formed  the  desperate  resolution  of  fighting.  He 
and  his  men  fired  a  volley  among  the  affrighted, 
savages,  who  ran  yelling  into  the  woods.  Going: 
straight  to  their  wigwams,  he  found  an  abundant 
store  of  corn,  but  forbid  his  men  to  take  a  grain 
until  the  Indians  should  return  to  attack  them. 
Sixty  or  seventy  painted  warriors,  headed  by  a 
priest  Avho  carried  an  idol  in  his  arms,  soon  came 
out  of  the  forest,  and  made  a  violent  onset.  The 
English  not*  only  stood  their  ground,  but  made  a 
rush,  wounded  several  of  the  natives,  and  capt- 
ured their  idol.  A  parley  now  ensued  ;  the  terri- 
fied priest  came  and  humbly  begged  for  his  fallen: 
deity,  but  Smith  stood  grimly  with  his  musket 
across  the  prostrate  idol,  and  would  grant  no- 
terms  until  six  unarmed  Indians  had  loaded  hi» 
boat  with  corn.  Then  the  image  was  given  up, 
beads  and  hatchets  were  liberally  distributed 
among  the  warriors,  who  ratified  "the  peace  by 
performing  a  dance  of  friendship,  while  Smith. 


NECROMANCY— NEWSPAPERS. 


449 


^    and  his  men  rowed  up  the  river  with  a  boat-load 
of  supplies. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  9,  p.  98. 

3804.  NECROMANCY,  Proof  of.  "Familiar 
£pirit."  Dr.  John  Dee,  an  astrologer  and  magi- 
cian, who  went  on  casting  nativities  and  raising 
spirits  till  the  days  of  James  I.,  had  come  into  re- 
pute in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century  ;  and 
he  got  into  trouble,  according  to  his  own  account, 
through  being  suspected  of  "  endeavoring,  by  en- 
chantments, to  destroy  Queen  Mary."  In  June, 
1555,  some  persons  were  apprehended,  "  that  did 
■calculate  the  king's  and  queen's  and  my  lady 
JElizabeth's  nativity  ;  whereof  one  Dee  and  Davy 
•are  accused,  that  they  should  have  a  familiar 
spirit."  The  familiar  spirit  was  believed  in,  be- 
■cause  one  of  their  accusers  had  "immediately 
upon  the  accusation  both  his  children  stricken, 
the  one  with  present  death  and  the  other  with 
J  Ijlindness." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  7,  p.  97. 

3S05.  NEGRO,  Blood  of  the.  Boston  Massacre. 
fBritish  soldiers  provoked  a  quarrel  in  the  streets 
^  of  Boston,  and  were  despised  and  insulted  by  the 
{  mob.]  Three  persons  were  killed,  among  them 
Attacks,  the  mulatto.  .  .  .  who  at  the  time  was 
•quietly  leaning  on  a  long  stick.  .  .  ,  Eight  were 
-wounded,  two  of  them  mortally.  Of  all  the 
■eleven,  not  more  than  one  had  had  any  share 
In  the  disturbance. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6, 
•ch.  43. 

3§06.  NEGROES  in  War.  American  Colonies. 
[In  Parliament,  a.d.  1775,  Lyttelton,  formerly 
Governor  of  South  Carolina,  favored  coercion, 
and]  explained  the  inherent  weakness  of  the 
Southern  colonies,  and  with  obvious  satisfaction 
intimated  that  "if  a  few  regiments  were  sent 
there,  the  negroes  would  imbrue  their  hands  in 
their  masters'  blood." — Bancroft's  U.S.,  vol.  8, 
ch.  51. 

3§07.  NERVOUSNESS  evinced.  SamuelJohn- 
■son.  Such  was  the  heat  and  irritability  of  his 
blood,  that  not  only  did  he  pare  his  nails  to  the 
-quick,  but  scraped  the  joints  of  his  Angers  with 
a  penknife,  till  they  seemed  quite  red  and  raw. 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  489. 

3§08.  NEUTRALITY  enforced.  French  Eev- 
olution.  [When  Louis  XVI.  was  captured  by  the 
revolutionists  and  returned  to  Paris,  placards 
were  posted  announcing,]  Whoever  shall  ap- 
plaud the  king  shall  be  flogged  ;  whoever  shall 
insult  him  shall  be  hanged. — Knight's  Eng. 
vol.  7,  ch.  10,  p.  203. 

3809.  NEUTRALITY,  Nominal.  Alabama. 
Most  destructive  of  all  the  Confederate  vessels 
was  the  famous  Alabama,  built  at  Liverpool. 
Her  commander  was  Captain  Raphael  Semmes, 
the  same  who  had  cruised  in  the  Sumter.  A 
majority  of  the  crew  of  the  Alabama  were  Brit- 
ish subjects  ;  her  armament  was  entirely  British ; 
and  whenever  occasion  required  the  British  flag 
was  carried.  In  her  whole  career,  involving  the 
destruction  of  sixty-six  vessels  and  a  loss  of 
$10,000,000,  to  the  merchant  service  of  the 
United  States,  she  never  entered  a  Confederate 
port,  but  continued  abroad,  capturing  and  burn- 
ing. Early  in  the  summer  of  1864  Semmes  en- 
tered the  harbor  of  Cherbourg,  France,  and  was 
there  discovered  by  Captain  Winslow,  command- 
er of  the  steamer  Kearsarge.  The  French 
<jovernment  gave  the  Confederate  captain  orders 
to  leave  the  port,  and  on  the  19th  of  June  he 


went  out  to  give  his  antagonist  battle.  Seven 
miles  from  the  shore  the  two  ships  closed  for  the 
death-struggle  ;  and  after  a  desperate  battle  of 
an  hour's  duration  the  Alabama  was  shattered 
and  sunk.  Semmes  and  a  part  of  his  officera  and 
crew  were  picked  up  by  the  English  yacht 
Deerhound  and  carried  to  Southampton. — Rid- 
path's U.  S.,  ch.  66,  p.  533. 

3810.  NEWS,  Fatal.  Dr.  Valentine  Mott. 
The  barber  of  Dr.  Mott  at  once  began  to  speak 
of  the  awful  news  of  that  morning.  The  doctor, 
who  had  heard  nothing  of  it,  was  overwhelmed 
with  the  intelligence.  He  turned  as  pale  as 
death.  Rising  from  his  chair,  he  staggered  to  an 
adjoining  room  in  search  of  his  wife.  "My 
dear,"  said  he,  ' '  I  have  received  such  a  shock  ; 
President  Lincoln  has  been  murdered."  Having 
uttered  these  words,  he  sat  down,  still  deadly 
pale,  and  so  feeble  that  he  could  scarcely  keep 
his  seat.  He  was  soon  seized  with  acute  pains 
in  the  back,  and  appeared  to  be  overtaken,  all 
at  once,  with  the  weakness  usually  attached  to 
fourscore.  From  that  time  he  continued  to 
grow  feebler  every  hour,  and  after  lingering 
ten  days  breathed  his  last — a  victim  of  the  same 
blow  that  robbed  the  nation  of  its  chief. — Cy- 
clopedia OF  BioG.,  p.  527. 

3811.  NEWS,  Writer  of.  Devices  in  x.-o.^m. 
His  brain,  which  was  his  estate,  had  as  regular 
and  different  products  as  other  men's  land. 
From  the  beginning  of  November  until  the  open- 
ing of  the  campaign  he  writ  pamphlets  and  let- 
ters to  members  of  Parliament  or  friends  in 
the  country.  But  sometimes  he  would  relieve 
his  ordinary  readers  with  a  murder,  and  lived 
comfortably  for  a  week  or  two  upon  strange  and 
lamentable  accidents.  A  little  before  the  armies 
took  the  field  his  way  was  to  open  your  attention 
with  a  prodigy  ;  and  a  monster  well  writ  was 
two  guineas  at  the  lowest  price.  This  prepared 
his  readers  for  the  great  and  bloody  news  from 
Flanders  in  June  and  July. — Knight's  Eng., 
ch.  36,  p.  403. 

3812.  NEWSPAPERS,  Colonial.  American. 
In  1740  the  number  of  newspapers  in  the  Eng- 
lish colonies  on  the  Continent  had  increased  to 
eleven,  .  .  .  one  in  South  Carolina,  one  in  Vir- 
ginia, three  in  Pennsylvania,  .  .  .  one  in  New 
York,  and  the  remaining  five  in  Boston.  The 
sheet  at  first  used  was  but  of  the  foolscap  size  ; 
and  but  one,  or  even  half  of  one,  was  issued 
weekly.  The  papers  sought  support  rather  by 
modestly  telling  the  news  of  the  day  than  by 
engaging  in  conflicts  ;  they  had  no  political  the- 
ories to  enforce,  no  revolutions  in  faith  to  hasten. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  23. 

3813.  NEWSPAPERS  deprecated.  By  Addison. 
[At  the  opening  of  the  eighteenth  century]  news- 
papers multiplied.  But  even  Addison  could  not 
see  that  they  were  capable  of  becoming  great  in- 
struments of  public  good.  He  says  the  people 
are  made  politicians  by  the  publication  of  State 
matters  by  the  press;  and  adds,  "  One  cannot 
but  be  sorry  that  such  a  pernicious  machine  is 
erected  among  them." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5 
ch.  4,  p.  61. 

3814.  NEWSPAPERS,  Primitive.  B^ign  of 
Charles  II.  At  the  close  of  his  reign  no  news- 
paper was  suffered  to  appear  without  his  allow- 
ance, and  his  allowance  was  given  exclusively 


450 


NEWSPAPERS— NON-RESISTANCE. 


to  the  London  Gazette.  The  London  Gazette 
came  out  only  on  Mondays  and  Thursdays.  The 
contents  generally  were  a  royal  proclamation,  two 
or  three  Tory  addresses,  notices  of  two  or  three 
promotions,  an  account  of  a  skirmish  between 
the  imperial  troops  and  the  Janissaries  on  the 
Danube,  a  description  of  a  highwayman,  an  an- 
nouncement of  a  grand  cock-fight  between  two 
persons  of  honor,  and  an  advertisement  offering 
a  reward  for  a  strayed  dog.  The  whole  made 
up  two  pages  of  moderate  size.  .  .  .  The  most 
important  parliamentary  debates,  the  most  im- 
portant State  trials  recorded  in  our  history,  were 
passed  over  in  profound  silence. — Macaulay's 
EisG.,  ch.  3,  p.  363. 

3§15.  NEWSPAPEES,  Directed  by.  The  Tat- 
ler.  [The  prospectus  of  the  Tatler,  which  ap- 
peared on  the  12th  of  April,  1709,  "professed 
to  teach  'politic  persons  what  to  think.'"] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  26. 

3S16.  NIGHT,  Activity  at.  Hanno  the  Cartha- 
ginian. [Voyage  of  African  discovery.]  He  ob- 
served from  his  fleet,  that  in  the  daytime  there 
was  nothing  to  be  seen  upon  the  land,  but  all  was 
stillness  and  silence  ;  but  in  the  night  he  heard 
the  sound  of  various  musical  instruments,  and 
saw  a  great  number  of  fires  lighted  along  the 
coast ;  and  we  know  that  such  is  the  appearance 
of  a  great  part  of  the  western  coast  of  Africa  at 
this  day,  that  the  savages  in  the  daytime  retire 
into  the  woods  to  avoid  the  heat  of  the  sun  ;  that 
they  light  great  fires  in  the  night  to  disperse  the 
beasts  of  prey  ;  and  that  they  are  extremely  fond 
of  music  and  dancing. — Tytleb's  Hist.  ,  Book  3, 
ch.  8,  p.  359. 

38 IT.  NIGHT,  Desire  for.  Wellington.  [At  the 
battle  of  Waterloo  his  army  was  beginning  to 
give  way.]  As  he  saw  his  lines  melting  away  he 
repeatedly  looked  at  his  watch,  and  then  fixed 
his  gaze  on  the  distant  hills  ;  and  as  he  wiped  the 
perspiration  which  mental  anguish  had  extorted 
from  his  brow,  he  exclaimed,  "  Would  to  heav- 
en that  Blucher  or  night  would  come  !" — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  27. 

381  §.  NOBILITY  of  Appearance.  Numitor. 
[Romulus  was  taken  prisoner  in  battle.]  When 
the  youth  was  conducted  to  his  house,  Numitor 
was  greatly  struck  with  his  appearance,  as  he 
was  very  remarkable  for  size  and  strength  ;  he 
observed,  too,  his  presence  of  mind  and  the 
steadiness  of  his  looks,  which  had  nothing  ser- 
vile in  them,  nor  were  altered  with  the  sense  of 
his  present  danger  ;  and  he  was  inforrned  that 
his  actions  and  whole  behavior  were  suitable  to 
what  he  saw. — Plutarch's  Romulus. 

3819.  NOBILITY  honored.  Confession.  Pom- 
pey  had  resolved  to  chastise  the  Himereans  for 
attempting  to  support  his  enemies,  when  the  or- 
ator Sthennis  told  him  he  would  act  unjustly 
If  he  passed  by  the  person  that  was  guilty,  and 
punished  the  innocent.  Pompey  asked  him  who 
was  the  guilty  person,  and  he  answered,  "  I  am 
the  man.  I  persuaded  my  friends,  and  compelled 
my  enemies,  to  take  the  measures  they  did." 
Pompey,  delighted  with  his  frank  confession  and 
noble  spirit,  forgave  him  first,  and  afterward  all 
the  people  of  Himera. — Plutarch's  Pompey. 

3820.  NOBILITY,  Patriotic.  Sylla.  Sylla  .  .  . 
came  to  Praeneste,  where  at  first  he  tried  the  in- 
habitants, and  had  them  executed  singly.     But 


afterward,  finding  he  had  not  leisure  for  such  for- 
malities, he  collected  them  to  the  number  of 
twelve  thousand,  and  ordered  them  to  be  put  ta 
death,  excepting  only  one  who  had  formerly  en- 
tertained him  at  his  house.  This  man  with  a 
noble  spirit  told  him  he  would  never  owe  his  life- 
to  the  destroyer  of  his  country  ;  and  voluntarily^ 
mixing  with  the  crowd,  he  died  with  his  fellow-  ^ 
citizens. — Plutarch's  Sylla. 

3821.  NOBILITY  recognized.  Louis  IX.  [Lou-| 
is  IX.  was  captured  by  the  Saracens.]    He  dis- 
played in  his  adversity  an  unshaken  firmness, 
dignity,  and  magnanimity,  which  extorted  the-l 
admiration  even  of  his  savage  captors.     The  Sar-I 
acen  sultan  soon  showed  himself  disposed  to  treat  I 
for  the  king's  liberation,  and  demanded  as  his-* 
ransom  the  restitution  of  Damietta,  and  the  pay- 
ment of  1,000,000  bezants  of  gold.    These  termsij 
were  accepted  without  hesitation  by  Louis  ;  andf 
his  noble  character  made  such  an  impression! 
upon  the  sultan,  that  he  voluntarily  remitted  200,- 

000  bezants  of  the  stipulated  sum. — Students'" 
France,  ch.  9,  §  4. 

3822.  NON-EESISTANCE,  Christian.     Pi-imi-^ 
tive.     Faithful  to  the  doctrine  of  the  apostle^l 
who  in  the  reign  of  Nero  had  preached  the  dutyj 
of  unconditional  submission,  the  Christians  of^ 
the  three  first  centuries  preserved  their  conscience] 
pure  and  innocent  of  the  guilt  of  secret  conspir-j 
acy  or  open  rebellion.     While  they  experiencec 
the  rigor  of  persecution,  they  were  never  pro-l 
voked  either  to  meet  their  tyrants  in  the  field,  oi 
indignantly  to  withdraw  themselves  into  some 
remote  and  sequestered  corner  of  the  globe. - 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  20,  p.  255. 

3823.  NON-EESISTANCE,  Evasion  of.  Sam^ 
uel  Johnson.  Johnson  :  "  I  do  not  see,  sir,  that 
fighting  is  absolutely  forbidden  in  Scripture  ;  L 
see  revenge  forbidden,  but  not  self-defence." 
BoswELL  :  "The  Quakers  say  it  is — '  Unto  hir 
that  smiteth  thee  on  one  cheek,  offer  him  also 
the  other.' "  Johnson  :  "  But  stay,  sir  ;  the  text 
is  meant  only  to  have  the  effect  of  moderating 
passion  ;  it  is  plain  that  we  are  not  to  take  it  ir 
a  literal  sense.  We  see  this  from  the  context^ 
where  there  are  other  recommendations,  whicl 

1  warrant  you  the  Quaker  will  not  take  literally  ^ 
as,  for  instance,  '  From  him  that  would  borro"v 
of  thee,  turn  thou  not  away.'    -Let  a  man  whos 
credit  is  bad  come  to  a  Quaker,  and  say,  '  Well,J 
sir,  lend  me  £100  ;'  he'll  find  him  as  unwilling  j 
any  other  man.     No,  sir  ;  a  man  may  shoot  thi 
man  who  invades  his  character,  as  he  may  shoolj 
him  who  attempts  to  break  into  his  house." 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  495. 

3824.  NON-EESISTANCE  taught.  Beign  4 
James  II.  The  cradle  of  the  heir  apparent  or 
the  crown  was  surrounded  by  Jesuits.  Deadly 
hatred  of  that  church  of  which  he  would  one 
day  be  the  head  would  be  studiously  instilled 
into  his  infant  mind,  would  be  the  guiding  prin-^ 
ciple  of  his  life,  and  would  be  bequeathed  by  hinr 
to  his  posterity.  This  vista  of  calamities  had  nc^ 
end.  It  stretched  beyond  the  life  of  the  young^ 
est  man  living,  beyond  the  eighteenth  century.j 
.  .  .  The  greatest  Anglican  doctors  of  that  ag^ 
had  maintained  that  no  breach  of  law  or  con-j 
tract,  no  excess  of  cruelty,  rapacity,  or  liceiM 
tiousness,  on  the  part  of  a  rightful  king,  coulC 
justify  his  people  in  Avithstanding  him  by  force 


NONSENSE— NUMBERS. 


451 


Some  of  them  had  delighted  to  exhibit  the  doc- 
trine of  non-resistance  in  a  form  so  exaggerated 
as  to  shock  common-sense  and  humanity.  They 
frequently  and  emphatically  remarked  that  Ne- 
ro was  at  the  head  of  the  Roman  Government 
when  Saint  Paul  inculcated  the  duty  of  obeying 
magistrates.  The  inference  which  they  drew 
was  that,  if  an  English  king  should,  without  any 
law  but  his  own  pleasure,  persecute  his  subjects 
for  not  worshipping  idols,  should  fling  them  to  the 
lions  in  the  Tower,  should  wrap  them  up  in 
pitched  cloth  and  set  them  on  tire  to  light  up 
Saint  James'  Park,  and  should  go  on  with  these 
massacres  till  whole  towns  and  shires  were  left 
without  one  inhabitant,  the  survivors  would  still 
be  bound  meekly  to  submit,  and  to  be  torn  in 
pieces  or  roasted  alive  without  a  struggle. — Ma- 
caulay'sEng.,  ch.  9,  p.  364. 

f3S25.  NONSENSE  against  Nonsense.  Sam- 
uel Johnson.  Mrs.  Thrale  disputed  with  him  on 
the  merit  of  Prior.  He  attacked  him  powerful- 
ly ;  said  he  wrote  of  love  like  a  man  who  had 
never  felt  it ;  his  love-verses  were  college  verses. 
.  .  .  Mrs.  Thrale  stood  to  her  gun  with  great 
courage,  in  defence  of  amorous  ditties,  which 
Johnson  despised,  till  he  at  last  silenced  her  by 
saying,  "  My  dear  lady,  talk  no  more  of  this. 
Nonsense  can  be  defended  but  by  nonsense." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  162. 

3826.  NOVELS,  Contempt  for.  Napoleon  I. 
His  contempt  for  works  of  fiction — the  whole 
class  of  novels  and  romances — amounted  almost 
to  indignation.  He  never  could  endure  to  see 
one  reading  such  a  book.  .  .  .  Once,  when  em- 
peror, in  passing  through  the  saloons  of  his  pal- 
ace, he  found  one  of  the  maids  of  honor  with  a 
novel  in  her  hands.  He  took  it  from  her,  gave 
her  a  severe  lecture  for  wasting  her  time  in  such 
frivolous  reading,  and  cast  the  volume  into  the 
flames.  When  he  had  a  few  moments  for  diver- 
sion, he  not  unf  requently  employed  them  in  look- 
ing over  a  book  of  logarithms,  in  which  he  al- 
ways found  recreation. — Abbott's  Napoleon 
B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

3827.  NOVELS,  Beading  of.  Excitement. 
[The  Windsor  blacksmith]  got  hold  of  Richard- 
son's novel  of  "  Pamela  ;  or  Virtue  Rewarded," 
and  used  to  read  it  aloud  in  the  long  summer 
evenings,  seated  on  his  anvil,  and  never  failed  to 
have  a  large  and  attentive  audience.  When  the 
happy  turn  of  fortune  arrived  which  brings  the 
hero  and  heroine  together,  and  sets  them  living 
long  and  happily  according  to  the  most  approved 
rules,  the  congregation  were  so  delighted  as  to 
raise  a  great  shout,  and  procuring  the  church 
keys,  actually  set  the  parish  bells  ringing. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  7,  ch.  5,  p.  88. 

3§2§.  NUISANCE,    Perpetuated.       Beign    of 
Charles  II.     Saint  James'  Square  was  a  recep- 
tacle for  all  the  oflal  and  cinders,  for  all  the 
dead  cats  and  dead  dogs  of  Westminster.     At 
one  time  a  cudgel-player  kept  the  ring  there. 
^      At  another  time  an  impudent  squatter  settled 
I     himself  there,  and  built  a  shed  for  rubbish  un- 
j      der  the  windows  of  the  gilded  saloons  in  which 
the  first  magnates  of  the  realm — Norfolks,  Or- 
j     monds,  Kents,  and  Pembrokes — gave  banquets 
and  balls.     It  was  not  till  these  nuisances  had 
I     lasted  through  a  whole  generatioii,  and  till  much 
had  been  written  about  them,  that  the  inhabi- 


tants applied  to  Parliament  for  permission  to 
put  up  rails  and  to  plant  trees. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  334. 

3829.  NUMBER,  Small.  Ridiculed.  [When 
LucuUus,  with  a  small  army,  encamped  before 
the  army  of  Tigranes,  he]  made  use  of  that  cele- 
brated expression,  that  if  they  came  as  ambas- 
sadors there  were  too  many  of  them  ;  if  as  sol- 
diers, too  few. — Plutarch's  Lucullus. 

3830.  NUMBEBS,  Disparity  of.  CorUz.  Ve- 
lasquez, the  Spanish  Governor  of  Cuba,  jealous 
of  the  fame  of  Cortez,  had  despatched  a  force  to 
Mexico  to  arrest  his  progress  and  to  supersede 
him  in  command.  The  expedition  was  led  by 
Panfllo  de  Narvaez,  the  same  who  was  after- 
ward Governor  of  Florida.  His  forces  consisted 
of  more  than  1200  well-armed  and  well-discip- 
lined soldiers,  besides  1000  Indian  servants  and 
guides.  But  the  vigilant  Cortez  had  mean- 
while been  informed  by  messengers  from  Vera 
Cruz  of  the  movement  which  his  enemies  at 
home  had  set  on  foot  against  him,  and  he  deter- 
mined to  sell  his  command  only  at  the  price  of 
his  own  life  and  the  lives  of  all  his  followers. 
He  therefore  instructed  Alvarado,  one  of  his 
subordinate  officers,  to  remain  in  the  capital  with 
a  small  force  of  140  men  ;  and  with  the  re- 
mainder, numbering  less  than  200,  he  hastily 
withdrew  from  the  city,  and  proceeded  by  a 
forced  march  to  encounter  De  Narvaez  on  the 
sea-coast.  On  the  night  of  the  26th  of  May, 
1520,  while  the  soldiers  of  the  latter  were  quietly 
asleep  in  their  camp  near  Vera  Cruz,  Cortez 
burst  upon  them  with  the  fury  of  despair,  and 
before  they  could  rally  or  well  understand  the 
terrible  onset,  compelled  the  whole  force  to  sur- 
render. Then,  adding  the  general's  skill  to  the 
warrior's  prowess,  he  succeeded  in  inducing  the 
conquered  army  to  join  his  own  standard  ;  and 
with  his  forces  thus  augmented  to  six  times 
their  original  numbers,  he  began  a  second  time 
his  march  toward  the  capital. — Ridpath's  U.  8., 
ch.  4,  p.  60. 

3831.  NUMBEBS,  Disparity  in.  Soldiers.  Fol- 
lowed, as  it  is  said,  by  2,000,000  men,  Xerxes, 
the  descendant  of  Cyrus,  invaded  Greece.  Thirty 
thousand  soldiers,  under  the  command  of  Alex- 
ander, the  son  of  Philip,  who  was  intrusted  by 
the  Greeks  with  their  glory  and  revenge,  were 
sufficient  to  subdue  Persia. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  8,  p.  227. 

3832.  .     Maxentius — Constantine. 

At  the  head  of  about  40,000  soldiers,  he  marched 
to  encounter  an  enemy  whose  numbers  were  at 
least  four  times  superior  to  his  own.  But  the 
armies  of  Rome,  placed  at  a  secure  distance  from 
danger,  were  enervated  by  indulgence  and  lux- 
ury. Habituated  to  the  baths  and  theatres  of 
Rome,  they  took  the  field  with  reluctance,  and 
were  chiefly  composed  of  veterans  who  had  al- 
most forgotten,  or  of  new  levees  who  had  never 
acquired,  the  use  of  arms  and  the  practice  of 
war.  The  hardy  legions  of  Gaul  had  long  de- 
fended the  frontiers  of  the  empire  against  the 
barbarians  of  the  North ;  and  in  the  perform- 
ance of  that  laborious  service  their  valor  was 
exercised  and  their  discipline  confirmed.  There 
appeared  the  same  difference  between  the  lead- 
ers as  between  the  armies. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  14.  p.  475. 


452 


NUMBERS— OATH. 


3533.  NUMBERS  an  Obstacle.  Artaxerxes' 
AsseiiMy.  To  suppress  the  idolaters,  reunite  the 
schismatics,  and  confute  the  unbelievers,  by  the 
infallible  decision  of  a  general  council,  the  pious 
Artaxerxes  summoned  the  Magi  from  all  parts 
of  his  dominions.  These  priests,  who  had  so 
long  sighed  in  contempt  and  obscurity,  obeyed 
the  welcome  summons,  and  on  the  appointed 
day  appeared,  to  the  number  of  about  80,000. 
But  as  the  debates  of  so  tumultuous  an  assembly 
could  not  have  been  directed  by  the  authority 
of  reason  or  influenced  by  the  art  of  policy, 
the  Persian  synod  was  reduced,  by  succes- 
sive operations,  to  40,000  to  4000,  to  400,  to  40, 
and  at  last  to  seven  Magi,  the  most  respected 
for  their  learning  and  piety. —  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  8,  p.  231. 

3534.  NUMBERS  without  Victory.  Agincourt. 
[At  the  battle  of  Agincourt  there  were  probably 
ten  times  as  many  French  as  English.  The  men- 
at-arms  of  the  former]  wore  heavy  coats  of  steel 
reaching  to  their  knees,  and  heavy  leg  armor. 
.  .  .  The  English  archers,  without  armor,  in 
jackets  and  loose  hose,  some  even  barefoot,  went 
boldly  on  to  meet  the  mailed  chivaliy.  .  .  .  The 
enormous  numbers  of  the  French  were  the  chief 
cause  of  their  destruction.  .  .  .  The  rear  divi- 
sions, after  the  overthrow  of  the  first  and  sec- 
ond divisions,  took  to  flight.  In  three  hours  this 
terrible  fight  was  over.  .  .  .  The  English  loss  was 
1600.  ...  Of  the  chivalry  of  France  the  flower 
perished.  .  .  .  Eight  thousand  gentlemen  of 
France  perished  in  that  field  of  carnage,  of  whom 
120  were  nobles  bearing  banners.  [See  No.471.] 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  4,  p.  63. 

3535.  OATH  of  Allegiance.  To  Mahomet.  Sev- 
enty-three men  and  two  women  of  Medina  held 
a  solemn  conference  with  Mahomet,  his  kinsman, 
and  his  disciples,  and  pledged  themselves  to 
each  other  by  a  mutual  oath  of  fidelity.  They 
promised,  in  the  name  of  the  city,  that  if  he 
should  be  banished,  they  would  receive  him  as  a 
confederate,  obey  him  as  a  leader,  and  defend 
him  to  the  last  extremity,  like  their  wives  and 
children.  ' '  But  if  you  are  recalled  by  your  coun- 
try," they  asked,  with  a  flattering  anxiety,  "  will 
you  not  abandon  your  new  allies  ?"  "  All  things," 
replied  Mahomet,  with  a  smile,  "are  now  com- 
mon between  us  ;  your  blood  is  as  my  blood,  your 
ruin  as  my  ruin.  We  are  bound  to  each  other 
by  the  ties  of  honor  and  interest.  I  am  your 
friend  and  the  enemy  of  your  foes."  "  But  if 
we  are  killed  in  your  service,  what,"  exclaimed 
the  deputies  of  Medina,  "  will  be  our  reward  ?" 
' '  Paradise,"  replied  the  prophet.  ' '  Stretch  forth 
thy  hand."  He  stretched  it  forth,  and  they  reit- 
erated the  oath  of  allegiance  and  fidelity. — Gib- 
son's Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  126. 

3§36.  OATH,  A  constrained.  Saxon  King  Rar- 
ald  II.  [See  No.  3840.]  A  messenger  from  Nor- 
mandy soon  arrived  to  remind  Harold  of  the  oath 
which  he  had  sworn  to  the  duke  [of  Normandy] 
"  with  his  mouth,  and  his  hand  upon  good  and 
holy  relics."  "  It  is  true,"  replied  the  Saxon  king, 
' '  that  I  took  an  oath  to  William  ;  but  I  took  it 
under  constraint.  I  promised  what  did  not  belong 
to  me — what  I  could  not  in  any  way  hold  ;  my 
royalty  is  not  my  own  ;  I  could  not  lay  it  down 
against  the  will  of  the  country,  nor  can  I,  against 
the  will  of  the  country,  take  a  foreign  wife.  As 
for  my  sister,  whom  the  duke  claims  that  he  may 


marry  her  to  one  of  his  chiefs,  she  has  died  with- 
in the  year  ;  would  he  have  me  send  her  corpse  ?" 
— Decisive  Battles,  §  186. 

3§37.  OATH  evaded.  Brnnans.  [Having  been 
promised  relief  from  their  oppressions,  they 
fought  for  their  rulers  ;  but  the  promise  was  bro- . 
ken.]  The  people,  thus  repeatedly  and  shameful- 
\j  deceived,  were  determined  to  be  no  longer  the 
dupes  of  promises.  The  Senate,  apprehensive  of 
their  spirit,  had  ordered  the  consuls  not  to  dis- 
band them,  but  to  lead  them  without  the  walls, 
on  pretence  that  the  enemy  were  still  in  the  field. 
The  soldiers,  at  the  time  of  their  enrolment,  took 
an  oath  not  to  desert  their  standards  till  they  were 
formally  disbanded  ;  but  this  oath  they  eluded  by 
taking  their  standards  along  with  them. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  3,  p.  315. 

3§38.  OATH  of  Fidelity.  Soldier's.  [The  Ro- 
man soldier.]  On  his  first  entrance  into  the  service 
an  oath  was  administered  to, him  with  every  cir- 
cumstance of  solemnity.  He  promised  never  to 
desert  his  standard,  to  submit  his  own  will  to  the 
commands  of  his  leaders,  and  to  sacrifice  his  life 
for  the  safety  of  the  emperor  and  the  empire. 
The  attachment  of  the  Roman  troops  to  their 
standards  was  inspired  by  the  united  influence  of 
religion  and  of  honor.  The  golden  eagle,  which 
glittered  in  the  front  of  the  legion,  was  the  object 
of  their  fondest  devotion  ;  nor  was  it  esteemed 
less  impious  than  it  was  ignominious  to  abandon 
that  sacred  ensign  in  the  hour  of  danger. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  1,  p.  12. 

3539.  OATH,  A  horrible.  Conspirators.  [A 
conspiracy  was  formed  to  murder  the  Roman 
consuls.  ]  The  youths  thus  engaged  were  brought 
to  confer  with  the  Aquilii,  and  all  agreed  to  take 
a  great  and  horrible  oath,  by  drinking  together 
of  the  blood  and  tasting  the  entrails  of  a  man 
sacrificed  for  that  purpose.  This  ceremony  was 
performed  in  the  house  of  the  Aquilii  ;  and  the 
room  chosen  for  it  (as  it  was  natural  to  suppose) 
was  dark  and  retired. — Plutarch's  Publicola. 

3540.  OATH,  A  sacred.  Harold  II.  [Saxon 
king  of  England.]  William  [of  Normandy]  ex- 
acted more.  He  had  caused  all  the  bones  and 
relics  of  saints  that  were  preserved  in  the  Nor- 
man monasteries  and  churches  to  be  collected 
into  a  chest,  which  was  placed  in  the  council- 
room,  covered  over  with  a  cloth  of  gold.  On  the 
chest  of  relics,  which  were  thus  concealed,  was 
laid  a  missal.  The  duke  then  solemnly  addressed 
his  titular  guest  and  real  captive,  and  said  to  him, 
"  Harold,  I  require  thee,  before  this  noble  assem- 
bly, to  confirm  by  oath  the  promises  which  thou 
hast  made  me,  to  assist  me  in  obtaining  the  crown 
of  England  after  King  Edward's  death,  to  marry 
my  daughter  Adela,  and  to  send  me  thy  sister, 
that  I  may  give  her  in  marriage  to  one  of  my 
barons."  Harold,  once  more  taken  by  surprise, 
and  not  able  to  deny  his  former  words,  approach- 
ed the  missal,  and  laid  his  hand  on  it,  not  know- 
ing that  the  chest  of  relics  was  beneath. .  . .  When 
Harold  rose  from  his  knees  the  duke  made  him 
stand  close  to  the  chest,  and  took  ofE  the  pall  that 
had  covered  it,  and  showed  Harold  upon  whatj 
holy  relics  he  had  sworn  ;  and  Harold  was  soreiyj 
alarmed  at  the  sight.  [See  No.  3836.]— Deci^ 
srvE  Battles,  §  284. 

3§41.  OA.TK,  A  test.  Beign  of  Charles  II.  TM 
terrors  of  popery  were  now  revived,  and  the  loud4 


OATHS— OBEDIEXCE. 


453 


I 


est  complaints  resounded  from  all  quarters  of  the 
kingdom.  A  bill  was  brought  into  Parliament 
for  imposing  a  test  oath  on  all  who  should  enjoy 
any  public  office.  They  were  obliged  to  take  the 
sacrament  in  the  established  church,  and  to  ab- 
jure the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation  ;  and,  in 
consequence  of  this  new  law,  to  which  the  king 
was  obliged  to  give  his  consent,  his  brother 
James,  Duke  of  York,  lost  his  office  of  high  ad- 
miral.— Tytler'sHist.,  Book  6,  ch.  30,  p.  421. 

3S42.  OATHS,  Strange  estimate  of.  Jovius.  By 
his  advice  and  example  [the  Praetorian  prefect] 
the  principal  officers  of  the  State  and  army  were 
obliged  to  swear  that,  without  listening,  in  any 
circumstances,  to  any  conditions  of  peace,  they 
would  still  persevere  in  perpetual  and  implacable 
war  against  the  enemy  of  the  republic.  This  rash 
engagement  opposed  an  insuperable  bar  to  all 
future  negotiation.  The  ministers  of  Honorius 
were  heard  to  declare  that  if  they  had  only  in- 
voked the  name  of  the  Deity,  they  would  consult 
the  public  safety,  and  trust  their  souls  to  the 
mercy  of  Heaven ;  but  they  had  sworn  by  the 
sacred  head  of  the  emperor  himself ;  they  had 
touched,  in  solemn  ceremony,  that  august  seat  of 
majesty  and  wisdom  ;  and  the  violation  of  their 
oath  would  expose  them  to  the  temporal  penalties 
of  sacrilege  and  rebellion. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  31,  p.  276. 

3§43.  OBEDIENCE,  Absolute.  Carmathians. 
In  a  daring  inroad  beyond  the  Tigris,  Abu  Taher 
advanced  to  the  gates  of  the  capital  with  no  more 
than  500  horse.  By  the  special  order  of  Mocta- 
der,  the  bridges  had  been  broken  down,  and  the 
person  or  head  of  the  rebel  was  expected  every 
hour  by  the  commander  of  the  faithful.  His  lieu- 
tenant, from  a  motive  of  fear  or  pity,  apprised 
Abu  Taher  of  his  danger,  and  recommended  a 
speedy  escape.  "Your  master,"  said  the  intre- 
pid Carmathian  to  the  messenger,  "is  at  the 
head  of  30,000  soldiers  ;  three  such  men  as  these 
are  wanting  in  his  host ; "  at  the  same  instant, 
turning  to  three  of  his  companions,  he  command- 
ed the  first  to  plunge  a  dagger  into  his  breast,  the 
second  to  leap  into  the  Tigris,  and  the  third  to 
cast  himself  headlong  down  a  precipice.  They 
obeyed  without  a  murmur.  ' '  Relate,"  continued 
the  imam,  "  what  you  have  seen  ;  before  the  even- 
ing your  general  shall  be  chained  among  my 
dogs."  Before  the  evening  the  camp  were  sur- 
prised, and  the  menace  was  executed.  [The 
Carmathians  were  a  fanatical  tribe  of  Arabs.] — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  52,  p.  324. 

3844.  OBEDIENCE,  Angry.  Black  Pnnce. 
Accordingly,  in  January,  1369,  [Charles  V.]  ad- 
dressed a  formal  summons  to  [Edward  the 
"  Black  Prince,"  and]  the  hero  of  Poitiers  and 
Navarrete,  citing  him  to  appear  before  him  in 
the  court  of  peers,  and  answer  the  complaints  and 
accusations  of  his  Gascon  vassals.  "  We  will  not 
fail,"  replied  Edward,  "  to  obey  the  order  of  the 
King  of  France  ;  we  will  proceed  to  Paris,  but  it 
shall  be  with  bassinet  on  our  head  ;  and  60,000 
men  to  bear  us  company." — Students'  France, 
ch.  10,  §  16. 

3S45.  OBEDIENCE,  Ministerial.  Mahomet. 
[Mahomet  was  at  one  time  almost  universally 
reprobated.]  He  preached  all  day  when  every 
man,  woman,  and  child  flouted  him  as  an  impos- 
tor. One  day  he  returned  home  silent,  prostrat- 
ed, discouraged,  wrapped  his  head  in  his  cloak, 


lay  down  upon  a  mat,  and  fell  asleep.  Inspira- 
tion, still  more  obstinate  than  the  popular  indif- 
ference, revisited  him  during  his  slumber.  He 
heard  a  voice  crying  from  his  heart  to  him,  "  O 
thou  who  envelopest  thyself  in  thy  mantle  to 
sleep,  arise,  and  go  preach."  He  arose  with  the 
day,  and  went  out  to  preach  as  if  he  had  the  day 
before  made  a  harvest  of  converts. — Lamar- 
tine's  Turkey,  p.  80. 

3846. .     Nadian  Bangs.     [When 

Rev.  Nathan  Bangs,  D.D. ,]  was  a  young  preach- 
er, he  became  despondent  because  of  the  numer- 
ous difficulties  he  experienced  and  the  absence 
of  desired  success,  and  resolved  to  abandcm  the 
ministry.  A  significant  dream  relieved  him. 
He  thought  he  was  working  with  a  pickaxe  on 
the  top  of  a  basaltic  rock.  His  muscular  arm 
brought  down  stroke  after  stroke  for  hours, 
but  the  rock  was  hardly  indented.  He  said  to  him- 
self at  last,  "  It  is  useless  ;  I  will  pick  no  more." 
Suddenly  a  stranger  of  dignified  mien  stood  by 
his  side  and  spoke  to  him.  ' '  You  will  pick  no 
more  ?"  "No  more."  "  Were  you  not  set  to  this 
task  ?"  "Yes."  "And  why  abandon  it  ?"  "  My 
work  is  vain  ;  I  make  no  impression  on  the 
rock."  Solemnly  the  stranger  replied,  "What 
is  that  to  you  ?  Your  duty  is  to  pick,  whether 
the  rock  yields  or  not.  Your  work  is  in  your 
own  hands  ;  the  result  is  not.  Work  on  !"  He 
resumed  his  task.  The  first  blow  was  given  with 
almost  superhuman  force,  and  the  rock  flew  into 
a  thousand  pieces.  He  awoke,  pursued  his  way 
back  with  fresh  zeal  and  energy,  and  a  great  re- 
vival followed.  From  that  day  he  never  had 
even  a  "  temptation"  to  give  up  his  commission. 
—Stevens'  M.  E.  Church,  vol.  3,  p.  485. 

3847.  OBEDIENCE,  Monkish.  Egyptian.  The 
actions  of  a  monk,  his  words,  and  even  his 
thoughts,  were  determined  by  an  inflexible  rule, 
or  a  capricious  superior  ;  the  slightest  offences 
were  corrected  by  disgrace  or  confinement,  ex- 
traordinary fasts,  or  bloody  flagellation  ;  and 
disobedience,  murmur,  or  delay  were  ranked  in 
the  catalogue  of  the  most  heinous  sins.  A  blind 
submission  to  the  commands  of  the  abbot,  how- 
ever absurd,  or  even  criminal,  they  might  seem, 
was  the  ruling  principle,  the  first  virtue  of  the 
Egyptian  monks ;  and  their  patience  was  fre- 
quently exercised  by  the  most  extravagant  trials. 
They  were  directed  to  remove  an  enormous  rock; 
assiduously  to  water  a  barren  staff  that  was 
planted  in  the  ground,  till,  at  the  end  of  three 
years,  it  should  vegetate  and  blossom  like  a  tree  ; 
to  walk  into  a  fiery  furnace,  or  to  cast  their  in- 
fant into  a  deep  pond ;  and  several  saints,  or 
madmen,  have  been  immortalized  in  monastic 
story  by  their  thoughtless  and  fearless  obedi- 
ence.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  37,  p.  529. 

3848.  OBEDIENCE,  Outward.  Loyalty.  [In 
1691  James  II.  was  urged  by  the  loyal  High- 
landers who  had  continued  in  arms  for  him  after 
the  accession  of  William  of  Orange  to  send  them 
re-enforcements.  His  Majesty  replied  that]  his 
abilities  to  assist  were  exhausted  by  the  pressing 
necessities  of  Ireland.  If  they  could  stand  out 
no  longer  he  recommended  ' '  an  outward  com- 
pliance."— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  9,  p.  132. 

3849.  OBEDIENCE,  Perfect.  Aboubeker.  Abou- 
beker,  the  successor  of  Mahomet,  before  pursu- 
ing along  to  Lebanon  and  the  sea  his  missioa 
and  his  conquest,  wrote  to  Amrou,  one  of  the 


454 


OBSCURITY— OCCUPATION. 


most  submissive  of  his  disciples  ;  he  ordered  him 
to  levy  a  number  of  warriors  among  the  tribes, 
and  to  conduct  them  to  Damascus,  to  swell  the 
torrent  of  Islamism.  Amrou,  who  governed  in 
peace  his  shepherd  tribes,  received  this  order 
with  pain  ;  but  he  did  not  hesitate  to  obey.  "  I 
am,"  said  he,  in  his  answer  to  the  caliph,  "one 
of  the  arrows  of  Islamism  ;  God  has  placed  the 
bow  in  thy  hand  ;  it  is  for  thee  to  launch  the 
arrow  to  what  destination  thou  mayest  choose. " 
— Lamaktine's  Turkey,  p.  165. 

3850.  OBSCUEITY  desired.  Napoleon.  [When 
Louisiana  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by 
France,]  the  upright  and  conscientious  Marbois 
.  .  .  was  especially  anxious  .  .  .  that  no  am- 
biguous clauses  should  be  introduced  into  the 
treaty.  He  communicated  his  troubles  on  this 
point  to  the  First  Consul,  advising  him  that  it 
seemed  impossible  to  construct  the  treaty  so  as  to 
free  it  from  obscurity  on  the  important  matter 
of  boundaries.  Far  from  exhibiting  any  sym- 
pathy with  his  faithful  minister's  solicitude  on 
this  point,  Bonaparte  quietly  informed  him  that 
"  if  an  obscurity  did  not  already  exist,  it  would 
perhaps  be  good  policy  to  put  one  in  the  treaty. 
.  .  .  The  acquisition  of  Spanish  America  may 
have  been  expected,  or  at  least  dreamed  of  by 
him. — Blaine's  Twenty  Ye abs  of  Congress, 
p.  10. 

3§51.  OBSERVATION,  Acute.  Blacksmith. 
[Charles  II.  was  seeking  to  escape  to  France.] 
This  secret,  so  long  and  miraculously  kept,  was 
only  in  danger  of  being  betrayed  at  the  moment 
when  the  young  king,  still  disguised,  was  fljang 
toward  the  coast  to  place  the  seas  between  his  head 
and  the  sword  of  Cromwell.  His  horse  having 
loosened  a  shoe,  a  farrier  to  whom  he  applied  to 
fasten  it,  with  the  quick  intelligence  of  his  trade, 
examined  the  iron,  and  said,  in  a  low  and  sus- 
picious tone,  "  These  shoes  were  never  forged  in 
this  country,  but  in  the  north  of  England." 
But  the  smith  proved  as  discreet  and  faithful  as 
the  servant.  Charles,  remounting  his  horse 
without  discovery,  galloped  toward  the  beach, 
where  a  skiff  was  waiting  for  him.  The  Conti- 
nent a  second  time  protected  him  from  the  pursuit 
of  Cromwell. — Lamaktine's  Cromwell,  p.  54. 

3§5i2.  OBSTINACY,  Depraved.  Appetite.  [Car- 
dinal Wolsey  said  of  Henry  VIII.  when  on  his 
death-bed  :]  Rather  than  he  will  miss  or  want  any 
part  of  his  will  or  appetite,  he  wiU  put  the  loss 
of  one  half  of  his  realm  in  danger.  ...  I  have 
often  kneeled  before  him  in  his  privy  chamber 
on  my  knees  the  space  of  an  hour  or  two,  to  per- 
suade him  from  his  will  and  appetite,  but  I 
could  never  bring  to  pass  to  dissuade  him  there- 
from.— Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  2,  ch.  17,  p.  279. 

3§53.  OBSTINACY,  Extraordinary.  James  11. 
It  is  probable  a  motion  for  opening  a  negotiation 
with  James  would  have  been  made  in  the  Con- 
vention, and  would  have  been  supported  by  the 
great  body  of  Tories,  had  he  not  been  on  this, 
as  on  every  other  occasion,  his  own  worst  enemy. 
Every  post  which  arrived  from  Saint  Germain's 
brought  intelligence  which  damped  the  ardor  of 
liis  adherents.  He  did  not  think  it  worth  his 
while  to  simulate  regret  for  his  past  errors,  or 
to  promise  amendment.  He  put  forth  a  mani- 
festo telling  his  people  that  it  had  been  his  con- 
stant care  to  govern  them  with  justice  and  mod- 
eration, and  that  they  had  been  cheated  into  ruin 


by  imaginary  grievances.  The  effect  of  hisfollj' 
and  obstinacy  was  that  those  who  were  most  de- 
sirous to  see  him  restored  to  his  throne  on  fair 
conditions  felt  that,  by  proposing  at  that  mo- 
ment to  treat  with  him,  they  should  injure  the 
cause  which  they  wished  to  serve.— Mac aulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  567. 

3854.  OBSTINACY,  Immovable.  James  II. 
The  obstinate  and  imperious  nature  of  the  king 
gave  great  advantages  to  those  who  advised  him 
to  be  firm,  to  yield  nothing,  and  to  make  himself 
feared.  His  mode  of  arguing,  if  it  is  to  be  so  call- 
ed, was  one  not  uncommon  among  dull  and  stub- 
born persons,  who  are  accustomed  to  be  surround- 
ed by  their  inferiors.  He  asserted  a  proposition  ; 
and  as  often  as  wiser  people  ventured  respect- 
fully to  show  that  it  was  erroneous,  he  asserted 
it  again,  in  exactly  the  same  words,  and  conceiv- 
ed that,  by  doing  so,  he  at  once  disposed  of  all 
objections.  "  I  will  make  no  concessions,"  he 
often  repeated  ;  "  my  father  made  concessions, 
and  he  was  beheaded." — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  6,  p.  57. 

3855.  OBSTINACY,  Political.  James  II.  On 
the  great  day  on  which  the  bishops  [who  refused 
to  join  the  king  in  the  overthrow  of  the  Protes- 
tant Church]  were  acquitted,  and  on  which  the 
invitation  was  despatched  to  the  Hague  [invit- 
ing William,  Prince  of  Orange,  to  invade  Eng- 
land,] James  returned  from  Hounslow  to  West- 
minster in  a  gloomy  and  agitated  mood.  He 
made  an  effort  that  afternoon  to  appear  cheer- 
ful ;  but  the  bonfires,  the  rockets,  and,  above 
all,  the  waxen  popes  who  were  blazing  in  every 
quarter  of  London,  were  not  likely  to  soothe 
him.  .  .  .  Soon  it  began  to  be  clear  that  defeat 
and  mortification  had  only  hardened  the  king's 
heart.  The  first  words  which  he  uttered  when 
he  learned  that  the  objects  of  his  revenge  had 
escaped  him  were,  "So  much  the  worse  for 
them."  Within  a  week  these  words,  which  he, 
according  to  his  fashion,  repeated  many  times, 
were  fully  explained.  He  blamed  himself,  not 
for  having  prosecuted  the  bishops,  but  for  hav- 
ing prosecuted  them  before  a  tribunal  where 
questions  of  fact  were  decided  by  juries,  and 
where  established  principles  of  law  could  not  be 
utterly  disregarded  even  by  the  most  servile 
judges. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  385. 

3856.  OBSTRUCTION,  Legislative.  Ok  the 
Land  Act.  A  few  senators,  who  retained  their 
senses,  saw  the  uselessness  of  the  opposition, 
and  retired.  Bibulus  was  of  duller  and  tougher 
metal.  As  the  vote  was  about  to  be  taken, 
he  and  his  tribunes  rushed  to  the  rostra.  The 
tribunes  pronounced  their  veto.  Bibulus  said 
that  he  had  consulted  the  sky  ;  the  gods  for- 
bade further  action  being  taken  that  day,  and 
he  declared  the  assembly  dissolved.  Nay, 
as  if  a  man  like  Caesar  could  be  stopped  by  a 
shadow,  he  proposed  to  sanctify  the  whole  re- 
mainder of  the  year,  that  no  further  business 
might  be  transacted  in  it.  Yells  drowned  his 
voice.  The  mob  rushed  upon  the  steps  ;  Bibu- 
lus was  thrown  down,  and  the  rods  of  the  lie- 
tors  were  broken  ;  the  tribunes  who  had  betray- 
ed their  order  were  beaten.  — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch,  13. 

3857.  OCCUPATION,  Changes  in.  Peter  Coo- 
per, At  first  blush,  this  frequent  change  of  busi- 
ness would  seem  to  indicate  instability  of  pur- 


OCEAN— OFFICE. 


455 


pose.  He  was  thirty-three  years  old  when  he 
bought  the  glue  factor}^  and  had  been  in  busi- 
ness for  himself  nine  years,  changing  from  car- 
riage-maker to  woollen-carder,  and  from  wool- 
len-carder to  inventor,  then  becoming  a  cabinet- 
maker, only  to  continue  the  business  one  year, 
when  he  sold  out  to  open  a  grocery  store,  con- 
tinuing it  only  twelve  months,  and  finally  sold 
out  this  business  to  carry  on  a  glue  factory. 
Six  changes  in  nine  j^ears  have  very  seldom  made 
anybody  rich,  but  the  proof  of  his  wisdom  was 
evident  enough,  for  every  moveftient  was  for  the 
better.  He  had  been  steadily  increasing  his  ac- 
cumulations. This  last  change  was  to  be  per- 
manent.— Lester's  Life  of  Peter  Cooper, 
p.  16. 

3§5§.  OCEAN  God's  Barrier,  The.  A  Saracen. 
[In  the  conquest  of  Africa  they  reached  the 
.Atlantic]  The  career,  though  not  the  zeal,  of 
Akbah  was  checked  by  the  prospect  of  a  bound- 
less ocean.  He  spurred  his  horse  into  the  waves, 
;:and  raising  his  eyes  to  heaven,  exclaimed,  with 
the  tone  of  a  fanatic,  "  Great  God  !  if  my  course 
-were  not  stopped  by  this  sea,  I  would  stiU  go  on, 
"to  the  unknown  kingdoms  of  the  "West,  preach- 
:lng  the  unity  of  thy  holy  name,  and  putting  to 
the  sword  the  rebellious  nations  who  worship 
.any  other  gods  than  Thee."  Yet  this  Moham- 
medan Alexander,  who  sighed  for  new  worlds, 
"was  unable  to  preserve  his  recent  conquests. — 
XJibbon's  Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  242. 

3S59.  OCEAN,  Enchanted  hy  the.  Alexander. 
At  last  Alexander,  after  having  spent  full  nine 
■months  in  coming  down  the  rivers,  arrived  at 
the  ocean,  where,  gazing  with  the  utmost  eager- 
mess  upon  that  vast  expanse  of  waters,  he  imag- 
ined that  this  sight,  worthy  of  so  great  a  con- 
queror as  himself,  greatly  overpaid  all  the  toils 
be  had  undergone,  and  the  many  thousand  men 
be  had  lost  to  arrive  at  it.  He  then  offered  sac- 
:riflces  to  the  gods,  and  particularly  to  Neptune  ; 
threw  into  the  sea  the  bulls  he  had  slaughtered, 
:and  a  great  number  of  golden  cups. — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  15,  §  16. 

3§60.  ODIUM,  Accidental.  Uarl  of  Strafford. 
^Encouraged  by  these  experiments  of  their  pow- 
er [in  reforming  legislative  abuses],  a  heavier 
blow  was  yet  meditated  against  the  sovereign 
[Charles  I.]  in  the  impeachment  of  his  favorite 
minister.  .  .  .  By  a  concurrence  of  accidents 
ibis  nobleman  labored  under  the  odium  of  all 
"the  three  nations  of  the  British  empire.  The 
•Scots  regarded  him  as  the  adviser  of  all  the 
measures  obnoxious  to  that  country  ;  the  Irish, 
whom  he  had  governed  as  lord  lieutenant,  had 
Jound  him  extremely  arbitrary  ;  and  with  the 
English,  at  least  the  Parliamentary  leaders,  it 
"Tvas  sufficient  cause  of  hatred  that,  having  begun 
Dublic  life  as  an  asserter  of  popular  claims,  he 
.  jiad  in  maturer  age  become  the  chief  friend  and 
r  .counsellor  of  the  king. — Tytler's  Hist., 
|,  Book  6,  ch.  29,  p.  402. 

3§61.  ODIUM  braved.  John  Adams.  One  of  the 

lost  honorable  actions  of  his  life  was  defending 

le  British  soldiers  who  participated  in  what  is 

iUed  the  "Boston  Massacre."    An  altercation 

iving  arisen  between  the  soldiers  and  some  of 

le  town's  people,  it  ended  in  the  soldiers  firing 

ipon  the  crowd,  as  they  alleged,  in  self-defence. 

"^  sing  put  upon  their  trial  for  murder,  John  Ad- 

is  braved  the  obloquy  of  defending  them.     It 


was  honorable  to  the  people  of  Boston  that  they 
should  have  recognized  the  right  of  those  sol- 
diers, odious  as  they  were,  to  a  fair  trial,  and  re- 
spected the  motives  of  their  favorite  in  volun- 
teering to  defend  them. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  176. 

3§62.  ODORS  cleansed.  Scotch.  Perhaps  the 
most  curious  item  memorializing  the  famous  con- 
flict is  in  the  [Worcester]  corporation  records, 
with  reference  to  the  poor  Scotch  soldiers : 
"Paid  for  pitch  and  rosin  to  perfume  the  Hall 
after  the  Scots,  two  shillings."  Indeed,  that 
fine  old  Hall  needed  perfuming  and  cleansing, 
for  it  was  drenched  with  blood,  but  rather  the 
blood  of  the  English  than  the  Scotch  ;  for  it  was 
within  its  walls  that  the  English  Cavaliers  made 
a  last  and  desperate  resistance,  and  they  were  all 
cut  to  pieces  or  made  prisoners.  This  was  the 
last  and  great  decisive  conflict ;  the  defeat  of 
Worcester  settled  the  royal  cause  [of  Charles  I.], 
and  doomed  it,  with  its  chief  and  his  adherents, 
to  banishment,  until  the  strong  victor  who  had 
scattered  the  royal  rabble  at  Worcester  should 
himself  be  conquered  by  death. — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  13,  p.  168. 

3S63.  ODOBS,  Dangerous.  Smell  of  Camels. 
The  Arabs  disdained  the  naked  bravery  of  their 
ancestors.  Instead  of  wagons,  they  were  attend 
ed  by  a  long  train  of  camels,  mules,  and  asses ; 
the  multitude  of  these  animals,  whom  they  be 
decked  with  flags  and  streamers,  appeared  to 
swell  the  pomp  and  magnitude  of  their  host ;  and 
the  horses  of  the  enemy  were  often  disordered  by 
the  uncouth  figure  and  odious  smell  of  the  cam- 
els of  the  East.  Invincible  by  their  patience  of 
thirst  and  heat,  their  spirits  were  frozen  by  a 
winter's  cold,  and  the  consciousness  of  their  pro- 
pensity to  sleep  exacted  the  most  rigorous  pre- 
cautions against  the  surprises  of  the  night. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  53,  p.  370. 

3§64.  OFFICE,  Annoyance  in.  Romans.  Pom- 
pey  did  not  think  it  beneath  him  to  appear  at  the 
levee  of  Cicero.  The  custom  was  to  wait  in  the 
vestibule  or  ante-chamber  till  the  great  man 
made  his  appearance  ;  to  pay  him  some  compli- 
ment, couched  either  in  wishes  for  his  health  or 
panegyric  on  his  talents,  or  congratulation  on 
any  promotion  which  might  have  occurred,  and 
afterward  to  accompany  him — either  walking  in 
his  train,  or  attending  by  the  side  of  his  litter — 
to  the  senate- house  or  to  the  forum,  and  thence 
to  reconduct  him  home.  The  lower  ranks  and 
the  more  servile  and  parasitical  courtierg,  who 
had  many  such  visits  to  pay,  must  have  necessa- 
rily begun  very  early  in  the  morning.  Juvenal 
humorously  describes  them  as  setting  out  by  star- 
light, and  does  not  even  give  them  time  to  tie 
their  garters.  These  visits  Pliny  calls  ante-lvca- 
na  officia.  They  were  sometimes  so  troublesome 
to  the  great  man  to  whom  they  were  paid,  that 
it  was  not  unusual  for  him  to  go  out  by  a  back 
door,  and  so  give  his  visitors  the  slip. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  4,  p.  444. 

3§05.  OFFICE,  Appointment  to.  By  James  II. 
He  now  proclaimed  that  he  had  only  been  too 
gracious  when  he  had  condescended  to  ask  the 
assent  of  the  Scottish  estates  to  his  wishes. 
There  was  a  Scottish  Act  of  Supremacy  which 
gave  to  the  sovereign  such  a  control  over  the 
Church  as  might  have  satisfied  Henry  VIII.  Ac- 
cordingly, papists  were  admitted  in  crowds  to 


456 


OFFICE. 


offices  and  honors.  The  Bishop  of  Dunkeld, 
who,  as  a  lord  of  Parliament,  had  opposed  the 
government,  was  arbitrarily  ejected  from  his  see, 
and  a  successor  was  appointed.  Queensberry 
was  stripped  of  all  his  employments,  and  was  or- 
dered to  remain  at  Edinburgh  till  the  accounts 
of  the  treasury  during  his  administration  had 
been  examined  and  approved.  As  the  represen- 
tatives of  the  towns  had  been  found  the  most 
unmanageable  part  of  the  Parliament,  it  was  de- 
termined to  make  a  revolution  in  every  burgh 
throughout  the  kingdom.  A  similar  change  had 
recently  been  effected  in  England  by  judicial 
sentences,  but  in  Scotland  a  simple  mandate  of 
the  prince  was  thought  sufficient.  All  elections 
of  magistrates  and  of  town  councils  were  pro- 
hibited, and  the  king  assumed  to  himself  the 
right  of  filling  up  the  chief  municipal  offices. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  oh.  6,  p.  116. 

3566.  OFFICE,  Changes  in.  Turks.  In  the 
Ottoman  Empire  ...  it  is  esteemed  a  rule  of 
excellent  policy  to  make  frequent  changes  in 
these  offices.  Removal,  therefore,  is  often  prac- 
tised without  cause  of  discontent ;  but  as  this  ar- 
bitrary change  might  convert  a  friend  into  a  dan- 
gerous enemy,  there  is  most  commonly  a  suffi- 
cient cause  alleged  for  sending  the  degraded  of- 
ficer a  bowstring  along  with  the  order  for  his 
dismission. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  13, 
p.  213. 

3567.  OFFICE,  Conditions  for.  Beign  of  James 
II.  The  president  of  the  college  [Magdalene] 
died.  One  of  the  fellows.  Doctor  Thomas  Smith, 
popularly  nicknamed  Rabbi  Smith,  a  distinguish- 
ed traveller,  book-collector,  antiquary,  and  Ori- 
entalist, .  .  .  aspired  to  the  vacant  post.  .  .  .  He 
had  long  been  intimately  acquainted  with  Par- 
ker, Bishop  of  Oxford,  and  hoped  to  obtain  by 
the  interest  of  that  prelate  a  royal  letter  to  the 
college.  Parker  promised  to  do  his  best,  but  soon 
reported  that  he  had  found  dilficulties.  'The 
king,"  he  said,  "  will  recommend  no  person  who 
is  not  a  friend  to  his  Majesty's  religion.  What 
can  you  do  to  pleasure  him  as  to  that  matf-^r  ?" 
Smith  answered  that,  if  he  became  president  he 
would  exert  himself  to  promote  learning,  true 
Christianity,  and  loyalty.  "  That  will  not  do," 
said  the  bishop.  "If  so,"  said  Smith,  man- 
fully, ' '  let  who  will  be  president ;  I  can  prom- 
ise nothing  more." — Macaulay's  Enq.,  ch.  8, 
p.  266. 

3§6S.  OFFICE  decUned.  Boyalty.  At  length 
Cromwell,  with  much  reluctance,  was  obliged  to 
refuse  that  dignity  which  he  most  anxiously  de- 
sired, and  had  taken  such  uncommon  measures 
to  attain.  To  console  him  for  his  mortifying  dis- 
appointment, the  Parliament  confirmed  his  title 
of  Protector,  to  which  they  added  a  perpetual 
revenue,  and  the  right  of  appointing  his  success- 
or. They  gave  him  authority  likewise  to  name 
a  house  of  peers,  and  he  issued  writs  to  sixty 
members,  among  whom  were  five  or  six  of  the 
old  nobility,  some  gentlemen  of  family  and  fort- 
une, and  the  rest  officers  who  had  risen  from 
the  meanest  professions.  But  none  of  the  old  no- 
bility would  deign  to  accept  of  a  seat  in  this  mot- 
ley assembly ;  and  by  naming  so  many  of  his 
friends  to  sit  in  the  upper  house,  the  Protector 
found  he  had  lost  the  majority  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  which  now  began  to  dispute  and  op- 
pose all  his  measures.     Enraged  at  his  disap- 


pointment, he  hastily  dissolved  this  Parliament, 
as  he  had  done  several  of  the  preceding. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  30,  p.  417. 

3869.  OFFICE,  Dislike  for.  Amurath  II.  the 
Turk.  The  sultan,  Amurath  II ,  was  a  princa 
of  a  singular  character.  No  man  was  better  qual- 
ified to  increase  the  grandeur  of  his  empire,  and 
no  one  was  so  fond  of  a  life  of  quiet  and  retire- 
ment. He  twice  resigned  the  crown,  and  was 
twice  prevailed  on  by  his  bashaws  and  janizaries 
to  resume  it.  \  most  solemn  treaty  had  been 
concluded,  in  the  year  1444,  between  him  and 
Ladislaus,  King  of  Poland  ;  and  on  the  faith  of 
this  treaty,  which  gave  peace  to  his  dominions, 
Amurath  had  devoted  his  days  to  retirement  and 
the  study  of  philosophy,  leaving  the  government 
in  the  hands  of  his  son  Mahomet. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  13,  p.  209. 

3§70.  OFFICE,  Embarrassments  in.  Abraham 
lincoln.  No  one  of  his  predecessors,  not  even 
Washington,  encountered  difficulties  of  equal 
magnitude,  or  was  called  to  perform  duties  of 
equal  responsibility.  He  was  first  elected  by  a 
minority  of  the  popular  vote,  and  his  election  wa» 
regarded  by  a  majority  of  the  people  as  the  imme- 
diate occasion,  if  not  the  cause,  of  civil  war  ;  yet 
upon  him  devolved  the  necessity  of  carrying  on 
that  war,  and  of  combining  and  wielding  the  en- 
ergies of  the  nation  for  its  successful  prosecu- 
tion.— Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch.  21,  p.  715. 

3§ri.  OFFICE  by  Favoritism.  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham.  The  demerits  and  defects  of  Bucking- 
ham, now  especially,  became  daily  more  obvious, 
and  roused  in  the  minds  of  all  noble  Englishmen 
growing  indignation.  We  have  already  spoken 
of  the  ascent  of  this  man  to  power — it  is  unlike 
anything  in  our  history  :  he  simply  had  the  grace- 
and  beauty  of  a  woman,  without  a  woman's  pre- 
science and  tact.  He  delighted  in  dependents^ 
and  suitors,  never  got  beyond  the  court,  and 
could  not  understand  the  people.  He  could  not 
comprehend  that  the  reign  of  favorites  was  pass- 
ed, and  the  reign  of  statesmen  begun  ;  and  that, 
as  Eliot  says,  "  the  old  genius  of  the  kingdom  is- 
reawakening."  Having  very  little  of  the  states- 
man himself,  he  seems  to  have  looked  with  cov- 
etous eye  and  hand  on  the  gains  of  the  bucca- 
neer, while  utterly  unpossessed  of  the  buccaneer's 
grasp  and  strength. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  3, 
p.  61. 

3§72.  OFFICE,  Honorary.  John  Howard.  In 
the  year  1773  John  Howard  was  appointed  high 
sheriff  of  the  county  of  Bedfordshire,  in  which 
he  resided.  In  England  the  sheriffs  are  appoint- 
ed by  the  king,  and  he  usually  selects  one  of  the 
leading  gentlemen  or  noblemen  of  the  county, 
who  holds  the  office  one  year.  The  disagreeable 
duties  of  the  place  are  performed  by  under-sher- 
iffs. Twice  a  year  the  high  sheriff,  clad  in  showy 
robes  of  his  office,  rode  out  of  town  in  his  car- 
riage, and  escorted  to  the  town-hall,  amid  the 
pealing  of  bells,  the  judges  who  came  to  hold  the 
semi-annual  court ;  and  in  the  evening  he  gave 
a  ball,  which  was  attended  by  the  judges,  the 
lawyers,  and  the  principal  families  of  the  coun- 
ty. He  aiso  occasionally  entertained  at  dinner 
tiie  gentlemen  of  the  neighborhood  ;  and  these 
were  all  the  duties  which  custom  and  public 
opinion  demanded  of  the  high  sheriff.  As  he 
received  no  salary,  and  the  office  involved  con- 
siderable expensci  it  was  never  bestowed  except 


OFFICE. 


457 


upon  a  man  of  wealth. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  41. 

3§73.  OFFICE  honored.  Emperor  Trajan. 
Trajan  himself,  amid  the  duties  of  sovereignty, 
enjoyed  the  greatest  happiness  which  could  be- 
long to  a  private  station.  He  walked  through 
the  streets  of  Rome,  without  guard  or  attendant, 
as  a  private  individual,  more  secure  in  the  love 
and  affection  of  his  subjects  than  in  the  strength 
Df  an  imperial  retinue.  He  lived  with  his  friends 
on  terms  of  the  most  familiar  intercourse ;  he 
shared  in  all  their  amusements  ;  and  there  was 
between  them  an  interchange  of  every  kind  and 
affectionate  duty.  Such  was  the  virtuous  and 
venerable  Trajan,  whose  character  so  justly  mer- 
ited the  surname  universally  given  him,  Traja- 
nus  Optimus.  He  died  at  the  age  of  sixty-three, 
after  a  reign  of  nineteen  years,  a  period  during 
which  Rome  may  be  said  to  have  been  truly  hap- 
py.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  496. 

3§74.  OFFICE,  Love  of.  Reign  of  James  11. 
To  the  applause  of  the  sincere  friends  of  the 
Established  Church  [late  lord  treasurer]  Roch- 
ester had,  indeed,  very  slender  claims.  To 
save  his  place,  he  had  sat  in  that  tribunal  which 
had  been  illegally  created  for  the  purpose  of  per- 
secuting her.  To  save  his  place,  he  had  given  a 
dishonest  vote  for  degrading  one  of  her  most  em- 
inent ministers,  had  affected  to  doubt  her  ortho- 
doxy, had  listened  mth  the  outward  show  of  do- 
cility to  teachers  who  called  her  schismatical  and 
heretical,  and  had  offered  to  co-operate  strenu- 
ously with  her  deadliest  enemies  in  their  designs 
against  her.  The  highest  praise  to  which  he  was 
entitled  was  this,  that  he  had  shrunk  from  the 
exceeding  wickedness  and  baseness  of  publicly 
abjuring,  for  lucre,  the  religion  in  which  he  had 
been  brought  up,  which  he  believed  to  be  true, 
and  of  which  he  had  long  made  an  ostentatious 
profession. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  144. 

3§75. .  Reign  of  James  II.    [Being 

illegally  appointed  by  the  king  on  the  Board  of 
High  Commissions]  Rochester,  disapproving  and 
murmuring,  consented  to  serve.  Much  as  he 
had  to  endure  at  court,  he  could  not  bear  to  quit 
it.  Much  as  he  loved  the  Church,  he  could  not 
bring  himself  to  sacrifice  for  her  sake  his  white 
staff,  his  patronage,  his  salary  of  £8000  a  year, 
and  the  far  larger  indirect  emoluments  of  his  of- 
fice. He  excused  his  conduct  to  others,  and  per- 
haps to  himself,  by  pleading  that,  as  a  commis- 
sioner, he  might  be  able  to  prevent  much  evil, 
and  that,  if  he  refused  to  act,  some  person  less  at- 
tached to  i^e  Protestant  religion  would  be  found 
to  replace  him.  .  .  .  The  king  offered  Rochester 
a  simple  choice,  to  pronounce  the  bishop  [Comp- 
ton]  guilty,  or  to  quit  the  treasury.  Rochester 
was  base  enough  to  yield. — Macaulay's  Eng.,' 

|tch.  6,  p.  89. 

IB^  3876.  OFFICE  purchased.  Emperor  Claudius. 

1^^^  the  time  when  Caligula  was  put  to  death, 

mpiaudius,  his  uncle,  and  the  brother  of  German- 
r.  icus,  a  man  whose  weak  and  childish  disposition 
had  never  cherished  an  ambitious  thought,  had 
concealed  himself  in  a  corner  of  the  palace  for 
fear  of  assassination.  A  soldier  accidentally  dis- 
covering his  retreat,  saluted  him  emperor.  While 
Claudius  was  tremblingly  begging  his  life  to  be 
spared,  some  others  coming  up,  they  put  him  in 
a  litter  and  carried  him  to  the  camp  of  the  prae- 
torian guards.     There,  as  yet  afraid,  and  uncer- 


tain of  his  fate,  he  promised  to  each  of  the  sol- 
diers a  large  gratification,  and  received  in  return, 
their  oaths  of  allegiance.  The  people  approved 
the  choice,  and  the  Senate  was  obliged  to  confirm 
it.  Thus  was  the  empire  bought  for  the  first  time 
— a  practice  which  we  shall  see  become  in  future 
extremely  common.  Claudius  at  the  age  of  fifty 
was  still  a  child  ;  his  countenance  was  that  of  aiL 
idiot,  and  his  mind,  naturally  weak,  had  never 
received  the  smallest  tincture  of  education. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  484. 

3§77. .  Sylla.  He  got  himself  elect- 
ed praetor,  partly  by  his  assiduities,  and  partly 
by  his  money.  While  he  bore  that  ofllce,  he  hap- 
pened to  be  provoked  at  Caesar,  and  said  to  him, 
angrily,  "  I  will  use  my  authority  against  you." 
Caesar  answered,  laughing,  "You  do  well  to 
call  it  yours,  for  you  bought,  it." — Plutarch's. 
Sylla. 

387§,  OFFICE,  Qualifications  for.  Roman.  Ac- 
cording to  the  laws  of  Rome,  her  first  magistrate 
was  required  to  be  a  doctor  of  laws,  an  alien,  of 
a  place  at  least  forty  miles  from  the  city,  with 
whose  inhabitants  he  must  not  be  connected  in. 
the  third  canonical  degree  of  blood  or  alliance. 
The  election  was  annual ;  a  severe  scrutiny  was 
instituted  into  the  conduct  of  the  departing  sen- 
ator ;  nor  could  he  be  recalled  to  the  same  office 
till  after  the  expiration  of  two  years.  A  liberal 
salary  of  3000  florins  was  assigned  for  his  expense 
and  reward ;  and  his  public  appearance  repre- 
sented the  majesty  of  the  republic. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  70,  p.  605. 

3879.  OFFICE,  Eesignation  of.  Shameful. 
Vitellius,  within  a  few  months  of  his  succession,, 
saw  himself  reduced  to  the  alternative  of  resign- 
ing the  empire,  or  of  dying  like  his  predecessor. 
He  chose  the  former,  and  immediately  concluded 
a  shameful  treaty  with  Sabinus,  the  brother  of 
Vespasian,  then  prefect  of  Rome,  by  which  he 
saved  his  life,  obtaining,  in  return  for  his  resig- 
nation of  the  empire,  the  liberty  of  retiring  to 
Campania,  with  a  considerable  yearly  pension. 
This  treaty  the  dastardly  emperor  read  himself 
to  the  people,  crying  all  the  while  like  a  child. 
He  then  submissively  prepared  to  strip  himself 
of  all  the  ensigns  of  authority.  The  spirit  of  the 
citizens  was  roused  at  this  self-degradation. 
They  compelled  him  to  return  to  his  palace,  and 
attacked  the  party  of  Sabinus,  who  retired  to  the 
Capitol. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  491.. 

3880. .  Farcical.  After  having  es- 
tablished an  appearance  of  order  in  the  several 
departments  of  the  State,  Augustus,  to  complete 
the  farce,  aflected  a  wish  to  abdicate  his  author- 
ity, and  return  to  the  rank  of  a  private  citizen  ; 
but  this  was  a  piece  of  gross  affectation.  He  con- 
sulted Mecaenas,  however,  and  Marcus  Agrippa, 
whether  he  ought  to  follow  his  inclination.  .  . 
This  seeming  moderation,  however,  increased 
the  popularity  of  Augustus,  and  even  paved  the 
way  for  an  extension  of  his  power. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  477. 

3881. .  Policy.  In  the  seventh  year 

of  his  consulate  Augustus  again  pretended  a  de- 
sire to  abdicate,  and  he  actually  informed  the 
Senate  that  he  had  resigned  all  authority  ;  but  he 
was  now  secure  of  the  consequences  of  this  avow- 
al. From  those  mercenary  voices  which  had, 
no  doubt,  been  behind  the  scenes,  well  trained  to 


458 


OFFICE. 


this  hypocritical  farce,  there  was  now  one  uni- 
versal cry  of  supplication,  entreating  him  not  to 
abandon  that  republic  which  he  had  preserved 
from  destruction,  and  whose  existence  depended 
on  his  paternal  care.  "  Since  it  must  be  so,"  said 
lie,  "  I  accept  the  empire  for  ten  years,  unless  the 
public  peace  and  tranquillity  shall  permit  me  be- 
fore that  time  to  seek  that  ease  and  retirement 
which  I  so  passionately  desire."  .  .  ,  The  tenth 
year,  the  period  which  he  had  appointed  for  lay- 
ing down  his  authority,  had  now  arrived.  He 
accordingly  did  so,  and  at  the  earnest  entreaty 
of  the  people  again  resumed  it ;  and  so  fond  does 
he  appear  to  have  been  of  this  solemn  farce,  that 
five  times  in  the  course  of  his  government  he 
amused  the  nation  with  this  empty  pageantry 
of  their  pretended  power. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  479. 

3882. .    Sylla.    Sylla  took  another 

step  which  excited  universal  surprise — he  re- 
signed the  dictatorship.  The  r_ian  who  had  de- 
stroyed above  100,000  of  his  fellow-citizens — 
Tvho,  in  the  course  of  his  proscriptions,  had  put 
to  death  about  90  senators  and  above  2600  Roman 
knights — had  courage  to  resign  the  absolute  au- 
thority he  had  acquired,  to  become  a  private  cit- 
izen, and  to  offer  to  give  an  account  to  the  pub- 
lic of  his  conduct.  But  he  had  gained  partisans  to 
liis  interest  more  powerful,  if  not  so  numerous 
s&  his  enemies  ; .  , .  and,  above  all,  he  was  the  idol 
of  the  army,  who  had  all  along  profited  by  his 
.measures  and  gained  by  his  indulgence  ;  he  had 
^iven  freedom  to  10,000  slaves,  and  had  gratified 
by  rewards  all  his  partisans.  These  were  his 
guardians,  and  enabled  him  to  walk  with  the  se- 
curity of  an  innocent  man  in  that  city  which 
Tie  had  deluged  with  blood. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  4,  ch.  1,  p.  79. 

3883.  OFFICE,  Rich  Men  for.  Carthaginians, 
Aristotle  has  noted  two  circumstances  as  defects 
in  the  constitution  of  this  republic  :  the  one,  that 
it  was  lawful  for  the  same  individual  to  exercise 
different  ofiices  of  state  at  the  same  time  ;  the 
■other,  that  the  poor  were  excluded  from  holding 
all  offices  of  importance  in  the  commonwealth. 
But  the  former  of  these  may  be  found  expedient 
and  even  necessary  in  the  best-regulated  govern- 
ments, and  the  latter  appears  to  be  agreeable  to 
the  soundest  policy ;  for  in  offices  of  high  trust 
poverty  might  often  prove  too  powerful  an  in- 
citement to  a  deviation  from  duty. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  8,  p.  358. 

3884.  OFFICE,  Rotation  in.  TTiebam.  CEdi- 
pus  had  two  sons,  Eteocles  and  Polynices,  to 
Tvhom  jointly  he  bequeathed  the  sovereignty  of 
Thebes.  Instead  of  dividing  the  kingdom,  they 
agreed  to  govern  it  year  after  year  alternately. 
Eteocles,  at  the  expiration  of  his  term,  refus- 
ing to  sign,  Polynices  solicited  the  aid  of  Adras- 
tus,  king  of  Argus,  who  espoused  his  cause, 
engaged  several  of  the  princes  of  Greece  to  as- 
,sist  him,  and  marched  against  the  Thebans  with 
a  powerful  army.  They  retreated  before  the  en- 
emy, and  betook  themselves  to  their  city,  which 
Adrastus  immediately  took  measures  for  assail- 
ing. This  is  the  first  siege  mentioned  in  Gre- 
cian history.  .  .  ,  Thebes,  after  a  long  siege,  gave 
-no  hopes  of  surrender ;  both  parties  became 
tiredof  the  war,  and  it  was  at  length  agreed  to 
terminate  it  by  a  single  combat  between  the  rival 
.brotliers,  Eteocles  and  Polynices— au  issu«  for 


the  quarrels  of  sovereign  princes  which  the  hu- 
mane reader  of  history  will  often  find  reason  to 
wish  had  been  more  frequently  resorted  to. 
The  brothers  fought  under  the  walls  of  Thebes, 
and  were  both  killed. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1, 
ch.  8,  p.  75. 

3885. .    Bite  Deeper.     [Cromwell 

said  :]  New  statesmen,  like  fresh  flies,  bite  deep- 
er than  those  which  were  chased  away  before 
them. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  20,  p.  324. 

3886.  OFFICE,  Sale  of.  Pnsoiv-Warden.  The 
warden  of  the  Fleet  [odo  of  the  London  prisons 
for  debtors]  enjoyed  a  patent  office,  to  be  pur- 
chased by  a  large  payment  to  some  minister  of  the 
crown.  John  Hugginsgave  £5000  to  Lord  Claren- 
don for  his  patent.  [It  was  made  profitable  by  the 
fees  paid.  Huggins  sold  his  patent  to  others,} 
who  made  £811  4s.  per  annum  for  lodging  the 
prisoners ;  by  the  commitment  and  dismission 
fees,  £766  18s.  M.;  by  liberty  of  rules,  £1500 ; 
by  chaplains'  fees,  which  they  farmed  out  upon 
a  small  payment  to  the  chaplain,  £813  16s.;  by 
rents  of  various  premises,  £740,  making  a  total 
of  £4633  18s.  M.  per  annum-  — Knight's  Eng.  , 
vol.  6,  ch.  4,  p.  64. 

3887.  OFFICE,  Seekers  for.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
When  the  South  was  threatening  civil  war,  and 
armies  of  officer-seekers  were  besieging  him  in 
the  Executive  Mansion,  he  said  ...  he  wished 
he  could  get  time  to  attend  to  the  Southern  ques- 
tion ;  .  .  but  the  office-seekers  demanded  all  his 
time.  " I  am,"  said  he,  "like  a  man  so  busy  in 
letting  rooms  in  one  end  of  his  house,  that  he 
can't  stop  to  put  out  the  fire  that  is  burning  iu 
the  other." — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  720. 

3888» .  Abraham  Lincoln.   A  new 

levy  of  troops  required  .  .  .  the  appointment  of 
a  large  additional  number  of  brigadier-  and  ma- 
jor-generals. Among  the  immense  number  of 
applications,  Mr.  Lincoln  came  upon  one  wherein 
the  claims  of  a  certain  worthy  (not  in  the  service 
at  all)  "  for  a  generalship  "  were  set  forth.  But 
the  applicant  did  not  specify  whether  he  wanted 
to  be  brigadier- or  major-general.  .  .  .  The  clerk, 
on  receiving  the  paper  again,  found  written 
across  its  back,  "Major-general,  I  reckon.  Abra- 
ham Lincoln." — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  749, 

3889.  OFFICE,  Selection  for.  Grecian  Empire. 
His  principal  officers  having  held  a  council  upon 
his  [Alexander's]  death,  it  was  agreed  that  the 
crown  should  be  conferred  on  Aridaeus,  who 
took  the  name  of  Philip  ;  and  it  was  resolved  that 
the  child  of  Roxana,  if  a  son,  should  share  the 
empire  with  him.  She  was  soon  after  delivered 
of  a  son,  who  was  named  Alexander,  and  whose 
right  was  accordingly  acknowledged.  This  set- 
tlement of  the  empire  jointly  upon  a  weak  man 
and  an  infant  was  the  result  of  the  jealousy  of  the 
principal  officers,  who  could  not  agree  upon  the 
choice  of  any  one  of  themselves,  while  eacli 
thought  he  had  an  equal  claim  with  his  competi- 
tors. Those  of  the  most  moderate  ambition 
would  have  been  contented  with  the  sovereignty 
of  some  of  the  provinces,  while  others  aimed  at 
an  undivided  empire. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2, 
ch.  4,  p.  195. 

3890.  OFFICE,  Spoils  of.  Beign  of  James  II. 
The  sumptuous  palace  to  which  the  populace  of 
London  gave  the  name  of  Dunkirk  House,  the 
stately  pavilions,  the  fish-ponds,  the  deer-park. 


OFFICE. 


459 


■and  the  orangery  of  Euston,  the  more  than  Ital- 
ian hixury  of  Ham,  with  its  busts,  fountains,  and 
aviaries,  were  among  the  many  signs  which  indi- 
cated what  was  the  shortest  road  to  boundless 
wealth.  This  is  the  true  explanation  of  the  un- 
scrupulous violence  with  which  the  statesmen  of 
that  day  struggled  for  office,  of  the  tenacity  with 
which,  in  spite  of  vexations,  humiliations,  and 
dangers,  they  clung  to  it,  and  of  the  scandalous 
compliances  to  which  they  stooped  in  order  to  re- 
tain it. — Macaulay'sEng.,  ch.  3,  p.  289. 

3§91.  OFFICE,  Terror  in.  Emperor  Augustus. 
With  this  daily  augmentation  of  power,  he  was 
not  without  continual  alarms  for  his  personal 
safety.  He  was  naturally  timid,  and  the  fate  of 
Caesar  was  ever  before  him.  For  a  considerable 
time  he  never  went  to  the  senate-house  without  a 
suit  of  armor  under  his  robe  ;  he  carried  a  dagger 
in  his  girdle,  and  was  always  surrounded  by  ten 
of  the  bravest  of  the  senators,  on  whose  attach- 
ment he  could  thoroughly  depend. — Tytleb's 
Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  477. 

3S92.  OFFICE  unconditioned.  William  of  Or- 
ange. [A  convention  of  the  houses  of  Parlia- 
ment were  discussing  the  question  of  claimant 
■of  the  vacant  throne.]  He  had  hitherto,  he  said, 
remained  silent ;  he  had  used  neither  solicitation 
nor  menace  ;  he  had  not  even  suffered  a  hint  of 
his  opinions  or  wishes  to  get  abroad  ;  but  a  crisis 
Iiad  now  arrived  at  which  it  was  necessary  for 
him  to  declare  his  intentions.  He  had  no  right 
and  no  wish  to  dictate  to  the  convention.  All  that 
he  claimed  for  himself  was  the  privilege  of  declin- 
ing any  office  which  he  felt  that  he  could  not  hold 
with  honor  to  himself  and  with  benefit  to  the  pub- 
lic. ...  A  strong  party  was  for  a  regency.  .  .  . 
Another  party  was  for  placing  the  princess  [his 
wife,  the  daughter  of  King  James  II.]  on  the 
throne,  and  for  giving  to  him,  during  her  life, 
the  title  of  king,  and  such  a  share  in  the  admin- 
istration as  she  might  be  pleased  to  allow  him. 
He  could  not  stoop  to  such  a  post.  He  esteemed 
the  princess  as  much  as  it  was  possible  for  man 
to  esteem  woman  ;  but  not  even  from  her  would 
he  accept  a  subordinate  and  a  precarious  place  in 
the  government.  He  was  so  made  that  he  could 
not  submit  to  be  tied  to  the  apron-strings  even  of 
the  best  of  wives.  He  did  not  desire  to  take  any 
part  in  English  affairs  ;  but  if  he  did  consent  to 
take  a  part,  there  was  one  part  only  which  he 
could  usefully  or  honorably  take.  If  the  estates 
offered  him  the  crown  for  life,  he  would  ac- 
cept it.  If  not,  he  should,  without  repining,  re- 
turn to  his  native  country. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  10,  p.  597. 

3§93.  OFFICE  undesired.  Cromwell.  The 
following  is  a  very  characteristic  letter  to  his  son- 
in-law,  and  seems  to  admit  us,  in  a  very  clear 
manner,  into  the  mind  of  the  Protector  on  this 
subject:  "Whitehall,  22d  June,  1655.  To  the 
Lord  Fleetwood,  Lord-Deputy  of  Ireland  :  Dear 
Charles — I  write  not  often  ;  at  once  I  desire  thee 
to  know  I  most  dearly  love  thee  ;  and,  indeed, 
rny  heart  is  plain  to  thee,  as  thy  heart  can  well  de- 
sire. .  .  .  It's  reported  that  you  are  to  be  sent 
for,  and  Harrj^  to  be  deputy ;  which,  truly, 
never  entered  into  my  heart.  The  Lord  knows 
my  desire  was  for  him  and  his  brother  to  have 
lived  private  lives  in  the  country ;  and  Harry 
knows  this  very  well,  and  how  difficultly  I  was 
I)€rsuaded  to  give  him  his  commission  for  his 


present  place.  This  I  say  as  from  a  simple  and 
sincere  heart.  The  noise  of  my  being  crowned, 
etc.,  are  similar  malicious  figments." — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  15,  p.  188. 

3S94.  OFFICE,  Unfitted  for.  John  Adams. 
Appointed  to  go  abroad  as  one  of  the  ambassa- 
dors representing  the  infant  nation  at  Paris  ;  but 
never  was  there  a  man  less  at  home  in  a  court, 
or  less  adapted  by  nature  for  a  diplomatist.  He 
neither  understood  nor  respected  the  people 
among  whom  he  lived,  and  whom  he  was  re- 
quired to  gratify  and  conciliate.  At  the  same 
time  he  was  curiously  destitute  of  all  that  we  call 
tact,  while  he  was  possessed  with  a  vanity  the 
most  egregious  that  ever  blinded  a  man  of  real 
worth  and  ability.  He  offended  the  French 
ministry ;  he  perplexed  Dr.  Franklin,  who  was 
one  of  the  greatest  diplomatists  that  ever  lived, 
as  well  as  one  of  the  most  honest  and  simple  ;  he 
excited  the  ridicule  of  French  people.  In  a  word, 
he  was  out  of  place  in  France,  and  rendered  his 
country  little  service  there  and  less  honor. — Cy- 
clopedia OP  Bigg.,  p.  177. 

3§95.  OFFICE,  Unmerited.  Naml.  In  1666 
John  Sheffield,  Earl  of  Mulgrave,  at  seventeen 
years  of  age,  volunteered  to  serve  at  sea  against 
the  Dutch.  He  passed  six  weeks  on  board, 
diverting  himself,  as  well  as  he  could,  in  the 
society  of  some  young  libertines  of  rank,  and  then 
returned  home  to  take  the  command  of  a  troop  of 
horse.  After  this  he  was  never  on  the  water  till 
the  year  1672,  when  he  again  joined  the  fleet,  and 
was  almost  immediately  appointed  captain  of  a 
ship  of  eighty-four  guns,  reputed  the  finest  in  the 
navy.  He  was  then  twenty-three  years  old,  and 
had  not,  in  the  whole  course  of  his  life,  been  three 
months  afloat.  As  soon  as  he  came  back  from 
sea  he  was  made  colonel  of  a  regiment  of  foot. 
This  is  a  specimen  of  the  manner  in  which  naval 
commands  of  the  highest  importance  were  then 
given,  and  a  favorable  specimen  ;  for  Mulgrave, 
though  he  wanted  experience,  wanted  neither 
parts  nor  courage. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3, 
p.  281. 

3§96. .     Greek  Emperor.     [While 

monarch  of  the  Eastern  empire]  Isaac  [  Angelus] 
slept  on  the  throne,  and  was  awakened  only  by 
the  sound  of  pleasure  ;  his  vacant  hours  were 
amused  by  comedians  and  buffoons,  and  even  to 
these  buffoons  the  emperor  was  an  object  of  con- 
tempt ;  his  feasts  and  buildings  exceeded  the  ex- 
amples of  royal  luxury ;  the  number  of  his 
eimuchs  and  domestics  amounted  to  twenty  thou- 
sand ;  and  a  daily  sum  of  four  thousand  pounds 
of  silver  would  swell  to  four  millions  sterling,  the 
annual  expense  of  his  household  and  table.  His 
poverty  was  relieved  by  oppression  ;  and  the  pub- 
lic discontent  was  inflamed  by  equal  abuses  in  the 
collection  and  the  application  of  the  revenue. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  60,  p.  56. 

3§97.  OFFICE,  Unsought.  Abubeker.  After 
a  reign  of  two  years  the  aged  caliph  was  sum- 
moned by  the  angel  of  death.  In  his  testament, 
with  the  tacit  approbation  of  his  companions,  he 
bequeathed  the  sceptre  to  the  firm  and  intrepid 
virtue  of  Omar.  "  I  have  no  occasion,"  said  the 
modest  candidate,  "for  the  place."  "But  the 
place  has  occasion  for  you,"  replied  Abubeker, 
who  expired  with  a  fervent  prayer  that  the  God 
of  Mahomet  would  ratify  his  choice,  and  direct 


f60 


OFFICER— OMENS. 


the  Mussulmans  in  the  way  of  concord  and  obedi- 
ence.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  154. 

3§9S.  OFFICER  detested,  An.  Lord  Claren- 
don. When  the  Dutch  fleet  was  in  the  Thames, 
it  was  against  the  chancellor  that  the  rage  of 
the  populace  was  chiefly  directed.  His  windows 
were  broken,  the  trees  of  his  garden  cut  down,and 
a  gibbet  set  up  before  his  door.  But  nowhere 
was  he  more  detested  than  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  183. 

3§99.  OFFICER  dishonored.  Lord  Glarendon. 
[His  predecessor,  Tyrconnel,  had  more  influ- 
ence with  the  government  than  the  incumbent 
of  the  office.  The  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland] 
found  himself  a  subordinate  member  of  that 
administration  of  which  he  had  expected  to  be 
the  head.  He  complained  that  whatever  he  did 
was  misrepresented  by  his  detractors,  and  that 
the  gravest  resolutions  touching  the  country 
which  he  governed  were  adopted  at  Westmin- 
ster, made  known  to  the  public,  discussed  at  cof- 
fee-houses, communicated  in  hundreds  of  pri- 
vate letters  some  weeks  before  one  hint  had 
been  given  to  the  lord-lieutenant.  His  own  per- 
sonal dignity,  he  said,  mattered  little  ;  but  it 
was  no  light  thing  that  the  representative  of  the 
majesty  of  the  throne  should  be  made  an  object 
of  contempt  to  the  people. — Macaulay's  Eng.  , 
ch.  6,  p.  129. 

3900.  OFFICER,  Treacherous.  Agaimt  Co- 
lumbus. To  insure  regularity  and  despatch  in 
the  affairs  relative  to  the  new  world,  they  were 
placed  under  the  superintendence  of  Juan  Rod- 
riguez de  Fonseca,  archdeacon  of  Seville,  who 
was.  .  .  finally  appointed  patriarch  of  the  Indies. 
,  .  .  Enjoying  the  perpetual  though  unmerit- 
ed favor  of  the  sovereigns,  he  maintained  the 
control  of  Indian  affairs  for  about  thirty  years. 
He  must  undoubtedly  have  possessed  talents  for 
business,  to  insure  him  such  a  perpetuity  of 
office  ;  but  he  was  malignant  and  vindictive  ; 
and  in  the  gratification  of  his  private  resentments 
not  only  heaped  wrongs  and  sorrows  upon  the 
most  illustrious  of  the  early  discoverers,  but  fre- 
quently impeded  the  progress  of  their  enter- 
prises, to  the  great  detriment  of  the  crown.  This 
he  was  enabled  to  do  privately  and  securely  by 
his  official  situation.  .  ,  .  He  deserves  to  be 
held  up  as  a  warning  example  of  those  perfidi- 
ous beings  in  office  who  too  often  lie  like  worms 
at  the  root  of  honorable  enterprise,  blighting, 
by  their  unseen  influence,  the  fruits  of  glorious 
action,  and  disappointing  the  hopes  of  nations. 
— Irving's  Columbus,  Book  5,  ch.  8. 

3901.  OFFICERS,  Surplus  of.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. Some  gentlemen  were  once  finding  fault 
with  the  President  because  certain  generals  were 
not  given  commands.  "The  fact  is,"  replied 
Mr.  Lincoln,  "  I  have  got  more  pegs  than  I 
have  Twles  to  put  them  in." — Raymond's  Lin- 
SOLN,  p.  749. 

3902.  OFFICIALS,  Contemptible.  Bntis7i  Col- 
onies.  [The  Duke  of  Newcastle,  minister  of 
British  America  for  twenty-four  years,]  would 
gratify  his  connections  in  the  aristocratic  fami- 
lies of  England  by  intrusting  the  royal  preroga- 
tive to  men  of  broken  fortunes,  dissolute  and 
ignorant,  too  vile  to  be  employed  near  home, 
so  that  America  became  the  hospital  of  Great 
Britain  for  its  decayed  members  of  Parliament 


and  abandoned  courtiers.  Of  such  officers  the 
conduct  was  sure  to  provoke  jealous  distrust  and 
to  justify  perpetual  opposition. — Bancroft's. 
U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  1. 

3903.  OFFICIALS,  Superlative.  Constantine's. 
A  thousand  barbers,  a  thousand  cup-bearers,  a 
thousand  cooks,  were  distributed  in  the  several 
offices  of  luxury  ;  and  the  number  of  eunuchs 
could  be  compared  only  with  the  insects  of  a 
summer's  day.  The  monarch  who  resigned  to 
his  subjects  the  superiority  of  merit  and  virtue 
was  distinguished  by  the  oppressive  magnifi- 
cence of  his  dress,  his  table,  his  buildings,  and 
his  train.  The  stately  palaces  erected  by  Con- 
stantine  and  his  sons  were  decorated  with  many 
colored  marbles  and  ornaments  of  massy  gold. 
The  most  exquisite  dainties  were  procured  to 
gratify  their  pride,  rather  than  their  taste  ;  birds 
of  the  most  dis*^^ant  climates,  fish  from  the  most 
remote  seas,  fruits  out  of  their  natural  season, 
winter  roses,  and  summer  snows.  The  domestic 
crowd  of  the  palace  surpassed  the  expense  of  the 
legions  ;  yet  the  smallest  part  of  this  costly  mul- 
titude was  subservient  to  the  use,  or  even  to  the 
splendor,  of  the  throne.  The  monarch  was  dis- 
graced and  the  people  was  injured  by  the  crea- 
tion and  sale  of  an  infinite  number  of  obscure 
and  even  titular  employments ;  and  the  most 
worthless  of  mankind  might  purchase  the  priv- 
ilege of  being  maintained,  without  the  necessity 
of  labor,  from  the  public  revenue.  The  waste 
of  an  enormous  household,  the  increase  of  fee* 
and  perquisites,  which  were  soon  claimed  as  a 
lawful  debt,  and  the  bribes  which  they  extorted 
from  those  who  feared  their  enmity,  or  solicited 
their  favor,  suddenly  enriched  these  haughty 
menials. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  22,  p.  396. 

3904.  OFFICIOUSNESS,  Offensive.  Beign  of 
Charles  I.  [The  Earl  of  Strafford's]  attacks- 
upon  the  illegalities  of  the  last  two  years  were 
as  brave  as  before  :  the  state  of  maritime  affairs 
— the  suspension  and  violation  of  statutes.  With 
much  condemnation,  however,  a  vote  of  five 
subsidies  was  gi-anted  to  the  king  ;  but  the  time 
when  the  collection  was  to  be  made  or  the  bill 
introduced  was  not  mentioned.  The  House 
immovably  resolved  that  both  were  to  depend 
on  the  good  faith  of  the  king.  It  was  the  great- 
est grant  ever  made  in  Parliament.  The  secre- 
tary, on  behalf  of  the  king,  proceeded  to  thank 
the  House,  but  coupled  thanks  of  Buckingham 
[himself]  with  thanks  of  the  king.  Sir  John 
Eliot  leaped  up,  and  taxed  Mr.  Secretary  with 
intermingling  a  subject's  speech  with  the  king'a 
message :  "  In  that  House  they  knew  of  no- 
other  distinction  but  that  of  king  and  subjects." 
Whereupon  many  of  the  House  made  exclama- 
tion, "  Well  spoken,  Sir  John  Eliot!" — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  8,  p.  72. 

3905.  OMENS,  Ancient.  Bomans.  Li  vy  says: 
"  At  Falerium  the  sky  was  seen  to  open,  and  in 
the  void  space  a  great  light  appeared.  The  lots 
at  Praeneste  shrunk  of  their  own  accord,  and 
one  of  them  dropped  down,  whereon  was  writ- 
ten, 'Mars  brandisheth  his  sword.'"  These  lots 
were  bits  of  oak,  handsomely  wrought,  with 
some  ancient  characters  inscribed  upon  them. 
When  any  came  to  consult  them,  the  coffer  in. 
which  they  were  kept  was  opened,  and  a  child, 
having  first  shaken  them  together,  drew  out  one 
from  the  rest,  which  contained  the  answer  to 


OMENS— OPINION. 


461 


the  querist's  demand.  As  to  the  lots  being 
shrunk,  which  Livy  mentions,  and  which  was 
■considered  as  a  bad  omen,  no  doubt  the  priests 
had  two  sets,  a  smaller  and  a  greater,  which 
they  played  upon  the  people's  superstition  as 
they  pleased.  Cicero  says  they  were  very  little  re- 
garded in  his  time. — Plutarch's  Lites,  Lang- 
iiorne's  Note. 

3906.  OMENS,  Annoyed  by.  ChaHes  I.  [When 
Charles  I.  was  on  trial,  he  was  leaning  upon  his 
staff,  which  had  a  golden  head.  It  broke  off  on 
a  sudden,  and  he  confessed  to  the  Bishop  of 
London  that  it  made  a  great  impression  upon 
him.  He  was  beheaded.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  4,  ch.  7,  p.  107. 

3907.  OMENS,  Presage  of.  Romans.  Now 
divination  we  know  with  some  certainty  to  have 
been  adopted  by  the  Romans  from  the  Etrus- 
<?ans.  Among  that  people  everything  was  con- 
strued into  a  i)resage ;  not  only  the  extraordi- 
nary phenomena  of  nature,  as  thunder,  lightning, 
the  aurora  borealis,  or  the  like,  but  the  most  in- 
signihcant  actions  or  accidents,  such  as  sneezing, 
meeting  with  an  animal,  slipping  a  foot,  or  any 
of  the  most  common  occurrences  of  life.  Among 
an  ignorant  and  rude  nation  everything  is  at- 
tributed to  a  supernatural  agency  ;  but  the  Etru- 
rians were  not  a  rude  nation,  and  therefore  we 
■can  assign  this  natural  propensity  only  to  their 
love  of  those  national  habits  which  they  had  de- 
rived from  a  remote  antiquity.  To  a  supersti- 
tious people,  when  presages  do  not  offer  of  them- 
selves, it  is  a  very  natural  step  to  go  and  seek 
them.  The  sacrifice  of  victims  presented  often 
different  appearances,  according  to  the  accident- 
al state  of  the  animal  at  the  time  it  was  killed. 
The  priests  employed  in  the  sacrifice,  being  best 
acquainted  with  those  appearances,  are  naturally 
■consulted  as  to  their  interpretation.  Thus  they 
acquire  the  reputation  of  superior  wisdom 
and  foresight,  and  the  augur  and  aruspex  become 
an  established  profession. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  1,  p.  289. 

3908.  OMENS,  Terrorized  by.  Sailors.  [Co- 
lumbus was  on  his  third  voyage  in  the  West 
Indies.]  Great  numbers  of  sharks,  so  abundant 
and  ravenous  in  these  latitudes,  were  seen  about 
the  ships.  This  was  construed  into  an  evil 
omen  ;  for  among  the  superstitions  of  the  seas  it 
is  believed  that  these  voracious  fish  can  smell 
dead  bodies  at  a  distance  ;  that  they  have  a  kind 
of  presentiment  of  their  prey,  and  keep  about 
vessels  which  have  sick  persons  on  board,  or 
which  are  in  danger  of  being  wrecked.  Several 
of  these  fish  they  caught,  using  large  hooks 
fastened  to  chains,  and  sometimes  baited  merely 
with  a  piece  of  colored  cloth.— Irving's  Co- 
lumbus, Book  14,  ch.  6. 

3909.  ONE,  Encouragement  by.  Valerius.  So 
great,  indeed,  was  the  slaughter,  that .  .  .  each 
army  having  a  near  view  of  their  own  loss,  and 
only  guessing  at  that  of  the  enemy,  were  inclined 
to  think  themselves  vanquished,  rather  than  vic- 
torious. When  night  came  on, . , .  and  both  camps 
were  hushed  in  silence  and  repose,  it  is  said  that 
the  grove  shook,  and  a  loud  voice  proceeding 
from  it  declared  that  tTie  Tuscans  hadlost  one  man 
inore  than  tlie  Romans.  The  voice  was  undoubt- 
edly divine  ;  for  immediately  upon  that  the  Ro- 
mans recovered  their  spirits,  and  the  field  rang 

.with  acclamations ;  while  the  Tuscans,  struck 


with  fear  and  confusion,  deserted  their  camp, 
and  most  of  them  dispersed.  As  for  those  that 
remained,  who  were  not  quite  5000,  the  Romans 
took  them  prisoners,  and  plundered  the  camp. 
When  the  dead  were  numbered,  there  were 
found  on  the  side  of  the  Tuscans  11,300,  and  on 
that  of  the  Romans  as  many  excepting  one. — 
Plutarch'  s  Publicola. 

3910.  ONE,  Power  of.  Christian.  "TheSo> 
ciety  for  the  Promotion  of  Christian  Knowledge" 
and  also  "  The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts"  [were  both  estab- 
lished about  1698,  mainly  by  one  admirable 
man.  Dr. Thomas  Bray]. — Knight's  Eng., vol.  5, 
ch.  13,  p.  206. 

3911.  OPINION  disguised.  Charles  IT. 
[When  Charles  II.  had  been  defeated  at  the 
battle  of  Worcester  and  was  fleeing  toward 
France,  disguised  as  a  serving-man  accompanied 
by  his  mistress,  who  rode  behind  him,  the  king's 
horse  cast  a  shoe.  "  What  news  ?"  said  the 
serving- man  to  the  smith.]  "  None  since  the 
beating  of  these  rogues,  the  Scots  ;  didn't  hear 
that  rogue  Charles  Stuart  had  been  taken  yet." 
[Charles  thought  that  rogue  ought  to  be  hanged, 
and  the  smith  applauded  him  as  an  honest  man 
for  his  opinion.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  54,  ch.  9, 
p.  142. 

3912.  OPINION,  Growth  of.  American  Inde- 
pendence. [May,  1776]  Washington,  at  New 
York,  freely  and  repeatedly  delivered  his  opin- 
ion :  "A  reconciliation  with  Great  Britain  is  im- 
practicable, and  would  be  in  the  highest  degree 
detrimental  to  the  true  interest  of  America ; 
when  I  first  took  the  command  of  the  army  I  ab- 
horred the  idea  of  independence  ;  but  I  am  now 
fully  convinced  that  nothing  else  will  save  us." 
[Public  opinion  was  affected  in  the  same  way.  J — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  8,  ch.  65. 

3913.  OPINION,  Popular.  Erron£ous.  [See 
No.  6223,  Zeal  Unrewarded.]  The  cry  of  the 
Vhole  nation  was  that  an  imposture  had  been 
practised.  Papists  had,  during  some  months, 
been  predicting,  from  the  pulpit  and  through  the 
press,  in  prose  and  verse,  in  English  and  Latin, 
that  a  Prince  of  Wales  would  be  given  to  the 
prayers  of  the  Church  ;  and  they  had  now  ac- 
complished their  own  prophecy.  Every  witness 
who  could  not  be  corrupted  or  deceived  had  been 
studiously  excluded.  Anne  had  been  tricked 
into  visiting  Bath.  The  primate  had,  on  the 
very  day  preceding  that  which  had  been  fixed  for 
the  villainy,  been  sent  to  prison  in  defiance  of 
the  rules  of  law  and  of  the  privileges  of  peerage. 
Not  a  single  man  or  woman  who  had  the  small- 
est interest  in  detecting  the  fraud  had  been  suf- 
fered to  be  present.  The  queen  had  been  re- 
moved suddenly  and  at  the  dead  of  night  to  Saint 
James'  Palace,  because  that  palace,  less  com- 
modious for  honest  purposes  than  Whitehall, 
had  some  rooms  and  passages  well  suited  for  the 
purpose  of  the  Jesuits,  There,  amid  a  circle  of 
zealots  who  thought  nothing  a  crime  that  tended 
to  promote  the  interests  of  their  church,  and  of 
courtiers  who  thought  nothing  a  crime  that  tend- 
ed to  enrich  and  aggrandize  themselves,  a  new- 
born child  had  been  introduced  into  the  royal 
bed,  and  then  handed  round  in  triumph  as  heir 
of  the  three  kingdoms. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  8,  p.  837. 


462 


OPINION— OPINIONS. 


3914. .  Powerful — Bemting  the  Brit- 
ish Taxes.  ' '  We  will  have  homespun  markets  of 
linens  and  woollens,"  passed  from  mouth  to 
mouth,  till  it  found  its  way  across  the  Atlantic, 
and  alarmed  the  king  in  council ;  "  the  ladies  of 
the  first  fortune  shall  set  the  example  of  wearing 
homespun." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  14. 

3915. .     Resisted.      [The  Puritans 

had  forbidden  the  celebration  of  Christmas  in 
England  as  a  popish  institution.  See  No.  851, 
Christmas  Changed.]  On  the  next  anniversary 
of  the  festival  formidable  riots  broke  out  in 
manj^  places.  The  constables  were  resisted,  the 
magistrates  insulted,  the  houses  of  noted  zealots 
attacked,  and  the  proscribed  service  of  the  day 
openly  read  in  the  churches. — Mac aul ay's  Eng.  , 
ch.  2,  p.  152. 

3916.  OPINION,  Prejudice  of.  History.  To 
Southey,  Cromwell  was  hypocritical,  always 
looking  out  for  himself  ;  he  was  conscious  of  a 
guilty  ambition,  he  knew  that  he  was  doing 
Avrong  through  the  whole  process  of  the  struggle. 
He  felt  that  he  was  a  traitor,  he  knew  that  mon- 
archy, aristocracy,  and  episcopacy  were  essential 
to  the  well-being  of  the  country  ;  he  overthrew 
them,  and  yet  he  sought  in  some  sense  to  retain 
their  images,  although  he  had  got  rid  of  the 
things.  He  committed  a  great  crime,  he  attained 
to  the  possession  of  sovereign  power  by  means 
little  less  guilty  than  Macbeth  ;  but  he  dared  not 
take  the  crown,  and  he  dared  not  confer  it  upon 
the  young  Charles  Stuart,  because  he  knew  the 
young  man  would  never  forgive  his  father's 
death,  and  if  he  could  he  would  be  altogether 
unworthy  to  wear  his  father's  crown.  What 
would  not  Cromwell  have  given,  says  Southey, 
whether  he  looked  to  this  world  or  the  next,  if 
his  hands  had  been  clean  of  the  king's  blood  ! 
Such,  in  brief,  was  the  portrait  it  pleased  Rob- 
ert Southey  to  portray  !  such  was  his  theory 
of  Cromwell's  life. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  1, 
p.  11. 

3917.  OPINION,  Pride  of.  James  II.  He 
then  produced  a  copy  of  the  prince's  manifesto. 
[He  was  about  to  invade  England.]  "  See,"  he 
said,  "how  you  are  mentioned  here."  "Sir," 
answered  one  of  the  bishops,  "  not  one  person  in 
five  hundred  believes  this  manifesto  to  be  genu- 
ine." "No  !"  cried  the  king,  fiercely;  "then 
those  five  hundred  would  bring  the  Prince  of 
Orange  to  cut  my  throat."  "God  forbid,"  ex- 
claimed the  prelates,  in  concert.  But  the  king's 
understanding,  never  very  clear,  was  now  quite 
bewildered.  One  of  his  peculiarities  was  that, 
whenever  his  opinion  was  not  adopted,  he  fan- 
cied that  his  veracity  was  questioned.  "This 
paper  not  genuine  !"  he  exclaimed,  turning  over 
the  leaves  with  his  hands  ;  "  am  I  not  worthy  to 
be  believed  ?  is  my  word  not  to  be  taken  ?" — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  455. 

39 1§.  OPINIONS  subsidized.  Cicero's.  [Cse- 
sar  desired  to  be  consul.]  Cicero,  though  present 
in  Rome,  had  taken  no  part,  arid  looked  on  in 
despair.  The  "good"  were  shocked  at  Pom- 
pey's  precipitation.  They  saw  that  a  civil  war 
could  end  only  in  a  depotism.  "  I  have  not  met 
one  man,"  Cicero  said,  "  who  does  not  think  it 
would  be  better  to  make  concessions  to  Caesar 
than  to  fight  him.  Why  fight  now  ?  Things 
are  no  worse  than  when  we  gave  him  his  addi- 
tional five  years,  or  agreed  to  let  him  be  chosen 


consul  in  his  absence.  You  wish  for  my  opin- 
ion. I  think  we  ought  to  use  every  means  to: 
escape  war.  But  I  must  say  what  Pompey  says. 
I  cannot  differ  from  Pompey." — Froude'sC^- 
SAR,  ch.  20. 

3919.  OPINIONS,  Character  in.  Cromwell's^ 
Home.  It  is  given  to  us  to  see  something  of  their 
home  during  the  period  of  about  ten  years  that 
Cromwell  remained  in  quietude  and  seclusion. 
The  spectacle  of  that  home,  the  interior  of  it,  is 
verj'^  amusing  to  Hume  and  sundry  other  his- 
torians ;  for  it  would  seem  that  there  was  prayer 
there,  and  the  singing  of  hymns  and  spiritual 
songs,  and  the  reading  of  Scripture,  and  com- 
ments, and  even  preachings,  thereon.  All  this, 
to  a  man  of  Hume's  character,  was  most  laugh- 
able and  inexpressibly  comic. — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  2,  p.  43. 

3920.  OPINIONS,  Conceited.  Jefferson  Davis. 
The  rush  of  men  to  the  battle-field  ...  in  every 
part  of  the  South  was  beyond  all  former  exam- 
ple ;  and  if  the  Government  had  met  this  mighty 
movement  of  the  people  with  a  corresponding 
amplitude  of  provision  and  organization,  the 
cause  of  the  South  might  have  been  reckoned 
safe  beyond  peradventure.  Unfortunately  Pres- 
ident Davis  was  not  the  man  to  consult  the  sen- 
timent and  wisdom  of  the  people  ;  he  desired  to- 
signalize  the  infallibility  of  his  own  intellect  in 
every  measure  of  the  revolution,  and  to  identify, 
from  motives  of  vanity,  his  own  personal  genius 
with  every  event  and  detail  of  the  remarkable 
period  of  history  in  which  he  had  been  called 
upon  to  act.  This  imperious  conceit  seemed  to- 
swallow  up  every  other  idea  in  his  mind. — Pol- 
lard's First  Year  of  the  War,  ch.  11,  p.  265. 

3921.  OPINIONS,  Diverse.  Of  Cromwell.  Crom- 
well's letters  have  all  at  length  been  discovered 
and  bound  together,  and  their  publication  has- 
been  the  best  vindication  of  the  consistent  in- 
tegrity and  healthful  whole-heartedness  of  the 
man.  According  to  Carlyle,  the  faith  of  Crom- 
well never  rested  on  any  doubtful  or  insecure 
foundations.  Whoever  else  might  forsake  him, 
hope  and  faith  never  deserted  him.  He  never 
consented  to  take  part  in  any  public  affairs  upon 
any  compulsion  less  strong  than  that  of  con- 
science. He  was  guided  by  superior  instinct  and 
the  practical  good  sense  of  a  man  set  apart  by 
God  to  govern.  He  had  no  premeditated  plan  or 
programme  to  which  to  conform.  On  the  other 
hand,  his  principles  were  never  to  seek.  He  saw 
the  drift  of  circumstances,  but  he  was  neverthe- 
less to  guide  them,  to  use  and  contiol  them,  for 
the  good  of  all.  He  had  no  personal  ambition  ; 
he  was  distracted  by  no  fear,  dazzled  by  no- 
honor.  Southey's  Cromwell  was  full  of  peni- 
tence for  his  treason  against  Charles.  Forster's 
was  full  of  penitence  for  his  treason  against  the 
republican  cause.  Guizot's  Cromwell  was  full 
of  sorrow  on  account  of  his  failure  in  clutching 
at  sovereignty  and  founding  a  dynasty.  The  real 
Cromwell,  according  to  Carlyle,  has  no  penitence 
of  any  kind,  no  sorrow,  save  for  the  sorrow  and 
sin,  the  sad  heirlooms  of  our  race.  He  was  the 
great  champion  of  the  Puritan  cause,  a  sworn 
soldier  to  defend  the  rights  of  civil  and  spiritual 
freedom  ;  not  to  protect  the  interests  of  a  party, 
but,  so  far  as  he  could,  to  throw  a  shield  over 
all,  having  only  a  zeal  for  what  he  honestly  be- 
lieved to  be  God's  truth,  one  of  those  rare  souls 


OPINIONS— OPPORTUNITY. 


463: 


who  could  lay  upon  itself  the  lowliest  and  the 
loftiest  duties  ;  a  dutiful  son  ;  for  a  large  part  of 
his  life  a  quiet  country  gentlemen  ;  a  tender 
husband,  a  tender  father  ;  a  daring  political 
leader  ;  a  great  soldier  ;  a  man  who  knew  men, 
and  who  could,  as  in  his  dealings  with  the  subtle 
Mazarin,  while  preserving  his  own  integrity, 
twist  subtle  statesmen  to  his  pleasure  ;  at  last  a 
powerful  sovereign,  so  living,  praying,  dying  ; 
no  hypocrite,  no  traitor,  but  a  champion  and 
martyr  of  the  Protestant  and  Puritanical  faith. 
Such  is  the  Cromwell  of  Thomas  Carlyle,  and 
such  the  Cromwell  of  [Paxton  Hood]. — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  1,  p.  14. 

3922.  OPINIONS,  Erratic.  John  Milton.  Upon 
the  points  which  interested  him  most  closely, 
Milton  knew  that  his  understanding  of  the  text 
differed  from  the  standard  of  Protestant  ortho- 
doxy. That  God  created  matter,  not  out  of  noth- 
ing, but  out  of  Himself,  and  that  death  is,  in 
the  course  of  nature,  total  extinction  of  being, 
though  not  opinions  received,  were  not  singular. 
More  startling  is  his  assertion  that  polygamy  is 
not,  in  itself,  contrary  to  morality,  though  it 
may  be  inexpedient.  More  offensive  to  the  re- 
ligious sentiment  of  his  day  would  have  been  his 
vigorous  vindication  of  the  free-will  of  man 
against  the  reigning  Calvinism,  and  his  assertion 
of  the  inferiority  of  the  Son  in  opposition  to  the 
received  Athanasianism. — Milton,  by  M.  Pat- 
TisoN,  ch.  12. 

3923.  OPINIONS,  InfaUible.  John  Milton. 
Whatever  he  thought,  Milton  thought  and  felt 
intensely,  and  expressed  emphatically  ;  and  even 
his  enemies  could  not  accuse  him  of  a  shadow 
of  inconsistency  or  wavering  in  his  principles. 
On  the  contrary,  tenacity,  or  persistence  of  idea, 
amounted  in  him  to  a  serious  defect  of  charac- 
ter. A  conviction  once  formed  dominated  him, 
so  that,  as  in  the  controversy  with  Moms,  he 
could  not  be  persuaded  that  he  had  made  a  mis- 
take. No  mmd,  the  history  of  which  we  have 
an  opportunity  of  intimately  studying,  could  be 
more  of  one  piece  and  texture  than  was  that  of 
Milton  from  youth  to  age. — Milton,  by  M.  Pat- 
TISON,  ch.  11. 

3924.  OPPONENTS,  Regard  for.  Cromwell. 
He  was  the  steadfast  friend,  notwithstanding 
episcopacy,  of  Archbishop  Usher ;  and  far  re- 
moved as  his  own  sentiments  were  from  Univer- 
salism,  he  shielded  from  persecution  John  Bid- 
die,  called  the  Father  of  Unitarians,  and,  in  con- 
sideration of  his  worth,  even  granted  him  a  pen- 
sion of  100  crowns  a  year.  Even  Sir  Kenelm 
Digby,  Royalist  as  he  was,  found  himself  at  the 
Protector's  table,  who  no  doubt  enjoyed  the  mys- 
tical wanderings  of  his  mind,  and  certainly  did 
honor  to  his  literary  merits.  He  invited  to  his 
table,  sometimes,  men  disaffected  to  himself  ; 
notably  more  than  once  he  invited  several  of  the 
nobility,  and  after  dinner  told  them,  to  their  sur- 
prise, where  they  had  lately  been,  what  company 
they  had  lately  kept,  and  advised  them  the  next 
time  they  drank  the  health  of  Charles  Stuart  and 

L  the  members  of  the  royal  family  to  do  it  a  little 
I  more  secretly,  as  the  knowledge  might  not  be  so 
^safe  with  some  as  with  him. — Hood's  Crom- 
^WELL,  ch.  16,  p.  200. 

3925.  OPPORTUNITY,  Awaiting.  Cromwell. 
"le  only  traces  of  the  presence  of  Cromwell  in 
le  House  of  Commons  for  ten  years,  which  the 


parliamentary  annals  retain,  are  a  few  words- 
spoken  by  him,  at  long  intervals,  in  defence  of 
his  brethren,  the  puritanic  missionaries,  and  in 
attack  of  the  dominant  Anglican  Church  and  the- 
Roman  Catholics,  who  were  again  struggling, 
for  supremacy.  It  might  be  seen,  from  the  at- 
tention paid  by  his  colleagues  to  the  sentences^ 
uttered  with  such  religious  fervor  by  the  repre- 
sentative of  Huntingdon,  that  this  gentleman 
farmer,  as  restrained  in  speech  as  in  his  desire 
of  popularity,  was  treated  in  the  House  with  that 
consideration  which  is  always  shown  in  deliber- 
ative assemblies  to  those  men  who  are  modest, 
sensible,  silent,  and  careless  of  approbation,  but. 
faithful  to  their  cause. — Lamartine's  Crom- 
well, p.  19. 

3926.  OPPORTUNITY,  Last.  James  II.  If 
only  national  animosity  could  be  allayed,  there 
could  be  little  doubt  that  religious  animosity,, 
not  being  kept  alive,  as  in  England,  by  cruel 
penal  acts  and  stringent  test  acts,  would  of  itself 
fade  away.  To  assuage  a  national  animosity 
such  as  that  which  the  two  races  inhabiting  Ire- 
land felt  .  .  .  was  a  work  to  which  a  wise  and 
good  prince  might  have  contributed  much,  and 
James  would  have  undertaken  that  work  with 
advantages  such  as  none  of  his  predecessors  or 
successors  possessed.  At  once  an  Englishman 
and  a  Roman  Catholic,  he  belonged  half  to  the- 
ruling  and  half  to  the  subject  caste,  and  was^ 
therefore  peculiarly  qualified  to  be  a  mediator 
between  them.  .  .  .  Having  done  this,  he 
should  have  labored  to  reconcile  the  hostile 
races  to  each  other  b^  impartially  protecting 
the  rights  and  restraining  the  excesses  of  both. 
He  should  have  punished  with  equal  severi- 
ty the  native  who  indulged  in  the  license  of 
barbarism  and  the  colonist  who  abused  the- 
strength  of  civilization. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  6,  p.  124. 

3927.  OPPORTUNITY,  A  lost.  Civil  War. 
The  whole  Confederate  force  here  [at  Sewall, 
Va.],  under  the  command  of  General  Lee,  wa» 
nearly  20,000.  This  formidable  army  remained 
for  twelve  or  fifteen  days  within  sight  of  the- 
enemy,  each  apparently  awaiting  an  attack  from 
the  other.  Thus  the  time  passed,  when,  one  morn- 
ing, General  Lee  discovered,  much  to  his  sur- 
prise, that  the  enemy  he  had  been  so  long  hesi- 
tating to  attack  no  longer  confronted  him.  Rose- 
crans  had  disappeared  ia  the  night,  and  reached 
his  old  position  on  the  Gauley.  .  .  .  Thus  the 
second  opportunity  of  a  decisive  battle  in  west- 
ern Virginia  was  blindly  lost.  General  Lee  mak- 
ing no  attempt  to  follow  up  the  enemy,  .  .  .  the 
excuses  alleged  .  .  .  being  mud,  swollen  streams, 
and  the  leanness  of  his  artillery  horses. — Pol- 
lard's First  Year  of  the  War,  ch.  6,  p.  173. 

392S.  OPPORTUNITY  overlooked.  Christina. 
[The  daughter  of  the  great  Augustus  Adolphus.] 
At  a  solemn  assembly  of  the  States,  in  the  year 
1654,  she  made  a  formal  resignation  of  the  gov- 
ernment in  his  favor  [Charles  Gustavus].  She  set 
out  immediately,  in  man's  apparel,  for  Rome, 
but  soon  after  left  that  city  for  Paris,  which  she 
ever  afterward  distinguished  as  her  principal 
place  of  residence.  The  conduct  of  this  singu- 
lar woman  has  been  variously  judged  of ;  she 
herself  thought  it  glorious — and  her  panegyrist, 
Voltaire,  holds  it  forth  as  much  to  her  honor- 
that  she  preferred  li-ving  with  men  who  could 


464 


OPPORTUNITY— OPPOSITION. 


ihink,  to  the  government  of  a  people  without 
literature.  But  how  much  nobler  would  it  have 
l)een  for  this  philosophic  queen  to  have  bestowed 
lier  attention  on  the  introduction  among  her 
subjects  of  those  sciences  which  tend  to  the 
good  of  mankind  !  It  was  an  evidence  of  a  little 
fioul  to  reproach  those  with  ignorance,  or  barbar- 
ism, whom  it  should  have  been  her  study,  as  it 
■was  her  duty,  to  have  cultivated  and  improved. 
It  was  not,  therefore,  surprising  that  a  woman, 
•%vhose  conduct  was  evidently  regulated  more  by 
vcaprice  than  by  a  sound  understanding,  should 
repent  of  the  step  she  had  taken,  and  wish  to 
resume  that  government  she  had  abdicated. — 
•Tytleb's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  34,  p.  456. 

3929.  OPPORTTTNITY,  Providential.  Purchase 
.of  Louisiana.  The  United  States,  in  consequence 
of  favoring  circumstances  growing  out  of  Eu- 
jopean  complications  and  the  bold  and  complete 
statesmanship  of  Jefferson,  obtained  a  territory 
larger  in  area  than  that  which  was  wrested  from 
Ihe  British  crown  by  the  Revolutionary  war 
[for  $15,000,000].  It  seems  scarcely  credible 
that  the  acquisition  of  Louisiana  by  Jefferson 
Tvas  denounced  with  a  bitterness  surpassing  the 
partisan  rancor  with  which  later  generations 
have  been  familiar.  No  abuse  was  too  malignant, 
no  epithet  too  coarse,  no  imprecation  too  savage 
to  be  employed  by  the  assailants  of  the  great 
j)hilosophic  statesman  who  laid  so  broad  and 
deep  the  foundations  of  the  country's  growth 
;and  grandeur. — Blaine's  Twenty  Years  of 
Congress,  p.  8. 

3930.  OPPORTUNITY,  Waiting  for.  "  MaJce 
ine  come."  It  was  reported  that  when  Pompe- 
dius  Silo,  an  officer  of  the  greatest  eminence  and 
authority  among  the  allies,  said  to  Marius,  "  If 
you  are  a  great  general,  Marius,  come  down  and 
'fight  us,"  he  answered,  "  If  you  are  a  great 
general.  Silo,  make  me  come  down  and  fight." 
— Plutarch's  Marius. 

3931.  OPPOSITION,  Benefits  of.  Christianity. 
"The  Christian  doctrines  were  not  more  vigorous- 
ly combated  by  the  secular  arm  than  by  the 
pens  of  the  heathen  philosophers.  Porphyry,  a 
Byrian  by  birth,  and  a  man  of  great  abilities, 
"wrote  a  long  and  most  laborious  work  against 

'  Christianity  ;  and  Philostratus,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  rhetoricians  of  that  age,  contrived  a  new 
jnethod  of  attack,  which  was  by  drawing  artful 
■comparisons  between  the  life  and  doctrines  of 
Christ  and  those  of  the  ancient  philosophers. 
■These  attacks,  however,  were,  on  the  whole, 
jrather  serviceable  than  dangerous  to  the  cause 
•of  Christianity,  since  they  excited  the  zeal  and 
abilities  of  many  of  the  ablest  Fathers  of  the 
Church  to  defend  its  doctrines,  and  oppose,  by 
their  writings,  the  malevolent  efforts  of  its  ene- 
mies. The  works  of  Origen,  of  Dionysius, 
Bishop  of  Alexandria,  and  of  Cyprian,  Bishop 
of  Carthage,  are  read  at  this  day  with  much 
pleasure  and  profit ;  and  at  the  time  they  were 
written  contributed,  in  a  most  eminent  degree, 
to  the  advancement  of  religion. — Tytleb's 
Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  4,  p.  6. 

3932.  OPPOSITION  of  FoUy.  Street  LighU. 
Heming's  scheme  was  enthusiastically  applauded 
;and  furiously  attacked.  The  friends  of  improve- 
ment extolled  him  as  the  greatest  of  all  the  ben- 
efactors of  his  city.  What,  they  asked,  were  the 
iioasted  inventions  of  Archimedes  when  com- 


pared with  the  achievement  of  the  man  who  had 
turned  the  nocturnal  shades  into  noon-day  ?  In 
spite  of  these  eloquent  eulogies,  the  cause  of  dark- 
ness was  not  left  undefended.  There  were  fools 
in  that  age  who  opposed  the  introduction  of  what 
was  called  the  new  light  as  strenuously  as  fools 
in  our  age  have  opposed  the  introduction  of  vac- 
cination and  railroads,  as  strenuously  as  fools 
of  an  age  anterior  to  the  da^vn  of  history  doubt- 
less opposed  the  introduction  of  the  plough, 
and  of  alphabetical  writing. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  3,  p.  337. 

3933.  OPPOSITION,  Help  by.  Persecution.  In 
1670,  when  the  act  against  conventicles  was 
being  re-enacted,  for  the  overthrow  of  Noncon- 
formists, Waller,  the  wit  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, said  of  the  Dissenters  :  "  These  people  are 
like  the  children's  tops :  whip  them,  and  they 
stand  up ;  let  them  alone,  and  they  fall. " — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  19,  p.  310. 

3934.  OPPOSITION,  ImpoUtic.  Taxation.  We 
may  observe  that  in  this  last  effort  to  preserve 
their  expiring  freedom  the  Romans,  from  the 
apprehension  of  a  tribute,  had  raised  Maxentius 
to  the  throne.  He  exacted  that  tribute  from  the 
Senate  under  the  name  of  a  free  gift.  They  im- 
plored the  assistance  of  Constantine.  He  van- 
quished the  tyrant,  and  converted  the  free  gift 
into  a  perpetual  tax. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  14, 
p.  484. 

3935.  OPPOSITION,  PoUtical.  President  Ty- 
ler. The  next  measure — a  favorite  scheme  of  the 
Whigs — was  the  rechartering  of  the  Bank  of  the 
United  States.  The  old  charter  had  expired  ia 
1836,  but  the  bank  had  continued  in  operatioa 
under  the  authority  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 
Now  a  bill  to  recharter  was  brought  forward 
and  passed.  The  President  interposed  his  veto. 
Again  the  bill  was  presented  in  a  modified  form, 
and  received  the  assent  of  both  Houses,  only  to 
be  rejected  by  the  executive.  By  this  action  a 
final  rupture  was  produced  between  the  Presi- 
dent and  the  party  which  had  elected  him.  The 
indignant  Whigs,  baflled  by  a  want  of  a  two- 
thirds  majority  in  Congress,  turned  upon  hinx 
with  storms  of  invective.  All  the  members  of 
the  cabinet  except  Mr.  Webster  resigned,  and  he 
retained  his  place  only  because  of  a  pending  dif- 
ficulty with  Great  Britain. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  16,  p.  441. 

3936.  OPPOSITION  jjrtpared.  Politics.  [Caesar 
sought  advancement  to  the  consulship.]  The 
Senate  had  made  up  their  minds  to  fight  the  bat- 
tle. H  Caesar  went  to  the  assembly,  Bibulus, 
their  second  consul,  might  stop  the  proceedings. 
If  this  seemed  too  extreme  a  step,  custom  provid- 
ed other  impediments  to  which  recourse  might 
be  had.  Bibulus  might  survey  the  heavens, 
watch  the  birds,  or  the  clouds,  or  the  directioa 
of  the  wind,  and  declare  the  aspects  unfavorable  ; 
or  he  might  proclaim  day  after  day  to  be  holy, 
and  on  holy  days  no  legislation  was  permitted. 
Should  these  religious  cobwebs  be  brushed  away^, 
the  Senate  had  provided  a  further  resource  la 
three  of  the  tribunes  whom  they  had  bribed.  Thus 
they  held  themselves  secure,  and  dared  Caesar 
to  do  his  worst.  Caesar  on  his  side  was  equally 
determined. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  13. 

3937.  OPPOSITION,  Proof  by.  Samuel  John- 
son.   His  "Taxation  No  Tyranny"  being  men- 


OPPOSITION— ORACLE. 


465- 


tioned,  he  said,  "  I  think  I  have  not  been  attack- 
ed enough  for  it.  Attack  is  tlie  reaction  ;  I  nev- 
er think  I  have  hit  hard  unless  it  rebounds." 
BoswELL  :  "I  don't  know,  sir,  what  you  would 
be  at.  Five  or  six  shots  of  small  arms  in  every 
newspaper,  and  repeated  cannonading  in  pam- 
phlets, might,  I  think,  satisfy  you." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  244. 

3938.  OPPOSITION  useless.  Gotlis.  The  troops 
of  Colias  and  Suerid  expected  the  approach  of 
the  great  Fritigern  [the  leader  of  the  revolted 
Goths],  ranged  themselves  under  his  standard, 
and  signalized  their  ardor  in  the  siege  of  Hadri- 
anople.  But  the  resistance  of  the  garrison  in- 
formed the  barbarians  that  in  the  attack  of  reg- 
ular fortifications  the  efforts  of  unskilful  cour- 
age are  seldom  effectual.  Their  general  ac- 
knowledged his  error,  raised  the  siege,  declared 
that  "  he  was  at  peace  with  stone  walls,"  and  re- 
venged his  disappointment  on  the  adjacent  coun- 
try.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26,  p.  39. 

3939.  OPPRESSION,  Dangerous.  "  Don't  tread 
on  me."  Gadsden  [of  South  Carolina,  in  1776] 
presented  the  standard  ...  to  be  used  by  the 
American  navy,  representing,  in  a  yellow  lield,  a 
rattlesnake  of  thirteen  full-grown  rattles,  coiled 
to  strike,  with  the  motto,  "  Don't  tread  on  me." — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  8,  ch.  62. 

3940.  OPPRESSION,  Governmental.  Speech. 
[In  1795  Parliament  passed  a  bill  giving  one 
magistrate  the  power  of  dispersing  any  assembly, 
if  in  his  single  judgment  the  language  of  the 
speakers  was  calculated  to  bring  the  Government 
into  contempt ;]  and  if  twelve  persons  remained 
together  for  one  hour  after  being  ordered  to 
disperse,  the  offenders  were  to  be  judged  fel- 
ons, without  benefit  of  clergy. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  7,  ch.  18,  p.  324. 

3941.  OPPRESSION  by  Ignorance.  Beign  of 
Jamss  II.  A.  D.  1683.  Culpepper  and  his  council 
had  arraigned  a  printer  for  publishing  the  laws, 
and  ordered  him  to  print  nothing  till  the  king's 
pleasure  was  known.  .  .  .  The  best  proof  which 
Charles  II.  had  given  of  his  interest  in  Virginia 
Tvas  the  express  instruction  to  allow  no  printing- 
press  on  any  pretence  whatever.  The  rule  was 
continued  under  James  II. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  2,  ch.  14. 

3942.  OPPRESSION  resisted.  Taxation  of 
Henry  VIII.  In  every  county  a  tenth  was  de- 
manded from  the  laity  and  a  fourth  from  the 
clergy  by  the  royal  commissioners.  But  the  de- 
mand was  met  by  a  general  resistance.  ...  A 
revolt  actually  broke  out  among  the  weavers  of 
Suffolk  ;  the  men  of  Cambridge  banded  for  re- 
sistance ;  the  Norwich  clothiers,  though  they 
yielded  at  first,  soon  threatened  to  rise.  "Who 
is  your  captain  ?"  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  asked 
the  crowd.  "  His  name  is  Poverty,"  was  the  an- 
swer, "for  he  and  his  cousin  Necessity  have 
brought  us  to  this  doing."  There  was,  in 
fact,  a  general  strike  of  the  employers.  Cloth- 
makers  discharged  their  workers,  farmers  put 
away  their  servants.  "  They  say  the  king  ask- 
eth  so  much  that  they  be  not  able  to  do  as  they 
have  done  before  this  time."  Such  a  peasant  in- 
surrection as  was  raging  in  Germany  was  only 
prevented  by  the  unconditional  withdrawal 
of  the  royal  demand. — Green's  Eng.  People, 
§539. 


3943.  OPPRESSION,  Royal.  William  tlie  Con- 
queror. One  of  the  most  oppressive  measures  of 
William  the  Conqueror  was  the  enactment  of  the 
forest  laws.  He  reserved  to  himself  the  exclu- 
sive privilege  of  killing  game  throughout  all 
England,  and  enacted  the  most  severe  penalties  on 
all  who  should  attempt  it  without  his  permission. 
Not  satisfied  with  this  severe  and  most  impolitic 
measure,  William,  to  gratify  his  passion  for  the 
chase,  laid  waste  a  country  of  about  fifty  miles 
in  circuit,  drove  out  all  the  inhabitants,  and 
threw  down  the  villages,  and  even  churches,  to 
make  the  New  Forest  in  Hampshire  ;  thus  exter- 
minating at  once  above  one  hundred  thousand 
inhabitants,  many  of  whom  perished  from  fam- 
ine. It  is  not,  therefore,  without  reason  that 
Lord  Lyttelton  remarks  that  Attila  himself  did 
not  more  justly  deserve  to  be  named  the  Scourge 
of  Ood  than  this  merciless  Norman.  It  was- 
this  severe  restriction  of  the  forest  laws — this 
mark  of  servitude — that,  above  every  other  cir- 
cumstance, lay  heavy  on  the  English,  and,  in  the^ 
reign  of  the  succeeding  prince,  excited  at  length 
those  vigorous  efforts  which  produced  the  most 
favorable  concessions  for  the  general  liberty. — 
Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  6,  ch.  8,  p.  134. 

3944.  OPPRESSION,  Scandalous.  Ireland,  a.d. 
1763.  Such  was  the  Ireland  of  the  Irish — a  con- 
quered people,  whom  the  victors  delighted  to 
trample  upon,  and  did  not  fear  to  provoke.  Their 
industry  within  the  kingdom  was  prohibited  by 
law,  and  then  they  were  calumniated  as  naturally 
idle.  Their  savings  could  not  be  invested  on 
equal  terms  in  trade,  manufactures,  or  real  prop- 
erty, and  they  were  called  improvident.  The 
gates  of  learning  were  shut  on  them,  and  they 
were  derided  as  ignorant.  In  the  midst  of  pri- 
vations they  were  cheerful.  Suffering  for  gen- 
erations under  acts  which  offered  bribes  tO' 
treachery,  their  integrity  was  not  debauched : 
no  son  rose  against  his  father,  no  friend  betrayed 
his  friend.  Fidelity  to  their  religion,  to  which 
afflictions  made  them  cling  more  closely,  chas- 
tity, and  respect  for  the  ties  of  family,  remained 
characteristics  of  the  down- trodden  race.  .  .  . 
Relief  was  to  come  through  the  conflicts  of  the- 
North  American  colonies  with  Great  Britain. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  4. 

3945.  ORACLE  corrupted.  Athenian.  The- 
Macedonian  loudly  complained  of  the  Athe- 
nians as  having  first  commenced  hostilities  ;  and 
the  artful  dissembler  [Philip],  still  further  to 
preserve  a  show  of  moderation,  requested  a  re- 
newal of  the  peace.  A  negotiation  for  that  pur- 
pose was  prolonged  by  him  for  two  years.  De- 
mosthenes still  raised  his  voice  for  war.  It  was- 
upon  this  occasion  that,  the  Athenians  having 
consulted  the  Delphian  oracle,  which  advised 
them  to  make  peace,  Demosthenes,  in  an  ani- 
mated harangue,  openly  insinuated  that  the  ora- 
cle was  corrupted,  by  declaring  that  the  Pythia 
Philippized.  The  eloquence  of  the  orator  pre- 
vailed over  the  counsel  of  the  hireling  priestess, 
and  the  Athenians  took  the  field  in  great  force, 
joined  by  the  Thebans  and  their  other  allies. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3,  p.  174. 

3946.  ORACLE,  Deceptive.  Grecian.  A  hol- 
low oak  in  the  forest  of  Dodona,  in  which  it  was 
possible  for  a  man  to  conceal  himself  while  the 
aperture  was  artfully  closed  up,  was  likewise  fa- 
mous for  its  oracles,  and  tlie  imposture  was  no» 


It 


466 


ORACLE— ORATORY. 


doubt  equally  beneficial  to  its  priests  and  attend- 
ants. These  were  commonly  men  of  some  art, 
who  had  ingenuity  enough  to  frame  equivocal 
answers  to  the  questions  that  were  put  to  them  ; 
and  if  the  inquirer  gave  such  construction  to  the 
response  as  was  most  agreeable  to  himself,  it  was 
generally  possible  for  the  priests  to  construe  it 
according  to  the  event.  Strange  !  that  men 
should  ever  believe  that  if  the  Deity  should  stoop 
to  hold  intercourse  with  his  creatures,  he  would 
use  the  mean  tricks  and  subterfuges  of  a  juggler. 
Yet  these  oracles  of  the  Greeks  were  for  many 
ages  in  high  reputation,  and  had  extensive  po- 
litical consequence. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1, 
ch.  7,  p.  65. 

3947,  .     Delphic.     A  cavern  at  the 

foot  of  Mount  Parnassus,  near  Delphi,  was  re- 
markable for  exhaling  a  mephitic  vapor,  which, 
like  that  of  the  Grotto  del  Cani  in  Italy,  had  the 
effect  of  stupefying  and  slightly  convulsing  any 
person  who  came  within  its  atmosphere.  Some 
ingenious  men  had  the  address  to  turn  this  nat- 
ural phenomenon  to  their  own  advantage  and  the 
profit  of  the  neighborhood.  A  temple  was  built 
jon  the  spot  to  Apollo,  the  god  of  divination.  A 
priestess  was  procured  whom  habit  soon  enabled 
to  undergo  the  experiment  without  danger  ;  the 
raving  expressions  which  the  priests  probably  in- 
structed her  to  utter,  and  which  they  interpreted 
as  they  thought  fit,  were  received  by  the  people 
as  oracles,  and  her  visible  convulsions  gave  am- 
ple testimony  to  their  being  the  effect  of  inspira- 
tion.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  7,  p.  65. 

394S.  OEACLE,  Equivocal.  Delphic.  Such 
was  the  state  of  Persia  when  Philip  prepared  for 
Jiis  great  enterprise  by  sending  his  lieutenants 
Attains  and  Parmenio  into  Asia.  As  usual  be- 
fore all  expeditions  of  importance,  he  consulted 
the  Delphic  oracle,  and  received  the  following 
response,  equally  applicable  to  the  prosperous 
or  unsuccessful  event  of  the  war  :  Ths  bull  is 
ready  crowned ;  his  end  approaches,  and  he  will 
soon  be  sacrificed.  ' '  The  prophecy, "  said  Philip, 
■"is  quite  clear:  the  bull  is  the  monarch  of 
Persia. "  The  prediction  speedily  found  its  ac- 
complishment, but  Philip  himself  was  the  vic- 
tim.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3,  p.  177. 

3949.  ORATOR,  The  great.  Demosthenes.  De- 
mosthenes, the  prince  of  the  Grecian  orators,  .  .  . 
had  no  advantages  of  birth  or  education.  His  fa- 
ther, a  sword-cutler,  or,  as  Juvenal  has  termed 
Mm,  a  blacksmith,  left  him  an  orphan  at  the  age 
of  seven,  to  the  care  of  profligate  guardians,  who 
robbed  him  of  his  small  patrimony.  But  he  pos- 
sessed that  native  genius  which  surmounts  every 
disadvantage  of  birth  or  situation.  Ambition 
prompted  him  to  the  study  of  oratory ;  for, 
^oing  one  day  to  the  court  to  hear  the  pleadings 
in  some  cause  of  moment,  he  was  so  impressed 
with  the  eloquence  of  Callistratus,  and  so  fired 
by  the  popular  applause  bestowed  on  that  orator 
upon  his  gaining  the  suit  in  which  he  had  plead- 
•ed,  that  he  determined  from  that  moment  that 
this  should  be  his  road  to  eminence  and  distinc- 
tion. No  man,  in  this  arduous  course,  ever 
struggled  with  greater  natural  obstacles,  or  more 
happily  overcame  them.  His  voice  was  harsh 
and  uncouth,  his  articulation  indistinct,  and  his 
gestures  awkward  and  constrained  ;  but,  sensible 
^)f  his  defects,  he  labored  night  and  day  in  pri- 
vate exercises  of  elocution,  till  he  completely 


subdued  them  ;  and  then,  confident  of  his  pow- 
ers, he  broke  forth  at  once  the  most  distinguished 
orator  of  his  age. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2, 
ch.  3,  p.  171. 

3950.  ORATOR,  Unsuccessful.  Washington  Irv- 
ing. The  new  minister  was  called  on  to  attend 
the  dinner  which  the  citizens  of  New  York  gave 
Dickens,  at  which  it  was  decided  that  he  must 
preside,  and  where  he  did  preside,  with  much 
trepidation,  making  one  of  the  shortest  dinner 
speeches  on  record.  "There,"  he  said,  as  he 
concluded  his  broken  sentences  by  proposing 
the  health  of  Dickens,  as  the  guest  of  the  nation 
— "  there  !  I  told  you  I  should  break  down,  and 
I've^oneit." — Stoddard's  Irving,  p.  40. 

3951.  ORATORS,  Dangerous.  Soame  Jenyns, 
[writing  in  favor  of  the  Stamp-tax,  said]  :  One 
method  indeed  has  been  hinted  at,  and  but  one, 
that  might  render  the  exercise  of  this  power  just 
and  legal,  which  is  the  introduction  of  represen- 
tatives from  the  several  colonies  into  that  body. 
But  I  have  lately  seen  so  many  specimens  of  the 
great  powers  of  speech  of  which  these  Amer- 
ican gentlemen  are  possessed,  that  I  should  be 
afraid  the  sudden  importation  of  so  much  elo- 
quence at  once  would  endanger  the  safety  of 
England.  It  will  be  much  cheaper  for  us  to 
pay  their  army  than  their  orators. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  11. 

3952.  ORATORY,  Audience  for.  William  Pitf. 
It  was  the  great  William  Pitt,  the  great  com- 
moner, who  had  vanquished  French  marshals 
in  Germany  and  French  admirals  on  the  Atlan-  ' 
tic  ;  who  had  conquered  for  his  country  one 
great  empire  on  the  frozen  shores  of  Ontario, 
and  another  under  the  tropical  sun  near  the 
mouths  of  the  Ganges.  It  was  not  in  the  nature 
of  things  that  popularity  such  as  he  at  this  time 
enjoyed  should  be  permanent.  That  popularity 
had  lost  its  gloss  before  his  children  were  old 
enough  to  understand  that  their  father  was  a 
great  man.  He  was  at  length  placed  in  situa- 
tions in  which  neither  his  talents  for  administra- 
tion nor  his  talents  for  debate  appeared  to  the 
best  advantage.  The  energy  and  decision  which 
had  eminently  fitted  him  for  the  direction  of 
war  were  not  needed  in  time  of  peace.  The 
lofty  and  spirit-stirring  eloquence  which  had 
made  him  supreme  in  the  House  of  Commons 
often  fell  dead  on  the  House  of  Lords. — Macau- 
lay's  Pitt,  p.  1. 

3953.  ORATORY  despised.  SamitelJohnson. 
He  would  not  allow  much  merit  to  "Whitefield's 
oratory.  "  His  popularity,  sir,"  said  he,  "  is 
chiefly  owing  to  the  peculiarity  of  his  manner. 
He  would  be  followed  by  crowds  were  he  to 
wear  a  night-cap  in  the  pulpit,  or  were  he  to 
preach  from  a  tree." — Boswell's  Johnsok, 
p.  162. 

3954.  ORATORY  disregarded.  Pnlpit.  [In  the 
middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  eloquence 
of  the  English  clergy]  was  of  the  tamest  charac- 
ter. A  foreigner  describes  their  sermons  :  "  The' 
pulpit  declamation  is  a  most  tedious  monotony. ' 
The  ministers  have  chosen  it  through  respect 
for  religion,  which,  as  they  affirm,  proves,  de- 
fends, and  supports  itself  without  having  any 
occasion  for  the  assistance  of  oratory.  With 
regard  to  the  truth  of  their  assertion,  I  appeal  to 
themselves  and  to  the  progress  which  religion 


ORATORY— OSTENTATION. 


467 


thus  inculcated  makes  in  England." — Knight's 
Ekg.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  110. 

3955.  ORATORY,  Taste  in.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Talking  of  oratory,  Mr.  Wilkes  described  it  as 
accompanied  with  all  the  charms  of  poetical  ex- 
pression. Johnson:  "No,  sir;  oratory  is  the 
power  of  beating  down  your  adversary's  argu- 
ments, and  putting  better  in  their  place." 
Wilkes:  "But  this  does  not  move  the  pas- 
sions." Johnson:  "He  must  be  a  weak  man 
who  is  to  be  so  moved."  Wilkes  (naming a  cel- 
ebrated orator):    "Amid  all  the  brilliancy  of 

's  imagination,  and  the  exuberance  of  his 

wit,  there  is  a  strange  want  of  taste.  It  was  ob- 
.served  of  Apelles'  Venus,  that  her  flesh  seemed 
as  if  she  had  been  nourished  by  roses  ;  his  ora- 
tory would  sometimes  make  one  suspect  that  he 
eats  potatoes  and  drinks  whiskey." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  461. 

3956.  ORBERS,  Conflicting.  Captain  Wads- 
■viorth.  [In  1693]  Fletcher,  the  Governor  of  New 
York,  went  to  Hartford  to  assume  command  of 
the  militia  of  the  province.  He  bore  a  commis- 
sion from  King  William,  but  by  the  terms  of 
the  charter  the  right  of  commanding  the  troops 
was  vested  in  the  colony  itself.  The  general  as- 
sembly refused  to  recognize  the  authority  of 
Fletcher,  who,  nevertheless,  ordered  the  sol- 
diers under  arms,  and  proceeded  to  read  his  com- 
mission as  colonel.  "  Beat  the  drums  !"  shouted 
Captain  Wadsworth,  who  stood  at  the  head  of 
the  company.  "  Silence  !"  said  Fletcher  ;  the 
drums  ceased,  and  the  reading  began  again. 
"Drum!  drum!"  cried  Wadsworth;  and  a 
second  time  the  voice  of  the  reader  was  drowned 
in  the  uproar.  "  Silence  1  Silence  !"  shouted  the 
enraged  governor.  The  dauntless  Wadsworth 
stepped  before  the  ranks  and  said,  "  Colonel 
Fletcher,  if  I  am  interrupted  again  I  will  let 
the  sunshine  through  your  body  in  an  instant," 
That  ended  the  controversy.  Benjamin  Fletcher 
thought  it  better  to  be  a  living  governor  of  New 
York  than  a  dead  colonel  of  the  Connecticut 
militia. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  21,  p.  191. 

3957.  ORDERS  neglected.  Marshal  Ney.  Ney 
was  ordered  to  advance  immediately  with  40,000 
men  and  take  possession  of  [Quatre-Bras,  there- 
by preventing  Blucher  from  re-enforcing  Wel- 
lington with  130,000  men]. .  . .  Had  Ney  brought 
up  his  force  to  cut  off  the  retreat  of  the  Prus- 
sians, as  Napoleon  had  ordered  and  expected,  not 
one  of  the  enemy  would  have  escaped,  and 
"Waterloo"  would  not  have  been.  [Ney  ar- 
rived near  the  place,  and  there  rested  his  weary 
army  by  a  short  sleep,  unsuspecting  the  activity 
of  Blucher,  who  soon  possessed  it.  Ney  was 
■so  sure  of  it,  he  reported  that]  he  was  actually 
in  possession. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  27. 

395S.  ORDERS  simple.  Lord  Nelson.  [When 
Lord  Nelson  informed  the  commanders  in  his 
fleet  of  his  plan  for  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  he 
stated  few  signals  would  be  given.  One  direc- 
tion was  worth  many  embarrassing  orders  :]  No 
man  could  do  wrong  who  placed  his  ship  close 
alongside  of  that  of  the  enemy. — Knight's 
ExG.,  vol.  7,  ch.  25,  p.  446. 

3959.  ORIGIN,  Humble.  John  Bunyan.  "I 
was  of  a  low  and  inconsiderable  generation,  my 
father's  house  being  of  that  rank  that  is  meanest 


and  most  despised  of  all  families  in  the  land." 
"I  never  went  to  school,  to  Aristotle  or  Plato, 
but  was  brought  up  in  my  father's  house  in  a 
very  mean  condition,  among  a  company  of  poor 
countrymen."  "  Nevertheless,  I  bless  God  that 
by  this  door  He  brought  me  into  the  world  to  par- 
take of  the  grace  and  life  that  is  by  Christ  in  His 
Gospel."  This  is  the  account  given  of  himself 
and  his  origin  by  a  man  whose  writings  have  for 
two  centuries  affected  the  spiritual  opinions  of 
the  English  race  in  every  part  of  the  world  more 
powerfully  than  any  book  or  books,  except  the 
Bible. — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  1,  p.  1. 

3960.  ORGANIZATION,  Perfect.  Society  of 
Jesus.  The  establishment  by  Loyola  was  con- 
temporary with  the  Reformation,  the  progress  of 
which  it  was  designed  to  arrest.  ...  Its  mem- 
bers were,  by  its  rules,  never  to  become  prelates  ; 
.  .  .  their  vows  were  poverty,  chastity,  absolute 
obedience,  and  a  constant  readiness  to  go  o» 
missions  against  heresy  or  heathenism. — BANf 
croft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  20. 

3961.  ORNAMENT,  Love  of.  American  In& 
ians.  The  women  .  .  ,  glittered  with  tufts  of 
elk  hair,  brilliantly  dyed  in  scarlet,  and  strings 
of  the  various  kinds  of  shells  were  their  pearls 
and  diamonds.  The  summer  garments  of  moose 
and  deer  skins  were  painted  of  many  colors, 
and  the  fairest  feathers  of  the  turkey  .  .  .  were 
curiously  wrought  into  mantles.  The  claws  of 
the  grizzly  bear  formed  a  proud  collar  for  a  war- 
chief,  .  .  .  the  wing  of  a  red-bird  .  .  .  decorated 
their  locks.  A  warrior's  .  .  .  skin  was  also  tat- 
tooed with  figures.  .  .  .  Some  had  the  nose 
tipped  with  blue,  the  eyebrows,  eyes,  and  cheeks 
tinged  with  black,  and  the  rest  of  the  face 
red.  .  .  .  When  they  made  visits  .  .  .  they  paint 
ed  themselves  gloriously. — Bancroft's  tJ.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

3962.  ORTHOGRAPHY  excused.  Napoleon  I. 
"  Do  you  write  orthographically  ?"  said  he  one 
day  to  his  amanuensis  at  St.  Helena.  ' '  A  man 
occupied  with  public  business  cannot  attend  to 
orthography.  His  ideas  must  flow  faster  thau 
his  hand  can  trace.  He  has  only  time  to  place 
his  points.  He  must  compress  words  into  let- 
ters and  phrases  into  words,  and  let  the  scribes 
make  it  out  afterward.  ..."  His  handwriting 
was  composed  of  the  most  unintelligible  hiero- 
glyphics. He  often  could  not  decipher  it  him- 
self.— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

3963.  OSTENTATION,  Meritless.  Bemaratu*. 
Demaratus,  the  Lacedaemonian,  who  was  then 
at  court,  being  ordered  to  ask  a  favor,  desired 
that  he  might  be  carried  through  Sardis  in  royal 
state,  with  a  diadem  upon  his  head.  But  Mith- 
ropaustes,  the  king's  cousin-german,  took  him  by 
the  hand,  and  said,  "Demaratus,  this  diadem 
does  not  carry  brains  along  with  it  to  cover  ;  nor 
would  you  be  Jupiter,  though  you  should  take 
hold  of  his  thunder."  The  king  was  highly  dis- 
pleased at  Demaratus  for  making  this  request, 
and  seemed  determined  never  to  forgive  him ; 
yet,  at  the  desire  of  Themistocles,  he  was  per- 
suaded to  be  reconciled  to  him. — Plutarch. 

3964.  OSTENTATION,  Oriental.  Chosroes. 
[This  Persian  king  had  his]  favorite  residence  of 
Artemita,  or  Dastagerd,  .  .  .  bej^ond  the  Ti- 
gris, about  sixty  miles  to  the  north  of  the  capi- 
tal.    The  adjacent  pastures  were  covered  with 


468 


OSTENTATION— OSTRACISM. 


flocks  and  herds  ;  the  paradise  or  park  was  replen- 
ished with  pheasants,  peacocks,  ostriches,  roe- 
bucks, and  wild  boars,  and  the  noble  game  of  lions 
and  tigers  was  sometimes  turned  loose  for  the 
bolder  pleasures  of  the  chase.  Nine  hundred  and 
sixty  elephants  were  maintained  for  the  use  or 
splendor  of  the  great  king ;  his  tents  and  baggage 
were  carried  into  the  field  by  12,000  great  camels 
and  8000  of  a  smaller  size  ;  and  the  royal  stables 
were  filled  with  6000  mules  and  horses,  among 
whom  the  names  of  Shebdiz  and  Band  are  re- 
nowned for  their  speed  or  beauty.  Six  thousand 
guards  successively  mounted  before  the  palace 
gates  ;  the  service  of  the  interior  apartments  was 
performed  by  12,000  slaves,  and  in  the  number 
of  3000  virgins,  the  fairest  of  Asia,  some  happy 
concubine  might  console  her  master  for  the  age 
or  the  indifference  of  Sira.  The  various  treas- 
ures of  gold,  silver,  gems,  silks,  and  aromatics 
were  deposited  in  a  hundred  subterraneous 
vaults  ;  and  the  chamber  Badaterd  denoted  the 
accidental  gift  of  the  winds  which  had  wafted 
the  spoils  of  Heraclius  into  one  of  the  Syrian 
harbors  of  his  rival.  The  vice  of  flattery,  and 
perhaps  of  fiction,  is  not  ashamed  to  compute  the 
30,000  rich  hangings  that  adorned  the  walls  ;  the 
40,000  columns  of  silver,  or  more  probably  of 
marble,  and  plated  wood,  that  supported  the 
roof  ;  and  the  thousand  globes  of  gold  suspend- 
ed in  the  dome,  to  imitate  the  motions  of  the 
planets  and  the  constellations  of  the  zodiac. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  46,  p.  463. 

3965.  OSTENTATION  rebuked.  PMlotas.  "My 
Son,  be  less."  Among  the  Macedonians  [who  went 
with  Alexander  to  Persia]  Philotas,  the  son 
of  Parmenio,  had  greater  authority  ;  for  he  was 
valiant  and  indefatigable  in  the  field,  but  he .  .  . 
affected  an  ostentation  of  wealth  and  a  magnifi- 
cence in  his  dress  and  table  that  was  above  the 
condition  of  a  subject.  Beside,  the  loftiness  of 
his  port  was  altogether  extravagant ;  not  tem- 
pered with  any  natural  graces,  but  formal  and 
uncouth,  it  exposed  him  both  to  hatred  and  sus- 
picion, insomuch  that  Parmenio  one  day  said 
to  him,  "  My  son,  be  less." — Plutarch's  Alex- 
ander. 

3966.  OSTENTATION,  Emnous.  Anthemius. 
The  solemn  inauguration  of  Anthemius  [as  em- 
peror of  Rome]  was  followed  by  the  nuptials  of 
his  daughter  and  the  patrician  Ricimer  ;  a  fortu- 
nate event,  which  was  considered  as  the  firmest 
security  of  the  union  and  happiness  of  the  state. 
The  wealth  of  two  empires  was  ostentatiously 
displayed ;  and  many  senators  completed  their 
ruin  by  an  expensive  effort  to  disguise  their 
poverty.  All  serious  business  was  suspended 
during  this  festival ;  the  courts  of  justice  were 
shut ;  the  streets  of  Rome,  the  theatres,  the 
places  of  public  and  private  resort,  resounded 
with  hymeneal  songs  and  dances  ;  and  the  royal 
bride,  clothed  in  silken  robes,  with  a  crown  on 
her  head,  was  conducted  to  the  palace  of  Rici- 
mer, who  had  changed  his  military  dress  for 
the  habit  of  a  consul  and  a  senator. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  36,  p.  491. 

3967.  OSTENTATION,  Vain  of.  Bomans.  "  But 
this  native  splendor,"  says  Ammianus,  "is  de- 
graded and  sullied  by  the  conduct  of  some  no- 
bles, who,  unmindful  of  their  own  dignity,  and 
of  that  of  their  country,  assume  an  unbounded 
license  of  vice  and  folly.     They  contend  with 


each  other  in  the  empty  vanity  of  titles  and  sur- 
names, and  curiously  select,  or  invent,  the  most 
lofty  and  sonorous  appellations,  Reburrus  or 
Fabunius,  Pagonius  or  Tarasius,  which  may 
impress  the  ears  of  the  vulgar  with  astonishment 
and  respect.  From  a  vain  ambition  of  perpetu- 
ating their  memory,  they  affect  to  multiply  their 
likeness,  in  statues  of  bronze  and  marble ;  nor 
are  they  satisfied  unless  those  statues  are  covered 
with  plates  of  gold  ;  an  honorable  distinction,, 
first  granted  to  Acilius  the  consul,  after  he  had 
subdued,  by  his  arms  and  counsels,  the  power 
of  King  Antiochus.  The  ostentation  of  display- 
ing, of  magnifying,  perhaps,  the  rent-roll  of  the 
estates  which  they  possess  in  all  the  provinces, 
from  the  rising  to  the  setting  sun,  provokes  the 
just  resentment  of  every  man,  who  recollects 
that  their  poor  and  invincible  ancestors  were  not 
distinguished  from  the  meanest  of  the  soldiers 
by  the  delicacy  of  their  food  or  the  splendor  of 
their  apparel.  But  the  modern  nobles  measure 
their  rank  and  consequence  according  to  the  lofti- 
ness of  their  chariots  and  the  weighty  magnifi- 
cence of  their  dress.  Their  long  robes  of  silk 
and  purple  float  in  the  wind  ;  and  as  they  are- 
agitated,  by  art  or  accident,  they  occasionally 
discover  the  under  garments,  the  rich  tunics, 
embroidered  with  the  figures  of  various  animals. 
...  If  at  any  time,  but  more  especially  on  a 
hot  day,  they  have  courage  to  sail,  in  their  paint- 
ed galleys,  from  the  Lucrine  Lake  to  their  ele- 
gant villas  on  the  sea-coast  of  Puteoli  and  Cayeta, 
they  compare  their  own  expeditions  to  the  march- 
es of  Caesar  and  Alexander. — Gibbon's  Rome,. 
ch.  30,  p.  224. 

3968.  OSTEACISM  by  Ballot.  Athenians.  The 
ostracism  .  .  .  was  conducted  in  the  following 
manner  :  every  citizen  took  a  piece  of  a  broken 
pot, or  a  shell,  on  which  he  wrote  the  name  of  the 
person  he  wanted  to  have  banished,  and  carried 
it  to  a  part  of  the  market-place  that  was  enclosed 
with  wooden  rails.  The  magistrates  then  counted 
the  number  of  the  shells  ;  and  if  it  amounted  not 
to  six  thousand,  the  ostracism  stood  for  nothing  \. 
if  it  did,  they  sorted  the  shells,  and  the  person 
whose  name  was  found  on  the  greatest  number 
was  declared  an  exile  for  ten  years,  but  with  per- 
mission to  enjoy  his  estate. — Plutarch's  Aris- 

TIDES. 

3969.  OSTEACISM,  Evils  of.  Athenians.  It 
was  not  requisite  that  a  man  should  be  accused 
of  any  crime  to  deserve  the  sentence  of  the  ostra- 
cism. It  was  enough  that  any  person,  either 
from  his  Avealth,  his  uncommon  talents,  or  even 
his  eminent  virtues,  should  become  an  object 
either  of  envy  or  of  public  praise  and  admira- 
tion. When  a  citizen  had  arrived  at  that  degree 
of  credit  as  to  fall  under  either  of  those  descrip- 
tions, and  to  offend  by  too  much  popularity, 
any  individual  of  the  people  might  demand  an 
ostracism.  The  ceremony  was  this :  every  citizen 
who  chose  took  a  shell  or  piece  of  tile,  on  which, 
having  written  the  name  of  the  person  in  his 
opinion  the  most  obnoxious,  he  canied  it  to  a 
certain  place  in  the  forum,  which  was  enclosed 
with  rails,  and  had  ten  gates,  for  ten  tribes. 
Ofiicers  were  appointed  to  count  the  number  of 
shells  ;  for  if  they  were  fewer  than  six  thousand,, 
the  vote  did  not  take  place.  .  .  .  Thus  we  find, 
in  the  course  of  the  history  of  this  republic,  that 
virtue,  without  the  imputation  or  suspicion  of 


OUTCAST— PAGANISM. 


469 


■ambitious  views,  was  frequently  the  victim  of 
this  pernicious  law.  It  was  enough  that  Aris- 
tides  by  his  virtues  had  merited  the  glorious  epi- 
thet of  just ;  that  epithet,  in  the  eyes  of  the 
Athenian  people,  was  sufficient  crime.  When 
Aristides  himself  was  passing  by,  an  illiterate 
rustic  requested  him  to  write  upon  his  shell  the 
name  of  Aristides.  Why,  what  harm,  my  friend, 
said  the  other,  has  Aristides  done  you  ?  None 
in  the  world,  I'eplied  the  clown  ;  but  I  hate  to 
hear  everybody  call  him  the  Just.  Thucydides, 
from  whom  Athens  had  received  the  most  emi- 
nent services,  at  length  the  victim  of  ostracism, 
composed  in  his  exile  that  history  in  which  he 
records  the  fame  of  his  ungrateful  country. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  10,  p.  104. 

3970.  OUTCAST  for  Religion.  William  Penn. 
A.D.  1667.  In  Ireland  .  .  .  the  undying  fires  of 
•enthusiasm  at  once  blazed  up  within  him,  and  he 
Tenounced  every  hope  for  the  path  of  integrity 
..."  when  about  two  and  twenty  years  of  age." 
.  .  .  Returning  to  England,  he  encountered  bitter 
mockings  and  scornings,  the  invectives  of  the 
priests,  the  strangeness  of  all  his  old  companions, 
.  .  .  and  his  father,  in  anger,  turned  him  penni- 
less out  of  doors.  The  outcast,  saved  from  ex- 
treme indigence  by  a  mother's  fondness,  became 
an  author  ;  ...  in  the  heyday  of  youth  was  con- 
:signed  to  a  long  and  close  imprisonment  in  the 
Tower.  His  offence  was  heresy. — Banckoft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  16. 

3971.  OUTRAGE,  Horrible.  Alboin.  [The 
Xombard  king,  a.d.  573.]  Alboin  fell  a  sacrifice 
to  domestic  treason  and  female  revenge.  In  a 
palace  near  Verona,  which  had  not  been  erected 
for  the  barbarians,  he  feasted  the  companions  of 
.Ms  arms  ;  intoxication  was  the  reward  of  valor, 
•and  the  king  himself  was  tempted,  by  appetite 
•or  vaqity,  to  exceed  the  ordinary  measure  of  his 
intemperance.  After  draining  many  capacious 
"bowls  of  Rhaetian  or  Falernian  wine,  he  called 
ior  the  skull  of  Cunimund,  the  noblest  and  most 
precious  ornament  of  his  side-board.  The  cup  of 
^ctory  was  accepted  with  horrid  applause  by  the 
-circle  of  the  Lombard  chiefs.  ' '  Fill  it  again  with 
wine," exclaimed  the  inhuman  conqueror — "fill 
it  to  the  brim  :  carry  this  goblet  to  the  queen, 
and  request  in  my  name  that  she  would  rejoice 
with  her  father."  In  an  agony  of  grief  and  rage, 
Rosamond  had  strength  to  utter,  "  Let  the  will 
of  my  lord  be  obeyed  !"  and,  touching  it  with 
her  lips,  pronounced  a  silent  imprecation,  that 
the  insult  should  be  washed  away  in  the  blood 
of  Alboin.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  45,  p.  397. 

3972.  OUTRAGE,  Reaction  of.  Joan  of  Arc. 
The  arms  of  Charles  [VII.]  gained  more  advan- 
tage by  the  death  of  this  heroine  than,  perhaps, 
they  had  done  by  her  life  ;  for  this  piece  of  cru- 
•€lty  contributed  to  render  the  government  of  the 
English  extremely  odious.  Charles  was  every 
day  making  some  new  conquest,  though  it  cost 
him  fifteen  years  before  he  made  his  entry  into 
Paris,  and  almost  as  many  more  before  the  Eng- 
lish were  entirely  driven  out  of  France. — Tyt- 
i.er's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  13,  p.  206. 

3973.  OUTRAGE  resented.  Parent.  Appius 
{one  of  the  decemviri],  sitting  in  judgment  in  his 
tribunal,  had  cast  his  eyes  upon  a  young  woman 
of  uncommon  beauty,  who  daily  passed  through 
the  forum,  on  her  way  to  the  public  schools.  Vir- 
ginia, a  maiden  of  fifteen  years  of  age,  was  the 


daughter  of  a  plebeian,  a  centurion,  at  that  time 
absent  with  the  army.  Appius  had  been  informed 
of  her  situation ;  she  was  betrothed  to  Icilius, 
formerly  one  of  the  tribunes,  then  serving  against 
the  enemy,  and  their  marriage  was  to  be  cele- 
brated as  soon  as  the  campaign  was  at  an  end ; 
an  obstacle  which  served  only  to  increase  the 
passion  of  this  flagitious  magistrate,  who  deter- 
mined, at  all  hazards,  to  secure  her  as  his  prey. 
After  many  fruitless  attempts  to  corrupt  the 
fidelity  of  those  domestics  to  whom  Virginius 
had  left  the  charge  of  his  daughter  (for  she  had 
lost  her  mother),  Appius  devised  a  scheme  which 
he  thought  could  not  fail  to  put  Virginia  entire- 
ly within  his  power.  He  employed  Marcus  Clau- 
dius, one  of  his  dependents,  an  infamous  and 
shameless  man,  to  claim  the  young  woman  as 
his  own  property.    Marcus  pretended  that  she 
was  the  daughter  of  one  of  his  female  slayes,  who 
had  sold  her  when  an  infant  to  the  wife  of  Vir- 
ginius, who  had  no  children.    He  therefore  pre- 
tended to  reclaim  what  was  his  own,  and  attempt- 
ed by  force  to  caiTy  her  home  to  his  house.    [Her 
father  returned  from  the  army  to  protect  her. 
He  proved  her  parentage.]  Appius  was  not  to  be 
thus  foiled.   With  the  most  unparalleled  effront- 
ery, he  stood  forth  as  a  witness  as  we?l  as  a 
judge,  declaring  that  it  was  consistent  w  th  his 
own  knowledge  that  the  plea  of  Marcus  was 
true.    He  therefore  gave  his  final  sentence,  that 
the  slave  should  be  delivered  up  to  her  lawful 
master,  and  ordered  his  oflicers  to  enforce,  with- 
out delay,  the  execution  of  his  decree.    The  sol- 
diers were  removing  the  crowd,  and  Marcus,  to- 
gether with  the  lictors,  was  advancing  to  seize 
Virginia,  who  clung  for  protection  around  the 
neck  of  her  f  aiher.  ' '  There  is,"  said  he,  ' '  but  one 
way,  my  dear  child,  to  save  thy  honor  and  pre- 
serve thy  liberty."    Then  seizing  a  knife  from 
the  stall  of  a  butcher — "  Thus,"  said  he,  striking 
her  to  the  heart — "  thus  I  send  thee  to  thy  fore- 
fathers, unpolluted  and  a  free  woman."    Then 
turning  to  the  tribunal  of  Appius,  "  Thou  mon- 
ster !"  cried  he,  "with  this  blood  I  devote  thy 
head  to  the  infernal  gods  !"    Appius,  in  a  trans- 
port of  rage,  called  out  to  the  lictors  to  seize 
Virginius  ;  but  he,  rushing  out  from  the  forum, 
and  making  way  for  himself  with  the  knife  which 
he  held  in  his  hand,  while  the  multitude  favored 
his  escape,  got  safe  without  the  city,  and  arrived 
in  a  few  hours  at  the  camp. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  5,  p.  337. 

3974.  PAGANISM  injurious.  Vice.  The  pagan 
religion  had  no  influence  toward  refining  or  im- 
proving the  morals  of  mankind.  The  only  at- 
tributes which  distinguished  the  heathen  gods 
from  the  race  of  ordinary  men  were  their  power 
and  their  immortality.  They  were  endowed  with 
the  same  passions  as  human  creatures,  and  those 
distinguishing  attributes  of  power  and  immor- 
tality served,  in  general,  only  to  extend  the 
measure  and  the  enormity  of  their  vices.  The  ex- 
ample of  their  gods  was,  therefore,  an  incentive 
to  vice  instead  of  virtue ;  and  those  rites  with 
which  many  of  them  were  worshipped,  and 
which  were  conceived  to  be  peculiarly  accepta- 
ble to  them,  were  often  the  grossest  violations 
not  only  of  decency  but  of  Mimanity. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  1,  p.  1. 

3975.  PAGANISM  overthrown.  By  Alaric.  The 
songs  of  Homer  and  the  fame  of  Achilles  had 


^70 


PAINTER— PANIC. 


probably  never  reached  the  ear  of  the  illiterate 
harbarian;  and  the  Ghtistian  faith,  which  he 
had  devoutly  embraced,  taught  him  to  despise 
the  imaginary  deities  of  Rome  and  Athens.  The 
invasion  of  the  Goths,  instead  of  vindicating  the 
honor,  contributed,  at  least  accidentally,  to  ex- 
tirpate the  last  remains  of  paganism  ;  and  the 
mysteries  of  Ceres,  which  had  subsisted  eighteen 
hundred  years,  did  not  survive  the  destruction 
of  Eleusis  and  the  calamities  of  Greece. — Gib- 
bok's  Rome,  ch.  30,  p.  195. 

3976.  PAINTER,  Celebrated.  Reynolds.  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds  was  the  first  Englishman  who 
added  the  praise  of  the  elegant  arts  to  the  other 
glories  of  his  country. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  4,  p.  67. 

3977.  PAINTING  illustrates.  Samuel  John- 
son. When  I  observed  to  him  that  painting  was 
so  far  inferior  to  poetry  that  the  story,  or  even 
emblem  which  it  communicates,  must  be  previ- 
ously known,  and  mentioned,  as  a  natural  and 
laughable  instance  of  this,  that  a  little  miss,  on 
seeing  a  picture  of  Justice  with  the  scales,  had 
exclaimed  to  me,  "  See,  there's  a  woman  selling 
sweetmeats  ;"  he  said,  "Painting,  sir,  can  illus- 
trate, but  cannot  inform." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p  530. 

39?  J.  PALACE,  A  humble.  Tartars.  The 
houses  of  the  Tartars  are  no  more  than  small 
tents,  of  an  oval  form,  which  afford  a  cold  and 
dirty  habitation  for  the  promiscuous  youth  of 
both  sexes.  The  palaces  of  the  rich  consist  of 
wooden  huts,  of  such  a  size  that  they  may  be 
conveniently  fixed  on  large  wagons,  and  drawn 
by  a  team  perhaps  of  twenty  or  thirty  oxen. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26,  p.  7. 

3979.  PANIC  by  Contraction.  Financial. 
In  the  first  year  of  Van  Buren's  administration 
the  country  was  afflicted  with  a  monetary  panic 
of  the  most  serious  character.  The  preceding 
years  had  been  a  time  of  great  prosperity.  The 
national  debt  was  entirely  liquidated,  and  a  sur- 
plus of  nearly  $40,000,000  had  accumulated  in 
the  treasury  of  the  United  States.  By  act  of 
Congress  this  vast  sum  had  been  distributed 
among  the  several  States.  Owing  to  the  abun- 
dance of  money,  speculations  of  all  sorts  grew 
rife.  The  credit  system  pervaded  every  depart- 
ment of  business.  The  banks  of  the  country 
were  suddenly  multiplied  to  nearly  seven  hun- 
dred. Vast  issues  of  irredeemable  paper  money 
stimulated  the  speculative  spirit  and  increased 
the  opportunities  for  fraud.  The  bills  of  these 
unsound  banks  were  receivable  at  the  land  of- 
fices, and  settlers  and  speculators  made  a  rush  to 
secure  the  public  lands  while  money  was  plenti- 
ful. Seeing  that  in  receiving  such  an  unsound 
currency  in  exchange  for  the  national  domain 
the  Government  was  likely  to  be  defrauded  out 
of  millions.  President  Jackson  had  issued  an  or- 
der called  the  Specie  Circular,  }sy  which  the  land 
agents  were  directed  henceforth  to  receive  noth- 
ing but  coin  in  payment  for  the  lands.  The 
effects  of  this  circular  came  upon  the  nation  in 
the  first  year  of  Van  Buren's  administration. 
The  interests  of  tiie  Government  had  been  se- 
cured by  Jackson's  vigilance,  but  the  business  of 
the  country  was  prostrated  by  the  shock.  The 
banks  suspended  specie  payment ;  mercantile 
houses  failed,  and  disaster  swept  through  every 
avenue  of  trade.     During  the  months  of  March 


and  April,  1837,  the  failures  in  New  York  and 
New  Orleans  amounted  to  about  $150,000,000. 
A  committee  of  business  men  from  the  former 
city  besought  the  President  to  rescind  the  specie- 
circular  and  to  call  a  special  session  of  Congress. 
The  former  request  was  refused  and  the  latter 
complied  with  ;  but  not  until  the  executive  waij 
driven  by  the  distresses  of  the  country. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  55,  p.  337. 

39§0.  PANIC,  Financial.  UniUd  States,  1878. 
In  the  autumn  of  1873  occurred  one  of  the  most 
disastrous  financial  panics  known  in  the  history 
of  the  United  States.  The  alarm  was  given  by  the 
failure  of  the  great  banking-house  of  Jay  Cooke 
&  Company,  of  Philadelphia.  Other  failure* 
followed  in  rapid  succession.  Depositors  every- 
where hurried  to  the  banks  and  withdrew  their 
money  and  securities.  Business  was  suddenly 
paralyzed,  and  many  months  elapsed  before  con- 
fidence was  sufiiciently  restored  to  enable  mer- 
chants and  bankers  to  engage  in  the  usual  trans- 
actions of  trade.  The  primary  cause  of  the 
panic  was  the  fluctuation  in  the  volume  and 
value  of  the  national  currency.  Out  of  this  had 
arisen  a  wild  spirit  of  speculation,  which  sapped 
the  foundations  of  business,  destroyed  financial 
confidence,  and  ended  in  disaster. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  68,  p.  560. 

39§1. .     England.     In  September 

and  October  [of  1847]  there  had  been  such  a 
pressure  upon  the  merchants  and  traders  as  had 
not  been  experienced  since  the  great  panic  of 
1825.  Mercantile  houses  in  London  of  the  high- 
est eminence  suspended  their  payments.  Cor- 
responding disasters  occurred  at  Manchester, 
Liverpool,  and  Glasgow.  All  the  usual  accom- 
modation in  the  money  market  was  at  an  end. 
In  October  the  alarm  spread  into  a  general  panic: 
the  crash  of  eminent  houses  in  London  went  on ; 
in  the  country  not  only  mercantile  firms  but 
banks  were  failing  ;  the  funds  fell  rapidly  ;  the 
exchequer  bills  were  at  a  high  rate  of  discount. — > 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  8,  ch.  30,  p.  552. 

39§2.  PANIC,  Needless.  Beign  of  Charles  11. 
[The  infamous  Titus  Oates  announced  a  Popish 
plot.]  The  capital  and  the  whole  nation  went 
mad  with  hatred  and  fear.  The  penal  laws, 
which  had  begun  to  lose  something  of  their  edge, 
were  sharpened  anew.  Everywhere  justices 
were  busied  in  searching  houses  and  seizing  pa- 
pers. All  the  jails  were  filled  with  papists. 
London  had  the  aspect  of  a  city  in  a  state  ot 
siege.  The  train-bands  were  under  arms  all 
night.  Preparations  were  made  for  barricading 
the  great  thoroughfares.  Patrols  marched  up 
and  down  the  streets.  Cannon  were  planted 
round  Whitehall.  No  citizen  thought  himself 
safe  unless  he  carried  under  his  coat  a  small  flail 
loaded  with  lead  to  brain  the  popish  assassins. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  219. 

39§3.  PANIC,  Night  of.  Flight  of  James  11. 
Just  at  this  time  arose  a  whisper  which  swelled 
fast  into  a  fearful  clamor,  passed  in  an  hour 
from  Piccadilly  to  White  Chapel,  and  spread  into 
every  street  and  alley  of  the  capital.  It  was  said 
that  the  Irish  whom  Feversham  had  let  loose 
were  marching  on  London,  and  massacring  every 
man,  woman,  and  child  on  the  road.  At  one  in 
the  morning  the  drums  of  the  militia  beat  to 
arms.  Everywhere  terrified  women  were  weep- 
ing and  wringing  their  hands,  while  their  fathers 


PANIC— PARADISE . 


471 


and  husbands  were  equipping  themselves  for 
fight.  Before  two  the  capital  wore  a  face  of 
stern  preparedness  which  might  well  have  daunt- 
ed a  real  enemy,  if  such  an  enemy  had  been  ap- 
proaching. Candles  were  blazing  at  all  the  win- 
dows. The  public  places  were  as  bright  as  at 
noonday.  All  the  great  avenues  were  barricad- 
ed. More  than  20,000  pikes  and  muskets  lined 
the  streets.  The  late  daybreak  of  the  winter 
solstice  found  the  whole  city  still  in  arms.  Dur- 
ing many  years  the  Londoners  retained  a  vivid 
recollection  of  what  they  called  the  Irish  night. 
When  it  was  known  that  there  had  been  no  cause 
of  alarm,  attempts  were  made  to  discover  the  ori- 
gin of  the  rumor  which  had  produced  so  much 
agitation. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  519. 

39§4.  PANIC,  Unexpected.  English,  1825.  [It 
was  preceded  by  a  period  of  unusual  prosperity. 
On  the  3d  of  January  the  Royal  speech  to  Par- 
liament exulted  over  it.]  "There  never  was  a 
period  in  the  history  of  this  country  when  all 
the  great  interests  of  the  nation  were  at  the  same 
time  in  so  thriving  a  condition."  On  the  2d  of 
February  he  laments  the  evils  of  "  the  pecuniary 
crisis.  .  .  .  The  pecuniary  crisis  was  indeed 
the  most  unexpected,  the  most  astounding,  and 
the  most  severe  in  its  consequences  ever  pro- 
duced by  extravagant  hopes  and  exaggerated 
alarms.  This  pecuniary  crisis  universally  ob- 
tained the  name  of  '  The  Panic'  ...  It  was 
described  by  Mr.  Huskisson  as  '  such  a  com- 
plete suspension  of  all  confidence  as  contradis- 
tinguished from  commercial  distress.  ...  If  the 
difficulties  which  existed  in  the  money  market 
had  continued  only  forty-eight  hours  longer,  . .  . 
the  effect  would  have  been  to  put  a  stop  to  all 
dealings  between  man  and  man,  except  by  way 
of  barter."  .  .  .  Before  the  close  of  the  year  sev- 
enty-three banks  had  failed.  .  .  .  The  to*tal  num.- 
ber  of  bankruptcies  in  1825  was  a  little  above 
eleven  hundred  ;  in  1826  it  was  nearly  two 
thousand  six  hundred." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8, 
ch.  11,  p.  197. 

39§5.  PANTOMIME  in  Jurisprudence.  Eoman. 
Among  savage  nations  the  want  of  letters  is  im- 
perfectly supplied  by  the  use  of  visible  signs, 
which  awaken  attention  and  perpetuate  the  re- 
taembrance  of  any  public  or  private  transaction. 
The  jurisprudence  of  the  first  Romans  exhibited 
the  scenes  of  a  pantomime ;  the  words  were 
adapted  to  the  gestures,  and  the  slightest  error 
or  neglect  in  the  forms  of  proceeding  was  suffi- 
cient to  annul  the  substance  of  the  fairest  claim. 
The  communion  of  the  marriage-life  was  denoted 
by  the  necessary  elements  of  fire  and  water  ;  and 
the  divorced  wife  resigned  the  bunch  of  keys, 
by  the  delivery  of  which  she  has  been  invested 
with  the  government  of  the  family.  The  manu- 
mission of  a  son  or  a  slave  was  performed  by 
turning  him  round  with  a  gentle  blow  on  the 
cheek  ;  a  work  was  prohibited  by  the  casting  of 
a  stone ;  prescription  was  interrupted  by  the 
breaking  of  a  branch  ;  the  clinched  fist  was  the 
symbol  of  a  pledge  or  deposit ;  the  right  hand 
was  the  gift  of  faith  and  confidence.  The  in- 
denture of  covenants  was  a  broken  straw;  weights 
and  scales  were  introduced  into  every  payment, 
and  the  heir  who  accepted  a  testament  was  some- 
times obliged  to  snap  his  fingers,  to  cast  away 
his  garments,  and  to  leap  and  dance  with  real 
or  affected  transport.     If  a  citizen  pursued  any 


stolen  goods  into  a  neighbor's  house,  he  conceal- 
ed his  nakedness  with  a  linen  towel,  and  hid  his 
face  with  a  mask  or  basin,  lest  he  should  en- 
counter the  eyes  of  a  virgin  or  a  matron.  In  a 
civil  action  the  plaintiff  touched  the  ear  of  his 
witness,  seized  his  reluctant  adversary  by  the 
neck,  and  implored,  in  solemn  lamentation,  the 
aid  of  his  fellow-citizens.  The  two  competitors 
grasped  each  other's  hand  as  if  they  stood  pre- 
pared for  combat  before  the  tribunal  of  the 
praetor ;  he  commanded  them  to  produce  the  ob- 
ject of  the  dispute ;  they  went,  they  returned 
with  measured  steps,  and  a  clod  of  earth  was  cast 
at  his  feet  to  represent  the  field  for  which  they 
contended. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  317. 

39§6.  PAPACY  scandalized.  Marozia.  Ma- 
rozia,  the  mistress  of  Sergius  III. ,  and  her  sister 
Theodora,  two  women  of  the  most  abandoned 
and  flagitious  character,  now  ruled  everything 
in  Rome  ;  and  maintaining  their  ascendency  by 
the  most  detestable  crimes,  and  murders  without 
end,  they  filled  the  pontifical  chair  in  rapid  and 
monstrous  succession  with  their  paramours  or 
their  adulterous  offspring.  —  Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  4,  p.  101 

39§7.  PAPER,  Wealth  by.  In  Egypt.  Fir- 
mus,  the  friend  and  ally,  as  he  proudly  styled 
himself,  of  Odenathus  and  Zenobia,  was  no  more 
than  a  wealthy  merchant  of  Egypt.  In  the 
course  of  his  trade  to  India  he  had  formed  very 
intimate  connections  with  the  Saracens  and  the 
Blemmyes,  whose  situation  on  either  coast  of 
the  Red  Sea  gave  them  an  easy  introduction  into 
the  Upper  Egypt.  The  Egyptians  he  inflamed 
with  the  hope  of  freedom,  and,  at  the  head  of 
their  furious  multitude,  broke  into  the  city  of 
Alexandria,  where  he  assumed  the  imperial 
purple,  coined  money,  published  edicts,  and 
raised  an  army,  which,  as  he  vainly  boasted,  he 
was  capable  of  maintaining  from  the  sole  profits 
of  his  paper  trade.  Such  troops  were  a  feeble 
defence  against  the  approach  of  Aurelian  ;  and 
it  seems  almost  unnecessary  to  relate  that  Fir- 
mus  was  routed,  taken,  tortured,  and  put  to 
death. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  11,  p.  358. 

39§§.  PARADISE,  The  drunkard's.  Ancient 
Germans.  Some  tribes  of  the  north  seem  to  have 
embraced  the  doctrine  of  transmigration  ;  others 
imagined  a  gross  paradise  of  immortal  drunken- 
ness.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  95,  p.  271. 

39§9.  PARADISE,  Earthly.  Damascus.  Tl- 
mour  [the  Tartar,  reposed,]  as  was  his  custom,  his 
army  in  the  plain  of  Damascus,  called  one  of  the 
four  paradises  of  the  earth.  The  plain  of  Damas- 
cus, shaded  by  its  orchards,  refreshed  by  its  run- 
ning waters  ;  the  valley  of  Bevivan,  in  Persia  ; 
the  valley  of  the  Euphrates,  below  Bagdad  ;  and, 
in  fine,  the  fertile  and  humid  plain  of  Samar- 
cand,  were  to  the  eyes  of  the  Tartars  the  four 
paradises  promised  to  their  nation.  They  took 
pleasure  in  traversing  them  and  halting  there  by 
turns. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  325. 

3990.  PARADISE,  Language  of.  Nushirxan 
the  Persian.  At  his  command  the  most  cele- 
brated writers  of  Greece  and  India  were  trans- 
lated into  the  Persian  language  ;  a  smooth  and 
elegant  idiom,  recommended  by  Mahomet  to  the 
use  of  paradise  ;  though  it  is  branded  with  the 
epithets  of  savage  and  unmusical  by  the  igno- 
rance and  presumption  of  Agathias. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  42,  p.  216.* 


472 


PARADISE— PARDON. 


3991.  PARADISE,  Mussulmans'.  Fixe.  The 
Mussulmans  born  in  the  mountains  and  valleys 
»of  Asia,  the  sons  of  shepherds,  have  brought  with 
them  into  their  very  palaces  the  memory,  the 
images,  the  passion  of  rural  nature ;  they  love 
her  too  much  to  bedeck  her.  A  woman,  a  horse, 
a  weapon,  a  fountain,  a  tree — such  are  the  five 
paradises  of  the  children  of  Othman. — Lamak- 
•tine's  Turkey,  p.  15. 

3992.  PARADISE,  Sensual.  Mohammedan.  It 
is  natural  enough  that  an  Arabian  prophet 
should  dwell  with  rapture  on  the  groves,  the 
fountains,  and  the  rivers  of  paradise  ;  but  instead 
of  inspiring  the  blessed  inhabitants  with  a  liberal 
taste  for  hai-mony  and  science,  conversation  and 
friendship,  he  idly  celebrates  the  pearls  and  dia- 
monds, the  robes  of  silk,  palaces  of  marble, 
dishes  of  gold,  rich  wines,  artificial  dainties, 
numerous  attendants,  and  the  whole  train  of 
sensual  and  costly  luxury,  which  becomes  in- 
sipid to  the  owner,  even  in  the  short  period  of 
this  mortal  life.  Seventy-two  Houris,  or  black- 
eyed  girls,  of  resplendent  beauty,  blooming 
youth,  virgin  purity,  and  exquisite  sensibility, 
will  be  created  for  the  use  of  the  meanest  be- 
liever ;  a  moment  of  pleasure  will  be  prolonged 
to  a  thousand  years,  and  his  faculties  will  be  in- 
creased a  hundred-fold,  to  render  him  worthy  of 
iis  felicity.  Notwithstanding  a  vulgar  prejudice, 
the  gates  of  heaven  will  be  open  to  both  sexes  ; 
but  Mahomet  has  not  specified  the  male  com- 
panions of  the  female-elect,  lest  he  should  either 
;a,larm  the  jealousy  of  their  former  husbands  or 
disturb  their  felicity  by  the  suspicion  of  an  ever- 
lasting marriage.  This  image  of  a  carnal  para- 
dise has  provoked  the  indignation,  perhaps  the 
envy,  of  the  monks  ;  they  declaim  against  the 
impure  religion  of  Mahomet ;  and  his  modest 
apologists  are  driven  to  the  poor  excuse  of  figures 
;and  allegories.  But  the  sounder  and  more  con- 
sistent party  adhere,  without  shame,  to  the  literal 
interpretation  of  the  Koran  ;  useless  would  be 
the  resurrection  of  the  body,  unless  It  were  re- 
:Stored  to  the  possession  and  exercise  of  its 
worthiest  faculties  ;  and  the  union  of  sensual 
and  intellectual  enjoyment  is  requisite  to  com- 
plete the  happiness  of  the  double  animal,  the 
perfect  man. — Gibbon's  Rome,  vol.  5,  ch.  50, 
p.  119. 

3993.  PARADISE,  A  strange.  MohammMan. 
The  sieges  and  battles  of  six  campaigns  had  con- 
.sumed  many  thousands  of  the  Moslems.  They 
died  with  the  reputation  and  the  cheerfulness  of 
martyrs  ;  and  the  simplicity  of  their  faith  may 
be  expressed  in  the  words  of  an  Arabian  youth, 
when  he  embraced,  for  the  last  time,  his  sister 
and  mother  :  "  It  is  not,"  said  he,  "  the  delica- 
cies of  Syria  or  the  fading  delights  of  this  world 
that  have  prompted  me  to  devote  my  life  in  the 
<;ause  of  religion.  But  I  seek  the  favor  of  God 
and  His  apostles  ;  and  I  have  heard,  from  one  of 
the  companions  of  the  prophet,  that  the  spirits  of 
the  martyrs  will  be  lodged  in  the  crops  of  green 
birds,  who  shall  taste  the  fruits  and  drink  of 
the  rivers  of  paradise.  Farewell,  we  shall  meet 
.again  among  the  groves  and  fountains  which 
God  has  provided  for  His  elect." — Gebbon's 
Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  216. 

3994.  PARDON  declined.  Bewlutionisis.  a.d. 
1776.  Patterson,  .  .  .  the  British  adjutant-gen- 
eral, was  allowed  to  enter  the  American  camp. 


.  .  .  He  asked  to  have  his  visit  accepted  as  the 
first  advance  from  the  commissioners  for  restor- 
ing peace,  and  asserted  that  they  had  great  cow- 
ers. "  From  what  appears,"  rejoined  Washing- 
ton, "they  have  power  only  to  grant  pardons; 
having  committed  no  fault,  we  need  no  pardon ; 
we  are  only  defending  what  we  deem  to  be  our 
indisputable  rights. " — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9, 
ch.  1. 

3995. .     By  the  Innocent.     [When 

Lord  Howe  arrived  off  New  York  in  July 
(1776)  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Dr.  Franklin  aa 
"his  worthy  friend,"  also  official  dispatches, 
which  were  conciliatory  in  their  design.]  Frank- 
lin replied  in  like  spirit  of  former  friendship, 
but  said  as  the  dispatches  only  showed  that  Lord 
Howe  was  to  offer  pardon  upon  submission,  he 
was  sure  it  must  give  his  lordship  pain  to  be 
sent  so  far  upon  so  hopeless  a  business. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  23,  p.  272. 

3996.  PARDON,  Hopeless  of.  Ayloffe.  [Ay- 
loffe  was  engaged  in  the  Scotch  rebellion  under 
the  Duke  of  Argyll.]  He  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  carried  to  Glasgow.  ...  A  story  was  current 
among  the  Whigs  that  the  king  [James  II.]  said, 
'  You  had  better  be  frank  with  me,  Mr.  Ayloffe. 
Ycu  know  that  it  is  in  my  power  to  pardon  you." 
Then,  it  was  rumored,  the  captive  broke  his  sul- 
len silence,  and  answered,  "It  may  be  in  your 
power,  but  it  is  not  in  your  nature."  He  was 
executed  under  his  old  outlawry  before  the  gate 
of  the  Temple,  and  died  with  stoical  composure. 
— Macaulay's  EN«t.,  ch.  5,  p.  527. 

3997.  PARDON  made  Odious.  James  II.  No 
English  sovereign  has  ever  given  stronger  proofs 
of  a  cruel  nature  than  James  II.  ;  yet  his  cruelty 
was  not  more  odious  than  his  mercy  ;  or,  per- 
haps, it  may  be  more  correct  to  say  that  his  mer- 
cy and  his  cruelty  were  such  that  each  reflects 
infamy  on  the  other.  Our  horror  at  the  fate  of 
the  simple  clowns,  the  young  lads,  the  delicate 
women,  to  whom  he  was  inexorably  severe,  is 
increased  when  we  find  to  whom  and  for  what 
considerations  he  granted  pardon. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  607. 

399§.  PARDON,  Plea  for.  Napoleon  I.  [Gen- 
eral Lajolais  had  been  condemned  to  death  for 
participating  in  the  Bourbon  conspiracy  to  as- 
sassinate Napoleon.]  His  only  daughter,  four- 
teen years  old,  who  was  remarkably  beautiful, 
.  .  .  without  communicating  her  intentions  to 
any  one,  set  out  alone  and  on  foot  for  St. 
Cloud.  ...  By  her  youth,  her  beauty,  her  tears, 
and  her  woe  she  [gained  access  to  Josephine  and 
her  daughter  Hortense].  ,  ,  .  Napoleon  had 
said  .  .  .  petitions  must  be  in  writing.  .  .  .  They 
contrived  to  introduce  her  to  the  presence  of 
Napoleon  as  he  was  passing  through  one  of  the 
apartments  of  the  palace.  .  ,  .  The  fragile  child, 
in  a  delirium  of  emotion,  rushed  before  him, 
precipitated  herself  at  his  feet,  and  exclaimed, 
"  Pardon,  sire  !  pardon  for  my  father  !"  Napo- 
leon, surprised, .  . .  exclaimed,  "  I  have  said  that 
I  wish  for  no  such  scenes.  .  .  .  Leave  me,  miss  !" 
So  saying,  he  turned  to  pass  from  her  ;  but  the 
child  threw  her  arms  around  his  knees,  and  .  .  . 
with  tears  and  agony  ...  in  every  feature  .  .  • 
exclaimed,  "  Pardon  !  pardon  !  pardon  !  it  is  for 
my  father  !"  "  And  who  is  your  father  ?  .  . ,  Who 
are  you  ?"  "  I  am  Miss  Lajolais,  .  .  .  and  my 
father  is  doomed  to  die."  ..."  Well,  my  child  1 


PARDON— PARRICIDE. 


47^ 


yes  !  For  your  sake  I  will  forgive  your  father." 
.  .  .  The  suppliant  fainted  and  fell  to  the  floor. 
[In  prison  she  fell  upon  her  father's  neck,  unable 
to  speak.  She  fell  into  unconsciousness,  and 
\  when  revived  was  a  hopeless  maniac] — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  27. 

3999.  PARDOBT,  Purchase  of.  Emdeiice.  [a.d. 
1450-1485.]  One  testator  wishes  that  a  Latin  sen- 
tence should  be  written  "  on  the  forepart  of  the 
iron  about  my  grave,"  with  "  the  day  and  the 
year  of  the  Lord  of  my  departing  from  this 
world,  and  the  pardon  that  I  purchased  to  be 
written  therewith." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  8,  p.  127. 

4000.  PARDON  without  Reformation.  Oov- 
ernment.  Capt.  John  Nutt  was  one  of  the  most 
daring  sea-devils  of  that  lawless  time.  He  was 
an  untakable  man,  and  he  had  several  pirate 
ships.  He  commenced  his  career  as  gunner 
of  a  vessel  in  Dartmouth  harbor  bound  for  the 
Newfoundland  seas.  Commg  to  Newfoundland, 
he  collected  a  crew  of  pleasant  fellows  like  liim- 
self  ;  they  seized  a  French  ship,  also  a  large 
Plymouth  ship,  then  a  Flemish  ship,  and,  with 
these  gay  rovers,  he  played  off  his  depredations 
on  the  fishing  craft  of  the  Newfoundland  seas, 
and  came  back,  too  strong  for  capture,  to  the 
western  coasts  of  England.  Arrived  there,  this 
worthy  played  off  new  devilries :  he  tempted 
men  from  the  king's  service  by  the  promise  of 
liigher  wages,  and — what,  alas  I  might  easily  be 
promised  in  those  dreary  days — more  certain  pay- 
ment ;  he  hung  about  Torbay,  laughed  at  threats, 
scoffed  at  promises  of  pardon,  although  more 
than  one  offer  had  been  made  conditionally.  The 
whole  western  country  was  in  a  state  of  dread, 
and  municipalities  poured  their  entreaties  upon 
the  council  and  upon  Eliot  in  his  office  of  vice- 
admiral.  .  .  .  [The  pirate  was  pardoned  and 
honored,  the  faithful  admiral  was  dishonored  by 
the  government.  It  was  the  work  of  bribery.] 
—Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  3,  p.  50, 

4001 .  PARDON  by  Sympathy.  Abraham  Lin- 
ccln.  A  poor  woman  from  Philadelphia  had 
been  waiting,  with  a  baby  in  her  arms,  for  three 
days  to  see  the  President.  [Her  husband  had  de- 
serted, and  was  sentenced  to  be  shot.]  Late  in  the 
afternoon  of  the  third  day  ...  he  heard  the  baby 

:  cry.  "  He  .  .  .  rang  the  bell.  'Daniel,'  said  he, 
I  '  is  there  a  Wvjman  with  a  baby  in  the  anteroom  ?' 
I  I  said  there  was,  and  if  he  would  allow  me  to  say 
j  it,  I  thought  it  was  a  case  he  ought  to  see,  for  it 
i  was  a  matter  of  life  and  death.  Said  he,  '  Send  her 

at  once. '  .  .  .  The  President  pardoned  her  hus- 
\  band.  As  she  came  out  from  his  presence  her  eyes 
I  were  lifted  and  her  lips  moving  in  prayer,  the 
\  tears  streaming  down  her  cheeks, "  Said  Daniel, 
!;  *'  I  went  up  to  her,  and  pulling  her  shawl,  said, 
|i  •  Madam,  it  was  the  baby  that  did  it  I ' " — Ray- 
1  mond's  Lincoln,  p.  737. 

I  4002.  PARENT,  A  disappointed.  John  Howard. 
i  For  seven  years  he  lived  in  the  country  with  hia 
I  wife.  Nothing  was  wanting  to  his  happiness  but 
I  children,  which,  for  seven  years,  were  denied 
I  him.  Then  a  son  was  born,  who  filled  up  the 
j  measure  of  his  joy,     A  few  days  after  the  birth 

of  this  child  he  left  his  wife  in  tlie  morning  to 
'  go  to  church,  she  being  apparently  as  well  as 
I  could  be  expected.  On  his  return  he  found  her 
[  indisposed,  and  a  few  minutes  after,  as  he  was 
I  handing  her  a  cup  of  chocolate,  she  fell  back 


upon  her  pillow,  and  immediately  breathed  her 
last.  .  .  .  The  boy,  whom  he  had  obtained  at  the 
price  of  his  happiness,  was  a  large  and  healthy 
child  ;  it  lived  to  be  the  consoler  of  his  solitude, 
but  finally  the  shame  and  misery  of  his  old  age. 
— Cyclopedia  of  Biog  ,  p.  40. 

4003.  PARENTS,  P.  ?7er  of.  Roman.  The 
paternal  power  was  instituted  or  confirmed  by 
Romulus  himself  ;  and,  after  the  practice  of  three 
centuries,  it  was  inscribed  on  the  fourth  table  of 
the  Decemvirs.  In  the  forum,  the  Senate,  or  the 
camp  the  adult  son  of  a  Roman  citizen  enjoyed 
the  public  and  private  rights  of  a  persor^;  in  hia 
father's  house  he  was  a  mere  thing  ;  confounded 
by  the  laws  with  the  movables,  the  cattle,  and  the 
slaves,  whom  the  capricious  master  might  alien- 
ate or  destroy,  without  being  responsible  to  any 
earthly  tribunal.  The  hand  which  bestowed  the 
daily  sustenance  might  resume  the  voluntary  gift, 
and  whatever  was  acquired  by  the  labor  or  fort- 
une of  the  son  was  immediately  lost  in  the  prop- 
erty of  the  father. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44, 
p.  341. 

4004.  PARENTS,  Sacrifice  of.  Chinese.  Ninety 
[Chinese]  cities  were  stormed,  or  starved,  by  the 
Moguls ;  ten  only  escaped  ;  and  Zingis  [their 
commander],  from  a  knowledge  of  the  filial  piety 
of  the  Chinese,  covered  h's  vanguard  with  their 
captive  parents  ;  an  unwoi  thy,  and  by  degrees  a 
fruitless,  abuse  of  the  virtue  of  his  enemies. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  64,  p.  209. 

4005.  PARENTS,  Sorrow  of,  Henry  11. 
[About  ]  189  Richard,  son  of  the  great  Henry  II,, 
joined  the  French  king,  Philip  II.,  against  hia 
father.  Three  other  sons  were  also  rebels  against 
their  father,  and  only  his  youngest  son,  John,  re- 
mained at  his  court.]  Philip  and  Richard  took 
his  castles,  while  Henry  remained  in  a  condition 
of  unusual  supineness.  He  was  now  broken  in 
spirit.  .  .  .  He  yielded  almost  without  a  struggle 
to  the  demands  that  were  made  upon  him,  .  .  . 
Throughout  these  unnatural  conflicts  he  Lad  rest- 
ed his  hopes  upon  his  beloved  John,  to  whom  he 
had  required  liis  seneschal  to  deliver  his  castles 
in  the  event  of  his  death,  .  .  .  He  asked  for  the 
names  of  those  barons  who  had  joined  the  French 
king.  The  first  name  he  saw  was  John,  He  read 
no  more.  The  world  and  all  its  troubles  and  hopes 
faded  from  his  view.  He  turned  his  face  to  the 
wall,  and  exclaimed,  ''Let  everything  go  as  it 
will,".  .  .  His  great  heart  was  broken.  On  the 
6th  of  July,  1189,  Henry  II.  was  no  more.— 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  21,  p.  304. 

4000.  PARRICIDE,  Crime  of.  Imp  ossible. 
Romulus  appointed  no  punishment  for  actual 
parricides,  but  called  all  murder  parricide,  look- 
ing upon  this  as  abominable,  and  the  other  as  im- 
possible. For  many  ages,  indeed,  he  seemed  to 
have  judged  rightly  ;  no  one  was  guilty  of  that 
crime  in  Rome  for  almost  six  hundred  years  ;  and 
Lucius  Ostius,  after  the  wars  of  Hannibal,  is  re- 
corded to  have  been  the  first  that  murdered  his 
father. — Plutarch's  Romulus. 

4007.  PARRICIDE,  Punishment  of.  Romans. 
The  parricide,  who  violated  the  duties  of  nature 
and  gratitude,  was  cast  into  the  river  or  the  sea, 
enclosed  in  a  sack  ;  and  a  cock,  a  viper,  a  dog, 
and  a  monkey  were  successively  added,  as  tha 
most  suitable  companions. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  44.  p.  371. 


474 


PAKslMONY— PARTIES. 


400§.  PARSIMONY,  Costly.  James  II.  [It 
was  customary  at  the  coronation  of  the  king  to 
arrange  a  splendid  procession  and  to  ride  in  state 
from  the  Tower  to  Westminster.]  James  ordered 
an  estimate  to  be  made  of  the  cost  of  such  a  pro- 
cession, and  found  that  it  would  amount  to  about 
half  as  much  as  he  proposed  to  expend  in  cover- 
ing his  wife  with  trinkets.  He  accordingly  deter- 
mined to  be  prof  use  where  he  ought  to  have  been 
frugal,  and  niggardly  where  he  might  pardonably 
have  been  profuse.  More  than  a  hundred  thou- 
sand pounds  were  laid  out  in  dressing  the  queen, 
and  the  procession  from  the  Tower  was  omitted. 
The  foMy  of  this  course  is  obvious. — Macau- 
lay's  Ex^G.,  ch.  4,  p.  439. 

4009.  PAETIALITY  evinced.  James  II  [He 
determined  to  overthrow  the  Protestant  faith.] 
All  the  special  dispensations  which  he  had  grant- 
ed had  been  granted  to  Reman  Catholics.  All 
the  laws  which  bore  hardest  on  the  Presbyterians, 
Independents,  and  Baptists  had  been  for  a  time 
severely  executed  by  him.  While  Hales  com- 
manded a  regiment,  while  Powis  sat  at  the  coun- 
cil board,  wliile  Massey  held  a  deanery,  while 
breviaries  and  mass  books  were  printed  at  Oxford 
under  a  royal  license,  while  the  host  was  public- 
ly exposed  in  London  under  the  protection  of  the 
pikes  and  muskets  of  the  Foot  Guards,  while 
friars  and  monks  walked  the  streets  of  London  in 
their  robes,  Baxter  was  in  jail ;  Howe  was  in 
exile  ;  the  Five  Mile  Act  and  the  Conventicle  Act 
were  in  full  vigor  ;  Puritan  writers  were  compell- 
ed to  resort  to  foreign  or  to  secret  presses  ;  Puri- 
tan congregations  could  meet  only  by  night  or  in 
waste  places,  and  Puritan  ministers  were  forced 
to  preach  in  the  garb  of  colliers  or  of  sailors.  In 
Scotland  the  king,  while  he  spared  no  exertion 
to  extort  from  the  estates  full  relief  for  Roman 
Catholics,  had  demanded  and  obtained  new  stat- 
utes of  unprecedented  severity  against  the  Pres- 
byterians.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  186. 

4010.  PARTIES,  Difference  in.  English.  It 
ought  to  be  remembered  that  the  difference  be- 
tween the  two  great  sections  of  English  politi- 
cians has  always  been  a  difference  rather  of  de- 
gree than  of  principle.  There  were  certain  lim- 
its on  the  right  and  on  the  left  which  were  very 
rarely  overstepped.  A  few  enthusiasts  on  one 
side  were  ready  to  lay  all  our  laws  and  franchises 
at  the  feet  of  our  kings.  A  few  enthusiasts  on 
the  other  side  were  bent  on  pursuing,  through 
endless  civil  troubles,  their  darling  phantom  of  a 
republic.  But  the  great  majority  of  those  who 
fought  for  the  crown  were  averse  to  despotism, 
and  the  great  majority  of  the  champions  of  pop- 
ular rights  were  averse  to  anarchy.  Twice  in  the 
course  of  the  seventeenth  century  the  two  parties 
suspended  their  dissensions  and  united  their 
strength  in  a  common  cause.  Their  first  coalition 
restored  hereditary  monarchy,  their  second  coali- 
tion rescued  constitutional  freedom. — JVIacau- 
LAy'sEng.,  ch.  1,  p.  94. 

4011.  PARTIES,  Independence  of.  England. 
[See  above.]  It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  these  two 
parties  have  never  been  the  whole  nation — nay, 
that  they  have  never,  taken  together,  made  up  a 
majority  of  the  nation.  Between  them  has  al- 
"Ways  been  a  great  mass,  which  has  not  stead- 
fastly adhered  to  either,  which  has  sometimes 
remained  inertly  neutral,  and  has  sometimes  os- 
cillated to  and  fro.     That  mass  hai  more  than 


once  passed  in  a  few  years  from  one  extreme 
to  the  other,  and  back  again.  Sometimes  it  has 
changed  sides  merely  because  it  was  tired  of 
supporting  the  same  men,  sometimes  because  it 
was  dismayed  by  its  own  excesses,  sometimes  be- 
cause it  had  expected  impossibilities  and  had 
been  disappointed.  But  whenever  it  has  leaned 
with  its  whole  weight  in  either  direction,  resist- 
ance has,  for  the  time,  been  impossible. — Macau- 
lay's  Sng.,  ch.  1,  p.  95. 

4012.  PARTIES,  Natural.  Tito.  The  recess  of 
the  English  Parliament  lasted  six  weeks.  The  day 
on  which  the  Houses  met  again  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  epochs  in  our  history.  From  that 
day  dates  the  corporate  existence  of  the  two  great 
parties  which  have  ever  since  alternately  govern- 
ed the  country.  In  one  sense,  indeed,  the  dis- 
tinction which  then  became  obvious  had  always 
existed,  and  always  must  exist ;  for  it  has  its  ori- 
gin in  diversities  of  temper,  of  understanding, 
and  of  interest,  which  are  found  in  all  societies,, 
and  which  will  be  found  till  the  human  mind 
ceases  to  be  drawn  in  opposite  directions  by  the 
charm  of  habit  and  by  the  charm  of  novelty. 
Not  only  in  politics,  but  in  literature,  in  art,  in 
science,  in  surgery  and  mechanics,  in  navigation 
and  agriculture — nay,  even  in  mathematics,  we 
find  this  distinction.  Everywhere  there  is  a  class 
of  men  who  cling  with  fondness  to  whatever  is 
ancient,  and  who,  even  when  convinced  by 
overpowering  reasons  that  innovation  would  be 
beneficial,  consent  to  it  with  many  misgivings 
and  forebodings.  We  find  also  everywhere  an- 
other class  of  men  sanguine  in  hope,  bold  in 
speculation,  always  pressing  forward,  quick  ta 
discern  the  imperfections  of  whatever  exists,  dis- 
posed to  think  lightly  of  the  risks  and  inconven- 
iences which  attend  improvements,  and  disposed 
to  give  every  change  credit  for  being  an  improve- 
ment. .  .  .  The  extreme  section  of  one  class  con- 
sists of  bigoted  dotards,  the  extreme  section  of 
the  other  consists  of  shallow  and  reckless  em- 
pirics.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  91. 

4013.  PARTIES,  Opposite.  Bomans.  "In  the 
Commonwealth,"  he  said,  "there  have  always 
been  two  parties — the  populares  and  the  opti- 
mates.  The  populares  say  and  do  w^hat  will 
please  the  mob  ;  the  optimates  say  and  do  what 
will  please  the  best  men.  And  who  are  the  best 
men  ?  They  are  of  all  ranks  and  infinite  in  num- 
ber— senators,  municipals,  farmers,  men  of  busi- 
ness, even  libertini.  The  type  is  distinct.  They 
are  the  well-to-do,  the  sound,  the  honest,  who  do 
no  wrong  to  any  man.  The  object  at  which  they 
aim  is  quiet  with  honor.  They  are  the  conserva- 
tives of  the  State.  Religion  and  good  govern- 
ment, the  Senate's  authority,  the  laws  and  cus- 
toms of  our  ancestors,  public  faith,  integrity, 
sound  administration — these  are  the  principles 
on  which  they  rest,  and  these  they  will  main- 
tain with  their  lives."  [Address  of  Cicero.] — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  15. 

4014.  PARTIES,  Passion  of.  Roman.  Clodius . . . 
impeached  Milo  for  the  interruption  of  the  Comi- 
tia  on  the  1 8th  of  November.  Milo  appeared  to  an- 
swer on  the  2d  of  February  ;  but  there  was  an- 
other riot,  and  the  meeting  was  broken  up.  On 
the  6th  the  court  was  again  held.  The  crowd 
was  enormous.  Cicero  happily  has  left  a  minute 
account  of  the  scene.  The  people  were  starving, 
the  corn  question  was  pressing.     Milo  presented 


PARTIES— PASSION. 


475 


himself,  and  Pompey  came  forward  on  the  Ros- 
tra to  speak.  He  was  received  with  howls  and 
curses  from  Clodius'  hired  ruffians,  and  his 
voice  could  not  be  heard  for  the  noise.  Pompey 
held  on  undaunted,  and  commanded  occasional 
silence  by  the  weight  of  his  presence.  Clodius 
rose  when  Pompey  had  done,  and  rival  yells 
went  up  from  the  Milonians.  Yells  were  not 
enough  ;  filthy  verses  were  sung  in  chorus  about 
Clodius  and  Clodia,  ribald  bestiality,  delightful 
to  the  ears  of  "  Tally."  Clodius,  pale  with  an- 
ger, called  out,  "  Who  is  murdering  the  people 
with  famine  ?"  A  thousand  throats  answered, 
"Pompey!"  "Who  wants  to  go  to  Alexan- 
dria ?"  "  Pompey  !"  they  shouted  again.  "  And 
whom  do  you  want  to  go  ?"  "  Crassus  !"  they 
cried.  Passion  had  risen  too  high  for  words. 
The  Clodians  began  to  spit  on  the  Milonians ; 
the  Milonians  drew  swords  and  cut  the  heads 
of  the  Clodians.  The  workingmen,  being  un- 
armed, got  the  worst  of  the  conflict ;  and  Clodi- 
us was  flung  from  the  Rostra. — Froude's  C^- 
SAB,  ch.  15. 

4015.  PARTIES,  Value  of.  English.  The  truth 
is,  that  though  both  parties  have  often  seriously 
erred,  England  could  have  spared  neither.  If, 
in  her  institutions,  freedom  and  order,  the  ad- 
vantages arising  from  innovation  and  the  advan- 
tages arising  from  prescription,  have  been  com- 
bined to  an  extent  elsewhere  unknown,  we  may 
attribute  this  happy  peculiarity  to  the  strenuous 
conflicts  and  alternate  victories  of  two  rival  con- 
federacies of  statesmen — a  confederacy  zealous 
for  authority  and  antiquity,  and  a  confed«acy 
zealous  for  liberty  and  progress. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  94. 

4016.  PARTISAN,  An  effective.  Bev.  Jonathan 
Swift.  The  Rev.  Jonathan  Swift,  of  all  party 
writers  that  ever  influenced  public  opinion,  was 
the  most  unscrupulous,  the  most  unjust,  the  most 
uncharitable,  but  incomparably  the  most  able. 
—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  24,  p.  369. 

4017.  PARTISANS  by  Contagion.  Parliament. 
[Swift  humorously  wrote  :]  I  wish  you  had  been 
here  for  ten  days  during  the  highest  and  warm- 
est reign  of  party  and  faction  that  I  ever  knew 
or  read  of,  upon  the  bill  against  Occasional  Con- 
formity. It  was  so  universal  that  I  observed  the 
dogs  in  the  streets  much  more  contumelious  and 
quarrelsome  than  usual;  and  the  very  night  before 
the  bill  went  up,  a  committee  of  Whig  and  Tory 
cats  had  a  very  warm  and  loud  debate  upon  the 
roof  of  our  house.  But  why  should  we  wonder 
at  that  when  the  very  ladies  are  split  asunder 
into  high-church  and  low,  and,  out  of  zeal  for 
religion,  have  hardly  time  to  say  their  prayers  ?" 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  17,  p.  268. 

401 S.  PARTY  honorably  changed.  Lord  Falk- 
land. [Lord  Falkland,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of 
Newberry,  has  been  defended  against  the  charge 
of  apostasy  from  his  friends  in  these  words  by 
Arnold  :]  A  man  who  leaves  the  popular  cause 
when  it  is  triumphant,  and  joins  the  party  op- 
posed to  it  without  really  changing  his  princi- 
ples and  becoming  a  renegade,  is  one  of  the  no- 
blest characters  in  history.  He  may  not  have  the 
clearest  judgment  or  the  firmest  wisdom  ;  he  may 
have  been  mistaken,  but  as  far  as  he  is  concerned 
personally,  we  cannot  but  admire  him.  But  such 
a  man  changes  his  party  not  to  conquer,  but  to 
die.  .      .  He  protests  so  strongly  against  their 


evil  that  he  chooses  to  die  by  their  hands  rathei 
than  in  their  company  ;  .  .  .  this  man  is  no  ren- 
egade, no  apostate,  but  the  purest  of  martyrs ; 
for  what  testimony  to  truth  can  be  so  pure  as 
that  which  is  given  uncheered  by  any  sympathy, 
given  not  against  enemies,  amid  applauding 
friends,  but  against  friends,  amid  unpitying  or 
half-rejoicing  enemies  ?  And  such  a  martyr  was 
Falkland  ! — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  2,  p.  24. 

4019.  PASSION,  Parental.  John  Locke.  Mr. 
Locke  never  mentioned  him  but  with  great  re- 
spect and  affection.  His  father  used  a  conduct 
toward  him  when  young  that  he  often  spoke  of 
afterward  with  great  approbation.  It  was  the 
being  severe  to  him  by  keeping  him  in  much 
awe  and  at  a  distance  when  he  was  a  boy,  but 
relaxing,  still  by  degrees,  of  that  severity  as  he 
grew  up  to  be  a  man,  till,  he  being  become  ca- 
pable of  it,  he  lived  perfectly  with  him  as  a 
friend.  And  I  remember  he  has  told  me  that 
his  father,  after  he  was  a  man,  solemnly  asked 
his  pardon  for  having  struck  him  once  in  a 
passion  when  he  was  a  boy. — Fowler's  Locke, 
ch.  1. 

4020.  PASSION  corrects  Passion.  Napoleon  I. 
Napoleon  [in  his  early  manhood]  excluded  him- 
self entirely  from  haunts  of  revelry  and  scenes  of 
dissipation  and  from  all  those  dissolute  courses  in 
which  the  young  men  of  those  days  so  recklessly 
plunged  ;  he  adopted  this  course  not  apparently 
from  any  conscientious  desire  to  do  that  which 
is  right  in  the  sight  of  God,  but  from  what  has 
been  called  "  the  expulsive  power  of  a  new  affec- 
tion." Ambition  seemed  to  expel  from  his  mind 
every  other  passion ;  .  .  .  animal  passion  even 
was  repressed,  and  all  the  ordinary  pursuits  of 
worldly  pleasure  became  in  his  view  frivolous 
and  contemptible.  — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  1,  ch.  3. 

4021.  PASSION,  Savage.  Alexander.  Clitus, 
a  general  of  great  ability,  and  to  whom  Alexan. 
der  owed  his  life  in  the  battle  of  the  Granicus, 
stood  deservedly,  on  these  accounts,  in  high  fa 
vor  and  esteem  with  his  sovereign,  who  particu 
larly  prized  the  ingenuous  simplicity  of  his  man 
ners  and  the  honest  freedom  with  which  he  was 
accustomed  to  utter  his  opinions  or  propos& 
his  counsels  Amid  the  mirth  of  a  banquet 
while  the  sycophant  courtiers,  in  extolling  to 
the  skies  the  achievements  of  their  prince,  were 
drawing  a  depreciating  comparison  between  the 
merits  of  Philip  and  of  his  son,  this  brave  Mace- 
donian had,  with  honest  indignation,  reproved 
their  meanness,  and  warmly  supported  the  fame 
of  his  ancient  master.  Alexander,  in  a  transport 
of  rage,  seized  a  javelin  from  one  of  the  guards, 
and  hurling  it  at  the  breast  of  Clitus,  struck  him. 
dead  upon  the  spot.  The  atrocity  of  the  deed 
was  instantly  felt  by  the  king,  and,  in  the  agony 
of  remorse,  he  would  have  turned  the  weapon 
against  his  own  bosom,  had  not  the  attend- 
ants forcibly  prevented  him. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  4,  p.  192. 

4022.  PASSION  simulated.  Becomes  Real. 
JEsop,  we  are  told,  when  he  was  one  day  acting 
Altreus,  in  the  part  where  he  considers  in  what 
manner  he  should  punish  Thyestcs,  being  work- 
ed up  by  his  passion  to  a  degree  of  insanity, 
with  his  sceptre  struck  a  servant  who  happened 
suddenly  to  pass  by,  and  laid  hi^fa  dead  at  his 
feet. — Plutarch's  C:cfkcv. 


476 


PASSION— PATIENCE. 


4023.  PASSION,  Violent.  Samuel  Jolinson. 
It  has  been  confidently  related,  with  many  em- 
bellishments, that  Johnson  one  day  knocked  Os- 
borne down  in  his  shop  with  a  folio,  and  put 
his  foot  upon  his  neck.  The  simple  truth  I  had 
from  Johnson  himself.  ' '  Sir,  he  was  imperti- 
nent to  me,  and  I  beat  him.  But  it  was  not  in  his 
shop  ;  it  was  in  my  own  chamber."  [Osborne 
was  his  publisher.] — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  38. 

4024.  PASSIONS  concealed.  William,  Pnnce 
of  Orange.  He  was  born  with  violent  passions 
and  quick  sensibilities  ;  but  the  strength  of  his 
emotions  was  not  suspected  by  the  world.  From 
the  multitude  his  joy  and  his  grief,  his  affection 
and  his  resentment,  were  hidden  by  a  phlegmat- 
ic serenity,  which  made  him  pass  for  the  most 
cold-blooded  of  mankind.  Those  who  brought 
him  good  news  could  seldom  detect  any  sign  of 
pleasure.  Those  who  saw  him  after  a  defeat 
looked  in  vain  for  any  sign  of  vexation.  He 
praised  and  reprimanded,  rewarded  and  pun- 
ished, with  the  stern  tranquillity  of  a  ]\Iohawk 
chief  ;  but  those  who  knew  him  well  and  saw 
him  near  were  aware  that  under  all  this  ice  a 
fierce  fire  was  constantly  burning.  It  was  sel- 
dom that  anger  deprived  him  of  power  over  him- 
self ;  but  when  he  was  really  enraged  the  first 
outbreak  of  his  passion  was  terrible.  It  was  in- 
deed scarcely  safe  to  approach  him. — Macau- 
xay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  156. 

4025.  PASSIONS,  Controlled  by.  Frederick 
WilUara.  The  mind  of  Frederick  William  was 
so  ill  regulated  that  all  his  inclinations  became 
passions,  and  all  his  passions  partook  of  the 
character  of  moral  and  intellectual  disease.  His 
parsimony  degenerated  into  sordid  avarice.  His 
taste  for  military  pomp  and  order  became  a 
mania,  like  that  of  a  Dutch  burgomaster  for 
tulips.  While  the  envoys  of  the  court  of  Berlin 
were  in  a  state  of  such  squalid  poverty  as  moved 
the  laughter  of  foreign  capitals — while  the  food 
of  the  royal  family  was  so  bad  that  even  hunger 
loathed  it — no  price  was  thought  too  extravagant 
to  pay  for  them. — Macaulay'sFredekick  the 
Great,  p.  7. 

4026.  PATEENITY  inferred.  Dr.  Valentine 
Mott.  A  story  is  told  of  his  readiness  in  the 
lecture-room.  A  mother  brought  into  the  am- 
phitheatre, one  morning,  an  extremely  dirty, 
sickly,  miserable-looking  child,  for  the  purpose 
of  having  a  tumor  removed.  He  exhibited  the 
tumor  to  the  class,  but  informed  the  mother  that 
lie  could  not  operate  upon  the  child  without  the 
consent  of  her  husband.  One  of  the  students,  in 
his  eagerness  to  examine  the  tumor,  jumped  over 
into  the  little  enclosure  designed  for  the  operator 
and  his  patients.  Dr.  Mott,  observing  this  in- 
trusion, turned  to  the  student,  and  asked  him, 
with  the  most  innocent  expression  of  counte- 
nance :  '  'Are  you  the  father  of  this  child  ?"  Thun- 
ders of  applause  and  laughter  greeted  this  in- 
genious rebuke,  during  which  the  intruder  re- 
turned to  his  place  crestfallen. — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  529. 

4027.  PATIENCE  abused.  Pendes.  When 
&  vile  and  abandoned  fellow  loaded  him  a  whole 
d&j  with  reproaches  and  abuse,  he  bore  it  with 
patience  and  silence,  and  continued  in  public 
for  the  despatch  of  some  urgent  affairs.  In  the 
evening  he  walked  slowly  home,  this  impudent 
wretch  following  and  insulting  him  all  the  way 


with  the  most  scurrilous  language.  And  as  it 
was  dark  when  he  came  to  his  own  door,  he  or- 
dered one  of  his  servants  to  take  a  torch  and 
light  the  man  home. — Plutarch's  Pericles. 

4028.  PATIENCE,  Christian.  Martyr.  [The 
edict  of  Diocletian  against  the  Christians]  was 
torn  down  by  the  hands  of  a  Christian,  who  ex- 
pressed at  the  same  time,  by  the  bitterest  invec- 
tives, his  contempt  as  well  as  abhorrence  for  such 
impious  and  tyrannical  governors. . . .  And  if  it  be 
true  that  he  was  a  person  of  rank  and  education, 
those  circumstances  could  serve  only  to  aggra- 
vate his  guilt.  He  was  burnt,  or  rather  roasted, 
by  a  slow  fire,  and  his  executioners,  zealous  to 
revenge  the  personal  insult  which  had  been  of- 
fered to  the  emperors,  exhausted  every  refine- 
ment of  cruelty  without  being  able  to  subdue 
his  patience  or  to  alter  the  steady  and  insulting 
smile  which  in  his  dying  agonies  he  still  pre- 
served in  his  countenance. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  16,  p.  65. 

4029.  PATIENCE,  Endeavor  in.  Wi Ilia m, 
Prince  of  Orange.  [His  aim  was  the  protection 
of  Europe  from  Louis  XIV.]  William  had  one 
great  end  ever  before  him.  Toward  that  end  he 
was  impelled  by  a  strong  passion  which  ap- 
peared to  him  under  the  guise  of  a  sacred  duty. 
Toward  that  end  he  toiled  with  a  patience  re- 
sembling, as  he  once  said,  the  patience  with 
which  he  had  once  seen  a  boatman  on  a  canal 
strain  against  an  adverse  eddy,  often  swept  back, 
but  never  ceasing  to  pull,  and  content  if,  by  the 
labor  of  hours,  a  few  yards  could  be  gained. 
Exploits  which  brought  the  prince  no  nearer 
to  his  object,  however  glorious  they  might  be 
in  the  estimation  of  the  vulgar,  were  in  his 
judgment  boyish  vanities,  and  no  part  of  the 
real  business  of  life. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7, 
p.  179. 

4030.  PATIENCE  of  Genius.  Magnetic  Tele- 
graph.  The  magnetic  principle  on  which  the  in- 
vention depends  had  been  known  since  1774, 
but  Professor  Morse  was  the  first  to  apply  that 
principle  for  the  benefit  of  men.  He  began  his 
experiments  in  1833,  and  five  years  afterward 
succeeded  in  obtaining  a  patent  on  his  invention. 
Then  followed  another  long  delay  ;  and  it  was 
not  until  the  last  day  of  the  session  in  1843  that 
he  procured  from  Congress  an  appropriation  of 
$30,000.  With  that  appropriation  was  construct- 
ed, between  Baltimore  and  Washington,  the  first 
telegraphic  line  in  the  world.  Perhaps  no  other 
invention  has  exercised  a  more  beneficent  influ- 
ence on  the  welfare  of  the  human  race. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  56,  p.  446. 

4031.  PATIENCE,  Nobility  in.  Alexander. 
Alexander  [the  Great]  hazarded  his  person,  by 
way  of  exercise  for  himself  and  example  to 
others.  But  his  friends,  in  the  pride  of  wealth, 
were  so  devoted  to  luxury  and  ease  that  they  con- 
sidered long  marches  and  campaigns  as  a  burden, 
and  by  degrees  came  to  murmur  and  speak  ill  of 
the  king.  At  first  he  bore  their  censures  with 
great  moderation,  and  used  to  say  there  was 
something  noble  in  hearing  himself  ill-spoken  of 
while  he  was  doing  well.— Plutarch's  Alex- 
ander. 

4032.  PATIENCE,  Success  by.  Study.  Buffon 
said, ' '  Genius  is  patience. "  Stevenson,  the  invent- 
or of  the  locomotive,  declared  that  he  surpassed 


PATIENCE— PATRIOTISM. 


477 


the  majority  of  mankind  only  in  patience.  New- 
ton also  ascribed  his  success  in  interpreting  na- 
ture solely  to  his  patience.  Being  asked  one  day 
how  he  had  discovered  the  law  of  gravitation,  he 
replied,  "  By  incessantly  thinking  about  it." — 
Parton's  Newton,  p.  91. 

4033.  PATIENCE  tried.  John  Nelson.  [One 
of  Wesley's  preachers  was  reported  to  the  com- 
missioners for  recruiting  the  army  as  a  vagrant, 
not  having  any  visible  means  of  support.  He 
was  pressed  into  the  army,  where  he  began  to 
preach  to  the  soldiers,  and  then  whenever  oppor- 
tunity permitted.  He  was  grievously  tormented 
by  a  strippling  ensign,  who  had  him  put  in  prison 
for  reproving  his  profanity  and  for  preaching, 
and  when  he  was  let  out  threatened  to  chastise 
him.  Nelson  records  that]  it  caused  a  sore  temp- 
tation to  arise  in  me,  to  think  that  a  wicked,  ig- 
norant man  should  thus  torment  me,  and  I  able 
to  tie  his  head  and  heels  together.  I  found  an 
old  man's  bone  in  me  ;  but  the  Lord  lifted  up  a 
standard  when  the  anger  was  coming  on  like  a 
flood,  else  I  should  have  wrung  his  neck  to  the 
ground  and  set  my  foot  upon  him. — Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  210. 

4034.  PATEIOTISM  abandoned.  James  II.  A 
small  knot  of  fanatics  still  continued  to  cherish  a 
wild  hope  that  they  might  be  able  to  change  the 
order  of  succession.  ...  It  was  to  be  hoped, 
they  said,  that  the  king  might  be  able  to  establish 
the  true  faith  without  resorting  to  extremities  ; 
but,  in  the  worst  event,  he  might  leave  his  crown 
at  the  disposal  of  Louis.  It  was  better  for  English- 
men to  be  the  vassals  of  France  than  the  slaves 
of  the  devil.  This  extraordinary  document  was 
handed  about  from  Jesuit  to  Jesuit,  and  from 
courtier  to  courtier,  till  some  eminent  Roman 
Catholics,  in  whom  bigotry  had  not  extinguished 
patriotism,  furnished  the  Dutch  ambassador  with 
a  copy.  He  put  the  paper  into  the  hands  of 
James.  James,  greatly  agitated,  pronounced  it 
a  vile  forgery,  contrived  by  some  pamphleteer 
in  Holland.  The  Dutch  minister  resolutely  an- 
swered that  he  could  prove  the  contrary  by  the 
testimony  of  several  distinguished  members  of 
his  Majesty's  own  church — nay,  that  there  would 
be  no  difficulty  in  pointing  out  the  writer,  who, 
after  all,  had  written  only  what  many  priests  and 
many  busy  politicians  said  every  day  in  the 
plleries  of  the  palace.  The  king  did  not  think 
it  expedient  to  ask  who  the  writer  was. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  285. 

4035.  PATRIOTISM,  Affecting.  Maria  Tlie- 
resa.  [Frederick  II.  suddenly  made  war  against 
the  young  orphan  queen  at  the  beginning  of  her 
reign.]  At  the  first  sitting  of  the  Diet  she  ap- 
peared clad  in  deep  mourning  for  her  father, 
and  in  pathetic  and  dignified  words  implored  her 
people  to  support  her  just  cause.  Magnates  and 
deputies  sprang  up,  half  drew  their  sabres,  and 
with  eager  voices  vowed  to  stand  by  her  with 
their  lives  and  fortunes.  Till  then  her  firmness 
had  never  once  forsaken  her  before  the  public 
eye,  but  at  that  shout  she  sank  down  upon  her 
throne,  and  wept  aloud.  Still  more  touching 
was  the  sight  when,  a  few  days  later,  she  came 
before  the  estates  of  her  realm,  and  held  up  be- 
fore them  the  little  archduke  in  her  arms.  Then 
it  was  that  the  enthusiasm  of  Hungary  broke 
forth  into  that  war-cry  which  soon  resounded 
thi'oughout  Europe,  "Let  us  die  for  our  king. 


Maria  Theresa  !" — Macaulay's  Frederick  the 
Great,  p.  36. 

4036.  PATRIOTISM  aroused.  Revolutionists. 
The  battle  of  Lexington  tired  the  country.  With- 
in a  few  days  an  army  of  20,000  men  had  gather- 
ed about  Boston.  A  line  of  intrenchments  en- 
compassing the  city  was  drawn  from  Roxbury 
to  Chelsea.  To  drive  Gage  and  the  British  into 
the  sea  was  the  common  talk  in  that  tumultuous 
camp.  And  the  number  constantly  increased, 
John  Stark  came  down  at  the  head  of  the  New 
Hampshire  militia.  Israel  Putnam,  with  a  leather 
waistcoat  on,  was  helping  some  men  to  build  a 
stone  wall  on  his  farm,  when  the  news  from 
Lexington  came  flying.  Hurrying  to  the  nearest 
town,  he  found  the  militia  already  mustered. 
Bidding  the  men  follow  as  soon  as  possible,  he 
mounted  a  horse  and  rode  to  Cambridge,  a  dis- 
tance of  a  hundred  miles,  in  eighteen  hours. 
Rhode  Island  sent  her  quota  under  the  brave 
Nathaniel  Greene.  Benedict  Arnold  came  with 
the  provincials  of  New  Haven.  Ethan  Allen,  of 
Vermont,  made  war  in  the  other  direction. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  38,  p.  298. 

4037.  PATRIOTISM,  Courage  of.  Scots.  Ed- 
ward [II.]  now  prepared,  with  an  immense  anny 
of  100,000  men,  to  reduce  the  country  to  submis- 
sion and  fulfil  the  dying  request  of  his  father, 
by  making  a  complete  conquest  of  it.  King; 
Robert  Bruce  met  him  at  Bannockburn,  near 
Stirling,  with  30,000  men.  By  an  excellent  dis- 
position of  the  Scottish  army,  and  the  signal  in- 
trepidity and  conduct  of  the  king,  the  English. 
were  totally  routed.  A  prodigious  slaughter  en- 
sued, and  the  pursuit  continued  near  one  hundred 
miles,  till  the  small  remnant  of  this  immense  army 
was  entirely  driven  out  of  the  kingdom.  Edward 
narrowly  escaped  by  flight  to  Dunbar,  whence  he 
was  conveyed  by  sea  to  his  own  dominions.  This 
great  and  decisive  victory  secured  the  indepen- 
dence of  Scotland,  and  fixed  Robert  Bruce  firm- 
ly upon  the  throne.  It  made  a  deep  impressioa 
on  the  minds  of  the  English,  and  for  several 
years  after  no  superiority  of  numbers  could  in- 
duce them  to  keep  the  field  against  their  for- 
midable adversaries. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  12,  p.  195. 

403§. .     Under   Charles  I.      The 

whole  nation  was  alarmed  and  incensed.  John 
Hampden,  an  opulent  and  well-born  gentleman 
of  Buckinghamshire,  highly  considered  in  his 
own  neighborhood,  but  as  yet  little  known  to  the 
kingdom  generally,  had  the  courage  to  step  for- 
ward to  confront  the  whole  power  of  the  gov- 
ernment, and  take  on  himself  the  cost  and  the 
risk  of  disputing  the  prerogative  to  which  the 
king  laid  claim .  The  case  was  argued  before  the 
judges  in  the  Exchequer  Chamber.  ...  If  money 
might  legally  be  raised  without  the  consent  of 
Parliament  for  the  support  of  a  fleet,  it  was  not 
easy  to  deny  that  money  might,  without  con- 
sent of  Parliament,  be  legally  raised  for  the 
support  of  an  armv. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1, 
p.  85. 

4039.  PATRIOTISM  dead.  Bomans.  The 
Numidians  were  not  very  formidable  enemies, 
but  after  a  month  or  two  half  the  Romans  were 
destroyed  and  the  remainder  were  obliged  to  sur- 
render. About  the  same  time,  and  from  similar 
causes,  two  Roman  armies  were  cut  to  pieces  on 
the  Rhone.     While  the  great  men  at  Rome  were 


478 


PATRIOTISM. 


building  palaces,  inventing  new  dishes,  and  hir- 
ing cooks  at  unheard-of  salaries,  the  barbarians 
were  at  the  gates  of  Italy. — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  4. 

4040.  PATEIOTISM  in  Death.  The  Younger 
Pitt.  [When  William  Pitt  was  on  his  death-bed, 
shortly  after  Napoleon's  victories  at  Ulm  and 
Austerlitz,  the  last  words  which  he  spoke,  about 
half  an  hour  before  he  breathed  his  last,  were,] 
"My  country!  Oh,  my  country  1" — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  25,  p.  451. 

4041.    .      John  Hampden.      ["  O 

Lord,  save  my  bleeding  country!"  were  the  last 
words  of  Hampden,  who  was  wounded  in  a  fight 
at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  1. 

4042.  PATEIOTISM,  Deeds  of.  Garibaldi. 
Garibaldi,  however,  remained,  and  was  residing 
there,  farming  and  fishing,  when  the  war  be- 
tween Austria  and  Sardinia  called  him  once  more 
to  the  field.  Before  he  again  saw  Caprera, 
what  wonderful  events  transpired  !  The  bloody 
tyrant  of  Naples  driven  from  his  throne  !  Sicily 
delivered  from  oppression  !  Nine  millions  of 
subjects  added  to  the  dominions  of  a  constitu- 
tional king,  Victor  Emmanuel !  All  Italy  one  na- 
tion, excepting  alone  the  dominions  of  the  Pope 
and  the  province  of  Venetia  I  This  was  Gari- 
baldi's work.  It  was  the  magic  of  his  name,  the 
fire  of  his  patriotism,  and  his  genius  for  com- 
mand, that  wrought  these  marvels.  The  grate- 
ful king  desired  to  bestow  upon  him  some  splen- 
did reward,  which  Garibaldi  firmly  refusing, 
the  king  prepared  for  him  a  pleasing  surprise  at 
his  rocky  home.  After  an  absence  of  nearly  two 
years,  Garibaldi  returned  to  Caprera  in  Novem- 
ber, 1860,  to  spend  the  winter  in  repose.  When 
he  approached  his  home,  he  saw  no  object  that 
he  could  recognize.  His  rough  and  tangled  farm 
had  been  changed,  as  if  by  enchantment,  into 
elegant  grounds,  with  roads,  paths,  lawns,  gar- 
dens, shrubbery,  and  avenues.  His  cottage  was 
gone,  and  in  its  place  stood  a  villa,  replete  with 
every  convenience  within  and  without.  As  he 
walked  from  room  to  room,  wondering  what 
magician  had  worked  this  transformation,  he 
observed  a  full-length  portrait  of  King  Victor 
Emmanuel,  which  explained  the  mystery. — Cy- 
clopedia OP  BioG.,  p.  497. 

4043.  PATRIOTISM,  Determined.  Virginia. 
A  rumor  arose  that  an  English  fleet  was  ap- 
proaching for  the  subjugation  of  the  colonies. 
The  patriot  leaders  held  a  council,  and  it  was  de- 
termined that  Jamestown  should  be  burned.  Ac- 
cordingly, in  the  dusk  of  the  evening,  the  torch 
was  applied,  and  the  only  town  in  Virginia  laid 
in  ashes.  The  leading  men  set  the  example 
by  throwing  firebrands  into  their  own  houses  ; 
others  caught  the  spirit  of  sacrifice  ;  the  flames 
shot  up  through  the  shadows  of  night ;  and 
Governor  Berkeley  and  his  followers,  on  board  a 
fleet  twenty  miles  down  the  river,  had  tolerably 
fair  warning  that  the  capital  of  Virginia  could 
not  be  used  for  the  purposes  of  despotism.  [See 
No.  4067.]— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  12,  p.  121. 

4044.  PATRIOTISM  disgusted.  Bolivar.  Like 
General  Washington,  Bolivar  was  less  popular  as 
a  civil  ruler  than  he  had  been  as  a  commander 
of  armies.  Disgusted  at  length  by  the  calumnies 
with  which  he  was  assailed,  he  not  only  resigned 


the  presidency,  but  determined  to  leave  his 
country.  He  addressed  to  his  fellow-citizens  a 
farewell  letter:  "The  presence  of  a  fortunate 
soldier,"  said  he,  "  however  disinterested  he  may 
be,  is  always  dangerous  in  a  state  just  set  free. 
I  am  tired  of  hearing  it  incessantly  repeated  that 
1  wish  to  make  myself  emperor,  and  to  raise 
again  the  throne  of  the  Incas.  Everywhere  my 
actions  are  misrepresented.  It  is  enough.  I  have 
paid  my  debt  to  my  country  and  to  humanity.  I 
have  given  my  blood,  my  health,  my  fortune,  to 
the  cause  of  liberty,  and  as  long  as  it  was  in 
peril  I  was  devoted  to  its  defence  ;  but  now  that 
America  is  no  longer  torn  by  war,  nor  polluted 
with  the  presence  of  an  armed  foe,  I  withdraw, 
that  my  presence  may  not  be  an  obstacle  to  the 
happiness  of  my  fellow-citizens.  The  welfare 
of  my  country  would  alone  reconcile  me  to  the 
hard  necessity  of  a  perpetual  exile,  far  from  the 
land  which  gave  me  birth.  Receive,  then,  my 
adieus,  as  a  new  proof  of  my  ardent  patriotism 
and  the  particular  love  which  I  cherish  for  the 
people  of  Colombia." — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  490. 

4045.  PATRIOTISM  a  Duty.  Lacedcemonians. 
The  discipline  of  the  Lacedsemonians  continued 
after  they  were  arrived  at  years  of  maturity,  for 
no  man  was  at  liberty  to  live  as  he  pleased,  the 
city  being  like  one  great  camp,  where  all  had 
their  stated  allowance,  and  knew  their  public 
charge,  each  man  concluding  that  he  was  born 
not  for  himself,  but  for  his  country.  Hence  if  they 
had  no  particular  orders,  they  employed  them- 
selves in  inspecting  the  boys,  and  teaching  them 
something  useful,  or  in  learning  of  those  that 
were  older  than  themselves. — Plutarch. 

4046. .  Lord  Nelson.    [When  Lord 

Nelson  was  bearing  down  upon  the  French  and 
Spanish  fleets  off  Cape  Trafalgar,  with  his  men- 
of-war  arranged  in  two  lines,  as  previously  de- 
signed, he  asked  Captain  Blackwood]  whether  a 
signal  was  not  wanting.  •  When  Blackwood  an- 
swered that  he  thought  the  whole  fleet  knew 
what  they  were  about,  up  went  the  signal  which 
conveyed  the  immortal  words,  "  England  expects 
every 'man  to  do  his  duty." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  7,  ch.  25,  p.  447. 

4047.  PATRIOTISM,  Educated.  Romans.  To 
Inspire  that  severe  and  rigid  mrtue  which  can 
alone  support  a  democratic  form  of  government, 
and  to  inculcate  that  exclusive  love  of  our  coun- 
try  before  which,  in  their  early  ages,  every  pri- 
vate or  personal  feeling  was  constrained  to  bow, 
was  the  first  and  most  sacred  duty  of  these  noble 
matrons.  The  circumstances  in  which  the  com- 
monwealth was  situated  in  its  earlier  ages  made 
this  absolutely  necessary.  It  possessed  none  of 
those  artificial  modes  of  defence  so  generally  em- 
ployed by  the  modern  nations.  The  improve- 
ments of  modern  warfare,  which  substitute  skill 
so  often  in  the  place  of  valor — the  fortifications 
of  our  modern  cities,  which  render  them,  in  some 
measure,  independent  of  the  personal  exertions 
of  those  who  defend  them — had  not  been  intro- 
duced among  this  virtuous  people.  Those  re- 
finements, also,  in  the  arts  and  manufactures 
which  exchange  the  little  enjoyments  of  private 
comfort  for  the  higher  feelings  of  public  happi- 
ness, and  even  that  progress  in  the  sciences 
which,  however  excellent  in  its  general  conse- 
quences, encourages  certainly  a  spirit  of  exclu« 


PATRIOTISM. 


479 


sion  most  uncongenial  to  public  exertion — all 
these  were  either  unknown  or  despised  in  the 
severer  ages  of  the  Roman  republic. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  3,  p.  423. 

404§.  PATRIOTISM,  Effect  of.  Butch.  The 
Flemish  were  defeated  in  a  naval  tight  off  Zerick- 
see,  and  Philip  himself  obtained  a  more  impor- 
tant and  complete  victory  at  Mons-en-Puelle,  near 
Lille  .  .  .  where  the  host  of  the  insurgents,  com- 
manded by  the  two  sons  of  the  exiled  Count  Guy 
de  Dampierre,  was  utterly  discomfited,  with  the 
loss  of  6000  men.  Such,  however,  was  the  ener- 
gy and  determination  of  the  stout-hearted  burgh- 
ers of  Flanders,  that  within  three  weeks  they 
were  enabled  to  advance  against  the  king  with 
a  fresh  army  of  60,000  men  ;  and  Philip,  struck 
with  admiration  of  their  patriotism  and  daunt- 
less bravery,  resolved  to  abandon  the  contest 
and  conclude  a  peace. — Students'  History  of 
France,  ch.  9,  §  14. 

4049.  PATSIOTISM,  Enthusiastic.  Benedict 
Arnold.  The  condition  of  Burgoyne  grew  more 
and  more  critical.  On  all  sides  the  lines  of  Gates 
were  closing  around  him.  His  supplies  failed  ; 
his  soldiers  were  put  on  partial  rations  ;  his  Ca- 
nadian and  Indian  allies  deserted  his  standard. 
But  the  British  general  was  courageous  and  res- 
olute ;  he  strengthened  his  defences  and  flattered 
his  men  with  the  hope  that  General  Clinton,  who 
now  commanded  the  British  army  in  New  York, 
would  make  a  diversion  in  their  favor.  On  the 
7th  of  October  he  hazarded  another  battle,  in 
which  he  lost  his  bravest  ofiicers  and  nearly  700 
privates.  Tlie  conflict  was  terrible,  lasting  from 
two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  till  twilight.  At 
last  Morgan's  riflemen  singled  out  the  brave 
General  Fraser,  who  commanded  the  British 
right,  and  killed  him.  His  disheartened  men 
turned  and  fled  from  the  field.  On  the  American 
side,  Arnold,  who  had  resigned  his  commission, 
rode  at  full  speed  to  his  old  command,  and,  with- 
out authonty,  became  the  inspiring  genius  of  the 
battle.  He  charged  like  a  madman,  drove  the 
enemy  before  him,  eluded  Gates'  aid,  who  was 
sent  to  call  him  back,  burst  into  the  British  camp, 
and  was  severely  wounded.  The  Americans  were 
completely  victorious. — Ridpath'sU.  S.,  ch,  40, 
p.  323. 

4050.  PATRIOTISM  exasperated.  Massachu- 
setts Colonists.  A.D.  1774.  "If  you  value  your 
life,  I  advise  you  not  to  return  home  at  present," 
was  the  warning  received  by  Ruggles  from  the 
town  of  Hardwicke,  whose  freemen,  with  those 
of  New  Braintree  and  of  Greenwich,  so  resented 
his  accepting  a  place  in  the  council  [of  the  Tory 
governor  of  Massachusetts],  that  they  vowed  he 
rshould  never  again  pass  the  great  bridge  of  the 
town  alive. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  8. 

4051.  PATRIOTISM  extinguished.  Prance. 
From  the  latter  years  of  Louis  XIV.  till  the  third 
quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century  was  all  but 
closed,  France  had  a  government  at  once  so  weak 
and  wicked,  so  much  below  the  culture  of  the 
people  it  oppressed,  that  the  better  minds  of  the 
nation  turned  away  in  disgust  from  their  domes- 
tic ignominy,  and  sought  consolation  in  contem- 
plating foreign  virtue  wherever  they  thought  it 
was  to  be  found  ;  in  short,  they  became  cosmo- 
politan. The  country  which  has  since  been  the 
birthplace  of  Chauvinism  put  away  national 


pride  almost  with  passion. — Morrison's  Gib- 
bon, ch.  7. 

4052.  PATRIOTISM,  Faith  in.  Congress  of 
Massachusetts,  a.d.  1775.  On  the  15lh  day  of 
April  they  adjourned,  expecting  a  long  and  des- 
perate war  with  .  .  .  Great  Britain,  yet  with  no 
treasury  but  the  good-will  of  the  people  ;  not  a 
soldier  in  actual  service ;  hardly  ammunition 
enough  for  a  parade  day  ;  as  for  artillery,  hav- 
ing scarce  more  than  ten  cannon  of  iron,  four  of 
brass,  and  two  cohorns  ;  with  no  executive  but 
the  committee  of  safety,  ...  no  distinguished 
general  to  take  command  of  the  provincial 
troops. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  26. 

4053.  PATRIOTISM,  Finance  and.  Robert 
Morris.  January,  1777.  [To  relieve  Washing- 
ton's destitution  of  funds  in  the  darkest  days  of 
the  war,]  very  early  on  New  Year's  morning 
Robert  Morris  [having  contributed  much  of  his 
own  fortune]  went  from  house  to  house  in  Phil- 
adelphia, rousing  people  from  their  beds  to  bor- 
row money,  and  early  in  the  day  he  sent  Wash- 
ington $50,000,  with  the  message,  "  Whatever  I 
can  do  shall  be  done  for  the  good  of  the  service  ; 
if  further  occasional  supplies  of  money  are  nec- 
essary, you  may  depend  upon  my  exertions 
either  in  a  public  or  a  private  capacity." — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  14. 

4054.  PATRIOTISM,  Indifferent.  Gibbon  in 
Parliament.  [See  No.  4249.]  He  never  rose  to 
the  level  of  the  ordinary  citizen  or  even  partisan, 
who  takes  an  exaggerated  view  perhaps  of  the 
importance  of  the  politics  of  the  day,  but  who 
at  any  rate  thereby  shows  a  sense  of  social  soli- 
darity and  the  claims  of  civic  communion.  He 
called  himself  a  Whig,  but  he  had  no  zeal  for 
Whig  principles.  He  voted  steadily  with  Lord 
North,  and  quite  approved  of  taxing  and  coerc- 
ing America  into  slavery ;  but  he  had  no  high 
notions  of  the  royal  prerogative,  and  was  luke- 
warm in  this  as  in  everything.  With  such  ab- 
sence of  passion  one  might  have  expected  that 
he  would  be  at  least  shrewd  and  sagacious  in 
his  judgments  on  politics.  But  he  is  nothing  of 
the  kind.  In  his  familiar  letters  he  reserves 
generally  a  few  lines  for  parliamentary  gossip, 
amid  chat  about  the  weather  and  family  busi- 
ness.— Morrison's  Gibbon,  ch.  6. 

4055.  PATRIOTISM,  Longing  of.  Pilgrims. 
The  love  of  native  land  is  a  universal  passion. 
The  Puritans  in  Holland  did  not  forget — could 
not  forget — that  they  were  Englishmen.  Dur- 
ing  their  ten  years  of  residence  at  Leyden  they 
did  not  cease  to  long  for  a  return  to  the  country 
which  had  cast  them  out.  Though  ruled  by  a 
heartless  monarch  and  a  bigoted  priesthood, 
England  was  their  country  still.  The  unfamil- 
iar language  of  the  Dutch  grated  harshly  on 
their  ears.  They  pined  with  unrest,  conscious 
of  their  ability  and  willingness  to  do  something 
which  should  convince  even  King  James  of 
their  patriotism  and  worth. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  7,  p.  89. 

4056.  PATRIOTISM,  Memorial  of.  Bunker 
Bill.  The  year  1842  was  noted  for  the  comple- 
tion of  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument.  No  enter- 
prise of  a  similar  character  had,  in  the  whole 
history  of  the  country,  called  forth  so  much  pa- 
triotic enthusiasm.  The  foundation  of  the  no- 
ble structure  was  laid  on  the  17th  of  June,  1825, 


480 


PATRIOTISM. 


the  corner-stone  being  put  into  its  place  by  the 
venerable  Lafayette.  Daniel  Webster,  then 
young  in  years  and  fame,  delivered  the  oration 
of  the  day,  while  200  Revolutionary  veterans, 
40  of  them  survivors  of  the  battle  fought  on  that 
hill-crest  just  fifty  years  before,  gathered  with  the 
throng  to  hear  him.  But  the  work  of  erection 
went  on  slowly.  More  than  $150,000  were  ex- 
pended, and  seventeen  years  elapsed  before  the 
grand  shaft,  commemorative  of  the  heroes,  living 
and  dead,  was  finished.  At  last  the  work  was 
done,  and  the  mighty  column  of  Quincy  gran- 
ite, thirty-one  feet  square  at  the  base  and  two 
hundred  and  twenty-one  feet  in  height,  stood 
out  sublimely  against  the  clouds  and  sky.  It 
was  deemed  fitting,  however,  to  postpone  the 
dedication  until  the  noxt  anniversary  of  the  bat- 
tle, and  preparations  were  made  accordingly. 
On  the  17th  of  June,  1843,  an  immense  multi- 
tude of  people,  including  most  of  the  Revolution- 
ary soldiers  who  had  not  yet  fallen,  gathered 
from  all  parts  of  the  republic  to  witness  the  im- 
posing ceremony.  Mr.  Webster,  now  full  of 
years  and  honors,  was  chosen  to  deliver  the  ad- 
dress of  dedication,  a  duty  which  he  performed 
in  a  manner  so  touching  and  eloquent  as  to  add 
new  lustre  to  his  fame  as  an  orator.  The  cele- 
bration was  concluded  with  a  public  dinner  given 
in  Faneuil  Hall,  the  cradle  of  American  lib- 
erty.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  56,  p,  443. 

4057.  PATRIOTISM,  National.  Patrick  Hen- 
ry. A.D.  1774.  [At  the  Colonial  Congress  in  Phil- 
adelphia.] "British  oppression  has  effaced  the 
boundaries  of  the  several  colonies ;  the  distinc- 
tions between  Virginians,  Pennsylvanians,  New 
Yorkers,  and  New  Englanders  are  no  more.  I 
am  not  a  Virginian,  but  an  American." — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  11. 

4058.  PATEIOTISM  without  Pay.  George  Wash- 
ington. [When  George  Washington  accepted 
his  commission  from  the  Continental  Congress, 
as  commander-in-chief  of  the  American  army,] 
he  said  no  pecuniary  consideration  could  have 
tempted  him  to  accept  this  arduous  employment, 
at  the  expense  of  his  domestic  ease  and  happi- 
ness ;  he  had  no  desire  to  make  a  profit  by  it.  He 
would  take  no  pay.  He  would  keep  an  exact  ac- 
count of  his  expenses,  and  those  he  doubted  not 
would  be  discharged. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  23,  p.  356. 

4059.  PATRIOTISM,  Possibilities  of.  American 
Colonies.  "How  is  it  possible,"  asked  the  par- 
tisans of  authority,  "  that  a  people  without  arms, 
ammunition,  money,  or  navy  should  dare  to 
brave  the  foremost  among  all  the  powers  on 
earth  ?  .  .  .  Americans  are  neither  disciplined 
nor  capable  of  discipline." — ^Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  7,  ch.  16. 

4060.  PATRIOTISM,  Preservation  of.  Span- 
ish Armada.  [When  the  magnificent  Spanish 
armada  was  preparing  for  a  descent  upon  the 
shores  of  England,  the  patriotism  of  the  people 
was  signally  displayed.]  A  long  course  of  pros- 
perous industry  might  be  supposed  to  have  un- 
fitted those  who  had  been  winning  the  spoils  of 
peace  for  the  defence  of  their  country  at  a  time 
of  great  national  danger.  .  .  .  But  the  ancient 
spirit  was  not  dead,  in  the  midst  of  many  dif- 
ferences of  opinion  among  Protestants  connect- 
ed with  the  discipline  of  the  Church,  and  with 
Romanists  living  imder  severe  laws,  there  was  to 


be,  in  another  year,  such  an  outburst  of  patriotr 
ism  as  would  manifest  that  the  love  of  country 
was  above  all  divisions  of  creed.  That  glorious 
manifestation  of  national  spirit  in  1588  was  also 
to  show  that  a  people  does  not  necessarily  be- 
come weakened  in  character  by  a  long  course  of 
prosperity,  but  that  the  accumulations  of  peace 
are  the  real  resources  of  war.  It  is  not  the  dif- 
fusion of  comforts  and  luxuries  that  renders  a 
nation  unwarlike  and  apathetic.  It  is  the  tread- 
ing out  of  true  nationality  by  lawless  rulers — the 
shutting-up  of  all  the  fountains  of  independent 
thought  by  slavish  superstition — that  destroy  the 
patriotism  of  a  people,  and  make  them  incapa- 
ble of  defending  their  homes. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  14,  p.  214. 

4061.  PATRIOTISM,  Pretended.  Scoundrels. 
Patriotism  having  become  one  of  our  topics, 
Johnson  suddenly  uttered,  in  a  strong,  deter- 
mined tone,  an  apothegm  at  which  many  will 
start :  "  Patriotism  is  the  last  refuge  of  a  scoun- 
drel." But  let  it  be  considered  that  he  did  not 
mean  a  real  and  generous  love  of  our  country, 
but  that  pretended  patriotism  which  so  many,  in 
all  ages  and  countries,  have  made  a  cloak  for 
self-interest. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  247. 

4062.  PATRIOTISM,  Pntlic.  Spartans.  Ly 
curgus  taught  his  citizens  to  think  nothing  more 
disagreeable  than  to  live  by  (or  for)  themselves. 
Like  bees,  they  acted  with  one  impulse  for  the 
public  good,  and  always  assembled  about  their 
prince.  They  were  possessed  with  a  thirst  of 
honor  and  enthusiasm  bordering  upon  insanity, 
and  had  not  a  wish  but  for  their  country.  These 
sentiments  are  confirmed  by  some  of  their  aph- 
orisms. When  Paedaretus  lost  his  election  for 
one  of  the  three  hundred,  he  went  away  rejoicing 
that  there  were  three  hundred  better  men  than  him- 
self found  in  the  city.  Pisistratides  going  with 
some  others,  ambassador  to  the  King  of  Persia's 
lieutenants,  was  asked  whether  they  came  with 
a  public  commission  or  on  their  own  account, 
to  which  he  answered,  "If  successful,  for  the 
public  ;  if  unsuccessful,  for  ourselves." — Plu- 
tarch's Lycurgus. 

4063.  PATRIOTISM  punished.  Thomas  Hans- 
ford. Rebellion  of  1676.  What  was  charged 
on  him  as  rebellion,  he  denied  to  have  been  a 
sin.  "  Take  notice,"  said  he,  as  he  came  to  the 
gibbet,  "  I  die  a  loyal  subject  and  a  lover  of  my 
country."  That  country  was  Virginia.  Hans- 
ford perished,  the  first  native  American  on  the 
gallows,  a  martyr  to  the  right  of  the  people  to 
govern  themselves. — ^Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  14. 

4064.  PATRIOTISM  remembered.  Athenian. 
By  the  Athenian  laws  children  whose  fathers 
were  killed  in  the  service  of  their  country  were 
appointed  to  be  educated  at  the  public  expense. 
"Let  the  father,"  says  the  laws  of  Solon,  "  have 
the  privilege  of  bestoAving  on  that  son  a  funeral 
encomium  who  died  valiantly  fighting  in  the 
field.  He  who  receives  his  death  while  fighting 
with  undaunted  courage  in  the  front  of  the  bat- 
tle shall  have  an  annual  harangue  spoken  to  his 
honor." — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  10. 

4065.  PATRIOTISM,  Response  of.  George 
Washington,  a.d.  1768.  [The  customs  tax  was 
enacted  for  the  colonies.]  At  Mount  Vernon 
conversation  turned  at  this  time  on  the  dangers 


PATRIOTISM. 


481 


that  overhung  the  countiy.  "  Whenever  my 
country  calls  upon  me,"  said  Washington,  "  I 
am  ready  to  take  my  musket  on  my  shoulder." — 
Bakcroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  32. 

4066.  PATRIOTISM,  Sacrifices  of.  Thomas  Nel- 
son, Governor  of  Virginia.  [At  the  siege  of  York- 
town]  Lafayette  said  to  him,  "  To  what  particu- 
lar spot  would  your  Excellency  direct  that  we 
point  the  cannon  ?"  .  .  .  "  There,"  promptly  re- 
plied the  noble-minded,  patriotic  Nelson — "to 
that  house ;  it  is  mine,  and  is .  .  .  the  best  one 
you  can  find  in  the  to  wo  ;  and  there  you  will  be 
most  certain  to  find  Lord  Cornwallis  and  the 
British  headquarters." — Custis'  Washington, 
vol.  1,  ch.  14. 

4067. .  Rebellion  in  Virginia,  a.d. 

1676.  As  the  shades  of  night  descended,  the  vil- 
lage was  set  on  fire.  Two  of  the  best  houses  be- 
longed to  [the  patriot  leaders]  Lawrence  and 
Drummond.  Each  of  them,  with  his  own  hand, 
kindled  the  flames  that  were  to  lay  his  dwelling 
in  ashes.  The  little  church,  the  newly-erected 
State-house,  were  consumed.  Virginia  offered 
[Jamestown]  its  only  village  as  a  victim  for  its 
freedom  [from  the  oppressions  of  Charles  II.  by 
the  governor,  Sir  William  Berkeley].  [See  No. 
4043.]— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  14. 

406§.  PATEIOTISM,  Self-Sacrificing.  Italian. 
The  Saracens  besieged  the  cities  of  Beneventum 
and  Capua  ;  after  a  vain  appeal  to  the  success- 
ors of  Charlemagne,  the  Lombards  implored  the 
clemency  and  aid  of  the  Greek  emperor.  A 
fearless  citizen  dropped  from  the  walls,  passed 
the  intrenchments,  accomplished  his  commission, 
and  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  barbarians  as  he 
was  returning  with  the  welcome  news.  They 
commanded  him  to  assist  their  enterprise,  and 
deceive  his  countrymen,  with  the  assurance  that 
■wealth  and  honors  should  be  the  reward  of  his 
falsehood,  and  that  his  sincerity  would  be  pun- 
ished with  immediate  death.  He  aflfected  to 
yield,  but  as  soon  as  he  was  conducted  with- 
m  hearing  of  the  Christians  on  the  rampart, 
"Friends  and  brethren,"  he  cried,  with  a  loud 
voice,  "  be  bold  and  patient ;  maintain  the  city  ; 
your  sovereign  is  informed  of  your  distress,  and 
your  deliverers  are  at  hand.  I  know  my  doom, 
and  commit  my  wife  and  children  to  your  grat- 
itude. "  The  rage  of  the  Arabs  confirmed  his  evi- 
dence ;  and  the  self -devoted  patriot  was  trans- 
pierced with  a  hundred  spears. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
vol.  5,  ch.  56,  p.  445. 

4069.  PATRIOTISM,  Steadfast.  Pomponius. 
Pomponius,  a  man  of  some  dignity,  was  wound- 
ed and  taken  [in  battle].  Though  much  indis- 
posed with  his  wounds,  he  was  brought  before 
Mithridates,  who  asked  him  whether  if  he  saved 
his  life  he  would  become  his  friend.  "  On 
condition  you  will  be  reconciled  to  the  Ro- 
mans," said  he,  "  I  will ;  but  if  not,  I  must  re- 
main your  enemy."  The  king,  struck  with  ad- 
miration of  his  patriotism,  did  him  no  injury. — 

PLUTARCtt'S  LUCULLUS. 

4070.  PATRIOTISM  stimulated.  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth. [The  Spanish  Armada  was  expected,  and 
the  invasion  of  EnglandJ  A  camp  was  formed 
at  Tilbury  ;  and  there  Elizabeth  rode  through 
the  ranks,  encouraging  her  captains  and  her  sol- 
diers by  her  presence  and  her  words.  One  of 
the  SDeeches  which  she  addressed  to  them  during 


this  crisis  has  been  preserved  ;  and,  though  often 
quoted,  it  must  not  be  omitted  here.  .  .  .  "My 
loving  people,"  she  said,  "we  have  been  per- 
suaded by  some  that  are  careful  of  our  safety  to 
take  heed  how  we  commit  ourselves  to  armed 
multitudes,  for  fear  of  treachery  ;  but  I  assure 
you  I  do  not  desire  to  live  to  distrust  my  faithful 
and  loving  people.  Let  tyrants  fear !  I  have 
always  so  behaved  myself  that,  under  God,  I 
have  placed  my  chiefest  strength  and  safeguard 
in  the  loyal  hearts  and  good-will  of  my  subjects  ; 
and,  therefore,  I  am  come  among  you,  as  you 
see,  at  this  time,  not  for  my  recreation  and  dis- 
port, but  being  resolved,  in  the  midst  and  heat 
of  the  battle,  to  live  or  die  among  you  all,  to  lay 
down  for  my  God,  for  my  kingdom,  and  for  my 
people  my  honor  and  my  blood  even  in  the  dust. 
I  know  I  have  the  body  but  of  a  weak  and  fee- 
ble woman,  but  I  have  the  heart  and  stomach  of 
a  king,  and  of  a  King  of  England  too,  and  think 
it  foul  scorn  that  Parma,  or  Spain,  or  any  prince 
of  Europe  should  dare  to  invade  the  borders  of 
my  realm,  to  which,  rather  than  any  dishonor 
shall  grow  by  me,  I  myself  will  take  up  arms,  I 
myself  will  be  your  general,  judge,  and  reward- 
er  of  everyone  of  your  virtues  in  the  field." — 
Decisive  Battles,  §  412. 

4071.  PATRIOTISM  stirred.  Stamp  Act.  a.d. 
1765.  Friday,  the  first  morning  of  November, 
broke  upon  a  people  unanimously  resolved  on 
nullifying  the  Stamp  Act.  From  New  Hampshire 
to  the  far  South  the  day  was  introduced  by  the 
tolling  of  muffled  bells  ;  minute-guns  were  fired 
and  pennants  hoisted  at  half-mast,  or  a  eulogy 
was  pronounced  on  liberty,  and  its  knell  sounded; 
and  then  again  the  note  changed,  as  if  she  were 
restored  to  life.  .  .  .  Even  the  children  at  their 
games,  though  hardly  able  to  speak,  caught  up 
the  general  chorus,  ..."  Liberty,  property,  and 
no  stamps." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  19. 

4072.  PATRIOTISM,  Snrrender  of.  New  York 
Merchants,  a.d.  1770.  [They  recalled  their  de- 
cision to  abstain  from  importing  anything  from 
England,  and  limited  the  restrictions  to  tea.] 
"  Send  us  your  old  liberty  pole  [iron-bound  and 
iron-barred,  deep  set  near  junction  of  Broadway 
and  Bowery — once  cut  down  by  British  soldiers,] 
for  you  have  no  further  use  for  it,"  said  the  Phil- 
adelphians.  The  students  at  Princeton  burnt 
the  New  York  merchants'  letter  by  the  hands  of 
the  hangman. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  44. 

4073.  PATRIOTISM,  Unseeming.  Sertmnm. 
[In  consequence  of  the  distractions  of  the  empire, 
he  was,  while  in  Spain,  compelled  to  fight  againtt 
the  Romans.  Yet,  in  fact,]  he  was  a  true  lover 
of  his  country,  and  his  passion  to  be  restored  to 
it  was  one  of  the  first  in  his  heart.  Yet,  in  his 
greatest  misfortunes,  he  never  departed  from  his 
dignity.  On  the  other  hand,  when  he  was  vic- 
torious, he  would  make  an  offer  to  Metellus  or 
Pompey,  to  lay  down  his  arms,  on  condition  he 
might  be  permitted  to  return  in  the  capacity  of 
a  private  man.  He  said  he  had  rather  be  the 
meanest  citizen  in  Rome  than  an  exile  with  the 
command  of  all  the  other  countries  in  the  world. 
— Plutarch's  Sertorius. 

4074.  PATRIOTISM,  Unselfish.  52STOarcA;.  He 
adopted  it  as  the  aim  of  his  public  life  "  to  snatch 
Germany  from  Austrian  oppression,"  and  to 
gather  round  Prussia,  in  a  North  German  Con- 
federation, all  the  States  "  whose  tone  of  thought. 


483 


PATRIOTISM— PATRONAGE. 


religion,  manners,  and  interests"  were  in  har- 
mony with  those  of  Prussia.  "  To  attain  this 
end, '  he  once  said  in  conversation,  "  I  would 
brave  all  dangers  —  exile,  the  scaffold  itself  ! 
What  matter  if  thej  hang  me,  provided  the  rope 
by  which  I  am  hung  binds  this  new  Germany 
firmly  to  the  Prussian  throne  !" — Cyclopedia 
OF  Bigg.,  p.  633. 

4075. .   General  Reed.    During  the 

American  Revolution,  while  General  Reed  was 
president  of  Congress,  the  British  commission- 
ers offered  him  a  bribe  of  10,000  guineas  to  de- 
sert the  cause  of  his  coimtry.  His  reply  was, 
'*  Gentlemen,  I  am  poor,  very  poor ;  but  your 
king  is  not  rich  enough  to  buy  me." 

4076.  PATRIOTISM,  Vicious,  Scotchmen. 
Samuel  Johnson  .  .  .  was  outrageous  upon  his 
supposition  that  my  countrymen  "loved  Scot- 
land better  than  truth,"  saying,  "  All  of  them — 
nay,  not  all,  but  droves  of  them — would  come 
up  and  attest  anything  for  the  honor  of  Scot- 
land."— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  237. 

4077.  PATRIOTISM,  Violent.  Excitement  from 
Stamp  Act.  a.d.  1765.  [Governor]  Golden  him- 
self retired  within  the  fort.  ...  In  the  evening  a 
vast  torch-light  procession,  carrying  a  scaffold 
and  two  images — one  of  the  governor  and  the 
other  of  the  devil — came  from  the  fields — now 
the  park — down  Broadway,  to  within  ten  . . .  feet 
of  the  fort,  knocked  at  its  gate,  broke  open  the 
governor's  coach-house,  took  out  his  chariot,  car- 
ried the  images  upon  it  round  town,  and  returned 
to  burn  them,  with  his  own  carriages  and  sleighs, 
before  his  eyes  on  Bowling  Green,  under  the 
gaze  of  the  garrison  on  the  ramparts,  and  all 
New  York  gathered  round. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  5,  ch.  19. 

4078.  PATRIOTISM ofWoman.  "Captain Mol- 
ly." She  was  the  [Irish]  wife  of  a  matross  in 
Proctor's  artillery.  At  one  of  the  guns  ...  six 
men  had  been  killed  or  wounded.  It  was  deemed 
an  unlucky  gun,  and  murmurs  arose  that  it 
should  be  .  .  .  abandoned.  At  this  juncture, 
while  Captain  Molly  was  serving  some  water  for 
the  refreshment  of  the  men,  her  husband  received 
a  shot  in  the  head  and  fell  lifeless  under  the 
wheels  of  the  piece.  The  heroine  threw  down 
the  pail  of  water,  and  crying  to  her  dead  consort, 
"Lie  there,  my  darling,  while  I  revenge  ye," 
grasped  the  ramrod  the  lifeless  hand  had  just  re- 
linquished, sent  home  the  charge,  and  called  to 
the  matrosses  to  prime  and  fire.  .  .  .  She  kept 
to  her  post  till  night  closed  the  action. — Custis' 
Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

4079.  PATRIOTISM  of  Woman.  Lydia  Dar- 
rah.  After  the  battle  of  Germantown  Washing- 
ton took  up  his  headquarters  at  Whitemarsh, 
twelve  miles  from  Philadelphia.  Winter  was 
approaching,  and  the  patriots  began  to  suffer  for 
food  and  clothing.  Howe,  knowing  the  distress- 
ed condition  of  the  Americans,  determined  to 
surprise  their  camp.  On  the  evening  of  the  2d 
of  December  he  held  a  council  of  war,  and  it 
was  decided  to  march  against  Washington  the 
following  night.  But  Lydia  Darrah,  at  whose 
house  the  council  was  held,  overheard  the  plan 
of  the  enemies  of  her  country.  On  the  follow- 
ing morning  she  obtained  a  passport  from  Lord 
Howe,  left  the  city  on  the  pretence  of  going  to 
mill,  rode  rapidly  to  the  American  lines,  and  sent 


information  of  the  impending  attack  to  Wash 
ington.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  40,  p.  327. 

40§0.  PATRONAGE,  Age  of.  Anglo-Saxons. 
Even  the  inhabitants  of  towns  placed  themselves 
under  the  protection  of  some  particular  noble- 
man, and  feeling  the  ties  of  that  connection  more 
strongly  than  any  other,  were  accustomed  to  look 
up  to  his  patronage  as  that  of  a  sovereign.  The 
laws  even  favored  these  ideas.  A  client,  though 
a  freeman,  was  supposed  so  much  to  belong  to 
his  patron,  that  his  murderer  was  obliged  to  pay 
a  fine  to  the  latter,  as  a  compensation  for  his  loss, 
in  like  manner  as  he  paid  a  fine  to  the  master  for 
the  murder  of  a  slave. — Tytler'sHist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  6,  p.  119. 

40§1.  PATRONAGE,  Division  of.  James  II 
Even  [William]  Penn,  intemperate  and  undiS' 
cerning  as  was  his  zeal  for  the  Declaration,  seems 
to  have  felt  that  the  partiality  with  which  hon- 
ors and  emoluments  were  heaped  on  Roman  Cath- 
olics might  not  unnaturally  excite  the  jealousy 
of  the  nation.  .  .  .  One  of  Penn's  schemes  was 
that  a  law  should  be  passed  dividing  the  patron- 
age of  the  crown  into  three  equal  parts,  and  that 
to  one  only  of  those  parts  members  of  the  church 
of  Rome  should  be  admitted.  Even  under  such 
an  arrangement  the  members  of  the  Church  of 
Rome  would  have  obtained  nearly  twenty  times 
their  fair  portion  of  official  appointments. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  7,  p.  222. 

40§2.  PATRONAGE,  Governmental.  American 
Colonies.  In  1758  America  had  been  called  "  the 
hospital  of  England,"  the  places  in  the  gift  of 
the  crown  being  filled  "with  broken  Members 
of  Parliament,"  of  bad,  if  any,  principle,  valets 
de  chambre,  electioneering  scoundrels,  and  even 
livery  servants. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  20, 
p.  310. 

4083.  PATRONAGE,  Ill-timed.  Lord  C/tester- 
Jield's.  [After  completing  his  dictionary,  Samuel 
Johnson  wrote :]  Seven  years,  my  lord,  have 
now  past  since  I  waited  in  your  outward  rooms, 
or  was  repulsed  from  your  door  [he  had  been 
kept  waiting  while  inferior  men  were  given  au- 
dience], during  which  time  I  have  been  pushing 
on  my  work  through  difficulties,  of  which  it  is 
useless  to  complain,  and  have  brought  it  at  last 
to  the  verge  of  publication,  without  one  act  of 
assistance,  one  word  of  encouragement,  or  one 
smile  of  favor.  Such  treatment  I  did  not  expect, 
for  I  never  had  a  patron  before.  Is  not  a  pa- 
tron, my  lord,  one  who  looks  with  unconcern 
on  a  man  struggling  for  life  in  the  water,  and, 
when  he  has  reached  ground,  encumbers  him 
with  help  ?  The  notice  which  you  have  been 
pleased  to  take  of  my  labors,  had  it  been  early, 
had  been  kind  ;  but  it  has  been  delayed  till  I  am 
indifferent,  and  cannot  enjoy  it ;  till  I  am  solita- 
ry, and  cannot  impart  it ;  till  I  am  known,  and 
do  not  want  it. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  68. 

4084.  PATRONAGE,  Immense.  Centennial 
The  daily  attendance  at  the  exhibition  grounds 
during  the  summer  varied  from  5000  to  275,000, 
and  the  interest  in  the  Centennial  was  intensified 
near  its  close.  The  whole  number  of  visitors  at- 
tending the  exposition,  as  shown  by  the  registry 
of  the  gates,  was  9,786,151.  The  daily  average 
attendance  was  61,938.  The  grounds  were  open 
for  158  days,  and  the  total  receipts  for  admis- 
sion were  |3,761,598.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  68, 
p.  628. 


PATRONAGE— PEACE. 


483 


40§5.  PATRONAGE,  Partiality  in.  James  11. 
How  obstinately  James  was  determined  to  bestow 
on  the  members  of  his  own  church  a  share  of 
patronage  altogether  out  of  proportion  to  their 
numbers  and  importance  is  proved  by  the  in- 
structions which,  in  exile  and  old  age,  he  drew 
up  for  the  guidance  of  his  son.  It  is  impossible 
to  read  without  mingled  pity  and  derision  those 
effusions  of  a  mind  on  which  all  the  discipline 
of  experience  and  adversity  had  been  exhausted 
in  vain.  The  pretender  is  advised,  if  ever  he 
should  reign  in  England,  to  make  a  partition  of 
offices,  and  carefully  to  reserve  for  the  members 
lof  the  Church  of  Rome  a  portion  which  might 
\have  sufficed  for  them  if  they  had  been  one  half 
instead  of  one  fiftieth  part  of  the  nation.  One 
secretary  of  state,  one  commissioner  of  the  treas- 
ury, the  secretary  at  war,  the  majority  of  the 
great  dignitaries  of  the  household,  the  majority 
of  the  officers  of  the  army,  are  always  to  be  Cath- 
olics.— Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  7,  p.  221. 

40§6.  PEACE,  Choice  of.  Roman  EmjJero?: 
Numa  died  after  a  reign  of  forty-three  years, 
during  the  whole  of  which  time  the  temple  of 
Janus  remained  shut,  so  much  does  the  disposi- 
tion of  a  people  depend  on  the  character  of  a 
sovereign.  After  a  short  interregnum,  Tullus 
Hostilius  was  elected  to  the  throne  by  the  peo- 
ple, and  confirmed  by  the  voice  of  the  Senate. 
This  prince,  of  a  very  opposite  character  from 
his  predecessor,  paid  little  regard  to  his  religious 
and  pacific  institutions.  The  temple  of  Janus 
was  opened,  and  was  not  shut  during  his  whole 
reign. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  1,  p.  294 

4087.  PEACE,  Commonwealth  of.  William 
Penn.  [In  the  establishment  of  Pennsylvania, 
Penn]  .  .  .  declared  that  his  objects  were  to 
found  a  free  commonwealth  witliout  respect  to 
the  color,  race,  or  religion  of  the  inhabitants  ;  to 
establish  a  refuge  for  the  people  of  his  own  faith  ; 
and  to  enlarge  the  borders  of  the  British  empire. 
--Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  25,  p.  209. 

40§8.  PEACE,  Disgraceful.  Montezuma.  For 
months  there  was  almost  incessant  fighting  in 
and  around  the  city  ;  and  it  became  evident  that 
the  Spaniards  must  ultimately  be  overwhelmed 
and  destroyed.  To  save  himself  from  his  peril, 
Cortez  adopted  a  second  shameless  expedient, 
more  wicked  than  the  first.  Montezuma  [who 
had  been  captured  by  Cortez]  was  compelled  to 
go  upon  the  top  of  the  palace  in  front  of  the 
great  square  where  the  besiegers  were  gathered, 
and  to  counsel  them  to  make  peace  with  the 
Spaniards.  For  a  moment  there  was  universal 
silence,  then  a  murmur  of  vexation  and  rage, 
and  then  Montezuma  was  struck  down  by  the 
javelins  of  his  own  subjects.  In  a  few  days  he 
died  of  wretchedness  and  despair,  and  for  a 
while  the  warriors,  overwhelmed  with  remorse, 
abandoned  the  conflict.  But  with  the  renewal 
of  the  strife  Cortez  was  obliged  to  leave  the  city. 
Finally  a  great  battle  was  fought,  and  the  Span- 
ish arms  and  valor  triumphed.  In  the  crises  of 
the  struggle  the  sacred  Mexican  banner  was 
struck  down  and  captured.  Dismay  seized  the 
hosts  of  puny  warriors,  and  they  fled  in  all  di- 
rections.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  4,  p.  61. 

4089.  PEACE,  Evidence  of.  Reign  of  GJiarles 
II.  There  were  still  to  be  seen,  on  the  capes  of 
the  sea-coast,  and  on  many  inland  hills,  tall  posts 
surmounted  by  barrels.     Once  these  barrels  had 


been  filled  with  pitch.  Watchmen  had  been  set 
round  them  in  seasons  of  danger  ;  and,  within 
a  few  hours  after  a  Spanish  sail  had  been  discov- 
ered in  the  Channel,  or  after  a  thousand  Scottish 
moss-troopers  had  crossed  the  Tweed,  the  signal 
fires  were  blazing  fifty  miles  off,  and  whole  coun- 
ties were  rising  in  arms.  But  many  years  had 
now  elapsed  since  the  beacons  had  been  lighted, 
and  they  were  regarded  rather  as  curious  relics 
of  ancient  manners  than  as  parts  of  a  machinery 
necessary  to  the  safety  of  the  State. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  271. 

4090.  PEACE,  Fear  of.  Pompey.  "  Is  there 
hope  of  peace  ?"  he  [Caesar]  wrote,  in  reporting 
what  had  passed.  ' '  So  far  as  I  can  gather  from  his 
very  full  expressions  to  me,  he  does  not  desire  it. 
For  he  thinks  thus :  If  Cajsar  be  made  consul, 
even  after  he  has  parted  from  his  army,  the  con- 
stitution will  be  at  an  end.  I  thought,  when  he 
was  speaking,  of  the  uncertainties  of  war ;  but  I 
was  relieved  to  hear  a  man  of  courage  and  ex- 
perience talk  like  a  statesman  of  the  dangers  of  an 
insincere  settlement.  Not  only  does  he  not  seek 
for  peace,  but  he  seems  to  fear  it." — Froude's 
C^sAR,  ch.  20. 

4091.  PEACE,  Joys  of.  War  of  1812.  The 
agents  of  the  United  States  were  John  Quincy 
Adams,  James  A.  Bayard,  Henry  Clay,  Jonathan 
Russell,  and  Albert  Gallatin.  Several  months 
w^ere  spent  in  negotiations,  and  on  the  24th  of 
December,  1814,  a  treaty  was  agreed  to  and  sign- 
ed. In  England  the  news  was  received  with  deep 
satisfaction  ;  in  the  United  States  with  a  delight 
bordering  on  madness.  Before  the  terms  of  settle- 
ment could  be  known,  the  people  broke  forth 
in  universal  jubilee.  Nobody  stopped  to  inquire 
whether  the  treaty  was  good  or  bad,  honorable  or 
dishonorable.  The  Federalists  found  abundant 
reason  for  rejoicing  that  a  war  which  they  had 
persistently  opposed  as  impolitic  and  unjust  was 
at  an  end.  The  Deiuocrats  sent  up  a  double 
huzza,  shouting  first  for  Jackson's  victory  and  af- 
terward for  peace.  Nor  could  the  country  well 
be  blamed  for  rejoicing  that  a  conflict  that  had 
cost  the  United  States  1683  vessels  and  more  than 
18,000  sailors  was  ended.  The  war  cloud  rolled 
away  like  an  incubus  from  the  public  mind. — • 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  51,  p.  414. 

4092.  PEACE,  Messengers  of.  American  Ind- 
ians. That  the  w^ords  of  friendship  might  be 
transmitted  safely  through  the  wilderness,  the 
red  men  revered  the  peace-pipe.  The  person  of 
him  that  travelled  with  it  was  sacred  ;  he  could 
disarm  the  young  warrior  as  by  a  spell,  and  se- 
cure himself  a  fearless  welcome  in  every  cabin. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.  ,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

4093.  PEACE,  Perpetual.  French  Treaty.  "We 
have  thrown  the  hatchet,"  said  the  Mohawks^ 
"  so  high  in  the  air,  and  beyond  the  skies,  that 
no  arm  on  earth  can  reach  to  bring  it  down." — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  20. 

4094.  PEACE,  Pledges  of.  William  Penn.  [On 
beginning  his  dulies  as  chief  magistrate,]  a  great 
conference  was  appointed  with  the  native  chiefs. 
.  ,  .  Penn,  accompanied  by  a  few  unarmed 
friends,  clad  in  the  simple  garb  of  the  Quakers, 
came  to  the  appointed  spot.  .  .  .  The  chieftains, 
also  unarmed,  sat  in  a  semicircle  on  the  ground. 
.  .  .  Standing  before  them  and  speaking  by  an 
interpreter,  lie  said  :  "  My  friends,  we  have  met 


484 


PEACE— PENALTY. 


on  the  broad  pathway  of  good  faith.  We  are  all 
one  flesh  and  blood.  Being  brethren,  no  advan- 
tage shall  be  taken  on  either  side.  When  disputes 
arise  we  will  settle  them  in  council.  Between  us 
there  shall  be  nothing  but  openness  and  love." 
The  chiefs  replied,"  While  the  rivers  run  and 
the  sun  shines  we  will  live  in  peace  with  the  chil- 
dren of  William  Penn. "  No  record  was  made  of 
the  treaty,  for  none  was  needed.  Its  terms  were 
written,  not  on  decaying  parchment,  but  on  the 
living  hearts  of  men.  No  deed  of  violence  or  in- 
justice ever  marred  the  sacred  covenant.  The  Ind- 
ians vied  with  the  Quakers  in  keeping  unbroken 
the  pledge  of  perpetual  peace.  For  more  than 
seventy  years,  during  which  the  province  remain- 
ed under  the  control  of  the  Friends,  not  a  single 
warwhoop  was  heard  within  the  borders  of  Penn- 
sylvania. The  Quaker  hat  and  coat  proved  to  be 
a  better  defence  for  the  wearer  than  coat-of-mail 
and  musket. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  25,  p.  212. 

4095.  PEACE  vs.  Pride.  Tliebam.  Thebes 
was  now  necessarily  involved  in  a  war  with  Spar- 
ta ;  but  she  had  the  assistance  of  Athens.  With 
this  respectable  aid  she  was,  perhaps,  a  match 
for  her  powerful  antagonist,  but  she  did  not 
long  enjoy  the  advantage  of  that  alliance.  Per- 
sia, which  since  the  last  peace  had  acquired  a 
title  to  mediate  in  the  affairs  of  Greece,  brought 
about  an  overture  of  accommodation  between 
the  contending  States.  All  articles  were  agreed 
upon,  when  a  small  punctilio  exasperated  the 
Thebans.  They  could  not  bear  that  their  name 
should  be  classed  among  the  inferior  States  of 
Greece ;  and  Sparta  was  determined  that  it 
should.  Neither  party  would  yield,  and  Thebes 
was  entirely  struck  out  of  the  treaty,  which  was 
acceded  to  by  all  the  other  republics.  [War 
followed.] — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3, 
p.  163. 

4096.  PEACE,  Principles  of.  PHmitive  Chris- 
tians. The  Christians  were  not  less  averse  to 
the  business  than  to  the  pleasures  of  this  world. 
The  defence  of  our  persons  and  property  they 
knew  not  how  to  reconcile  with  the  patient  doc- 
trine which  enjoined  an  unlimited  forgiveness 
of  past  injuries,  and  commanded  them  to  invite 
the  repetition  of  fresh  insults.  Their  simplicity 
was  offended  by  the  use  of  oaths,  by  the  pomp 
of  Magistracy,  and  by  the  active  contention  of 
public  life  ;  nor  could  their  humane  ignorance 
be  convinced  that  it  was  lawful  on  any  occasion 
to  shed  the  blood  of  our  fellow- creatures^  either 
by  the  sword  of  justice,  or  by  that  of  war,  even 
though  their  criminal  or  hostile  attempts  should 
threaten  the  peace  and  safety  of  the  whole  com- 
munity.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  15,  p.  555. 

4097.  PEACE,  A  provoking.  Peace  of 
Utrecht,  a.d.  1713.  By  the  peace  of  Utrecht 
Belgium  was  compelled  to  forego  the  advan- 
tages with  which  she  had  been  endowed  by  the 
God  of  nature  ;  to  gratify  commercial  jealousy, 
Antwerp  was  denied  the  use  of  the  deep  waters 
that  flowed  by  her  walls  ;  and  afterward  the 
Austrian  efforts  at  trade  with  the  East  Indies 
were  suffocated  in  their  infancy.  This  policy 
was  an  open  violation  of  international  justice, 
a  fraud  upon  humanity,  a  restriction  by  cov- 
enant of  national  industry  and  prosperity.  .  .  . 
It  was  possible  that  ...  a  wise  ruler  might  one 
day  be  penetrated  with  indignation  at  the  out- 
rage. .  .  .  With  regard  to  France,  .  .  .  England 


extorted  the  covenant,  that  the  port  of  Dunkiiic 
should  be  not  merely  abandoned,  but  filled  up. 
A  treaty  of  peace  contained  a  stipulation  for  the 
ruin  of  a  harbor  ! — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  8, 
ch.  21. 

4098.  PEACE,  Signal  for.  Marquette,  the  Jes- 
uit Missionary.  [Exploring  the  Mississippi.]  Near 
the  latitude  of  32°,  on  the  Mississippi.  "  Now," 
thought  Marquette,  ' '  we  must  indeed  ask  the 
aid  of  the  Virgin."  Armed  with  bows  and  ar- 
rows, with  clubs,  axes,  and  bucklers,  amid  con- 
tinual whoops,  the  natives,  bent  on  war,  embarked 
in  vast  canoes,  made  out  of  the  trunks  of  hollow 
trees  ;  but,  at  the  sight  of  the  mysterious  peace- 
pipe  held  aloft,  God  touched  the  hearts  of  the 
old  men,  who  checked  the  impetuosity  of  the 
young ;  and  throwing  their  bows  and  quivers 
into  the  canoes,  as  a  token  of  peace,  they  pre- 
pared a  hospitable  welcome. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  20. 

4099.  PEACE,  Truce  for.  Truce  of  God.  [The 
Church  in  France  made  great  endeavors  to  re- 
press violence  and  tyranny.]  The  result  was 
the  institution  of  the  "  Truce  of  God"  (1041), 
which  provided  that  all  hostilities,  public  and 
private,  should  be  suspended  from  the  Wednes- 
day evening  in  each  week  until  the  following 
Monday  morning,  that  period  being  marked  out 
for  sanctiflcation  in  memory  of  the  passion  and 
resurrection  of  the  Redeemer.  The  entire  sea- 
sons of  Advent  and  Lent,  together  with  all  the 
great  festivals,  were  included  in  this  merciful 
prohibition.  Offenders  against  the  "Truce  of 
God"  incurred  the  penalty  of  death,  which 
might  be  commuted,  however,  by  pecuniary 
fine  ;  they  were  liable  also  to  excommunication 
and  banishment. — Students'  France,  ch.  7, 

§8- 

4100.  PEACE,  Unusual.  Temple.  At  the  end 
of  the  first  Punic  war  the  temple  of  Janus  was 
shut — an  event  which  had  not  happened  since 
the  reign  of  Numa — that  is,  near  five  hundred 
years.  In  a  few  years  it  was  again  opened,  and 
never  shut  till  the  reign  of  Augustus. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  9,  p.  371. 

4101.  PENALTY,  Excessive.  Reign  of  Oeorge 
III.  A.D.  1772.  Hutchinson  [Governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts] wished  to  see  a  beginning  of  taking 
men  prisoners  and  carrying  them  directly  to 
England.  There  now  existed  a  statute  author- 
izing such  a  procedure.  .  .  .  An  act  for  the 
better  securing  of  dockyards,  ships,  and  stores, 
which  extended  to  the  colonies,  made  death  the 
penalty  for  destroying  even  the  oar  of  a  cutler's 
boat  or  the  head  of  an  empty  cask  belonging 
to  the  fleet,  and  subjected  the  accused  to  trial 
in  any  county  in  Great  Britain. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  47. 

4102.  PENALTY,  Partisan.  Beign  of  James 
II.  The  fame  and  fortunes  of  [the  Earl  of]  De- 
vonshire were  .  .  .  under  a  cloud.  He  had  an  un- 
fortunate quarrel  with  the  court,  arising,  not  from 
a  public  and  honorable  cause,  but  from  a  private 
brawl.  ...  He  had  gone  to  Whitehall  to  pay  his 
duty,  and  had  there  been  insulted  by  a  man 
named  Colepepper,  one  of  a  set  of  bravos  who  in- 
fested the  purlieus  of  the  court,  and  who  attempt- 
ed to  curry  favor  with  the  gevernment  by  affront- 
ing members  of  the  Opposition.  .  .  .  While  this 
feud  was  at  its  height,  the  earl  met  Colepepper 


PENANCE— PEOPLE. 


485 


in  the  drawing-room  at  Whitehall,  and  fancied 
that  he  saw  triumph  and  defiance  in  the  bully's 
countenance.  Nothing  unseemly  passed  in  the 
royal  sight ;  but,  as  soon  as  the  enemies  had  left 
the  presence  chamber,  Devonshire  proposed  that 
they  should  instantly  decide  their  disputes  with 
their  swords.  This  challenge  was  refused.  Then 
the  high-spirited  peer  forgot  the  respect  which 
he  owed  to  the  place  where  he  stood  and  to  his 
own  character,  and  struck  Colepepper  in  the  face 
with  a  cane.  ...  A  criminal  information  was 
filed  in  the  King's  Bench.  .  .  .  The  judges  wait- 
ed in  a  body  on  Jeffreys,  who  insisted  that  they 
should  impose  a  fine  of  not  less  than  £30,000. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  cli.  7,  p.  231. 

4103.  PENANCE,  Failure  of.  Experiment. 
Bartley  Campbell,  an  Irish  Papist,  became  pro- 
foundly awakened  with  anxiety  for  a  better  faith 
than  popery  had  taught  him.  He  called  on  his 
priest,  who  could  not  understand  his  difficulties. 
He  said  many  prayers,  submitted  to  severe  pen- 
ances, obtained  absolution,  but  found  no  relief 
to  his  troubled  conscience.  He  made  a  pilgrimage 
of  forty  Irish  miles  to  St.  Patrick's  purgatory, 
at  Loughbery,  in  Donegal  County,  where  it  was 
supposed  all  sins  could  be  expiated.  He  went 
through  the  required  ceremonies,  and  received 
absolution  from  the  officiating  priest ;  but  his  con- 
science was  more  disquieted  than  ever.  Before 
he  left  again  he  applied  to  the  priest.  "  Did  not 
I  give  you  absolution  ?"  asked  the  latter.  "  You 
did,  father."  "  And  do  you  deny  the  authority 
©f  the  Church  ?"  "  By  no  means  ;  but  my  soul 
is  in  misery.  What  shall  I  do  ?"  "Do  !"  said  the 
priest,  "  why,  go  to  "  ed  and  sleep."  "  Sleep  !" 
exclaimed  the  awal'  ^ned  man  ;  "  no,  father  ;  per- 
haps I  may  awako  in  hell."  The  priest  threaten- 
ed him  with  a  horsewhip.  The  penitent  hastened 
to  a  retired  place,  threw  himself  on  the  ground, 
and,  with  tears  and  groans,  prayed  for  light  from 
God.  There  he  found  peace  in  believing  on  Christ 
alone.  He  returned  to  the  numerous  pilgrims 
who  were  performing  their  prescribed  penances 
upon  bared  and  bleeding  knees, .  .  .  and  exhorted 
them  to  seek  God  through  Christ,  assuring  them 
that  they  should  obtain  peace,  as  he  had. — Ste- 
vens' Methodism,  vol.  3,  p.  411. 

4104.  PENANCE,  Eoyal.  Henry  II.  He  was 
alarmed  by  an  irruption  from  William,  King  of 
Scotland.  Returning  to  England,  he  found  the 
ancient  leaven  of  disaffection,  on  account  of 
Becket's  murder,  revived,  and  violently  ferment- 
ing in  the  breasts  of  his  subjects.  To  conciliate 
their  minds,  he  resolved  on  expiating  his  alleged 
guilt  by  the  most  solemn  penance  and  humilia- 
tion. He  walked  barefooted  through  the  city  of 
Canterbury,  and,  on  arriving  at  the  cathedral, 
prostrated  himself  on  the  ground  before  the  tomb 
of  the  martyr,  and  passed  a  day  and  night  in  fast- 
ing and  prayer  ;  not  satisfied  with  this  mortifica- 
tion, he  submitted  his  bare  shoulders  to  be  scourg- 
ed by  the  monks  of  the  chapter.  Absolved  now 
f  rorn  all  his  offences,  reconciled  to  the  church  and 
to  his  subjects,  he  prepared  to  revenge  the  depre- 
dations of  the  Scots. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  8,  p.  143. 

4105.  PENITENCE,  Royal.  Boman  Emperor 
Theodomis.  The  public  penance  of  the  Emperor 
Theodosius  has  been  recorded  as  one  of  the  most 
honorable  events  in  the  annals  of  the  church. 
According  to  the  mildest  rules  of  ecclesiatical  dis- 


cipline, which  were  established  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, the  crime  of  homicide  was  expiated  by  the 
penitence  of  twenty  years  ;  and  as  it  was  impos- 
sible, in  the  period  of  human  life,  to  purge  the 
accumulated  guilt  of  the  massacre  of  Thessalon- 
ica,  the  murderer  should  have  been  excluded 
from  the  holy  communion  till  the  hour  of  his 
death.  But  the  archbishop,  consulting  the  max- 
ims of  religious  policy,  granted  some  indulgence 
to  the  rank  of  his  illustrious  penitent.  ...  It  was 
sufficient  that  the  emperor  of  the  Romans,  strip- 
ped of  the  ensigns  of  royalty,  should  appear  in  a 
mournful  and  suppliant  posture  ;  and  that,  in  the 
midst  of  the  church  of  Milan,  he  should  humbly 
solicit,  with  signs  and  tears,  the  pardon  of  his 
sins.  In  this  spiritual  cure,  Ambrose  employed 
the  various  methods  of  mildness  and  severity. 
After  a  delay  of  about  eight  months  Theodosius 
was  restored  to  the  communion  of  the  faithful. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  27,  p.  117. 

4106.  PEOPLE,  Spirited.  Public  Spirit.  The 
contests  with  the  natives,  not  less  than  Avith  New 
England,  displayed  the  feebleness  of  New  Neth- 
erland.  The  province  had  no  popular  freedom, 
and  therefore  no  public  spirit.  In  New  England 
there  were  no  poor  ;  in  New  Netherland  the  poor 
were  so  numerous  it  was  difficult  to  provide 
for  their  relief.  The  Puritans  easily  supported 
schools  everywhere,  and  Latin  schools  in  the 
larger  villages  ;  on  Manhattan  a  Latin  school  lin- 
gered .  .  .  two  years,  and  was  discontinued.  In 
New  England  the  people,  in  the  hour  of  danger, 
rose  involuntarily,  and  defended  themselves  ;  in 
the  Dutch  province  men  were  unwilling  to  go  to 
the  relief  even  of  villages  that  were  in  danger 
from  the  Indians,  and  demanded  protection  from 
the  [East  India]  Company,  which  claimed  to  be 
their  absolute  sovereign. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

4107.  PEOPLE,  "Unreasonable."  Liberties. 
The  people  of  New  Hampshire  were  greatly  ex- 
cited by  the  threatened  destruction  of  their  liber- 
ties. Before  Cranfleld's  arrival  the  rugged  saw- 
yers and  lumbermen  of  the  Piscataqua  had  con- 
vened a  general  assembly  at  Portsmouth.  The 
first  resolution  which  was  passed  by  the  represen- 
tatives showed  the  spirit  of  colonial  resistance  in 
full  force.  "  No  act,  imposition,  law  or  ordi- 
nance," said  the  sturdy  legislators,  "  shall  be  valid 
unless  made  by  the  assembly  and  approved  by  the 
people."  When  the  indignant  king  heard  of  this 
resolution,  he  declared  it  to  be  both  wicked  and 
absurd.  It  was  not  the  first  time  that  a  monarch 
and  his  people  had  disagreed.  In  November  of 
1682  Cranfield  dismissed  the  popular  assembly. 
Such  a  despotic  act  had  never  before  been  at- 
tempted in  New  England.  The  excitement  ran 
high  ;  the  governor  was  openly  denounced,  and 
his  claims  for  rents  and  forfeitures  were  stub- 
bornly resisted.  At  Exeter  the  sheriff  was  beaten 
with  clubs.  The  farmers'  wives  met  the  tax-gatli- 
erers  with  pailfuls  of  hot  water.  At  the  village 
of  Plampton  Cranfield's  deputy  was  led  out  of 
town  with  a  rope  round  his  neck.  When  the  gov- 
ernor ordered  out  the  militia  not  a  man  obeyed 
the  summons.  It  was  in  the  midst  of  these  broils 
that  Cranfield,  unable  to  collect  his  rents,  and 
vexed  out  of  his  wits,  wrote  to  England  begging 
the  privilege  of  going  home.  The  "unreason- 
able "  people,  who  were  all  the  time  cavilling  at 
his  commission  and  denying  his  authority,  were 


486 


PERFECTION— PERSECUTION. 


at  length  freed  from  liis  presence. — Ridpath's 
U.  S..  ch.  23,  p.  200. 

410§.  PERFECTION  by  Development.  John  Mil- 
ton. The  commonly  received  notion,  therefore, 
with  which  authors,  as  they  age,  are  wont  to  com- 
fort themselves,  that  one  of  the  greatest  feats  of 
original  invention  achieved  by  man  was  begun 
after  fifty,  must  be  thus  far  modified.  "  Paradise 
Lost "  was  composed  after  fifty,  but  was  conceived 
at  thirty -two.  Hence  the  high  degree  of  perfec 
tion  realized  in  the  total  result.  For  there  were 
combined  to  produce  it  the  opposite  virtues  of 
two  distinct  periods  of  mental  development — the 
daring  imagination  and  fresh  emotional  play  of 
early  manhood,  with  the  exercised  judgment  and 
chastened  taste  of  ripened  years. — Milton,  by 
M.  Pattison,  ch.  13, 

4109.  PEEFIDY  resented.  Bourbon.  A 
most  formidable  combination  seemed  now  ready 
to  overwhelm  Francis  I. ,  under  which  a  monarch 
of  less  spirit  and  abilities  than  himself  must  cer- 
tainly have  succumbed  at  once.  The  pope,  the 
emperor,  the  King  of  England,  the  Archduke 
Ferdinand — to  whom  his  brother,  Charles  V., 
had  ceded  the  German  dominions  of  the  house  of 
Austria — were  all  united  against  the  King  of 
France.  .  .  .  An  iniquitous  decree  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  by  which  the  constable  [of  Bour- 
bon] was  deprived  of  the  whole  estates  belonging 
to  the  family  of  Bourbon,  was  the  cause  of  an  ir- 
reconcilable animosity,  and  of  a  firm  purpose 
of  vengeance  now  meditated  by  the  constable 
against  the  King  of  France.  He  immediately  of- 
fered his  services  to  the  emperor ;  and,  like 
another  Coriolanus,  with  equ^al  valor  and  ability, 
and  with  equal  infamy,  became  the  determined 
enemy  of  his  country.  The  emperor  received 
him,  as  may  be  believed,  with  open  arms  ;  but  in 
the  breast  of  every  worthy  man  his  conduct  ex- 
cited that  detestation  which  it  merited.  Even  the 
Spanish  officers  themselves  abhorred  his  perfidy. 
"  If  the  constable  of  Bourbon,"  said  one  of  these 
generals,  "  should  enter  my  house,  I  would  burn 
it  after  his  departure,  as  a  place  polluted  by  trea- 
son and  perfidy." — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  19,  p.  280. 

4110.  PERIL,  Familiar.  Fm-gotten.  "When 
Persia  was  governed  by  the  descendants  of  Sefi, 
a  race  of  princes  whose  wanton  cruelty  often 
stained  their  divan,  their  table,  and  their  bed 
with  the  blood  of  their  favorites,  there  is  a  saying 
recorded  of  a  young  nobleman,  that  he  never  de- 
parted from  the  sultan's  presence  without  satis- 
fying himself  whether  his  head  was  still  on  his 
shoulders.  The  experience  of  every  day  might 
almost  justify  the  scepticism  of  Rustan.  Yet  the 
fatal  sword,  suspended  above  him  by  a  single 
thread,  seems  not  to  have  disturbed  the  slumbers 
or  interrupted  the  tranquillity  of  the  Persian. 
The  monarch's  crown,  he  well  knew,  could  level 
liim  with  the  dust ;  but  the  stroke  of  lightning 
or  apoplexy  might  be  equally  fatal  ;  and  it  was 
the  part  of  a  wise  man  to  forget  the  inevitable 
calamities  of  human  life  in  the  enjoyment  of  the 
fleeting  hour. — Gibbon's  Rome. 

4111.  PERIL,  Pleasure  in.  William,  Prince 
of  Orange.  Sometimes,  however,  it  seemed  that 
he  had  a  strange  pleasure  in  venturing  his  per- 
son. It  was  remarked  that  his  spirits  were  never 
so  high  and  his  manners  never  so  gracious  and 
easy  as  amid  the  tumult  and  carnage  of  a  battle. 


Even  in  his  pastimes  he  liked  the  excitement  of 
danger.  Cards,  chess,  and  billiards  gave  him  no 
pleasure.  The  chase  was  his  favorite  recrea- 
tion ;  and  he  loved  it  most  when  it  was  most 
hazardous.  His  leaps  were  sometimes  such  that 
his  boldest  companions  did  not  like  to  follow 
him.  He  seems  even  to  have  thought  the  most 
hardy  field-sports  of  England  effeminate,  and  to 
have  pined  in  the  great  park  of  Windsor  for  the 
game  which  he  had  been  used  to  drive  to  bay  in 
the  forests  of  Guelders,  wolves,  and  wild  boars, 
and  huge  stags  with  sixteen  antlers. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  155. 

4112.  PERJURY,  Punishment  of.  Romwas. 
The  corrupt  or  malicious  witness  was  thrown 
headlong  from  the  Tarpeian  rock,  to  expiate  his 
falsehood,  which  was  rendered  still  more  fatal 
by  the  severity  of  the  penal  laws  and  the  defi- 
ciency of  written  evidence. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  44,  p.  372. 

4113.  PERSECUTION,  Arian.  GatUlics.  The 
Catholics,  more  especially  under  the  reign  of 
Hunneric,  endured  the  most  cruel  and  ignomin- 
ious treatment.  Respectable  citizens,  noble  ma- 
trons, and  consecrated  virgins  were  stripped 
naked,  and  raised  in  the  air  by  pulleys,  with  a 
weight  suspended  at  their  feet.  In  this  painful 
attitude  their  naked  bodies  were  torn  with 
scourges,  or  burnt  in  the  most  tender  parts  with 
red-hot  plates  of  iron.  The  amputation  of  the 
ears,  the  nose,  the  tongue,  and  the  right  hand 
was  inflicted  by  the  Arians  ;  and  although  the 
precise  number  cannot  be  defined,  it  is  evident 
that  many  persons,  among  whom  a  bishop  and 
a  proconsul  may  be  named,  were  entitled  to  the 
crown  of  martyrdom. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  37, 
p.  553. 

4114.  PERSECUTION,  Artful.  Roman  Emper- 
or Julian.  He  forbade  the  persecution  of  the 
Christians,  whom  he  represented  as  deluded 
men,  the  objects  of  compassion,  not  of  punish- 
ment ;  but  declared,  at  the  same  time,  that 
i\\Q\Y  frenzy  incapacitated  them  from  all  employ- 
ments, civil  or  military.  Their  law,  he  said, 
prohibited  all  quarrels  and  dissensions ;  it  was 
not,  thei'efore,  necessary  that  tJtey  should  have 
the  benefit  of  courts  oi  justice  to  decide  their 
differences.  He  prohibited  them  from  teaching 
or  learning  grammar,  rhetoric,  or  philosophy. 
These,  he  said,  were  pagan  sciences,  treated  of 
by  authors  whose  principles  the  Christians  were 
taught  to  abhor,  and  whose  books  contained 
tenets  which  must  shock  the  pure  morality  of 
their  religion. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  3, 
p.  519. 

4115.  PERSECUTION,  Bloody.  In  Ireland. 
[Catholics  arose  against  the  Protestants.]  They 
prolonged  the  martyrdom  and  sufferings  of  both 
sexes,  that  they  might  the  longer  revel  in  this  in- 
fernal pastime.  They  caused  blood  to  fall  drop 
by  drop,  and  life  to  ebb  by  lengthened  gasps, 
that  their  revengeful  fury  might  be  the  more  in- 
dulged. The  murders  spread  by  degrees  over 
every  district  of  Ireland,  except  Dublin,  where . 
a  feeble  body  of  royal  troops  preserved  the 
peace.  The  corpses  of  more  than  one  hundred 
thousand  victims,  men,  women,  children,  the  in- 
firm and  aged,  strewed  the  thresholds  of  their 
habitations  and  the  fields  that  they  had  culti- 
vated in  common  with  their  destroyers.  The 
flames  in  which  their  villages  were  enveloped 


PERSECUTION. 


487 


were  extinguished  only  in  their  blood.  All  who 
escaped  by  flight  the  fury  of  their  assassins, 
carrying  their  infants  in  their  arms  to  the  sum- 
mits of  the  mountains,  perished  of  inanition  and 
cold  in  the  snows  of  winter.  Ireland  appeared 
to  open,  to  become  the  tomb  of  half  the  sons  she 
had  brought  forth. — Lamartine's  Cromwell, 
p.  26. 

4116.  PERSECUTION  of  Catholics.  Maryland. 
A.D.  1704.  In  the  land  which  Catholics  had 
opened  to  Protestants  .  .  .  mass  might  not  be 
said  publicly.  No  Catholic  priest  or  bishop 
might  utter  his  faith  in  a  voice  of  persuasion. 
No  Catholic  might  teach  the  young.  If  the 
wayward  child  of  a  papist  would  but  become 
an  apostate,  the  law  wrested  for  him  from  his 
parents  a  share  of  their  property.  .  .  .  Such 
were  the  methods  adopted  "to  prevent  the 
growth  of  Popery." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  19. 

4117. .   Ireland,   a.d.  1763.    Such 

priests  as  were  peiTnitted  to  reside  in  Ireland  were 
required  to  be  registered,  and  were  kept  like 
prisoners  at  large  within  prescribed  limits.  All 
■"  papists,"  exercising  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction, 
all  monks,  friars,  and  regular  priests,  and  all 
priests  not  then  actually  in  parishes,  and  to  be 
registered,  were  banished  from  Ireland  under 
pain  of  transportation,  and  on  a  return,  of  be- 
ing hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  4. 

4118. .      Dilemma.     [In  1568  the 

pope's  authority  was  abolished  in  Scotland,]  and 
all  heretics  and  hearers  of  mass  were  declared 
liable  to  various  punishments.  In  1584  Catho- 
lics in  England  were  called  upon  to  say  if  the 
pope  were  to  absolve  them  from  their  oath  of 
allegiance,  and  to  attack  England,  what  they 
shoulddo,  and  which  side  they  should  support. 
The  miserable,  frightened  men  knew  not  how  to 
extricate  themselves  from  the  dilemma.  They 
answered  that  they  would  render  unto  God 
what  was  God's,  and  unto  Cajsar  what  was 
Cajsar's  ;  but  this  evasion  was  interpreted  into  a 
confession  by  their  judges.  Thus  the  prisons 
were  filled  _;  execution  followed  upon  execution, 
and  Catholicism  in  its  turn  had  its  martyrs.  .  .  . 
In  1584  all  Jesuits,  seminary  priests,  and  other 
priests  were  commanded  by  Act  of  Parliament 
to  depart  from  the  kingdom  within  forty  days, 
on  pain  of  being  adjudged  traitors  ;  and  penal- 
ties were  to  be  inflicted  upon  those  who,  know- 
ing any  priest  to  be  within  the  realm,  should  not 
denounce  him  to  a  magistrate.  These  intolerant 
enactments  produced  the  very  opposite  conse- 
quences that  were  contemplated  by  the  legisla- 
tors.—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  10,  p.  181. 

4119.  PERSECUTION,  CathoUc.  Huguenots. 
[By  Louis  XIV.  the]  Huguenots  were  excluded 
from  all  public  functions,  from  the  liberal  profes- 
sions, from  the  universities,  from  engaging  in  va- 
rious branches  of  commerce  and  industry.  They 
were  forbidden  to  intermarry  with  Catholics,  and 
their  children  were  encouraged  to  forsake  the 
faith  of  their  parents  by  being  declared  capable 
of  choosing  for  themselves  at  the  age  of  seven 
years. . .  .  Squadrons  of  dragoons .  .  .  were  quar- 
tered on  the  inhabitants,  who  abandoned  them- 
selves to  every  kind  of  brutal  violence  and  ex- 
cess, establishing  a  "reign  of  terror"  wherever 
they  appeared.    These  atrocious  "  dragonnades" 


completely  broke  the  spirit  of  the  wretched  pop- 
ulation, and  they  submitted  in  despair.  "  Not 
a  post  arrives,"  wrote  Madame  de  Maintenon  in 
September,  1685,  "without  bringing  the  king 
tidings  which  fill  him  with  joy  ;  the  conversions 
take  place  every  day  by  thousands."  Sixty  thou- 
sand persons  are  said  to  have  embraced  Catholi- 
cism in  Guienne  in  the  course  of  one  month  ; 
twenty  thousand  abjured  in  Beam  ;  eighty  thou- 
sand in  the  two  dioceses  of  Nismes  and  Montpel- 

lier On  the  17th  of  October,  1685,  he  [Louis 

XIV.]  signed  the  celebrated  decree  called  the 
Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  Acting 
merely  by  his  own  despotic  authority,  the  king 
annulled  forever  all  the  privileges  granted  to  the 
Huguenots  by  Henry  IV.  and  Louis  XIII. ;  ab- 
solutely prohibited  the  exercise  of  their  religion 
throughout  the  kingdom,  with  the  sole  exception 
of  Alsace  ;  ordered  their  temples  to  be  levelled 
with  the  ground,  and  their  ministers  to  quit 
France  within  fifteen  days  ;  forbade  the  Reform- 
ers to  follow  their  pastors  into  exile  under  pain 
of  confiscation  and  condemnation  to  the  galleys  ; 
and  required  their  children  to  be  baptized  hence- 
forth by  the  Catholic  priests,  and  educated  as 
members  of  the  Established  Church.  Frightful 
cruelties  followed  the  publication  of  this  decree. 
Multitudes  of  the  Reformed,  obstinately  refus- 
ing obedience,  were  consigned  to  loathsome 
dungeons,  racked  with  exquisite  tortures,  and 
treated  with  every  kind  of  outrage  short  of  ac- 
tual murder.  Numbers  of  females  were  immured 
for  life  in  convents  ;  infants  were  torn  from  the 
arms  of  their  mothers  ;  property  was  destroyed, 
and  whole  districts  laid  desolate. — Students' 
France,  ch.  22,  §  11. 

4120.  PERSECUTION  compared.  Massachu- 
setts vs.  Netherlands.  In  Spain  more  persons  have 
been  burned  for  their  opinions  than  Massachu- 
setts then  [in  1658]  contained  inhabitants.  Under 
Charles  V.,  in  the  Netherlands  alone,  the  num- 
ber of  those  who  were  hanged,  beheaded,  buried 
alive,  or  burned  for  religious  opinion  was  fifty 
thousand,  says  Father  Paul ;  the  whole  carnage 
amounted,  says  Grotius,  to  not  less  than  one 
hundred  thousand.  America  was  guilty  of  the 
death  of  four  individuals  [who  were  Quakers], 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

4121.  PERSECUTION  of  Covenanters.  Meet- 
ings.  [James  II.  procured  penal  laws  against  the 
Scotch  covenanters,  providing]  that  the  punish- 
ment of  death  and  confiscation  of  land  and  gooda 
should  be  awarded  against  those  who  should 
preach  in  a  conventicle  under  a  roof,  or  should 
attend  a  conventicle  in  the  open  air,  either  as 
preacher  or  auditor. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  24,  p.  384. 

4122.  PERSECUTION,  Cruel,  Jews.  a.d.  1189. 
[At  the  coronation  feast  of  Richard  I.]  the  chief 
men  of  the  Jews  came  to  offer  presents  to  the 
king.  They  had  been  forbidden  to  come,  but 
they  came  with  gifts,  and  were  therefore  bold. 
The  common  people  .  .  .  rushed  upon  the  Jews, 
stripped  them,  and  cast  them  forth  out  of  the 
king's  hall  with  wounds  and  blows.  The  citi- 
zens of  London,  following  the  example,  attacked 
and  murdered  the  Jews  in  the  city,  and  burnt 
their  houses.  ...  At  York  a  body  of  armed  men 
entered  the  city  and  commenced  their  work  of 
plunder  and  massacre,  by  attacking  the  house  of 
a  Jew  who  had  perished  in  the  riot  of  London. 


488 


PERSECUTION. 


t 


All  the  Jews  of  York  then  claimed  shelter  in  the 
castle.  They  were  admitted  to  the  number  of 
five  hundred.  The  governor  went  away  ;  and, 
upon  his  return,  the  Jews,  alarmed  for  their 
safety,  refused  him  readmission.  The  fortress 
was  attacked  on  all  sides,  and  ransoms  were  re- 
fused. Then  the  desperate  race,  all  except  a  few, 
put  their  wives  and  children  to  death,  and  stabbed 
each  other,  that  they  might  not  fall  into  the  hands 
of  their  cruel  enemies.  The  few  who  shrank 
from  this  terrible  self-sacrifice  were  murdered. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  31,  p.  306. 

4123.  PERSECUTION,  Exterminating.  Albi- 
genses.  The  crusading  army,  under  the  guidance 
of  the  Pope's  legate,  Amaury,  Abbot  of  Citeaux, 
and  Simon,  Count  de  Montford,  marched  into 
Languedoc,  and  besieged  the  town  of  Beziers, 
which  was  stormed  on  the  22d  of  July,  1209.  A 
horrible  massacre  ensued  ;  the  whole  population 
was  indiscriminately  put  to  the  sword.  One  of 
the  superior  officers  inquired  of  the  Abbot  of 
Citeaux  how  they  were  to  distinguish  the  her- 
etics from  the  faithful :  "  Slay  them  all !"  re- 
turned the  savage  churchmen,  "for  the  Lord 
knoweth  those  that  are  His  !"  Not  a  living  soul 
was  spared,  and  the  city  was  afterward  pillaged 
and  reduced  to  ashes. — Students'  France, 
ch.  8,  §  13. 

4124.  PERSECUTION  by  Goths.  Athanaric 
[the  Goth]  disdained  the  yoke  of  the  [Roman] 
empire,  and  of  the  gospel.  The  faith  of  the  new 
converts  was  tried  by  the  persecution  which  he 
excited.  A  wagon,  bearing  aloft  the  shapeless 
image  of  Thor,  perhaps,  or  of  Woden,  was  con- 
ducted in  solemn  procession  through  the  streets 
of  the  camp  ;  and  the  rebels,  who  refused  to 
worship  the  god  of  their  fathers,  were  immedi- 
ately burnt,  with  their  tents  and  families. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  37,  p.  542. 

4125.  PERSECUTION  of  Heretics.  English. 
In  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  the  Commons  would 
not  permit  that  the  Church  should  imprison 
heretics  without  the  king's  consent.  Now  [a.d. 
1401]  heretics  were  to  be  burnt  on  the  sole 
sentence  of  the  ecclesiastical  courts.  .  .  .  The 
first  victim  was  William  Salter,  a  London  clergy- 
man.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  3,  p.  45. 

4126.  PERSECUTION,  Impolitic.  Huguenots. 
The  edict  of  Nantes  had  been  passed  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  IV.,  giving  the  Protestants  liberty  of 
conscience,  and  had  been  confirmed  by  Louis 
XIII.,  under  certain  restrictions  with  regard  to 
public  worship.  Louis  [XIV.]  revoked  the 
edict ;  the  whole  Huguenot  churches  were  de- 
molished, the  ministers  banished,  and,  what  was 
a  refinement  of  persecution,  the  Protestants  were 
at  the  same  time  prohibited,  under  the  severest 
penalties,  from  quitting  the  kingdom.  That 
prohibition,  however,  was  ineffectual,  and  above 
500,000  people  made  their  escape  out  of  France, 
and,  carrying  with  them  all  their  property, 
found  a  welcome  asylum  in  Germany,  Switzer- 
land, Holland,  and  England.  By  this  most  im- 
politic measure  France  sustained  a  very  severe 
loss,  not  only  in  the  article  of  population,  but  in 
commerce  and  manufactures.  [See  No.  4144.] — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  34,  p.  462. 

4127.  PERSECUTION  ineffective.  Wydiffe. 
In  1441  the  Council  of  Constance  .  .  .  decreed 
\hatthe  body  of  Wy cliff e  should  be  "  taken  from 


the  ground  and  thrown  far  away  from  the  bur- 
ial of  any  church."  It  was  thirteen  years  be- 
fore this  miserable  vengeance  was  carried  into 
effect,  by  disinterring  and  burning  our  first 
English  reformer's  body,  throwing  his  ashes  into 
a  brook.  "  The  brook  did  convey  his  ashes  into 
Avon  ;  Avon  into  Severn  ;  Severn  into  the  nar- 
row seas  ;  they  into  the  main  ocean ;  and  thu« 
the  ashes  of  Wycliflfe  are  the  emblem  of  his  doc- 
trine, which  is  now  dispersed  all  the  world  over." 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  4,  p.  54. 

412§.  PERSECUTION  of  Jews.  Finance.  [In 
1321]  the  popular  fury  was  once  more  directed 
against  the  unfortunate  Jews,  who  never  failed 
to  suffer  in  every  fresh  outbreak  of  persecution. 
They  were  hurriedindiscriminately  to  the  stake, 
without  the  semblance  of  any  judicial  procedure  ;. 
at  Chinon,  in  Touraine,  an  enormous  pit  was  dug 
near  the  castle,  a  fire  lighted  at  the  bottom,  and 
one  hundred  and  sixty  wretched  victims  of  both 
sexes  hurled,  pell-mell,  into  the  fiames.  The 
richer  class  were  kept  in  prison  until  an  account 
had  been  obtained  of  their  property  and  of  the 
amount  of  their  claims  acquired  by  lending 
money  ;  these  the  king  transferred  to  his  own 
credit ;  and  a  sum  of  150,000  livres  is  said  to 
have  been  thus  added  to  the  royal  treasury. — 
Students'  History  of  France,  ch.  9,  §  23. 

4129.  PERSECUTION  by  the  Persecuted. 
Quakers.  In  July  of  1656  the  Quakers  began  to 
arrive  at  Boston.  The  first  who  came  were  Ann 
Austin  and  Mary  Fisher.  The  introduction  of 
the  plague  would  have  occasioned  less  alarm. 
The  two  women  were  caught  and  searched  for 
marks  of  witchcraft,  their  trunks  were  broken 
open,  their  books  were  burned  by  the  hangman, 
and  they  themselves  thrown  into  prison.  After 
several  weeks'  confinement  they  were  brought 
forth  and  banished  from  the  colony  ;  before  the- 
end  of  the  year  eight  others  had  been  arrested 
and  sent  back  to  England.  The  delegates  of 
the  union  were  immediately  convened,  and  a  rig- 
orous law  was  passed  excluding  all  Quakers- 
from  the  country.  Whipping,  the  loss  of  one 
ear,  and  banishment  were  the  penalties  for  the- 
first  offence  ;  after  a  second  conviction  the  other- 
ear  should  be  cut  of  ;  and  should  the  criminal 
again  return,  his  tongue  should  be  bored  through 
with  a  red-hot  iron.  In  1657  Ann  Burden,, 
who  had  come  from  London  to  preach  against 
persecution,  was  seized  and  beaten  with  twenty 
stripes.  Others  came,  were  whipped  and  ex- 
iled. As  the  law  become  more  cruel  and  pre- 
scriptive, fresh  victims  rushed  forward  to  brave 
its  terrors.  The  assembly  of  the  four  colonies.! 
again  convened,  and  advised  the  authorities  of ' 
Massachusetts  to  pronounce  the  penalty  of  death.  \ 
against  the  fanatical  disturbers  of  the  public 
peace. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  14,  p.  136. 

4130.  PERSECUTION  powerless.      Martyrs. 
Bonner,  Bishop  of  London,  .  .  .  asked  a  youthi 
who  was  brought  before  him  whether  he  thought  | 
he  could  bear  the  fire.  The  boy  at  once  held  his 
hand  without  flinching  in  the  flame  of  a  candle  \ 
that  stood  by.     Rogers,  a  fellow-worker  with] 
Tyndale  in  the  translation  of  the  Bible,  and  one" 
of  the  foremost  among  the  Protestant  preachers,  ( 
died  bathing  his  hands  in  the  flame  "  as  if  it  hadj 
been  in  cold  water."    Even  the  commonest  lives 
gleamed  for  a  moment  into  poetry  at  the  stake. 
"  Pray  for  me,"  a  boy,  William  Brown,  who  ha(f 


PERSECUTION. 


489 


been  brought  home  to  Brenrwood  to  suffer,  asked 
of  the  bystanders.  "  I  will  pray  no  more  for 
thee," one  of  them  replied,"  than  I  will  pray  for 
a  dog."  "Then,"  said  William,  "  Son  of  God, 
shine  upon  me  ;"  and  immediately  the  sun  in  the 
elements  shone  out  of  a  dark  cloud  so  full  in  his 
face  that  he  was  constrained  to  look  another  way; 
whereat  the  people  mused,  because  it  was  so  dark 
a  little  time  before. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People, 
§661. 

4131.  PERSECUTION  by  Protestants.  English. 
The  Presbyterian  Parliament  of  England  became 
more  violent  for  conformity  than  the  Court  of 
High  Commission  which  the  Parliament  had  de- 
stroyed. .  .  .  The  imposition  of  the  covenant 
upon  all  the  beneficed  clergy  was  the  declaration 
of  an  intolerant  tyranny  against  the  most  con- 
scientious.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  2,  p.  30. 

4132.  PERSECUTION  of  Protestants.  Ireland. 

E Thirty  thousand  Catholics,  with  Sir  Phelim 
)'Neal  at  their  head,  attacked  the  Puritan  set- 
tlers in  the  north  of  Ireland.]  They  were  driven 
from  their  houses  in  an  inclement  season.  They 
tied  to  the  hills  and  morasses,  where  they  per- 
ished of  hunger.  They  were  put  to  death  with 
all  the  horrors  that  only  savages  and  fanatics  can 
inflict.  "Women  and  children  were  murdered 
with  relentless  fury.  Clarendon  says  :  "  About 
forty  or  fifty  thousand  of  the  English  Protestants 
were  murdered  before  they  suspected  them- 
selves to  be  in  danger." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  28,  p.  464. 

4133. .    Francis  I.     In  January, 

1535,  the  king  presided  at  a  solemn  ceremo- 
nial of  expiation  at  Paris,  after  which  six  wretch- 
ed victims  were  committed  to  the  flames  with 
horrible  refinements  of  torture  ;  a  machine  had 
been  invented  by  which  they  were  alternately 
lowered  into  the  fire  and  withdrawn  again,  so  as 
to  prolong  their  sufferings  to  the  utmost. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  14,  §  12. 

4134. .  Francis  I.  Francis  dis- 
graced the  concluding  years  of  his  reign  by 
measures  of  the  most  barbarous  severity  toward 
the  unfortunate  Protestants  of  Provence.  The 
Vaudois,  as  they  were  called,  a  simple,  inoffen- 
sive, and  loyal  population,  inhabited  a  few  ob- 
scure towns  and  villages  in  the  vicinity  of  Avig- 
non and  Aix.  Orders  were  suddenly  sent  down 
to  the  Parliament  of  Provence,  in  January, 
1545,  to  exterminate  these  helpless  peasants,  who 
were  denounced  as  dangerous  heretics  ;  and  the 
sentence  was  at  once  executed  with  a  ferocious 
cruelty  unparalleled  in  history.  Three  towns  and 
twenty-two  hamlets  were  totally  destroyed  ; 
three  thousand  of  their  inhabitants,  among  whom 
were  numbers  of  women  and  children,  unresist- 
ingly butchered  in  cold  blood  ;  seven  hundred 
condemned  for  life  to  the  galleys.  Similar  hor- 
rors were  renewed  in  the  following  year  at  Meaux, 
where  sixty  of  the  Reformed  Church,  all  mechan- 
ics or  peasants,  were  sentenced  to  various  de- 
grees of  rigorous  punishment,  and  fourteen  were 
burnt  together  at  the  stake.  [See  No.  4145.] — 
Students'  France,  ch.  14,  §  16. 

4135.  PERSECUTION  by  Puritans.  In  Massa- 
chusetts. A  fine  was  imposed  on  such  as  should 
entertain  any  "  of  the  accursed  sect;"  and  a 
Quaker,  after  the  first  conviction,  was  to  lose  one 
ear ;  after  the  second,  another  5  after  the  third,  to 


have  the  tongue  bored  with  a  hot  iron.  It  was 
but  for  a  very  short  time  that  the  menace  of 
these  enormities  found  place  in  the  statute-book. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

4136.  PERSECUTION,  Reaction  of.  Queen 
Mary's.  The  work  of  terror  failed  in  the  very 
ends  of  which  it  was  wrought.  The  old  spirit 
of  insolent  defiance,  of  outrageous  violence, 
rose  into  fresh  life  at  the  challenge  of  persecu- 
tion. A  Protestant  hung  a  string  of  puddings 
round  a  priest's  neck  in  derision  of  his  beads. 
The  restored  images  were  grossly  insulted.  The 
old  scurrilous  ballads  against  the  mass  and  rel- 
ics were  heard  in  the  streets.  Men  were  goaded 
to  sheer  madness  by  the  bloodshed  and  violence 
about  them.  One  miserable  wretch,  driven  to 
frenzy,  stabbed  the  priest  of  St.  Margaret's  as 
he  stood  with  the  chalice  in  his  hand.  It  was  a 
more  formidable  sign  of  the  times  that  acts  of 
violence  such  as  these  no  longer  stirred  the  peo- 
ple at  large  to  their  former  resentment.  The 
horror  of  the  persecution  swept  away  all  other 
feelings.  Every  death  at  the  stake  won  hun- 
dreds to  the  cause  for  which  the  victims  died. 
' '  You  have  lost  the  hearts  of  twenty  thousand 
that  were  rank  papists  within  these  twelve 
months,"  a  Protestant  wrote  triumphantly  to 
Bonner. — Hist,  op  Eng.  People,  §  662. 

4137. .     Joan  of  Arc.      Twenty 

years  afterward  the  two  venerable  friars,  simple 
monks,  vowed  to  poverty,  and  having  nothing 
to  hope  or  fear  in  this  world,  bear  witness  to  the 
scene  we  have  just  described.  "  We  heard  her," 
they  say,  "  in  the  midst  of  the  flames  invoke  her 
saints,  her  archangel ;  several  times  she  called 
on  her  Saviour.  ...  At  the  last,  as  her  head 
sunk  on  her  bosom,  she  shrieked,  '  Jesus  ! ' " 
"  Ten  thousand  men  wept.  ..."  A  few  of  the 
English  alone  laughed,  or  endeavored  to  laugh. 
One  of  the  most  furious  among  them  had  sworn 
that  he  would  throw  a  fagot  on  the  pile.  Just 
as  he  brought  it  she  breathed  her  last.  He  was 
taken  ill.  His  comrades  led  him  to  a  tavern  to 
recruit  his  spirits  by  drink,  but  he  was  beyond 
recovery.  "  I  saw,"  he  exclaimed,  in  his  frantic 
despair — "I  saw  a  dove  fly  out  of  her  mouth 
with  her  last  sigh."  Others  had  read  in  the 
flames  the  word  "  Jesus,"  which  she  so  often  re- 
peated. The  executioner  repaired  in  the  even- 
ing to  Brother  Isambart,  full  of  consternation, 
and  confessed  himself,  but  felt  persuaded  that 
God  would  never  pardon  him.  .  .  .  One  of  the 
English  king's  secretaries  said  aloud,  on  return- 
ing from  the  dismal  scene,  "We  are  lost ;  we 
have  burnt  a  saint." — Michelet's  Joan,  p.  59. 

41 3§. .  Puritans.  [In  1593  Arch- 
bishop Whitgift  prohibited  all  preaching,  read- 
ing, or  catechising  in  private  houses,  if  ^any  re- 
sorted thereto  not  of  the  same  family.  He 
drove  the  clergy  to  subscribe  anew  and  more 
stringently  to  the  queen's  supremacy.  The 
result  was  first  a  furious  attack  upon  episco- 
pacy in  the  pamphlets  of  Martin  Marprelate ; 
and  then  severe  laws  against  the  Puritans,  which 
had  no  ultimate  effect  but  that  of  fortifying  their 
opinions,  and  ultimately  making  their  cause  the 
rallying  point  of  civil  and  religious  liberty.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  16,  p.  244. 

4139.  PERSECUTION,  Sectarian.  Bitter.  The 
records  of  the  Scottish  Parliament  were  thick 
set  with  laws  denouncing  vengeance  on  those 


490 


PERSECUTION. 


who  in  any  direction  strayed  from  the  prescrib- 
ed pale.  By  an  act  passed  in  the  time  of  Knox, 
and  breathing  his  spirit,  it  was  a  high  crime  to 
hear  mass,  and  the  third  offence  was  capital. 
An  act  recently  passed,  at  the  instance  of  James 
[II.],  made  it  death  to  preach  in  any  Presbyte- 
rian conventicle  whatever,  and  even  to  attend 
such  a  conventicle  in  the  open  air. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  105. 

4140.  PERSECUTION,  Selfish.  Emperor  Nero. 
The  voice  of  rumor  accused  the  emperor  as  the 
incendiary  of  his  own  capital ;  and  as  the  most 
incredible  stories  are  the  best  adapted  to  the  gen- 
ius of  an  enraged  people,  it  was  gravely  reported 
and  firmly  believed  that  Nero,  enjoying  the  ca- 
lamity which  he  had  occasioned,  amused  himself 
with  singing  to  his  lyre  the  destruction  of  an- 
cient Troy.  To  divert  a  suspicion,  which  the 
power  of  despotism  was  unable  to  suppress,  the 
emperor  resolved  to  substitute  in  his  own  place 
some  fictitious  criminals.  "  With  this  view," 
continues  Tacitus,  "  he  inflicted  the  most  ex- 
quisite tortures  on  those  men  who,  under  the 
vulgar  appellation  of  Christians,  were  already 
branded  with  deserved  infamy.  They  derived 
their  name  and  origin  from  Christ,  who  in  the 
reign  of  Tiberius  had  suffered  death  by  the  sen- 
tence of  the  procurator  Pontius  Pilate." — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  16,  p.  17. 

4141.  PEESECUTION,  Severe.  In  Scotland. 
John  Brown,  a  poor  carrier  of  Lanarkshire,  was, 
for  his  singular  piety,  commonly  called  the 
Christian  carrier  ;  .  .  .  blameless  in  life,  and  so 
peaceable  that  the  tyrants  could  find  no  offence 
in  him  except  that  he  absented  himself  from  the 
public  worship  of  the  Episcopalians.  On  the 
1st  of  May  he  was  cutting  turf,  when  he  was 
seized  by  Claverhouse's  dragoons,  rapidly  exam- 
ined, convicted  of  nonconformity,  and  sentenced 
to  death.  It  is  said  that  even  among  the  sol- 
diers it  was  not  easy  to  find  an  executioner,  for 
the  wife  of  the  poor  man  was  present.  She  led 
one  little  child  by  the  hand  ;  it  was  easy  to  see 
that  she  was  about  to  give  birth  to  another ; 
and  even  those  wild  and  hard-hearted  men,  who 
nicknamed  one  another  Beelzebub  and  Apollyon, 
shrank  from  the  great  wickedness  of  butchering 
her  husband  before  her  face.  The  prisoner, 
meanwhile,  raised  above  himself  by  the  near 
prospect  of  eternity,  prayed  loud  and  fervent- 
ly as  one  inspired,  till  Claverhouse,  in  a  fury, 
shot  him  dead.  It  was  reported  by  credible  wit- 
nesses that  the  widow  cried  out  in  her  agony, 
"  Well,  sir,  well ;  the  day  of  reckoning  will 
come  ;"  and  that  the  murderer  replied,  ' '  To  man 
I  can  answer  for  what  I  have  done  ;  and  as  for 
God,  I  will  take  Him  into  mine  own  hand  !" — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  464. 

4142.  PERSECUTION,  Shameful.  Scotland. 
Margaret  Maclachlan  and  Margaret  Wilson,  the 
former  an  aged  widow,  the  latter  a  maiden  of 
eighteen,  suffered  death  for  their  religion  in 
Wigtonshire.  They  were  offered  their  lives  if 
they  would  consent  to  abjure  the  cause  of  the 
insurgent  Covenanters,  and  to  attend  the  Episco- 
pal worship.  They  refused,  and  they  were  sen- 
tenced to  be  drowned.  They  were  carried  to  a 
spot  which  the  Solway  overflows  twice  a  day, 
and  fastened  to  stakes  fixed  in  the  sand,  between 
high  and  low  water  mark.     The  elder  sufferer 


was  placed  near  to  'the  advancing  flood,  in  the 
hope  that  her  last  agonies  might  terrify  the  young- 
er into  submission.  The  sight  was  dreadful ; 
but  the  courage  of  the  survivor  was  sustained  by 
an  enthusiasm  as  lofty  as  any  that  is  recorded  in 
martyrology.  She  saw  the  sea  draw  nearer  and 
nearer,  but  gave  no  sign  of  alarm.  She  prayed 
and  sang  verses  of  psalms  till  the  waves  choked 
her  voice.  When  she  had  tasted  the  bitterness 
of  death,  she  was,  by  a  cruel  mercy,  unbound 
and  restored  to  life.  When  she  came  to  herself, 
pitying  friends  and  neighbors  implored  her  to 
yield.  "Dear  Margaret,  only  say  God  save  the 
king  !"  The  poor  girl,  true  to  her  stern  theolo- 
gy, gasped  out,  ' '  May  God  save  him,  if  it  be 
God's  will !"  Her  friends  crowded  round  the 
presiding  officer.  "  She  has  said  it ;  indeed,  sir, 
she  has  said  it. "  ' '  Will  she  take  the  abjuration  ?" 
he  demanded.  "Never!"  she  exclaimed.  "I 
am  Christ's  ;  let  me  go  !"  And  the  waters  closed 
over  her  for  the  last  time. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  4,  p.  465. 

4143.  PERSECUTION  from  Superstition.  Pa- 
gans. If  the  empire  had  been  afflicted  by  any 
recent  calamity,  by  a  plague,  a  famine,  or  an 
unsuccessful  war — if  the  Tiber  had,  or  if  the 
Nile  had  not,  risen  beyond  its  banks — if  the  earth 
had  shaken,  or  if  the  temperate  order  of  the  sea- 
sons had  been  interrupted,  the  superstitious  Pa- 
gans were  convinced  that  the  crimes  and  the  im- 
piety of  the  Christians,  who  were  spared  by  the 
excessive  lenity  of  the  government,  had  at  length 
provoked  the  divine  justice.  It  was  not  among 
a  licentious  and  exasperated  populace  that  the 
forms  of  legal  proceedings  could  be  observed  ;  it 
was  not  in  an  amphitheatre  stained  with  the 
blood  of  wild  beasts  and  gladiators  that  the  voice 
of  compassion  could  be  heard.  The  impatient 
clamors  of  the  multitude  denounced  the  Chris- 
tians as  the  enemies  of  gods  and  men,  doomed 
them  to  the  severest  tortures,  and  venturing  to 
accuse  by  name  some  of  the  most  distinguished 
of  the  new  sectaries,  required  with  irresistible 
vehemence  that  they  should  be  instantly  appre- 
hended and  cast  to  the  lions. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  16,  p.  28. 

4144.  PERSECUTION,  Terrible.  Louis  XIV- 
against  Huguenots.  [In  old  age  he  sought  to 
make]  an  atonement  for  the  voluptuous  profliga- 
cy of  his  life.  Property  was  exposed  to  plunder, 
religious  books  were  burned  ;  children  torn  from 
their  parents  ;  faithful  ministers,  who  would  not 
abandon  their  flocks,  broken  on  the  wheel.  Men 
were  dragged  to  the  altars,  to  be  tortured  into  a 
denial  of  the  faith  of  their  fathers  ;  and  a  relapse 
was  punished  with  extreme  rigor.  The  approach 
of  death  removes  the  fear  of  persecution  ;  bigotry 
invented  a  new  terror  ;  the  bodies  of  those  who 
died  rejecting  the  sacraments  were  thrown  out 
to  wolves  and  dogs.  The  mean-spirited,  who 
changed  their  religion,  were  endowed  by  law 
with  the  entire  property  of  their  family.  The 
dying  father  was  made  to  choose  between  wrong- 
ing his  conscience  by  apostasy  and  beggaring  his 
offspring  by  fidelity.  All  children  were  ordered 
to  be  taken  away  from  Protestant  parents.  .  .  . 
It  became  a  study  ...  to  inflict  all  the  pain  the 
human  bodj^  could  endure  and  not  die.  .  .  .  Ten 
thousand  perished.  .  .  .  Half  a  million  of  its  best 
citizens  [were  driven]  into  exile.  [See  No.  4126.] 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  13. 


PERSECUTION— PERSEVERAJSCE. 


491 


4145.  .      Vaudois.     The  Vaudois 

were  wretchedly  poor,  and  had  been  incessantly 
the  objects  of  aggression  and  persecution.  In 
January,  1655,  a  sudden  determination  was  tak- 
en by  the  Turin  government  to  make  them  con- 
form to  the  Catholic  religion  by  force.  The 
whole  of  the  inhabitants  of  three  valleys  were 
ordered  to  quit  the  country  within  three  days, 
under  pain  of  death  and  confiscation  of  goods, 
unless  they  would  become,  or  undertake  to  be- 
come, Catholic.  They  sent  their  humble  remon- 
strances to  the  court  of  Turin  against  this  edict. 
The  remonstrances  were  disregarded,  and  mili- 
tary execution  was  ordered.  On  April  17, 1655, 
the  soldiers,  recruits  from  all  countries — the  Irish 
are  specially  mentioned — were  let  loose  upon  the 
unarmed  population.  Murder  and  rape  and  burn- 
ing are  the  ordinary  incidents  of  military  execu- 
tions. These  were  not  enough  to  satisfy  the  fe- 
rocity of  the  Catholic  soldiery,  who  revelled  for 
many  days  in  the  infliction  of  all  that  brutal  lust 
or  savage  cruelty  can  suggest  to  men.  [See  No. 
4134.] — Milton's  Pattison,  ch.  11. 

4146.  PERSEVEKANCE,  Admirable.  Colum- 
bus. Let  those  who  are  disposed  to  faint  under 
difficulties,  in  the  prosecution  of  any  great  and 
worthy  undertaking,  remember  that  eighteen 
years  elapsed  after  the  time  that  Columbus  con- 
ceived his  enterprise  before  he  was  enabled  to 
carry  it  into  effect  ;  that  the  greater  part  of  that 
time  was  passed  in  almost  hopeless  solicitation, 
amid  poverty,  neglect,  and  taunting  ridicule  ; 
that  the  prime  of  his  life  had  wasted  away  in  the 
struggle,  and  that  when  his  perseverance  was 
finally  crowned  with  success,  he  was  about  in  his 
fifty-sixth  year.  His  example  should  encour- 
age the  enterprising  never  to  despair. — Irving's 
Columbus,  Book  2,  ch.  6. 

4147.  PERSEVEEANCE  continued.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  Being  asked  by  an  "  anxious  visitor" 
what  he  would  do  .  .  .  provided  the  rebellion 
was  not  subdued  after  three  or  four  years  of  ef- 
fort, .  .  .  "  Oh,"  said  the  President,  "  there  is 
no  alternative  but  to  keep  'pegging  away!'" — 
Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  752. 

4148.  PERSEVERANCE.Earnest.  Battle.  [Dur- 
ing the  battle  between  the  fleets  of  William  III. 
and  Louis  XIV.,  in  1692,]  Carter,  rear-admiral 
of  the  Blue,  broke  the  French  line  at  the  onset, 
was  mortally  wounded,  and  dying,  exclaimed, 
"Fight  the  ship  as  long  as  she  can  swim  !"  The 
victory  was  complete,  the  French  flying  in  every 
direction.  [The  French  were  attempting  an  in- 
vasion of  England.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  10,  p.  149. 

4149.  PERSEVERANCE  vs.  Force.  Irresistihle. 
[Sertorius'  army  being  defeated  by  the  barba- 
rians, he  endeavored  to]  rouse  them  up  out  of 
their  despondence.  For  which  purpose,  a  few 
days  after,  he  assembled  all  his  forces,  and  pro- 
duced two  horses  before  them  ;  the  one  old  and 
feeble,  the  other  large  and  strong,  and  remarkable 
beside  for  a  fine  flowing  tail.  By  the  poor  weak 
horse  stood  a  robust,  able-bodied  man,  and  by  the 
strong  horse  stood  a  little  man  of  a  very  contempt- 
ible appearance.  Upon  a  signal  given,  the  strong 
man  began  to  pull  and  drag  about  the  weak  horse 
by  the  tail,  as  if  he  would  pull  it  off  ;  and  the 
little  man  to  pluck  off  the  hairs  of  the  great 
horse's  tail,  one  by  one.  The  former  tugged  and 
toiled  a  long  time  to  the  great  diversion  of  the 


spectators,  and  at  last  was  forced  to  give  up  the 
point ;  the  latter,  without  any  difficulty,  soon 
stripped  the  great  horse's  tail  of  all  its  hair. 
Then  Sertorius  rose  up  and  said  :  "  You  see,  my 
friends  and  fellow-soldiers,  how  much  greater  are 
the  effects  of  perseverance  than  those  of  force, 
and  that  there  are  many  things  invincible  in  their 
collective  capacity  and  in  a  state  of  union  which 
may  gradually  be  overcome,  when  they  are  once 
separated.  In  short,  perseverance  is  irresistible. 
By  this  means  time  attacks  and  destroys  the 
strongest  things  upon  earth.  Time,  I  say,  who 
is  the  best  friend  and  ally  to  those  that  have  the 
discernment  to  use  it  properly,  and  watoh  the  op- 
portunities it  presents,  and  the  worst  enemy  to 
those  who  will  be  rushing  into  action  when  it 
does  not  call  them."  By  such  symbols  as  these 
Sertorius  applied  to  the  senses  of  the  barbarians, 
and  instructed  them  to  wait  for  proper  junctures 
and  occasions. — Plutarch's  Sertorius. 

4150.  PERSEVERANCE,  Obstinate.  Crusaders. 
The  enthusiasm  of  the  first  crusade  is  a  natural 
and  simple  event,  while  hope  was  fresh,  danger 
untried,  and  enterprise  congenial  to  the  spirit  of 
the  times.  But  the  obstinate  perseverance  of 
Europe  may  indeed  excite  our  pity  and  admira- 
tion ;  that  no  instruction  should  have  been  drawn 
from  constant  and  adverse  experience  ;  that  the 
same  confidence  should  have  repeatedly  grown 
from  the  same  failures  ;  that  six  succeeding  gen- 
erations should  have  rushed  headlong  down  the 
precipice  that  was  open  before  them  ;  and  that 
men  of  every  condition  should  have  staked  their 
public  and  private  fortunes  on  the  desperate  ad- 
venture of  possessing  or  recovering  a  tombstone 
two  thousand  miles  from  their  country. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  59,  p.  12. 

4151.  PERSEVERANCE  in  Oratory.  Benjamin 
Disraeli.  There  was  some  curiosity  respecting 
his  debut  as  an  orator.  .  .  .  The  gentlemen  of  the 
House  of  Commons  expected  that  Disraeli  would 
make  a  fool  of  himself  ;  and  he  did  not  disappoint 
them.  His  first  effort  was  a  ludicrous  failure — - 
his  maiden  speech  being  received  with  "loud 
bursts  of  laughter."  The  newspapers  said  of  him 
that  he  went  up  like  a  rocket  and  came  down  like 
a  stick.  .  .  .  "Writhing  under  the  shouts  of  laugh- 
ter which  had  drowned  so  much  of  his  studied 
eloquence,  he  exclaimed,  in  almost  a  savage 
voice,  "  I  have  begun  several  times  many  things, 
and  have  often  succeeded  at  last.  I  sJiall  sit  down 
now,  hut  the  time  will  come  when  you  will  Jiear  me." 
— Smiles'  Brief  Biographies,  p.  234. 

4152.  PERSEVERANCE  rewarded.  John  Fitch. 
He  did  persevere.  We  cannot  begin  to  relate  the 
obstacles  he  encountered.  A  considerable  volume 
would  scarcely  afford  the  requisite  space.  Poor, 
ragged,  and  forlorn,  jeered  at,  pitied  as  a  mad- 
man, discouraged  by  the  great,  refused  by  the 
ricli,  he  and  his  few  friends  kept  on,  until,  in 
1790,  they  had  a  steamboat  running  on  the  Dela- 
ware, which  was  the  first  steamboat  ever  con- 
structed that  answered  the  purpose  of  one.  It 
ran,  with  the  tide,  eight  miles  an  hour,  and  six 
miles  against  it. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  151. 

4153.  PERSEVERANCE,  Scotcli.  Samuel 
Johnson.  He  mentioned  a  circumstance  as  char- 
acteristic of  the  Scotch.  "  One  of  that  nation," 
said  he,  "who  had  been  a  candidate,  against 
whom  I  had  voted,  came  up  to  me  with  a  civil 
salutation.  Now,  sir,  this  is  their  way.  An  Eng- 


492 


PERSEVERANCE— PHILANTHROPY. 


lishman  would  have  stomached  it,  and  been  sulky, 
and  never  have  taken  further  notice  of  you  ;  but 
a  Scotchman,  sir,  though  you  vote  nineteen  times 
against  him,  vs^ill  accost  you  with  equal  complais- 
ance after  each  time,  and  the  twentieth  time,  sir, 
he  will  get  your  vote." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  433. 

4154.  PERSEVERANCE,  Success  by.  Charles 
Goodyear.  [The  inventor  of  vulcanized  rubber.] 
But  Charles  Goodyear  was  a  man  who,  having 
undertaken  a  thing,  could  not  give  it  up.  He 
struggled  on  for  five  years — in  debt,  with  a  fam- 
ily, and  exposed  to  the  derision  or  reproaches  of 
his  friends.  Several  times  he  was  in  the  debt- 
ors' prison.  He  sold  his  effects,  he  pawned  his 
trinkets,  he  borrowed  from  his  acquaintances,  he 
reduced  himself  and  his  young  family  to  the  se- 
verest straits.  When  he  could  no  longer  buy 
wood  to  melt  his  rubber  with,  his  children  used 
to  go  out  into  the  fields  and  pick  up  sticks  for  the 
purpose.  Always  supposing  himself  to  be  on  the 
point  of  succeeding,  he  thought  the  quickest  way 
to  get  his  family  out  of  their  misery  was  to  stick 
to  India  rubber. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  218. 

4155.  PERSISTENCE,  Undeviating.  Colum- 
bus. Two  boobies  flew  on  board  the  ships,  birds 
which,  he  observed,  seldom  fly  twenty  leagues 
from  land.  He  sounded,  therefore,  with  a  line  of 
two  hundred  fathoms,  but  found  no  bottom.  He 
supposed  he  might  be  passing  between  islands, 
lying  to  the  north  and  south,  but  was  unwilling 
to  waste  the  present  favoring  breeze  by  going 
in  search  of  them  ;  besides,  he  had  confidently 
aflSrmed  that  land  was  to  be  found  by  keeping 
steadfastly  to  the  west ;  his  whole  expedition  had 
been  founded  on  such  a  presumption  ;  he  should, 
therefore,  risk  all  credit  and  authority  with  his 
people  were  he  to  appear  to  doubt  and  waver, 
and  to  go  groping  blindly  from  point  to  point  of 
the  compass.  He  resolved,  therefore,  to  keep  one 
bold  course  always  westward,  until  he  should 
reach  the  coast  of  India  ;  and  afterward,  if  advis- 
able, to  seek  these  islands  on  his  return. — Ik- 
ving's  Columbus,  Book  3,  ch.  2. 

4156.  PERSUASION,  Eloquence  in.  Peincles. 
[Pericles  gained  the  surname  Olympius.  The 
comedies  of  the  times]  indicate  that  this  title 
was  given  him  chiefly  on  account  of  his  elo- 
quence. For  they  tell  us  that  in  his  harangues 
he  thundered  and  lightened,  and  that  his  tongue 
was  armed  with  thunder.  Thucydides,  the  son 
of  Milesius,  is  said  to  have  given  a  pleasant  ac- 
count of  the  force  of  his  eloquence.  Thucydides 
was  a  great  and  respectable  man,  who  for  a  long 
time  opposed  the  measures  of  Pericles  ;  and  when 
Archidamus,  one  of  the  kings  of  Lacedaemon, 
asked  him  which  was  the  best  wrestler,  Pericles 
or  he,  he  answered,  "When  I  throw  him,  he  says 
he  was  never  down,  and  he  persuades  the  very 
spectators  to  believe  so." — Plutarch's  Peri- 
cles. 

4157.  PESTILENCE,  Devastating.  England. 
The  first  and  the  greatest  lasted  from  the  31st  of 
May  to  the  29th  of  September,  1349  ;  in  this  year 
we  find  charters  and  other  documents,  dated .  .  . 
as  the  year  of  the  great  pestilence.  ...  It  was  call- 
ed the  Black  Plague.  .  . .  This  disease  originated 
in  upper  India  and  China,  in  1346,  and  gradually 
spreading  through  Asia,  in  four  years  compre- 
hended nearly  all  Europe.  Boccaccio  tells  us  in 
England  the  pestilence  .  .  .  left  scarcely  a  third 


part  of  the  population  remaining.  This  is  proba- 
bly an  exaggeration. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  30,  p.  469. 

415§.  PESTILENCE,  Rapid.  Borne.  In  a  sea- 
son of  excessive  rains  the  Tiber  swelled  above 
its  banks,  and  rushed  with  irresistible  violence 
into  the  valleys  of  the  seven  hills.  A  pestilen- 
tial disease  arose  from  the  stagnation  of  the  del- 
uge, and  so  rapid  was  the  conta^on  that  four- 
score persons  expired  in  an  hour  in  the  midst  of 
a  solemn  procession,  which  implored  the  merc}^ 
of  heaven. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  45,  p.  417. 

4159.  PETITION  denied.  Anti-Slavery.  In 
the  light  of  the  present  day  ...  it  is  hard  to 
believe  that  during  the  Presidency  of  Mr.  Van 
Buren  .  .  .  the  House  of  Representatives  voted 
that  "every  petition,  memorial,  resolution, 
proposition,  or  paper,  touching  or  relating  in 
any  way  or  to  any  extent  whatever  to  slavery 
or  the  abolition  thereof,  shall  on  presentation, 
without  any  further  action  thereon,  be  laid  upon 
the  table,  without  being  debated,  printed,  or  re- 
ferred."— Blaine's  Twenty  Years  of  Con- 
gress, p.  24. 

4160.  PETITION,  Immense.  Chartists.  [On 
the  10th  of  April,  1848,  Mr.  Feargus  O'Conner 
presented  to  the  House  of  Commons  the  peti- 
tion of  the  Chartists,  which  was  said  to  have  re- 
ceived 5,706,000  signatures.]— Knight's  Eng.,. 
vol.  8,  ch.  30,  p.  559. 

4161.  PETITION,  Right  of.  Early  Abolition- 
ists. These  apostles  of  universal  liberty  besieged 
Congress  with  memorials  praying  for  such  legis- 
lation as  would  carry  out  their  designs.  .  .  . 
Representatives  from  the  slave-holding  States .  .  . 
sought  to  deny  them  a  hearing,  and  declared  that 
the  mere  consideration  of  their  propositions  by 
Congress  would  not  only  justify,  but  would  in- 
evitably precipitate  a  dissolution  of  the  Union. 
Undaunted  by  any  form  of  opposition,  the  Aboli- 
tionists stubbornly  maintained  their  ground,  and 
finally  succeeded  in  creating  a  great  popular  ex- 
citement by  simply  insisting  on  the  simple  right 
of  petition  as  inseparable  from  free  government 
and  free  citizenship.  [John  Quincy  Adams  was 
their  champion  for  the  right  of  petition.] — 
Blaine's  Twenty  Years  of  Congress,  p.  23. 

4162.  PETITION,  Tender.  Fm-  Strafford'» 
Life.  Men  vote  unanimously  with  their  party, 
from  fear  of  each  other,  for  measures  which, 
when  taken  singly,  they  would  abhor  to  think 
of.  Man  in  a  mass  is  no  longer  man — he  becomes 
an  element.  To  move  this  deaf  and  cruel  ele- 
ment of  the  House  of  Commons,  Charles  [II.] 
used  every  effort  to  flatter  the  pride  and  touch 
the  feeling  of  these  tribunes  of  the  people.  He 
wrote  a  most  pathetic  letter,  bedewed  with  his 
tears,  and  sent  it  to  the  Parliament,  to  render  it 
more  irresistible,  by  the  hand  of  a  child,  his  son, 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  whose  beauty,  tender  age, 
and  innocence  ought  to  have  made  refusal  im- 
possible from  subjects  petitioned  by  such  a  sup- 
pliant.— Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  14. 

4163.  PHILANTHROPY,  Example  of.  John 
Howard.  [He  built  neat  cottages,  which  he  let 
to  his  tenants  on  conditions  favorable  to  virtue 
and  good  order.]  One  was,  that  the  tenant  should 
go  to  church  once  every  Sunday  ;  another,  that 
he  should  never  go  to  the  ale  house  ;  another, 
that  he  should  never  gamble ;  .  .  .  children 


PHILANTHROPY— PHYSIQUE. 


493 


go  to  school ;  .  .  rent  about  |10  a  year.  .  .  . 
One  of  his  neighbors,  too,  observing  what  an  ex- 
cellent effect  a  clean  and  proper  dwelling  had 
upon  the  morals  of  a  family,  followed  his  ex- 
ample, and  built  a  considerable  number  of  cot- 
tages ;  so  that,  in  about  ten  years,  the  whole 
village  was  rebuilt,  and,  from  being  one  of  the 
meanest,  dirtiest,  and  most  unhealthy  places  in 
the  county,  it  became  the  prettiest,  pleasantest, 
and  most  salubrious  village  in  that  part  of  Eng- 
land.— Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  37. 

4164.  PHILANTHROPY,  Experimental.  John 
Hoicard.  In  one  prison  there  were  eight  cells, 
sixteen  steps  below  the  surface  of  the  earth,  in 
size  thirteen  feet  by  nine,  without  window  or 
lamp,  and  ventilated  only  by  a  funnel.  Into 
these  damp,  cold,  and  noisome  cells  not  a  ray 
of  light  ever  penetrated,  and  "in  them,"  says 
Howard,  ' '  poor  creatures  were  confined,  day 
and  night,  for  weeks,  for  months  together." 
After  only  a  few  days'  confinement  in  one  of 
them  a  man  would  come  out  yellow,  emaciated, 
and  almost  out  of  his  senses.  Howard  was  never 
content  merely  to  ascertain  the  existence  of  such 
dungeons  ;  he  went  down  into  them  himself,  re- 
mained in  them  an  hour  or  more,  conversed  with 
their  wretched  inmates,  and  employed  his  [meas- 
uring] rule,  his  scales,  and  his  thermometer  to 
render  his  description  exact. — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  48. 

4165.  PHILANTHROPY,  Practical.  John  How- 
ard. Howard  began  by  improving  the  dwell- 
ings of  his  tenants.  One  after  another  he  pulled 
down  the  ancient  hovels,  and  built,  in  their 
etead,  neat  and  convenient  cottages,  contain- 
ing never  less  than  three  rooms.  To  each 
cottage  he  attached  a  small  garden  in  the  rear 
for  vegetables,  and  in  front  a  little  patch  for 
flowers,  surrounding  the  whole  with  a  pretty 
picket  fence.  As  the  ground  was  low  and 
marshy,  he  had  it  drained  by  a  system  of  ditches, 
which  almost  banished  from  the  place  the  agues 
and  the  fevers  to  which  the  inhabitants  had  be- 
fore been  subject.  When  he  had  completed  one 
cottage,  he  let  it  to  the  man  in  the  village  who 
bore  the  best  character  for  sobriety  and  industry, 
and  he  let  it  at  the  same  rent  that  was  paid  for 
the  wretched  huts. —  Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  36. 

4166.  PHILOSOPHY,  Advantage  of.  Forti- 
tude. When  a  certain  stranger  derided  Diony- 
sius  at  Corinth,  in  a  very  rude  and  scornful 
manner,  for  having,  in  the  meridian  of  his  power, 
taken  pleasure  in  the  discourse  of  philosophers, 
and  at  last  asked  him  what  he  had  got  by  the 
wisdom  of  Plato,  "  Do  you  think,"  said  he, 
•'  that  we  have  reaped  no  advantage  from  Plato, 
when  we  bear  in  this  manner  such  a  change  of 
fortune  ?" — Plutarch's  Timoleon. 

4167.  PHILOSOPHY,  Speculative.  Impracti- 
cable. Speculative  philosophers  have  seldom 
been  good  legislators  ;  the  history  of  great  men 
affords  not  one  example  of  the  two  characters 
combined.  The  Republic  of  Plato  is  still  an 
ideal  system  of  beautiful  puerilities  to  states- 
men ;  the  Politics  of  Aristotle  have  seldom  had  a 
legislative  copyist ;  the  Utopia  of  Sir  Thomas 
More  is  still  a  Utopia,  the  source  of  proverbial 
expression  to  our  language,  but  of  no  laws  to  our 
commonwealths  ;  the  new  Atlantis  of  Bacon  is 
yet  a  dream,  notwithstanding  its  utilitarian  sug- 


gestions ;  Locke's  fundamental  Constitutions  of 
Carolina  were  found  impracticable  ;  and  Rous- 
seau's Contra  Social  ranks  only  as  an  example 
of  political  rhetoric. — Stevens'  Methodism 
vol.  2,  p.  393. 

416§.  PHYSICIAN,  Empirical.  Successful. 
Louis  XV.  was  . ,  .  given  over  by  the  physicians, 
and  received  the  last  sacraments  ;  but  a  violent 
remedy  prescribed  by  an  empiric  arrested  the 
disease,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  days  he  was 
pronounced  out  of  danger. — Students'  France, 
ch.  23,  §  12. 

4169.  PHYSICIAN,  Mythological,  ^sculapi. 
us.  He  was  the  god  of  medicine  and  the  patron 
of  the  medical  profession.  The  most  common 
story  makes  him  the  son  of  Apollo.  He  went 
about  healing  diseases  and  raising  the  dead  to 
life.  Pluto,  god  of  Hades,  took  alarm  at  the  lat- 
ter exploit,  and  complained  to  Zeus  that  ^scu- 
lapius  was  invading  his  bailiwick.  He  acknowl- 
edged the  justice  of  the  complaint,  and  struck 
iEsculapius  dead  with  a  flash  of  lightning.  .  .  . 
The  serpent  was  his  favorite  type.  .  .  .  The 
priests  of  the  temple  were  the  only  regular  prac- 
titioners of  antiquity,  but  in  later  times  the. 
priests  took  pupils  and  initiated  them  into  the 
mysteries  of  medicine,  and  these  were  regarded 
as  regularly  trained  physicians. — Am.  Cyclope- 
dia, "  JESCULAPIUS." 

41  TO.  PHYSICIANS,  CommingUng.  BeUh  of 
Charles  II.  All  the  medical  men  of  note  in  Lon- 
don were  summoned.  So  high  did  political  ani- 
mosities run,  that  the  presence  of  some  Whig 
physicians  was  regarded  as  an  extraordinary  cir- 
cumstance. One  Roman  Catholic,  whose  skill 
was  then  widely  renowned,  Doctor  Thomas 
Short,  was  in  attendance.  Several  of  the  pre- 
scriptions have  been  preserved.  One  of  them  is 
signed  by  fourteen  doctors.  The  patient  was  bled 
largely.  Hot  iron  was  applied  to  his  head.  A 
loathsome  volatile  salt,  extracted  from  human 
skulls,  was  forced  mto  his  mouth.  He  recovered 
his  senses  :  but  he  was  evidently  in  a  situation 
of  extreme  danger. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4, 
p.  402. 

4171.  PHYSICIANS,  Disagreement  of.  Death 
of  Charles  II.  The  fourteen  doctors  who  delib- 
erated on  the  king's  case  contradicted  each  other 
and  themselves.  Some  of  them  thought  that  his 
fit  was  epileptic,  and  that  he  should  be  suffered 
to  have  his  doze  out.  The  majority  pronounced 
him  apoplectic,  and  tortured  him  during  some 
hours  like  an  Indian  at  a  stake.  Then  it  was  de- 
termined to  call  his  complaint  a  fever,  and  to  ad- 
minister doses  of  bark.  One  physician,  however, 
protested  against  this  course,  and  assured  the 
queen  that  his  brethren  would  kill  the  king 
among  them.  Nothing  better  than  dissension 
and  vacillation  could  be  expected  from  such  a 
multitude  of  advisers, — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  4,  p.  410. 

4173.  PHYSIQUE,  Proof  by.  Bepresentativea, 
In  1695  the  French  court  sent  Harlay,  the  pres- 
ident of  the  Parliament  of  Paris,  to  sound  the 
Dutch  as  to  the  possibility  of  a  peace.  Pale  and 
very  thin  was  the  envoy.  "  Are  you  a  sample," 
said  the  rough  republicans,  "of  the  wretched 
condition  of  France  ?"  "  Let  me  send  for  my 
wife,"  replied  the  clever  lawyer,  "  and  she  will 
give  you  a  notion  of  our  thriving  state."— 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5.  ch.  12. 


494 


PIETY. 


4173.  PIETY,  Claims  of.  Crusaders.  Such 
immense  and  seemingly  inexhaustible  torrents 
pouring  down  upon  Constantinople  gave,  as  we 
may  naturally  suppose,  very  great  uneasiness  to 
the  Emperor  Alexius.  Excellent  politician  as  he 
was,  he  found  it  impossible  to  prevent  continual 
differences  and  a  great  deal  of  bloodshed.  The 
Crusaders  imagined  that  the  piety  and  merit  of 
the  undertaking  gave  them  a  just  claim  to  be 
maintained  and  supported  gratuitously  by  all 
who  professed  themselves  to  be  Christians.  They 
behaved  with  insufferable  insolence  and  folly  ; 
and  matters  came  at  length  to  that  extremity, 
thai  it  was  seriously  proposed  by  these  new  Cru- 
saders to  begin  operations  against  the  infidels  by 
the  destruction  of  Constantinople,  the  capital 
of  the  Christian  world  in  the  east. — Tytlek's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  9,  p.  158. 

4174.  PIETY,  Manly.  OustavusXII.  Europe 
first  learned  from  him  the  importance  of  infan- 
try. All  Germany  was  astonished  at  the  strict 
discipline  which,  at  the  first,  so  creditably  dis- 
tinguished the  Swedish  army  within  their  terri- 
tories ;  all  disorders  were  punished  with  the  ut- 
most severity,  particularly  impiety,  theft,  gam- 
bling, and  duelling.  The  Swedish  articles  of 
war  enforced  frugality.  In  the  camp,  the  king's 
tent  not  excepted,  neither  silver  nor  gold  was  to 
be  seen.  The  general's  eye  looked  as  vigilantly 
to  the  morals  as  to  the  martial  bravery  of  his 
soldiers  ;  every  regiment  was  ordered  to  form 
round  its  chaplain  for  morning  and  evening 
prayers.  In  all  these  points  the  lawgiver  was 
also  an  example.  A  sincere  and  ardent  piety  ex- 
alted his  courage.  Equally  free  from  the  coarse 
infidelity  which  leaves  the  passions  of  the  bar- 
barian without  control,  and  from  the  grovelling 
superstition  of  Ferdinand,  who  humbled  himself 
to  the  dust  before  the  Supreme  Being  while  he 
haughtily  trampled  on  his  fellow-creature,  in 
the  height  of  his  success  he  was  ever  a  man 
and  a  Christian ;  in  the  height  of  his  devotion,  a 
king  and  a  hero,— Thirty  Years'  War,  §  236. 

4175.  PIETY,  Ostentatious.  Saladinthe  Grand 
Vizier.  In  faith  and  practice  he  was  a  rigid  Mus- 
sulman ;  he  ever  deplored  that  the  defence  of 
religion  had  not  allowed  him  to  accomplish  the 
pilgrimage  of  Mecca ;  but  at  the  stated  hours, 
five  times  each  day,  the  sultan  devoutly  prayed 
with  his  brethren  ;  the  involuntary  omission  of 
fasting  was  scrupulously  repaid  ;  and  his  peru- 
sal of  the  Koran,  on  horseback  between  the  ap- 
proaching armies,  may  be  quoted  as  a  proof,  how- 
ever ostentatious,  of  piety  and  courage. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  59,  p.  23. 

4176.  PIETY,  Practical.  Persian  Religion. 
Such  is  the  system  of  cosmogony  contained  in 
these  books  of  the  Zendavesta,  upon  which  the 
whole  religion  of  the  ancient  Parm,  was  founded. 
The  practical  part  of  this  religion  consisted, 
first,  in  acknowledging  and  adoring  Ormusd, 
the  principle  of  all  good,  by  a  strict  observance 
of  purity  in  thought,  words,  and  actions ;  sec- 
ondly, in  showing  a  proportional  detestation  of 
Ahriman,  his  productions,  and  his  works.  The 
most  acceptable  service  to  Ormusd  was  observ- 
ing the  precepts  of  the  Zendavesta,  reading  that 
work,  and  repeating  its  liturgies.  The  chief 
among  its  forms  of  prayer  are  addressed  not  di- 
rectly to  Ormusd,  but  through  the  medium  of 


his  greatest  works,  the  sun,  the  moon,  and  starsw 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11,  p.  124. 

4177.  PIETY,  Private.  Cromwell's.  Sir  John 
Goodricke  used  to  relate  a  remarkable  anecdote, 
which  we  should  probably  assign  to  the  siege  of 
Knaresborough  Castle,  in  1644,  and  which  was 
told  him  when  a  boy  by  a  very  old  woman, 
who  had  formerly  attended  his  mother  in  the 
capacity  of  midwife.  "When  Cromwell  came 
to  lodge  in  our  house,  in  Knaresborough,"  said 
she,  "  I  was  then  but  a  young  girl.  Having 
heard  much  talk  about  the  man,  I  looked  at  him 
with  wonder.  Being  ordered  to  take  a  pan  of 
coals  and  air  his  bed,  I  could  not,  during  the 
operation,  forbear  peeping  over  my  shoulder  sev- 
eral times  to  observe  this  extraordinary  person, 
who  was  seated  at  the  far  side  of  the  room  unty- 
ing his  garters.  Having  aired  the  bed,  I  went 
out,  and  shutting  the  door  after  me,  stopped  and 
peeped  through  the  keyhole,  when  I  saw  him 
rise  from  his  seat,  advance  to  the  bed,  and  fall 
on  his  knees,  in  which  attitude  I  left  him  for 
some  time.  When  returning  again,  I  found  him 
still  at  prayer ;  and  this  was  his  custom  every 
night  so  long  as  he  stayed  at  our  house  ;  from 
which  I  concluded  he  must  be  a  good  man.  ,  .  . 
How  many  of  us  writers  and  readers  would  stand 
the  test  of  the  keyhole  ?" — Hood's  Cromwell. 
ch.  1,  p.  24. 

417§.  PIETY  for  Profit.  Persecution.  [In 
1189,  when  the  Jews  in  York  had  been  murder- 
ed, the  bonds  which  they  had  deposited  with  the 
officers  of  the  cathedral  were  obtained  by  their 
murderers  and  burned  in  the  nave  of  the  church.} 
One  great  object  of  the  persecution  was  accom- 
plished. A  load  of  debt  was  wiped  off  the  es- 
tates  of  many  a  servant  of  the  cross  by  the  de 
struction  of  his  victims,  and  with  them  the  evi. 
dence  of  his  own  obligations  was  destroyed.— 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  21,  p.  306. 

4179.  PIETY  in  Public  Life.  William  Cecil. 
[William  Cecil,  Lord  Burleigh,  the  faithful  coun- 
sellor of  Elizabeth  for  forty  years,  died  in  1598. 
He  was  the  first  of  a  generation  of  professional 
statesmen.  He  had  a  deep  and  abiding  sense  of 
responsibility.]  Walsingham,  seeing  him  come 
in  from  prayers,  wished  he  were  as  good  a  ser- 
vant of  God  as  the  lord  treasurer.  .  .  .  The 
reply  of  Burleigh  is  worthy  to  be  held  in  remem- 
brance :  "  I  hold  it  meet  for  us  to  ask  God's 
grace  to  keep  us  sound  at  heart  who  have  so 
much  in  our  power  ;  and  to  direct  us  to  the  well- 
doing of  all  the  people,  whom  it  is  easy  for  us  to 
injure  and  ruin." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  18, 
p.  278. 

41  §0.  PIETY  by  Reaction.  Samuel  Johnson. 
BoswELL  :  "  They  [women]  are  not  more  afraid 
of  death  than  men  are."  Johnson  :  "  Because 
they  are  less  wicked."  Dr.  Adams  :  "  They  are 
more  pious."  Johnson  :  "No,  hang  'em,  they 
are  not  more  pious.  A  wicked  fellow  is  the 
most  pious  when  he  takes  to  it.  He'll  beat  you 
all  at  piety." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  521. 

4181.  PIETY, Reward  of.  Mohammedan. 
[The  Mohammedan  Khalif  ]  Ali  had  the  bravery 
of  Omar  and  the  piety  of  Mahomet ;  he  wrote 
verses  and  maxims  that  remain  in  Mussulman 
philosophy,  if  not  quite  as  revelations,  at  least 
as  inspirations  of  Islam.  Many  of  them  rival 
the  wisdom  and  asceticism  of  the  Christians. 


PIETY— PIRATES. 


495 


He  often  uttered  this  in  his  good  fortune  and  in 
his  reverses  :  "He  who  would  be  rich  without 
treasure,  powerful  without  empire,  a  servant 
without  a  master,  has  only  to  despise  the  vanities 
of  this  world  and  make  himself  the  servant  of 
God  ;  he  will  find  those  three  things  in  Him." — 
Lamartike's  Turkey,  p.  177. 

41  §2.  PIETY,  Sacrifices  of.  To  Aid  Columbus. 
The  generous  spirit  of  Isabella  was  enkindled. 
It  seemed  as  if,  for  the  first  time,  the  subject 
broke  upon  her  mind  in  its  real  grandeur,  and 
she  declared  her  resolution  to  undertake  the  en- 
terprise. There  was  still  a  moment's  hesitation. 
The  king  looked  coldly  on  the  affair,  and  the 
royal  finances  were  absolutely  drained  by  the 
war.  Some  time  must  be  given  to  replenish 
them.  How  could  she  draw  on  an  exhausted 
treasury  for  a  measure  to  which  the  king  was 
adverse  !  St.  Angel  watched  this  suspense  with 
trembling  anxiety.  The  next  moment  reassured 
him.  With  an  enthusiasm  worthy  of  herself 
and  of  the  cause,  Isabella  exclaimed,  "  I  under- 
take the  enterprise  for  my  own  crown  of  Castile, 
and  will  pledge  my  jewels  to  raise  the  necessary 
funds."  This  was  the  proudest  moment  in  the 
life  of  Isabella  ;  it  stamped  her  renown  forever 
as  the  patroness  of  the  discovery  of  the  New 
World. — Irving's  Columbus,  Book  2,  ch.  6. 

41  §3.  PIETY,  Sincere.  Cromwell.  [Eliot  War- 
burton.]  "  And,"  says  that  lively  and  prejudiced 
writer,  ' '  if  all  the  letters  of  the  dark  Cromwell 
could  have  been  opened,  what  would  they  have 
revealed  ?"  Well,  they  all  have  been  discovered, 
all  have  been  opened  ;  and  we  suppose  never,  in 
the  history  of  man,  has  there  been  presented  such 
a  transparent  wholeness.  It  is  one  mirror  of 
simple  nobleness ;  every  little  note,  and  every 
family  epistle,  and  every  letter  to  the  state  offi- 
cers— all  reveal  the  same  man.  "  A  single  eye, 
and  a  whole  body  full  of  light.".  .  .  VVe  have 
pictures  given  to  us  of  his  household.  Upon  the 
occasion  of  the  signing  of  the  treaty  of  peace 
with  Holland,  the  ambassador  gives  an  account 
of  his  reception  at  the  Protector's  Court.  How 
calm  and  quiet  and  dignified  the  account  of  that 
reception  !  Music,  indeed,  was  playing  while 
they  were  dining,  but  after  that  the  Protector 
gave  out  a  hymn  ;  and  as  he  handed  the  book 
to  the  ambassador,  he  told  him  ' '  that  was  the 
best  paper  that  had  passed  between  them  as  yet." 
Dignified  and  beautiful  is  the  account  of  the 
gentle  behavior  of  the  Protector  to  the  wife  and 
daughter  of  the  ambassador.  Then,  after  a 
walk  on  the  banks  of  a  river  for  half  an  hour, 
the  prayers  in  the  family  ;  and  so  the  evening 
closed — very  much,  indeed,  such  a  simple  even- 
ing as  we  and  our  friends  might  spend  to- 
gether.— Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  15,  p.  197. 

41S4.  PIETY,  Supremacy  of.  Natural  Affec- 
tions. [When  Rome  was  taken  by  the  Gauls 
the  vestal  virgins  attempted  to  escape.]  They 
took,  however,  with  them  the  choicest  and 
most  sacred  things  they  had,  and  fled  with  them 
along  the  side  of  the  river,  where  Lucius  Albi- 
nus,  a  plebeian,  among  others  that  were  making 
their  escape,  was  carrying  his  wife  and  children 
and  some  of  his  most  necessary  movables  in  a 
wagon.  But  when  he  saw  the  vestals  in  a  help- 
less and  weary  condition,  carrying  in  their  arms 
the  sacred  symbols  of  the  gods,  he  immediately 
took  out  his  family  and  goods,  and  put  the  vir- 


gins in  the  wagon,  that  they  might  make  their 
escape  to  some  of  the  Grecian  cities.  This  piety 
of  Albinus,  and  the  veneration  he  expressed  for 
the  gods  at  so  dangerous  a  juncture,  deserves  to 
be  recorded. — Plutarch's  Camillus. 

41  §5.  PIRACY,  Ancient.  English.  Like  the 
galleys  of  the  Middle  Ages,  such  boats  ■could 
only  creep  cautiously  along  from  harbor  to  har- 
bor in  rough  weather  ;  but  in  smooth  water 
their  swiftness  fitted  them  admirably  for  the 
piracy  by  which  the  men  of  these  tribes  were  al- 
ready making  themselves  dreaded.  Its  flat  bot- 
tom enabled  them  to  beach  the  vessel  on  any 
fitting  coast ;  and  a  step  on  shore  at  once  trans- 
formed the  boatmen  into  a  war-band.  From  the 
first  the  daring  of  the  English  race  broke  out  in  the 
secrecy  and  suddenness  of  the  pirates'  swoop,  in 
the  fierceness  of  their  onset,  in  the  careless  glee 
with  which  they  seized  either  sword  or  oar. 
"Foes  are  they,"  sang  a  Roman  poet  of  the 
time,  "fierce  beyond  other  foes  and  cunning  as 
they  are  fierce  ;  the  sea  is  their  school  of  war  and 
the  storm  their  friend  ;  they  are  sea- wolves  that 
prey  on  the  pillage  of  the  world  !".  .  .  The 
piracy  of  our  fathers  had  thus  brought  them  to 
the  shores  of  a  land  which,  dear  as  it  is  now  to 
Englishmen,  had  not  as  yet  been  trodden  by 
English  feet. — Hist,  op  Eng.  People,  §  24. 

41  §6.  PIRATES,  Connivance  with.  Govern, 
ment.  The  buccaneers,  encouraged  by  the  Sen- 
ate's connivance,  were  more  daring  than  ever. 
They  had  become  a  sea  community,  led  by  high- 
born adventurers,  who  maintained  out  of  their 
plunder  a  show  of  wild  magnificence.  The  oars 
of  the  galleys  of  their  commanders  were  plated 
with  silver  ;  their  cabins  were  hung  with  gor- 
geous tapestry.  They  had  bands  of  music  to 
play  their  triumphs.  They  had  a  religion  of 
their  own,  an  Oriental  medley  called  the  Mys- 
teries of  Mithras.  They  had  captured  and  pil- 
laged four  hundred  considerable  towns,  and  liad 
spoiled  the  temple  of  the  Grecian  gods.  They 
had  maintained  and  extended  their  depots,  where 
they  disposed  of  their  prisoners  to  the  slave- 
dealers.  Roman  citizens  who  could  not  ransom 
themselves,  and  could  not  conveniently  be  sold, 
were  informed  that  they  could  go  where  they 
pleased ;  they  were  led  to  a  plank  projecting 
over  some  vessel's  side,  and  were  bidden  depart — 
into  the  sea. — Froude's  Cjesar,  ch.  10. 

4187.  PIRATES,  Period  of.  Romans,  Crete 
was  completely  in  their  hands  also,  and  they  had 
secret  friends  along  the  entire  Mediterranean 
shores.  They  grew  at  last  into  a  thousand  sail,, 
divided  into  squadrons  under  separate  com- 
manders. They  were  admirably  armed.  They 
roved  over  the  waters  at  their  pleasure,  attacking 
islands  or  commercial  ports,  plundering  temples 
and  warehouses,  arresting  every  trading  vessel 
they  encountered,  till  at  last  no  Roman  could, 
go  abroad  on  business  save  during  the  winter 
storms,  when  the  sea  was  comparativelj^  clear. 
They  flaunted  their  sails  in  front  of  Ostia  itself  ; 
they  landed  in  their  boats  at  the  villas  on  the 
Italian  coast,  carrying  off  lords  and  ladies,  and 
holding  them  to  ransom.  They  levied  blackmail 
at  their  pleasure.  The  wretched  provincials  had 
paid  their  taxes  to  Rome  in  exchange  for  prom- 
ised defence,  and  no  defence  was  provided.  The 
revenue  which  ought  to  have  been  spent  on  the 
protection  of  the  empire  a  few  patricians  were 


496 


PITY— PLEASURE. 


dividing  among  themselves.  The  pirates  had 
even  marts  in  different  islands,  where  their 
prisoners  were  sold  to  the  slave-dealers  ;  and  for 
fifteen  years  nothing  was  done  or  even  attempted 
to  put  an  end  to  so  preposterous  an  enormity. 
The  ease  with  which  these  buccaneers  of  the  old 
world  were  eventually  suppressed  proved  con- 
clusively that  they  existed  by  connivance.  It 
was  discovered  at  last  that  large  sums  had  been 
sent  regularly  from  Crete  to  some  of  the  most 
distinguished  members  of  the  aristocracy. — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  9. 

418S.  PITY  reversed.  For  the  Injurer.  The 
Catholic  [emperor]  Sigismond  has  acquired  the 
honors  of  a  saint  and  martyr  ;  but  the  hands  of 
the  royal  saint  were  stained  with  the  blood  of 
his  innocent  son,  whom  he  inhumanly  sacrificed 
to  the  pride  and  resentment  of  a  stepmother.  He 
soon  discovered  his  error,  and  bewailed  the  ir- 
reparable loss.  While  Sigismond  embraced  the 
corpse  of  the  unfortunate  youth,  he  received  a 
severe  admonition  from  one  of  his  attendants  : 
"  It  is  not  his  situation,  O  king  !  it  is  thine  which 
deserves  pity  and  lamentation." — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  38,  p.  580. 

41  §9.  PLAGIAEISM  a  Felony.  Hayward.  [Hay- 
ward  dedicated  his  Life  of  Henry  IV.  to  the  Earl 
of  Essex,  who  was  suspected  of  rebellion.  Eliza- 
beth asked  Bacon  whether  he  did  not  see  treason 
in  the  book.  He  replied  that  he]  saw  no  trea- 
son, but  very  much  felony,  for  every  second 
sentence  was  stolen  from  Tacitus. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  18,  p.  286. 

4190.  PLAGUE,  Desolating.  Widespread.  It 
was  the  inevitable  consequence  of  rapine  and 
oppression,  which  extirpated  the  produce  of  the 
present,  and  the  hope  of  future  harvests.  Fam- 
ine is  almost  always  followed  by  epidemical  dis- 
eases, the  effect  of  scanty  and  unwholesome 
food.  Other  causes  must,  however,  have  contrib- 
uted to  the  furious  plague,  which,  from  the  year 
250  to  the  year  265,  raged  without  interruption 
in  every  province,  every  city,  and  almost  every 
family  of  the  Roman  Empire.  During  some 
time  five  thousand  persons  died  daily  in  Rome  ; 
and  many  towns  that  had  escaped  the  hands  of 
the  barbarians  were  entirely  depopulated. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  10,  p.  329. 

4191.  PLAGUE,  Destructive.  Rome.  Such  was 
the  universal  corruption  of  the  air,  that  the  pes- 
tilence which  burst  forth  in  the  fifteenth  year  of 
Justinian  was  not  checked  or  alleviated  by  any 
difference  of  the  seasons.  In  time,  its  first  ma- 
lignity was  abated  and  dispersed  ;  the  disease 
alternately  languished  and  revived  ;  but  it  was 
not  till  the  end  of  a  calamitous  period  of  fifty- 
two  years  that  mankind  recovered  their  health, 
or  the  air  resumed  its  pure  and  salubrious  qual- 
ity. No  facts  have  been  preserved  to  sustain  an 
account,  or  even  a  conjecture,  of  the  numbers 
that  perished  in  this  extraordinary  mortality.  I 
only  find  that  during  three  months  five,  and  at 
length  ten,  thousand  persons  died  each  day  at 
Constantinople  ;  that  many  cities  of  the  East 
were  left  vacant,  and  that  in  several  districts  of 
Italy  the  harvest  and  the  vintage  withered  on 
the  ground.  The  triple  scourge  of  war,  pesti- 
lence, and  famine  afflicted  the  subjects  of  Jus- 
tinian ;  and  his  reign  is  disgraced  by  a  visible  de- 
crease of  the  human  species,  which  has  never 


been  repaired  in  some  of  the  fairest  countries  of 
the  globe. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  43,  p.  297. 

4192.  PLEASURE  in  Benevolence.  John  How- 
ard. An  anecdote  will  serve  to  show  how 
heartily  his  wife  entered  into  his  plans.  At  the 
close  of  a  year,  when  he  had  made  up  his  ac- 
counts, he  found  that  he  had  a  balance  on  hand  , 
and,  as  he  made  it  a  rule  to  spend  all  his  income, 
he  proposed  to  his  wife  that  they  should  employ 
this  sum  in  visiting  London.  "  What  a  pretty 
cottage  it  would  build !"  said  she  ;  and  a  cot- 
tage was  built  with  it  accordingly. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BioG.,  p.  38. 

4193.  PLEASURE  before  Business.  Henry 
VIII.  was  nothing  minded  to  travail  in  the  busy 
affairs  of  his  realm.  [The  almoner,  Thomas  Wol- 
seley,  would]  disburden  the  king  of  so  weighty 
a  charge  and  troublesome  business,  putting  the 
king  in  comfort  that  he  shall  not  need  to  spare 
any  time  of  his  pleasure  for  any  business  that 
shall  necessarily  happen  in  the  council,  as  long 
as  he,  being  there  and  having  the  king's  author- 
ity and  commandment,  doubted  not  to  see  all 
things  sufficiently  furnished  and  perfected.— 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  16,  p.  265. 

4194.  PLEASURE,  Demoralizing.  Bomana. 
The  people  of  Rome,  viewing,  with  a  secret 
pleasure,  the  humiliation  of  the  aristocraoy,  de- 
manded only  bread  and  public  shows,  and  were 
supplied  with  both  by  the  liberal  hand  of  Au- 
gustus. The  rich  and  polite  Italians,  who  had 
almost  universally  embraced  the  philosophy  of 
Epicurus,  enjoyed  the  present  blessings  of  ease 
and  tranquillity,  and  suffered  not  the  pleas- 
ing dream  to  be  interrupted  by  the  memory  of 
their  old  tumultuous  freedom.— Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  3,  p.  74. 

4195.  PLEASURE,  Devotion  to.  Tarentines. 
Pyrrhus  brought  to  the  aid  of  the  Tarentines 
[against  the  Romans]  an  army  of  30,000  men. 
He  was  astonished  that  a  war,  in  which  they 
were  a  principal  party,  did  not,  in  the  least,  inter- 
rupt the  amusements  of  that  frivolous  and  disso- 
lute people.  They  gave  him  some  magnificent 
festivals,  and  then  purposed  to  leave  him  to 
fight,  while  they  continued  their  entertainments. 
This  conduct,  justly  exciting  both  contempt  and 
indignation,  Pyrrhus  ordered  the  theatres  to  be 
shut  up,  closed  the  public  assemblies,  where  the 
Tarantines  idly  consumed  the  time  in  frivolous 
talk,  and  mustering  the  citizens,  enjoined  a  con- 
tinued and  rigorous  exercise  to  every  man  who 
was  capable  of  bearing  arms.  So  severely  felt 
was  this  duty,  that  it  is  said  a  large  number  of 
the  inhabitants  actually  fied  from  their  country 
rather  than  suffer  a  deprivation  of  their  usual 
pleasures. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  7, 
p.  355. 

4196.   .     Alexander.     Arrived  at 

Ecbatana,  Alexander  celebrated  his  entry  into  the 
ancient  capital  of  Media  with  magnificent  games 
and  festivals,  in  which  every  refinement  of 
luxury  was  contrived  that  could  flatter  the  senses 
or  feed  the  voluptuous  passions.  Whole  days  and 
nights  were  consumed  in  riot  and  debauchery, 
in  which  the  meanest  soldier  vied  with  his  prince 
in  the  most  unrestrained  indulgence. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  4,  p.  193. 

4197.  PLEASURE,  Extravagance  in.  Hunt- 
ing. [Malek,  the  distinguished  Turkish  general,] 


I'LEASURE— PLEASURES. 


497 


both  in  peace  and  in  war  was  in  action  and  in 
the  field.  .  .  .  Hunting  was  the  pleasure,  and 
even  the  passion,  of  the  sultan,  and  his  train 
consisted  of  47,000  horses  ;  but  after  the  mas- 
sacre of  a  Turkish  chase,  for  each  piece  of  game 
he  bestowed  a  piece  of  gold  on  the  poor,  a  slight 
atonement,  at  the  expense  of  the  people,  for  the 
cost  and  mischief  of  the  amusement  of  kings. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  5,  p.  521. 

419§.  PLEASURE,  Harmless.  Samuel  John- 
son. "Is  not  harmless  pleasure  very  tame?" 
JoHNSOx  :  "  Nay,  sir  ;  harmless  pleasure  is  the 
highest  praise.  Pleasure  is  a  word  of  dubious 
import ;  pleasure  is  in  general  dangerous,  and 
pernicious  to  virtue  ;  to  be  able  therefore  to  fur- 
nish pleasure  that  is  harmless,  pleasure  pure  and 
unalloyed,  is  as  great  a  power  as  man  can  pos- 
sess. "  This  was,  perhaps,  as  ingenious  a  defence 
as  could  be  made  ;  still,  however,  I  was  not 
satisfied. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  411. 

4199.  PLEASURE,  Interruption  of.  Talley- 
rand. [After  the  exile  of  Napoleon  I.  the  allied 
sovereigns  were  in  congress  at  Vienna,  with 
seven  hundred  ambassadors.  They  were  relieved 
in  their  toils  by  feasting  and  dancing.]  Talley- 
rand was  .  .  .  making  his  toilet  for  a  ball.  .  .  . 
His  hands  were  wet  with  perfumery  ;  .  .  .  two 
barbers  were  curling  his  hair.  His  niece  .  .  . 
ran  into  the  room  with  a  note,  .  .  .  marked  se- 
cret and  in  haste.  Talleyrand,  looking  up  from 
the  midst  of  his  curling  irons,  powders,  and  per- 
fumes, requested  his  niece  to  open  and  read  the 
note.  She  did  so,  and,  turning  pale,  he  exclaimed, 
"  Heavens  !  Bonaparte  has  left  Elba  !  What  is  to 
become  of  my  ball  this  evening  ?"  .  .  .  "  If  a 
thunderbolt,"  says  Allison,  "had  fallen  in  the 
midst  of  the  brilliance  assembled  in  the  im- 
perial ball-room  at  Vienna,  it  could  not  have  ex- 
cited greater  consternation  than  this  simple  an- 
nouncement."— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  26. 

4200.  PLEASURE,  Passion  for.  Athenians. 
In  addition  to  these  symptoms  of  decline,  luxury 
was  extending  her  baneful  influence,  in  enervat- 
ing and  corrupting  the  patriotic  spirit.  A  taste 
for  the  productions  of  the  fine  arts  and  a  pas- 
sionate pursuit  of  pleasure  had,  in  the  Athenian 
republic  particularly,  entirely  supplanted  heroic 
virtue.  Poets,  musicians,  sculptors,  comedians, 
were  now  the  only  great  men  of  Attica.  While 
the  bewitching  dramas  of  Sophocles  and  Eurip- 
ides charmed  the  ears,  and  the  sculptures  of 
Phidias,  of  Glycon,  and  Praxiteles  fascinated  the 
eyes  of  the  refined  and  voluptuous  Athenians, 
military  glory  was  forgotten  ;  and  the  defence 
of  the  state,  no  longer  the  care  of  its  citi- 
zens, was  committed  to  mercenaries,  who  filled 
both  its  fleets  and  its  armies. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  3,  p.  168. 

4201.  PLEASURE,  Perilous.      Frederick    V. 

SThe  elector  palatine  of  Bohemia.]  Instead  of 
levoting  himself  with  untiring  energies  to  the 
affairs  of  his  kingdom,  Frederick  wasted  his 
time  in  amusements  ;  instead  of  filling  his  treas- 
ury by  a  wise  economy,  he  squandered  his  rev- 
enues by  a  needless  theatrical  pomp  and  a  mis- 
placed munificence.  With  a  light-minded  care- 
lessness, he  did  but  gaze  at  himself  in  his  new 
dignity,  and  in  the  ill-timed  desire  to  enjoy  his 
crown,  he  forgot  the  more  pressing  duty  of  se- 


curing it  on  his  head.  —Thirty  Years'  War, 
§  134. 

4202.  PLEASURE,  Pursuit  of.  Epicurus. 
The  philosophy  too  of  the  pagan  world  was  but 
ill  calculated  to  supply  the  place  of  religion  in 
the  refinement  of  morals.  The  doctrines  of 
Epicurus,  which  were  highly  prevalent  at  the 
time  of  the  birth  of  Christ,  by  representing 
pleasure  as  the  chief  good,  by  imposing  no  re- 
straint on  the  indulgence  of  the  passions,  and 
limiting  all  happiness  to  the  enjoyments  of  the 
present  life,  tended  to  corrupt  and  degrade  hu- 
man nature  to  a  rank  little  superior  to  that  of 
the  brutes. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  4 
p.  2. 

4203.  PLEASURE  in  Sinning.  Samuel  John- 
son [said  to  Miss  Adams  :]  ' '  You  put  me  in 
mind  of  Dr.  Barrowby,  the  physician,  who  was 
very  fond  of  swine's  flesh.  One  day  when  he 
was  eating  it  he  said,  '  I  wish  I  was  a  Jew.' 
'  Why  so  ? '  said  somebody  ;  '  the  Jews  are  not 
allowed  to  eat  your  favorite  meat.'  'Because,' 
said  he,  '  I  should  then  have  the  gust  of  eating 
it,  with  the  pleasure  of  sinning.'" — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  522. 

4204.  PLEASURE,  Vitiated  by.  Andronicus. 
[A  Greek  prince.]  Andronicus  the  younger  was 
touched  with  remorse,  or  fatigued  with  business, 
or  deceived  by  negotiation  ;  pleasure  rather  than 
power  was  his  aim  ;  and  the  license  of  maintain- 
ing a  thousand  hounds,  a  thousand  hawks,  and 
a  thousand  huntsmen  was  sufficient  to  sully  his 
fame  and  disarm  his  ambition. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  63,  p.  180. 

4205.  PLEASURE,  Watering-place.  England. 
The  passion  for  drinking  mineral  waters  and  for 
bathing  in  medicinal  springs  sent  the  fashionable 
world, in  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
to  a  round  of  idleness  and  dissipation,  of  card- 
playing  and  dancing,  at  the  crowded  cottages  of 
Tunbridge  Wells  and  the  fishing  hovels  of  Scar- 
borough.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  1,  p.  10. 

4208.  PLEASURE,  Wearisome.  Charles  II. 
[Charles  II.  became  celebrated  for  his  prodi- 
gality and  devotion  to  mere  pleasure.]  Burnet 
writes:  .  .  .  The  king,  who  was  often  weary  of 
time,  and  did  not  know  how  to  get  round  the 
day,  liked  the  going  to  the  House  [of  Parlia- 
ment] as  a  pleasant  diversion  ;  so  he  went  con- 
stantly.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  17,  p.  805. 

4207.  PLEASURES  condemned.  Puritans,  It 
was  a  sin  to  hang  garlands  on  a  May-pole,  to 
drink  a  friend's  health,  to  fly  a  hawk,  to  hunt  a 
stag,  to  play  at  chess,  to  wear  love-locks,  to  put 
starch  into  a  ruff,  to  touch  the  virginals,  to  read 
the  Fairy  Queen.  Rules  such  as  these — rules 
which  would  have  appeared  insupportable  to  the 
free  and  joyous  spirit  of  Luther,  and  contempt- 
ible to  the  serene  and  philosophical  intellect  of 
Zwingli,  threw  over  all  life  more  than  a  monastic 
gloom. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  76. 

420§.  PLEASURES,  Expensive.  Metropolitan. 
[In  Rome  and  Constantinople,  the  two  capitals 
of  the  Roman  Empire]  the  annual  games  of  the 
theatre,  the  circus,  and  the  amphitheatre  cost 
£4000  of  gold,  (about)  £160,000  sterling  ;  and  if 
so  heavy  an  expense  surpassed  the  faculties  or 
the  inclination  of  the  magistrates  themselves,  the 
sum  was  supplied  from  the  Imperial  treasury. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  17,  p.  112. 


498 


PLEASURES— POET. 


4209.  PLEASURES  of  Sense.  Mohammedan. 
Mahomet  used  often  to  say  :  "  The  things  in  this 
world  that  are  most  agreeable  to  my  heart  and 
senses  are  children,  women,  and  perfumes  ;  but 
I  have  never  tasted  complete  happiness  but  in 
prayer." — Lamaktine's  Turkey,  p.  153. 

4210. Mahomet.     Perfumes  and 

women  were  the  two  sensual  enjoyments  which 
Ms  nature  required,  and  his  religion  did  not  for- 
bid ;  and  Mahomet  affirmed  that  the  fervor  of 
his  devotion  was  increased  by  these  innocent 
pleasures.  The  heat  of  the  climate  inflames  the 
blood  of  the  Arabs,  and  their  libidinous  com- 
plexion has  been  noticed  by  the  writers  of  antiq- 
uity. Their  incontinence  was  regulated  by  the 
civil  and  religious  laws  of  the  Koran  ;  their  in- 
cestuous alliances  were  blamed  ;  the  boundless 
license  of  polygamy  was  reduced  to  four  legiti- 
mate wives  or  concubines  ;  their  rights  both  of 
bed  and  dowry  were  equitably  determined  ;  the 
freedom  of  divorce  was  discouraged  ;  adultery 
was  condemned  as  a  capital  offence  ;  and  forni- 
cation, in  either  sex,  was  punished  with  a  hun- 
dred stripes.  Such  were  the  calm  and  rational 
precepts  of  the  legislator  ;  but  in  his  private  con- 
duct Mahomet  indulged  the  appetites  of  a  man, 
and  abused  the  claims  of  a  prophet.  A  special 
revelation  dispensed  him  from  the  laws  which 
he  had  imposed  on  his  nation  ;  the  female  sex, 
without  reserve,  was  abandoned  to  his  desires  ; 
and  this  singular  prerogative  excited  the  envy 
rather  than  the  scandal,  the  veneration  rather 
than  the  envy,  of  the  devout  Mussulmans. — Gib- 
bon's Mahomet,  p.  54. 

4211.  PLEASURES,  Wasteful.  Poet  SJielley. 
Peacock  [his  first  friend]  also  notices  his  habit  of 
floating  paper  boats,  and  gives  an  amusing  de- 
scription of  the  boredom  suffered  by  Hogg  on 
occasions  when  Shelley  would  stop  by  the  side  of 
pond  or  mere  to  float  a  mimic  navy.  The  not 
altogether  apocryphal  story  of  his  having  once 
constructed  a  boat  out  of  a  bank-post-bill,  and 
launched  it  on  the  lake  in  Kensington  Gardens, 
■deserves  to  be  alluded  to  in  this  connection. — 
Symonds'  Shelley,  ch.  4. 

4212.  PLEDGE,  Temperance.  Father  Mathew's. 
Pather  Mathew's  wonder-working  pledge  was  as 
follows :  "I  promise,  with  the  divine  assistance, 
as  long  as  I  continue  a  member  of  the  Teetotal 
Temperance  Society,  to  abstain  from  all  intoxi- 
cating drinks,  except  for  medicinal  or  sacrament- 
al purposes,  and  to  prevent  as  much  as  possible, 
by  advice  and  example,  drunkenness  in  others." 
When  these  words  had  been  slowly  uttered.  Fa- 
ther Mathew,  with  uplifted  hand,  pronounced  a 
brief  prayer  :  "  May  God  bless  you,  and  give 
you  strength  and  grace  to  keep  your  promise." 
To  which  he  sometimes  added,  as  he  made  the 
sign  of  the  cross  :  "In  this  sign  alone  you  may 
Jiope  to  persevere  and  conquer. " — Cyclopedia 
OF  Bigg.,  p.  111. 

4213.  PLOT,  A  fictitious.  The  Popish  Plot. 
Titus  Gates,  a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, had,  by  his  disorderly  life  and  heterodox 
doctrine,  drawn  on  him  the  censure  of  his  spirit- 
ual superiors,  had  been  compelled,  to  quit  his 
benefice,  and  had  ever  since  led  an  infamous 
and  vagrant  life.  He  had  once  professed  himself 
a  Roman  Catholic,  and  had  passed  some  time  on 
the  Continent  in  English  colleges  of  the  order  of 
Jesus.     In  those  seminaries  he  had  heard  much 


wild  talk  about  the  best  means  of  bringing  Eng- 
land back  to  the  true  Church.  From  hints  thus 
furnished  he  constructed  a  hideous  romance,  re- 
sembling rather  the  dream  of  a  sick  man  than  any 
transaction  which  ever  took  place  in  the  real 
world.  The  pope,  he  said,  had  intrusted  the 
government  of  England  to  the  Jesuits,  The  Jes- 
uits had,  by  commissions  under  the  great  seal  of 
their  society,  appointed  Catholic  clergymen, 
noblemen,  and  gentlemen  to  all  the  highest  offices 
in  Church  and  State.  The  papists  had  burned 
down  London  once.  They  had  tried  to  burn  it 
down  again.  They  were  at  that  moment  planning 
a  scheme  for  setting  fire  to  all  the  shipping  in  the 
Thames.  They  were  to  rise  at  a  signal  and  massa. 
ere  all  their  Protestant  neighbors.  A  French  army 
was  at  the  same  time  to  land  in  Ireland.  All  the 
leading  statesmen  and  divines  of  England  were 
to  be  murdered.  Three  or  four  schemes  had  been 
f  .^rmed  for  assassinating  the  king.  He  was  to  be 
stabbed.  He  was  to  be  poisoned  in  his  medicine. 
He  was  to  be  shot  with  silver  bullets. — Ma- 
caulay'sEng.,  ch.  2,  p.  218. 

4214.  PLOT,  Imaginary.  Negro.  In  the  year 
1741  occurred  ..."  The  Negro  Plot "  [in  N.  Y.] 
Slavery  was  permitted  in  the  province,  and  ne- 
groes constituted  a  large  faction  of  the  popula- 
tion. Several  destructive  fires  had  occurred,  and 
it  was  believed  that  they  had  been  kindled  by 
incendiaries.  The  slaves  were  naturally  distrust- 
ed ;  now  they  became  feared  and  hated.  Some 
degraded  women  came  forward  and  gave  infor- 
mation that  the  negroes  had  made  a  plot  to  burn 
the  city,  kill  all  who  opposed  them,  and  set  up 
one  of  their  own  number  as  governor.  The  whole 
story  was  the  essence  of  absurdity  ;  but  the  peo- 
ple were  alarmed  and  ready  to  believe  anything. 
The  reward  of  freedom  was  offered  any  slave 
who  would  reveal  the  plot.  Many  witnesses 
rushed  forward  with  foolish  and  contradictory 
stories  ;  the  jails  were  filled  with  the  accused  ;  and 
more  than  thirty  of  the  miserable  creatures,  with 
hardly  the  form  of  a  trial,  were  convicted  and 
then  hanged  or  burned  to  death.  Others  were 
transported  and  sold  as  slaves  in  foreign  lands. 
As  soon  as  the  supposed  peril  had  passed  and  the 
excited  people  regained  their  senses,  it  came  to  be 
doubted  whether  the  whole  shocking  affair  had 
not  been  the  result  of  terror  and  fanaticism.  The 
verdict  of  after  times  has  been  that  tJiere  was  no 
plot  at  a«.— Ridfath's  U.  S.,  ch.  20,  p.  182. 

4215.  POET  respected.  Pindar.  The  The- 
bans,  on  a  false  report  of  his  death  in  battle 
against  the  Illyrians,  had  expelled  the  Macedo- 
nian garrison,  and  put  to  death  its  commanders, 
Amyntas  and  Timolaus.  Alexander  offered  par- 
don to  the  city  on  condition  of  absolute  submis- 
sion, and  the  delivering  up  of  the  principal  offend- 
ers. The  Thebans  were  obstinate,  and  the  con- 
sequence was  that  Thebes  was  taken  by  storm, 
and  abandoned  to  the  fury  of  the  Macedonian 
troops,  who  plundered  and  destroyed  it.  Six  thou- 
sand of  the  inhabitants  were  put  to  the  sword, 
and  30,000  sold  to  slavery.  The  priests,  however, 
with  their  families,  were  treated  with  reverence  ; 
and  while  the  streets  and  fortifications  of  the  city 
were  reduced  to  a  mass  of  ruins,  the  conqueror 
showed  his  respect  to  the  memory  of  Pindar  by 
preserving  from  destruction  the  great  poet's 
house,  which  was  still  occupied  by  his  descend- 
ants.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  4,  p.  178. 


POET— POETRY. 


499 


4216.  P0I:T,  Terrorizing.  Robert  Burns.  The 
farmers  and  the  well-to-do  people  welcomed  him 
gladly,  and  were  proud  that  such  a  man  had  come 
to  be  a  dweller  in  their  vale.  Yet  the  ruder 
country  lads  and  the  lower  peasantry,  we  are  told, 
looked  on  him  not  without  dread,  ' '  lest  he  should 
pickle  and  preserve  them  in  sarcastic  song." 
"  Once  at  a  penny  wedding,  when  one  or  two 
wild  young  lads  quarrelled,  and  were  about  to 
fight.  Burns  rose  up  and  said,  '  Sit  down  and — , 
or  else  I'll  hang  you  up  like  potato-bogles  in  sang 
tomorrow. '  They  ceased,  and  sat  down  us  if  their 
noses  had  been  bleeding." — Shairp's  Burns, 
ch.  5. 

4217.  POETRY,  Bad.  Criticised.  Philoxenus, 
who  was  himself  an  excellent  poet,  attempted  to 
undeceive  Dionysius  in  the  favorable  opinion  he 
had  of  his  own  abilities,  but  was  sent  to  the  Quar- 
ries for  the  liberty  he  took.  However,  the  next 
day  he  was  restored  to  favor,  and  Dionysius  re- 
peated to  him  some  verses  he  had  taken  extraor- 
dinary pains  with,  expecting  his  approbation. 
But  the  poet,  instead  of  giving  it,  looked  round 
to  the  guards,  and  said  to  them,  very  humorous- 
ly, "Take  me  back  to  the  Quarries." — Plu- 
tarch's TiMOLEON,  LanGHORNE'S  NoTE. 

421  §.  POETEY,  Heartless.  Gray's.  [It  is]  a 
laborious  mosaic,  through  the  hard,  stiff  linea- 
ments of  which  little  or  true  grace  could  be  ex- 
pected to  look  ;  real  feeling,  and  all  freedom  of 
expressing  it,  are  sacrificed  to  pomp,  to  cold 
splendor  ;  for  vigor  we  have  a  certain  mouthing 
vehemence,  too  elegant  indeed  to  be  tumid,  yet 
essentially  foreign  to  the  heart,  and  seen  to  extend 
no  deeper  than  the  mere  voice  and  gestures. — 
Carlyle's  Goethe,  ch.  1. 

4219.  POETRY,  Inspiration  for.  Robert  Bums. 
"  You  know,"  he  says,  "  our  country  custom  of 
coupling  a  man  and  woman  together  as  partners 
in  the  labors  of  the  harvest.  In  my  fifteenth 
summer  my  partner  was  a  bewitching  creature, 
a  year  younger  than  myself.  .  .  .  She  was  a 
bonnie,  sweet,  sonsie  lass.  In  short,  she,  alto- 
gether unwittingly  to  herself,  initiated  me  in 
that  delicious  passion  which,  in  spite  of  acid 
disappointment,  gin-horse  prudence,  and  book- 
worm philosophy,  I  hold  to  be  the  first  of  human 
joys  here  below  I  How  she  caught  the  contagion 
1  cannot  tell.  .  .  .  Indeed,  I  did  not  know  my- 
self why  I  liked  so  much  to  loiter  behind  with 
her,  when  returning  in  the  evening  from  our  la- 
bors ;  why  the  tones  of  her  voice  made  my 
heartstrings  thrill  like  an  ^olian  harp  ;  and  es- 
pecially why  my  pulse  beat  such  a  furious  ratan 
when  I  looked  and  fingered  over  her  little  hand, 
to  pick  out  the  cruel  nettle-strings  and  thistles. 
...  My  girl  sung  a  song  which  was  said  to  be 
composed  by  a  country  laird's  son,  on  one  of 
his  father's  maids,  with  whom  he  was  in  love  ; 
and  I  saw  no  reason  why  I  might  not  rhyme  as 
well  as  he  ;  for,  excepting  that  he  could  shear 
sheep  and  cast  peats,  his  father  living  in  the 
moorlands,  he  had  no  more  scholar-craft  than 
myself.  Thus  with  me  began  love  and  poetry." 
—Shairp's  Burns,  ch.  1. 

4220.  POETRY,  Pathos  in.  Banie.  Dante 
Alighieri  is  supposed  to  have  invented  a  new 
species  of  epic  poetry  by  the  introduction  of 
angels  and  devils  in  place  of  the  heathen  deities  ; 
yet  there  is  some  reason  to  presume  that  the  An- 


tiochus  of  Ischanus,  were  it  yet  remaining, 
would  deprive  Dante  of  the  merit  of  originality 
in  that  particular.  His  Divina  Commedia,  how- 
ever, has  far  higher  merits  of  its  own.  It  shows 
genius  of  the  very  greatest  order,  and  has  never 
been  surpassed  in  terrible  pathos,  or  in  the  pic- 
turesque of  descriptive  power. — Tytler's  Hist 
Book  4,  ch.  16,  p.  248. 

4221.  POETRY,  Power  of.  Welsh.  A  decisive 
battle,  fought  in  the  year  1283,  determined  for- 
ever the  fate  of  Wales.  Llewellyn  was  killed, 
and  with  him  expired  the  government  and  the 
distinction  of  his  nation.  Wales  was  soon  after 
formally  united  to  the  kingdom  of  England,  and 
the  title  of  its  principality  has  ever  since  been 
borne  by  the  eldest  son  of  the  king.  Some  cir- 
cumstances of  extreme  barbarity  marked  this 
conquest  upon  the  part  of  Edward.  The  Welsh 
bards  kept  alive  an  heroic  spirit  of  freedom  and 
independence,  by  rehearsing  in  their  songs  the 
glorious  achievements  of  the  ancient  Britons  : 
Edward  [I.]  ordered  these  unhappy  minstrels  to 
be  massacred  wherever  they  were  found. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  12,  p.  189. 

4222.  POETRY,  Primacy  of.  Created  with 
Man.  The  poetical  spirit  appears  almost  coeval 
with  the  very  rudest  condition  of  society.  Other 
branches  of  human  knowledge  which  have 
arisen  in  the  gradual  progress  of  improvement 
have  owed  their  origin  to  the  wandering  and 
adventurous  spirit  of  the  species,  or  to  the  wants 
and  sufferings  of  mankind  ;  but  poetry  seems  to 
have  been  created  with  man,  and  is  contempora- 
neous with  his  language  ;  and  what  is  more  re- 
markable, it  is  in  this  early  age  that  poetry  often 
assumes  its  highest  character,  and  arrives  at  its 
greatest  perfection. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4, 
ch.  3,  p.  426. 

4223.  POETRY,  Utility  of.    Ancients.     Poe- 
try or  song  was  therefore  in  all  nations  the  first 
vehicle  of  history,  and  the  earliest  mode  of  pro- 
mulgating laws  ;  for  nothing  was  found  equally 
capable  of  striking  with  force  the  imagination 
and  impressing  the  memory.  ,  .  .  When  society 
has  made  some  advancement,  and  laws  are  es- 
tablished to  guard  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
men,  a  legislator,  observing  with  what  avidity 
the  songs  of  the  bards  are  listened  to,  how  uni- 
versally they  are  circulated,  and  how  tenacious- 
ly retained,   judiciously  avails  himself  of  the 
same  vehicle  for  the  publication  of  his  laws. 
Plato,  in  his  "  Minos,"  informs  us  that  the  first 
laws  of  all  nations  were  composed  in  verse  and 
sung.     Apollo  is  recorded  to  have  been  one  of 
the  first  legislators,  and  to  have  published  his 
laws  to  the  sound  of  his  harp — that  is,  set  them 
to  music.     That  this  mode  of  promulgation  was 
in  use  among  the  ancient  Greeks,  the  word  Nomos, 
which  signifies  both  a  law  and  a  song,  is  direct 
proof  ;  and  Aristotle,  in  his  problems,  inquiring 
into  the  reason  of  this  conformity  of  names  be- 
tween two  such  different  objects,  gives  this  ex- 
press reason,  that  before  the  use  of  writing  it 
was  customary  to  keep  the  laws  in  remembrance 
by  singing  them ;  and  this,  according  to  the 
same  author,  was  the  custom  of  many  different 
nations.     The  laws  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  of 
Spain  were  all  in  verse,   as  were  likewise  the 
laws  of  Tuisto,  the  first  legislator  of  the  an- 
cient'Germans. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1.  ch.  3, 
p.  27. 


600 


POETRY— POLITICS. 


4324.  POETRY,  Weakness  for.  Fredenck  the 
Great.  In  the  midst  of  all  the  great  king's  ca- 
lamities, his  passion  for  writing  indifferent  poe- 
try grew  stronger  and  stronger.  Enemies  all 
around  him,  despair  in  his  heart,  pills  of  corro- 
sive sublimate  hidden  in  his  clothes,  he  poured 
forth  hundreds  upon  hundreds  of  lines,  hateful 
to  gods  and  men — the  insipid  dregs  of  Voltaire's 
Hippocrene — the  faint  echo  of  the  lyre  of  Chau- 
lieu.  It  is  amusing  to  compare  what  he  did  dur- 
ing the  last  months  of  1757  with  what  he  wrote 
during  the  same  time.  It  may  be  doubted  wheth- 
er any  equal  portion  of  the  life  of  Hannibal,  of 
Csesar,  or  of  Napoleon  will  bear  a  comparison 
with  that  short  period,  the  most  brilliant  in  the 
history  of  Prussia  and  of  Frederick. — Macau- 
lay's  Frederick  the  Great,  p.  90. 

4225.  POISON  well  applied.  Ccesar  Borgia. 
[See  No.  5436.]  Italy  was  at  length  delivered  of 
this  monster  and  his  son.  It  is  said  they  had 
prepared  poisoned  wine  for  the  entertainment  of 
some  wealthy  cardinals,  and  that  the  pope  him- 
self, and  his  son,  drank  by  mistake  of  a  bottle 
intended  only  for  his  guests.  The  pope  sviffered 
an  agonizing  death,  but  Borgia  escaped  by  hav- 
ing himself  sewed  up  in  the  belly  of  a  mule.  He 
survived,  however,  but  a  short  time,  and  reaped 
no  other  fruits  of  his  own  and  his  father's  ac- 
cumulated crimes  but  the  universal  abhorrence 
of  mankind. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  14, 
p.  221. 

4226.  POISONING,  Slow.  Sir  Thomas  Over- 
bury.  It  was  perhaps  the  small  share  which 
James  [I.]  had  of  the  affections  of  his  people 
that  produced  his  attachment  to  particular  favor- 
ites. Robert  Carr,  whom  he  created  Earl  of  Som- 
erset, had  no  other  pretensions  to  recommend 
him  but  a  graceful  person  and  a  good  address. 
He  was  a  weak  and  an  unprincipled  man.  He 
fell  from  the  king's  favor  on  conviction  of  his 
being  guilty  of  a  crime  for  which  he  should  have 
suffered  an  ignominious  death — the  murder  of 
Sir  Thomas  Overbury.  Somerset  had  married 
the  Countess  of  Essex —a  most  debauched  woman , 
who,  to  accomplish  this  marriage,  had  procured 
a  divorce  from  the  Earl  of  Essex,  in  which  she 
had  found  a  chief  obstacle  in  Sir  Thomas  Over- 
bury,  a  confidant  of  Somerset.  This  flagitious 
woman  now  prevailed  on  her  husband,  Somerset, 
to  have  Overbury  removed  by  poison,  which  they 
accomplished  in  a  most  barbarous  manner,  by 
feeding  him  daily  for  some  months  with  poisoned 
victuals,  while  confined,  through  the  means  of 
Somerset,  in  the  Tower.  For  this  murder  Som- 
erset and  his  countess  were  condemned  to  suffer 
death,  but  they  both  received  the  king's  pardon. 
—Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  29,  p.  397. 

4227.  POISONS,  Study  of.  Cleopatra.  Cleo- 
patra at  the  same  time  was  making  a  collection 
of  poisonous  drugs,  and  being  desirous  to  know 
which  was  the  least  painful  in  the  operation,  she 
tried  them  on  the  capital  convicts.  Such  poisons 
as  were  quick  in  their  operation  she  found  to  be 
attended  with  violent  pain  and  convulsions  ; 
such  as  were  milder  were  slow  in  their  effect ; 
she  therefore  applied  herself  to  the  examination 
of  venomous  creatures,  and  caused  different 
kinds  of  them  to  be  applied  to  different  persons 
under  her  own  inspection.  These  experiments 
die  repeated  daily,  and  at  length  she  found  that 
the  bite  of  the  asp  was  the  most  eligible  kind  of 


death,  for  it  brought  on  a  gradual  kind  of  leth- 
argy, in  which  the  face  was  covered  with  a  gen- 
tle sweat,  and  the  senses  sunk  easily  into  stupe- 
faction ;  and  those  who  were  thus  affected 
showed  the  same  uneasiness  at  being  disturbed 
or  awaked  that  people  do  in  the  profoundest 
natural  sleep. — Plutarch's  Antony. 

422§.  POLICE,  Inefficient.  Beign  of  Charles 
II.  The  machinery  for  keeping  the  peace  was 
perfectly  contemptible.  There  was  an  act  of 
the  Common  Council  which  provided  that  more 
than  a  thousand  watchmen  should  be  constantly 
on  the  alert  in  the  city  from  sunset  to  sunrise, 
and  that  every  inhabitant  should  take  his  turn 
of  duty  ;  but  the  act  was  negligently  executed. 
Few  of  those  that  were  summoned  left  their 
homes,  and  these  few  generally  found  it  more 
agreeable  to  tipple  in  alehouses  than  to  pace  the 
streets. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  336. 

4229.  POLITENESS,  Use  of.  William,  Pnnce 
of  Orange.  His  manners  [when  King  of  Eng- 
land] were  altogether  Dutch.  Even  his  coun- 
trymen thought  him  blunt.  To  foreigners  he 
often  seemed  churlish.  In  his  intercourse  with 
the  world  in  general  he  appeared  ignorant  or 
negligent  of  those  arts  which  double  the  value  of 
a  favor  and  take  away  the  sting  of  a  refusal. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  7,  p.  151 

4230.  POLITICIAN,  Artful.  Pompey.  The 
renewed  term  of  his  government  was  on  the  eve 
of  expiring  ;  but  this  extraordinary  man  had  no 
design  of  relinquishing  his  military  command. 
To  secure  himself  against  a  deprivation  of  pow- 
er, he  bribed  Curio,  one  of  the  tribunes,  to  make 
a  proposal  which  wore  the  appearance  of  great 
moderation,  and  regard  for  the  public  liberty. 
This  was,  that  Caesar  and  Pompey  should  either 
both  continue  in  their  governments,  or  both  be 
recalled,  as  they  were  equally  capable  of  endan- 
gering the  safety  of  the  commonwealth  by  an 
abuse  of  power.  The  motion  passed,  and  Caesar 
immediately  offered  to  resign  on  condition  that 
his  rival  should  follow  his  example  ;  but  Pom- 
pey rejected  the  proposal,  probably  aware  of  the 
real  designs  of  Caesar,  but  too  confidently  rely- 
ing on  the  strength  of  his  own  party,  and  the  in- 
fluence he  had  with  his  troops. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  4,  ch.  3,  p.  406. 

4231. .  Cromwell.  The  great  ma- 
jority [of  the  army],  however,  were  disposed  to 
support  their  general,  as  elective  first  magistrate 
of  a  commonwealth,  against  all  factions  which 
might  resist  his  authority.  .  .  .  That  his  eleva- 
tion to  power  might  not  seem  to  be  his  own  mere 
act,  he  convoked  a  council,  composed  partly  of 
persons  on  whose  support  he  could  depend,  and 
partly  of  persons  whose  opposition  he  might 
safely  defy.  This  assemblj%  which  he  called  a 
Parliament,  the  populace  nicknamed  from  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  members,  Barebone's 
Parliament. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  125. 

4232.  POLITICS,  Alliance  in.  William  Pitt. 
At  that  day  the  good-will  of  the  people  was,  in 
England,  the  most  uncertain  tenure  of  office, 
for  they  had  no  strength  in  Parliament ;  their 
favorite  [William  Pitt]  held  his  high  position 
[prime-minister]  at  the  sufferance  of  the  aristoc- 
racy. "I  borrow,"  said  Pitt,  "the  Duke  of 
Newcastle's  majority  to  carry  on  the  pubHc  bus- 
iness."— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  12, 


POLITICS, 


501 


4233.  POLITICS,  Abuse  in.  Josiah  Quincy. 
[Wlien  a  Member  of  Congress  lie  was  thus  ad- 
iressed  :]  "  Quincy,  I  thought  I  had  abused  you 

enough  ;  but  I  find  it  will  not  do."  "  Why, 
what  is  the  matter  now  ?  I  do  not  mean  to  speak 
again."  "  No  matter,"  said  Grundy  ;  "  by  Heav- 
ens, I  must  give  you  another  thrashing." 
"  Why  so  ?"  asked  the  member  from  Massachu- 
setts. "Why,"  said  Grundy,  "the  truth  is,  a 
d — d  fellow  has  set  up  against  me  in  my  district 
— a  perfect  Jacobin— as  much  worse  than  I  am 
as  worse  can  be.  Now,  except  Tim  Pickering, 
there  is  not  a  man  in  the  United  States  so  per- 
fectly hated  by  the  people  of  my  district  as 
yourself.  You  must  therefore  excuse  me.  I 
must  abuse  you,  or  I  shall  never  get  re-elected. 
1  will  do  it,  however,  genteelly.  I  wul  not  do  it 
as  that  fool  of  a  Clay  did — strike  so  hard  as  to 
hurt  myself.  But  abuse  you  I  must.  You  un- 
derstand ;  I  mean  to  be  friends,  notwithstand- 
ing. I  mean  to  be  in  Congress  again,  and  must 
use  the  means." — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  754. 

4234.  POLITICS,  Anger  in.  John  Adams. 
President  Adams,  exasperated  by  his  unexpected 
defeat,  would  not  bring  himself  to  remain  in 
Washington  long  enough  to  witness  the  inaugu- 
ration of  his  successor,  but,  about  daylight  on  the 
morning  of  the  4th  of  March,  he  left  Washing- 
ton ;  and  thus,  for  a  few  hours,  there  was  actu- 
ally no  head  to  the  government.  To  us,  reading 
coolly  of  the  events  of  those  times,  such  conduct 
appears  undignified  and  silly.  We  can,  how- 
ever, but  faintly  realize  the  madness  of  party 
spirit  at  that  day,  and  the  distrust  and  bitterness 
with  which  the  elder  Federalists  regarded  the 
victorious  Republicans. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  352. 

4235.  POLITICS,  Bitterness  in.  Van  Buren's 
Administration.  [In  December  of  1839  General 
Harrison  was  again  nominated  by  the  Whigs  as 
their  leader.]  On  the  Democratic  side  Mr.  Van 
Buren  had  no  competitor ;  but  the  unanimity 
of  his  party  could  hardly  compensate  for  his  mis- 
fortunes and  blunders.  The  canvass  was  the 
most  exciting  in  the  political  history  of  the  coun- 
try. The  President  was  blamed  with  everything. 
The  financial  distress  was  laid  at  his  door.  Ex- 
travagance, bribery,  corruption — everything  bad 
was  charged  upon  him.  Men  of  business  adver- 
tised to  pay  |6  a  barrel  for  flour  if  Harrison  should 
be  elected;  $3  a  barrel  if  Van  Buren  should 
be  successful.  The  Whig  orators  tossed  about 
the  luckless  administration  through  all  the  fig- 
ures and  forms  of  speech  ;  and  the  President  him- 
self was  shot  at  with  every  sort  of  dart  that  parti- 
san wit  and  malice  could  invent.  The  enthusi- 
asm in  the  ranks  of  the  opposition  rose  higher 
and  higher ;  and  the  result  was  the  defeat  of  the 
Democrats  in  every  State  except  [seven]. .  .  .  The 
electoral  votes  of  these  States — numbering  sixty 
— were  given  to  Van  Buren  ;  and  the  remainder, 
amounting  to  two  hundred  and  thirty-four,  were 
cast  for  General  Harrison.  After  controlling  the 
destinies  of  the  government  for  nearly  forty 
years,  the  Democratic  party  was  temporarily 
routed. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  55,  p.  439. 

4236.  POLITICS,  Candidates  in.  Roman.  It 
was  customary  for  those  who  were  candidates 
for  any  magistracy  to  appear  in  the  Comitia,  clad 
in  white  apparel.  The  plebeians,  who  aspired 
to  the  military  tribunate,  appeared  accordingly 


in  that  dress  ;  but  as  the  votes  were  called  by 
centuries,  and  the  patricians  had  been  at  some 
pains  to  influence  their  dependents,  it  happened 
that  not  one  of  the  plebeians  was  elected. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  6,  p.  340. 

4237.  POLITICS,  Changes  in.  English  Hem- 
lution.  With  very  different  feelings  had  the  newg 
of  this  great  revolution  been  received  in  France. 
The  politics  of  a  long,  eventful,  and  glorious 
reign  had  been  confounded  in  a  day.  England 
was  again  the  England  of  Elizabeth  and  Crom- 
well ;  and  all  the  relations  of  all  the  states  of 
Christendom  were  completely  changed  by  the 
sudden  introduction  of  this  new  power  into  the 
system.  The  Parisians  could  talk  of  nothing 
but  what  was  passing  in  London. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  552. 

4238. .      The  Restoration.     Every 

one  hoped  in  this  desire  to  change  their  con- 
dition and  disown  all  things  they  had  before  ad- 
vised. Every  ballad  singer  sang  up  and  down 
the  streets  ribald  rhymes,  made  in  reproach 
of  the  late  commonwealth. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  4,  ch.  14,  p.  235. 

4239.  POLITICS,  Clerical.  James  II.  [Will- 
iam, Prince  of  Orange,  had  invaded  England,  and 
James  was  anxiousj  To  the  prelates  he  spoke 
with  peculiar  acrimony.  "  I  could  not,"  he  said, 
"  prevail  on  you  the  other  day  to  declare  against 
this  invasion  ;  but  you  are  ready  enough  to  de- 
clare against  me.  Then  you  would  not  meddle 
with  politics.  You  have  no  scruple  about  med- 
dling now.  You  would  be  better  employed  in. 
teaching  your  flocks  how  to  obey  than  in  teach- 
ing me  how  to  govern.  You  have  excited  this 
rebellious  temper  among  them  ;  and  now  you 
foment  it," — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch,  10,  p.  467. 

4240.  POLITICS  a  Compromise.  England. 
[After  the  flight  of  James  II.  to  France.]  It  was 
moved  that  King  James  II. ,  having  endeavored 
to  subvert  the  Constitution  of  the  kingdom  by 
breaking  the  original  contract  between  king  and 
people,  and,  by  the  advice  of  Jesuits  and  other 
wicked  persons,  having  violated  the  fundamen- 
tal laws,  and  having  withdrawn  himself  out  of 
the  kingdom,  had  abdicated  the  government,  and 
that  the  throne  had  thereby  become  vacant.  .  .  . 
It  is  idle,  however,  to  examine  these  memorable 
words,  as  we  should  examine  a  chapter  of  Aris- 
totle or  of  Hobbes.  Such  words  are  to  be  con- 
sidered not  as  words,  but  as  deeds.  If  they 
effect  that  which  they  are  intended  to  effect,  they 
are  rational,  though  they  may  be  contradictory. 
If  they  fail  of  attaining  their  end,  they  are  ab- 
surd, though  they  carry  demonstration  with 
them.  Logic  admits  of  no  compromise.  The 
essence  of  politics  is  compromise.  It  is  there- 
fore not  strange  that  some  of  the  most  important 
and  most  useful  political  instruments  in  the 
world  should  be  among  the  most  illogical  com- 
positions that  ever  were  penned. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  579. 

4241.  POLITICS,  Contradiction  in.  Election 
of  1848.  General  Cass  was  born  in  New  Eng- 
land of  Puritan  stock.  All  his  mature  life  had 
been  spent  in  the  free  Northwest ....  General 
Taylor  was  born  in  Virginia,  was  reared  in 
Kentucky,  .  .  .  had  passed  all  his  life  in  the 
South,  .  .  .  and  was  the  owner  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  slaves.  Yet  in  the  face  of  these  facts  Gea 


503 


POLITICS. 


eral  Cass  ran  as  the  distinctive  pro-slavery  can- 
didate, and  General  Taylor  .  .  .  was  supported 
throughout  the  North  by  the  anti-slavery  Whigs. 
.  .  .  But  this  contradiction  was  apparent,  not 
real. — Blaine's  Twenty  Yeaks  of  Congress, 
p.  86. 

4243.  POLITICS,  Controversial,  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  Never  before  had  political  contro- 
versy been  carried  on  with  so  much  freedom  ; 
never  before  had  political  clubs  existed  with  so 
elaborate  an  organization  or  so  formidable  an 
influence.  The  one  question  of  the  exclusion 
occupied  the  public  mind.  All  the  presses  and 
pulpits  of  the  realm  took  part  in  the  conflict. 
On  one  side  it  was  maintained  that  the  Constitu- 
tion and  religion  of  the  State  would  never  be 
secure  under  a  popish  king  ;  on  the  other,  that 
the  right  of  James  to  wear  the  crown  in  his  turn 
was  derived  from  God,  and  could  not  be  annull- 
ed, even  by  the  consent  of  all  the  branches  of 
the  Legislature.  Every  county,  every  town, 
every  family,  was  in  agitation.  The  civilities 
and  hospitalities  of  neighborhood  were  interrupt- 
ed. The  dearest  ties  of  friendship  and  of  blood 
were  sundered.  Even  schoolboys  were  divided 
into  angry  parties  ;  and  the  Duke  of  York  and 
the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  had  zealous  adherents 
on  all  the  forms  of  Westminster  and  Eton.  The 
theatres  shook  with  the  roar  of  the  contending 
factions. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  239. 

4243.  POLITICS,  corrupted.  "Treats."  It  was 
a  shrewd  saying,  whoever  said  it,  that  the 
man  who  first  ruined  the  Roman  people  was  he 
who  first  gave  them  treats  and  gratuities. — Plu- 
tarch's Caius  Marcius. 

4244. .  Beign  of  Charles  II.  Scarce- 
ly any  rank  or  profession  escaped  the  infection 
of  the  prevailing  immorality  ;  but  those  persons 
who  made  politics  their  business  were  perhaps 
the  most  corrupt  part  of  the  corrupt  society. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  170. 

4245. .  Beign  of  Charles  II.  Among 

those  politicians  who,  from  the  Restoration  to 
the  accession  of  the  house  of  Hanover,  were  at 
the  head  of  the  great  parties  in  the  State,  very 
few  can  be  named  whose  reputation  is  not 
stained  by  what,  in  our  age,  would  be  called 
gross  perfidy  and  corruption.  It  is  scarcely  an 
exaggeration  to  say  that  the  most  unprincipled 
public  men  who  have  taken  part  in  affairs  with- 
in our  memory  would,  if  tried  by  the  standard 
which  was  in  fashion  during  the  latter  part  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  deserve  to  be  regarded 
as  scinipulous  and  disinterested. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  171. 

4246.  POLITICS,  Devices  in.  "Log-rolling." 
After  Duke  Marlborough  had  won  his  famous 
victory  at  Blenheim,  which  checked  the  danger- 
ous ambition  of  France,  party  spirit  ran  so  high 
that  the  Tories  attempted  to  tack  on  the  twice 
defeated  bill  against  Occasional  Conformity  to 
a  money  bill,  which  was  to  enable  the  war  to  be 
continued.  The  scheme  was  defeated.  The 
tackers,  as  they  were  called,  became  ridiculous 
to  the  nation. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  18, 
p.  289. 

4247.  POLITICS,  Disappointments  in.  Henry 
Clay.  Old  "Rough  and  Ready,"  as  Taylor  was 
called  by  his  troops,  .  .  .  was  chosen  over  Mr. 
Clay  as  the  standard-bearer  of  his  party.  ...  To 


the  overwhelming  chagrin  of  Mr  Clay  a  man 
unknown  in  political  circles  was  preferred  as  the 
candidate  of  the  party  of  which  he  felt  himself 
to  have  been  the  creator.  Mr.  Clay  was  enraged 
by  the  insult,  and  never  became  reconciled  to  it. 
Though  he  gave  in  the  end  a  quiet  vote  for  Tay- 
lor, he  stubbornly  refused  during  the  campaign 
to  open  his  lips  or  write  a  word  in  favor  of  his 
election. — Blaine's  Twenty  Years  of  Con- 
gress, p.  76. 

4248.  POLITICS,  Dislike  for.  Samuel  John- 
son. I  mentioned  politics.  Johnson  :  "  Sir,  I'd 
as  soon  have  a  man  to  break  my  bones  as  talk  ta 
to  me  of  public  affairs,  internal  or  external.  I 
have  lived  to  see  things  all  as  bad  as  they  can 
be." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  484. 

4249.  POLITICS  disrelished.  Gibbon  in  Par- 
liament. Gibbon's  political  career  is  the  side  of 
his  history  from  which  a  friendly  biographer 
would  most  readily  turn  away.  Not  that  it  was 
exceptionally  ignoble  or  self-seeking  if  tried  by 
the  standard  of  the  time,  but  it  was  altogether 
commonplace  and  unworthy  of  him.  The  fact 
that  he  never  even  once  opened  his  mouth  in  the 
House  is  not  in  itself  blameworthy,  though  disap- 
pointing in  a  man  of  his  power.  It  was  indeed 
laudable  enough  if  he  had  nothing  to  say.  But 
why  had  he  nothing  to  say  ?  His  excuse  is  tim- 
idity and  want  of  readiness.  We  may  reasonably 
assume  that  the  cause  lay  deeper.  With  his  men- 
tal vigor  he  would  soon  have  overcome  such  ob- 
stacles if  he  had  really  wished  and  tried  to  over- 
come them.  The  fact  is,  that  he  never  tried  be- 
cause he  never  wished.  It  is  a  singular  thing  ta 
say  of  such  a  man,  but  nevertheless  true,  that  he 
had  no  taste  or  capacity  whatever  for  politics. 
He  lived  at  one  of  the  most  exciting  periods  of 
our  history  ;  he  assisted  at  debates  in  which  con- 
stitutional and  imperial  questions  of  the  highest 
moment  were  discussed  by  masters  of  eloquence 
and  state  policy,  and  he  hardly  appears  to  have 
been  aware  of  the  fact. — Morrison's  Gibbon, 
ch.  6. 

4250.  POLITICS,  Duplicity  in.  Leo  X.  [In  the 
early  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  when  France 
and  Austria  were  warring  against  each  other 
for  twenty-eight  years,  with  short  intervals  of 
peace,  the  authorities  at  Rome  pursued  a  double 
policy  toward  the  contending  sovereigns.]  It 
is  related  of  Leo  X.  that  he  avowed  ' '  that  when 
he  had  concluded  a  treaty  with  one  party,  he  did 
not  on  that  account  cease  to  negotiate  with  the 
other." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  17,  p.  381. 

4251.  POLITICS,  Eminence  in.  Martin  Van 
Buren.  In  point  of  intellectual  force,  he  must 
rank  below  the  really  eminent  men  with  whom  he 
was  long  associated  in  public  life.  But  he  was 
able,  industrious,  and,  in  political  management, 
clever  beyond  any  man  who  has  thus  far  appear- 
ed in  American  politics. — Blaine's  Twenty 
Years  of  Congress,  p.  85. 

4252.  POLITICS  eschewed.  Bomans.  The  seat 
of  justice  has  been  publicly  debauched.  Resolu- 
tions are  introduced  against  corruption,  but  na 
law  can  be  carried.  "The  knights  are  alienated. 
The  Senate  has  lost  its  authoritjr.  The  concord 
of  the  orders  is  gone,  and  the  pillars  of  the  com- 
monwealth which  I  set  up  are  overthrown.  We 
have  not  a  statesman,  or  the  shadow  of  one.  My 
friend  Pompey,  who  might  have  done  something, 


POLITICS. 


505 


sits  silent,  admiring  his  fine  clothes.  Crassus  will 
say  nothing  to  make  himself  unpopular,  and  the 
rest  are  such  idiots  as  to  hope  that  although  the 
constitution  fall,  they  will  save  their  own  fish- 
ponds. [So  Cicero  wrote.] — Froude's  C^sar, 
oh.  13. 

4253.  TOLITlCS,'F&ilvire  of.  Poor  Ireland.  [In 
1515  the  oppression  of  the  poor  in  Ireland  was 
universal.]  The  noble  folk,  whether  English  or 
Irish,  were  oppressors.  They  seized  upon  horse 
meat  and  man's  meat  of  the  king's  poor  subjects 
by  compulsion,  for  naught,  without  any  penny 
paying  therefor.  .  .  .  The  deputy  and  his  coun- 
cil were  extortioners.  The  Church  was  wholly 
abandoned  to  lucre,  none  preaching  or  teaching 
but  the  mendicant  friars.  In  every  department 
of  lay  or  spiritual  rule  the  private  weal,  and  not 
the  common  weal,  was  alone  regarded.  .  .  .  The 
people  despaired  of  a  remedy  for  these  complicat- 
ed miseries,  and  said,  "  No  medicine  can  be  had 
now  for  the  said  infirmity  but  such  as  have  been 
had  afore  this  time  ;  and  folks  were  as  wise  that 
time  as  they  be  now  ;  and  since  they  never  could 
find  remedy,  how  should  remedy  be  found  by 
us  ?"  [Quoted  from  State  papers.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  24,  p.  387. 

4254.  POLITICS,  Forgiveness  in.  Na-poleon  I. 
[After  Napoleon's  escape  from  exile  at  Elba, 
and  his  re-ascension  of  the  throne  of  France,] 
members  of  that  senate  which  had  pronounced 
Napoleon's  forfeiture  of  the  throne  called,  trem- 
blingly, with  their  congratulations.  The  emperor 
received  them  with  courtesy,  and  gave  no  indi- 
cation of  the  slightest  resentment.  "  I  leave  that 
act,"  said  he,  "  for  history  to  relate.  For  my 
part,  I  forget  all  past  occurrences." — Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  26. 

4255.  POLITICS,  Generous.  William  Penn. 
The  next  care  of  Penn  was  to  draw  up  a  frame 
of  government  for  his  province  [of  Pennsyl- 
vania]. Herein  was  his  great  temptation.  He 
had  almost  exhausted  his  father's  estate  in  aid- 
ing the  persecuted  Quakers.  A  stated  revenue 
would  be  very  necessary  in  conducting  his  ad- 
ministration. His  proprietary  rights  under  the 
charter  were  so  ample  that  he  might  easily  re- 
serve for  himself  large  prerogatives  and  great 
emoluments  in  the  government.  He  had  before 
him  the  option  of  being  a  consistent,  honest 
Quaker  or  a  politic  wealthy  governor.  He  chose 
like  a  man  ;  right  triumphed  over  riches.  The 
constitution  which  he  framed  was  liberal  almost 
to  a  fault ;  and  the  people  were  allowed  to  adopt 
or  reject  it  as  they  might  deem  proper. — Rid- 
PAth's  U.  S.,  ch.  25,  p.  210. 

4256.  POLITICS,  Hypocrisy  in.  Augustus.  The 
tender  respect  of  Augustus  for  a  free  constitution 
which  he  had  destroyed  can  only  be  explained 
by  an  attentive  consideration  of  the  character  of 
that  subtile  tyrant ...  a  cool  head,  an  unfeel- 
ing heart,  and  a  cowardly  disposition  prompted 
him  at  the  age  of  nineteen  to  assume  the  mask 
of  hypocrisy,  which  he  never  afterward  laid 
aside.  With  the  same  hand,  and  probably  with 
the  same  temper,  he  signed  the  proscription  of 
Cicero,  and  the  pardon  of  Cinna.  His  virtues, 
and  even  his  vices,  were  artificial ;  and  accord- 
ing to  the  various  dictates  of  his  interest,  he  was 
at  first  the  enemy,  and  at  last  the  father,  of  the 
Roman  world.  When  he  framed  the  artful  sys- 
tem of  the  Imperial  authority,  his  moderation 


was  inspired  by  his  fears.  He  wished  to  deceive 
the  people  by  an  image  of  civil  liberty,  and  the 
armies  by  an  image  of  civil  government. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  3,  p.  87. 

4257.  POLITICS,  IdeaUst  in.  John  Milton. 
On  the  course  of  affairs  Milton's  voice  had  no 
influence,  as  he  had  no  part  in  their  transaction. 
Milton  was  the  last  man  of  whom  a  practical 
politician  would  have  sought  advice.  He  knew 
nothing  of  the  temper  of  the  nation,  and  treated 
all  that  opposed  his  own  view  with  supreme  dis- 
dain. On  the  other  hand,  idealist  though  he 
was,  he  does  not  move  in  the  sphere  of  specula- 
tive politics,  or  count  among  those  philosophic 
names,  a  few  in  each  century,  who  have  influ- 
enced not  action,  but  thought.  Accordingly,  his 
opinions  have  for  us  a  purely  personal  interest. 
They  are  part  of  the  character  of  the  poet  Milton, 
and  do  not  belong  to  either  world,  of  action  or 
of  thought. — Milton,  by  M.  Pattison,  ch.  11. 

4258.  POLITICS,  Insincerity  in.  James  11. 
To  Barillon  [the  French  minister]  James  ex- 
pressed the  strongest  dislike  of  Halifax.  "  I 
know  him  well ;  I  never  can  trust  him.  He  shall 
have  no  share  in  the  management  of  public 
business.  As  to  the  place  which  I  have  given 
him,  it  will  just  serve  to  show  how  little  influ- 
ence he  has."  But  to  Halifax  it  was  thought 
convenient  to  hold  a  very  different  language. 
"  All  the  past  is  forgotten,"  said  the  king,  "  ex- 
cept the  service  which  you  did  me  in  the  debate 
on  the  Exclusion  bill." — Macaulay's  England, 
ch.  4,  p.  416. 

4259.  POLITICS,  Judas  in.  Bobert  Ferguson. 
Robert  Ferguson,  the  Judas  of  Dryden's  great 
satire,  .  .  .  belonged  to  the  class  whose  ofiice  it 
is  to  render  in  troubled  times  to  exasperated  par- 
ties those  services  from  which  honest  men  shrink 
in  disgust  and  prudent  men  in  fear — the  class  of 
fanatical  knaves.  Violent,  malignant,  regardless 
of  truth,  insensible  to  shame,  insatiable  of  noto- 
riety, delighting  in  intrigue,  in  tumult,  in  mis- 
chief for  its  own  sake,  he  toiled  during  many 
years  in  the  darkest  mines  of  faction.  He  lived 
among  libellers  and  false  witnesses.  He  was  the 
keeper  of  a  secret  purse  from  which  agents  too 
vile  to  be  acknowledged  received  hire,  and  the 
director  of  a  secret  press  whence  pamphlets, 
bearing  no  name,  were  daily  issued.  There  is 
strong  reason  to  believe  that  he  provided  for  his 
own  safety  by  pretending  at  Whitehall  to  be  a 
spy  on  the  Whigs,  and  by  furnishing  the  govern- 
ment with  just  so  much  information  as  sulHced 
to  keep  up  his  credit.  He  was  deeply  engaged 
in  the  Rye  House  Plot.  .  .  .  When  the  conspir- 
acy was  detected  and  his  associates  were  in  dis- 
may, he  bade  them  farewell  with  a  laugh,  and 
told  them  that  they  were  novices. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  492. 

4260.  POLITICS  mismanaged.  William,  Prince 
of  Orange.  [His  invading  army  was  successful 
on  English  soil,  and  James  II.  a  fugitive  in 
France.]  Till  after  the  suppression  of  the  west- 
ern insurrection  grave  causes  of  dissension  had 
separated  William  both  from  Whigs  and  Tories. 
He  had  seen  with  displeasure  the  attempts  of  the 
Whigs  to  strip  the  executive  government  of  some 
powers  which  he  thought  necessary  to  its  efl[i- 
ciency  and  dignity.  He  had  seen  with  still 
deeper  displeasure  the  countenance  given  by  a 
large  section  of  that  party  to  the  pretensions  of 


504 


POLITICS. 


Monmouth.  The  Opposition,  it  seemed,  wished 
first  to  make  the  crown  of  England  not  worth 
the  wearing,  and  then  to  place  it  on  the  head  of 
a  bastard  and  impostor. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
oh.  7,  p.  167. 

4261.  POLITICS  misplaced.  In  Camp.  There 
were  not  wanting  persons  who  warned  him  [Pom- 
pey]  that  Caesar's  legions  might  still  be  dangerous. 
Both  Cicero  and  Cato  had  advised  him  to  avoid 
a  battle,  to  allow  Caesar  to  wander  about  Greece 
till  his  supplies  failed  and  his  army  was  worn 
out  by  marches.  Pompey  himself  was  inclined 
to  the  same  opinion.  But  Pompey  was  no  longer 
able  to  act  on  his  own  judgment.  The  senators 
who  were  with  him  in  the  camp  considered  that 
in  Greece,  as  in  Rome,  they  were  the  supreme 
rulers  of  the  Roman  Empire.  All  along  they 
had  held  their  sessions  and  their  debates,  and 
they  had  voted  resolutions  which  they  expected 
to  see  complied  with.  .  .  .  They  had  gradually 
wrested  his  authority  out  of  his  hands,  and  re- 
duced him  to  the  condition  of  an  officer  of  the 
Senatorial  Directory. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  23. 

4262.  POLITICS  modified.  Beign  of  James  II. 
The  bigotry  of  the  most  sturdy  Churchman 
would  not  bear  exportation  across  St.  George's 
Channel.  As  soon  as  the  Cavalier  arrived  in 
Ireland,  and  found  that,  without  the  hearty  and 
courageous  assistance  of  his  Puritan  neighbors, 
he  and  all  his  family  would  run  imminent  risk 
of  being  murdered  by  rapparees,  his  hatred  of 
Puritanism,  in  spite  of  himself,  began  to  lan- 
guish and  die  away.  It  was  remarked  by  emi- 
nent men  of  both  parties,  that  a  Protestant  who, 
in  Ireland,  was  called  a  high  Tory,  would  in 
England  have  been  considered  as  a  moderate 
Whig. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  122. 

4263.  POLITICS,  Parties  in.  Needed.  The 
kings  presided  in  the  senate,  and  had  a  double 
suffrage.  They  were  likewise  the  generals  of 
the  republic  ;  but  in  other  respects  their  power 
was  extremely  limited.  They  could  form  no 
enterprise  without  the  sanction  of  a  council  of 
the  citizens,  Miiose  duty  was  to  watch  over  their 
measures.  On  considering  this  circumscribed 
authority  of  the  kings,  Condillac  has  well  re- 
marked that  the  throne  seemed  preserved  in  the 
line  of  the  Heraclidae,  only  with  the  view  of  pre- 
venting any  citizen  aspiring  to  it ;  and  two  kings 
were  in  reality  less  dangerous  to  liberty  than 
one,  since  they  constantly  kept  alive  two  oppo- 
site parties,  each  restraining  the  other's  ambition, 
and  thus  preventing  all  approach  to  tyranny. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  9,  p.  91. 

4264.  POLITICS,  Partisan.  Samuel  Johnson. 
An  eminent  public  character  being  mentioned  : 
Johnson  :  "  I  remember  being  present  when  he 
showed  himself  to  be  so  corrupted,  or  at  least 
something  so  different  from  what  I  think  right, 
as  to  maintain  that  a  member  of  Parliament 
should  go  along  with  his  party,  right  or  wrong. 
Now,  sir,  this  is  so  remote  from  native  virtue, 
from  scholastic  virtue,  that  a  good  man  m,ust 
have  undergone  a  great  change  before  he  can  rec- 
oncile himself  to  such  a  doctrine.  It  is  main- 
taining that  you  may  lie  to  the  public  ;  for 
you  lie  when  you  call  that  right  which  you 
think  wrong,  or  the  reverse.  A  friend  of  ours, 
who  is  too  much  an  echo  of  that  gentleman,  ob- 
served that  a  man  who  does  not  stick  uniform- 
ly to  a  party  is  only  waiting  to  be  bought. 


Why  then,  said  I,  he  is  only  waiting  to  be  what 
that  gentleman  is  already." — Boswell's  John- 
son. 

4265.  POLITICS,  Power  in.  "King-Maker." 
Warwick  found  an  opportunity  of  revenge. 
His  daughter  was  married  to  the  Duke  of  Clar- 
ence, the  king's  brother.  This  prince  he  se- 
duced from  his  allegiance,  as  well  as  many  of  the 
nobles  of  the  York  faction,  and  Warwick  now 
openly  stood  forth  the  champion  of  the  house  of 
Lancaster.  After  various  intermediate  changes, 
Edward  [IV.]  was  deposed  from  the  throne,  and 
Henry  VI.  once  more  reinstated  by  the  hands 
of  Warwick,  who  was  now  distinguished  by  the 
epithet  of  the  king-make?: — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  14,  p.  226. 

4266. .   Charles  James  Fox.  I  asked 

him  if  it  was  true,  as  reported,  that  he  had  said 
lately,  ' '  I  am  for  the  king  against  Fox ;  but  I 
am  for  Fox  against  Pitt."  Johnson  :  "  Yes, 
sir  ;  the  king  is  my  master  ;  but  I  do  not  know 
Pitt ;  and  Fox  is  niy  friend."  "  Fox,"  added  he, 
"  is  a  most  extraordinary  man  ;  here  is  a  man  .  .  . 
who  has  divided  the  kingdom  with  Caesar  ;  so 
that  it  was  a  doubt  whether  the  nation  should 
be  ruled  by  the  sceptre  of  George  III.  or  the 
tongue  of  Fox." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  522. 

4267.  POLITICS,  Prayer  in.  Samuel  Johnson. 
[His  prayer,  in  view  of  becoming  a  politician, 
was  found  in  his  diary  :]  "  Enlighten  my  under- 
standing with  the  knowledge  of  right,  and  gov- 
ern my  will  by  thy  laws,  that  no  deceit  may  mis- 
lead me,  nor  temptation  corrupt  me ;  that  I 
may  always  endeavor  to.  do  good,  and  hinder 
evil." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  137. 

426§.  POLITICS,  Preaching.  Puritan.  While 
nobles  and  statesmen  were  cowering  in  silence 
before  the  dreaded  power  of  the  kingship,  the 
preachers  spoke  bluntly  out.  Not  only  Latimer, 
but  Knox,  Grindal,  and  Lever  had  uttered  fiery 
remonstrances  against  the  plunderers  of  Ed- 
ward's [VI.]  reign.  Bradford  had  threatened 
them  with  the  divine  judgment  which  at  last 
overtook  them.  "  The  judgment  of  the  Lord  ! 
The  judgment  of  the  Lord  !"  cried  he,  with  a 
lamentable  voice  and  weeping  tears.— Hist,  of 
Eng.  People,  §  685, 

4269.  .    Under  Cromwell.     Under 

no  English  government  since  the  Reformation 
had  there  been  so  little  religious  persecution. 
The  unfortunate  Roman  Catholics,  indeed,  were 
held  to  be  scarcely  within  the  pale  of  Christian 
charity  ;  but  the  clergy  of  the  fallen  Anglican 
Church  were  suffered  to  celebrate  their  worship 
on  condition  that  they  would  abstain  from 
preaching  about  politics. — Macaulay's  Hist, 
OF  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  129. 

4270. .  Jonathan  Mayhew.  [Pastor 

of  West  Church,  Boston.  The  king's  stamp  of- 
ficer had  been  resisted  by  a  mob.]  On  the  next 
Lord's  day  but  one,  before  a  crowded  audience, 
choosing  as  his  text,  "  I  would  they  were  even 
cut  off  which  trouble  you  ;  for,  brethren,  ye 
have  been  called  unto  liberty."  He  preached 
fervidly  in  behalf  of  civil  and  religious  freedom. 
"  I  hope,"  said  he,  "  no  persons  among  ourselves 
have  encouraged  the  bringing  of  such  a  burden 
as  the  Stamp  Act  on  the  country." — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  16, 


POLITICS. 


505- 


4271. .     Connecticut,      a.d.  1708. 

It  was  first  the  custom,  and  afterward  the  order, 
that  "  the  ministers  of  the  gospel  should  preach 
;a  sermon  on  the  day  appointed  by  law  for  the 
choice  of  civil  rulers,  proper  for  the  direction  of 
the  towns  in  the  work  before  them." — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  19. 

42T2. .  Friars.   When,  in  1346,  he 

[Edward  III.]  resolved  upon  the  invasion  of 
France,  he  published  a  manifesto  upon  the 
cause  of  the  war,  which  he  addressed  to  the  Pro- 
vincial of  the  Order  of  Preaching  Friars  in  Eng- 
land, in  which  he  exhorts  him  to  urge  his  breth- 
ren to  set  forth  his  cause  in  their  sermons. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  27,  p.  451. 

4273. .  Beign  of  Charles  II.     The 

pulpits  resounded  with  harangues  against  the  sin 
of  rebellion.  The  treatises  in  which  Filmer 
maintained  that  hereditary  despotism  was  the 
form  of  government  ordained  by  God,  and  that 
limited  monarchy  was  a  pernicious  absurdity, 
had  recently  appeared,  and  had  been  favorably 
received  by  a  large  section  of  the  Tory  party. 
The  University  of  Oxford,  on  the  very  day  on 
which  Russell  was  put  to  death,  adopted  by  a 
;Solemn  public  act  these  strange  doctrines,  and 
•ordered  the  political  works  of  Buchanan,  Mil- 
ton, and  Baxter  to  be  publicly  burned  in  the 
court  of  the  schools. — Mac  aula  y's  Eng.,  ch.  2, 
p.  252. 

4274.  POLITICS  without  Principle.  Profes- 
sional. He  catches  without  effort  the  tone  of 
any  sect  or  party  with  which  he  chances  to  min- 
gle. He  discerns  the  signs  of  the  times  with  a 
sagacity  .  .  .  with  which  a  Mohawk  warrior  fol- 
lows a  track  through  the  woods.  But  we  shall 
seldom  find,  in  a  statesman  so  trained,  integrity, 
constancy,  or  any  of  the  virtues  of  the  noble 
family  of  Truth.  He  has  no  faith  in  any  doc- 
trine, no  zeal  for  any  cause.  .  .  .  He  sneers  alike 
at  those  who  are  anxious  to  preserve  and  at  those 
who  are  eager  to  reform.  There  is  nothing  in 
the  State  which  he  could  not,  without  a  scruple 
or  a  blush,  join  in  defending  or  in  destroying. 
Fidelity  to  opinions  and  to  friends  seems  to  him 
mere  dulness  and  wrongheadedness.  Politics 
he  regards  not  as  a  science  of  which  the  object 
is  the  happiness  of  mankind,  but  as  an  exciting 
game  of  mixed  chance  and  skill,  at  which  a  dex- 
terous and  lucky  player  may  win. — Mac aul ay's 
Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  171. 

4275.  POLITICS,  Eeverses  in.  Tyler's  Ad- 
ministration. For  the  first  and  only  time  in  our 
political  history,  an  administration  conducting  a 
war  [with  Mexico],  victorious  at  every  step, 
;«teadily  lost  ground  in  the  country.  The  House 
•of  Representatives,  which  declared  war  on  the 
11th  of  May,  1846,  was  Democratic  by  a  large 
.majority.  The  House  elected  in  the  ensuing 
autumn,  amid  the  resounding  acclamations  of 
Taylor's  memorable  victory  at  Monterey,  had  a 
decided  Whig  majority.  This  political  reverse 
was  due  to  three  causes  :  the  enactment  of  the 
tariff  of  1846,  which  offended  the  manufactur- 
ing interests  of  the  country  ;  the  receding  of 
the  administration  on  the  Oregon  question, 
which  embarrassed  the  position  and  wounded 
the  pride  of  the  Northern  Democrats  ;  and  the 
widespread  apprehension  that  the  war  was  un- 
dertaken for  the  purpose  of  extending  and  per- 


petuating slavery. — Blaine's  Twenty  Yeaes 
OF  Congress,  p.  64. 

4276.  POLITICS,  Eevulsion  toward.  DisJwn- 
or.  [The  Duke  of  Shrewsbury,  formerly  the 
favorite  minister  and  secretary  of  State  for  Will- 
iam III.,  in  1700,  when  party  violence  had 
reached  its  climax,  wrote  Somers,  the  lord- 
chancellor  :]  I  wonder  that  a  man  can  be  found 
in  England  who  has  bread  that  will  be  con- 
cerned in  public  business.  Had  I  a  son,  I  would 
sooner  breed  him  a  cobbler  than  a  courtier,  and  a 
hangman  than  a  statesman. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  5,  ch.  16,  p.  240. 

4277.  POLITICS,  Sagacity  in.  Eenry  day. 
Mr.  Clay  possessed  extraordinary  sagacity  in 
public  affairs,  seeing  and  foreseeing  where  others 
were  blinded  by  ignorance  or  prejudice.  He  was 
a  statesman  by  intuition,  finding  a  remedy  be- 
fore others  could  discover  the  disease.  His  con- 
temporaries appreciated  his  rare  endowments. 
On  the  day  of  his  first  entrance  into  the  House 
of  Representatives  he  was  chosen  speaker,  though 
but  thirty-four  years  of  age.  This  was  all  the  more 
remarkable  because  the  House  was  filled  with 
men  of  recognized  ability,  who  had  been  long  in 
the  public  service. — Blaine's  Twenty  Years 
OF  Congress,  p.  107. 

427§.  POLITICS  in  Saloons.  Beign  of  Charles 
II.  The  coffee-house  must  not  be  dismissed 
with  a  cursory  mention.  It  might,  indeed,  at 
that  time,  have  been  not  improperly  called  a 
most  important  political  institution.  No  Parlia- 
ment had  sat  for  years.  The  municipal  council 
of  the  city  had  ceased  to  speak  the  sense  of  the 
citizens.  Public  meetings,  harangues,  resolu- 
tions, and  the  rest  of  the  modern  machineiy  of 
agitation  had  not  yet  come  into  fashion.  Noth- 
ing resembling  the  modern  newspaper  existed. 
In  such  circumstances  the  coffee-houses  were 
the  chief  organs  through  which  the  public  opin- 
ion of  the  metropolis  vented  itself. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  341. 

4279.  POLITICS,  Selfishness  in.  Romans.  The 
Senate  gave  a  notable  evidence  of  their  incapac- 
ity for  selecting  competent  governors  for  the 
provinces  by  appointing  in  his  [Crassus']  place 
Caesar's  old  colleague,  Bibulus.  In  their  whole 
number  there  was  no  such  fool  as  Bibulus.  When 
he  arrived  in  Syria  he  shut  himself  into  a  forti- 
fied town,  leaving  the  Parthians  to  plunder  and 
burn  at  their  pleasure.  Cicero  mocked  at  him. 
The  Senate  thanked  him  for  his  distinguished 
services.  The  few  serious  men  in  Rome  thought 
that  Caesar  or  Pompey  should  be  sent  out ;  or,  if 
they  could  not  be  spared,  at  least  one  of  the  con- 
suls of  the  year — Sulpicius  Rufus  or  Marcus 
Marcellvis.  But  the  consuls  were  busy  with 
home  politics,  and  did  not  wish  to  go,  nor  did 
they  wish  that  others  should  go  and  gather 
laurels  instead  of  them.  Therefore  nothing  was 
done  at  all,  and  Syria  was  left  to  fate  and  Bibu- 
lus.— Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  20. 

4280.  POLITICS,  Trifles  in.  Whigs  and  Tories. 
[William  III.  had  two  parties  in  Parliament 
who  were  very  bitter  toward  each  other.]  He  met 
with  such  treatment  from  both  as  once  gave  him 
occasion  to  say,  in  a  pet,  to  Lord  Halifax,  that 
all  the  difference  he  knew  between  the  two  par- 
ties was  that  the  Tories  would  cut  his  throat  ia 


506 


POLITICS— POOR. 


the  morning,  and  the  Whigs  in  the  afternoon. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  5,  ch.  16,  p.  244. 

4281.  POLITICS,  Vexation  in.  Horace  areeley . 
As  the  standard-bearer  of  the  Liberal  Republican 
and  Democratic  parties,  Horace  Greeley,  editor 
of  the  New  York  Tribune,  was  nominated.  This 
was  the  last  act  in  that  remarkable  man's  career. 
For  more  than  thirty  years  he  had  been  an  ac- 
knowledged leader  of  public  opinion  in  America. 
He  had  discussed  with  vehement  energy  and  en- 
thusiasm almost  every  question  in  which  the 
people  of  the  United  States  have  any  interest. 
After  a  lifetime  of  untiring  industry  he  was  now, 
lit  the  age  of  sixty-one,  called  to  the  forefront  of 
political  strife.  The  canvass  was  one  of  wild  ex- 
citement and  bitter  denunciations.  Mr.  Greeley 
was  overwhelmingly  beaten,  and  died  in  less  than 
a  month  after  the  election.  In  his  death  the  na- 
tion lost  a  great  philanthropist,  and  journalism 
its  brightest  light. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  68, 
p.  558. 

42§2.  POLITICS,  "Woman  in.  Reign  of 
Charles  II.  A  negotiation  was  arranged  which 
lasted  several  months.  The  chief  agent  between 
the  English  and  French  courts  was  the  beautiful, 
graceful,  and  intelligent  Henrietta,  Duchess  of 
Orleans,  sister  of  [King]  Charles,  sister-in-law  of 
[King]  Louis  XIV.,  and  a  favorite  with  both. 
The  King  of  England  offered  to  declare  himself 
a  Roman  Catholic,  to  dissolve  the  Triple  Alli- 
ance, and  join  with  France  against  Holland,  if 
France  would  engage  to  lend  him  such  military 
and  pecuniary  aid  as  might  make  him  inde- 
pendent of  his  Parliament.— Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  3,  p.  192. 

42§3.  POLITICS,  Young  Men  in.  Disdained. 
[Lord  Clarendon,  counsellor  under  Charles  II.] 
Toward  the  young  orators,  who  were  rising  to 
distinction  and  authority  in  the  Lower  House, 
his  deportment  was  ungracious ;  and  he  suc- 
ceeded in  making  them,  with  scarcely  an  excep- 
tion, his  deadly  enemies.  Indeed,  one  of  his 
most  serious  faults  was  an  inordinate  contempt 
for  youth,  and  this  contempt  was  the  more  un- 
justifiable, because  his  own  experience  in  Eng- 
lish politics  was  by  no  means  proportioned  to  his 
age ;  for  so  great  a  part  of  his  life  had  been 
passed  abroad,  that  he  knew  less  of  the  world  in 
which  he  found  himself  on  his  return  than  many 
who  might  have  been  his  sons.  .  .  .  For  these 
reasons  he  was  disliked  by  the  Commons. — 
Mac AUL ay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  183. 

4284.  POMP  in  private  Life.  General  Wal- 
lenstein.  [Being  dismissed  from  the  army,  where 
he  had  won  renown,]  repose  was  the  last  thing 
that  Wallenstein  contemplated  when  he  returned 
to  private  life.  In  his  retreat  he  surrounded 
himself  with  a  regal  pomp  which  seemed  to 
mock  the  sentence  of  degradation.  Six  gates 
led  to  the  palace  he  inhabited  in  Prague,  and  a 
hundred  houses  were  pulled  down  to  make  way 
for  his  courtyard.  Similar  palaces  were  built 
on  his  other  numerous  estates.  Gentlemen  of  the 
noblest  houses  contended  for  the  honor  of  serving 
him,  and  even  imperial  chamberlains  resigned 
the  golden  key  to  the  emperor,  to  fill  a  similar 
office  under  Wallenstein.  He  maintained  sixty 
pages,  who  were  instructed  by  the  ablest  masters. 
His  antechamber  was  protected  by  fifty  life- 
guards. His  table  never  consisted  of  less  than 
<5rie  hundred  covers,  and  his  seneschal  was  a  per- 


son of  distinction.  When  he  travelled  his  bag- 
gage and  suite  accompanied  him  in  a  hundred 
wagons,  drawn  by  six  or  four  horses  ;  his  court 
followed  in  sixty  carriages,  attended  by  fifty  led 
horses.  The  pomp  of  his  liveries,  the  splendor 
of  his  equipages,  and  the  decorations  of  his  apart- 
ments were  in  keeping  with  all  the  rest.  Six 
barons  and  as  many  knights  were  in  constant  at- 
tendance about  his  person,  and  ready  to  execute 
his  slightest  order.  Twelve  patrols  went  their 
rounds  about  his  palace,  to  prevent  any  disturb- 
ance. His  busy  genius  required  silence.  The 
noise  of  coaches  was  to  be  kept  away  from  his- 
residence,  and  the  streets  leading  to  it  were  fre- 
quently blocked  up  with  chains.  His  own  cir- 
cle was  as  silent  as  the  approaches  to  his  palace ; 
dark,  reserved,  and  impenetrable,  he  was  more 
sparing  of  his  words  than  of  his  gifts,  while  the 
little  that  he  spoke  was  harsh  and  imperious. 
He  never  smiled,  and  the  coldness  of  his  tem- 
perament was  proof  against  sensual  seductions. 
—Thirty  Years'  War,  §  228. 

4285.  POMP,  Oriental.  Royal.  While  the 
successors  of  Cyrus  reigned  over  Asia,  the  prov- 
ince of  Assyria  alone  maintained,  during  a  third 
part  of  the  year,  the  luxurious  plenty  of  the 
table  and  household  of  the  great  king.  Four 
considerable  villages  were  assigned  for  the  sub- 
sistence of  his  Indian  dogs  ;  eight  hundred  stal- 
lions and  sixteen  thousand  mares  were  con- 
stantly kept,  at  the  expense  of  the  country,  for- 
the  royal  stables  ;  and  as  the  daily  tribute  which 
was  paid  to  the  satrap  amounted  to  one  Eng- 
lish bushel  of  silver,  we  may  compute  the  annual 
revenue  of  Assyria  at  more  than  twelve  hundred 
thousand  pounds  sterling. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  24,  p.  481. 

^  4286.  POMPOSITY,  Expression  of.  Samuel 
Johnson.  Lord  Lucan  tells  a  very  good  story, 
which ...  is  certainly  characteristical :  that  when 
the  sale  of  Thrale's  brewery  was  going  forward, 
Johnson  appeared  bustling  about,  with  an  ink- 
horn  and  pen  in  his  button-hole,  like  an  excise- 
man ;  and  on  being  asked  what  he  really  consid- 
ered to  be  the  value  of  the  property  which  was 
to  be  disposed  of,  answered,  "  We  are  not  here 
to  sell  a  parcel  of  boilers  and  vats,  but  the  poten- 
tiality of  growing  rich  beyond  the  dreams  of 
avarice." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  456. 

4287.  POOE  benefited.  By  Civilization.  Of 
the  blessings  which  civilization  and  philosophy 
bring  with  them,  a  large  proportion  is  common 
to  all  ranks,  and  would,  if  withdrawn,  be  missed 
as  painfully  by  the  laborer  as  by  the  peer.  The 
market-place  which  the  rustic  can  now  reach 
with  his  cart  in  an  hour  was,  a  hundred  and 
sixty  years  ago,  a  day's  journey  from  him.  The 
street  which  now  affords  to  the  artisan,  during 
the  whole  night,  a  secure,  a  convenient,  and  a 
brilliantly  lighted  walk,  was,  a  hundred  and  six 
ty  years  ago,  so  dark  after  sunset  that  he  would 
not  have  been  able  to  see  his  hand,  so  ill  paved 
that  he  would  have  run  constant  risk  of  break- 
ing his  neck,  and  so  ill  watched  that  he  would 
have  been  in  imminent  danger  of  being  knocked 
down  and  plundered  of  his  small  earnings. 
Every  bricklayer  who  falls  from  a  scaffold, 
every  sweeper  of  a  crossing  who  is  run  over  by 
a  carriage,  now  may  have  his  wounds  dressed 
and  his  limbs  set  with  a  skill  such  as,  a  hundred 
and  sixty  years  ago,  all  the  wealth  of  a  great 


POOR. 


507 


lord  like  Ormond,  or  of  a  merchant  prince  like 
Clayton,  could  not  have  purchased. — Macau- 
la  y'sEng.,  ch.  3,  p.  393. 

42§8.  POOR  burdened.  For  the  Rich.  More 
frequently  than  usual,  in  consequence  of  the 
king's  captivity  [Richard  I.  was  captured  while 
I'eturning  from  the  crusade,  and  imprisoned  more 
than  a  year  by  the  Emperor  of  Germany]  and 
other  accidents,  aids  of  no  small  amount  were 
imposed  upon  the  citizens  ;  and  the  rich  men, 
sparing  their  own  purses,  wanted  the  poor  to 
pay  everything. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  23, 
p.  321. 

42§9.  POOE,  Children  of  the.  Wesleys.  [Sam- 
uel Wesley,  the  father  of  John  "Wesley,  reared  a 
family  of  ten  children  on]  his  Epworth  living, 
which  afforded  but  £130  ;  .  .  .  he  lived  in  con- 
tinual conflict  with  poverty  ;  ...  he  was  im- 
prisoned for  debt  and  died  in  debt.  .  .  .  The 
sconomy  by  which  so  large  a  family  were  reared 
and  educated  is  a  remarkable  fact  in  its  history. 
— Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  59. 

4290.  POOB,  Conspiracy  against  the.  English 
Legislation.  In  some  points,  such  as  his  [Thomas 
More's]  treatment  of  the  question  of  labor,  he 
Btill  remains  far  in  advance  of  current  opinion. 
The  whole  system  of  society  around  him  seemed 
to  him  "nothing  but  a  conspiracy  of  the  rich 
against  the  poor."  Its  economic  legislation,  from 
the  statute  of  laborers  to  the  statutes  by  which 
the  parliament  of  1515  strove  to  fix  a  standard 
of  wages,  was  simply  the  carrying  out  of  such  a 
conspiracy  by  process  of  law.  "The  rich  are 
ever  striving  to  pare  away  something  further 
from  the  daily  wages  of  the  poor  by  private 
fraud  and  even  bv  public  law,  so  that  the  wrong 
already  existing  (for  it  is  a  wrong  that  those  from 
whom  the  State  derives  most  benefit  should  re- 
ceive least  reward)  is  made  yet  greater  by  means 
of  the  law  of  the  State."  "  The  rich  devise  every 
means  by  which  they  may,  in  the  first  place,  se- 
cure to  themselves  what  they  have  amassed  by 
wrong,  and  then  take  to  their  own  use  and  profit, 
at  the  lowest  possible  price,  the  work  and  labor 
of  the  poor.  And  so  soon  as  the  rich  decide  on 
adopting  these  devices  in  the  name  of  the  pub- 
lic, then  they  become  law."  The  result  was  the 
wretched  existence  to  which  the  labor  class  was 
doomed,  "  a  life  so  wretched  that  even  a  beast's 
life  seems  enviable." — Hist,  of  Eng.  People, 
§523. 

4291.  POOR,  Decrease  of  the.  England.  There 
can  hardly  be  a  more  important  test  of  the  con- 
dition of  the  common  people  than  the  ratio  which 
this  class  bears  to  the  whole  society.  At  pres- 
ent the  men,  women,  and  children  who  receive 
relief  are,  in  bad  years,  one  tenth  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  England,  and,  in  good  years,  one  thir- 
teenth. Gregory  King  estimated  them  in  his  time 
at  more  than  a  fifth  ;  and  this  estimate,  which  all 
our  respect  for  his  authority  will  scarcely  prevent 
us  from  calling  extravagant,  was  pronounced 
by  Davenant  eminently  judicious.— Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  391. 

4292.  POOR,  Discrimination  against  the.  Law. 
In  1704,  ...  by  the  statute  "  for  raising  recruits 
for  the  land  forces  and  marines,"  justices  of  the 
peace  and  mayors  or  other  head  officers  of  bor- 
ough were  empowered  "to  raise  and  levy  such 
able-bodied  men  as  have  not  any  lawful  calling 


or  employment,  or  visible  means  for  their  main- 
tenance and  livelihood,  to  serve  as  soldiers.  The 
constables  were  to  receive  10s.  per  head  for  bring- 
ing the  tattered  prodigals  before  the  justices. 
This  statute  was  renewed  in  1705  and  the  sys- 
tem was  also  tried  in  the  latter  end  of  the  reign 
of  George  II." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  18. 
p.  272. 

4293.  POOR,  Dwellings  of  the.  Cellars.  In 
1837  ...  in  Liverpool  there  were  8000  cellars  oc- 
cupied by  30,000  people,  few  of  which  cellars, 
from  the  absence  of  drains  and  sewers,  were  en- 
tirely free  from  damp,  and  most  of  them  were 
inundated  after  a  fall  of  rain.  In  a  report  laid 
before  the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  it  was  stated  that  the  proportion 
of  the  population  who  lived  in  cellars  was  13 
per  cent ;  of  Manchester,  llf  per  cent ;  of  Sal- 
ford,  8  per  cent ;  of  Bury,  3|  per  cent. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  22,  p.  393. 

4294.  POOR,  Hardships  of  the.  Miners.  The 
report  of  a  commission  appointed  by  Parliament 
in  1840,  to  inquire  into  the  employment  of  the 
children  of  the  poorer  classes  in  mines  and  col- 
lieries, exhibited  in  some  mining  districts  a  state 
of  things,  with  regard  not  only  to  children  but 
to  women,  which  could  scarcely  be  paralleled. 
...  A  child  of  six  years  of  age,  with  a  girdle 
round  his  or  her  waist,  to  which  was  attached  a 
chain  passing  under  the  legs,  and  fastened  to  a 
cart,  had  thus  to  drag  a  load  on  all  fours  through 
avenues  not  so  good  as  a  common  sewer.  Chil- 
dren and  women  who  w^ere  not  employed  in 
dragging  loads  by  the  girdle  and  chain  had  to 
carry  loads  of  coal  on  their  backs  up  steep  as- 
cents equal  in  distance  to  the  height  of  St.  Paul's 
fourteen  times  a  day. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8. 
ch.  22,  p.  395. 

4295.  POOR,  First  Laws  for  the.  England. 
The  tentative  process  by  which  the  principle  of 
a  public  contribution  for  the  relief  of  the  poor 
was  first  approached,  is  distinctly  set  forth  by 
the  statute  of  1551-52.  A  book  was  to  be  kept 
for  each  parish,  in  which  should  be  entered  the 
names  of  the  householders,  and  of  the  impotent 
poor.  In  whitsun-week  two  or  more  persons 
were  to  be  appointed  as  collectors  of  alms  ;  and 
on  the  Sunday  following,  when  the  people  are 
at  church,  "  the  said  collectors  shall  gently  ask 
and  demand  of  every  man  and  woman  what 
they  of  their  charity  will  give  weekly  toward 
the  relief  of  the  poor."  The  sums  so  collected 
weekly  were  to  be  distributed  by  the  same  col- 
lectors, "  after  such  sort  that  the  more  impotent 
may  have  the  more  help,  and  such  as  can  get 
part  of  their  living  have  the  less ;  and  by  the 
discretion  of  the  collector  to  be  put  in  such  labor 
as  they  be  able  to  do."  If  any  person,  being 
able,  refuse  to  contribute,  he  was  to  be  gently 
exhorted  by  the  parson  and  churchwardens  ; 
and  if  their  exhortations  failed,  he  was  to  be 
sent  for  by  the  bishop,  to  be  induced  and  per- 
suaded to  so  charitable  a  deed.  .  .  .  The  same 
principle  is  maintained  by  the  statute  of  1562-63  : 
"  If  any  person  of  his  froward  or  wilful  mind 
shall  obstinately  refuse  to  give  weekly  ...  ac- 
cording to  his  ability,"  the  bishop  had  power  to 
bind  him  to  appear  at  the  next  sessions,  when 
the  justices,  if  he  continued  obstinate,  might  de- 
termine what  sum  he  should  pay,  and  commit 
him  to  prison  if  he  persisted  in  his  refusal, 


508 


POOR— POPERW 


{This  was  the  first  assertion  of  the  principle  of 
a  compulsory  assessment  of  property  for  the 
relief  of  the  poor.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  17,  p.  267. 

4296.  POOE  oppressed  by  Law.  England.  [In 
1388  no  workingman,  skilled  or  unskilled,  was 
permitted  to]  bear  buckler,  sword,  nor  dagger 
except  in  the  time  of  war.  They  were  to  aban- 
don "all  idle  games  of  tennis,  football,  quoits, 
skittles,  dice  and  casting  stone."  [An  act  of 
Parliament  forbade  it.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  1,  p.  14. 

4297.  POOR,  Oppression  of  the.  Servants.  [In 
the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  jus- 
tice of  the  peace]  would  commit  a  servant  to 
Bridewell  at  any  time  when  a  master  or  mistress 
desired  it. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  108. 

4298.  .     Boman.     [When  during 

the  wars  against  the  Sabines  the  poor  of  the  city 
of  Rome  vainly  plead  for  toleration,]  they 
left  the  city,  and  withdrew  to  the  hill  now  called 
Sacred,  near  the  river  Anio,  but  without  commit- 
ting any  violence  or  other  act  of  sedition.  Only 
as  they  went  along,  they  loudly  complained 
that  it  was  now  a  great  while  since  the  rich 
had  driven  them  from  their  habitations  ;  that  It- 
aly would  anywhere  supply  them  with  air  and 
water  and  a  place  of  burial ;  and  that  Rome,  if 
they  had  stayed  in  it,  would  afford  them  no  oth- 
er privilege,  unless  it  were  such,  to  bleed  and  die 
in  fighting  for  their  wealthy  oppressors.  The 
Senate  was  then  alarmed,  and  from  the  oldest 
men  of  their  body  selected  the  most  moderate 
and  popular  to  treat  with  the  people.  At  the 
"head  of  them  was  Merienius  Agrippa,  who  after 
much  entreaty  addressed  to  them,  and  many  ar- 
guments in  defence  of  the  Senate,  concluded  his 
discourse  with  this  celebrated  fable  :  ' '  The  mem- 
bers of  the  human  body  once  mutinied  against 
the  belly,  and  accused  it  of  lying  idle  and  use- 
less, while  they  were  all  laboring  and  toiling  to 
satisfy  its  appetites  ;  but  the  belly  only  laughed 
at  their  simplicity,  who  knew  not  that,  though 
it  received  all  the  nourishment  into  itself,  it  pre- 
pared and  distributed  it  again  to  all  parts  of  the 
body.  Just  so,  my  fellow-citizens,"  said  he, 
"  stands  the  case  between  the  Senate  and  you. 
Eor  their  necessary  counsels  and  acts  of  govern- 
ment are  productive  of  advantage  to  you  all,  and 
■distribute  their  salutary  influence  among  the 
Tvhole  people." — Plutarch's  Caius  !Marciu8. 

4299.  POOR,  Refuge  for.  James  Oglethorpe. 
<jreorgia,  the  thirteenth  American  colony,  was 
founded  in  a  spirit  of  pure  benevolence.  The 
laws  of  England  permitted  imprisonment  for 
<iebt.  Thousands  of  English  laborers,  who 
through  misfortune  and  thoughtless  contracts 
had  become  indebted  to  the  rich,  were  annually 
arrested  and  thrown  into  jail.  'There  were  deso- 
late and  starving  families.  The  miserable  con- 
edition  of  the  debtor  class  at  last  attracted  the  at- 
tention of  Parliament.  In  1728  a  commissioner 
was  appointed,  at  his  own  request,  to  look  into 
the  state  of  the  poor,  to  visit  the  prisons  of  the 
kingdom,  and  to  report  measures  of  relief.  The 
work  was  accomplished,  the  jails  were  opened, 
and  the  poor  victims  of  debt  returned  to  their 
homes.  The  noble  commissioner  was  not  yet 
satisfied.  ...  To  provide  a  refuge  for  the  down- 
trodden poor  of  England,  and  the  distressed  Prot- 
estants of  other  countries,  he  now  appealed  to 


George  II.  for  the  privilege  of  planting  a  colony 
in  America.  The  petition  was  favorably  heard, 
and  on  the  9th  of  June,  1732,  a  royal  charter  was 
issued  by  which  the  territory  between  the  Savan- 
nah and  Altamaha  rivers,  and  westward  from 
the  upper  fountains  of  those  rivers  to  the  Pacific, 
was  organized  and  granted  to  a  corporation  for 
twenty-one  years,  to  be  held  in  trust  for  the  poor, 
— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  29,  p.  238. 

4300.  POOR,  Remembrance  of  the.  In  Trade. 
Samuel  Pepys  writes  of  his  visit  to  the  Hague  in 
1660  :  "In  every  house  of  entertainment  there 
hangs  in  every  room  a  poor  man's  box,  it  being 
their  custom  to  confirm  all  bargains  by  putting 
something  into  the  box,  and  that  binds  as  fast  a« 
anything. " 

4301.  POPE  superseded.  The.  Henry  VIII. 
Yet  Henry,  though  he  had  quarrelled  with  the 
pope  [Clement  VII.  ] ,  and  despoiled  and  abolished 
the  monasteries,  had  not  renounced  the  religion 
of  the  Church  of  Rome.  He  still  prided  himself 
on  his  title  of  Defender  of  the  Faith,  and  he 
continued,  in  every  respect,  to  be  a  good  Catho- 
lic, except  that  he  chose  to  be  pope  in  his  own 
kingdom. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  20, 
p.  301. 

4302.  POPE,  Supremacy  of  the.  Beneficial. 
Even  the  spiritual  supremacy  arrogated  by  the 
pope  was,  in  the  Dark  Ages,  productive  of  far 
more  good  than  evil.  Its  effect  was  to  unite  the 
nations  of  Western  Europe  in  one  great  com- 
monwealth. What  the  Olympian  chariot  course 
and  the  Pythian  oracle  were  to  all  the  Greek  cities, 
from  'Trebizond  to  Marseilles,  Rome  and  her 
bishop  were  to  all  Christians  of  the  Latin  com- 
munion, from  Calabria  to  the  Hebrides.  Thus 
grew  up  sentiments  of  enlarged  benevolence. 
Races  separated  from  each  other  by  seas  and 
mountains  acknowledged  a  fraternal  tie  and 
a  common  code  of  public  law. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  8. 

4303.  POPERY,  Enslavement  by.  History. 
[Lord  Shaftesbury  said  in  1678  :]  Popery  and  sla- 
very, like  two  sisters,  go  hand  in  hand  ;  and  some- 
times one  goes  first,  and  sometimes  the  other ; 
but  wheresoever  the  one  enters,  the  other  is  fol- 
lowing close  behind. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  20,  p.  332. 

4304.  POPERY,  Struggle  with.  Frederick  II. 
[The  Emperor  of  Germany,]  Frederick  II.  ,by  his 
policy  and  his  arms,  carried  on  a  vigorous  con- 
test with  four  popes  successively  without  bring- 
ing any  of  them  to  submission.  By  two  of  these 
popes,  Gregory  IX.  and  Innocent  IV.,  he  was 
excommunicated  and  solemnly  deposed ;  but 
Frederick  kept  possession  of  his  throne  and 
maintained  his  independence.  In  consequence 
of  the  last  sentence  of  deposition,  he  wrote,  in  the 
most  spirited  manner,  to  all  the  princes  of  Ger- 
many, "I  am  not  the  first,"  says  he,  "whom 
the  clergy  have  treated  so  unworthily,  and  J 
shall  not  be  the  last.  But  you  are  the  cause  of 
it,  by  obeying  those  hypocrites,  whose  ambition, 
you  are  sensible,  is  carried  beyond  all  bounds. 
How  many  infamous  actions  may  you  not  dis- 
cover in  the  court  of  Rome  !  While  those  pon- 
tiffs are  abandoned  to  the  vices  of  the  age,  and 
intoxicated  with  pleasure,  the  greatness  of  their 
wealth  extinguishes  in  their  minds  all  sense  of 
religion.    It  is,  therefore,  a  work  of  charity  to 


POPES— POPULARITY, 


509 


deprive  them  of  those  pernicious  treasures  which 
are  their  ruin  ;  and  in  this  cause  you  ought  all  to 
co-operate  with  me." — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
eh.  9,  p.  152. 

4305.  POPES,  Disreputable.  John  XII.  The 
influence  of  two  sister  prostitutes,  Marozia  and 
Theodora,  was  founded  on  their  wealtli  and 
heauty,  their  political  and  amorous  intrigues ; 
the  most  strenuous  of  their  lovers  were  reward- 
ed with  the  Roman  mitre,  and  their  reign  may 
have  suggested  to  the  darker  ages  the  fable  of 
a  female  pope.  The  bastard  son,  the  grandson, 
and  the  great-grandson  of  Marozia,  a  rare  geneal- 
ogy, were  seated  in  the  chair  of  St.  Peter,  and 
it  was  at  the  age  of  nineteen  years  that  the  sec- 
ond of  these  became  the  head  of  the  Latin  church. 
His  youth  and  manhood  were  of  a  suitable  com- 
plexion ;  and  the  nations  of  pilgrims  could  bear 
testimony  to  the  charges  that  were  urged  against 
him  in  a  Roman  Synod,  and  in  the  presence  of 
Otho  the  Great.  As  John  XII.  had  renounced 
the  dress  and  decencies  of  his  profession,  the 
soldier  may  not  perhaps  be  dishonored  by  the 
wine  which  he  drank,  the  blood  that  he  spilt, 
the  flames  that  he  kindled,  or  the  licentious  pur- 
suits of  gaming  and  hunting.  His  open  simony 
might  be  the  consequence  of  distress  ;  and  his 
blasphemous  invocation  of  Jupiter  and  Venus, 
if  it  be  true,  could  not  possibly  be  serious.  But 
we  read,  with  some  surprise,  that  the  worthy 
grandson  of  Marozia  lived  in  public  adultery 
with  the  matrons  of  Rome ;  that  the  Lateran 
palace  was  turned  into  a  school  for  prostitution, 
and  that  his  rapes  of  virgins  and  widows  had  de- 
terred the  female  pilgrims  from  visiting  the  tomb 
of  St.  Peter,  lest,  in  the  devout  act,  they  should 
be  violated  by  his  successor. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
eh.  49,  p.  61. 

4306.  POPULAEITY,  Dangers  of.  Pompey.  A 
Roman  commander,  on  landing  in  Italy  after 
foreign  service,  was  expected  to  disband  his 
legions,  and  relapse  into  the  position  of  a  private 
person.  A  popular  and  successful  general  was 
an  object  of  instinctive  fear  to  the  politicians 
who  held  the  reins  of  government.  The  Senate 
was  never  pleased  to  see  any  individual  too  much 
an  object  of  popular  idolatry  ;  and  in  the  case 
of  Pompey  their  suspicion  was  the  greater  on 
account  of  the  greatness  of  his  achievements,  and 
because  his  command  had  been  forced  upon 
them  by  the  people  against  their  will. — Froude's 
Cjesar,  ch.  12. 

4307.  POPULAEITY  deserved.  Emperor  Ti- 
tus. The  desolation  of  Campania,  occasioned 
by  this  terrible  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  was  reme- 
died to  the  utmost  by  the  beneficence  of  Titus, 
who  set  apart  large  funds  for  the  relief  of  the 
sufferers.  In  order  to  judge  of  their  losses,  he 
went  himself  to  Campania,  and  by  a  kind  of 
fatality,  while  absent  on  this  benevolent  expedi- 
tion, a  fire,  which  broke  out  in  the  city,  desolat- 
ed a  great  part  of  Rome.  The  losses  occasioned 
to  his  subjects  by  these  reiterated  calamities  he 
repaired  at  his  own  charges,  not  from  the  public 
money,  which  is  generally  the  treasury  of  the 
prince's  bounties,  but  from  the  sale  of  the  super- 
fluous ornaments  and  riches  of  his  palaces.  Thus 
this  virtuous  prince  occupied  himself  by  every 
means  which  generosity  or  benevolence  could 
dictate  in  diffusing  happiness  among  all  classes 
of  his  subjects,  when,  to  their  unspeakable  re- 


gret, he  was  cut  off  in  the  third  year  of  his 
reign.  He  died  at  the  age  of  forty,  leaving  be- 
hind him  the  most  merited  and  exalted  epithet, 
Delicice,  kumani  generis  —  the  delight  of  the  hu- 
man 7'ace. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1, 
p.  494. 

430§.  POPTTLARITY,  Doctrinai.  Arminian. 
The  Arminian  doctrine,  a  doctrine  less  austerely 
logical  than  that  of  the  early  Reformers,  but  more 
agreeable  to  the  popular  notions  of  the  divine 
justice  and  benevolence,  spread  fast  and  wide. 
The  infection  soon  reached  the  court.  Opin- 
ions which,  at  the  time  of  the  accession  of  James 
[I.],  no  clergyman  could  have  avowed  with- 
out imminent  risk  of  being  stripped  of  his  gown, 
were  now  the  best  title  to  preferment.  A  divine 
of  that  age  who  was  asked  by  a  simple  country 
gentleman  what  the  Arminians  held,  answered 
with  as  much  truth  as  wit,  that  they  held  all  th< 
best  bishoprics  and  deaneries  in  England. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  74. 

4309.  POPULARITY,  An  evil.  Sale  of  In- 
dulgences.  The  region  round  about  Magdeburg, 
Halberstadt,  Zerbst,  and  Halle  was  traversed  by 
Tetzel  as  if  he  were  a  distinguished  prelate  of 
the  Church.  He  rode  in  a  magnificent  wagon 
surrounded  by  a  mounted  body-guard.  He  was 
met  at  the  gates  of  every  city  he  entered  by  the 
monks  and  other  clergy,  the  municipal  council- 
lors, teachers  and  students,  men  and  women,  old 
and  young,  amid  the  ringing  of  bells,  the  sing- 
ing of  church  choirs,  and  the  burning  of  torches. 
At  the  head  of  the  procession  was  carried  the 
papal  bull  upon  a  velvet  cushion  and  taken  into 
the  church.  Here  was  erected  a  red  cross,  ou 
which  was  fastened  the  papal  banner.  Thea 
Tetzel  mounted  the  pulpit  and  importuned  the 
people  with  his  admonitions  and  recommenda- 
tions of  indulgences  :  ' '  Now,  now  is  the  day  of 
grace  come  to  your  very  doors  !  Ye  women, 
sell  your  veils  and  purchf^se  indulgences  with 
the  proceeds  !"  He  classified  sins  and  misde- 
meanors, and  fixed  a  definite  tax  for  each  and 
all.  Thus,  sacrilege  or  church  robbery  and 
perjury  were  rated  at  nine  ducats  ;  a  murder  al- 
ready committed,  at  eight  ducats  ;  adultery,  at  sis 
ducats,  etc.  It  is  said  that  upon  his  treasure- 
chest  was  inscribed  the  motto  : 

"  Soon  as  the  coin  in  the  box  doth  ring. 
The  soul  can  into  heaven  spring." 

— Rein's  Luther,  ch.  2,  p.  13. 

4310.  POPULARITY  without  Fame.  Clay  c« 
Webster.  It  was  not  ...  in  Mr.  Webster's  na 
ture  to  become  a  partisan  chief.  Mr.  Clay,  on 
the  other  hand,  was  naturally  and  inevitably  a 
leader.  In  all  the  discussions  of  the  Senate  in 
which  constitutional  questions  were  involved, 
Mr.  Clay  instinctively  deferred  to  Mr.  Webster, 
In  the  parliamentary  debates  which  concerned 
the  position  of  parties  and  the  fate  of  measures, 
which  enchained  the  Senate  and  led  captive  the 
people,  Mr.  Clay  was  facile  princeps.  Mr.  Web- 
ster argued  the  principle.  Mr.  Clay  embodied 
it  in  a  statute.  Mr.  Webster's  speeches  are  still 
read  with  interest  and  studied  with  profit.  Mr, 
Clay's  speeches  swayed  listening  senates  and 
moved  multitudes,  but  reading  them  is  a  disap- 
pointment.— Blaine's  Twenty  Years  op  Con* 
GRESS,  p.  107. 

4311.  POPULARITY  hindered.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.     Among  the  statesmen  of  that  age^ 


510 


POPULARITY. 


Halifax  was,  in  genius,  the  first.  His  intellect 
was  fertile,  subtle,  and  capacious.  His  polished, 
luminous,  and  animated  eloquence,  set  off  by  the 
silver  tones  of  his  voice,  was  the  delight  of  the 
House  of  Lords.  His  conversation  overflowed 
with  thought,  fancy,  and  wit.  His  political 
tracts  well  deserve  to  be  studied  for  their  literary 
merit,  and  fully  entitle  him  to  a  place  among 
English  classics.  To  the  weight  derived  from 
talents  so  great  and  various,  he  united  all  the  in- 
fluence which  belongs  to  rank  and  ample  pos- 
sessions. Yet  he  was  less  successful  in  politics 
than  many  who  enjoyed  smaller  advantages.  In- 
deed, those  intellectual  peculiarities  which  make 
his  writings  valuable,  frequently  impeded  him 
in  the  contests  of  active  life  ;  for  he  always  saw 
passing  events,  not  in  the  point  of  view  in  which 
they  commonly  appear  to  one  who  bears  a  part 
in  them,  but  in  the  point  of  view  in  which,  after 
the  lapse  of  many  years,  they  appear  to  the 
philosophic  historian.  With  such  a  turn  of  mind, 
he  could  not  long  continue  to  act  cordially  with 
any  body  of  men. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2, 
p.  227. 

431d.  POPULARITY,  A  just.  Julius  Cmar. 
He  was  recognized  as  the  greatest  soldier  which 
Rome  had  produced,  the  army,  the  people,  Ital)% 
the  provinces  all  adoring  his  name.  .  .  .  No 
fault  could  be  found  with  his  administration. 
His  wars  had  paid  their  own  expenses.  He  had 
doubled  the  pay  of  his  troops,  but  his  military 
chest  was  still  full,  and  his  own  wealth  seemed 
boundless.  He  was  adorning  the  Forum  with 
new  and  costly  buildings.  Senators,  knights, 
young  men  of  rank  who  had  been  extrava- 
gant, had  been  relieved  by  his  generosity,  and 
were  his  pensioners.  Gaul  might  have  been  im- 
patient at  its  loss  of  liberty,  but  no  word  of  com- 
plaint was  heard  against  Csesar  for  oppressive 
government.  The  more  genius  he  had  shown 
the  more  formidable  he  was.  Let  him  be  consul, 
and  he  would  be  the  master  of  them  all. — 
Froude's  C^sar,  p.  49. 

4313.  POPULAEITY,  Loss  of.  Sir  Henry  Vane. 
The  former  governor  of  Massachusetts,  the  bene- 
factor of  Rhode  Island,  the  ever-faithful  friend 
of  New  England,  adhered  with  undaunted  firm- 
ness to  the  "glorious  cause"  of  popular  liberty, 
and,  shunned  by  every  man  who  courted  the  re- 
turning monarch  [Charles  II.],  he  became  noted 
for  the  most  catholic  unpopularity.  He  fell  from 
the  affections  of  the  English  people,  when  the 
English  people  fell  from  the  jealous  care  of  their 
liberties.  He  had  ever  been  incorrupt  and  dis- 
interested, merciful  and  liberal. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  voL2,  ch.  11. 

4314.  POPULARITY  Lost.  Preddent  John 
Adams.  Not  to  be  once  re-elected  was  then  con- 
sidered as  a  disgrace,  and  Mr.  Adams  was,  for 
many  .years,  regarded  as  a  man  who  had  been 
tried  in  a  high  place  and  found  wanting.  His 
grandson  mentions  that  his  letters,  during  the 
last  year  of  his  presidency,  may  be  counted  by 
thousands  ;  while  those  of  the  next  year  averaged 
less  than  two  a  week  !  Gradually,  however,  as 
party  passions  subsided,  the  real  and  great 
merits  of  John  Adams  were  once  more  recog- 
nized, and  his  errors  and  foibles  were  first 
forgiven,  and  then  forgotten. — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  179. 


4315.  POPULARITY,  Means  of.  Themistocles. 
[Themistocles,  the  Athenian  general,  sought  pop- 
ularity  by]  charging  his  memory  with  the  names 
of  the  citizens,  so  that  he  readily  called  each  by 
his  own. — Plutarch's  Themistocles. 

4316.  POPULARITY  misjudged.  Murdered 
Cmar's.  The  tyrannicides,  as  the  murderers  of 
Caesar  called  themselves,  had  expected  that  the 
Roman  mob  would  be  caught  by  the  cry  of 
liberty,  and  would  hail  them  as  the  deliverers  of 
their  country.  They  found  that  the  people  did 
not  respond  as  they  had  anticipated.  The  city 
was  stunned.  The  Forum  was  empty.  The 
gladiators,  whom  they  had  secreted  in  the  Tem- 
ple, broke  out  and  plundered  the  unprotected 
booths.  A  dead  and  ominous  silence  prevailed 
everywhere.  At  length  a  few  citizens  collected 
in  knots.  Brutus  spoke,  and  Cassius  spoke. 
They  extolled  their  old  constitution.  They  said 
that  Caesar  had  overthrown  it ;  that  they  had 
slain  him,  not  from  private  hatred  or  private 
interest,  but  to  restore  the  liberties  of  Rome.  The 
audience  was  dead  and  cold. — Froude's  CiESAR, 
ch.  27. 

4317.  POPULARITY  necessary.  Henry  I.  An 
usurper  must  secure  his  power  by  acts  of  popu- 
larity. Henry,  soon  after  his  accession  to  the 
throne,  granted  a  charter,  extremely  favorable 
to  the  liberties  of  the  people,  and  which  has 
been  justly  regarded  as  the  groundwork  of  the 
claim  of  privileges  made  by  the  English  barons 
in  the  reign  of  King  John,  which  he  confirmed 
by  Magna  Charta.  These  privileges,  it  is  even 
contended  by  the  zealous  advocates  for  the  rights 
of  the  people,  were  of  a  much  more  ancient  date. 
"Henry  I.,"  says  Lord  Lyttelton,  "by  this 
charter  restored  the  Saxon  laws  which  were  in 
use  under  Edward  the  Confessor  ;"  but  with  such 
alterations,  or,  as  he  styled  them,  emendations, 
as  had  been  made  by  his  father,  with  the  advice 
of  his  parliament ;  at  the  same  time  annulling 
all  civil  customs  and  illegal  exactions,  by  which 
the  realm  had  been  unjustly  oppressed. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  8,  p.  134. 

4318.  POPULARITY,  Reaction  of.  Lafayette. 
He  made  one  more  attempt  to  save  the  king 
[Louis  XVI.]  by  inducing  him  to  come  to  his 
camp  and  fight  for  his  throne.  This  project 
being  rejected,  and  the  author  of  it  denounced 
by  Robespierre,  his  bust  publicly  burned  in 
Paris,  and  the  medal  formerly  voted  him  broken 
by  the  hand  of  the  executioner,  he  deemed  it 
necessary  to  seek  an  asylum  in  a  neutral  country. 
Having  provided  for  the  safety  of  his  army,  he 
crossed  the  frontiers,  in  August,  1792,  accom- 
panied by  twenty-one  persons,  all  of  whom,  on 
passing  an  Austrian  post,  were  taken  prisoners, 
and  Lafayette  was  thrown  into  a  dungeon.  His 
noble  wife,  who  had  been  for  fifteen  months  a 
prisoner  in  Paris,  hastened,  after  her  release,  to 
share  her  husband's  captivity. 

4319.  POPULARITY  sacrificed.  Lafayette. 
From  this  moment  dates  the  decline  of  Lafay- 
ette's populfffity  ;  and  his  actions,  moderate  and 
wise,  continually  lessened  it.  He  demanded,  as 
a  member  of  the  National  Assembly,  that  persons 
accused  of  treason  should  be  fairly  tried  by  a 
jury,  and  he  exerted  all  his  power,  while  giving 
a  constitution  to  his  country,  to  preserve  the  mon- 
archy. To  appease  the  suspicions  of  the  people 
that  the  king  meditated  a  flight  from  Paris,  h« 


POPULARITY-  ^POPULATION. 


511 


declared  that  he  would  answer  with  his  head  for 
the  king's  remaining.  When,  therefore,  in  June, 
1791,  the  king  and  queen  made  their  blundering 
attempt  to  escape,  Lafayette  was  immediately 
suspected  of  having  secretly  aided  it.  Danton 
cried  out  at  the  Jacobin  club  :  "  "We  must 
have  the  person  of  the  king  or  the  head  of  the 
commanding  general !" — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  482. 

4320.  POPULAEITY  by  Simplicity.  Charles 
II.  He  rose  early,  and  generally  passed  three  or 
four  hours  a  day  in  the  open  air.  He  might  be 
seen,  before  the  dew  was  off  the  grass  in  St. 
James'  Park,  striding  among  the  trees,  playing 
with  his  spaniels,  and  flinging  corn  to  his  ducks  ; 
and  these  exhibitions  endeared  him  to  the  com- 
mon people,  who  always  love  to  see  the  great  un- 
bend.— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  398. 

4321.  POPULARITY  sought.  Gimon.  To  raise 
himself  to  some  sort  of  equality  with  Cimon,  who 
was  then  at  the  height  of  glory,  Pericles  made  his 
court  to  the  people.  And  as  Cimon  was  his  su- 
perior in  point  of  fortune,  which  he  employed  in 
relieving  the  poor  Athenians,  in  providing  vic- 
tuals every  day  for  the  necessitous,  and  clothing 
the  aged,  and  beside  this  levelled  his  fences  with 
the  ground,  that  all  might  be  at  liberty  to  gather 
his  fruit,  Pericles  had  recourse  to  the  expedient 
of  dividing  the  public  treasure. — Plutarch's 
Pericles. 

4322.  POPULARITY,  Strange.  Bamd  Crock- 
ett. Some  men  have  talked,  others  have  written, 
others  have  fought  themselves  into  Congress  ;  but 
David  Crockett  shot  himself  thither.  It  was  his 
wonderful  skill  as  a  marksman  and  his  daring 
as  a  bear-hunter  which  made  him  so  popular  in 
his  district,  that  when  he  chose  to  run  for  ofiice 
he  usually  distanced  all  competitors.  He  could 
shoot  a  humming-bird  on  the  wing  with  a  single 
ball.  Seated  upon  the  margin  of  a  river,  he  would 
aim  at  a  fish,  and  as  soon  as  the  crack  of  his  rifle 
was  heard,  one  of  the  little  inmates  of  the  stream 
would  be  seen  struggling  on  the  surface.  He  used 
to  speak  of  his  battered  old  rifle  in  words  like 
these  :  "  She's  a  mighty  rough  old  piece,  but  I 
love  her  ;  for  she  and  I  have  seen  hard  times.  She 
mighty  seldom  tells  me  a  lie.  If  I  hold  her  right, 
she  always  sends  the  ball  where  I  tell  her." — Cy- 
clopedia OF  Biog.  ,  p.  663. 

4323.  POPULARITY,  Tide  of.  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth. [He  was  the  illegitimate  son  of  Charles 
II.]  The  interest  which  the  populace  took  in  him 
whom  they  regarded  as  the  champion  of  the  true 
religion,  and  the  rightful  heir  of  the  British 
throne,  was  kept  up  by  every  artifice.  When 
Monmouth  arrived  in  London  at  midnight,  the 
watchmen  were  ordered  by  the  magistrates  to 
proclaim  the  joyful  event  through  the  streets  of 
the  city  ;  the  people  left  their  beds  ;  bonfires  were 
lighted  ;  the  windows  were  illuminated  ;  the 
churches  were  opened,  and  a  merry  peal  rose 
from  all  the  steeples.  When  he  travelled,  he  was 
everywhere  received  with  not  less  pomp,  and 
with  far  more  enthusiasm,  than  had  been  dis- 
played when  kings  had  made  progresses  through 
the  realm.  He  was  escorted  from  mansion  to 
mansion  by  long  cavalcades  of  armed  gentlemen 
and  yeomen.  Cities  poured  forth  their  whole 
population  to  receive  him.  Electors  thronged 
round  him,  to  assure  him  that  their  votes  were 
-at  his  disposal. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  235. 


4324.  POPULARITY,  Vanity  of.  Cromwell's. 
The  pomp  and  enthusiasm  which  greeted  him  on 
his  return  from  the  double  conquest  of  Ireland 
and  Scotland  dazzled  not  his  constancy.  "  You 
see  that  crowd,  you  hear  those  shouts,"  he  whis- 
pered in  the  ear  of  a  friend  who  attended  in  the 
procession  ;  ' '  both  would  be  still  greater  if  I  were 
on  my  way  to  the  gallows."  A  light  from  above 
impressed  on  his  clear  judgment  the  emptiness 
of  worldly  popularity.  —  Lamartine's  Crom- 
well, p.  55. 

4325.  POPULARITY,  A  vicious.  JVero's.  He 
was  popular  because  he  presented  to  the  degraded 
populace  their  own  image  and  similitude.  The 
froglike  unclean  spirits  which  proceeded,  as  it 
were,  out  of  his  mouth  were  potent  with  these 
dwellers  in  an  atmosphere  of  pestilence.  They 
had  lost  all  love  for  freedom  and  nobleness  ;  they 
cared  only  for  doles  and  excitement.  Even  when 
the  infamies  of  a  Petronius  had  been  superseded 
by  the  murderous  orgies  of  Tigellinus,  Nero  was 
still  everywhere  welcomed  with  shouts  as  a  god 
on  earth,  and  saluted  on  coins  as  Apollo,  as  Her- 
cules, as  "  The  Saviour  of  the  World."  The 
poets  still  assured  him  that  there  was  no  deity  in 
heaven  who  would  not  think  it  an  honor  to  con- 
cede to  him  his  prerogative  ;  that  if  he  did  not 
place  himself  well  in  the  centre  of  Olympus,  the 
equilibrium  of  the  universe  would  be  destroyed. 
Victims  were  slain  along  his  path,  and  altars 
raised  for  him — for  this  wretch,  whom  an  honest 
slave  could  not  but  despise  and  loathe — as  though 
he  was  too  great  for  mere  human  honors.  Nay, 
more,  he  found  adorers  and  imitators  of  his  ex- 
ecrable example — an  Otho,  a  Vitellius,  a  Domi- 
tian,  a  Commodus,  a  Caracalla,  an  Heliogabalus 
— to  poison  the  air  of  the  world.  The  lusts  and 
hungers  of  the  world  lamented  him,  and  cherish- 
ed his  memory,  and  longed  for  his  return. — Far- 
rar's  Early  Days,  ch.  5,  p.  41. 

4326.  POPULATION,  Changes  of.  Constanti- 
nople. [Why  Constantine  formed]  his  design  of 
altering  the  seat  of  empire,  it  is  not  easy  to  de- 
termine. He  fixed  his  eyes,  however,  on  Byzan- 
tium, to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Constantino- 
ple. He  erected  there  the  most  superb  structures, 
and  in  order  to  people  his  new  city,  he  made  a 
law  by  which  no  Asiatic  should  have  the  right 
of  disposing  of  his  estate  by  testament,  unless  he 
possessed  a  dwelling-house  in  Constantinople. 
Those,  again,  who  resided  there  were  gratified  by 
a  variety  of  alluring  privileges  ;  and  by  means  of 
these  he  drew  the  poorer  inhabitants  from  Rome, 
while  the  richer  voluntarily  followed  the  prince 
and  his  court.  The  grandees  brought  with  them 
their  slaves,  and  Rome  in  a  few  years  became  al- 
most depopulated.  Italy  was  also  greatly  exhaust- 
ed of  her  inhabitants,  and  Constantinople  swelled 
at  once  to  the  most  overgrown  dimensions.  When 
the  empire  was  thus  divided,  all  riches  naturally 
centred  in  the  new  capital. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  5,  ch.  2,  p.  510. 

4327.  POPULATION,  Extension  of.  Westward. 
[In  1840]  the  population  had  reached  the  aggre- 
gate of  seventeen  million  souls,  being  an  increase 
since  1830  of  over  six  millions.  It  was  found  from 
the  tables  that  eleven  twelfths  of  the  people  lived 
outside  of  the  larger  cities  and  towns,  showing 
the  strong  preponderance  of  the  agricultural  over 
the  manufacturing  and  commercial  interest.  One 
of  the  most  interesting  lessons  of  the  census  was 


512 


POPULATION— POVERTY. 


found  in  the  fact  that  the  wonderful  growth  of 
the  United  States  was  in  extent  and  area,  and  not 
in  accumulation;  in  the  spread  of  civilization  rath- 
er than  in  intensity.  For  since  1830  the  average 
population  of  the  country  had  not  increased  by 
so  much  as  one  person  to  tlie  square  mile. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  55,  p.  440. 

432§. .    United  States.    The  centre 

of  "representative  population "  has  continually 
tended  westward.  In  1790  it  was  twenty-two 
miles  east  of  Washington  ;  it  has  never  been  east 
of  the  national  metropolis  since,  and  never  can 
be  again.  At  the  census  of  1800  it  had  been  trans- 
ferred thirty  miles  west  of  Washington  ;  in  1820 
it  was  seventy-one  miles  west  of  that  city  ;  in 
1830  one  hundred  and  eight  miles.  Its  westward 
movement  from  1830  to  1840  was  no  less  than 
fifty-two  miles — more  than  five  miles  a  year.  Dur- 
ing about  fifty  years  it  has  kept  nearly  the  same 
parallel  of  latitude,  having  deviated  only  about 
ten  miles  southward,  while  it  has  advanced 
about  two  hundred  miles  westward. — Stevens' 
M.  E.  Church,  vol.  1,  p.  25. 

4329.  POETEAIT  prohibited.  Queen  Eliza- 
heth's.  A  curious  proof  of  how  desirous  Elizabeth 
was  of  the  praise  of  beauty  exists  in  a  proclama- 
tion issued  by  her  in  1563,  in  the  thirty-third 
year  of  her  age,  and  fifth  of  her  reign,  which 
sets  forth,  that,  from  the  great  desire  which  all 
ranks  of  people  have  shown  to  have  portraits  of 
her  Majesty,  there  have  been  a  great  number  of 
pictures  made  "  which  do  not  sufficiently  express 
the  natural  representation  of  her  Majesty's  per- 
son, favor,  or  grace,  but  for  the  most  part  have 
erred  therein ; — And  for  that  her  Majesty  per- 
ceiveth  that  a  great  number  of  her  loving  sub- 
jects are  much  grieved,  and  take  great  offence 
with  the  errors  and  deformities  already  commit- 
ted by  sundry  persons  in  this  behalf  ; — Therefore 
she  straitly  charges  all  manner  of  persons  to  for- 
bear from  painting,  graving,  printing,  or  making 
any  portrait  of  her  Majesty,  or  from  showing  or 
publishing  such  as  are  apparently  deformed, 
until  some  perfect  pattern  or  example  shall  be 
made  by  some  coming  person,  which  shall  be  ap- 

g roved  by  her." — Note   ix  Tytler's    Hist., 
look  6,  ch.  28,  p.  392. 

4330.  POSITION,  Value  of.  Battle  of  Issus. 
Darius  was  impatient  to  check  the  presumption 
of  Alexander,  and,  advancing  to  meet  him,  rash- 
ly entered  the  passes  between  the  mountains  of 
Cilicia,  near  the  town  of  Issus,  a  situation  where, 
from  the  nature  of  the  ground,  the  greatest  part 
of  his  army,  if  then  attacked,  could  not  possibly 
be  brought  to  act  with  effect  against  the  enemy. 
Alexander,  though  then  weakened  by  disease 
(the  consequence  of  a  fever  caught  by  impru- 
dently bathing,  when  overheated,  in  the  river 
Cydnus),  no  sooner  received  intelligence  of  the 
critical  situation  of  the  Persians  in  the  defiles  of 
a  mountainous  country  than  he  hastened  with 
the  utmost  ardor  to  attack  them.  .  .  .  Histori- 
ans have  lavished  all  the  powers  of  description 
in  painting  the  splendor,  riches,  and  magnifi- 
cence of  the  military  equipage  of  this  immense 
host.  That  body  of  the  Persians  named  the  Im- 
mortals consisted  of  10,000  chosen  troops,  who 
were  clothed  in  robes  of  gold  embroidery, 
adorned  with  precious  stones,  and  wore  about 
*i*eir  necks  massy  collars  of  pure  gold.  The 
flihariot  of  Darius  was  supported  by  statues  of 


gold  ;  and  the  beams,  axle,  and  wheels  were' 
studded  with  precious  stones.  Ten  thousand 
horsemen  followed  the  chariot  with  lances  plated 
v^ath  silver.  The  mother  and  the  wife  of  Darius 
had  their  separate  chariots,  attended  by  a  nu- 
merous train  of  females  on  horseback  ;  and  the' 
pageant  was  closed  by  a  vast  retinue  of  the 
wives  of  the  Persian  nobles  and  their  children, 
guarded  by  some  companies  of  foot  lightly 
armed.  Darius,  caught  thus  at  unawares,  in  the 
mountains  of  Cilicia,  with  this  immense  but 
most  inefficient  force,  was  taught,  in  the  battle 
of  Issus,  how  little  confidence  is  to  be  placed  in 
numbers,  when  matched  against  a  few  experi- 
enced and  well-disciplined  troops.  The  Persians, 
were  defeated  with  immense  slaughter,  their  loss- 
amounting,  as  is  said,  to  110,000  men,  while  that 
of  the  Macedonians,  according  to  Diodorus  and 
Quintus  Curtius,  w^as  no  more  than  450. — Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  4,  p.  183. 

4331.  POSSESSION,  Right  of.  Micmac  Indians. 
[Edward  Cornwallis,  Governor  of  English  colony 
at  Halifax,  demanded  an  oath  of  allegiance,  and 
threatened  confiscation  of  their  lands  if  they  re- 
fused.] "  The  land  on  which  you  sleep  is  mine,"' 
such  was  the  message  of  the  implacable  tribe  ; 
"  I  sprung  out  of  it  as  the  grass  does ;  I  was 
born  on  it  from  sire  to  son  ;  it  is  mine  forever." 
So  the  council  that  met  at  Halifax  voted  all  the- 
poor  red  men  to  be  "  so  many  banditti,  ruffian* 
or  rebels." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  2. 

4332.  POST-OFFICE  opposed.  Reign  of 
Charles  II.  An  enterprising  citizen  of  London, 
William  Dockwray,  set  up,  at  great  expense,  a 
penny  post,  which  delivered  letters  and  parcels 
six  or  eight  times  a  day  in  the  busy  and  crowded 
streets  near  the  Exchange,  and  four  times  a  day 
in  the  outskirts  of  the  capital.  This  improve- 
ment was,  as  usual,  strenuously  resisted.  The 
porters  complained  that  their  interests  were  at- 
tacked, and  tore  down  the  placards  in  which  the- 
scheme  was  announced  to  the  public.  The  ex- 
citement caused  by  Godfrey's  death,  and  by  the- 
discovery  of  Colemans'  papers,  was  then  at  the 
height.  A  cry  was  therefore  raised  that  the 
penny  post  was  a  popish  contrivance.  The  great 
Doctor  Oates,  it  was  affirmed,  had  hinted  a  sus- 
picion that  the  Jesuits  were  at  the  bottom  of  the 
scheme,  and  that  the  bags,  if  examined,  would  be 
found  full  of  treason.  The  utility  of  the  enter- 
prise was,  however,  so  great  and  obvious  that 
all  opposition  proved  fruitless. — Macaulay'» 
Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  360. 

4333.  POSTERITY  denied.  Mahomet.  In  the 
largest  indulgence  of  polgamy,  the  founder  of 
a  religion  and  empire  might  aspire  to  multiply 
the  chances  of  a  numerous  posterity  and  a  lineal 
succession.  The  hopes  of  Mahomet  were  fatally 
disappointed.  The  virgin  Ayesha  and  his  ten  wid- 
ows of  mature  age  and  approved  fertility  were 
[unproductive  of  any  son]. —  Gibbon's  Rome,. 
ch.  50,  p.  151. 

4334.  POVERTY  a  Blessing.  Ministerial. 
When  Bishop  George  was  a  young  itinerant  on 
his  first  circuit,  the  discouragements  were  so 
great  and  so  numerous  that  he  concluded  to 
abandon  the  work  and  return  home,  but  was  de- 
tained for  want  of  the  money  to  pay  his  travelling 
expenses.  He  attempted  to  get  it  by  teaching: 
school,  but  was  defeated.  He  was  led  to  further 
refiection,  and  saw  the  snare  into  which  he  had 


POVERTY. 


513 


-well-nigli  fallen,  and  abhorred  the  idea  of  re- 
linquishing his  post  dishonorably. — Stevens' 
History  of  M.  E.  Church. 

4335.  POVEETY,  Blessings  of.  Blaise  Pascal. 
Poverty  and  sickness  he  regarded  as  among  the 
-chief  of  blessings.  He  almost  went  as  far  as  the 
modern  French  philosopher,  Proudhon,  who 
.said,  "  Property  is  robbery."  "No  Christian," 
he  used  to  say,  "  has  a  right  to  use  any  more  of 
his  property  than  is  strictly  necessary  for  his 
maintenance  and  the  maintenance  of  those  de- 
pendent upon  him  ;"  all  the  rest,  he  thought,  be- 
longed to  the  poor  and  needy,  and  could  not  be 
■withheld  from  them  without  injustice.  He  acted 
trpon  this  principle  most  scrupulously.  With  re- 
gard to  sickness,  he  considered  it  a  signal  favor 
of  Heaven.  "  Pity  me  not,"  said  he,  when  some 
■one  expressed  sympathy  for  his  sufferings — ' '  pity 
me  not,  for  sickness  is  the  natural  state  of  Chris- 
tians ;  because,  when  a  man  is  sick,  he  is  just  as 
he  ought  to  be  always — suffering  pain,  enduring 
the  privation  of  all  the  good  and  all  the  pleasures 
of  sense,  exempt  from  the  evil  passions  which 
"work  within  him  all  his  life,  without  ambition, 
"free  from  avarice,  and  in  the  continual  expecta- 
iion  of  death." — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  104. 

4336.  POVERTY,  Crime  of.  In  Law.  Under  the 
law  of  Henry  VIII.  destitution  was  treated  as  a 
•crime,  and  wandering  poverty  was  to  be  stocked 
and  scourged  out  of  existence.  [For  a  long  time 
their  own  parish  was  the  boundary  within  which 
the  poor  might  endeavor  to  obtain  a  livelihood  ; 
bej^ond  that  circle  they  could  not  pass.  In  those 
parishes  where  there  was  the  most  capital  and 
consequently  the  most  labor,]  there  the  poor  peo- 
ple would  endeavor  to  settle  themselves.  A  natu- 
ral struggle  took  place  between  those  who  wanted 
to  come  in  and  the  authorities  who  were  resolved 
to  keep  them  out.  A  dread  that  under-tenants 
might  become  chargeable  led  to  a  domestic  in- 
quisition of  a  very  tyrannous  nature.  At  Leices- 
ter they  were  searched  for  every  month.  At 
Brighton  no  incomer  was  to  be  allowed  until  the 
■constable  and  church-wardens  had  ascertained 
that  he  was  unlikely  to  become  burdensome  to 
the  town.  A  new  tailor  comes  to  Lynne,  he  re- 
ceives a  peremptory  notice  of  a  day  on  which  he 
is  to  depart.  The  jury  in  that  place  even  pre- 
sent a  man  who  "harboreth  his  wife's  sister." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  16,  p.  269. 

4337.  POVERTY,  Devices  in.  Oliver  Gold- 
smith. [He  set  up  as  a  doctor  in  the  suburbs  of 
London.]  His  coat  was  a  second-hand  one,  of 
rusty  velvet,  with  a  patcli  on  the  left  breast, 
which  he  adroitly  covered  with  his  three-cor- 
nered hat  during  his  medical  visits  ;  and  we  have 
an  amusing  anecdote  of  his  contest  of  courtesy 
with  a  patient  who  persisted  in  endeavoring  to 
relieve  him  from  the  hat,  which  only  made  him 
press  it  more  devoutly  to  his  heart. — Ibving's 
Goldsmith,  ch.  6,  p.  56. 

433S.  POVERTY  vs.  Extravagance.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  [In  1666]  there  were  large  numbers 
of  the  humble  retainers  of  the  royal  household 
who,  when  Lady  Castlemain  [mistress  of  the 
profligate  king]  ordered  of  her  tradesman  every 
jewel  and  service  of  plate  that  she  fancied,  and 
told  her  servant  to  send  a  note  of  their  cost  to 
the  privy  purse,  were  themselves  absolutely 
starving.  .  .  .  One  of  the  king's  musicians, 
Evans,  the  famous  man  upon  the  harp,  having 


not  his  equal  in  the  world,  died  for  mere  want, 
and  was  buried  by  the  alms  of  the  parish. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  17,  p.  293. 

4339.  POVERTY,  Genius  in.  Isaac  Newton. 
It  is  interesting  to  know  that,  during  the  ten 
years  when  he  made  his  greatest  discoveries,  he  • 
was  so  poor  that  the  two  shillings  a  week  which 
he  paid  as  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society  was  a 
serious  burden  to  him,  and  some  of  his  friends 
wished  to  get  him  excused  from  the  payment. 
But  this  he  would  not  permit. — Parton's  New- 
ton, p.  86. 

4340.  POVERTY,  Happiness  with.  General 
Grant.  [When  a  poor  man  at  St.  Louis  he  sold 
wood  to  Hon.  H.  T.  Blow.  At  a  grand  recep- 
tion at  Washington  he  met  his  old  acquaintances. 
He  said  to  Mrs.  Blow:]  "  Do  you  recollect  when 
I  used  to  supply  your  husband  with  wood,  and 
pile  it  myself,  and  measure  it,  too  .  .  .  ?"  "  Oh 
yes.  General,  your  face  was  familiar  in  those 
days."  "Mrs.  Blow,  those  were  happy  days; 
for  I  was  doing  the  best  I  could  to  support  my 
family." — Headley's  General  Grant,  p.  43. 

4341.  POVERTY,  Honorable.  Admiral  Blake. 
[See  No.  2131.]  The  Protector  sent  to  him,  after 
his  last  victory,  a  jewelled  ring  of  the  value  of 
£500,  and  great  would  have  been  the  acclamation 
greeting  him  on  his  return  to  his  native  land.  But 
it  was  not  decreed  that  he  should  stand  upon  her 
shores  again.  He  returned  homeward,  and  cov- 
eted a  sight  of  old  England's  shores  once  more, 
and  once  more  he  beheld  them — and  that  was  all. 
He  expired  as  his  fleet  was  entering  Plymouth 
Sound,  on  the  27th  of  August,  1657.  A  true  mod- 
el of  a  British  sailor — he  died  poor.  After  all 
his  triumphs  and  opportunities  of  accumulating 
wealth,  he  was  not  worth  £500  !  A  magnificent 
public  funeral,  and  a  resting-place  in  Henry 
VIII. 's  chapel,  was  decreed  for  him  ;  and  there 
were  few  in  the  country  who  did  not  feel  that 
his  strength  had  been  a  mighty  bulwark  to  the 
land. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  17,  p.  209. 

4342.  POVERTY  inherited.  Oliver  Goldsmith. 
Oliver  Goldsmith  was  born  on  the  10th  of  No- 
vember, 1728,  at  the  hamlet  of  Pallas,  or  Pallas- 
more,  County  of  Longford,  in  Ireland.  He 
sprang  from  a  respectable  but  by  no  means  a 
thrifty  stock.  Some  families  seem  to  inherit 
kindliness  and  incompetency,  and  to  hand  down 
virtue  and  poverty  from  generation  to  genera- 
tion. Such  was  the  case  with  the  Goldsmiths. 
"  They  were  always,"  according  to  their  own  ac- 
counts, "a  strange  family;  they  rarely  acted 
like  other  people  ;  their  hearts  were  in  the  right 
place,  but  their  heads  seemed  to  be  doing  any- 
thing but  what  they  ought."  "  They  were  re- 
markable," says  another  statement,  "for  theii 
worth,  but  of  no  cleverness  in  the  ways  of  the 
world."  Oliver  Goldsmith  will  be  found  faith- 
fully to  inherit  the  virtues  and  weaknesses  of  his 
race. — Irving's  Goldsmith,  ch.  1,  p.  12, 

4343.  POVERTY  of  Inventors.  Charles  Good- 
year's.  [The  inventor  of  vulcanized  rubber.]  He 
was  denounced  as  a  man  who  neglected  his  fami- 
ly to  pursue  a  ridiculous  idea,  which  could  never 
be  of  the  slightest  use  to  any  one.  In  New  York, 
at  length,  he  found  a  man  who  had  faith  enough 
in  his  discovery  to  enter  into  partnership  with 
him  for  bringing  the  new  material  before  the 
public.     From  that  time  his  children,  indeed. 


514 


POVERTY 


liad  enough  to  eat ;  but  it  was  three  or  four  years 
more  before  his  patent  began  to  bring  him  in  any 
considerable  return. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  219. 

4344. .  Elias  Howe.  [He  invent- 
ed the  needle  having  the  eye  in  the  middle,  also 
the  sewing-machine.]  "Before  his  wife  left 
London,"  testifies  Mr.  Inglis,  "he  had  frequent- 
ly borrowed  money  from  me  in  sums  of  £5,  and 
requested  me  to  get  him  credit  for  provisions. 
On  the  evening  of  Mrs.  Howe's  departure,  the 
night  was  very  wet  and  stormy,  and,  her  health 
being  delicate,  she  was  unable  to"  walk  to  the 
ship.  He  had  no  money  to  pay  the  cab-hire, 
and  he  borrowed  a  few  shillings  from  me  to  pay 
it,  which  he  repaid  by  pledging  some  of  his 
clothing.  Some  linen  came  home  from  his  wash- 
erwoman for  his  wife  and  children  on  the  day 
of  her  departure.  She  could  not  take  it  with 
her  on  account  of  not  having  money  to  pay  the 
woman. "  After  the  departure  of  his  family,  the 
solitary  inventor  was  still  more  severely  pinched. 
"  He  has  borrowed  a  shilling  from  me,"  says 
Mr.  Inglis,  "for  the  purpose  of  buying  beans, 
which  I  saw  him  cook  and  eat  in  his  own  room." 
After  three  or  four  months  of  labor  the  machine 
wfis  finished.  It  was  worth  £50.  The  only  cus- 
tomer he  could  find  for  it  was  a  workingman  of 
his  acquaintance,  who  offered  £5  for  it,  if  he 
could  have  time  to  pay  it  in.  The  inventor  was 
obliged  to  accept  this  offer.  The  purchaser  gave 
his  note  for  the  £5,  which  Charles  Inglis  succeed- 
ed in  selling  to  another  mechanic  for  £4.  To  pay 
his  debts  and  his  expenses  home,  Mr.  Howe 
pawned  his  precious  first  machine  and  his  let- 
ters-patent.—Cyclopedia  OF  BiOG.,  p.  688. 

4345.  POVERTY,  Land.  United  States.  When 
the  administration  of  Washington  was  organized 
in  1789,  the  government  which  he  represented 
did  not  command  a  single  dollar  of  revenue. 
They  inherited  a  mountain  of  debt  from  the  Rev- 
olutionary stixiggle  ;  they  had  no  credit,  and  the 
onl}^  representative  of  value  which  they  controll- 
ed was  the  vast  body  of  public  land  in  the  North- 
west Territory  ;  .  .  .  but  this  called  for  expendi- 
ture in  the  extensive  surveys,  which  were  a  pre- 
requisite to  sale  and  settlement.  .  .  .  The  gov- 
ernment .  .  .  was  land  poor. — Blaine's  Twen- 
ty Years,  ch.  9,  p.  182. 

4340.  POVERTY,  Ministerial.  Luther.  In 
the  last  will  and  testament  of  Martin  Luther  oc- 
curs the  following  remarkable  passage  :  "  Lord 
CJod,  I  thank  Thee  that  Thou  hast  been  pleased 
to  make  me  a  poor  and  indigent  man  upon  earth. 
I  have  neither  house,  nor  land,  nor  money,  to 
leave  behind  me.  Thou  hast  given  me  wife  and 
children,  whom  I  now  restore  to  Thee.  Lord, 
nourish,  teach,  and  preserve  them,  as  Thou  hast 
me." 

.  Bishop  Asbury.  [He  was  a  min- 
ister imsurpassed  in  labors  and  usefulness.  He 
received]  an  allowance  of  only  $64  a  year.  His 
horses  and  carriages  were  given  him  by  his 
friends ;  all  donations  of  money  received  by  him 
he  transferred  to  his  fellow-laborers  [who  were  in 
greater  need.  And]  at  one  of  the  Western  Con- 
ferences, affected  by  the  painful  evidences  of 
want,  he  parted  with  his  watch,  his  coat,  and  his 
shirts  for  them. —  Stevens'  M.  E.  Church, 
vol.  3,  p.  509. 


4347.  POVERTY  overestimated.  SamuelJohn- 
son.  Miss  Adams  .  .  .  happened  to  tell  him. 
that  a  little  coffee-pot,  in  which  she  had  made 
him  coffee,  was  the  only  thing  she  could  call  her 
own.  He  turned  to  her  with  a  complacent  gal- 
lantry: "  Don't  say  so,  my  dear  ;  I  hope  you  don't 
reckon  my  heart  as  nothing. " — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  522. 

434§.  POVERTY  and  Politics.  Romans.  The 
war  required  new  levies,  and  the  senate  ordered 
that  the  plebeians  should  enroll  and  arm  in  de- 
fence of  the  common  liberties.  These  peremp- 
torily refused  the  summons,  declaring  that  they 
knew  no  liberties  to  defend,  since  a  foreign  yoke 
could  not  be  more  intolerable  than  the  bondage 
they  experienced  at  home.  The  senate  was  as- 
sembled, and  the  matter  solemnly  deliberated. 
Some  of  the  higher  order  generously  gave  their 
opinion  for  an  entire  remission  of  the  debts  of 
the  poorer  class  of  people  ;  others  opposed  the- 
proposal,  as  sanctioning  a  violation  of  faith,  and 
a  criminal  breach  of  legal  obligation.  Appius 
Claudius,  a  violent  and  proud  patrician,  main- 
tained that  the  people  suffered  nothing  more  than 
their  deserts,  and  that  if  not  kept  in  poverty  they 
would  be  forever  factious  and  unruly.  Amid 
these  contending  opinions,  the  senate  was  at  a 
loss  what  decision  to  pronounce.  An  alarm 
spread  of  the  approach  of  the  enemy  to  attack 
the  city,  and  this  report  gave  fresh  spirit  to  the 
populace.  They  persisted,  in  their  refusal  to  en- 
ter the  rolls,  and  declared  that  if  their  grievances 
were  not  immediately  redressed,  they  would  quit 
the  city. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  3,  p.  312. 

4349.  POVERTY  with  Pride.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Mr.  Bateman's  lectures  were  so  excellent  that; 
[young]  Johnson  used  to  come  and  get  them  at 
second-hand  from  Taylor,  till  his  poverty  being^ 
so  extreme  that  his  shoes  were  worn  out,  and  his- 
feet  appeared  through  them,  he  saw  that  this, 
humiliating  circumstance  was  perceived  by  the 
Christ  Church  men,  and  he  came  no  more.  He 
was  too  proud  to  accept  of  money,  and  somebody 
having  set  a  pair  of  new  shoes  at  his  door,  he 
threw  them  away  with  indignation. — Boswell's. 
Johnson,  p.  15. 

4350.  POVERTY,  Protected  by.  Caledonians. 
The  native  Caledonians  preserved,  in  the  north- 
ern extremity  of  the  island,  their  wild  indepen- 
dence, for  which  they  were  not  less  indebted  to 
their  poverty  than  to  their  valor.  Their  incur- 
sions were  frequently  repelled  and  chastised  • 
but  their  country  was  never  subdued.  The  mas- 
ters of  the  fairest  and*  most  wealthy  climates  of 
the  globe  turned  with  contempt  from  gloomy 
hills,  assailed  by  the  winter  tempest,  from  lakes 
concealed  in  a  blue  mist,  and  from  cold  and  lone- 
ly heaths,  over  which  the  deer  of  the  forest  were 
chased  by  a  troop  of  naked  barbarians. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  1,  p.  6. 

4351.  POVERTY,  Punishment  of.  Great  Brit- 
ain. In  the  days  when  protection  of  property 
was  avowed  to  be  the  end  of  government,  the 
gallows  was  set  up  as  the  penalt}^  of  a  petty 
theft ;  and  each  year  in  Great  Britain,  at  least 
four  thousand  unhappy  men  were  immured  in 
prison  for  the  misfortune  of  poverty.  A  small 
debt  exposed  to  a  perpetuity  of  imprisonment ; 
one  indiscreet  contract  doomed  the  miserable 
dupe  to  life-lona;  confinement. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  24. 


POVERTY— POWER. 


515 


4353.  POVERTY  ridiculed.  Scots.  Wilkes  : 
"Pray,  Boswell,  how  much  may  be  got  in  a 
year  by  an  Advocate  at  the  Scotch  bar  ?"  Bos- 
well :  "I  believe  £2000."  Wilkes:  "How 
can  it  be  possible  to  spend  that  money  in  Scot- 
land ?"  Johnson  :  "  Why,  sir,  the  money  may 
be  spent  in  England  ;  but  there  is  a  harder  ques- 
tion. If  one  man  in  Scotland  gets  possession  of 
£2000,  what  remains  for  all  the  rest  of  the  na- 
tion ?"  Wilkes  :  "  You  know,  in  the  last  war, 
the  immense  booty  which  Thurot  carried  off  by 
the  complete  plunder  of  seven  Scotch  isles  ;  he 
re-embarked  with  three  and  sixpence."  Here, 
again,  Johnson  and  Wilkes  joined  in  extravagant, 
sportive  raillery  upon  the  supposed  poverty  of 
Scotland.  [Boswell  was  a  Scotchman.] — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  461. 

4353.  POVERTY,  Royal.  Oerman  Emperor 
Charles  IV.  The  gold  of  Italy  secured  the  elec- 
tion of  the  son  ;  but  such  was  the  shameful  pov- 
erty of  the  Roman  emperor,  that  his  person  was 
arrested  by  a  butcher  in  the  streets  of  Worms, 
and  was  detained  in  the  public  inn,  as  a  pledge 
or  hostage  for  the  payment  of  his  expenses. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  49,  p.  71.     , 

4354. .  Baldicin  II.  In  the  palace, 

or  prison,  of  Constantinople,  the  successor  of 
Augustus  demolished  the  vacant  houses  for 
winter  fuel,  and  stripped  the  lead  from  the 
churches  for  the  daily  expenses  of  his  family. 
Some  usurious  loans  were  dealt  with  a  scanty 
hand  by  the  merchants  of  Italy  ;  and  Philip,  his 
son  and  heir,  was  pawned  at  Venice  as  the  secu- 
rity for  a  debt.  Thirst,  hunger,  and  nakedness 
are  positive  evils  ;  but  wealth  is  relative  ;  and  a 
prince  who  would  be  rich  in  a  private  station 
may  be  exposed  by  the  increase  of  his  wants  to 
all  the  anxiety  and  bitterness  of  poverty. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  61,  p.  121. 

4355.  POVERTY,  School  of.  Br.  Samuel  John- 
son. Johnson  was  a  poor  man's  son,  and  had 
himself  tasted  the  bitter  cup  of  extreme  indi- 
gence. .  .  .  He  had  paced  the  streets  of  London 
all  night  long,  from  not  having  where  to  lay  his 
head  ;  he  had  escaped  prison  for  a  trifle  he  owed 
by  begging  an  alms  of  Richardson  .  .  .  and  even 
knew  what  it  was  from  sheer  want  to  go  without 
a  dinner.  When  better  days  came,  he  loved  the 
poor  as  few  else  loved  them  ;  and  he  nursed,  in 
his  house,  whole  nests  of  the  lame,  the  blind,  the 
sick  and  the  sorrowful. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol. 
7,  ch.  24. 

4356.  POVERTY,  Sorrows  of.  Woman's  Lot. 
[Among  the  Turks],  each  chief  of  a  tent  had  the 
absolute  right  of  life  and  death  over  his  family 
and  his  slaves.  A  barbarous  usage  authorized 
the  father  and  mother,  when  poor,  to  bury  alive 
their  daughters  at  the  moment  of  birth,  to  the 
end  of  preventing  either  the  wretched  lot  which 
slavery  reserves  for  woman,  or  the  outrage  and 
dishonor  which  a  daughter  may  one  day  bring 
iipon  their  name. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  47. 

4357.  POVERTY,  Spirit  with.  Samuel  John- 
ton.  Johnson  and  Savage  were  sometimes  in  such 
extreme  indigence,  that  they  could  not  pay  for 
a  lodging  ;  so  that  they  have  wandered  together 
whole  nights  in  the  streets.  ...  He  told  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  that  one  night  in  particular, 
■when  Savage  and  he  walked  round  St.  James's 
Square  for  want  of  a  lodging,  they  were  not  at 


all  depressed  by  their  situation  ;  but,  in  high 
spirits  and  brimful  of  patriotism,  traversed  the 
square  for  several  hours,  inveighed  .against  the 
minister,  and  "resolved  they  would  stand  by 
their  country." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  41. 

4358.  POVERTY  a  Tyrant.  Sufolk  Work- 
man. [Henry  VIII.  attempted  to  collect  a  tax  of 
one  third  of  every  man's  property,  which  was 
granted  by  the  Simolk  clothiers  who  levied  the 
burden  on  the  poor  workmen  ;  they  became  ri- 
otous. The  Duke  of  Norfolk,  high  treasurer  of 
England  interviewed  them.]  He  asked  who  was 
their  captain  and  bade  that  he  should  speak ; 
then  a  well-aged  man  of  fifty  years  and  above, 
asked  license  of  the  duke  to  speak,  which  [was] 
granted  with  good  will.  "My  Lord,  .  .  .  since 
you  ask  Avho  is  our  captain,  forsooth  his  name  is 
Poverty,  for  he  and  his  cousin  Necessity  hath, 
brought  us  to  this  doing."  [The  tax  was  aban- 
doned.]—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  18,  p.  302. 

4359.  POVERTY  unknown.  In  Athens.  [Dur- 
ing the  time  of  Solon  there  were  none  who  asked 
for  alms  in  Athens.]  "In  those  days,"  says  Isoc- 
rates,  ' '  there  was  no  citizen  that  died  of  want, 
or  begged  in  the  streets,  to  the  dishonor  of  the 
community."  This  was  owing  to  the  laws 
against  idleness  and  prodigality,  and  the  care 
which  the  areopagus  took  that  every  man  should 
have  a  visible  livelihood. — Langhorne's  Note, 
Plutarch's  Solon. 

4360.  POVERTY  and  Vice.  One-fifth  Paupers. 
[In  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century] 
one  fifth  of  the  whole  population  were  paupers. 
Locke  attributed  the  rapid  increase  of  the  poor 
rates  "to  the  relaxation  of  discipline  and  the 
corruption  of  manners." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  5,  ch.  4,  p.  60. 

4361.  POVERTY,  Virtuous.  Mixam,  tlie  Ind- 
ian Chief.  A.D.  1652.  The  West  India  Com- 
pany, dreading  an  attack  from  New  England, 
had  instructed  their  governor,  "to  engage  the 
Indians  in  his  cause."  But  the  friendship  of  the 
Narragansetts  for  the  Puritans  could  not  be 
shaken.  "  I  am  poor,"  said  Mixam,  one  of 
their  sachems,  "  but  no  presents  of  goods,  or  of 
guns,  or  of  powder  and  shot  shall  draw  me  into 
a  conspiracy  against  my  friends  the  English." — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

4362.  POWER,  Authority  by.  Charles  II. 
[When  Charles  II.  was  deserted  by  his  army  and 
left  at  the  mercy  of  the  Parliament,  he  was 
visited  by  a  soldier  named  Joyce,  who  sum- 
moned him  to  go  to  the  army.]  Joyce  said  he 
was  sent  by  the  authority  of  the  army.  ' '  Where 
is  your  commission  ?"  said  the  king.  "  There, 
behind  me,"  pointing  to  the  soldiers.  "  Believe 
me,"  replied  Charles,  "your  instructions  are 
written  in  a  very  legible  character." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  5,  p.  71. 

4363.  POWER,  Balance  of.  Origin.  Charles 
[VIII.]  was  now  master  of  Naples  ;  he  entered 
the  city  in  triumph,  took  the  titles  of  Emperor 
and  Augustus,  and  after  giving  a  few  entertain- 
ments to  exhibit  his  magnificence,  and  imposing 
some  enormous  taxes  to  exemplify  his  authority, 
this  most  impolitic  prince  returned  to  France  five 
months  after  he  had  left  it,  thinking  his  con- 
quest sufficiently  secured  by  leaving  it  to  be  de- 
fended by  three  or  four  thousand  men,  while  al- 
most all  Europe  had  entered  into  a  combination 


516 


POWER— PRAISE. 


to  deprive  him  of  it.  .  .  .  Such  had  been  the 
sudden  and  decisive  effect  of  this  great  confed- 
eracy against  Charles  VIII. ,  that  the  princes  of 
Europe  tlience  derived  a  most  useful  lesson,  and 
from  that  period  considered  it  as  a  general  law 
of  policy  to  be  always  united  in  a  tacit  league  to 
prevent  the  exorbitant  increase  of  the  power  of 
any  particular  State  or  sovereign.  Robertson,  in 
his  "  History  of  Charles  V. ,"  asserts  that  the  idea 
of  the  preservation  of  a  balance  of  power  in  Eu- 
rope has  its  date  from  this  confederacy  against 
Charles  VIII.;  ^nd  "from  this  era,"  says  he, 
"  we  can  trace  the  progress  of  that  intercourse 
between  nations  which  has  linked  the  powers  of 
Europe  so  closely  together,  and  can  discern  the 
operations  of  that  provident  policy  which,  dur- 
ing peace,  guards  against  remote  and  contingent 
dangers,  and  which  in  war  has  prevented  rapid 
and  destructive  conquests." — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  13,  p.  215. 

4364. .  Bdcjn  of  Charles  II.      The 

King  of  Spain  was  a  sickly  child.  It  was  likely 
that  he  would  die  without  issue.  His  eldest  sis- 
ter was  Queen  of  France.  A  day  would  almost 
certainly  come,  and  might  come  very  soon,  when 
the  house  of  Bourbon  might  lay  claim  to  that  vast 
empire  on  which  the  sun  never  set.  The  union 
of  two  great  monarchies  under  one  head  would 
doubtless  be  opposed  by  a  Continental  coalition ; 
but  for  any  continental  coalition  France,  single 
handed,  was  a  match.  England  could  turn  the 
scale.  .  .  .  Nothing,  therefore,  could  be  more 
gratifying  to  Louis  [XIV.]  than  to  learn  that 
[Charles  II.]  the  princes  of  the  house  of  Stuart 
needed  his  help,  and  were  willing  to  purchase 
that  help  by  unbounded  subserviency.  He  de- 
termined to  profit  by  the  opportunity,  and  laid 
down  for  himself  a  plan  to  which,  without  devi- 
ation, he  adhered,  till  the  Revolution  of  1688  dis- 
concerted all  his  politics. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  2,  p.  194. 

4365.  POWEE,  Boast  of.  Pompey.  Pompey 
was  so  much  elated,  .  .  .  and  his  confidence  made 
him  so  extremely  negligent,  that  he  laughed  at 
those  who  seemed  to  fear  the  war.  And  when  they 
said  that  if  Caesar  should  advance  in  a  hostile 
manner  to  Rome  they  did  not  see  what  forces 
they  had  to  oppose  him,  he  bade  them,  with  an 
open  and  smiling  countenance,  give  themselves 
no  pain.  "  For  if  in  Italy,"  said  he,  "  I  do  but 
stamp  upon  the  ground,  an  army  will  appear." 
— Plutarch's  Pompey. 

4366.  POWEE,  Humbled.  Roman.  Alaric, 
,  .  .  the  king  of  the  Goths,  who  no  longer  dis- 
sembled his  appetite  for  plunder  and  revenge, 
appeared  in  arms  under  the  walls  of  the  capital ; 
and  the  trembling  Senate,  without  any  hopes  of 
relief,  prepared,  by  a  desperate  resistance,  to  de- 
lay the  ruin  of  their  country.  But  they  were  un- 
able to  guard  against  the  secret  conspiracy  of 
their  slaves  and  domestics,  who,  either  from  birth 
or  interest,  were  attached  to  the  cause  of  the  en- 
emy. At  the  hour  of  midnight  the  Salarian 
^ate  was  silently  opened,  and  the  inhabitants 
were  awakened  by  the  tremendous  sound  of  the 
Gothic  trumpet.  Eleven  hundred  and  sixty- 
three  years  after  the  foundation  of  Rome,  the 
imperial  city,  which  had  subdued  and  civilized 
so  considerable  a  part  of  mankind,  was  delivered 
to  the  licentious  fury  of  the  tribes  of  Germany 
and  Scythia. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31,  p.  282. 


4367.  POWEE,  Personal.  Napoleon  I.  [When 
the  allied  sovereigns  were  in  congress  at  Vienna, 
in  1815,  dividing  the  spoils  resulting  from  the 
overthrow  of  Bonaparte,  he  escaped  from  his  ex- 
ile at  Elba.  The  news  created  consternation.] 
A  proscribed  exile,  without  money  and  without 
arms,  floating  upon  the  waters  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, simply  by  the  magic  of  his  nauie  plunged 
all  the  courts  and  all  the  armies  of  Europe  into 
commotion.  Two  powers  at  that  moment  equal- 
ly divided  Europe.  One  power  was  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  solitary  and  alone ;  the  other  power 
was  all  the  combined  monarchs  and  armies  and 
navies  of  Christendom. — Abbott's  Napoleon 
B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  26. 

436§. .     NapoUon  I.     [See  No. 

4367.]  Chateaubriand  had  pithily  said:  "If 
the  cocked  hat  and  surtout  of  Napoleon  were 
placed  on  a  stick  on  the  shores  of  Brest,  it 
would  cause  Europe  to  run  to  arms,  from  one 
end  to  the  other." — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  2,  ch.  26. 

4369.  POWEE,  Threat  of.  Agrippina.,  At 
last  the  quarrel  between  [young]  Nero  and  Ag- 
rippina  [his  mother]  became  so  fierce  that  she 
did  not  hesitate  to  reveal  to  him  all  the  crimes 
which  she  had  committed  for  his  sake  [including 
murder],  and  if  she  could  not  retain  her  sway 
over  his  mind  by  gratitude,  she  terrified  liim 
with  threats  that  she  who  had  raised  him  to  the 
throne  could  hurl  him  from  it.  Britannicus  was 
the  true  heir  ;  Nero,  but  for  her,  would  have  re 
mained  a  mere  Ahenobarbus  [his  former  name]. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Germanicus ;  she 
would  go  in  person  to  the  praetorian  camp,  with 
Britannicus  by  her  side,  and  then  let  the  maimed 
Burrhus  and  the  pedagogic  Seneca  see  whether 
they  could  prevent  her  from  restoring  to  the 
throne  of  his  fathers  the  injured  boy  who  had 
been  ousted  by  her  intrigues  on  behalf  of  an 
adopted  alien.  "  I  made  you  emperor,  I  can  un- 
make you.  Britannicus  is  the  true  emperor,  not 
you." — Farrar's  Early  Days,  ch.  4,  p.  23. 

4370.  PEAISE,  Demoralized  by.  Cicero.  Cicero 
followed  the  counsel  of  Cato.  He  set  off  in  the 
middle  of  the  night,  and  embarked  at  Brundi- 
sium  for  Macedonia,  on  his  way  to  Thessalonica, 
where  he  had  fixed  the  scene  of  his  exile.  Here 
he  betrayed  in  a  lamentable  degree  the  weakness 
of  his  mind.  The  letters  which  he  wrote  to  At- 
ticus.  . .  "resemble  more  the  wailings  of  an  in- 
fant or  the  strains  of  a  tragedy  composed  to  draw 
tears,  than  the  language  of  a  man  supporting  the 
cause  of  integrity  in  the  midst  of  unmerited  trou- 
ble." "I  wish  I  may  see  the  day  (he  thus  writes 
to  his  friend)  when  I  shall  be  disposed  to  thank 
you  for  having  prevented  me  from  resorting  to 
a  voluntary  death  ;  for  I  now  bitterly  regret  that 
I  yielded  in  that  matter  to  your  entreaty.  What 
species  of  misfortune  have  I  not  endured  ?  Did 
ever  any  one  fall  from  so  high  a  state,  in  so  good 
a  cause,  with  such  abilities  and  knowledge,  and 
with  such  a  share  of  the  public  esteem  ?  Cut  off 
in  such  a  career  of  glory,  deprived  of  my  fortune, 
torn  from  my  children,  debarred  the  sight  of  a 
brother  dearer  to  me  than  myself — but  my  tears 
will  not  allow  me  to  proceed. "...  The  historian 
I  have  just  quoted  truly  says,  "  It  appears  from 
this  and  many  other  scenes  of  the  life  of  this  re- 
markable man,  that  though  he  loved  virtuous 
actions,  yet  his  virtue  was  accompanied  with  so 


PRAISE— PRAYER. 


517 


unsuitable  a  thirst  of  the  praise  to  which  it  en- 
titled him,  that  his  mind  was  unable  to  sustain 
Itself  without  this  foreign  assistance  ;  and  when 
the  praise  to  which  he  aspired  for  his  consulate 
was  changed  into  obloquy  and  scorn,  he  seems 
to  have  lost  the  sense  of  good  or  evil  in  his  own 
conduct  and  character."  How  different  this 
conduct  from  the  sentiments  he  had  expressed 
as  a  philosopher. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4, 
ch.  1,  p.  403. 

4371.  PEAISE,  Extravagant.  Cicero.  Speeches 
of  acknowledgment  he  had  naturally  to  make 
both  to  the  Senate  and  the  Assembly.  In  ad- 
dressing the  people  he  was  moderately  prudent ; 
he  glanced  at  the  treachery  of  his  friends,  but 
he  did  not  make  too  much  of  it.  He  praised  his 
own  good  qualities,  but  not  extravagantly.  He 
described  Pompey  as  ' '  the  wisest,  best,  and 
greatest  of  all  men  that  had  been,  were,  or  ever 
would  be." — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  15. 

4372.  PRAISE,  Offensive.  John  Howard.  [The 
t  philanthropist  and  prisoners'  friend.]  News 
[  reached  him  that  a  number  of  his  admirers  were 
I    preparing  to  erect  a  monument  in  his  honor.    It 

is  no  exaggeration  to   say  that  he  was  horror- 

:    stricken  at  the  intelligence.     He  wrote  immedi- 

\   ately  to  England  to  say  that  if  the  design  were 

i   carried  out  he  should  be  ashamed  to  return  to 

!   his  country.     Nothing,  he  added,  that  his  worst 

I   enemy  could  devise  could  be  such  a  ' '  punisli- 

;   ment"  to  him  as  the  erection  of  the  proposed 

monument,  and  he  wandered  his  friends  should 

not  have  known  him  better  than  to   sanction 

,  such  a  project.     He  declared  that  he  claimed  no 

credit  for  anything  he  had  done,  but  that  in  his 

exertions  on  behalf  of  prisoners,  he  had  been 

merely    "riding  his  hobby-horse."     In    conse- 

i  quence  of  his  urgent  entreaties,  the  scheme  was 

I  given  up. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  74. 

I      4373.  PEAISE,  Servile.  Nero.  He  gave  a  loose 
j  rein  to  the  meanest  and  most  vicious  passions. 
;  He  prompted  the  young  nobility  to  exhibit  them- 
!  selves  as  actors  upon  the  stage ;  he  forced  the 
'  Roman  knights  to  fight,  like  gladiators,  in  the 
;  arena  ;  and  in  these  disgraceful  amusements  he 
I  bore  himself  a  principal   part.      Burrhus,  the 
captain  of  the  praetorian  guards,  a  man  of  talents 
,  and  of  virtue — although,  at  times,  he  had  ap- 
peared to  show  too  much  compliance  with  the 
'•  will  of  his  master — was  not,  in  the  opinion  of 
I  Nero,  sufficiently  obsequious,  and  was  therefore 
\  removed  by  poison.     Upon  his  death,  Seneca, 
1  who  lost  a  powerful  friend,  retired  from  the 
'  i  court.     Nero  had  no  longer  any  around  him  but 
!  the  profligate  and  abandoned  like  himself.  Pop- 
j  psea,  a  woman  of  great  beauty  but  abandoned 
morals,  had  been  seduced  from  her  husband  by 
'  Otho,  who  in  his  turn  prostituted  her  to  the  em- 
peror, to  serve  his  own  purposes  of  ambition. 
'  She  soon  gained  such  an  ascendency  over  Nero, 
that  he  was  induced  to  divorce  his  wife  Octavia 
to  make  way  for  her  to  the  throne ;  and  such 
was,  at  this  time,  the  infamous  servility  of  the 
Roman  Senate,  that  a  panegyric  was  pronounced 
in  praise  of  the  emperor,  and  a  deputation  sent 
to  congratulate  him  on  this  auspicious  event. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  487. 

4374.  PRAISE,  Undiscerning.  Rebuked.  "When 
Aristides  gave  in  his  accounts,  Themistocles 
raised  a  strong  party  against  him,  accused  him  of 


misapplying  the  public  money,  and  .  .  .  got  him 
condemned.  But  the  principal  and  most  respect- 
able of  the  citizens,  incensed  at  this  treatment  of 
Aristides,  interposed  and  prevailed,  not  only 
that  he  might  be  excused  the  fine,  but  chosen 
again  chief  treasurer.  He  now  pretended  that 
his  former  proceedings  were  too  strict,  arid,  car- 
rying a  gentler  hand  over  those  that  acted  under 
him,  suffered  them  to  pilfer  the  public  money, 
without  seeming  to  find  them  out,  or  reckoning 
strictly  with  them  ;  so  that,  fattening  on  the 
spoils  of  their  country,  they  lavished  their  praises 
on  Aristides,  and,  heartily  espousing  his  cause, 
begged  of  the  people  to  continue  him  in  the 
same  department.  But  when  the  Athenians  were 
going  to  confirm  him  by  their  suffrages,  he  gave 
them  this  severe  rebuke  :  ' '  While  I  managed 
your  finances  with  all  the  fidelity  of  an  honest 
man,  I  was  loaded  with  calumnies ;  and  now 
when  I  suffer  them  to  be  a  prey  to  public  rob- 
bers, I  am  become  a  mighty  good  citizen  ;  but  I 
assure  you,  I  am  more  ashamed  of  the  present 
honor  than  I  was  of  the  former  disgrace ;  and. 
it  is  with  indignation  and  concern  that  I  see  you 
esteem  it  more  meritorious  to  oblige  ill  mea 
than  to  take  proper  care  of  the  public  revenue." 
By  thus  speaking  and  discovering  their  frauds, 
he  silenced  those  that  recommended  him  with  s» 
much  noise  and  bustle,  but  at  the  same  time  re- 
ceived the  truest  and  most  valuable  praise  from 
the  worthiest  of  the  citizens. — Plutarch's  Aft 

ISTIDES. 

4375.  PRATER,  Brief.  Dying.  The  Prin 
cess  Anne,  daughter  of  Charles  I.,  died  when 
she  was  very  young.  On  her  dying-bed  she  was 
requested  by  one  of  her  attendants  to  pray.  She 
said  she  was  not  able  to  say  her  long  praj^er, 
meaning  the  Lord's  Prayer,  but  she  would  say 
her  short  one,  ' '  Lighten  mine  eyes,  O  Lord, 
that  I  sleep  not  the  sleep  of  death."  She  had  no 
sooner  pronounced  these  few  words  than  her 
gentle  spirit  entered  that  bright  and  happy  world 
where  prayer  is  exchanged  for  praise. 

4376.  PRAYER,  Brief.  A  Busy  Man's.  [Sir 
Jacob  Astley]  before  the  charge  at  the  battle  of 
Edgehill  made  a  most  excellent,  pious,  short, 
and  soldierly  prayer  :  for  he  lifted  up  his  eyes  and 
hands  to  Heaven,  saying,  "  O  Lord,  Thouknow- 
est  how  busy  I  must  be  this  day  ;  if  I  forget  Thee, 
do  not  Thou  forget  me."  And  with  that  rose, 
crying,  "March  on,  boys." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  4,  ch.  1,  p.  4. 

4377.  PRAYER  at  Death.  Samuel  Johnson, 
previous  to  his  receiving  the  Holy  Sacrament  in 
his  apartment,  composed,  and  fervently  uttered 
this  prayer:  "Almighty  and  most  merciful 
Father,  I  am  new,  as  to  human  eyes  it  seems, 
about  to  commemorate,  for  the  last  time,  the 
death  of  Thy  Son  Jesus  Christ,  our  Saviour  and 
Redeemer.  Grant,  O  Lord,  that  my  whole  hope 
and  confidence  may  be  in  His  merits,  and  Thy 
mercy ;  enforce  and  accept  my  imperfect  repent- 
ance ;  make  this  commemoration  available  to 
the  confirmation  of  my  faith,  the  establishment 
of  my  hope,  and  the  enlargement  of  my  charity  ; 
and  make  the  death  of  Thy  Son  Jesus  Christ 
effectual  to  my  redemption.  Have  mercy  upon 
me,  and  pardon  the  multitude  of  my  offences. 
Bless  my  friends,  have  mercy  upon  all  men. 
Support  me,  by  Thy  Holy  Spirit,  in  the  days  of 
weakness,  and  at  the  hour  of  death,  and  receive 


518 


PRAYER, 


me  at  my  death,  to  everlasting  happiness,  for  the 
sake  of  Jesus  Christ.     Amen. 

437§.  PEAYER  before  Fighting.  General 
Skippoii.  [During  the  conflict  of  the  Revolution, 
.  .  .  Skippon,  the  general  of  the  London  trained 
bands,  called  them  about  him,  and  made  the  fol- 
lowing famous  oration]  :  Come,  my  boys,  my 
brave  boys,  let  us  pray  heartily  and  fight  hearti- 
ly. I  will  run  the  same  fortunes  and  hazards 
with  you.  Remember  the  cause  is  for  God,  and 
for  defence  of  yourselves,  j^our  wives,  and  chil- 
dren. Come,  my  honest,  brave  boys,  pray  heart- 
ily and  fight  heartily,  and  God  will  bless  us. — 
Knight's  ExG.,  vol.  4,  ch.  1,  p.  11. 

4379.  PRAYEE  of  Gratitude.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. On  the  day  of  the  receipt  of  the  capitula- 
tion of  Lee, .  . .  the  Cabinet  meeting  was  held  an 
hour  earlier  that  usual.  Neither  the  President 
nor  any  member . . .  was  able,  for  a  time,  to  give 
utterance  to  his  feelings.  At  the  suggestion  of 
Mr.  Lincoln  all  dropped  on  their  knees,  and 
offered  in  silence  and  in  tears  their  humble  and 
heartfelt  acknowledgments  to  the  Almighty  for 
the  triumph  He  had  granted  to  the  National 
cause. — Raymond's  Llncoln,  p.  735. 

43S0.  PEAYEE,  Helpful.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
Mr.  Noah  Brooks,  one  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  most  in- 
timate and  personal  friends,  in . . .  Harper's  Mag- 
azine gives  the  following ;  .  .  .  To  the  remark 
that  he  might  remember  that  in  all  these  cares, 
he  was  daily  remembered  by  those  who  prayed, 
not  to  be  heard  of  men,  as  no  man  had  ever  be- 
fore been  remembered  ...  he  .  .  .  said  ...  I 
have  been  told  so,  and  I  have  been  a  good  deal 
helped  by  just  that  thought.  Then  he  solemnly 
and  slowly  added,  "I  should  be  the  most  pre- 
sumptuous blockhead  upon  this  footstool  if  I 
for  one  day  thought  I  could  discharge  the  duties 
which  have  come  upon  me  since  I  came  into  this 
place  without  the  aid  and  enlightenment  of  One 
who  is  stronger  and  wiser  than  all  others." — 
Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  732. 

4381.  PEAYEE  a  necessity.  Mahomet.  [After 
the  siege  of  Mecca],  he  was  followed  by  the  dep- 
uties of  Tayef ,  who  dreaded  the  repetition  of  a 
siege.  "  Grant  us,  O  apostle  of  God,  a  truce  of 
three  years,  with  the  toleration  of  our  ancient 
worship  !"  " Not  a  month,  not  an  hour."  "Ex- 
cuse us  at  least  from  the  obligation  of  prayer." 
"  Without  prayer  religion  is  of  no  avail."  They 
submitted  in  silence  ;  their  temples  were  demol- 
ished, and  the  same  sentence  of  destruction  was 
executed  on  all  the  idols  of  Arabia. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  140. 

4382.  PEAYEE,  Eefuge  in.  Washington.  Mr. 
Potts  the  Quaker  .  .  .  relates  that  one  day  while 
the  Americans  we  reencamped  at  Valley  Forge 
[during  the  darkest  days  of  the  Revolution]  he 
strolled  up  the  creek,  and  when  not  far  from  his 
dam,  heard  a  solemn  voice.  He  walked  quietly 
in  the  direction  of  it,  and  saw  Washington's 
horse  tied  to  a  sapling.  In  a  thicket  near  by  was 
the  beloved  chief  upon  his  knees  in  prayer,  his 
face  suffused  with  tears.  Like  Moses  at  the  bush, 
Isaac  felt  that  he  was  on  holy  ground,  and  with- 
drew unobserved. — Benson  J.  Lossing's  Note 
IN  CusTis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  6. 

43S3.  PEAYEE  refused.  Cromwell.  The  army 
and  the  Parliament,  instigated  by  the  Puritans 
and  republicans,  determined  on  the  king's  trial. 


Cromwell  appeared  to  hesitate  before  the  enormi- 
ty of  the  outrage.  From  hisjplace  in  the  House  he 
spoke  more  in  the  tone  of  an  inspired  enthusiast 
than  a  rational  politician,  and  appeared  to  sur- 
render his  consent  under  the  influence  of  a  super- 
natural impression.  "  If  any  one,"  said  he,  with 
an  extravagant  emotion  which  approached  insan- 
ity, ' '  had  voluntarily  proposed  to  me  to  judge 
and  punish  the  king,  I  should  have  looked  upon 
him  as  a  prodigy  of  treason ;  but  since  Provi- 
dence and  necessity  have  imposed  this  burden  on 
us,  I  pray  Heaven  to  bless  your  deliberations, 
although  I  am  not  prepared  to  advise  you  in  this 
weighty  matter.  Shall  I  confess  to  you,"  added 
he,  in  a  tone  and  attitude  of  inward  humiliation, 
"that  when,  a  short  time  since,  I  offered  up  a 
prayer  for  the  preservation  of  his  Majesty,  I  felt 
my  tongue  cleave  to  my  palate  ?  I  took  this  ex- 
traordinary sensation  as  an  unfavorable  answer 
from  Heaven,  rejecting  my  humble  en  treaty." — 
Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  41. 

43S4. .    James  II.  Some  rigid  Cal- 

vinists  [Covenanters]  had  from  the  doctrine  of 
reprobation  drawn  the  consequence  that  to  pray 
for  any  person  who  had  been  predestined  to  per- 
dition was  an  act  of  mutiny  against  the  eternal 
decrees  of  the  Supreme  Being.  Three  poor  la- 
boring  men  deeply  imbued  with  this  unamiable 
divinity  were  arrrested  by  an  officer  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Glasgow.  They  were  asked  whether 
they  would  pray  for  King  James  VII.  They  re- 
fused to  do  so  except  under  the  condition  that 
he  was  one  of  the  elect.  A  file  of  musketeers  was 
drawn  out.  The  prisoners  knelt  down ;  they 
were  blindfolded ;  and,  within  an  hour  after 
they  had  been  stopped,  their  blood  was  lapped 
up  by  the  dogs.  —  Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  4, 
p.  464. 

43§5.  PEAYEE  of  Soldiers.  Cromwell's.  [Dur- 
ing the  revolution  which  preceded  the  Common- 
wealth, Cromwell  called  a  meeting  of  the  offi- 
cers of  the  army  at  Windsor  Castle.]  These 
zealous  men  spent  one  whole  day  in  prayer. 
They  were  exhorted  by  Cromwell  to  a  thorough 
consideration  of  their  actions  as  an  army,  and  of 
their  private  ways  as  Christians.  .  .  .  They,  with 
bitter  weeping,  took  sense  and  shame  of  their 
iniquities.  They  came  to  a  clear  agreement  that 
it  was  their  duty  to  go  forth  and  fight  the  ene- 
mies that  had  appeared  against  them. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  6,  p.  89. 

4386.  PEAYEE,  Subdued  by.  A  Miser.  [Sam- 
uel Hick,  an  early  English  Methodist  preacher, 
once  plead  in  vain  with  a  rich  miser  for  a  dona- 
tion to  Coke's  West  India  missions.]  At  last  he 
fell  upon  his  knees  in  prayer.  "  I  will  give  thee 
a  guinea  if  thou  wilt  give  over,"  said  the  covet- 
ous man  ;  but  he  continued  to  pray  for  the  miser, 
and  for  the  heathen  for  whose  salvation  a  guinea 
would  have  been  so  insignificant  a  pittance.  "  I 
tell  thee  to  give  over,"  exclaimed  the  miser  again ; 
"  I  will  give  thee  two  guineas  if  thou  wilt  give 
it  up."  Hick  bore  it  away  to  a  missionary  meet 
ing. — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  3,  p.  126. 

4387.  PEAYEE  and  Swearing.  Andrew  John- 
son. Colonel  Moody  "the  fighting  Methodist 
parson  was  in  Nashville  the  day  it  was  reported 
that  [General]  Buel  had  decided  to  evacuate  the 
city.  The  rebels,  strongly  reinforced,  were  said 
to  be  within  two  miles  of  the  city.  Said  Moody 
...  I  found  him  in  his  office  .  .  .  walking  the 


PRAYERS— PREACHING. 


519 


floor  .  .  .  manifesting  intense  feeling,  he  said, 
"  Moody,  we  are  sold  out  !  Buel  is  a  traitor  !"  .  .  . 
Then  he  commenced  pacing  the  floor,  twisting 
his  hands  and  chafing  like  a  chained  tiger.  Sud- 
'denly  he  turned  and  said,  "Moody,  can  you 
pray  ?"  .  .  .  As  the  prayer  became  fervent,  John- 
son came  over  on  his  hands  and  knees  to  Moody's 
side  and  put  his  arm  over  him  and  manifested 
the  deepest  emotion.  Closing  the  prayer  with  a 
hearty,  "Amen"  from  each,  they  arose.  John- 
son .  .  .  said,  "  Moody,  I  feel  better  !"  Shortly 
afterward  he  said,  "Moody,  will  you  stand  by 
me  ?"  "  Certainly  I  will,"  was  the  answer.  .  .  . 
The  current  of  his  thought  having  changed,  he 
said,  "  Oh,  Moody,  I  don't  want  you  to  think  I 
have  become  a  religious  man  because  I  asked  you 
to  pray.  I  am  sorry  to  say  it,  but  I  am  not,  and 
"have  never  pretended  to  be  religious.  .  .  .  But, 
Moody,  there  is  one  thing  about  it — I  do  believe 
in  Almighty  God.  And  I  believe  also  in  the 
Bible,  and  I  say  damn  me  if  Nashville  shall  be 
surrendered  !"  And  Nashville  was  not  surren- 
dered.— Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  747. 

43§§.  PEAYERS,  Attendance  at.  Josiah  Quin- 
cy.  For  sixteen  years  Mr.  Quincy  was  President 
of  Harvard  College — a  difficult  and  laborious 
office.  His  son  tells  us,  that,  during  the  whole  six- 
teen years  of  his  presidency,  he  was  never  absent 
from  the  six-o'clock  morning  prayers  but  three 
times,  and  that  was  occasioned  by  his  being 
obliged  to  attend  a  distant  court  as  a  witness  on 
behalf  of  the  college. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  759. 

43S9.  PREACHER,  Remarkable.  "  Black  Har- 
ry." Harry  Hosier,  better  known  as  "Black 
Harry,"  was  the  travelling  servant  of  Bishop 
Asbury,  and  had  a  popularity  as  a  preacher 
which  excelled  that  of  the  bishop  himself.  Dr. 
Rush,  whose  predilections  for  Methodist  preacli- 
dng  are  well  known,  did  not  disdain  to  hear  him, 
and  making  allowance  for  his  illiteracy  (for  he 
•could  not  read),  pronounced  him  "  the  great- 
est orator  in  America." — Stevens'  M.  E. 
Church,  vol.  2,  p.  174. 

4390.  PREACHERS,  Lay.  Puritans.  [In  1653, 
Whitelock,  ambassador  extraordinary  to  Swe- 
den, was  informed  by  the  famous  Queen  Chris- 
tina that  she  had  been  told  that  many  officers  of 
the  Commonwealth  under  Cromwell  "  will  them- 
sel  ves  pray  and  preach  to  the  soldiers. "  And  she 
asked, ' '  Is  that  true  ?"  Whitelock  replied] , ' '  Yes, 
madam,  it  is  .  .  .  very  true.  While  their  enemies 
.are  swearing,  or  debauching,  or  pillaging,  the  offi- 
cers and  the  soldiers  of  the  Parliament's  army 
used  to  be  encouraging  and  exhorting  one  an- 
other out  of  the  Word  of  God,  and  praying  to- 
gether to  the  Lord  of  Hosts  for  His  blessing  to  be 
with  them,  who  hath  showed  His  approbation  of 
this  military  preaching  by  the  success  He  hath 

.given  them 'Tis  the  opinion  of  many  good 

men  with  us,  that  a  long  cassock,  with  a  silk  gir- 
■dle  and  a  great  beard,  do  not  make  a  learned  or 
good  preacher,  without  gifts  of  the  Spirit  of  God, 
.and  laboring  in  His  vineyard  ;  and  whosoever 
^studies  the  Holy  Scripture,  and  is  enabled  to  do 
good  to  the  souls  of  others,  and  endeavors  the 
•same,  is  nowhere  forbidden  by  that  Word,  nor  is 
dt  blamable." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  9, 
3).  144. 

4391. .     Puritans.     [In  1642  the 

Puritan  clergy  were  hated  and  called  "  preach- 


ing cobblers,"  "  pulpit  praters."  Some  defended 
them  "  in  a  merry  way,"  saying  that,  when  such 
men  first  began  to  "take  up  that  duty  which  the 
prelates  let  fall,"  they  each  invaded  the  other's 
calling] — that  chandlers,  cutlers,  weavers,  and 
the  like  preached,  while  the  archbishop  himself , 
instead  of  preaching,  was  busied  in  projects  about 
leather,  salt,  soap,  and  such  commodities  as  be- 
longed to  those  tradesmen. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  30,  p.  485. 

4392.  PREACHING  a  Crime.  In  Scotland.  [By 
act  of  .  .  .  Parliament  under  James  II.]  His  com- 
mands were  obeyed.  A  statute  framed  by  the 
ministers  of  the  crown  was  promptly  passed, 
which  stands  forth,  even  among  the  statutes  of 
that  unhappy  country  at  that  unhappy  period, 
pre-eminent  in  atrocity.  It  was  enacted,  in  few 
but  emphatic  words,  that  whoever  should  preach 
in  a  conventicle  under  a  roof,  or  should  attend, 
either  as  preacher  or  as  hearer,  a  conventicle  in 
the  open  air,  should  be  punished  with  death  and 
confiscation  of  property. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  4,  p.  460. 

4393.  PREACHING  a  Duty.  John  Bunyan. 
Mr.  Wingate,  when  the  information  was  first 
brought  to  him,  supposed  that  he  had  fallen  on 
a  nest  of  Fifth  Monarchy  men.  He  inquired, 
when  Bunyan  was  brought  in,  how  many  arms 
had  been  found  at  the  meeting.  When  he  learned 
that  there  were  no  arms,  and  that  it  had  no  polit- 
ical character  whatever,  he  evidently  thought  it 
was  a  matter  of  no  consequence.  He  told  Bun- 
yan that  he  had  been  breaking  the  law,  and  asked 
him  why  he  could  not  attend  to  his  business. 
Bunyan  said  that  his  object  in  teaching  was  mere- 
ly to  persuade  people  to  give  up  their  sins.  He 
could  do  that  and  attend  to  his  business  also. 
Wingate  answered  that  the  law  must  be  obeyed. 
He  must  commit  Bunyan  for  trial  at  the  Quarter 
Sessions  ;  but  he  would  take  bail  for  him,  if  his 
securities  would  engage  that  he  would  not  preach 
again  meanwhile.  Bunyan  refused  to  be  bailed 
on  any  such  terms.  Preach  he  would  and  must, 
and  the  recognizances  would  be  forfeited.  After 
such  an  answer,  Wingate  could  only  send  him  to 
jail ;  he  could  not  help  himself. — Froude's  Bun- 
yan, ch.  5. 

4394.  PREACHING,  Genuine.  Reign  of  James 
II.  [The  king  courted  the  favor  of  Dissenters 
for  the  secret  purpose  of  advancing  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith.  By  general  indulgence  they 
were  relieved  from  persecutions.  The  Puritan] 
soon  began  to  regret  the  days  of  persecution. 
While  the  penal  laws  were  enforced,  he  had 
heard  the  words  of  life  in  secret  and  at  his  peril; 
but  still  he  had  heard  them.  When  the  brethren 
were  assembled  in  the  inner  chamber,  when  the 
sentinels  had  been  posted,  when  the  doors  had 
been  locked,  when  the  preacher,  in  the  garb  of  a 
butcher  or  a  drayman,  had  come  in  over  the 
tiles,  then  at  least  God  was  truly  worshipped.  No 
portion  of  Divine  truth  was  suppressed  or  soft- 
ened down  for  any  worldly  object.  All  the  dis- 
tinctive doctrines  of  the  Puritan  theology  were 
fully  and  even  coarsely  set  forth.  [To  secure 
the  favor  of  the  court  the  preachers  became  con- 
servative and  hesitating.] — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  7,  p.  213. 

4395.  PREACHING  to  please.  Dangerous. 
[Preamble  to  the  statute  of  1703,  for  making  set- 
tled provision  for  the  clergy,  says:]    "Divers 


520 


PREACHING— PREDESTINATION. 


mean  and  stipendary  preachers  are  in  many 
places  entertained  to  serve  the  cures  and  officiate 
there,  who,  depending  for  necessary  maintenance 
upon  the  good-will  and  liking  of  their  hearers, 
have  been  and  are  thereby  under  temptation  of 
too  much  complying  and  suiting  their  doctrine 
to  the  humors,  rather  than  the  good,  of  their 
hearers  ;  which  hath  been  a  great  occasion  of 
faction  and  schism,  and  contempt  of  the  minis- 
try."— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  17,  p.  271. 

4396.  PREACHING,  Profitless.  "Hung  in 
Chains."  [In  1539]  there  was  an  image  in  Wales 
called  Garvell  Gathern,  to  which  the  people  re- 
sorted by  hundreds,  believing  that  the  wooden 
block  had  power  to  save.  Darvell  Gathern  was 
brought  to  London  and  burnt  in  Smithfleld. 
But  the  ' '  huge  and  great  image  "  was  brought 
under  the  gallows,  where  an  observant  friar. 
Forest,  was  hung  in  chains  alive  ;  and  the  idol 
being  set  on  fire  under  the  wretched  man,  who 
was  accused  of  heresy  and  treason,  they  were 
consumed  together.  Worst  of  all,  "there  was 
also  prepared  a  pulpit,  where  a  right  reverend 
father  in  God,  and  a  renowned  and  pious  clerk, 
the  Bishop  of  Worcester,  called  Hugh  Latimer, 
declared  to  him  [Forest]  his  errors,  and  openly 
and  manifestly  by  the  Scripture  of  God  confuted 
them,  and  with  many  and  godly  exhortations 
moved  him  to  repentance.  But  such  was  his 
frowardness,  that  he  neither  would  hear  nor 
speak." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  25,  p.  408. 

4397.  PREACHING  by  Women.  Samuel  John- 
son. [Bos well  said,]  I  told  him  I  had  been  that 
morning  at  a  meeting  of  the  people  called  Quak- 
ers, where  I  had  heard  a  woman  preach.  John- 
son :  "  Sir,  a  woman's  preaching  is  like  a  dog's 
walking  on  his  hind  legs.  It  is  not  done  well ; 
but  you  are  surprised  to  find  it  done  at  all." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  128. 

4398.  PRECEDENCE,  Infinitesimal.  Samuel 
Johnson.  Johnson,  for  sport  perhaps,  or  from 
the  spirit  of  contradiction,  eagerly  maintained 
that  Derrick  had  merit  as  a  writer.  Mr.  Morgann 
argued  with  him  directly  in  vain.  At  length  he 
had  recourse  to  this  device.  "  Pray,  sir,"  said 
he,  "  whether  do  you  reckon  Derrick  or  Smart 
the  best  poet  ?"  Johnson  at  once  felt  himself 
roused,  and  answered,  "  Sir,  there  is  no  settling 
the  point  of  precedency  between  the  louse  and 
the  flea." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  489. 

4399.  PRECEDENCE,  Quarrels  for.  Ambas- 
sadors.  An  idle  dispute  about  precedency  had 
happened  in  London  between  the  Spanish  and 
French  ambassadors.  Louis  immediately  order- 
ed the  Spanish  ambassador  at  Paris  to  quit  the 
kingdom,  and  recalled  his  own  from  the  court 
of  Spain.  Philip  IV.  was  threatened  with  a 
renewal  of  the  war,  unless  a  proper  submission 
should  be  made,  and  an  acknowledgment  of  the 
precedency  of  France,  to  which  that  monarch 
was  obliged  to  consent.  A  similar  affront  offer- 
ed to  the  French  ambassador  at  Rome  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  yet  more  humiliating  satisfaction. 
The  pope  was  obliged  to  beg  pardon  by  his  le- 
gate, and  a  pillar  was  erected  at  Rome  to  perpetu- 
ate the  affront  and  the  reparation. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  36,  p.  457. 

4400. .  Oreeks.  When  the  confed- 
erates came  to  have  their  several  posts  assigned 
them  [in  their  conflict  with  the  Persians],  who 


had  invaded  Greece,  there  was  a  great  dispute  be- 
tween the  Tegetse  and  the  Athenians,  the  Tege- 
tag  insisting  that,  as  the  Lacedaemonians  were 
posted  in  the  right  wing,  the  left  belonged  to 
them,  and,  in  support  of  their  claim,  setting^ 
forth  the  gallant  actions  of  their  ancestors.  As. 
the  Athenians  expressed  great  indignation  at 
this,  Aristides  stepped  forward  and  said  :  "Time: 
will  not  permit  us  to  contest  with  the  Te- 
getse  the  renown  of  their  ancestors  and  their  per- 
sonal bravery ;  but  to  the  Spartans  and  to  the 
rest  of  the  Greeks  we  may  say  that  the  post 
neither  gives  valor  nor  takes  it  away,  and  what- 
ever post  you  assign  us,  we  will  endeavor  to  do 
honor  to  it,  and  take  care  to  reflect  no  disgrace 
upon  our  former  achievements.  For  we  are  not 
come  hither  to  quarrel  with  our  allies,  but  to 
fight  our  enemies  ;  not  to  make  encomiums  upon 
our  forefathers,  but  to  approve  our  own  courage- 
in  the  cause  of  Greece.  And  the  battle  will  soon 
show  what  value  our  country  should  set  on  every 
State,  every  general,  and  private  man."  After 
this  speech  the  council  of  war  declared  in  favor 
of  the  Athenians,  and  gave  them  the  command 
of  the  left  wing. — Plutarch's  Aristides. 

4401.  PRECEDENCE  valued.  Cmar.  When 
Julius  Caesar  came  to  a  little  town,  in  passing^ 
the  Alps,  his  friends,  by  way  of  mirth,  took  oc- 
casion to  say,  "  Can  there  here  be  any  disputes 
for  offices,  any  contentions  for  precedency,  or 
such  envy  and  ambition  as  we  see  among  the 
great  ?"  To  which  Caesar  answered,  with  great 
seriousness,  "  I  assure  you,  I  had  rather  be  the 
first  man  here  than  the  second  man  in  Rome." 
— Plutarch's  Caesar. 

4403.  PRECOCITY,  Remarkable.  Janus  Wait. 
On  one  occasion,  when  he  was  bending  over  a 
marble  hearth,  with  a  piece  of  chalk  in  his  hand, 
a  friend  of  his  father  said:  "  You  ought  to  send- 
that  boy  to  a  public  school,  and  not  allow  him 
to  trifle  his  time  at  home."  "Look  how  my 
child  is  occupied  before  you  condemn  him,"  re- 
plied the  father.  Though  only  six  years  of  age^ 
he  was  trying  to  solve  a  problem  in  geometry. — 
Smiles'  Brief  Biographies,  p.  4. 

4403. .  Alexander  Pope.  The  pre- 
cocious boy,  after  the  age  of  twelve,  had  to- 
form  his  own  mind,  and  work  out  his  own 
aspirations,  in  his  "paternal  cell  "  at  Binfield. 
In  this  modest  dwelling  he  wrote  his  "  Pas- 
torals," his  "  Windsor  Forest,"  his  "  Tempk 
of  Fame,"  his  "  Essay  on  Criticism,"  his  "  Rape 
of  the  Lock."  He  set  to  learning  Latin  and 
Greek  by  himself  about  twelve,  and  when  he 
was  about  fifteen  he  resolved  that  he  would  go 
up  to  London  and  learn  French  and  Italian.  At 
sixteen  he  formed  an  acquaintance  with  Wycher- 
ley,  a  man  of  seventy.  He  was  known  at  that 
time  to  Congreve.  At  an  earlier  age  he  had 
been  taken  to  a  coffee-house  to  see  Dry  den. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  26,  p.  416. 

4404.  PREDESTINATION,  BeUef  in.  William, 
Prince  of  Orange.  The  Princes  of  Orange  had 
generally  been  the  patrons  of  the  Calvinistic  di- 
vinity, and  owed  no  small  part  of  their  popular- 
ity to  their  zeal  for  the  doctrines  of  election  and 
final  perseverance.  .  .  .  His  theological  opin- 
ions, however,  were  even  more  decided  than 
those  of  his  ancestors.  The  tenet  of  predestina- 
tion was  the  keystone  of  his  religion.  He  evea 
declared  that  if  he  were  to  abandon  that  tenet. 


PREDESTINATION— PREJUDICE. 


521 


ie  must  abandon  with  it  all  belief  in  a  superin- 
ending  Providence,  and  must  become  a  mere 
epicurean. — Macaulay's  Eno.,  ch.  7,  p.  152. 

4405. .  Scandinavians.  They  be- 
lieved implicitly  in  fate  or  predestination,  and  in 
the  absolute  impossibility  of  a  man's  avoiding 
that  course  or  destiny  which  was  prescribed  for 
him.  But  while  this  was  their  firm  persuasion, 
they  allowed  likewise  the  moral  agency  of  man, 
and  the  possibility  of  his  deserving  rewards  and 
punishments  for  his  actions,  a  difficulty  which 
more  enlightened  people  have  long  labored  to 
reconcile. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  6, 
p.  28. 

4406.  PREDICTIONS,  Editorial.  Ciml  War. 
The  New  York  people  derided  the  rebellion. 
The  Tribune  declared  that  it  was  nothing  "  more 
or  less  than  the  natural  recourse  of  all  mean- 
spirited  and  defeated  tyrannies  to  rule  or  ruin, 
making,  of  course,  a  wide  distinction  between 
the  will  and  power,  for  the  hanging  of  traitors 
is  sure  to  begin  before  one  month  is  over.  .  .  . 
Jeff  Davis  &  Co.  will  be  swinging  from  the 
battlements  of  Washington,  at  least  by  the  Fourth 
of  July." — Pollard's  First  Year  of  the 
War,  ch.  3,  p.  70. 

4407.  PREDICTIONS,  Parental.  Far  Peter 
Cooper.  While  the  ex-lieutenant  Cooper  was 
making  and  selling  hats  in  a  shop  in  Little  Dock 
Street,  a  son  was  born  to  him,  whom  he  named 
Peter,  after  the  great  apostle,  with  a  full  con- 
viction that  "  the  boy  would  come  to  something," 
and  with  the  conscientious  conviction  that  he 
bad  been  instructed  to  do  so  by  what  he  firmly 
believed  to  be  a  celestial  vision.  If  it  were  but 
a  superstition,  the  probability  seems  veiy  strong 
that  somebody  was  right. — Lester's  Life  of 
Peter  Cooper,  p.  10. 

4408.  PREDICTIONS  realized.  Mw  York.  In 
one  of  the  letters  written  to  £tuyvesant  [the  co- 
lonial governor]  by  the  secretary  of  the  [West 
India  Company],  the  remarkable  prediction  is 
made  that  the  commerce  of  New  Amsterdam 
should  cover  every  ocean  and  the  ships  of  all  na- 
tions crowd  into  her  harbor.  But  for  many 
years  the  growth  of  the  city  was  slow.  As  late 
as  the  middle  of  the  century  the  better  part  of 
Manhattan  Island  were  still  divided  among  the 
farmers,  Central  Park  was  a  forest  of  oaks  and 
chestnuts.  [17th  century.]— Ridpath's  U.  S.. 
ch.  19,  p.  168. 

4409.  PREJUDICE,  Commercial.  National 
Bank.  The  original  plan  of  a  national  bank  was 
met ...  by  every  sort  of  objection.  Some  said  it 
was  a  new  thing,  and  they  did  not  understand  it. 
Others  said  the  project  came  from  Holland,  and 
there  were  too  many  Dutch  things  already.  To- 
ries said  that  a  bank  and  a  monarchy  could  not 
exist  together.  Whigs  said  that  a  bank  and  lib- 
erty were  incompatible.for  that  the  Crown  would 
command  the  wealth  of  the  bank.  [It  was 
established  in  1694.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  11,  p.  171. 

4410.  PREJUDICE,  Deluded  by.  Reign  of 
Charles  II.  The  Marquess  of  Worcester  .  .  . 
observed  the  expansive  power  of  moisture  rari- 
fied  by  heat.  After  many  experiments,  he  had 
succeeded  in  constructing  a  rude  steam-engine, 
which  he  called  a  fire  water- work,  and  which  he 
pronounced  to  be  an  admirable  and  most  forci- 


ble instrument  of  propulsion.  But  the  marquess 
was  suspected  to  be  a  madman,  and  known  to  be 
a  Papist.  His  inventions,  therefore,  found  na 
favorable  reception .  His  fire  water- work  might, 
perhaps,  furnish  matter  for  conversation  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Royal  Society,  but  was  not  applied 
to  any  practical  purpose. — JVIacaxjlay's  Eng.. 
ch.  3,  p.  346. 

4411.  PREJUDICE  in  History.  Dionymis. 
It  is  not  improbable  that  the  hatred  which  the 
Greeks  ever  affected  to  bear  to  the  name  of  ty- 
rant has  made  their  historians  blacken  the  char- 
acter of  Dionysius  more  than  he  deserved.  We 
read  of  the  constant  terror  he  was  under  of  as- 
sassination ;  of  his  never  venturing  to  harangue 
the  people  but  from  the  top  of  a  tower  ;  of  the 
dungeon  he  contrived  for  the  imprisonment  of 
state  criminals,  constructed  in  the  form  of  the 
cavity  of  the  ear,  which,  communicating  with  an 
aperture  in  his  private  apartment,  he  could  dis- 
tinctly hear  any  word  that  the  prisoner  uttered  ; 
of  the  horror  he  had  of  allowing  himself  to  be 
shaved,  and  of  his  making  his  daughters  singe 
off  his  beard  with  nut-shells.  But  how  is  all  this 
consistent  with  the  certain  facts — of  his  command- 
ing his  armies  tn  person  ;  his  overseeing  his  nu- 
merous artisans  employed  in  the  public  works ; 
his  familiar  intercourse  with  men  of  science,  his 
magnificent  entertainments,  and,  at  length,  his 
dying  of  a  debauch  at  a  public  festival  ?  Great 
allowance  must  be  made  for  the  prejudices  of 
those  writers  who  have  given  us  the  character 
of  Dionysius. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  8, 
p.  360. 

4412.  PREJUDICE,  Investigation  with.  Bo- 
man  Emperor  Julian.  Instead  of  listening  to  the 
proofs  of  Christianity  with  that  favorable  atten- 
tion which  adds  weight  to  the  most  respectable 
evidence,  he  heard  with  suspicion,  and  disputed 
with  obstinacy  and  acuteness,  the  doctrines  for 
which  he  already  entertained  an  invincible  aver- 
sion. Whenever  the  young  princes  were  direct- 
ed to  compose  declamations  on  the  subject  of 
the  prevailing  controversies,  Julian  always  de- 
clared himself  the  advocate  of  Paganism  ;  under 
the  specious  excuse  that,  in  the  defence  of  the 
weaker  cause,  his  learning  and  ingenuity  might 
be  more  advantageously  exercised  and  displayed. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  22,  p.  412. 

4413.  PREJUDICE,  National.  French— Eng- 
lish. The  English  .  .  .  are  the  only  people  who 
have  been  unable  to  claim  the  authorship  of  the 
"  Imitation  of  Jesus"  ;  a  Frenchman  might  write 
it,  a  German,  an  Italian,  never  an  Englishman. 
From  Shakespeare  to  Milton,  from  Milton  to 
Byron,  their  beautiful  and  sombre  literature  is 
sceptical,  Judaical,  Satanic,  in  a  word  antichris- 
tian.  "  As  regards  law,"  as  a  legist  well  says, 
"  the  English  are  Jews,  the  French  Christians." 
A  theologian  might  express  himself  in  the  same 
manner  as  regards  faith.  The  American  Indians, 
with  that  penetration  and  originality  they  so  of- 
ten exhibit,  expressed  this  distinction  in  their 
fashion.  "  Christ,"  said  one  of  them,  "was  a 
Frenchman  whom  the  English  crucified  in  Lon- 
don ;  Pontius  Pilate  was  an  officer  in  the  service 
of  Great  Britain." — Michelet's  Joan  op  Arc, 
p.  51. 

4414.  PREJUDICE,  Opposition  of.  Ttdgn  of 
Charles  II.  [See  No.  4882.]  An  act,  the  first  of 
our  many  turnpike  acts,  was  passed,  imposing 


S%2 


PREJUDICE— PREPARATION. 


.a  small  toll  on  travellers  and  goods,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  keeping  some  parts  of  this  important  line 

-of  communication  in  good  repair.  This  innova- 
tion, however,  excited  many  murmurs,  and  the 

■other  great  avenues  to  the  capital  were  long  left 
under  the  old  system.     A  change  was  at  length 

•effected,  but  not  without  great  difficulty  ;  for  un- 
just and  absurd  taxation  to  which  men  are  ac- 
customed is  often  borne  far  more  willingly  than 
the  most  reasonable  impost  which  is  new.  It 
was  not  till  many  toll-bars  had  been  violently 
pulled  down,  till  the  troops  had  in  many  districts 
been  forced  to  act  against  the  people,  and  till 
much  blood  had  been  shed,  that  a  good  system 
-was  introduced.  By  slow  degrees  reason  tri- 
umphed over    prejudice. — Macaulay's  Eng., 

.ch.  3,  p.  350. 

4415.  PREJUDICE  against  Progress.  Iron  by 
Coal.  A  man  wiser  than  others  in  his  genera- 
tion, Edward,  Lord  Dudley,  obtained  in  1619  a 
patent  for  smelting  iron  ore  by  pit  coal.  He 
would  probably  have  bestowed  immense  riches 
upon  his  country  had  not  his  iron  works  been 
•destroyed  in  an  outbreak  of  that  popular  igno- 
rance which  has  too  often  interrupted  the  course 
of  scientific  improvement.  The  notion  of  smelt- 
ing iron  ore  by  coal  was  not  fairly  tried  till 
1740.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  1,  p.  13. 

4416.  PREJUDICE,  Reaction  of.  Methodism. 
The  fear  of  being  called  Methodists  was  one  of 
the  causes  that  made  too  many  of  the  clergy 
careless  in  their  lives  and  indifferent  in  their 
-vocation  [in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  centu- 
j-y]. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  110. 

4417.  PREJUDICE,  Sectional.  North  and  South. 
'The  Southern  people  considered  that  they  were 
opposing  [in  the  secession  struggle]  an  ene- 
my who  had  proved  himself  a  foe  to  mankind, 
religion,  and  civilization. —  Pollard's  First 
Year  of  the  War,  ch.  11,  p.  263. 

441§.  PREJUDICE  and  Superstition.  Lepers. 
[In  1321]  the  Lepers  .  .  .  were  popularly  ac- 
cused of  having  poisoned  all  the  wells  and  foun- 
tains in  Poitou  and  Guienne.  The  grounds  of 
this  horrible  charge  are  not  distinctly  known  ; 
the  Lepers  were  reported  to  be  under  the  influ- 
ence of  sorcery  and  magic,  the  belief  in  which 
^was  then  universal ;  another  account  represented 
i;hem  as  hired  agents  of  the  Moorish  King  of 
Oranada ;  a  third,  as  accomplices  of  the  Jews. 
The  Lepers  were  arrested  in  all  parts  of  France, 
and  barbarously  tortured  ;  every  petty  official 
in  the  kingdom  was  authorized  to  deal  with  them 
at  his  sole  discretion  ;  and  great  multitudes,  thus 
condemned  in  defiance  of  all  forms  of  justice, 
perished  in  the  flames. — Students'  France, 
ch.  9,  §  23. 

4419.  PREMONITION,  Accidental.  Charles  I. 
[In  1643,  during  the  civil  wars,  Charles  I.  was 
at  Oxford,  and,  in  the  public  library,  one  of  his 
lords  suggested,  as  a  diversion,  that  the  king 
make  a  trial  of  his  fortune  by  Sortes  Virgilianm, 
which  was  a  usual  kind  of  augury  some  ages 
past.  The  king  opened  a  Virgil  at  the  part  giv- 
ing] Dido's  imprecation  against  ^neas,  which 
Mr.  Dryden  translates : 

"Yet  let  a  race  untam'd  and  haughty  foes, 
His  peaceful  entrance  with  dire  arms  oppose  ; 
Oppress'd  with  numbers  in  th'  unequal  field, 
Bis  men  discourag'd,  and  himself  expell'd. 


Let  him  for  succor  sue  from  place  to  place, 
Torn  from  his  subjects,  and  his  son's  embrace, 
First  let  him  see  his  friends  in  battle  slain. 
And  their  untimely  fate  lament  in  vain  ; 
And  when,  at  length,  the  cruel  war  shall  cease, 
On  hard  conditions  may  he  buy  his  peace. 
Nor  let  him  then  enjoy  supreme  command. 
But  fall  untimely  by  some  hostile  hand, 
And  lie  unburied  on  the  barren  sand." 
Charles  seemed  concerned  at  the  accident  [which, 
in  some  measure,  proved  a  prediction  of  his  over- 
throw].— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  2,  p.  26. 

4420.  PREMONITION  of  Death.  Charles  V. 
A  deadly  poison  had  been  administered  to  .  .  . 
in  his  early  youth,  through  the  unnatural  machi- 
nations of  the  King  of  Navarre.  A  German 
physician  arrested  the  progress  of  the  venom  by 
opening  an  issue  in  his  arm,  forewarning  him 
that,  if  at  any  time  the  issue  should  close,  his 
death  was  inevitable  within  fifteen  days. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  10. 

4421. .     Abraham  Lincoln.     "No 

man,"  said  Mrs.  Stowe,  "  has  suffered  more  and 
deeper,  albeit  with  a  dry,  weary,  patient  pain, 
that  seemed  to  some  like  insensibility,  than  Presi- 
dent Lincoln."  "  Whichever  way  it  [the  rebel- 
lion] ends,"  he  said  to  her,  "  /shan't  last  long 
after  it  is  over." — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  726. 

4422. .     Abraham  Lincoln.     "  He 

told  me,"  says  a  correspondent  of  the  Boston  Jour- 
nal, "  that  he  was  certain  he  should  not  otitlast 
the  rebellion."  .  .  .  There  was  dissension  among 
the  Republican  leaders.  Many  of  his  best  friends 
had  deserted  him,  and  were  talking  of  an  opposi- 
tion .  .  .  convention  to  nominate  another  candi- 
date ;  and  universal  gloom  was  among  the  people. 
[He  also  said,]  "  I  feel  a  presentiment  that  I  shall 
not  outlast  the  rebellion.  When  it  is  over  my  work 
will  be  done. " — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  727. 

4423.  PREPARATION,  Constant.  "Minnie- 
men."  a.d.  1774.  Out  of  Boston  the  power  of 
[last  royal  governor]  Gage  was  at  an  end.  In  the 
county  of  Worcester,  the  male  inhabitants,  from 
the  age  of  sixteen  to  seventy,  formed  themselves 
into  companies  and  regiments,  chose  their  own 
officers,  and  agreed  that  one  third  part  of  the  en- 
rolled should  hold  themselves  ready  to  march  "at 
a  minute's  warning. "  "In  time  of  peace,  prepare 
for  war,"  was  the  cry  of  the  country.— Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  11. 

4424.  PREPARATION  for  Oratory.  Demosthe- 
nes. The  substance  of  the  speeches  which  he 
heard  he  committed  to  memory,  and  afterward 
reduced  them  to  regular  sentences  and  periods, 
meditating  a  variety  of  corrections  and  new  forms 
of  expression,  both  for  what  others  had  said  to 
him  and  he  had  addressed  to  them.  Hence  it 
was  concluded  that  he  was  not  a  man  of  much 
genius,  and  that  all  his  eloquence  was  the  effect 
of  labor.  A  strong  proof  of  this  seemed  to  be, 
that  he  was  seldom  heard  to  speak  anything  ex- 
tempore, and  though  the  people  often  called  upon 
him  by  name,  as  he  sat  in  the  assembly,  to  speak 
to  the  point  debated,  he  would  not  do  it  unless  he 
came  prepared.  For  this,  many  of  the  orators 
ridiculed  him  ;  and  Pytheas,  in  particular,  told 
him  that  all  his  arguments  smelled  of  the 
lamp.  Demosthenes  retorted  sharply  upon  him, 
"Yes,  indeed,  but  your  lamp  and  mine,  my 
friend,  are  not  conscious  to  the  same  labors."  To 


PREROGATIVE— PRESS. 


623 


others  lie  did  not  pretend  to  deny  his  previous  ap- 
plication, but  told  them  he  neither  wrote  the 
whole  of  his  orations,  nor  spoke  without  first 
committing  part  to  writing.  He  further  affirm- 
ed, that  this  showed  him  a  good  member  of  a 
■democratic  state  ;  for  the  coming  prepared  to  the 
rostrum  was  a  mark  of  respect  for  the  people. 
Whereas,  to  be  regardless  of  what  the  people 
might  think  of  a  man's  address  showed  his  in- 
clination for  oligarchy,  and  that  he  had  rather 
gained  his  point  by  force  than  by  persuasion. 
Another  proof  they  give  us  of  his  want  of  confi- 
dence on  any  sudden  occasion,  is,  that  when  he 
happened  to  be  put  into  disorder  by  the  tumul- 
tuary behavior  of  the  people,  Demades  often  rose 
up  to  support  him  in  an  extempore  address,  but 
he  never  did  the  same  for  Demades. — Plu- 
takch's  Demosthenes. 

4425.  PREROGATIVE,  Royal.  Beign  of  Sev- 
erus.  The  lawyers  and  historians  concurred  in 
teaching  that  the  inspired  authority  was  held,  not 
l)y  the  delegated  commission,  but  by  the  irrevo- 
cable resignation  of  the  Senate,  that  the  [Roman] 
Emperor  was  freed  from  the  restraints  of  the  civil 
laws,  and  could  command  by  his  arbitrary  will 
the  lives  and  fortunes  of  his  subjects,  and  might 
dispose  of  the  empire  as  of  his  private  patrimony. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  5,  p.  149. 

4426. .  James  II.  James . . .  was  re- 
solved to  bring  to  issue  the  question  of  the  king's 
■dispensing  power — that  is,  the  right  of  the  sover- 
eign to  abrogate  express  laws  by  the  exercise  of 
Jiis  prerogative.  This  prerogative  had  been  ex- 
.ercised  in  the  earliest  times  of  the  Constitution  ; 
"but  had  gradually  become  more  and  more  limit- 
^ed,  as  the  legislative  power  had  become  more 
defined. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  25,  p.  407. 

4427.    PRESBYTERIANISM  despised.        By 

Charles  II.     Lauderdale  related  to  Burnet  that 
^the  king  [Charles  II.]  told  him  to  let  presbytery 

f:o,  "  for  it  was  not  a  religion  for  gentlemen." 
A  religion  of  blindness  and  servility  was  the  re- 
ligion wanted.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  15, 
p.  253. 

442§.  PRESENT  declined.  William  Pitt.  [In 
1747  William  Pitt  was  paymaster-general  for 
George  II.]  When  a  subsidy  was  advanced  to  a 
foreign  power,  it  had  been  customary  for  the 
itching  palm  of  office  to  demand  a  half  per  cent 
as  its  honorarium.  Pitt  astonished  the  King  of 
Sardinia  by  sending  him  the  sum  without  deduc- 
tion which  Parliament  had  voted  ;  and  he  raised 
his  majesty's  astonishment  still  higher  when  he 
refused  a  present  as  a  compliment  to  his  integ- 
rity. Pitt  was  a  poor  man. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  6,  ch.  12,  p.  179. 

4429.  PRESENT,  A  perplexity.  The  French 
Minister.  A  dry  humor,  nay,  sometimes  a  most 
droll  humor,  guides  his  [Cromwell's]  dealings 
with  him.  [Cardinal]  Mazarin  was,  we  know,  a 
most  miserable  miser,  a  kind  of  griffin  in  thread- 
hare  wings,  watching  his  heaps  and  cellars  of 
gold.  How  well  Cromwell  knew  him.  He  sent 
presents  to  Cromwell,  we  find — the  richest  and 
the  stateliest  presents  of  hangings  and  pictures 
a,nd  jewels.  Whereupon  Cromwell  came  out 
generously  too,  and  sent  the  Frenchman  what  he 
knew,  to  his  market  eye,  would  be  of  more  value 
than  hangings,  pictures,  or  books  ;  he  sent  him 
*ome  tons  of  British  tin  !    Was  it  not  character- 


istic of  the  shrewdness  of  the  man  ?  The  supple 
Mazarin  never  found  himself  so  perplexed. — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  16,  p.  210. 

4430.  PRESENTIMENT,  A  true.  John  How- 
ard. He  had  a  strong  presentiment  that  from  this 
journey  [to  the  East]  he  should  never  return, 
and  therefore  thought  it  wrong  to  expose  his 
servant  to  its  manifold  perils.  The  man,  how- 
ever, so  earnestly  entreated  to  be  allowed  to  ac- 
company him,  that  his  scruples  were  at  last  over- 
come. All  his  preparations  were  made  with  a 
view  to  the  probability  of  his  never  again  seeing 
his  native  land.  He  made  his  will  with  great 
deliberation,  bequeathing  a  great  number  of 
small  legacies  to  his  dependents  and  friends, 
overlooking  no  one  who  had  the  slightest  claim 
to  his  favor,  [He  went  to  investigate  the  plague 
near  its  place  of  origin.] — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.  , 
p.  73. 

4431.  PRESENTS  bring  Presents.  Pudding. 
Stow  records  that  the  widow  Cornwallis  obtain- 
ed a  fair  house  and  tenements  of  a  dissolved 
priory  by  the  timely  present  of  some  fine  pud- 
dings to  the  king  [Henry  VIII.] — Kjnight's 
Eng,,  vol.  2,  ch.  25,  p.  413. 

4432.  PRESENTS,  Solicitation  of.  Alexander. 
[Alexander  the  Great  was  generally  more  offend- 
ed at  those  who  refused  his  presents  than  at  those 
who  asked  .  .  .  favors.]  He  had  given  nothing  to 
Serapion,  one  of  the  youths  that  played  with 
him  at  ball,  because  he  asked  nothing.  One 
day,  when  they  were  at  their  diversion,  Sera- 
pion took  care  always  to  throw  the  ball  to  others 
of  the  party ;  upon  which  Alexander  said, 
"Why  do  you  not  give  it  me?"  "Because 
you  did  not  ask  for  it,"  said  the  youth.  The 
repartee  pleased  the  king  much ;  he  laughed, 
and  immediately  made  him  very  valuable  pres- 
ents.— Plutarch's  Alexander. 

4433.  PRESS  defended,  The.  Liberty.  [In  1830 
Charles  X.  of  France  signed  an  ordinance  by 
which  the  liberty  of  the  periodical  press  was 
suspended.  The  proprietors  and  editors  of  the 
chief  opposition  papers  consulted  the  most  emi- 
nent lawyers,  who  gave  their  opinion  that  the 
ordinance  was  not  legal,  and  ought  not  to  be 
submitted  to.  Forty-four  conductors  of  news- 
papers signed  a  protest  in  which  they  declared 
their  intention  to  resist  the  ordinance.  The 
government  said,  "This  protest  has  this  day  lost 
that  character  of  legality  which  commands  obe- 
dience ;  we  resist  it."  There  was  occasionally  a 
cry  in  the  streets  of  "  Long  live  the  Charter  I 
Down  with  the  ministers  !"  The  next  day  a 
more  ominous  cry  went  forth — "Up  with  Lib- 
erty !  Down  with  the  Bourbons  !"  Sentinels  were 
placed  around  the  offices  of  the  four  principal 
newspapers  to  prevent  their  sale,  but  they  were 
thrown  out  of  the  window ;  then  the  presses 
were  broken.  Then  followed  the  three  terrible 
days  of  July — the  revolution  against  the  family 
of  Bourbons  and  the  uncrowning  of  Charles  X.  j 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  13,  p.  253. 

4434.  PRESS,  Education  by  the.  Edgar  Allan 
Poe.  [Poe  became  joint-editor  of  the  Southern 
Literary  Messenger.]  Here  we  have  Edgar  Poe 
installed  at  twenty-two  as  a  public  teacher 
through  the  medium  of  the  press  ;  a  young  man 
incompetent  to  manage  a  small  store,  unable  to 
manage  himself,  and  yet  a  public  writer.     Not 


524 


PRESS— PRESUMPTION. 


many  months  pass  before  he  lapses  into  his  old 
habits  of  drunkenness. — Smiles'  Brief  Biog- 
BAPHIES,  p.  339, 

4435.  FBESS,  Freedom  of  the.  Safety  by.. 
"When,  in  1695,  the  English  press  became  sedi- 
tious, [John  Milton]  advocated  its  freedom,  say- 
ing: "Though  all  the  winds  of  doctrine  were 
let  loose  to  play  upon  the  earth,  so  truth  be  in 
the  field,  we  do  injuriously,  by  licensing  and 
prohibiting,  to  misdoubt  her  strength.  Let  her 
and  falsehood  grapple.  Who  eveV  knew  truth 
put  to  the  worse  in  a  free  and  open  encounter  ?" — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  eh,  12,  p.  177. 

4436. .  Libellous.  [In  1803  Bona- 
parte, having  been  greatly  irritated  by  the  arti- 
cles published  in  England,  asked  that  the  govern- 
ment suppress  the  newspapers  which  published 
articles  unfriendly  to  himself.  He  was  inform- 
ed that  the  press  was  free,  and  beyond  the  pow- 
er of  the  government  to  suppress.  He  then  de- 
manded the  prosecution  of  a  French  publisher 
for  "  a  libel  on  a  friendly  government."  Bona- 
parte gained  the  case.] — Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  7, 
ch.  24,  p.  421. 

4437. .  Frederick  the  Great.     One 

bookseller  sent  to  the  palace  a  copy  of  the  most 
stinging  lampoon  that  perhaps  was  ever  written 
in  the  world,  the  "  Memoirs  of  Voltaire,"  pub- 
lished by  Beaumarchais,  and  asked  for  his  Maj- 
esty's orders.  "  Do  not  advertise  it  in  an  offen- 
sive manner,"  said  the  king,  "  but  sell  it  by  all 
means.  I  hope  it  will  pay  you  well."  Even 
among  statesmen  accustomed  to  the  license  of  a 
free  press  such  steadfastness  of  mind  as  this  is 
not  very  common. — Macaulay's  Frederick 
THE  Great,  p.  48. 

443§. -.  At  New  Y<yrk.    a.  d.  1734. 

A  newspaper  was  established  to  defend  the  pop- 
ular cause  ;  ...  its  printer,  John  Peter  Zenger, 
was  imprisoned  on  the  charge  of  publishing 
false  and  malicious  libels.  ...  At  the  trial  the 
publishing  was  confessed  ;  but  the  aged  Andrew 
Hamilton,  ...  of  Philadelphia,  pleading  for 
Zenger,  justified  the  publication  by  asserting  its 
truth.  "  You  cannot  be  admitted,"  interrupted 
the  chief- justice,  "  to  give  the  truth  of  a  libel  in 
evidence."  "  Then,"  said  Hamilton  to  the  jury, 
"we  appeal  to  j^ou  for  witnesses  of  the  facts. 
The  jury  have  the  right  to  determine  both  the 
law  and  the  facts,  and  they  ought  to  do  so."  [He 
plead  for  the  cause  of  liberty,]  ...  "the  liberty 
of  opposing  arbitrary  power  by  speaking  and 
writing  the  truth. "  The  jury  gave  their  verdict, 
"  Not  guilty."  The  people  of  the  colonies  exult- 
ed. ..  .  A  patriot  of  the  Revolution  esteemed 
this  trial  to  have  been  the  morning  star  of  the 
American  Revolution. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,vol.  3, 
ch.  23. 

4439.  PEESSjPolitical.  Feared.  [Roger  L'Es- 
trange,  inspector  of  the  press  for  Charles  II. 
in  1666,  said  :]  A  public  mercury  makes  the  mul- 
titude "  too  familiar  vdth  the  actions  and  coun- 
cils of  their  superiors,  too  pragmatical  and  cen- 
sorious, and  gives  them,  not  only  an  itch,  but 
a  colorable  right  and  license  to  be  meddling 
with  the  government."  .  .  .  "  To  keep  the  mul- 
titude in  the  right  course  he  thinks  the  prudent 
management  of  a  gazette  may  contribute  to 
a  very  high  degree." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  17,  p.  281. 


4440.  FBESS,  Power  of  the.  Feared.  [The  great 
Duke  of  Marlborough,  and  hero  of  Blenheim, 
was  a  brave  soldier,  but  a  moral  coward.  To  his 
wife  he  wrote,]  "  The  villainous  way  of  printing 
stabs  me  to  the  heart. "  This  moral  cowardice  is 
a  curious  revelation  of  human  incdnsistency. 
"The  villainous  way  of  printing"  was  ever  a 
terror  to  the  man  who  would  charge  a  redoubt 
with  the  utmost  coolness.  "  Paper-bullets  of 
the  brain"  were  far  more  terrible  to  him  than 
a  volley  of  grape-shot. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  24,  p.  374. 

4441.  FBESS,  Progress  of.  America.  As  early 
as  1704  the  Boston  News-Letter,  first  of  periodicals 
in  the  New  World,  was  published  in  the  city  of 
the  Puritans  ;  but  fifteen  years  elapsed  before 
another  experiment  of  the  same  sort  was  made. 
In  1721  the  New  England  Courant,  a  little  sheet 
devoted  to  free  thought  and  the  extinction  of 
rascality,  was  established  at  Boston  by  the  two 
Franklins — James  and  Benjamin.  In  1740,  New 
York  had  but  one  periodical,  Virginia  one,  and 
South  Carolina  one,  and  at  the  close  of  the 
French  and  Indian  war  there  were  no  more  than 
ten  newspapers  published  in  the  Colonies.  The 
chief  obstacles  to  such  publications  were  the  ab- 
sence of  great  cities  and  the  difficulty  of  communi- 
cation between  distant  sections  of  the  country. 
Boston  and  Philadelphia  had  each  no  more  than 
eighteen  thousand  inhabitants  ;  New  York  but 
twelve  thousand.  In  all  Virginia  there  was  not 
one  important  town  ;  while  as  far  south  as 
Georgia  there  was  scarcely  a  considerable  village  ; 
to  reach  this  widely  scattered  population  with 
periodical  publications  was  quite  impossible. — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  36,  p.  282. 

4442.  PBESS,  Besponsibility  of  the.  False 
News.  The  publisher  of  false  news  was  a  person 
for  whom  the  pillory  was  an  especial  terror  [in 
1709].— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  26,  p.  403. 

4443.  PBESUMPTION,  Foolish.  Riemi  the 
Roman.  At  the  hour  of  worship,  he  [Rienzi] 
showed  himself  to  the  returning  crowds  in  a 
majestic  attitude,  with  a  robe  of  purple,  hia 
sword,  and  gilt  spurs  ;  but  the  holy  rites  were 
soon  interrupted  by  his  levity  and  insolence. 
Rising  from  his  throne,  and  advancing  toward 
the  congregation,  he  proclaimed  in  a  loud  voice  : 
"  We  summon  to  our  tribunal  Pope  Clem- 
ent, and  command  him  to  reside  in  his  diocese 
of  Rome  ;  we  also  summon  the  sacred  college  of 
cardinals.  We  again  summon  the  two  pretend- 
ers, Charles  of  Bohemia  and  Lewis  of  Bavaria, 
who  style  themselves  emperors ;  we  likewise 
summon  all  the  electors  of  Germany,  to  inform 
us  on  what  pretence  they  have  usurped  the  in- 
alienable right  of  the  Roman  people,  the  ancient 
and  lawful  sovereigns  of  the  empire."  Unsheath- 
ing his  maiden  sword,  he  thrice  brandished  it  to 
the  three  parts  of  the  world,  and  thrice  repeated 
the  extravagant  declaration,  "And  this,  too,  is 
mine  !"  The  Pope's  vicar,  the  Bishop  of  Orvieto, 
attempted  to  check  this  career  of  folly  ;  but  his 
feeble  protest  was  silenced  by  martial  music. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  70,  p.  483. 

4444.  PBESUMPTION,  Beward  of.  Indignity. 
[Darius  the  Great  sent  ambassadors  to  the  Athe- 
nians to  demand  earth  and  water,  which  denoted 
submission.]  The  Athenians  threw  them  into 
a  ditch,  and  told  them.  There  was  earth  and 
water  enough. — Plutarch's  Themistocleb. 


PRETENDER— PRIDE. 


525 


4445.  PRETENDEK,  An  honored.  Michael.  A 
Greek,  who  styled  himself  the  father  of  Constan- 
tine,  .  .  .  appeared  at  Salerno,  and  related  the  ad- 
ventures of  his  fall  and  flight.  That  unfortunate 
friend  was  acknowledged  by  the  duke  [Robert 
Guiscard]  and  adorned  with  the  pomp  and  titles 
of  imperial  dignity  ;  in  his  triumphal  progress 
through  Apulia  and  Calabria,  Michael  was  sa- 
luted with  the  tears  and  acclamations  of  the 
people ;  and  Pope  Gregory  VII.  exhorted  the 
bishops  to  preach,  and  the  Catholics  to  fight, 
in  the  pious  work  of  his  restoration.  His  con- 
versations with  Robert  were  frequent  and  famil- 
iar ;  and  their  mutual  promises  were  justified  by 
the  valor  of  the  Normans  and  the  treasures  of 
the  East.  Yet  this  Michael,  by  the  confession 
of  the  Greeks  and  Latins,  was  a  pageant  and  an 
impostor  ;  a  monk  who  had  fled  from  his  con- 
vent, or  a  domestic  who  had  served  in  the  palace. 
The  fraud  had  been  contrived  by  the  subtle 
Guiscard ;  and  he  trusted  that,  after  this  pre- 
tender had  given  a  decent  color  to  his  arms,  he 
would  sink,  at  the  nod  of  the  conqueror,  into  his 
primitive  obscurity. — Gibbon's  Rome,  cli.  36, 
p.  467 

4446.  PEETENDERS,  Numerous.  Mustapha. 
[Mustapha,  the  pretender,  called  himself  the  son 
of  the  Great  Bajazet,  and  claimed  to  have  been 
-concealed  twelve  years  among  the  Greeks  ;  he 
was  discovered  to  be  an  impostor  and  executed.] 
A  similar  character  and  claim  was  asserted  by 
several  rival  pretenders  ;  thirty  persons  are  said 
to  have  suffered  under  the  name  of  Mustapha  ; 
and  these  frequent  executions  may  perhaps  in- 
sinuate that  the  Turkish  court  was  not  perfectly 
secure  of  the  death  of  the  lawful  prince. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  65,  p.  279. 

4447.  FBIDE,  Absence  of.  Julius  Ccesar. 
About  himself  and  his  own  exploits  there  is  not 
one  word  of  self-complacency  or  self -admiration. 
In  his  writings,  as  in  his  life,  Caesar  is  always  the 
same  —  direct,  straightforward,  unmoved,  save 
by  occasional  tenderness,  describing  with  uncon- 
scious simplicity  how  the  work  which  had  been 
forced  upon  him  was  accomplished. — Fboude's 
■C^SAR,  ch.  28. 

444§.  FBIDE,  Characteristic,  ^r  Edward 
Seymour.  [William  of  Orange  had  invaded  Eng- 
land and  he  was  welcomed  by  the  people.]  The 
most  important  of  the  new-comers  was  Seymour, 
who  had  recently  inherited  a  baronetcy  which 
added  little  to  his  dignity,  and  who,  in  birth,  in 
political  influence,  and  in  parliamentary  abili- 
ties, was  beyond  comparison  the  foremost  among 
the  Tory  gentlemen  of  England.  At  his  first 
audience  he  is  said  to  have  exhibited  his  charac- 
teristic pride  in  a  way  which  surprised  and 
amused  the  prince.  "  I  think.  Sir  Edward," 
said  William,  meaning  to  be  very  civil,  "that 
you  are  of  the  family  of  the  Duke  of  Somerset." 
"  Pardon  me,  sir,"  said  Sir  Edward,  who  never 
forgot  that  he  was  the  head  of  the  elder  branch 
of  the  Seymours,  "  the  Duke  of  Somerset  is  of 
my  family." — Mac aul ay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  469. 
_  4449.  PBIDE  concealed.  By  Humility.  [Age- 
silaus  was  a  Lacedaemonian.]  We  have  no  por- 
trait or  statue  of  him.  He  would  not  suffer  any 
to  be  made  while  he  lived,  and  at  his  death  he 
utterly  forbade  it.  We  are  only  told  that  he  was 
a  little  man,  and  that  he  had  not  a  commanding 
.aspect. — Plutarch's  Agesilaus. 


4450.  FBIDE,  Defensive.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Dr.  Adams  expostulated  with  Johnson,  and  sug- 
gested that  his  not  being  admitted  when  he 
called  on  him  was  probably  not  to  be  imputed 
to  Lord  Chesterfield.  Chesterfield  kept  Johnson 
waiting  in  an  anteroom  while  other  company  re- 
ceived his  attention,  .  .  .  and  in  confirmation  of 
this,  he  insisted  on  Lord  Chesterfield's  general 
affability  and  easiness  of  access,  especially  to 
literary  men.  "  Sir,"  said  Johnson,  "  that  is  not 
Lord  Chesterfield  ;  he  is  the  proudest  man  this 
day  existing."  "  No,"  said  Dr.  Adams,  "  there 
is  one  person,  at  least,  as  proud  ;  I  think,  by  your 
own  account,  you  are  the  prouder  man  of  the 
two."  "But  mine"  (replied  Johnson  instantly) 
"  was  defensive  pride."  This,  as  Dr.  Adams  well 
observed,  was  one  of  those  happy  turns  for  which 
he  was  so  remarkably  ready. — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  69. 

4451.  FBIDE,  Folly  of.  Destructive.  [AlpArs- 
lan  the  Turk]  meditated  the  . . .  glorious  conquest 
of  Turkestan.  .  .  .  But  the  progress  of  the  great 
king  was  retarded  by  the  governor  of  Berzem  ; 
and  Joseph  the  Carizmian  presumed  to  defend 
his  fortress  against  the  powers  of  the  East.  When 
he  was  produced  a  captive  in  the  royal  tent,  the 
sultan,  instead  of  praising  his  valor,  severely  re- 
proached his  obstinate  folly ;  and  the  insolent 
replies  of  the  rebel  provoked  a  sentence,  that  he 
should  be  fastened  to  four  stakes,  and  left  to  ex- 
pire in  that  painful  situation.  At  this  command,, 
the  desperate  Carizmian,  drawing  a  dagger, 
rushed  headlong  toward  the  throne  ;  the  guards 
raised  their  battle-axes  ;  their  zeal  was  checked 
by  Alp  Arslan,  the  most  skilful  archer  of  the 
age  ;  he  drew  his  bow,  but  his  foot  slipped,  the 
arrow  glanced  aside,  and  he  received  in  his  breast 
the  dagger  of  Joseph,  who  was  instantly  cut  in 
pieces.  The  wound  was  mortal  ;  and  the  Turk- 
ish prince  bequeathed  a  dying  admonition  to  the 
pride  of  kings.  "  In  my  youth,"  said  Alp  Ars- 
lan, "  I  was  advised  by  a  sage  to  humble  myself 
before  God  ;  to  distrust  my  own  strength,  and 
never  to  despise  the  most  contemptible  foe.  I 
have  neglected  these  lessons ;  and  my  neglect 
has  been  deservedly  punished.  Yesterday,  as 
from  an  eminence  I  beheld  the  numbers,  the 
discipline,  and  the  spirit  of  my  armies,  the  earth 
seemed  to  tremble  under  my  feet ;  and  I  said  in 
my  heart,  Surely  thou  art  the  king  of  the  world, 
the  greatest  and  most  invincible  of  warriors. 
These  armies  are  no  longer  mine ;  and,  in  the 
confidence  of  my  personal  strength,  I  now  fall 
by  the  hand  of  an  assassin." — Gibbon's  Romb, 
ch.  57,  p.  519. 

4452.  FBIDE,  Humiliated.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Sir  Joshua  [Reynolds]  told  me  a  pleasant  char- 
acteristical  anecdote  of  Johnson,  about  the  time 
of  their  first  acquaintance.  When  they  were 
one  evening  together  at  the  Miss  Cotterells',  the 
then  Duchess  of  Argyle,  and  another  lady  of 
high  rank,  came  in.  Johnson,  thinking  that  the 
Miss  Cotterells  were  too  much  engrossed  by  them, 
and  that  he  and  his  friend  were  neglected,  as  low 
company  of  whom  they  were  somewhat  ashamed, 
grew  angry  ;  and  resolving  to  shock  their  sup- 
posed pride,  by  making  their  great  visitors  imag- 
ine that  his  friend  and  he  were  low  indeed,  he 
addressed  himself  in  a  loud  tone  to  Mr.  Rey- 
nolds, saying,  "  How  much  do  you  think  you 
and  I  could  get  in  a  week  if  we  were  to  work  as 


5^6 


PRIDE— PRINCIPLES. 


hard  as  we  could  ?" — as  if  they  had  been  common 
mechanics. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  64. 

4453.  PRIDE,  Mortified.  Oliver  Goldsmith's. 
Goldsmith's  incessant  desire  of  being  conspicu- 
ous in  company  was  the  occasion  of  his  some- 
times appearing  to  such  disadvantage  as  one 
should  hardly  have  supposed  possible  in  a  man 
of  his  genius.  When  his  literary  reputation  had 
risen  deservedly  high,  and  his  society  was  much 
courted,  he  became  very  jealous  of  the  extraor- 
dinary attention  which  was  everywhere  paid  to 
Johnson.  One  evening,  in  a  circle  of  wits,  he 
found  fault  with  me  for  talking  of  Johnson  as 
entitled  to  the  honor  of  unquestionable  superi- 
ority. "Sir,"  said  he,  "you  are  for  making  a 
monarchy  of  what  should  be  a  republic."  He 
was  still  more  mortified,  when,  talking  in  a  com- 
pany with  fluent  vivacity,  and,  as  he  flattered 
himself,  to  the  admiration  of  all  who  were  pres- 
ent, a  German  who  sat  next  him,  and  perceived 
Johnson  rolling  himself,  as  if  about  to  speak, 
suddenly  stopped  him,  saying,  "  Stay,  stay — 
Toctor  Shonson  is  going  to  say  something." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  219. 

4454.  PRIDE  of  Rivalry.  Cicero.  Cicero's 
natural  place  was  at  Caesar's  side  ;  but  to  Caesar 
alone  of  his  contemporaries  he  was  conscious  of 
an  inferiority  which  was  intolerable  to  him. 
In  his  own  eyes  he  was  always  the  first  person. 
He  had  been  made  unhappy  by  the  thought  that 
posterity  might  rate  Pompey  above  himself. 
Closer  acquaintance  had  reassured  him  about 
Pompey,  but  in  Caesar  he  was  conscious  of  a 
higher  presence,  and  he  rebelled  against  the  hu- 
miliating acknowledgment. — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  27. 

4455.  PRIDE,  Sacrifices  for.  Oliver  Qoldsmith. 
[He  had  suddenly  resolved  to  go  beyond  the  sea 
— anywhere.  His  mortification  because  of  re- 
proof in  college  was  the  cause.  See  No.  5369.] 
He  accordingly  sold  his  books  and  clothes,  and 
sallied  forth  from  the  college  walls  the  very  next 
day,  intending  to  embark  at  Cork  for — he  scarce 
knew  where — America,  or  any  other  part  beyond 
sea.  With  his  usual  heedless  imprudence,  how- 
ever, he  loitered  about  Dublin  until  his  finances 
were  reduced  to  a  shilling  ;  with  this  amount  of 
specie  he  set  out  on  his  journey.  .  .  .  For  three 
whole  days  he  subsisted  on  his  shilling ;  when 
that  was  spent,  he  parted  with  some  of  the 
clothes  from  his  back,  until,  reduced  almost  to 
nakedness,  he  was  four-and-twenty  hours  with- 
out food,  insomuch  that  he  declared  a  handful 
of  gray  pease,  given  to  him  by  a  girl  at  a  wake, 
was  one  of  the  most  delicious  repasts  he  had 
ever  tasted.  Hunger,  fatigue,  and  destitution 
brought  down  his  spirit  and  calmed  his  anger. 
Fain  would  he  have  retraced  his  steps,  could  he 
have  done  so  with  any  salvo  for  the  lingerings  of 
his  pride. — Iuving's  Goldsmith,  p.  25. 

4456.  PRIDE,  Subjugation  of.  Luther.  In 
the  monastery  every  one  was  proud  to  see  the 
youthful  and  learned  scholar  in  the  garb  of  the 
order — the  black  cowl  with  the  scapulary.  Yet 
the  new  arrival  could  not  be  exempted  from  any 
of  the  most  menial  services  which  it  was  cus- 
tomary to  impose  upon  the  novices  in  order  to 
break  their  self-will  and  to  overcome  their  pride. 
Thus  Luther  was  obliged  to  assist  in  the  clean- 
ing of  the  cells.  He  was  also  sent  out  with  the 
beggar's  sack,  through  the  streets  of  the  city,  to 


solicit  food  and  money.  And  although  he  him- 
self did  not  feel  humiliated  in  the  performance- 
of  these  menial  duties — for  he  was  inspired  with- 
a  burning  desire  faithfully  to  fulfil  his  vows  of 
poverty  and  obedience — yet  the  professors  of  the 
university  interposed  their  objections. — Rein's 
Luther,  ch.  3,  p.  30. 

4457.  PRIDE,  Vainglorious.  Henry  VIII. 
He  had  one  great  object  ever  present  to  his  mind 
in  peace  or  in  war  :  to  display  Henry  the  king^ 
in  his  presumed  superiority  of  mind  and  body, 
made  doubly  impressive  by  his  regal  magnifi- 
cence. A  more  vainglorious  and  self-willed 
coxcomb  never  wore  a  crown.  In  his  first  expe- 
rience in  war,  in  1513,  his  qualities  were  exhib- 
ited in  a  way  which  sufficiently  betokens  the 
total  absence  of  real  greatness  of  character. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  2,  ch.  16,  p.  267. 

4458.  PRIESTS,  Interference  of.  MedMing, 
The  interference  of  the  clergy  with  men's  tem- 
poral affairs  was  never-ceasing ;  and  the  offl- 
ciousness  was  often  hastily  resented  by  member* 
of  the  family  where  the  priest  was  supreme. 
John  Paston  complains  that  his  mother's  chap- 
lain has  turned  her  affection  from  her  sons  :  ' '  Sir 
James  [the  priest]  and  I  be  twain  ;  we  fell  out 
before  my  mother  with  '  thou  proud  priest,' and 
'  thou  proud  squire,'  my  mother  taking  his  part, 
so  I  have  almost  shut  the  bolt  of  my  mother's 
house."  [a.d.  1450-1485.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol. 
2,  ch.  8,  p.  125. 

4459.  PRIMOGENITURE    disregarded.     Old 

Testament.  Their  whole  history,  far  from  fa- 
voring the  notion  that  primogeniture  is  of  divine 
institution,  would  rather  seem  to  indicate  that- 
younger  brothers  are  under  the  especial  protec- 
tion of  Heaven.  Isaac  was  not  the  eldest  son  of 
Abraham,  nor  Jacob  of  Isaac,  nor  Judah  of  Ja- 
cob, nor  David  of  Jesse,  nor  Solomon  of  David. 
Indeed,  the  order  of  seniority  among  children  i» 
seldom  strictly  regarded  in  countries  where 
polygamy  is  practised. — Mac  aula  y's  Eng., 
ch.  1,  p.  67. 

4460.  PRINCIPLE,  Importance  of.  Tax  on 
Tea.  "You  are  quarrelling  for  threepence  a 
pound  on  tea,  an  atom  on  the  shoulders  of  a 
giant,"  said  the  Tories  ;  .  .  .  [Alexander  Hamil- 
ton] answered,  "  The  Parliament  claims  a  right 
to  tax  us  in  all  cases  whatever  ;  its  late  acts  are 
in  virtue  of  that  claim  ;  it  is  the  principle  against 
which  we  contend." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7, 
ch.  19. 

4461.  PRINCIPLES  limited.  James  II.  A  fa- 
tal delusion  had  taken  possession  of  his  mind, 
which  was  never  dispelled  till  it  had  ruined  him. 
He  firmly  believed  that,  do  what  he  might,  the 
members  of  the  Church  of  England  would  act  up 
to  their  principles.  It  had,  he  knew,  been  pro- 
claimed from  ten  thousand  pulpits,  it  had  beea 
solemnly  declared  by  the  University  of  Oxford, 
that  even  tyranny  as  frightful  as  that  of  the  most 
depraved  of  the  Caesars  did  not  justify  subjects  in 
resisting  the  royal  authority,  and  hence  he  was 
weak  enough  to  conclude  that  the  whole  body  of 
Tory  gentlemen  and  clergymen  would  let  him 
plunder,  oppress,  and  insult  them  without  lifting 
an  arm  against  him.  [He  made  the  attempt  and 
was  driven  from  the  throne  into  exile  in  France.] 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  58. 

4462.  PRINCIPLES,  Weight  of.  Independence 
Day.   The  nation,  when  it  made  choice  of  a  day 


m 


PRINTING— PROCESSION. 


527- 


for  its  great  anniversary,  selected  not  the  day  of 
the  resolution  of  independence,  when  it  closed 
the  past,  but  that  of  the  declaration  of  the  prin- 
ciples on  which  it  opened  its  new  career. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  8,  ch.  70. 

4463.  PRINTING,  Beginning  of.  An  Almanac. 
In  1638,  Stephen  Daye,  an  English  printer,  ar- 
rived at  Boston,  bringing  a  font  of  types,  and  in 
the  following  year  set  up  a  press  at  Cambridge. 
The  first  American  publication  was  an  almanac 
calculated  for  New  England,  and  bearing  the 
date  of  1639.  During  the  next  year  Thomas 
Welde  and  John  Eliot,  two  ministers  of  Roxbury, 
and  Richard  Mather,  of  Dorchester,  translated 
the  Hebrew  Psalms  into  English  verse,  and  pub- 
lished their  rude  work  in  a  volume  of  three  hun- 
dred pages — the  first  book  printed  on  this  side  of 
the  Atlantic— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  13,  p.  182. 

4464.  FEINTING  restricted.  Punishment.  [In 
1638  the  Star-Chamber  attempted  to  regulate  the 
press.  By  its  decree,  "  printing  in  corners  with- 
out a  license  "  was  punishable  by  the  orthodox 
process  of  whipping  and  the  pillory.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  27,  p.  431. 

4465.  PRINTING,  Suspicious.  Magic.  The 
circumstance  which,  of  all  others,  most  conduced 
to  the  advancement  and  universal  dissemination 
of  learning  at  this  period  was  the  admirable  in- 
vention of  the  art  of  printing.  Printing  seems 
to  have  been  invented  about  the  year  1440,  at 
Strasburg,  by  John  Gutenberg,  but  consider- 
ably improved  by  John  Faust  and  Peter  Schof- 
fer.  This  noble  invention  was,  at  its  first  ap- 
pearance, deemed  so  extraordinary  that  the  ser- 
vants of  John  Faust,  who  came  to  Paris  to  sell 
some  of  his  early  publications,  were  accused  of 
magic,  and  the  Parliament  ordered  all  their  books 
to  be  committed  to  the  flames.  It  must  be  owned, 
however,  to  the  honor  of  Louis  XI. ,  that  he  con- 
demned this  decision  of  the  Parisian  judges,  and 
ordered  the  value  of  the  books  to  be  paid  to  their 
proprietors. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  16, 
p.  253. 

4466.  PRISONERS,  Cruelty  to.  England.  [In 
1637,  the  sheriff  of  London  was  sent  for  to  an- 
swer a  charge  of  having  been  kind  to  Mr.  Prynne 
as  he  passed  on  his  way  to  prison  at  Carnarvon. 
Mr.  Prynne  had  written  a  book  against  theatres.] 
—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  26,  p.  423. 

4467. .  "The  Fleet."  Those  pris- 
oners who  refused  to  bear  their  oppressions  [from 
extortionate  and  avaricious  keepers]  without  re- 
monstrance" were  put  in  irons,  and  were  confined 
in  damp  and  loathsome  dungeons.  [In  the  same 
city,  a  similar  prison  for  debtors,  the  Marshalsea, 
disclosed  similar  enormities.]  Thumb-screws 
and  iron  skull-caps  were  here  the  received  in- 
struments of  torture.  Three  hundred  and  thirty 
prisoners  were  crowded  into  a  few  narrow  wards, 
forty  or  fifty  being  locked  up  through  the  night 
in  a  room  sixteen  feet  square.  The  prison  allow- 
ance was  insufficient  to  support  life,  and  the  do- 
nations of  the  charitable  were  intercepted  by  the 
scoundrels  in  authority. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  4,  p.  65. 

4468.  PRISONERS,  Enslaved.  Indian.  In 
the  prosecution  of  the  war  the  colonists  were  ac- 
tuated by  a  shameful  spirit  of  avarice.  The  ob- 
ject was  not  so  much  to  punish  or  destroy  the 
savages  as  to  take  them  prisoners.     A  bounty 


was  offered  for  every  captured  Indian,  and  as- 
fast  as  the  warriors  were  taken  they  were  sold  as 
slaves  for  the  West  Indies.  The  petty  strife  con- 
tinued for  a  year,  and  was  then  concluded  witb- 
a  treaty  of  peace. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  28, 
p.  232. 

4469.  PRISONERS,  Extortion  from.  Fleet.  [In 
1730,  in  the  management  of  the  Fleet,  one  of  the- 
London  debtors'  prisons  [a  system  of  fraud  and 
extortion  was  laid  bare  by  a  committee  of  Par- 
liament], which  showed  how  impossible  it  was 
for  any  but  the  affluent  prisoner  to  obtain  the 
humblest  lodging  and  the  coarsest  food.  Those- 
without  money  were  handed  over  to  "the  com- 
mon side  ;"  too  happy  if  disease,  engendered  by 
filth  and  starvation,  soon  released  them  from 
their  miseries. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  4, 
p.  64. 

4470.  PRISONS  of  Tyranny.  France.  France- 
had  many  Bastilles,  where,  without  legal  trial' 
or  sentence,  men  suspected  of  designs  against 
the  government,  or  who  had  given  offence  to  a 
royal  courtier  or  a  royal  mistress,  might  be  shut 
up  even  to  the  end  of  their  days,  under  the  au- 
thority of  a  lettre  de  cachet,  through  whose  mys- 
terious agency  they  vanished  out  of  society,  and 
were  as  if  dead. — ^Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch,  9,. 
p.  171. 

4471.  PRIVACY  of  Conversation.  Lacedmno- 
nian.  [All  the  Lacedaemonian  people  ate  their 
daily  food  at  the  public  tables.  The  following- 
custom  prevailed  :]  When  they  first  entered,  the 
oldest  man  present  pointed  to  the  door,  and  said. 
Not  a  word  spoken  in  this  company  goes  out  there. 
— Plutarch's  Lycurgus. 

4472.  PRIVATIONS,  Ministerial.  John  'Les- 
ley. Returning  from  St.  Hilary  Downs,  Mr.  Wes- 
ley and  his  assistant,  John  Nelson,  stopped  to  pick, 
blackberries.  Wesley  said,  "Brother  Nelson, 
we  ought  to  be  thankful  that  there  are  plenty  of 
blackberries,  for  this  is  the  best  country  I  ever 
saw  for  getting  a  stomach,  but  the  worst  I  ever 
saw  for  getting  food.  Do  the  people  think  we^ 
can  live  by  preaching  ?"  Nelson  replied,  "  I 
know  not  what  they  may  think  ;  but  one  asked 
me  to  eat  something  as  I  came  from  St.  Just, 
when  I  ate  heartily  of  barley  bread  and  honey."" 
He  said,  "  You  are  well  off  ;  I  had  a  thought  of 
begging  a  crust  of  bread  of  the  woman  where  I 
met  the  people  at  Morvah,  but  forgot  it  till  I  had- 
got  some  distance  from  the  house." — Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  193. 

4473.  PRIVILEGES,  Pre-eminent.  Conquest- 
of  Scotland.  [By  King  Edward  I.  of  England.} 
The  flight  of  Bruce  left  his  followers  at  Edward's 
mercy.  Noble  after  noble  was  sent  to  the  block. 
The  Earl  of  Athole  pleaded  kindred  with  royal- 
ty. "  His  only  privilege,"  burst  forth  the  king, 
"  shall  be  that  of  being  hanged  on  a  higher  gal- 
lows than  the  rest." — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,. 
§292. 

4474.  PROCESSION,  Funeral.  Alexander's. 
Aridseus  having  been  deputed  ...  to  take  upon- 
himself  the  care  of  that  solemnity,  had  employed- 
two  years  in  preparing  everything  that  could 
possibly  render  it  the  most  pompous  and  splen- 
did funeral  that  had  ever  been  seen.  When  air 
things  were  ready  .  .  .  orders  were  given  for 
the  procession  to  begin.  This  was  preceded  by 
a  great  number  of  pioneers  and  other  workmen^ 


^28 


PROCESSION— PROCRASTINATION. 


whose  office  was  to  make  all  the  ways  practica- 
Tile  through  which  the  procession  was  to  pass. 
As  soon  as  these  were  levelled,  that  magnificent 
•chariot,  the  invention  and  design  of  which  raised 
as  much  admiration  as  the  immense  riches  that 
flittered  all  over  it,  set  out  from  Babylon.  The 
body  of  the  chariot  rested  upon  two  axletrees, 
that  were  inserted  into  four  wheels,  made  after 
the  Persian  manner;  the  naves  and  spokes  of 
which  were  covered  with  gold,  and  the  felloes 
plated  over  with  iron.  The  extremities  of  the 
axletrees  were  made  of  gold,  representing  the 
muzzles  of  lions  biting  a  dart.  The  chariot  had 
four  poles,  to  each  of  which  were  harnessed  four 
sets  of  mules,  each  set  consisting  of  four  of  those 
animals  ;  so  that  this  chariot  was  drawn  by  six- 
ty-four mules.  The  strongest  of  those  creatures 
and  the  largest  were  chosen  on  this  occasion. 
They  were  adorned  with  crowns  of  gold,  and 
•collars  enriched  with  precious  stones  and  golden 
-bells. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  16,  §  3. 

4475.  PROCESSION,  Royal.  Oreek  Emperor's. 
■The  rites  of  policy  were  connected  with  those  of 
religion,  and  his  visits  to  the  principal  churches 
were  regulated  by  the  festivals  of  the  Greek  cal- 
endar. On  the  eve  of  these  processions,  the  gra- 
<;ious  or  devout  intention  of  the  monarch  was 
proclaimed  by  the  heralds.  The  streets  were 
cleared  and  purified  ;  the  pavement  was  strewed 
with  flowers ;  the  most  precious  furniture,  the 
gold  and  silver  plate,  and  silken  hangings,  were 
displayed  from  the  windows  and  balconies,  and 
a  severe  discipline  restrained  and  silenced  the  tu- 
mult of  the  populace.  The  march  was  opened 
by  the  military  officers  at  the  head  of  their  troops  ; 
they  were  followed  in  long  order  by  the  magis- 
trates and  ministers  of  the  civil  government ;  the 
person  of  the  emperor  was  guarded  by  his  eu- 
nuchs and  domestics,  and  at  the  church  door  he 
was  solemnly  received  by  the  patriarch  and  his 
clergy.  The  task  of  applause  was  not  abandon- 
ed to  the  rude  and  spontaneous  voices  of  the 
crowd.  The  most  convenient  stations  were  oc- 
cupied by  the  bands  of  the  blue  and  green  fac- 
tions of  the  circus  ;  and  their  furious  conflicts, 
which  had  shaken  the  capital,  were  insensibly 
.sunk  to  an  emulation  of  servitude.  From  either 
£ide  they  echoed  in  responsive  melody  the  praises 
of  the  emperor  ;  t  heir  poets  and  musicians  direct- 
ed the  choir,  and  long  life  and  victory  were  the 
burden  of  every  song.  The  same  acclamations 
were  performed  at  the  audience,  the  banquet, 
:and  the  church  ;  and,  as  an  evidence  of  bound- 
less sway,  they  were  repeated  in  the  Latin,  Goth- 
ic, Persian,  French,  and  even  English  language, 
by  the  mercenaries  who  sustained  the  real  or 
^fictitious  character  of  those  nations. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  53,  p.  358. 

4476.  PROCESSION,  Triumphant.  Roman  Em- 
'peror  Aurelian.  Since  the  foundation  of  Rome, 
no  general  had  more  nobly  deserved  a  triumph 
than  Aurelian  ;  nor  was  a  triumph  ever  celebrat- 
ed with  superior  pride  and  magnificence.  The 
pomp  was  opened  by  twenty  elephants,  four  roy- 
al tigers,  and  above  two  hundred  of  the  most 
curious  animals  from  every  climate  of  the  North, 
the  East,  and  the  South.  They  were  followed 
by  sixteen  hundred  gladiators,  devoted  to  the 
cruel  amusement  of  the  amphitheatre.  The 
wealth  of  Asia,  the  arms  and  ensigns  of  so  many 
conquered  nations,  and  the  magnificent  plate  and 


wardrobe  of  the  Syrian  queen,  were  disposed  in 
exact  symmetry  or  artful  disorder.  The  ambas- 
sadors of  the  most  remote  parts  of  the  earth,  of 
Ethiopia,  Arabia,  Persia,  Bactriana,  India,  and 
China,  all  remarkable  by  their  rich  or  singular 
dresses,  displayed  the  fame  and  power  of  the 
Roman  Emperor,  who  exposed  likewise  to  the 
public  view  the  presents  that  he  had  received, 
and  particularly  a  great  number  of  crowns  of 
gold,  the  offerings  of  grateful  cities.  The  victo- 
ries of  Aurelian  were  attested  by  the  long  train 
of  captives  who  reluctantly  attended  his  triumph, 
Goths,  Vandals,  Sarmatians,  Alemanni,  Franks, 
Gauls,  Syrians,  and  Egyptians.  Each  people 
was  distinguished  by  its  peculiar  inscription,  and 
the  title  of  Amazons  was  bestowed  on  ten  mar- 
tial heroines  of  the  Gothic  nation  who  had  been 
taken  in  arms.  But  every  eye,  disregarding  the 
crowd  of  captives,  was  fixed  on  the  Emperor 
Tetricus  and  the  Queen  of  the  East.  The  for- 
mer, as  well  as  his  son,  whom  he  had  created 
Augustus,  was  dressed  in  Gallic  trousers,  a  saf- 
fron tunic,  and  a  robe  of  purple.  The  beaute- 
ous figure  of  Zenobia  was  confined  by  fetters  of 
gold ;  a  slave  supported  the  gold  chain  which 
encircled  her  neck,  and  she  almost  fainted  under 
the  intolerable  weight  of  jewels.  She  preceded 
on  foot  the  magnificent  chariot,  in  which  she 
once  hoped  to  enter  the  gates  of  Rome.  It  was 
followed  by  two  other  chariots,  still  more  sump 
tuous,  of  Odenathus  and  of  the  Persian  mon- 
arch. The  triumphal  car  of  Aurelian  (it  had 
formerly  been  used  by  a  Gothic  king)  was  drawn, 
on  this  memorable  occasion,  either  by  four  stags 
or  by  four  elephants.  The  most  illustripus  of 
the  Senate,  the  people,  and  the  army,  closed  the 
solemn  procession.  So  long  and  so  various  was 
the  pomp  of  Aurelian's  triumph  that  although 
it  opened  with  the  dawn  of  day,  the  slow  majes- 
ty of  the  procession  ascended  not  the  Capitol  be- 
fore the  ninth  hour ;  and  it  was  already  dark 
when  the  emperor  returned  to  the  palace.  The 
festival  was  protracted  by  theatrical  representa- 
tions, the  games  of  the  circus,  the  hunting  of 
wild  beasts,  combats  of  gladiators,  and  naval  en- 
gagements.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  53,  p.  359. 

4477.  PROCRASTINATION,  Fatal.  ArcMas. 
Pelopidas,  with  eleven  of  his  friends  in  the  dis- 
guise of  peasants,  entered  the  city  [of  Thebes]  in 
the  dusk  of  the  evening,  and  joined  the  rest  of 
the  conspirators  in  the  house  of  a  principal  citi- 
zen, of  the  name  of  Charon.  Philidas,  who  act- 
ed as  secretary  to  the  polemarchs  or  chief  magis- 
trates of  Thebes,  was,  secretly,  a  steady  friend 
to  the  design,  and  had  purposely  invited  the 
chiefs  of  the  oligarchy  and  the  principal  of  the 
Spartan  commanders  to  a  magnificent  supper  at 
his  house,  where,  as  a  part  of  the  entertainment, 
he  promised  to  regale  his  guests  with  the  com- 
pany of  some  of  the  handsomest  of  the  Theban 
courtesans.  While  the  guests,  warm  with  wine, 
eagerly  called  for  the  introduction  of  the  ladies, 
a  courier  arrived  from  Athens,  and  brought  a 
letter  to  Archias,  the  chief  governor,  desiring  it 
to  be  instantly  read,  as  containing  important 
business.  "  'This  is  no  time,"  said  the  voluptu- 
ary, "  to  trouble  us  with  business  ;  we  shall  con- 
sider of  that  to-morrow."  This  letter  contained 
a  full  discovery  of  the  plot.  Meantime  Pelopi- 
das and  his  companions,  dressed  in  female  attire, 
entered  the  hall,  and  each  drawing  a  dagger  from 


PRODIGALITY— PROFESSION. 


539 


under  his  robe,  massacred  the  governor  and  the 
whole  of  the  Spartan  officers,  before  they  had 
time  to  stand  upon  their  defence. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3,  p.  162. 

447§.  PRODIGALITY  checked.  By  Instruc- 
tion. [James  I.  was  ignorantly  lavish  of  his  fa- 
vors. He  gave  Robert  Carr  an  order  on  the 
lord  treasurer  for  £20,000  ;  but  the  treasurer, 
apprehending]  that  the  king  was  ignorant  of  the 
worth  of  what  was  demanded,  as  of  the  person 
who  had  begged  it  [placed  the  £20,000  in 
specie  upon  the  floor  of  a  room  to  which  the 
kmg  was  coming].  "  Whose  money  is  this  ?" 
said  James.  "  It  was  your  Majesty's  before  you 
gave  it  away."  The  king  threw  himself  upon 
the  heap,  and  swore  that  Carr  should  have  no 
more  than  a  few  hundred  pounds. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22,  p.  341. 

4479.  PRODIGALITY  encouraged.  Ruinous. 
Philosophers  rose  to  tell  the  prodigal  great  that 
they  were  in  the  right  course,  for  that  private 
vices  were  public  benefits  ;  and  so,  in  very 
charity  to  the  provider  of  luxuries,  the  country 
squire  became  a  rake  upon  the  town,  and  his  es- 
tates went  to  ruin,  and  all  "  his  poor  dependents 
felt  the  curse  of  his  licentiousness." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  4,  p.  49. 

44§0.  PROFANITY  irrepressible.  Washing- 
ton. [The  advance  of  the  army  was  in  retreat  at 
Monmouth  by  the  cowardice  and  incapacity  of 
General  Lee,  its  commander.]  The  chief  was  ex- 
asperated. .  .  .  When  he  met  Lee,  he  exclaimed, 
in  fierce  tones,  "What  is  the  meaning  of  all  this, 
sir  ?"  Lee  hesitated  a  moment,  when,  according 
to  Lafayette,  the  aspect  of  Washington  became 
terrible,  and  he  again  demanded,  "I  desire  to 
know  the  meaning  of  this  disorder  and  confu- 
sion !"  The  fiery  Lee,  stung  by  Washington's 
manner,  made  an  angry  reply,  when  the  chief, 
unable  to  control  himself,  called  him  "  a  damned 
poltroon."  "  This,"  said  Lafayette,  .  .  .  "was 
the  only  time  I  ever  heard  General  Washington 
swear." — Custis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

44S1.  PROFANITY  punished.  Puritans.  [In 
1653  profaners  were  punished  by  the  officers  of 
the  law.]  Swearing  had  been  a  statutable  crime 
since  the  time  of  James  I. ,  but  the  extreme  Pu- 
ritans not  only  visited  profane  cursing  with  fine 
and  the  stocks,  but  punished  even  such  as  fol- 
lowed Lady  Percy's  example  of  "  Good  sooth  ;" 
and  "God  shall  mend  me,"  "  Plague  take  you," 
was  flneable. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  11, 
p.  173. 

.  44S2.  PROFANITY,  Ruinous.  Bobespierre. 
The  "  F6te  de  I'Etre  Supreme  "...  was  a  the- 
atrical exhibition  of  very  questionable  taste,  in 
which  Robespierre,  as  president  of  the  conven- 
tion, played  the  part  of  high-priest,  with  ill-con- 
cealed self -exaltation  and  triumph.  At  this  mo- 
ment the  tyrant  may  be  said  to  have  attained  the 
summit  of  his  extraordinary  fortunes  ;  and,  by 
a  strange  fatality,  it  was  on  this  occasion  that  the 
first  seeds  were  sown  of  that  hostile  coalition 
which  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks  was  to  achieve 
his  ruin.  Great  dissatisfaction  was  excited  by  the 
pre-eminence  assumed  at  the  festival  by  Robes- 
pierre over  his  colleagues.  Various  threatening 
hints  were  dropped  in  his  hearing  :  "  It  is  but  a 
step  from  the  Capitol  to  the  Tarpeian  Rock," 
•said  one  ;  ' '  He  would  accustom  the  republic  to 


adore  some  one,  in  order  to  make  himself  ador 
ed  by  and  by,"  exclaimed  another. — Students 
France,  ch.  27,  §  6. 

44§3.  PROFANITY,  Suppression  of.  Christo- 
pher Wren.  When  Sir  Christopher  Wren  was 
building  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  he  caused  the  fol- 
lowing notice  to  be  affixed  to  several  parts  of 
the  structure  :  "  Whereas,  among  laborers  and 
others,  that  ungodly  custom  of  swearing  is  so 
frequently  heard,  to  the  dishonor  of  God  and 
contempt  of  His  authority  ;  and  to  the  end  that 
such  impiety  may  be  utterly  banished  from  these 
works,  which  are  intended  for  the  service  of 
God  and  the  honor  of  religion,  it  is  ordered  that 
profane  swearing  shall  be  a  sufficient  crime  to 
dismiss  any  laborer  that  comes  to  the  call ;  and 
the  clerk  of  the  works,  upon  a  sufficient  proof, 
shall  dismiss  him  accordingly  ;  and  that  if  any 
master,  working  by  task,  shall  not,  upon  admoni- 
tion, reform  the  profanation  among  his  appren- 
tices, servants,  and  laborers,  it  shall  be  con- 
strued his  fault,  and  he  shall  be  liable  to  be  cen- 
sured by  the  commissioners." 

4484.  PROFESSION,  Choice  of.  Accidental. 
It  was  by  accident  that  [Julius]  Caesar  took  up 
the  profession  of  a  soldier  ;  yet  perhaps  no  com- 
mander who  ever  lived  showed  greater  military 
genius.  The  conquest  of  Gaul  was  by  a  force 
numerically  insignificant,  which  was  worked 
with  the  precision  of  a  machine.  The  variety  of 
uses  to  which  it  was  capable  of  being  turned  im- 
plied, in  the  first  place,  extraordinary  fore- 
thought in  the  selection  of  materials.  Men 
whose  nominal  duty  was  merely  to  fight  were 
engineers,  architects,  mechanics  of  the  highest 
order.  In  a  few  hours  they  could  extemporize 
an  impregnable  fortress  on  an  open  hill-side. 
They  bridged  the  Rhine  in  a  week.  They  built 
a  fleet  in  a  month.  The  legions  at  Alesia  held 
twice  their  number  pinned  within  their  works, 
while  they  kept  at  bay  the  whole  force  of  insur- 
gent Gaul,  entirely  by  scientific  superiority. 
The  machine,  which  was  thus  perfect,  was  com- 
posed of  human  beings  who  required  supplies 
of  tools,  and  arms,  and  clothes,  and  food,  and 
shelter,  and  for  all  these  it  depended  on  the  fore- 
thought of  its  commander. — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  28. 

44  §5.  PROFESSION  by  Coercion.  Dr.  Andrew 
Combe.  Although  he  had  chosen  to  be  "a  doc- 
tor," when  finally  asked  "what  he  would  be," 
his  answer  .  .  .  was,  "  I'll  no  be  naething."  He 
would  give  no  further  answer ;  and,  after  all 
kinds  of  "  fleechin'  "  and  persuading  were  tried, 
he  had  at  length  to  be  carried  by  force  out  of  the 
house  to  begin  his  professional  career  1  [Between 
his  father  and  brother  he  was  carried]  several 
hundred  yards  before  he  would  put  his  feet  to  the 
ground. — Smiles'  Brief  Biographies,  p.  369. 

44§6.  PROFESSION,  Hereditary.  Egyptiam. 
All  professions  in  Egypt  were  hereditary,  a  piece 
of  policy  .  .  .  which  deserves  much  more  to  be 
condemned  than  applauded.  If  the  same  disposi- 
tions and  the  same  talents  descended  invariably 
from  father  to  son,  we  might  agree  with  M.  Bos- 
suet  in  holding  it  presumable  that  men  would  ex- 
ecute in  greater  perfection  what  they  had  always 
seen  done,  and  what  had  been  their  sole  employ- 
ment from  infancy  ;  but  daily  experience  shows- 
that  neither  talents  nor  inclinations  are  invariably 
hereditary,  and  therefore  the  argument  is  futile. 


330 


PROFESSION— PROGRESS. 


But  not  only  were  all  professions  hereditary 
among  this  people  ;  the  rank  and  dignity  of  each 
was  most  scrupulously  settled,  nor  could  any  emi- 
nence of  merit  or  of  fortune  entitle  an  individ- 
ual to  higher  respect  or  honor  than  what  belonged 
to  the  meanest  of  his  class  ;  a  policy  repressive  of 
all  emulation,  and  of  that  generous  ambition  on 
which  every  species  of  excellence  depends ; 
while,  at  the  same  time,  it  was  a  fertile  source  of 
jealousy,  animosity,  and  disunion. — Tytleb's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4,  p.  46. 

44§7.  PROFESSION  ignored.  Reign  of  Charles 
II.  Any  lad  of  noble  birth,  any  dissolute  cour- 
tier for  whom  one  of  the  king's  mistresses 
would  speak  a  word,  might  hope  that  a  ship  of 
the  line,  and  with  it  the  honor  of  the  country 
and  the  lives  of  hundreds  of  brave  men,  would 
be  committed  to  his  care.  It  mattered  not  that 
lie  had  never  in  his  life  taken  a  voyage  except  on 
the  Thames  ;  that  he  could  not  keep  his  feet  in  a 
breeze  ;  that  he  did  not  know  the  difference  be- 
tween latitude  and  longitude.  No  previous  train- 
ing was  thought  necessary  ;  or,  at  most,  he  was 
■sent  to  make  a  short  trip  in  a  man-of-war,  where 
he  was  subjected  to  no  discipline,  where  he  was 
treated  with  marked  respect,  and  where  he  lived 
in  a  round  of  revels  and  amusements.  If,  in  the 
intervals  of  feasting,  drinking,  and  gambling,  he 
succeeded  in  learning  the  meaning  of  a  few  tech- 
nical phrases  and  the  names  of  the  points  of  the 
.compass,  he  was  fully  qualified  to  take  charge 
of  a  three-decker. — Mac aul ay's  Eng.,  ch.  3, 
p.  281. 

4488.  PROFESSION,  A  suspicious.  Eeign  of 
James  11.  [Pledges  of  support  were  sent  to  Will- 
iam Prince  of  Orange,  if  he  would  come  from 
Holland  and  deliver  England  from  the  oppres- 
:sions  of  James.]  Lord  .  .  .  Churchill,  in  a  letter 
written  with  a  certain  elevation  of  language, 
which  was  the  sure  mark  that  he  was  going  to 
commit  a  baseness,  declared  that  he  was  deter- 
mined to  perform  his  duty  to  Heaven  and  to  his 
country,  and  that  he  put  his  honor  absolutely 
into  the  hands  of  the  Prince  of  Orange.  "William 
.^doubtless  read  those  words  with  one  of  those  bit- 
ter and  cynical  smiles  which  gave  his  face  its 
least  pleasing  expression.  It  was  not  his  business 
to  take  care  of  the  honor  of  other  men  ;  nor  had 
the  most  rigid  casuist  pronounced  it  unlawful  in 
^general  to  invite,  to  use,  and  to  reward  the  ser- 
■vices  of  deserters  whom  he  could  not  but  despise. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  9,  p.  407. 

4489.  PROFITS,  Eagerness  for.  Tobacco. 
Hitherto  the  labor  of  the  settlers  had  been  direct- 
ed to  the  planting  of  vineyards  and  to  the  manu- 
facture of  potash,  soap,  glass  and  tar.  The  man- 
agers of  the  London  Company  had  at  last  learned 
that  these  articles  could  be  produced  more 
cheaply  in  Europe  than  in  America.  They  had 
also  discovered  that  there  were  certain  products 
peculiar  to  the  New  World  which  might  be  raised 
and  exported  with  great  profit.  Chief  among 
^uch  native  products  was  the  plant  called  tobac- 
-co,  the  use  of  which  had  already  become  fashion- 
able in  Spain,  England,  and  France.  This,  then, 
became  the  leading  staple  of  the  colony,  and  was 
-even  used  for  money.  So  entirely  did  the  settlers 
give  themselves  to  the  cultivation  of  the  famous 
■weed  that  the  very  streets  of  Jamestown  were 
ploughed  up  and  planted  with  it. — Ridpath's 
V.  S.,  ch.  11,  p.  109. 


4490.  PROFLIGATE,  Royal.  Queen  of  Spam. 
King  Charles  IV.  was  a  gluttonous  old  man,  im- 
becile in  mind,  impotent  in  action,  dissolute  ia 
life._  He  was  utterly  d'spised.  His  wife,  Louisa 
Maria  .  .  .  was  as  shameless  a  profligate  as  could 
be  found  in  any  dwelling  of  infamy  in  Spain. 
Manual  Godoy  .  .  .  was  one  of  the  bodyguard  of 
the  king.  ...  He  sang  beautifully  . . .  the  queen 
sent  for  him  to  the  palace  ;  lavished  upon  him 
wealth  and  honors,  and  surrendered  her  husband, 
the  government,  and  her  own  person  without  re- 
serve, into  his  hands.  .  .  .  The  imbecile  old  king 
.  .  .  acquiesced  in  this  arrangement. — Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  1. 

4491.  PROGRESS  Checked.  Family.  It  is  re- 
corded that  the  man  who  picked  up  the  body  [of 
William  II.,  who  had  been  accidentally  shot  in 
the  forest  in  1100],  was  a  charcoal-burner,  of  the 
name  of  Purkess,  living  in  the  village  of  Min- 
stead,  in  the  forest,  and  that  on  his  cart  was  the 
corpse  removed  to  Winchester.  In  that  village 
in  1843  we  saw  the  name  of  Purkess  over  a  little 
shop  ;  and  Mr.  Stewart  Rose,  who  held  an  office 
in  the  forest,  records  that  the  charcoal-burner's 
descendants  have  always  lived  in  this  village, 
where  they  still  live,  the  possessors  of  one  horse 
and  cart,  and  no  more. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  16,  p.  281. 

4492.  PROGRESS  by  Competition.  Isaac  New- 
ton. [He  had  vanquished  an  insolent  bully  in  a 
fist-fight.  See  No.  179.]  The  next  morning, 
however,  he  had  again  the  mortification  of  seeing 
his  enemjr  at  the  head  of  the  class,  while  he  oc- 
cupied his  usual  place  at  the  foot.  He  began  to 
reflect.  Could  he  regard  himself  in  the  light  of 
a  victor  while  his  foe  lorded  it  over  him  in  the . 
school-room  ?  The  applauding  shouts  of  his 
school-fellows  had  been  grateful  to  his  ears,  but 
his  enemy  enjoyed  the  approval  of  the  teacher. 
The  laurels  of  the  play-ground  seemed  to  fade  in 
comparison  with  the  nobler  triumphs  of  the 
mind.  The  result  of  his  reflections  was  that  he 
determined  to  conquer  his  adversary  again  by 
getting  to  the  head  of  his  class.  From  that  time 
he  became  as  studious  as  he  had  before  been 
idle,  and  soon  attained  the  second  place.  A  long 
and  severe  struggle  ensued  between  him  and  his 
adversary  for  the  first,  in  the  course  of  which 
each  triumphed  in  turn ;  but,  at  length,  Isaac 
Newton  remained  permanently  at  the  head.  He 
never  relapsed  into  idleness.  He  was  a  student 
thenceforth  to  the  end  of  his  life  of  nearly  eighty- 
five  years. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  245. 

4493.  PROGRESS  by  Development.  Farm 
Stock.  The  average  weight  of  the  ox  and  the 
sheep  has  been  doubled  since  the  beginning  of 
the  eighteenth  century, — Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  7, 
ch.  1,  p,  12. 

4494.  PROGRESS,  Feeble.  Syriam— Egyp- 
tians. [The  slothful  effeminacy  of  the  former  ex- 
posed them  to  the  contempt,  the  sullen  ferocious- 
ness of  the  latter  excited  the  aversion,  of  the  con- 
querors. Those  nations  had  submitted  to  the 
Roman  power,  but  they  seldom  desired  or  de- 
served the  freedom  of  the  city  ;  and  it  was  re- 
marked, that  more  than  two  hundred  and  thirty 
years  elapsed,  after  the  ruin  of  the  Ptolemies,  be- 
fore an  Egyptian  was  admitted  into  the  Senate 
of  Rome.]— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1,  p.  46. 

4495.  PROGRESS,  Hopeless.  Explorers.  [Sir 
William  Parry  in  the  Polar  Sea.]    At  last,  how* 


PROGRESS— PROMISES. 


531 


«ver,  a  difficulty  arose  which  was  wholly  in- 
surmountable by  mortal  power.  Soon  after  they 
had  reached  tolerably  firm  ice,  over  which  they 
oould  draw  their  sleds  with  comparative  ease, 
a  strong,  steady  north  wind  met  them,  which 
rendered  their  march  exceedingly  fatiguing. 
This  they  could  have  endured,  but  imagine 
their  dismay  when  they  discovered  that  this 
wind  was  blowing  the  whole  mass  of  ice  toward 
the  south  faster  than  they  could  march  north- 
ward. As  long  as  possible  Captain  Parry  con- 
cealed this  crushing  fact  from  the  men  ;  but 
when,  at  the  end  of  laborious  and  distressing 
days,  he  found  that  they  were  actually  farther 
from  the  Pole  than  in  the  morning,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  disclose  the  secret,  and  retrace  his  steps. 
They  had  travelled,  since  leaving  the  ship,  six 
hundred  and  sixty-eight  miles,  and  had  only 
made  one  hundred  and  seventy-two  miles.  They 
reached  the  ship  sixty-one  days  after  leaving 
her,  and  soon  after  sailed  for  England. — Cyclo- 
pedia OP  Bigg.  ,  p.  389. 

4496.  PROGRESS,  Human.  Oermany.  The 
most  civilized  nations  of  modern  Europe  issued 
from  the  woods  of  Germany  ;  and  in  the  rude 
institutions  of  those  barbarians  we  may  still  dis- 
tinguish the  original  principles  of  our  present 
laws  and  manners. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  9, 
p.  250. 

4497.  PROGRESS  ignored.  GMrles  I.  It  may 
be  allowed,  on  an  impartial  estimate  of  the  char- 
acter and  personal  qualities  of  Charles  I. ,  that 
Jiad  the  nation  in  his  reign  entertained  no  higher 
ideas  of  the  liberty  of  the  subject,  or  of  the  pow- 
ers of  parliament,  than  those  which  prevailed 
during  the  two  preceding  centuries,  this  prince 
would  have  reigned  with  high  popularity.  It 
was  his  misfortune  to  fill  the  throne  of  England 
at  the  period  of  this  remarkable  crisis  in  the  pub- 
lic opinions,  and  to  be  educated  in  the  highest 
notions  of  the  powers  of  the  crown  at  the  time 
when  those  usurped  powers  were  justly  doomed 
to  come  to  an  end.  It  was  his  misfortune,  too, 
that  with  many  good  dispositions,  and  a  very 
large  share  of  mental  endowments,  he  wanted 
that  political  prudence  which  should  have  taught 
him  to  yield  to  the  necessity  of  the  times,  and 
that  it  was  wiser  to  abandon  a  little  of  that  pow- 
er which  he  conceived  to  be  his  right,  than,  by 
obstinately  maintaining  it  to  its  utmost  extent, 
to  risk  an  entire  deprivation  of  it. — Tytlek's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  29,  p.  298. 

449S.  PROHIBITION,  Colonial.  Bacon's  As- 
sembly. [The  reform  assembly  of  Virginia,  1676.  ] 
The  church  aristocracy  was  broken  up  .  .  .  the 
sale  of  wine  and  ardent  spirits  was  absolutely 
prohibited,  if  not  at  Jamestown,  yet  otherwise 
through  the  whole  country  .  .  .  two  of  the  mag- 
istrates, notorious  for  raising  county  taxes  for 
their  private  gains,  were  disfranchised. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  14. 

4499.  PROHIBITION,  Incipient.  New  Jersey. 
In  November  of  1681,  Jennings,  the  deputy-gov- 
ernor of  West  Jersey,  convened  the  first  general 
assembly  of  the  province.  The  men  who  had  so 
worried  the  aristocracy  of  England  by  wearing 
their  hats  in  the  presence  of  great  men,  and  by 
saying  "  thee"  and  "  thou"  now  met  together  to 
make  their  own  laws.  The  code  was  brief  and 
simple.  The  sale  of  ardent  spirits  to  the  Red 
juen  was  prohibited.      Taxes  should  be  voted 


by  the  representatives  of  the  people.  The  lands 
of  the  Indians  should  be  acquired  by  honorable 
purchase.  Finally,  a  criminal — unless  a  murder- 
er, a  traitor,  or  a  thief — might  be  pardoned  by 
the  person  against  whom  the  offence  was  commit- 
ted.—Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  24,  p.  206. 

4500.  PROHIBITION,  Ineffective.  Colony  of 
Georgia.  Another  regulation  which  prohibited 
the  introduction  of  ardent  spirits  could  not  be 
enforced  ;  it  led  only  to  clandestine  traffic.  [The 
colonists  were  chiefly  poor  people,  debtors,  and 
persecuted  Protestants.] — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  24. 

4501.  PROHIBITION,  Plea  for.  Dutch  and 
Indians,  a.d.  1642.  The  trader  did  not  learn 
humanity,  nor  the  savage  forget  revenge  ;  the 
son  of  a  chief,  stung  by  the  conviction  of  having 
been  defrauded  and  robbed,  aimed  an  unerr- 
ing arrow  at  the  first  Hollander  exposed  to  his 
fury.  A  deputation  of  river  chieftains  hasten- 
ed to  express  their  sorrow  ;  .  .  .  they  offered  to 
purchase  security  for  the  murderer  by  a  fine 
for  blood.  .  .  .  "  You  yourselves,"  they  added, 
"  are  the  cause  of  this  evil ;  you  ought  not  craze 
the  young  Indians  with  brandy.  Your  own 
people,  when  drunk,  fight  with  knives,  and  do 
foolish  things ;  and  you  cannot  prevent  mis- 
chief till  you  cease  to  sell  strong  drink  to  the 
Indians." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

4502.  PROHIBITION,  Protection  by.  Colonial. 
The  colony  of  Georgia  [established  as  a  refuge 
for  the  poor]  interdicted  the  importation  of 
spirituous  liquors.  The  cap  of  Liberty  was  on 
its  seal,  and  its  motto — Non  sibi  sed  aliis.  Not 
for  themselves,  but  others — declared  the  philan- 
thropic purpose  of  its  projectors. — Stevens' 
M.  E.  Church,  vol.  1,  p.  22. 

4503.  PROHIBITION  resisted.  American  Ind- 
ians. Prohibitory  laws  were  hardly  sanction- 
ed by  savage  opinion.  The  wild  man  hates  re- 
straint, and  loves  to  do  what  is  right  in  his  own 
eyes. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

4504.  PROMISES,  Broken.  Queen  Mary.  [In 
1559,  when  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  was  reminded 
by  the  leading  reformers  of  her  promises  of  tol- 
eration, she  replied  :]  Promises  ought  not  to  be 
urged  upon  princes  unless  they  can  conveniently 
fill  them. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  8,  p.  118. 

4505.  PROMISES,  Deceptive.  To  Heretics.  [Lu- 
ther went  to  Worms  to  meet  his  accusers,  and 
was  promised  safe-conduct.]  The  Papists,  on 
the  other  hand,  sought  to  persuade  his  Imperial 
Majesty  to  seize  Luther  and  to  put  him  to  death. 
They  adduced  the  example  of  John  Huss,  and 
said,  "  To  a  heretic  one  is  under  no  obligation, 
either  to  grant  a  safe-conduct  or  to  keep  it."  But 
the  Emperor  Charles  [V.]  replied,  "  Whatever 
promise  has  been  made  must  be  fulfilled." — 
Rein's  Luther,  ch.  9,  p.  85. 

4506.  PROMISES,  Regard  for.  Romans.  The 
goddess  of  Faith  (of  human  and  social  faith)  was 
worshipped,  not  only  in  her  temples,  but  in  the 
lives  of  the  Romans  ;  and  if  that  nation  was  de- 
ficient in  the  more  amiable  qualities  of  benevo- 
lence and  generosity,  they  astonished  the  Greeks 
by  their  sincere  and  simple  performance  of  the 
most  burdensome  engagements.  Yet  among  the 
same  people,  according  to  the  rigid  maxims  of 
the  patricians  and  decemvirs,  a  naked  pact,  a 
promise,  or  even  an  oath,  did  not  create  any  civil 


632 


PROMOTION— PROMPTNESS. 


obligation,  unless  it  was  confirmed  by  the  legal 
form  of  a  stipulation.  Whatever  might  be  the 
etymologj'^  of  the  Latin  word,  it  conveyed  the 
idea  of  a  firm  and  irrevocable  contract,  which 
was  always  expressed  in  the  mode  of  a  question 
and  answer.  "  Do  you  promise  to  pay  me  100 
pieces  of  gold  ?"  was  the  solemn  interrogation  of 
Seius.  "  I  do  promise,"  was  the  reply  of  Sem- 
pronius. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  365. 

4507.  PROMOTION  earned.  General  Grant. 
Governor  Yates,  of  his  State,  .  .  .  put  him  on  his 
staff  as  adjutant,  to  assist  him  in  arranging  the 
quota  of  the  State.  ...  He  acquitted  himself 
so  well,  that  when  Lincoln  sent  on  to  the  gov- 
ernor to  forward  two  names  from  the  State  for 
the  position  of  brigadier-general,  the  latter  pro- 
posed to  Grant  to  send  him  on.  But  he  declined, 
saying  he  preferred  to  earn  his  promotion.  He, 
however,  accepted  the  colonelcy  of  the  Twenty- 
first  Regiment.  ...  On  the  7th  of  August,  .  .  . 
1861,  he  received  his  appointment  as  brigadier- 
general. — Headley's  General  Gbant,  p.  47. 

450§.  PEOMOTION,  Jocose,  Napoleon  I.  [Na- 
poleon was  the  second  to  cross  the  bridge  at 
Lodi.]  Some  of  the  veterans  of  the  army,  imme- 
diately after  the  battle,  met  together,  and  jocosely 
promoted  their  general,  who  had  so  distinguished 
himself  by  bravery,  and  who  was  so  juvenile  in 
his  appearance,  to  the  rank  of  corporal.  When 
Napoleon  next  appeared  upon  the  field  he  was 
greeted  with  enthusiastic  shouts  by  the  whole 
army,  "  Long  live  our  little  corporal  !"  .  .  .  and 
never  lost  .  .  .  this  honorary  and  affection- 
ate nickname. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  5. 

4509.  PROMOTION,  Loss  by.  Saturninus.  [One 
of  the  thirty  tyrants.]  When  the  clamor  of  the 
soldiers  invested  the  reluctant  victims  with  the 
ensigns  of  sovereign  authority,  they  sometimes 
mourned  in  secret  their  approaching  fate.  ' '  You 
have  lost,"  said  Saturninus,  on  the  day  of  his  ele- 
vation— "you  have  lost  a  useful  commander,  and 
you  have  made  a  very  wretched  emperor." — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  10,  p.  324. 

4510.  PROMOTION,  Ofifensive.  Roman  Sena- 
tors. Julius  Caesar  .  .  .  increased  the  number  of 
the  senate  to  nine  hundred,  filling  its  ranks  from 
eminent  provincials,  introducing  even  barba- 
rian Gauls,  and,  still  worse,  libertini,  the  sons  of 
liberated  slaves,  who  had  risen  to  distinction  by 
their  own  merit.  The  new  members  came  in 
slowly,  and  it  is  needless  to  say  were  unwillingly 
received  ;  a  private  handbill  was  sent  round  rec- 
ommending the  coldest  of  greetings  to  them. — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  26. 

4511.  PROMOTION,  Providential.  Queen  Eliz- 

oheth.  [Daughter  of  Henry  yni.]  Tradition  still 
points  out  the  tree  in  Hatfield  Park  beneath 
which  Elizabeth  was  sitting  when  she  received 
the  news  of  her  peaceful  accession  to  the  throne. 
She  fell  on  her  knees,  and  drawing  a  long  breath, 
exclaimed  at  last,  "It  is  the  Lord's  doing,  and 
it  is  marvellous  in  our  eyes."  To  the  last  these 
words  remained  stamped  on  the  golden  coinage 
of  the  queen. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  692. 

4513.  PROMOTION,  Remarkable.  Cromwell. 
The  storm  is  up  in  England,  and  Oliver  has  be- 
come a  marked  man  ;  he  probably  knows  that 
he  will  have  to  take  a  prominent  part  in  the  af- 
fairs of  the  kingdom.    Halt  we  awhile  to  reflect 


on  this.  This  obscure  man,  lone  English  farmer, 
untitled,  unwealthy,  no  grace  of  manner  to  in- 
troduce himself,  ungainly  in  speech  and  in  ac- 
tion, unskilled  in  war,  unused  to  the  arts  of 
courts  and  the  cabals  of  senates  and  legislators — 
this  man  whose  life  had  passed  altogether  with 
farmers  and  religious-minded  men,  was,  at  al- 
most a  bound,  to  leap  to  the  highest  place  in  the 
people's  army,  grasping  the  baton  of  the  mar- 
shal. This  man  was  to  strike  the  successful 
blows  on  the  field,  shivering  to  pieces  the  king- 
ly power  in  the  land  ;  himself  was  to  assume  the 
truncheon  of  the  Dictator ;  was  to  sketch  the 
outline  of  laws,  of  home  and  foreign  policy, 
which  all  succeeding  legislators  were  to  attempt 
to  embody  and  imitate ;  was  to  wring  conces- 
sions to  his  power  from  the  most  haughty  mon- 
archies of  ancient  feudal  Europe,  and  to  bear  up, 
in  arms,  England,  fast  dwindling  into  contempt, 
to  the  very  foremost  place  among  the  nations  ; 
was  to  produce  throughout  the  world  homage- 
to  the  Protestant  religion,  making  before  his- 
name  the  fame  and  terror  of  Gustavus,  of  Henry 
IV.,  of  Zisca,  to  dwindle  and  look  pale.  And 
this  with  no  prestige  of  birth  or  education.  Is. 
it  too  much,  then,  to  call  him  the  most  royal  act- 
or England,  if  not  the  world,  has  produced  ? — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  2,  p.  47. 

4513.  PROMOTION,  Unexpected.  Cromwell. 
No  doubt  Cromwell  was  amazed  at  the  lofty  ele- 
vation to  which  he  ascended  ;  for  he  commenced 
his  public  career  without  any  plan  ;  he  threw  him- 
self, and  his  fortunes,  and  his  life  into  the  scale 
against  the  king,  and  on  the  side  of  the  people. 
He  was  at  that  time  a  plain  country  yeoman. 
We  do  not  believe  that  he  had  any  ambition  other 
than  to  serve  the  cause  with  a  brave,  pure  heart. 
Could  he,  whose  unnoticed  days  had  been  passed 
by  a  farmer's  ingle,  see  gleaming  before  his  eyes 
a  crown,  which  he  might  refuse  ?  Could  he,  who 
had  spent  his  later  years  in  following  the  plough, 
dream  that  he  should  draw  the  sword,  only  to 
find  himself  at  last  the  greatest  general  of  his 
own  age,  and  one  of  the  greatest  soldiers  of  any 
age  ?  Well  might  he  say,  "  One  never  mounts  so- 
high  as  wJien  one  does  not  know  where  one  is  go- 
ing." It  is  the  sublime  of  human  philosophy 
and  character  to  be  able  to  say  this  ;  it  is  faith  in 
Providence  and  in  destiny  alone  which  can  say 
this. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  1,  p.  21. 

4514.  PROMPTNESS,  Success  by.  Charles  XII. 
Three  powerful  enemies  joined  in  a  league  to  op- 
press him.  Sweden  was  then  in  possession  of  the 
territories  of  Estonia  and  Livonia  ;  and  Charles 
XL ,  his  father,  had  violated  the  privileges  of  the 
Livonians,  which  they  had  asserted  by  a  deputa- 
tion, at  the  head  of  which  was  a  nobleman  of  the 
name  of  Patkul,  who  had  incensed  the  monarch 
by  too  bold  a  remonstrance  in  favor  of  the  liber- 
ties of  his  country  ;  he  was  condemned  to  death, 
but  he  escaped,  and  denounced  a  signal  ven- 
geance against  the  King  of  Sweden  ;  he  found 
means  to  persuade  Augustus,  Kingof  Poland,  and 
the  czar,  Peter,  that  they  had  now  an  opportuni- 
ty of  recovering,  during  the  weakness  of  that 
monarchy,  all  the  provinces  they  had  formerly 
lost.  They  were  joined  by  Frederick  IV. ,  King 
of  Denmark,  and  it  was  not  doubted  that  Swe- 
den would  fall  a  victim  to  so  formidable  an  alli- 
ance. ...  It  was  the  opinion  of  Charles'  coun- 
sellors that  a  negotiation  should  be  set  on  foot 


PROOF— PROPERTY, 


533 


to  avert  the  impending  ruin  ;  but  the  king  himself 
instantly  gave  orders  to  prepare  for  war.  ' '  I  shall 
;attack  the  first,"  said  he,  "  who  declares  against 
me,  and  by  defeating  him,  I  hope  to  intimidate 
the  rest."  From  that  time  Charles  dedicated  his 
life  to  a  series  of  fatigues  and  dangers,  and  en- 
joyed not  a  moment  of  ease  or  relaxation. — Tyt- 
LEu's  Hist.,  Book  6,  eh.  35,  p.  477. 

4515.  PROOF  of  Intentions.  Cleopatra.  [An- 
tony was  suspicious  that  she  might  poison  him, 
and  required  his  food  to  be  tasted  at  her  ban- 
quets.] She  employed  a  very  extraordinary 
method  to  make  him  sensible  how  ill-founded  his 
fears  were,  and  at  the  same  time,  if  she  had  so 
bad  an  intention,  how  ineffectual  all  the  precau- 
tions he  took  would  be.  She  caused  the  extrem- 
ities of  the  flowers  to  be  poisoned,  of  which  the 
wreaths,  worn  by  Antony  and  herself  at  table, 
according  to  the  custom  of  the  ancients,  were 
composed.  When  their  heads  began  to  grow 
warm  with  wine,  in  the  height  of  their  gayety, 
Cleopatra  proposed  to  Antony  to  drink  off  those 
flowers.  He  made  no  difficulty  ;  and,  after  having 
plucked  off  the  ends  of  his  wreath  with  his  fin- 
gers, and  thrown  them  into  his  cup  filled  with 
wine,  he  was  upon  the  point  of  drinking  it,  when 
the  queen,  taking  hold  of  his  arm,  said  to  him, 
"  I  am  the  poisoner  against  whom  you  take  such 
mighty  precaution.  If  it  were  possible  for  me  to 
live  without  you,  judge  now  whether  I  wanted 
«ither  the  opportunity  or  means  for  such  an  ac- 
tion." Having  ordered  a  prisoner,  condemned 
to  die,  to  be  brought  thither,  she  made  him  drink 
that  liquor,  upon  which  he  died  immediately. — 
Rollin's  Hist.  ,  Book  24,  §  3. 

4516.  PROPEETY,  Conservatism  of.  James- 
iown  Colony.  The  greatest  change  in  the  condi- 
tion of  the  colonists  resulted  from  the  incipient 
establishment  of  private  property.  To  each  man 
a  few  acres  of  ground  were  assigned  for  his  or- 
chard and  to  plant  at  his  pleasure  and  for  his 
own  use.  So  long  as  industry  had  been  without 
its  special  reward,  reluctant  labor,  wasteful  of 
time,  had  been  followed  by  want. — Bancroft's 
Hist,  op  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  4. 

4517.  PROPERTY,  Hereditary.  Boman  Laws. 
The  jurisprudence  of  the  Romans  appears  to 
have  deviated  from  the  equality  of  nature  much 
less  than  the  Jewish,  the  Athenian,  or  the  Eng- 
lish institutions.  On  the  death  of  a  citizen  all 
his  descendants,  unless  they  were  already  freed 
from  his  paternal  power,  were  called  to  the  in- 
heritance of  his  possessions.  The  insolent  pre- 
rogative of  primogeniture  was  unknown  ;  the 
two  sexes  were  placed  on  a  just  level ;  all  the 
sons  and  daughters  were  entitled  to  an  equal  por- 
tion of  the  patrimonial  estate  ;  and  if  any  of  the 
sons  had  been  intercepted  by  a  premature  death, 
his  person  was  represented,  and  his  share  was 
divided,  by  his  surviving  children. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  360. 

45 1§.  PROPERTY,  Ownership  of.  Production. 
The  savage  who  hollows  a  tree,  inserts  a  sharp 
stone  into  a  wooden  handle,  or  applies  a  string  to 
an  elastic  branch  becomes  in  a  state  of  nature 
the  just  proprietor  of  the  canoe,  the  bow,  or  the 
hatchet.  The  materials  were  common  to  all,  the 
new  form,  the  produce  of  his  time  and  simple 
industry,  belongs  solely  to  himself.  His  hungry 
brethren  cannot,  without  a  sense  of  their  own  in- 
justice, extort  from  the  hunter  the  game  of  the 


forest  overtaken  or  slain  by  his  personal  strength 
and  dexterity.  If  his  provident  care  preserves 
and  multiplies  the  tame  animals,  whose  nature 
is  tractable  to  the  arts  of  education,  he  acquires  a 
perpetual  title  to  the  use  and  service  of  their  nu- 
merous progeny,  which  derives  its  existence  from 
him  alone.  If  he  encloses  and  cultivates  a  field 
for  their  sustenance  and  his  own,  a  barren  waste 
is  converted  into  a  fertile  soil ;  the  seed,  the  ma- 
nure, the  labor,  create  a  new  value,  and  the  re- 
wards of  harvest  are  painfully  earned  by  the  fa- 
tigues of  the  revolving  year.  In  the  successive 
states  of  society,  the  himter,  the  shepherd,  the 
husbandman,  may  defend  their  possessions  by 
two  reasons  which  forcibly  appeal  to  the  feelings 
or  the  human  mind  :  that  whatever  they  enjoy 
is  the  fruit  of  their  own  industry  ;  and  that  every 
man  who  envies  their  felicity  may  purchase  sim- 
ilar acquisitions  by  the  exercise  of  similar  dili- 
gence.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  4,  p.  355. 

4519.  PROPERTY,  Titles  to.  Reignof  James  II. 
[He  favored  the  destruction  of  titles,  so  as  to  ad- 
vance the  adherents  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith, 
whose  property  had  long  ago  been  confiscated.] 
He  ought  to  have  determined  that  the  existing 
settlement  of  landed  property  [in  Ireland]  should 
be  inviolable  ;  and  he  ought  to  have  announced 
that  determination  in  such  a  manner  as  effectu- 
ally to  quiet  the  anxiety  of  the  new  proprietors, 
and  to  extinguish  any  wild  hopes  which  the  old 
proprietors  might  entertain.  Whether,  in  the 
great  transfer  of  estates,  injustice  had  or  had  not 
been  committed,  was  immaterial.  That  transfer, 
just  or  unjust,  had  taken  place  so  long  ago  that 
to  reverse  it  would  be  to  unfix  the  foundations  of 
society.  There  must  be  a  time  of  limitation  to 
all  rights.  After  thirty -five  years  of  actual  pos- 
session, after  twenty-five  years  of  possession  sol- 
emnly guaranteed  by  statute,  after  innumerable 
leases  and  releases,  mortgages  and  devises,  it  was 
too  late  to  search  for  flaws  in  titles. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  124. 

4520.  PROPERTY,  Tyranny  of.  Bev.  John 
Ball.  "  Mad"  as  the  landowners  held  him  to  be, 
it  was  in  the  preaching  of  John  Ball  that  Eng- 
land first  listened  to  a  declaration  of  the  natural 
equality  and  rights  of  man.  "Good  people," 
cried  the  preacher,  "  things  will  never  be  well  in 
England  so  long  as  goods  be  not  in  common, 
and  so  long  as  there  be  villeins  and  gentlemen. 
By  what  right  are  they  whom  we  call  lords 
greater  folk  than  we  ?  On  what  grounds  have 
they  deserved  it  ?  Why  do  they  hold  us  in  serf- 
age ?  If  we  all  came  of  the  same  father  and 
mother,  of  Adam  and  Eve,  how  can  they  say  or 
prove  that  they  are  better  than  we,  if  it  be  not 
that  they  make  us  gain  for  them  by  our  toil  what 
they  spend  in  their  pride  ?  They  are  clothed  in. 
velvet  and  warm  in  their  furs  and  their  ermines, 
while  we  are  covered  with  rags.  They  have  wine 
and  spices  and  fair  bread,  and  we  oat-cake  and 
straw  and  water  to  drink.  They  have  leisure 
and  fine  houses  ;  we  have  pain  and  labor,  the 
rain  and  the  wind  in  the  fields.  And  yet  it  is  of 
us  and  of  our  toil  that  these  men  hold  their  state." 
It  was  the  tyranny  of  property  that  then  as 
ever  roused  the  defiance  of  socialism. — Hist,  of 
Eng.  People,  §  345. 

4521.  PROPERTY,  Wrongs  in.  English  Law. 
A.D.  1763.  The  right  of  primogeniture  made  its 
chief  victims  in  the  bosoms  of  the  families  which 


534 


PROPHECIES— PROSPERITY. 


it  kept  up.  .  .  .  Even  the  mother  who  might 
survive  her  husband,  after  following  him  to  his 
tomb,  .  ,  .  returned  no  more  to  the  ancestral 
mansion,  but  vacated  it  for  the  heir ;  and  the 
dowager  must  be  content  with  her  jointure, 
which  might  often  be  paid  grudgingly  as  to  one, 
"  Long  wintering  on  a  young  man's  revenue." 
— Banckoft's  it.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  3. 

4522.  PROPHECIES,  Sustained.  England  1753. 
[In  1753  there  was  great  opposition  to  a  bill, 
which  was  passed,  permitting  Jews  to  hold  real 
estate.  One  said  itj  was  to  give  the  lie  to  all  the 
prophecies  of  the  New  Testament :  they  are 
to  remain  without  any  fixed  habitation  until 
they  acknowledge  Christ  to  be  the  Messiah. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  12,  p.  193. 

4523.  PROPHECY,  False.  Empires  fall.  [When 
the  Spanish  Armada  was  expected  to  visit  the 
coasts  of  England]  many  ancient  and  strange 
prophecies,  in  divers  languages,  and  many  excel- 
lent astronomers  of  sundry  nations,  had  in  very 
plain  terms  foretold  that  the  year  1588  should 
be  most  fatal  and  ominous  unto  all  estates,  con- 
cluding in  these  words  :  "And  if  in  that  year 
the  world  do  not  perish  and  utterly  decay,  yet 
empires  all,  and  kingdoms  after,  shall  ;  and  no 
man  to  raise  himself  shall  know  no  way,  and  that 
forever  after  it  shall  be  called  the  year  of  won- 
der." [Englishmen  interpreted  the  prophecy 
against  their  enemies  as  a  prediction  of  their 
overthrow,  the  God  of  the  Bible,  which  Eng- 
lishman had  learned  to  read,  being  their  defend- 
er.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  14,  p.  218. 

4524.  PROPHECY,  Unconscious.  Virgil.  Con- 
stantine,  in  a  very  long  discourse,  which  is  still 
extant,  .  .  .  expatiates  on  the  various  proofs  of 
religion  ;  but  he  dwells  with  peculiar  complacen- 
cy on  the  Sibylline  verses,  and  the  fourth  eclogue 
of  Virgil.  Forty  years  before  the  birth  of  Christ, 
the  Mantuan  bard,  as  if  inspired  by  the  celestial 
muse  of  Isaiah,  had  celebrated,  with  all  the  pomp 
of  Oriental  metaphor,  the  return  of  the  Virgin, 
the  fall  of  the  serpent,  the  approaching  birth  of 
a  godlike  child,  the  offspring  of  the  great  Jupi- 
ter, who  should  expiate  the  guilt  of  human  kind, 
and  govern  the  peaceful  universe  with  the  vir- 
tues of  his  father  ;  the  rise  and  appearance  of  a 
heavenly  race,  a  primitive  nation  throughout  the 
world,  and  the  gradual  restoration  of  the  inno- 
cence and  felicity  of  the  golden  age.  The  poet 
was  perhaps  unconscious  of  the  secret  sense  and 
object  of  these  sublime  predictions,  which  have 
been  so  unworthily  applied  to  the  infant  son  of 
a  consul,  or  a  triumvir  ;  but  if  a  more  splendid, 
and  indeed  specious,  interpretation  of  the  fourth 
eclogue  contributed  to  the  conversion  of  the  first 
Christian  emperor,  Virgil  may  deserve  to  be  rank- 
ed among  the  most  successful  missionaries  of  the 
gospel.  ...  He  chiefly  depends  on  a  myste- 
rious acrostic,  composed  in  the  sixth  age  after  the 
Deluge,  by  the  Erythraean  Sibyl,  and  translated 
by  Cicero  into  Latin.  The  initial  letters  of  the 
thirty-four  Greek  verses  form  this  prophetic  sen- 
tence :  Jesus  Christ,  Son  of  God,  SaviouB  op 
THE  World.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  20,  p.  269. 

4525.  PROPHETS,  The  Great.  Four.  Mahom- 
et taught  that  God  Almighty  had  engraven  these 
laws  [of  Mahomet.  See  Religion,  Mahometan]  in 
the  hearts  of  the  first  race  of  men, but  that  vice  and 
iniquity  gradually  prevailing,  and  wearing  out  I 


their  impression.  He  had  sent,  from  time  to  time,. 
His  prophets  upon  earth,  to  revive  His  holy  pre- 
cepts by  their  doctrines  and  example.  The  most 
eminent  of  these  prophets,  he  affirmed,  were- 
Abraham,  Moses,  Jesus  Christ — and  Mahomet, 
the  last,  the  greatest  of  all — who  was  destined  tO' 
extend  the  knowledge  of  the  true  religion  over 
all  the  garth. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  1, 
p.  52. 

4526.  PROPRIETORS,  Nominal.  George  I. 
[When  the  Hanoverian  prince  George  came  to 
the  British  throne  as  George  I.,  the  foreigner 
penned  his  first  impressions.]  He  said  :  "  This  is 
a  strange  country.  The  first  morning  after  my 
arrival  at  St.  James'  I  looked  out  of  the  window, 
and  saw  a  park,  with  canals,  etc.,  which  they 
told  me  were  mine.  The  next  day  Lord  Chet- 
wynd,  the  ranger  of  my  park,  sent  me  a  fine- 
brace  of  carp  out  of  my  canal  ;  and  I  was  told  I 
must  give  five  guineas  to  Lord  Chetwynd's  ser- 
vant for  bringing  me  my  carp  out  of  my  canal 
in  my  own  park." — Knight's Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  1, 
p.  4. 

4527.  PROPRIETORS,  Bondage  of.  Peruvians, 
The  mines  of  Potosi  were  discovered,  with  which 
the  Peruvians  themselves  had  been  unacquaint- 
ed— a  source  of  riches  which  to  this  day  is  not 
exhausted.  The  Peruvians  were  made  to  work 
at  these  mines  for  the  Spaniards,  as  the  real  pro- 
prietors. Those  slaves  who,  from  constitutional 
weakness  of  body,  were  soon  worn  out  by  the 
dreadful  fatigues,  .  .  .  without  the  smallest  re- 
mission of  their  labors,  were  replaced  by  negroes, 
from  the  coast  of  Africa. —  Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  21. 

452S.  PROSPERITY,  Children  bring.  Arab. 
The  nurses  of  the  desert,  who  came  usually  to 
compete  for  the  new-born  children  to  the  doors 
of  the  wealthy,  did  not  present  themselves  at  the 
door  of  Amina  [the  mother  of  Mahomet] ,  because 
she  was  a  widow,  and  that  widows,  commonly 
poor,  did  not  remunerate  so  liberally  as  the  fa- 
thers the  nurses  of  their  children.  At  length 
Halima,  one  of  those  women  of  the  desert  who 
sold  their  milk,  not  having  been  able  to  find  an- 
other nursling  in  the  city,  returned  to  Amina 
toward  the  evening,  and  took  her  infant.  The 
credulity  of  the  Arabs  remarked,  that  from  the 
day  when  this  child  was  introduced  into  the  tent 
of  Halima  all  the  prosperities  and  fecundities 
of  nomad  life  made  it  their  centre.  The  nurse 
refused  to  give  him  back  to  his  mother,  for  fear 
of  losing,  with  his  departure,  the  benedictions  of 
her  tent. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  55. 

4529.  PROSPERITY,  Dangers  of.  Philip  of 
Macedon.  Olympias  bare  him  Alexander,  sur- 
named  the  Great.  .  .  .  Philip,  who  at  that  time 
was  absent  from  his  kingdom,  had  three  very 
agreeable  pieces  of  news  brought  him  at  one  and 
the  same  time  :  that  he  had  carried  the  prize  at 
the  Olympic  games  ;  that  Parmenio,  one  of  his 
generals,  had  gained  a  great  victory  over  the  II- 
lyrians,  and  that  his  wife  was  delivered  of  a  son. 
This  prince,  temfied  at  so  signal  a  happiness, 
which  the  heathens  thought  frequently  the  omen 
of  some  mournful  catastrophe,  cried  out,  "  Great 
Jupiter  !  in  return  for  so  many  blessings,  send 
me  as  soon  as  possible  some  slight  misfortune."— 
Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  14,  §  1. 

4530.  PROSPERITY,  Destructive.  Christiamty. 
The  corruption  of  manners  and  principles,  so 


PROSPERITY— PROTECTION. 


535 


forcibly  lamented  by  Eusebius,  may  be  consid- 
ered, not  only  as  a  consequence,  but  as  a  proof, 
of  the  liberty  which  the  Christians  enjoyed  and 
abused  under  the  reign  of  Diocletian.  Prosper- 
ity had  relaxed  the  nerves  of  discipline.  Fraud, 
envy,  and  malice  prevailed  in  every  congrega- 
tion. The  presbyters  aspired  to  the  episcopal 
office,  which  every  day  became  an  object  more 
worthy  of  their  ambition.  The  bishops,  who 
contended  with  each  other  for  ecclesiastical  pre- 
eminence, appeared  by  their  conduct  to  claim  a 
secular  and  tyrannical  power  in  the  church  ;  and 
the  Hvely  faith  which  still  distinguished  the 
Christians  from  the  Gentiles  was  shown  much 
less  in  their  lives  than  in  their  controversial  writ- 
ings.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16,  p.  57. 

4531 .  PEOSPERITY  by  Government.  By  Rienzi. 
[The  Roman  tribune  and  patriot.]  Justice  was 
appeased  by  the  tardy  execution  of  Martin  Ur- 
sini,  who,  among  his  various  acts  of  violence  and 
rapine,  had  pillaged  a  shipwrecked  vessel  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tiber.  His  name,  the  purple  of 
two  cardinals,  his  uncles,  a  recent  marriage,  and 
a  mortal  disease  were  disregarded  by  the  inflex- 
ible tribune,  who  had  chosen  his  victim.  The 
public  officers  dragged  him  from  his  palace  and 
nuptial  bed  ;  his  trial  was  short  and  satisfactory  ; 
the  bell  of  the  Capitol  convened  the  people  ; 
stripped  of  his  mantle,  on  his  knees,  with  his 
hands  bound  behind  his  back,  he  heard  the  sen- 
tence of  death  ;  and  after  a  brief  confession  Ur- 
sini  was  led  away  to  the  gallows.  After  such  an 
example,  none  who  were  conscious  of  guilt  could 
hope  for  impunity,  and  the  flight  of  the  wicked, 
the  licentious,  and  the  idle  soon  purified  the  city 
and  territory  of  Rome.  In  this  time  (says  the 
historian)  the  woods  began  to  rejoice  that  they 
were  no  longer  infested  with  robbers  ;  the  oxen 
began  to  plough  ;  the  pilgrims  visited  the  sanc- 
tuaries ;  the  roads  and  inns  were  replenished 
with  travellers ;  trade,  plenty,  and  good  faith 
were  restored  in  the  markets ;  and  a  purse  of 
gold  might  be  exposed  without  danger  in  the 
midst  of  the  highway.  As  soon  as  the  life  and 
property  of  the  subject  are  secure,  the  labors  and 
rewards  of  industry  spontaneously  revive  ;  Rome 
was  still  the  metropolis  of  the  Christian  world. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  70,  p.  477. 

4532.  PROSPERITY,  Springs  of.  Improve- 
ment. In  every  experimental  science  there  is  a 
tendency  toward  perfection.  In  every  human 
being  there  is  a  wish  to  ameliorate  his  own  con- 
dition. These  two  principles  have  often  sufficed, 
even  when  counteracted  by  great  public  calami- 
ties and  by  bad  institutions,  to  carry  civilization 
rapidly  forward.  No  ordinary  misfortune,  no 
ordinary  misgovernment,  will  do  so  much  to 
make  a  nation  wretched  as  the  constant  prog- 
ress of  physical  knowledge  and  the  constant  ef- 
fort of  every  man  to  better  himself  will  do  to 
make  a  nation  prosperous. — Macaulay'sHist., 
ch.  3,  p.  261. 

4533.  PROSTITUTE,  A  distinguished.  TJieodo- 
ra.  The  beauty  of  Theodora  was  the  subject  of 
more  flattering  praise  and  the  source  of  more  ex- 
quisite delight.  Her  features  were  delicate  and 
regular  ;  her  complexion,  though  somewhat  pale, 
was  tinged  with  a  natural  color  ;  every  sensation 
was  instantly  expressed  by  the  vivacity  of  her 
eyes ;  her  easy  motions  displayed  the  graces 
of  a  small  but  elegant  figure  ;  and  either  love  or 


adulation  might  proclaim  that  painting  and  po- 
etry were  incapable  of  delineating  the  matchless- 
excellence  of  her  form.  But  this  form  was  de- 
graded by  the  facility  with  which  it  was  exposed 
to  the  public  eye  and  prostituted  to  licentious 
desire.  Her  venal  charms  were  abandoned  to  a 
promiscuous  crowd  of  citizens  and  strangers,  of 
every  rank  and  of  eve^y  profession  ;  the  fortu- 
nate lover  who  had  been  promised  a  night  of  en- 
joyment was  often  driven  from  her  bed  by  a 
stronger  or  more  wealthy  favorite ;  and  when 
she  passed  through  the  streets,  her  presence  was- 
avoided  by  all  who  wished  to  escape  either  the 
scandal  or  the  temptation.  The  satirical  histo- 
rian has  not  blushed  to  describe  the  naked  scenes 
which  Theodora  was  not  ashamed  to  exhibit  ia 
the  theatre.  After  exhausting  the  arts  of  sensu- 
al pleasure,  she  most  ungratefully  murmured 
against  the  parsimony  of  nature.  [She  became- 
the  wife  of  the  Roman  Emperor  Justinian.] — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  40,  p.  50. 

4534.  PROTECTION  of  Industry,  aashing. 
When  the  cultivator  wanted  to  obtain  the  best 
price  for  his  wool,  that  legislation  that  was  al- 
ways protecting  one  class  against  another  class, 
to  the  injury  of  both  classes,  ordained  the  expor- 
tation of  wool  should  be  hampered  with  restric- 
tions ;  ' '  because  that  sufficient  plenty  of  the  said 
wools  may  continually  abide  and  remain  within 
the  said  realm,  as  may  competently  and  reason- 
ably serve  for  the  occupation  of  cloth-makers." 
Of  necessity  much  of  the  sufficient  plenty  became 
superabundant  stock  ;  and  the  price  of  wool  was 
beaten  down  by  the  limitation  of  the  market. 
[a.d.  1450-1485.]— Knight's Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  7, 
p.  108. 

4535.  PROTECTION  of  Manufactures.  Eng- 
lish. The  rural  interests  of  England  had  (in  1698) 
prohibited  the  importation  of  Irish  cattle.  The 
Irish  farmers  took  to  breeding  sheep,  and  wool 
being  abundant,  woollen  manufactures  sprang 
up.  The  Commons  implored  the  king  ' '  to  enjoin 
all  those  he  employed  in  Ireland  to  use  their  ut- 
most diligence  to  hinder  the  exportation  of  wool 
from  Ireland,  except  imported  hither,  and  for 
discouraging  the  woollen  and  encouraging  the 
linen  manufacture  in  Ireland. " — Knight's  Eng.  , 
vol.  5,  ch.  14,  p.  214. 

4536.  PROTECTION  by  Secrecy.  Aihanasius. 
[During  the  persecution  by  the  Arian  party.]  He 
was  once  secreted  in  a  dry  cistern,  which  he  had 
scarcely  left  before  he  was  betrayed  by  the  treach- 
ery of  a  female  slave  ;  and  he  was  once  concealed 
in  a  still  more  extraordinary  asylum,  the  house  of 
a  virgin,  only  twenty  years  of  age,  and  who  was 
celebrated  in  the  whole  city  for  her  exquisite 
beauty.  At  the  hour  of  midnight,  as  she  related 
the  story  many  years  afterward,  she  was  sur- 
prised by  the  appearance  of  the  archbishop  in  a 
loose  undress,  who,  advancing  with  hasty  steps, 
conjured  her  to  afford  him  the  protection  which 
he  had  been  directed  by  a  celestial  vision  to  seek 
under  her  hospitable  roof.  The  pious  maid  ac- 
cepted and  preserved  the  sacred  pledge  which 
was  intrusted  to  her  prudence  and  courage. 
Without  imparting  the  secret  to  any  one,  she  in- 
stantly conducted  Athanasius  into  her  most  se- 
cret chamber,  and  watched  over  his  safety  with 
the  tenderness  of  a  friend  and  the  assiduity  of  a 
servant.  As  long  as  the  danger  continued,  she 
regularly  supplied  him  with  books  and  provi 


536 


PROTECTION— PROTESTANTISM. 


fiions,  washed  his  feel,  managed  his  correspond- 
dence,  and  dexterously  concealed  from  the  eye 
of  suspicion  this  familiar  and  solitary  intercourse 
between  a  saint  whose  character  required  the 
most  unblemished  chastity,  and  a  female  whose 
charms  might  excite  the  most  dangerous  emo- 
tions.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  21,  p.  352. 

4537.  PROTECTION  for  the  Weak.  James 
Oglethorpe.  He  selected  as  the  site  of  his  settle- 
ment the  high  bluff  on  which  now  stands  the 
city  of  Savannah.  Here,  on  the  first  day  of  Feb- 
ruary, were  laid  the  foundations  of  the  oldest 
English  town  south  of  the  Savannah  River.  Broad 
streets  were  laid  out ;  a  public  square  was  re- 
served in  each  quarter  ;  a  beautiful  village  of  tents 
and  board  houses  built  among  the  pine  trees  ap- 
peared as  the  capital  of  a  new  commonwealth, 
where  men  were  not  imprisoned  for  debt.  Tomo- 
«hichi,  chief  of  the  Yamacrans,  came  from  his 
cabin  half  a  mile  distant  to  see  his  brother  Ogle- 
thorpe. There  was  a  pleasant  conference.  "  Here 
is  a  present  for  you,"  said  the  red  man  to  the 
white  man.  The  present  was  a  buffalo  robe 
painted  on  the  inside  with  the  head  and  feathers 
■of  an  eagle.  ' '  The  feathers  are  soft,  and  signify 
love  ;  the  buffalo  skin  is  the  emblem  of  protec- 
tion. Therefore  love  us  and  protect  us,"  said 
the  old  chieftain.  Such  a  plea  could  not  be  lost 
on  a  man  like  Oglethorpe. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  29,  p.  239. 

453§.  PROTECTOR  needed.  Protestants.  Had 
Cromwell  been  on  the  throne  of  England  when 
Louis  XIV.  dared  to  revoke  what  had  been 
called  the  Irrevocable  Edict  of  Nantes,  and  by 
this  act  to  inaugurate  a  protracted  and  horrible 
reign  of  terror,  the  revocation  vwould  never  have 
taken  place,  or  that  apparition,  which  Mazarin 
.always  dreaded  lest  he  should  see,  would  have 
been  beheld — namely,  Cromwell  at  the  gates  of 
Paris. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  16,  p.  214. 

4539.  PROTECTION,  A  strong.  Oliver  Crom- 
well. It  was  at  the  very  period  of  the  massacre 
•of  the  Piedmontese  that  a  treaty  with  France  had 
been  matured,  after  long  and  tedious  negotiation. 
One  demand  after  another  had  been  conceded  to 
Cromwell  by  Louis  and  his  crafty  adviser,  the 
Cardinal  Mazarin.  John  Milton,  Oliver's  pri- 
vate and  foreign  secretary,  had  conducted  the 
negotiation  to  a  successful  issue,  and  the  French 
ambassador  waited  with  the  treaty  ready  for  sig- 
nature, when  Cromwell  learned  of  the  sufferings 
of  the  Vaudois.  He  forthwith  despatched  an 
iimbassador,  on  their  behalf,  to  the  Court  of 
"Turin,  and  refused  to  sign  the  treaty  with  France 
until  their  wrongs  were  redressed.  The  French 
ambassador  w^s  astonished  and  indignant.  He 
remonstrated  with  Cromwell,  and  urged  that 
the  question  bore  no  connection  with  the  terms 
of  the  treaty  ;  nor  could  his  sovereign  interfere, 
■on  any  plea,  with  the  subjects  of  an  independent 
State.  Mazarin  took  even  bolder  ground.  He 
<iid  not  conceal  his  sympathy  with  the  efforts  of 
the  Duke  of  Savoy  to  coerce  these  Protestant 
rebels — declared  his  conviction  that  in  truth  "  the 
Vaudois  had  inflicted  a  hundred  times  worse 
cruelties  on  the  Catholics  than  they  had  suffered 
from  them,"  and  altogether  took  up  a  very  high 
and  haughty  position.  Cromwell  remained  un- 
moved. New  protestations  met  with  no  better 
reception.  He  told  his  Majesty  of  France,  in 
Teply  to  his  assurances  of  the  impossibility  of  in- 


terfering, that  he  had  already  allowed  his  own 
troops  to  be  employed  as  the  tools  of  the  perse- 
cutors ;  which,  though  very  much  like  giving 
his  Christian  Majesty  the  lie,  was  not  without 
its  effect.  Cromwell  would  not  move  from  the 
sacred  duty  he  had  assumed  to  himself,  as  the 
defender  of  the  persecuted  Protestants  of  Europe. 
The  French  ambassador  applied  for  an  audience 
to  take  his  leave,  and  was  made  welcome  to  go. 
Louis  and  Mazarin  had  both  to  yield  to  his  wishes 
at  last,  and  became  the  unwilling  advocates  of 
the  heretics  of  the  valleys. — Hood's  Cromwell, 
ch.  16,  p.  215. 

4540.  PROTESTANTISM,  Advance  of.   Fraiice. 

[a.d.  1561-1567.  The  Protestant  opinions]  were 
popular  among  the  merchant  class.  The  nobl&sse 
was  fast  becoming  Huguenot.  At  the  court 
itself  the  nobles  feasted  ostentatiously  on  the  fast- 
days  of  the  church,  and  flocked  to  the  Protestant 
preachings.  The  clergy  themselves  seemed 
shaken.  Bishops  openly  abjured  the  older  faith. 
Coligny's  brother,  the  Cardinal  of  Chatillon,  cel- 
ebrated the  communion  instead  of  mass  in  his 
own  episcopal  church  at  Beauvais,  and  married 
a  wife.  So  irresistible  was  the  movement,  that 
Catharine  saw  no  way  of  preserving  France  to 
Catholicism  but  by  the  largest  concessions  ;  and 
in  the  summer  of  1561  she  called  on  the  pope  to 
allow  the  removal  of  images,  the  administration 
of  the  sacrament  in  both  kinds,  and  the  aboli- 
tion of  private  masses.  Her  demands  were  out- 
stripped by  those  of  an  assembly  of  deputies 
from  the  states  which  met  at  Pontoise.  These 
called  for  the  confiscation  of  church  property, 
for  freedom  of  conscience  and  of  worship,  and, 
above  all,  for  a  national  council  in  which  every 
question  should  be  decided  by  ' '  the  word  of 
God."  France  seemed  on  the  verge  of  becom- 
ing Protestant ;  and  at  a  moment  when  Protes- 
tantism had  won  England  and  Scotland,  and  ap- 
peared to  be  fast  winning  southern  as  well  as 
northern  Germany,  the  accession  of  France 
would  have  determined  the  triumph  of  the  Ref- 
ormation. [Persecution  of  Protestants  follow- 
ed.]— Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  726. 

4541.  PROTESTANTISM,  Overthrow  of.  Per- 
secution. At  Rome  the  news  of  this  great  blow 
[given  by  the  massacre  on  St.  Bartliolomew's 
Day]  was  hailed  with  extravagant  manifestations 
of  joy  ;  the  Pope  [Gregory  XII.]  and  cardinals 
went  in  state  to  return  thanks  to  Heaven  for  this 
signal  mercy,  and  medals  were  struck  in  its 
honor.  Philip  II.  extolled  it  as  one  of  the  most 
memorable  triumphs  of  Christianity,  compared 
it  to  the  splendid  victory  of  Lepanto,  and  boast- 
ed that  the  total  ruin  of  Protestantism  was  now 
finally  assured.  Nevertheless,  this  great  wicked- 
ness, like  all  state  crimes,  was  quite  ineffectual 
for  the  purpose  toward  which  it  was  directed. 
The  Huguenots  had  lost  their  ablest  leaders ; 
they  were  stunned,  confounded,  scattered, weak- 
ened, but  they  were  by  no  means  wholly  crushed. 
As  soon  as  they  recovered  from  their  consterna- 
tion they  once  more  rushed  to  arms.  .  .  .  The 
persecuted  party  once  more  raised  their  heads, 
and  within  a  year  from  the  date  of  the  great 
massacre  were  in  a  position  to  address  the  king 
in  bolder  and  more  importunate  language  than 
at  any  former  period  of  the  contest.  •  •  •  _  The 
full  and  public  exercise  of  the  reformed  religion 
was  authorized  throughout  the  kingdom  ;  the 


PROTESTANTISM— PROVIDENCE. 


537 


parliaments  were  to  consist  of  an  equal  number 
of  Protestant  and  Catholic  judges  ;  all  sentences 
passed  against  the  Huguenots  were  annulled, 
and  the  insurgents  were  pronounced  to  have 
.acted  for  the  good  of  the  king  and  kingdom  ; 
•eight  towns  were  placed  in  their  hands  for  an  un- 
limited period  ;  and  the  States- General  were  to 
be  convoked  within  six  months.  Such  were  the 
•conditions  of  the  "  Peace  of  Monsieur,"  as  it  was 
termed,  which  was  signed  on  the  6th  of  May, 
1576 — less  than  four  years  after  that  frightful 
massacre  by  which  it  was  hoped  that  the  Hugue- 
jiot  faction  would  be  finally  extirpated  from 
France. — Students'  France,  ch.  16,  §  12,  and 
-ch.  17,  §  2. 

4542.  PROTESTANTISM,  Protectors  of.  Eng- 
.lish — Swede.  The  prince  who  bears  the  closest 
resemblance  to  Cromwell  is  Gustavus  Adolphus 
•of  Sweden.  He,  too,  was  the  lion  of  the  Protes- 
-tant  cause,  and  his  camp,  like  that  of  the  great 
British  farmer,  was  the  scene  of  piety  and  extraor- 
.dinary  bravery.  Like  Cromwell,  he  was  rapid 
and  irresistible  as  a  mountain  torrent  on  the 
field.  Like  Cromwell,  he  alarmed  the  councils 
-of  the  Roman  Pontiff  and  struck  terror  into  the 
Imperialist  cabinet.  Far  inferior  to  Cromwell — 
for  who  of  all  generals  or  statesmen  equalled 
him  ? — yet  both  regarded  themselves  as  set  apart 
.-and  consecrated  for  the  defence  of  Protestantism 
Against  the  encroachments  and  cruelties  of  Po- 
pery. This  idea  largely  entered  into  the  mind 
of  the  Protector.  He  saw  the  state  of  Europe  ; 
he  felt  for  its  wrung  and  lacerated  condition.  In 
his  age  he  was  the  only  Protestant  prince  ;  the 
^so-called  Protestant  statesmen  were  in  league 
with  Rome.  He  raised  his  banner  against  the 
Vatican,  declared  his  side  and  his  convictions, 
and  made  the  tyrants  and  diplomatists  of  Europe 
quail  and  shrink  before  the  shadow  of  his  power 
•and  the  terror  of  his  name.  In  the  history  of 
I  Protestantism  he  occupies  the  distinguished 
;  place,  in  the  very  foreground.  That  we  are  en- 
I  titled  to  say  thus  much  of  him  is  proved  by  a 
I  reference  to  his  own  words,  as  well  as  to  the 
j  T:)etter  evidence   of   his  deeds. — Hood's  Ckom- 

-WELL,  ch.  16,  p.  217. 
f  4543,  PEOTESTATION,  Absurd.  Timour  the 
I  Tartar.  [To  his  Syrian  captives.]  "You  see  me 
1  lere,"  continued  Timour,"  a  poor,  lame,  decrepit 
j  mortal.  Yet  by  my  arm  has  the  Almighty  been 
j  pleased  to  subdue  the  kingdoms  of  Iran,  Touran, 
\  and  the  Indies.  I  am  not  a  man  of  blood  ;  and 
I  God  is  my  witness  that  in  all  my  wars  I  have 
I  never  been  the  aggressor,  and  that  my  enemies 
I  have  always  been  the  authors  of  their  own  calam- 
,  ity."  During  this  peaceful  conversation  the 
streets  of  Aleppo  [in  Syria]  streamed  with  blood 
'  and  re-echoed  with  the  cries  of  mothers  and  chil- 
dren, with  the  shrieks  of  violated  virgins. — Gib- 
I  bon's  Rome,  ch.  65,  p.  262. 

I      4544.  PKOTESTATIONS,  Characteristic.  Celts. 

'  The  Celts  at  all  times  have  been  fond  of  emphat- 

'■  ic  protestations.      The  young  heroes  swore  a 

solemn  oath  that  they  would  not  see  wife  or  chil- 

-dren  or  parents  more  till  they  had  ridden  twice 

through  the  Roman  army.     In  this  mood  they 

encountered   Caesar  in  the  valley  of  the  Vin- 

geanne,  a  river  which  falls  into  the  Sa6ne,  and 

;  they  met  the  fate  which  necessarily  befell  them 

^  when  their  ungovernable  multitudes  engaged  the 

legions  in  the  open  field.    They  were  defeated 


with  enormous  loss  ;  not  they  riding  through  the 
Roman  army,  but  themselves  ridden  over  and 
hewn  down  by  the  German  horsemen  and  sent 
flying  for  fifty  miles  over  the  hills  into  Alice  St. 
Reine. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  19. 

4545.  PROVIDENCE,  Deliverance  by.  Golum- 
bus.  [Four  richly  laden  Venetian  galleys  were 
attacked  by  Columbo  the  younger,  near  the  Por- 
tuguese coast.]  A  desperate  engagement  took 
place  ;  the  vessels  grappled  each  other,  and  the 
crews  fought  hand  to  hand,  and  from  ship  to 
ship.  The  battle  lasted  from  morning  until  even- 
ing, with  great  carnage  on  both  sides.  The  vessel 
commanded  by  Columbus  was  engaged  with  a 
huge  Venetian  galley.  They  threw  hand-gre- 
nades and  other  fiery  missiles,  and  the  galley 
was  wrapped  in  flames.  The  vessels  were  fasten- 
ed together  by  chains  and  grappling-irons,  and 
could  not  be  separated  ;  both  were  involved  in 
one  conflagration,  and  soon  became  a  mere  blaz- 
ing mass.  The  crews  threw  themselves  into  the 
sea  ;  Columbus  seized  an  oar,  which  was  float- 
ing within  reach,  and,  being  an  expert  swimmer, 
attained  the  shore,  though  full  two  leagues  dis- 
tant.— Irving's  Columbus,  ch.  2. 

4546.  PROVIDENCE,  Delivering.  National. 
When  a  financial  panic  made  it  impossible  to  paj' 
the  army  of  William  III. ,  then  in  tiie  field  against 
Louis  XIV . ,  and  the  danger  from  mutiny  or  total 
desertion  was  very  great,  the  king  was  informed 
of  the  state  of  the  treasury,  and  in  reply  express- 
ed that  noble  sentiment  which  every  English- 
man ought  to  bear  in  mind  in  the  day  of  public 
calamity  and  fear  :  "  May  God  relieve  us  from 
our  present  embarrassment,  for  I  cannot  suppose 
it  is  His  will  to  suffer  a  nation  to  perish  which  He 
has  so  often  almost  miraculously  saved,  though 
we  have  too  well  deserved  it." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  5,  ch.  13,  p.  195. 

4547.  PROVIDENCE,  Detention  of.  Oliver 
Oromwell.  Notice  also  that  those  latest  years 
of  James  and  first  years  of  Charles  were  the 
period  when  the  cruel  persecution  proceeding  in 
England  drove  the  first  emigrants  away  into  the 
American  wilderness,  there  to  found  the  old 
Massachusetts  colony ;  they  left  their  homes 
and  country,  willing  to  encounter  the  privations 
and  dangers  of  the  distant  wilderness,  hoping 
there  to  find  a  rest  and  refuge  for  outraged  re- 
ligion and  humanity.  Those  were  the  days  com- 
memorated by  the  Plymouth  Rock — the  first 
settlers  in  Salem,  and  the  growth  of  Lynn.  We 
refer  to  this  especially,  because  tradition  says 
that  on  the  1st  of  May,  1638,  eight  ships,  bound 
for  New  England,  and  filled  with  Puritan  fami- 
lies, were  arrested  and  interrupted  in  the  Thames 
by  an  order  from  the  king,  and  that  among  their 
passengers  in  one  of  those  vessels  were  Pym, 
Hampden,  Cromwell,  and  Hazelrig.  Mr.  John 
Forster  doubts  this,  but  cannot  disprove  it. — ■ 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  2,  p.  48. 

4548.  PROVIDENCE,  Directing.  The  Pilgrims. 
[They  intended  to  settle  near  the  Hudson.]  The 
spot  to  which  Providence  had  directed  the  plant- 
ers had,  a  few  years  before,  been  rendered  en- 
tirely a  desert  by  a  pestilence,  which  had  like- 
wise swept  over  the  neighboring  tribes,  and 
desolated  almost  the  whole  seaboard  of  New 
England.  .  .  .  There  were  the  traces  of  a  pre* 
vious  population,  but  not  one  living  inhabitant.. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  8. 


538 


PROVIDENCE. 


4549.  PEOVIDENCE,  Disposal  of.  Pilgrims. 
The  voyage  was  loug  and  perilous.  For  sixty- 
three  days  the  ship  was  buffeted  by  storms  and 
driven.  It  had  been  the  intention  of  the  Pilgrims 
to  found  their  colony  in  the  beautiful  country  of 
the  Hudson,  but  the  tempest  carried  them  out  of 
their  course,  and  the  first  land  seen  was  the  deso- 
late Cape  Cod.  On  the  9th  of  November  the 
vessel  was  anchored  in  the  bay  ;  then  a  meeting 
was  held  on  board,  and  the  colony  organized 
under  a  solemn  compact.  In  the  charter  which 
jhey  there  made  for  themselves  the  emigrants 
declared  their  loyalty  to  the  English  crown,  and 
covenanted  together  to  live  in  peace  and  har- 
mony, with  equal  rights  to  all,  obedient  to  just 
laws  made  for  the  common  good.  Such  was  the 
simple  but  sublime  constitution  of  the  oldest 
New  England  State.  A  nobler  document  is  not 
to  be  found  among  the  records  of  the  world.  To 
this  instrument  all  the  heads  of  families,  forty- 
one  in  number,  solemnly  set  their  names.  An 
election  was  held  in  which  all  had  an  equal 
voice,  and  John  Carver  was  unanimously  chosen 
governor  of  the  colony. — Ridpath'sU.  S.,ch.  7, 
p.  91. 

4550.  PEOVIDENCE,  Gifts  of.  Socrates.  "Did 
you  never  reflect  within  yourself,"  says  Socrates 
to  Euthydemus,  "  how  much  care  the  gods  have 
taken  to  bestow  upon  man  all  that  is  necessary 
for  him  ?"  "  Never,  I  assure  you,"  replied  he. 
"You  see,"  continued  Socrates,  "how  neces- 
sary light  is,  and  how  precious  that  gift  of  the 
gods  ought  to  appear  to  us."  "  "Without  it," 
added  Euthydemus,  "we  should  be  like  the 
blind,  and  all  nature  as  if  it  were  dead  ;  but  be- 
cause we  have  occasion  for  intervals  of  relaxa- 
tion, they  have  also  given  us  the  night  for  our 
repose."  "You  are  in  the  right  ;  and  for  this 
we  ought  to  render  them  continued  praises  and 
thanksgiving.  They  have  ordained  that  the  sun, 
that  bright  and  luminous  star,  should  preside 
over  the  day  to  distinguish  its  different  parts, 
and  that  its  light  should  serve  not  only  to  dis- 
cover the  wonders  of  nature,  but  to  dispense 
over  every  part  life  and  heat ;  and  at  the  same 
time  they  have  commanded  the  moon  and  stars 
to  illumine  the  night,  which  of  itself  is  dark  and 
obscure.  Is  there  anything  more  worthy  of  ad- 
miration than  this  variety  and  vicissitude  of  day 
and  night,  of  light  and  darkness,  of  labor  and 
rest ;  and  all  this  for  the  convenience  and-good 
of  man  ?"  Socrates  enumerates  in  like  manner 
the  infinite  advantages  we  receive  from  fire  and 
water  for  the  necessaries  of  life.  .  .  .  "All 
these  things,"  said  Euthydemus,  "make  me 
doubt  whether  the  gods  have  any  other  employ- 
ment than  to  shower  down  their  gifts  and  bene- 
fits upon  mankind." — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  9, 
ch.  4,  §  4. 

4551.  PROVIDENCE  in  History.  Reign  of 
James  II.  [See  No.  4o53.]  The  task  [of  invad- 
ing England]  would  indeed  have  been  too  ardu- 
ous even  for  such  a  statesman  as  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  had  not  his  chief  adversaries  been  at 
this  time  smitten  with  an  infatuation  such  as  by 
many  men  not  prone  to  superstition  was  as- 
cribed to  the  special  judgment  of  God,  Not  only 
was  the  King  of  England,  as  he  had  ever  been, 
stupid  and  perverse,  but  even  the  counsel  of  the 
politic  King  of  France  was  turned  into  foolish- 
ness.    "Whatever  wisdom  and  energy  could  do, 


"William  did.  Those  obstacles  which  no  wisdom 
or  energy  could  have  overcome,  his  enemies 
themselves  studiously  removed.  .  .  .  Louis,  by 
two  opposite  errors,  raised  against  himself  at 
once  the  resentment  of  both  the  religious  parties 
between  which  "Western  Europe  was  divided. 
Having  alienated  one  great  section  of  Christen- 
dom by  persecuting  the  Huguenots,  he  alienated 
another  by  insulting  the  Holy  See.  These  faults 
he  committed  at  a  conjuncture  at  which  no  fault 
could  be  committed  with  impunity,  and  under 
the  eye  of  an  opponent  second  in  vigilance,  sa- 
gacity, and  energy  to  no  statesman  whose  mem- 
ory history  has  preserved.  William  saw  with, 
stern  delight  his  adversaries  toiling  to  clear 
away  obstacle  after  obstacle  from  his  path. 
"While  they  raised  against  themselves  the  en- 
mity of  all  sects,  he  labored  to  conciliate  all.  The 
great  design  which  he  meditated  he  with  exqui- 
site skill  presented  to  different  governments  in 
different  lights  ;  and  it  must  be  added  that, 
though  these  lights  were  different,  none  of  them, 
was  false. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  9,  p.  384,  404; 

4552. .     Plymouth  Colony.     Had. 

New  England  been  colonized  immediately  on 
the  discovers  of  the  American  continent,  the 
old  English  institutions  would  have  been  plant- 
ed under  the  powerful  influence  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion  ;  had  the  settlement  been  made 
under  Elizabeth,  it  would  have  been  before  ac- 
tivity of  the  popular  mind  in  religion  had  con 
ducted  to  a  corresponding  activity  of  mind  in 
politics. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  8. 

4553.  PEOVIDENCE,  National.  Great  Brit- 
ain. No  man  of  English  extraction  would  have 
risen  to  eminence,  except  by  becoming  in  speech 
and  habits  a  Frenchman.  England  owes  her 
escape  from  such  calamities  to  an  event  which 
her  historians  have  generally  represented  as  dis- 
astrous. Her  interest  was  so  directly  opposed- 
to  the  interest  of  her  rulers,  that  she  had  no  hope 
but  in  their  errors  and  misfortunes.  The  talents 
and  even  the  virtues  of  her  six  first  French 
kings  were  a  curse  to  her.  The  follies  and  vices 
of  the  seventh  were  her  salvation.  Had  John 
inherited  the  great  qualities  of  his  father,  .  .  . 
and  had  the  King  of  France  at  the  same  time 
been  as  incapable  as  all  the  other  successors  of 
Hugh  Capet  had  been,  the  house  of  Plantagenct 
must  have  risen  to  unrivalled  ascendency  in 
Europe.  But  just  at  this  conjuncture  France, 
for  the  first  time  since  the  death  of  Charlemagne, 
was  governed  by  a  prince  of  great  firmness  and 
ability.  On  the  other  hand,  England,  which, 
since  the  battle  of  Hastings,  had  been  ruled  gen- 
erally by  wise  statesmen,  always  by  brave  sol 
diers,  fell  under  the  dominion  of  a  trifler  and  a 
coward.  From  that  moment  her  prospects 
brightened.  John  was  driven  from  Normandy 
The  Norman  nobles  were  compelled  to  make 
their  election  between  the  island  and  the  conti- 
nent. ,  .  .  The  great-grandsons  of  those  who  had 
fought  under  "VYilliam  and  the  great-grandsons 
of  those  who  had  fought  under  Harold  began  tc 
draw  near  to  each  other  in  friendship,  and  th( 
first  pledge  of  their  reconciliation  was  the  Great 
Charter,  won  by  their  united  exertions,  and 
framed  for  their  common  benefit. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  14. 

4554.  PEOVIDENCE,  Overmling.      Missions. 
In  1815  the  Rev.  Barnabas   Shaw  went  from 


PROYIDEKCE— PROWESS. 


539 


England  as  a  missionary  to  Xhe  Africans.  Ar- 
riving at  Cape  Town,  the  government  prohibited 
his  laboring  there,  and  with  his  devoted  wife  he 
started  for  the  heathen  tribes  in  the  interior.  A 
wagon  and  oxen  were  their  outfit,  and  not  know- 
ing" whither  they  went  they  continued  their 
weary  journey,  untR  on  the  evening  of  the 
twenty-seventh  day  they  met  a  party  of  Hotten- 
tots, accompanied  by  a  chief,  who  encamped 
near  them.  Shaw  communicated  with  them, 
and  to  his  surprise  learned  that,  having  heard 
of  the  "  Great  Word,"  the  chief  was  going  to 
Cape  Town  to  seek  a  Christian  missionary  for  his 
people.  He  had  already  travelled  two  hundred 
miles,  and  there  were  yet  nearly  three  hundred 
before  he  could  reach  Cape  Town,  where  it  was 
certain  he  could  obtain  no  preacher,  .  .  .  Had 
either  party  started  but  half  an  hour  earlier  on 
its  journey  they  must  have  missed  each  other. 
— Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  3.  p.  363. 

4555.  PROVIDENCE,  Protecting.  WUliamof 
Orange.  [By  solicitation  of  Protestants  he  in- 
vaded England.]  The  disembarkation  had  hard- 
ly been  effected  when  the  wind  rose  again,  and 
swelled  into  a  fierce  gale  from  the  west.  The 
enemy  [under  James  II.],  coming  in  pursuit 
down  the  Channel,  had  been  stopped  by  the  same 
change  of  weather  which  enabled  William  to 
land.  During  two  days  the  king's  fleet  lay  on  an 
unrufiied  sea  in  sight  of  Beachy  Head.  At 
length  [Admiral]  Dartmouth  was  able  to  proceed. 
He  passed  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  one  of  his 
ships  came  in  sight  of  the  Dutch  topmasts  in 
Torbay.  Just  at  this  moment  he  was  encoun- 
tered by  the  tempest,  and  compelled  to  take 
shelter  in  the  harbor  of  Portsmouth.  .  .  .  The 
weather  had  indeed  served  the  Protestant  cause 
so  well  that  some  men  of  more  piety  than  judg- 
ment fully  believed  the  ordinary  laws  of  nature 
to  have  been  suspended  for  the  preservation  of 
the  liberty  and  religion  of  England.  Exactly  a 
hundred  years  before,  they  said,  the  Armada,  in- 
vincible by  man,  had  been  scattered  by  the  wrath 
of  God.  Civil  freedom  and  divine  truth  were 
again  in  jeopardy  ;  and  again  the  obedient  ele- 
ments had  fought  for  the  good  cause.  The  wind 
had  blown  strong  from  the  east  while  the  prince 
wished  to  sail  down  the  Channel,  had  turned  to 
the  south  when  he  wished  to  enter  Torbay,  had 
sunk  to  a  calm  during  the  disembarkation,  and, 
as  soon  as  the  disembarkation  was  completed, 
had  risen  to  a  siorm,  and  had  met  the  pursu- 
ers in  the  face.  [See  No.  1863.] — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  447. 

4556.  PROVIDENCE,  Special.  Preservation. 
Richard  Rodda,  a  Cornish  miner,  was  saved  from 
sudden  death  while  on  his  knees  in  prayer.  He 
had  knelt  but  about  two  minutes  when  the  earth 
gave  way  above  him  ;  a  large  stone  fell  before 
Eim  and  reached  above  his  head  ;  another  fell  at 
his  right  hand,  and  a  third  on  his  left,  each,  like 
the  first,  being  higher  than  himself ;  a  fourth 
fell  upon  these  about  four  inches  above  him,  and 
sheltered  him.  Had  he  been  in  any  other  post- 
ure he  would  have  been  crushed. — Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  2,  p.  148. 

4557.  PROVIDENCE,  Submission  to.  Socrates. 
He  cites  an  excellent  prayer,  from  a  poet  whose 
name  has  not  come  down  to  us :  "Great  God, 
give  us,  we  beseech  thee,  those  good  things  of 
which  we  stand  in  need,  whether  we  crave  them 


or  not ;  and  remove  from  us  all  those  which  may 
be  hurtful  to  us,  even  though  we  implore  them 
of  Thee." — Rollin's  Hist.,  vol.  1,  Book  9,  ch.  4, 
p.  386. 

455§.  PROVIDENCE,  Trust  in.  William, Prince 
of  Orange.  As  the  time  of  striking  the  great 
blow  drew  near,  the  anxiety  of  William  became 
intense.  From  common  eyes  his  feelings  were 
concealed  by  the  icy  tranquillity  of  his  demean- 
or ;  but  his  whole  heart  was  open  to  Bentinck. 
The  preparations  were  not  quite  complete.  The 
design  was  already  suspected,  and  could  not  long 
be  concealed.  The  King  of  France  or  the  city 
of  Amsterdam  might  still  frustrate  the  whole 
plan.  If  Louis  were  to  send  a  great  force  into 
Brabant,  if  the  factiqn  which  hated  the  stadt- 
holder  were  to  raise  its  head,  all  was  over.  ' '  My 
sufferings,  my  disquiet,"  the  prince  wrote,  "  are 
dreadful.  I  hardly  see  my  way.  Never  in  any- 
life  did  I  so  much  feel  the  need  of  God's  guid- 
ance."— [See  No.  4555.]  Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  9,  p.  412. 

4559. .  Abraham  Lincoln.  [Fare- 
well address  to  his  neighbors  at  Springfield,  111., 
February  11,  1860.  He  was  soon  to  be  inaugu- 
rated over  a  broken  Union.]  My  Friends  :  No 
one  not  in  my  position  can  appreciate  the  sadness 
I  feel  at  this  parting.  To  this  people  I  owe  all 
that  I  am.  Here  I  have  lived  more  than  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century  ;  here  my  children  were  bom, 
and  here  one  of  them  lies  buried.  I  know  not 
how  soon  I  shall  see  you  again.  A  duty  devolves 
upon  me  which  is,  perhaps,  greater  than  that 
which  has  devolved  upon  any  other  man  since 
the  days  of  Washington.  He  never  could  have 
succeeded  except  for  the  aid  of  divine  Providence, 
upon  which  he  at  all  times  relied.  I  feel  that  I 
cannot  succeed  without  the  same  Divine  aid  which 
sustained  him,  and  on  the  same  Almighty  Being 
I  place  my  reliance  for  support,  and  I  hope  you, 
my  friends,  will  all  pray  that  I  may  receive  that 
Divine  assistance,  without  which  I  cannot  suc- 
ceed, but  with  which  success  is  certain.  Agaia 
I  bid  you  all  an  affectionate  farewell. — Ray- 
mond's Lincoln,  ch.  5,  p.  131. 

4560.  PROVIDENCE,  Vindication  of.  Perse- 
cution. The  gardens  and  circus  of  Nero  on  the 
Vatican,  which  were  polluted  with  the  blood  of 
the  first  Christians,  have  been  rendered  still  more 
famous  by  the  triumph  and  by  the  abuse  of  the 
persecuted  religion.  On  the  same  spot,  a  tem- 
ple, which  far  surpasses  the  ancient  glories  of 
the  Capitol,  has  been  since  erected  by  the  Chris- 
tian pontiffs,  who,  deriving  their  claim  of  uni- 
versal dominion  from  an  humble  fisherman  of 
Galilee,  have  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  the 
Caesars,  given  laws  to  the  barbarian  conquerors 
of  Rome,  and  extended  their  spiritual  jurisdic- 
tion from  the  coast  of  the  Baltic  to  the  shores  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1, 
p.  18. 

4561.  PROWESS,  Military.  Boman  General 
Belisarius.  At  the  head  of  one  thousand  horse, 
the  Roman  general  sallied  from  the  Flaminiaa 
gate  to  mark  the  ground  of  an  advantageous  po- 
sition, and  to  survey  the  camp  of  the  barba- 
rians ;  but  while  he  still  believed  them  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Tiber,  he  was  suddenly  en- 
compassed and  assaulted  by  their  numerous 
squadrons.  The  fate  of  Italy  depended  on  hi» 
life  ;  and  the  deserters  pointed  to  the  conspien- 


640 


PULPIT— PUNISHMENT. 


ous  horse,  a  bay,  with  a  white  face,  which  he 
rode  on  that  memorable  day.  "  Aim  at  the  bay 
horse,"  was  the  universal  cry.  Every  bow  was 
bent,  every  javelin  was  directed  against  that  fa- 
tal object,  and  the  command  was  repeated  and 
obeyed  by  thousands  who  were  ignorant  of  its 
real  motive.  The  bolder  barbarians  advanced 
to  the  more  honorable  combat  of  swords  and 
spears  ;  and  the  praise  of  an  enemy  has  graced 
the  fall  of  Visandus,  the  standard-bearer,  who 
maintained  his  foremost  station,  till  he  was 
pierced  with  thirteen  wounds,  perhaps  by  the 
hand  of  Belisarius  himself.  The  Roman  gen- 
eral was  strong,  active,  and  dexterous  ;  on  every 
side  he  discharged  his  weighty  and  mortal 
strokes  ;  his  faithful  guards  imitated  his  valor, 
and  defended  his  person-;  and  the  Goths,  after 
the  loss  of  a  thousand  men,  fled  before  the  arms 
of  a  hero.  They  were  rashly  pursued  to  their 
camp ;  and  the  Romans,  oppressed  by  multi- 
tudes, made  a  gradual,  and  at  length  a  precipi- 
tate retreat  to  the  gates  of  the  city  ;  the  gates 
were  shut  against  the  fugitives  ;  and  the  public 
terror  was  increased  by  the  report  that  Belisa- 
rius was  slain.  His  countenance  was  indeed  dis- 
figured by  sweat,  dust,  and  blood ;  his  voice 
was  hoarse,  his  strength  was  almost  exhausted  ; 
but  his  unconquerable  spirit  still  remained  ;  he 
imparted  that  spirit  to  his  desponding  compan- 
ions ;  and  their  last  desperate  charge  was  felt  by 
the  flying  barbarians,  as  if  a  new  army,  vigor- 
ous and  entire,  had  been  poured  from  the  city. 
The  Flaminian  gate  was  thrown  open  to  a  real 
triumph.  .  .  .  The  example  of  Belisarius  may 
be  added  to  the  rare  examples  of  Henry  IV. ,  of 
Pyrrhus,  and  of  Alexander. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  41,  p.  161. 

4562.  PULPIT,  Conservatism  of  the.  Politics. 
[In  1636,  in  the  great  contests  between  Parlia- 
ment and  Charles  I.,]  the  pretensions  of  the 
crown  were  advocated  from  the  pulpit,  and  the 
disobedient  were  threatened  with  more  than  tem- 
poral penalties. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  25, 
p.  392. 

4563.  PULPIT  controlled.  James  II.  [In 
1686]  the  king,  as  the  head  of  the  Church,  had 
issued,  as  directions  to  the  clergy,  not  to  intro- 
duce into  their  pulpits  any  discussion  upon  doc- 
trinal points  which  were  matters  of  contro- 
versy.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  26,  p.  408. 

4564.  PUNISHMENT,  Capital.  England,  a.d. 
1763.  The  game  laws,  parcelling  out  among  the 
large  proprietors  the  exclusive  right  of  hunting, 
,  .  .  were  maintained  with  relentless  severity  ; 
and  to  steal  or  even  to  hamstring  a  sheep  was  as 
much  punished  by  death  as  murder  or  treason. 
During  the  reign  of  George  III.  sixty-three  new 
capital  offences  had  been  added  to  the  criminal 
laws,  and  five  new  ones  on  the  average  contin- 
ued to  be  discovered  annually  ;  so  that  the  code 
of  England,  formed  under  the  influence  of  the 
rural  gentry,  seemed  written  in  blood. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  3. 

4565.  PUNISHMENT  deserved.  Titus  Oates. 
[Author  of  the  infamous  fiction  of  the  popery 
plot.  See  No.  4213.]  His  offence,  though,  in 
a  moral  light,  murder  of  the  most  aggravated 
kind,  was,  in  the  eye  of  the  law,  merely  a  mis- 
demeanor. The  tribunal,  however,  was  desir- 
ous to  make  his  punishment  more  severe  than 
that  of  felons  or  traitors,   and    not  merely  to 


put  him  to  death,  but  to  put  him  to  death 
by  frightful  torments.  He  was  sentenced  to 
be  stripped  of  his  clerical  habit,  to  be  pil- 
loried in  Palace  Yard,  to  be  led  round  West- 
minster Hall  with  an  inscription  declaring  his 
infamy  over  his  head,  to  be  pilloried  again  in 
front  of  the  Royal  Exchange,  to  be  whipped 
from  Aldgate  to  Newgate,  and,  after  an  interval 
of  two  days,  to  be  whipped  from  Newgate  to 
Tyburn.  If,  against  all  probability,  he  should 
happen  to  survive  this  horrible  infliction,  he 
was  to  be  kept  a  close  prisoner  during  life.  Five 
times  every  year  he  was  to  be  brought  forth 
from  his  dungeon  and  exposed  on  the  pillory  in 
different  parts  of  the  capital.  [He  barely  sur- 
vived.] — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  449. 

4566. .     Mourzoufle.     Mourzoufle 

[a  tyrant  of  Constantinople]  was  received  with 
smiles  and  honors  in  the  camp  of  his  father 
Alexius ;  but  the  wicked  can  never  love,  and 
should  rarely  trust,  their  fellow-criminals  ;  he 
was  seized  in  the  bath,  deprived  of  his  eyes, 
stripped  of  his  troops  and  treasures,  and  turned 
out  to  wander  an  object  of  horror  and  contempt 
to  those  who  with  more  propriety  could  hate, 
and  with  more  justice  could  punish,  the  assassin 
of  the  emperor  Isaac  and  his  son.  As  the  tyrant, 
pursued  by  fear  or  remorse,  was  stealing  over  to 
Asia,  he  was  seized  by  the  Latins  of  Constanti- 
nople, and  condemned,  after  an  open  trial,  to 
an  ignominious  death.  His  judges  debated  the 
mode  of  his  execution — the  axe,  the  wheel,  or 
the  stake  ;  and  it  was  resolved  that  Mourzoufle 
should  ascend  the  Theodosian  column,  a  pillar 
of  white  marble  of  one  hundred  and  forty-seven 
feet  in  height.  From  the  summit  he  was  cast 
down  headlong,  and  dashed  in  pieces  on  the 
pavement,  in  the  presence  of  innumerable  spec- 
tators, who  filled  the  forum  of  Taurus. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  61,  p.  103. 

4567.  PUNISHMENT,  Effective.  Prompt.  [In 
1647  the  "Levellers"  and  "  Agitators"  were  nu- 
merous in  Cromwell's  army.  Some  of  the  regi- 
ments appear  with  papers  in  their  hats  of  "  Lib- 
erty for  England,  their  rights  for  the  soldiers." 
General  Fairfax  commands  them  to  tear  them 
out,  and  they  shout  in  derision.]  Cromwell  ex- 
claims, "  Take  that  paper  out  of  your  hats." 
They  refuse.  He  rushes  into  the  ranks,  orders 
fourteen  of  the  mutineers  to  be  seized  ;  a  drum- 
head court-martial  is  assembled,  and  three  are 
condemned  to  death.  The  council  of  officers 
order  that  they  shall  draw  lots  which  shall  deter- 
mine the  fate  of  one.  The  immediate  execution 
of  that  one  restored  the  army  to  its  wonted  dis- 
cipline.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  6,  p.  87. 

456§.  PUNISHMENT,  Excessive.  Edward 
Floyd.  [In  1621  Edward  Floyd,  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic barrister,  expressed  his  joy  that  "  goodman 
Palsgrave  and  goodwife  Palsgrave"  had  been 
driven  from  Prague  ;  when  it  was  known]  there 
was  no  punishment  too  terrible  to  be  inflicted 
upon  the  delinquent — whipping,  the  pillory,  bor- 
ing of  his  tongue,  nailing  of  his  ears,  were  small 
justice  for  such  an  offence.  The  House  went  be- 
yond its  powers  in  passing  a  heavy  sentence  upon 
Floyd  without  hearing  him.  He  api>ealed  to  the 
king,  denying  the  accusation  against  him.  .  .  . 
The  Lords  confirmed  the  sentence,  with  addi- 
tional severities.  "Whipping,  which  was  a  part 
of  this  sentence,  was  remitted  on  the  motion  of 


PUNISHMENT. 


541 


Prince  Charles.  The  unhappy  man  underwent 
tlie  other  unjust  punishment — to  pay  a  fine  of 
£5000,  and  to  be  imprisoned  for  life.  "  There 
is  surely  no  instance,"  says  Mr.  Hallam,  "  in  the 
annals  of  our  own,  and  hardly  any  civilized  coun- 
try, where  a  trilling  offence,  if  it  were  one,  has 
been  visited  with  such  outrageous  cruelty." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  24,  p.  381. 

4569.  PTTNISHMENT     ineffective,     Capital. 

Hanging.  [In  1509  theft  was  punished  by  hang- 
ing ;  thieves  were  often  hung  twenty  together 
upon  one  gallows  ;  nevertheless  thieves  were  in 
every  place.  A  traveller  has  recorded  that]  people 
are  taken  up  every  day  by  dozens,  like  birds  in  a 
covey,  and  especially  in  London  ;  yet  for  all  this 
they  never  cease  to  rob  and  murder  in  the  streets. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15,  p.  253. 

4570.  PUNISHMENT  of  the  Innocent.  China. 
There  is  nothing  more  barbarous  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  crimes  in  China  than  that  custom,  bor- 
rowed from  the  Scythians,  by  which  all  the  re- 
lations of  a  criminal,  to  the  ninth  degree,  are  sub- 
jected to  the  same  punishment  as  the  offender 
himself.  The  husband  suffers  for  the  guilt  of 
his  wife,  the  father  for  that  of  his  children. 
Where  the  father  is  dead,  the  eldest  son  is  re- 
sponsible for  all  the  younger,  and  each  for  each. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  24,  p.  347. 

45V1. .     Children.     The  influence 

of  the  eunuch  Eutropius  was  unbounded  with 
[Arcadius]  his  sovereign  ;  but  though  courted, 
as  we  may  suppose,  like  all  other  ministers,  by 
the  parasites  of  the  court,  he  was  deservedly  de- 
tested by  the  people.  A  striking  monument  of 
his  fears  from  the  popular  odium,  and  the  appre- 
hension of  undergoing  that  fate  which  he  merit- 
ed, appears  in  that  most  sanguinary  of  the  Ro- 
man statutes,  the  law  of  Arcadius  and  Honorius, 
for  the  punishment  of  those  who  should  conspire 
the  death  of  the  emperor's  ministers.  A  capital 
punishment  was  inflicted  on  the  offender  him- 
self ;  it  is  declared  that  his  children  shall  be  per- 
petually infamous,  incapable  of  all  inheritance, 
of  all  office  or  employment  ;  that  they  shall  lan- 
guish in  want  and  misery,  so  that  life  itself  shall 
be  a  punishment  to  them,  and  death  a  consola- 
tion.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  5,  p.  14. 

4572.  PUNISHMENT  in  Kind.  TJieseus.  [The- 
seus, the  founder  of  Attica,]  put  a  period  to  the 
cruelties  of  Damastes,  surnamed  Procrustes, 
making  his  body  fit  the  size  of  his  own  beds,  as 
he  had  served  strangers.  These  things  he  did  in 
imitation  of  Hercules,  who  alwaj^s  returned  upon 
the  aggressors  the  same  sort  of  treatment  which 
they  intended  for  him  ;  for  that  hero  sacrificed 
Busiris,  killed  Antaeus  in  wrestling,  Cygnus  in 
single  combat,  and  broke  the  skull  of  Termerus, 
whence  this  is  called  the  Termerian  mischief ; 
for  Termerus,  it  seems,  destroyed  the  passengers 
he  met,  by  dashing  his  head  against  theirs.  Thus 
Theseus  pursued  his  travels  to  punish  abandoned 
wretches,  who  suffered  the  same  kind  of  death 
from  him  that  they  inflicted  on  others. — Plu- 
tarch's Theseus. 

4573.  PUNISHMENT,  Parental.  LutTier.  The 
parents  reared  their  son  Martin  in  the  fear  of  God 
and  in  the  love  of  good  works.  But  their  disci- 
pline was  strict  and  severe,  as  they  themselves  en- 
dured hard  toil  in  gaining  a  livelihood.  "My 
father,"  relates  Luther,  "  on  one  occasion  flogged 


me  so  severely  that  I  ran  away,  and  was  embit- 
tered against  him  until  he  gradually  regained  my 
affections.  On  another  occasion  my  mother,  be- 
cause of  a  mere  nut,  whipped  me  so  hard  that  the 
blood  flowed.  Her  severe  and  earnest  treatment 
of  me  led  me  to  enter  a  cloister  and  become  a 
monk.  But  in  their  hearts  they  meant  it  well  with 
me,  and  made  but  one  mistake,  in  that  they  did 
not  discern  the  different  dispositions  according  to 
which  all  punishments  should  be  administered. 
For  we  ought  to  punish  so  that  the  apple  go  hand 
in  hand  with  the  rod." — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  2, 
p.  19. 

4574.  PUNISHMENT,  Partiality  in.  Romans. 
The  malefactors  who  replenish  our  jails  are  the 
outcasts  of  society,  and  tlie  crimes  for  which  they 
suffer  may  be  commonly  ascribed  to  ignorance, 
poverty,  and  brutal  appetite.  For  the  perpetra- 
tion of  similar  enormities,  a  vile  plebeian  might 
claim  and  abuse  the  sacred  character  of  a  mem- 
ber of  the  republic  ;  but,  on  the  proof  or  suspi- 
cion of  guilt,  the  slave  or  the  stranger  was  nailed 
to  a  cross  ;  and  this  strict  and  summary  justice 
might  be  exercised  without  restraint  over  the 
greatest  part  of  the  populace  of  Rome. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  373. 

4575.  PUNISHMENT,  Eetaliation  in.  Vid- 
gotJis.  The  Visigoth  code  provides  that  for  every 
offence  for  which  there  is  not  a  special  statutory 
punishment  the  pcena  talionis  should  take  place. 
It  was  a  very  ample  extension  of  this  retaliation, 
that  he  who  wilfully  set  fire  to  a  house  was  burnt 
himself.  If  a  judge,  corrupted  by  bribery,  con- 
demned an  Innocent  man  to  punishment,  he  suf- 
fered the  like  punishment  himself. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  7,  p.  45. 

4576.  PUNISHMENT,  Eule  of.  Roman  Law. 
A  sin,  a  vice,  a  crime,  are  the  objects  of  theology, 
ethics,  and  jurisprudence.  Whenever  their  judg- 
ments agree,  they  corroborate  each  other  ;  but  as 
often  as  they  differ  a  prudent  legislator  appre- 
ciates the  guilt  and  punishment  according  to  the 
measure  of  social  injury.  On  this  principle  the 
most  daring  attack  on  the  life  and  property  of  a 
private  citizen  is  judged  less  atrocious  than  the 
crime  of  treason  or  rebellion  which  invades  the 
majesty  of  the  republic— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44, 
p.  377. 

4577.  PUNISHMENT  necessary,  Severe.  Crom- 
well. [Cromwell  justified  the  terrible  and  whole- 
sale slaughter  of  the  royalists  at  Drogheda  and 
Wexford  by  stating  that  it  would  prevent  the  ef- 
fusion of  blood  in  the  future.  An  enlightened  and 
truly  pious  minister  writes  of  this  Irish  cam- 
paign :]  ' '  For  nine  years  a  most  insane  war  has 
been  raging.  Cromwell,  by  merciful  severity, 
concludes  it  in  nine  months." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  4,  ch.  8,  p.  123. 

457§.  PUNISHMENT,  Severity  in.  Roman 
Emperor  Aurelian.  A  single  instance  will  serve 
to  display  the  rigor  and  even  cruelty  of  Aure- 
lian. One  of  the  soldiers  had  seduced  the  wife 
of  his  host.  The  guilty  wretch  was  fastened  to 
two  trees  forcibly  drawn  toward  each  other,  and 
his  limbs  "Vv  ere  torn  asunder  by  their  sudden  sep- 
aration. A  few  such  examples  impressed  a  sal- 
utary consternation.  The  punishments  of  Aure- 
lian were  terrible,  but  he  had  seldom  occasion  to 
puni.sh  more  than  once  the  same  offence. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  11,  p.  340. 


542 


PUNISHMENT— QUACKERY. 


4579.  PUNISHMENT,  Terrible.  By  Vipers. 
[In  punishment  for  sedition,  the  Romans  shut 
up]  one  Caius  Billius  in  a  cask  with  vipers 
and  other  serpents,  and  left  him  to  perisli  in 
that  cruel  manner. —  Plutarch's  Tiberius 
Gracchus. 

45S0.  PUEGATOEY,  Compensations  in.  Ma- 
hometan. The  good  and  evil  of  each  Mussul- 
man will  be  accurately  weighed  in  a  real  or  al- 
legorical balance  ;  and  a  singular  mode  of  com- 
pensation will  be  allowed  for  the  payment  of  in- 
juries :  the  aggressor  will  refund  an  equivalent 
of  his  own  good  actions,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
person  whom  he  has  wronged  ;  and  if  he  should 
be  destitute  of  any  moral  property,  the  weight 
of  his  sins  will  be  loaded  with  an  adequate  share 
of  the  demerits  of  the  sufferer.  According  as 
the  shares  of  guilt  or  virtue  shall  preponderate, 
the  sentence  will  be  pronounced,  and  all,  with- 
out distinction,  will  pass  over  the  sharp  and  per- 
ilous bridge  of  the  abyss ;  but  the  innocent, 
treading  in  the  footsteps  of  Mahomet,  will  glo- 
riously enter  the  gates  of  paradise,  while  the 
guilty  will  fall  into  the  first  and  mildest  of  the 
seven  hells.  The  term  of  expiation  will  vary 
from  nine  hundred  to  seven  thousand  years ; 
but  the  prophet  has  judiciously  promised  that 
aZl  his  disciples,  whatever  may  be  their  sins, 
shall  be  saved,  by  their  own  faith  and  his  in- 
tercession, from  eternal  damnation. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  119. 

4581.  PUEGATOEY,  Mahometan.  Punishment 
in.  In  the  Mahometan  theology  al  araf  signi- 
fies the  wall  of  separation  between  heaven  and 
hell,  and  corresponds  somewhat  to  the  pur- 
gatory of  the  Latin  church.  Sitting  astride  of 
this  wall  are  those  whose  good  and  evil  deeds 
so  exactly  balance  each  other,  that  they  deserve 
neither  heaven  nor  hell,  and  those  others  who  go 
to  war  without  their  parents'  consent  and  fall  in 
battle.  These  last  are  martyrs,  and  are  there- 
fore preserved  from  hell  ;  but  inasmuch  as  they 
have  disobeyed  their  parents'commands,  are  not 
deemed  worthy  of  heaven. — Am.  Cyclopedia, 
"  Al  Arap." 

4582.  PUEIT AN,  Description  of.  English. 
The  extreme  Puritan  was  at  once  known  from 
other  men  by  his  gait,  his  garb,  his  lank  hair, 
the  sour  solemnity  of  his  face,  the  upturned 
white  of  his  eyes,  the  nasal  twang  with  which 
he  spoke,  and,  above  all,  by  his  peculiar  dialect. 
He  employed  on  every  occasion  the  imagery 
and  style  of  Scripture.  Hebraisms  violently 
introduced  into  the  English  language,  .  .  .  and 
applied  to  the  common  concerns  of  English  life, 
were  the  most  striking  peculiarities  of  this  cant, 
which  moved,  not  without  cause,  the  derision 
both  of  prelatists  and  libertines. — Macaulay's 
ExG.,  ch.  1,  p.  76. 

45S3.  PUEITANISM  vs.  Chivalry.  New  Eng- 
landers.  If  it  had  the  sectarian  crime  of  intol- 
lerance,  chivalry  had  the  vices  of  dissoluteness. 
The  Knights  were  brave  from  gallantry  of  spirit ; 
the  Puritans  from  the  fear  of  God.  The  Knights 
were  proud  of  loyalty  ;  the  Puritans  of  liberty. 
The  Knights  did  homage  to  monarchs,  in  whose 
smile  they  beheld  honor,  whose  rebuke  was  the 
wound  of  disgrace  ;  the  Puritans,  disdaining 
ceremony,  would  not  bow  at  the  name  of  Jesus, 
nor  bend  the  knee  to  the  King  of  kings.  Chiv- 
alry delighted  in  outward  show,  favored  pleas- 


ure, multiplied  amusements,  and  degraded  the 
human  race  by  an  exclusive  respect  for  the 
privileged  classes ;  Puritanism  bridled  the  pas- 
sions, commanded  the  virtues  of  self-denial,  and 
rescued  the  name  of  man  from  dishonor.  The 
former  valued  courtesy  ;  the  latter  justice.  The 
former  adorned  society  by  graceful  refinements  ; 
the  latter  founded  national  grandeur  on  univer- 
sal education. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

4584.  PUEITANISM,  Peculiarities  of.  Eng- 
lisli.  The  extreme  Puritans,  therefore,  began  to 
feel  for  the  Old  Testament  a  preference  which, 
perhaps,  they  did  not  distinctly  avow  even  to 
themselves,  but  which  showed  itself  in  all  their 
sentiments  and  habits.  They  baptized  their 
children  by  the  names,  not  of  Christian  saints, 
but  of  Hebrew  patriarchs  and  warriors.  In  de- 
fiance of  the  express  and  reiterated  declarations 
of  Luther  and  Calvin,  they  turned  the  weekly 
festival  by  which  the  Church  had,  from  the 
primitive  times,  commemorated  the  resurrection 
of  her  Lord,  into  a  Jewish  Sabbath.  They 
sought  for  principles  of  jurisprudence  in  the 
Mosaic  law,  and  for  precedents  to  guide  their 
ordinary  conduct  in  the  books  of  Judges  and 
Kings.  Their  thoughts  and  discourses  ran  much 
on  acts  which  were  assuredly  not  recorded  as 
examples  for  our  imitation.  The  prophet  who 
hewed  in  pieces  a  captive  king  ;  the  rebel  gen- 
eral who  gave  the  blood  of  a  queen  to  the  dogs  ; 
the  matron  who,  in  defiance  of  plighted  faith, 
and  of  the  laws  of  Eastern  hospitality,  drove  the 
nail  into  the  brain  of  the  fugitive  ally  who  had 
just  fed  at  her  board,  and  who  was  sleeping  un- 
der the  shadow  of  her  tent,  were  proposed  as 
models  to  Christians  suffering  under  the  tyranny 
of  princes  and  prelates. — ^Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  1,  p.  74. 

4585.  PUEITANS  despised.  Peter  Cooper.  It 
has  been  too  common  to  sneer  at  the  Puritans, 
but  says  Macaulay,  "  No  man  ever  did  it  who 
had  occasion  to  meet  them  in  the  halls  of  debate, 
or  cross  swords  with  them  on  the  field  of  battle." 
If  there  ever  was  a  man  of  this  type — if  there 
ever  was  a  man  who  carried  a  lion-hearted  cour- 
age and  believing  soul  in  his  bosom — if  there 
ever  was  a  man  who  never  quailed,  or  never  could 
quail,  in  the  presence  of  earthly  or  infernal 
powers,  that  man  was  Peter  Cooper. — Lester's 
Life  of  Peter  Cooper,  p.  30. 

4586.  PUEITY,  Sentimental.  Edward  III. 
[Among  men  the  betrayal  of  women  is  now] 
"held  a  game  ;"  .  .  .  nowhere  was  the  deteriora- 
tion of  sentiment  on  this  head  more  strongly 
typified  than  in  Edward  III.  himself.  The  king, 
who  (if  the  pleasing  tale  be  true  which  gave  rise 
to  some  beautiful  scenes  in  an  old  English  dra- 
ma) had  in  his  early  days  royally  renounced  an 
unlawful  passion  for  the  fair  Countess  of  Salis- 
bury, came  to  be  accused  of  at  once  violating  his 
conjugal  duty  and  neglecting  his  military  glory 
for  the  sake  of  strange  women's  charms.  The 
founder  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter — the  device 
of  which  enjoined  purity  even  of  thought  as  a 
principle  of  conduct — died  in  the  hands  of  a  ra- 
pacious courtesan. — Ward's  Chaucer,  ch.  1. 

4587.  QUACKEEY,  Experiment  in.  Cato.  [He 
advised  his  son  to  beware  of  all  physicians.]  He 
added  that  he  himself  had  written  a  little  treat- 
ise, in  which  he  had  set  down  his  method  of 
cure,  and  the  regimen  he  prescribed  when  any 


QUACKERY— QUARREL. 


543 


nt  his  family  fell  sick ;  that  he  never  recom- 
luended  fasting,  but  allowed  them  herbs,  with 
duck,  pigeon,  or  hare,  such  kind  of  diet  being 
light  and  suitable  for  sick  people,  having  no  oth- 
*r  inconvenience  but  its  making  them  dream  ; 
And  that  with  these  remedies  and  this  regimen 
iie  preserved  himself  and  his  family.  But  his 
self-sufficiency  in  this  respect  went  not  unpun- 
ished, for  he  lost  both  his  wife  and  son. — Plu- 
tarch's Cato. 

45§§.  QUACKERZ,  Superstitious.  King's 
Touch.  [Edward  the  Confessor]  was  a  healer  of 
■the  sick  and  a  restorer  to  sight  of  the  blind.  It 
was  he  who  first  used  "the  healing  benediction," 
which  he  left  to  the  "succeeding  royal tj^,"  so 
that  even  the  pious  Charles  II.  "  touched"  eight 
thousand  five  hundred  of  his  afflicted  subjects  in 
-one  year,  and  one  hundred  thousand  in  the  course 
of  his  reign. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  12, 
p.  164. 

45  §9,  QUALIFICATION,  Deficient.  Philip.  De- 
mosthenes was  perfectly  acquainted  with  the  dis- 
position of  Philip,  and  was  very  far  from  prais- 
ing him,  like  the  generality  of  orators.  Two 
colleagues,  with  whom  he  had  been  associated 
in  an  embassy  to  that  great  prince,  were  contin- 
ually praising  the  King  of  Macedonia  at  their  re- 
turn, and  saying  that  he  was  a  very  eloquent 
iind  handsome  prince,  and  a  most  extraordinary 
drinker.  "Whit  strange  commendations  are 
these  !"  replied  Demosthenes.  "  The  first  is  the 
accomplishment  of  a  rhetorician  ;  the  second  of 
a  woman  ;  and  the  third  of  a  sponge  ;  but  none 
of  them  the  qualification  of  a  king." — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  16,  §  2. 

4590.  QUALITY  more  than  Quantity.  War. 
Hannibal  having  ordered  his  troops  to  arm,  him- 
self, with  a  few  others,  rode  up  to  an  eminence, 
to  take  a  view  of  the  enemy  now  drawn  up  for 
ilattle.  One  Gisco  that  accompanied  him,  a  man 
of  his  own  rank,  happening  to  say  the  num- 
bers of  the  enemy  appeared  to  him  sui-prising, 
Hannibal  replied,  with  a  serious  countenance  : 
"  There  is  another  thing  which  has  escaped  your 
observation,  much  more  surprising  than  that." 
Upon  his  asking  what  it  was  :  "  It  is,"  said  he, 
"  that  among  such  numbers  not  one  of  them  is 
named  Gisco."  [He  defeated  the  Romans  with 
lerrible  carnage.  J— Plutakch's  Fabitjs  Maxi- 

MUS. 

4591.  .     Soldiers.     [Oliver  Crom- 

"well  expressed  his  opinion  concerning  the  im- 
portance of  good  quality  in  soldiers.]  A  few 
honest  men  are  better  than  numbers.  ...  I  had 
rather  have  a  plain,  russet-coated  captain,  who 
knows  what  he  fights  for,  and  loves  what  he 
knows,  than  that  which  you  call  "  a  gentleman," 
and  is  nothing  else.  I  honor  a  gentleman  that 
is  so  indeed.  [He  insisted  that  his  soldiers  should 
be  religious  men,  but  left  the  particular  form 
to  their  own  choice.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
-ch.  2,  p.  29. 

4592.  QUALITY,  Tested  by.  Swrn-ds.  [The 
Romans  were  compelled  to  pay  tribute  to  the 
Mahometans.]  When  the  unnatural  mother 
of  Constantine  was  deposed  and  banished,  her 
successor,  Nicephorus,  resolved  to  obliterate  this 
badge  of  servitude  and  disgrace.  The  epistle  of 
the  emperor  lo  the  caliph  was  pointed  with  an 
illusion  to  the  game  of  ehess,  ■•vhicn  Lad  already 


spread  from  Persia  to  Greece.  "  The  queen  (he 
spoke  of  Irene)  considered  you  as  a  rook,  and 
herself  as  a  pawn.  That  pusillanimous  female 
submitted  to  pay  a  tribute,  the  double  of  which 
she  ought  to  have  exacted  from  the  barbarians. 
Restore  therefore  the  fruits  of  your  injustice,  or 
abide  the  determination  of  the  sword."  At  these 
words  the  ambassadors  cast  a  bundle  of  swords 
before  the  foot  of  the  throne.  The  caliph  smiled 
at  the  menace,  and  drawing  his  cimeter,  sam- 
samah,  a  weapon  of  historic  or  fabulous  renown, 
he  cut  asunder  the  feeble  arms  of  the  Greeks, 
without  turning  the  edge  or  endangering  the 
temper  of  his  blade.  He  then  dictated  an  epis- 
tle of  tremendous  brevity  :  "In  the  name  of  the 
most  merciful  God,  Harun  al  Rashid,  command- 
er of  the  faithful,  to  Nicephorus,  the  Roman 
dog.  I  have  read  thy  letter,  O  thou  son  of  an 
unbelieving  mother.  Thou  shalt  not  hear,  thou 
shalt  behold,  my  reply."  It  was  written  in  char- 
acters of  blood  and  fire  on  the  plains  of  Phry- 
gia  ;  and  the  warlike  celerity  of  the  Arabs  could 
only  be  checked  by  the  arts  of  deceit  and  the 
show  of  repentance. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  52, 
p.  309. 

4593.  QUABBEL,  Conjugal.  Benjamin  Thomp' 
son.  [He  is  better  known  as  Rumford,  the 
Yankee  count,  who  became  distinguished  for 
his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  poor.]  He  con- 
tracted an  unfortunate  marriage  with  a  brill- 
iant wealthy  French  widow,  which  embitter- 
ed his  closing  years.  She  was  whollj^  a  woman 
of  the  drawing-room.  He  was  an  inventor,  a 
philosopher,  and  a  lover  of  order  even  to  fanati- 
cism. An  infuriate  "  incompatibility"  was  rap- 
idly developed.  One  of  their  quarrels  he  has 
himself  recorded  :  "  A  large  party  had  been  in- 
vited I  neither  liked  nor  approved  of,  and  invit- 
ed for  the  sole  purpose  of  vexing  me.  Our 
house  (near  Paris)  was  in  the  centre  of  the  gar- 
den, walled  around,  with  iron  gates.  I  put  on 
my  hat,  walked  down  to  the  porter's  lodge,  and 
gave  him  orders,  on  his  peril,  not  to  let  any  one 
in.  Besides,  I  took  away  the  keys.  Madame 
went  down,  and  when  the  company  arrived  she 
talked  with  them — she  on  one  side,  they  on  the 
other,  of  the  high  brick  wall.  After  that  she 
goes  and  pours  boiling  water  on  some  of  my 
beautiful  flowers."  —  Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  650. 

4594.  QUAEBEL,  Degrading.  Milton's.  Poets 
and  artists,  more  susceptible  than  practical  men, 
seem  to  live  a  life  of  perpetual  wrangle.  .  . .  Ben 
Jonson,  Dry  den,  Pope,  Voltaire,  Rousseau,  be- 
labor their  enemies,  and  we  see  nothing  incon- 
gruous in  their  doing  so.  It  is  not  so  when  the 
awful  majesty  of  Milton  descends  from  the  em- 
pyrean throne  of  contemplation  to  use  the  lan- 
guage of  the  gutter  or  the  fish  market.  The 
pathos  is  unthinkable.  The  universal  intellect 
of  Bacon  shrank  to  the  paltry  pursuit  of  place. 
The  disproportion  between  the  intellectual  ca- 
paciousness and  the  moral  aim  jars  upon  the 
sense  of  fitness,  and  the  name  of  Bacon,  wasest, 
meanest,  has  passed  into  a  proverb.  Milton's  fall 
is  far  worse.  It  is  not  here  a  union  of  grasp  of 
mind  with  an  ignoble  ambition,  but  the  plunge  of 
the  moral  nature  itself  from  the  highest  heights 
to  that  despicable  region  of  vulgar  scurrility  and 
libel  which  is  below  the  level  of  average  gentility 
and  education.  The  name  of  Milton  is  a  synonym 


6U 


QUARREL— RACE. 


for  sublimity.  He  has  endowed  our  language 
with  the  loftiest  and  noblest  poetry  it  possesses, 
and  the  same  man  is  found  employing  speech 
for  the  most  unworthy  purpose  to  which  it  can 
be  put,  that  of  defaming  and  vilifying  a  person- 
al enemy,  and  an  enemy  so  mean  that  barely  to 
have  been  mentioned  by  Milton  had  been  an  hon- 
or to  him.  [He  defamed  Morus,  a  pamphleteer.] 
— Milton,  by  M.  Pattison,  ch.  10. 

4595.  QUAREEL,  A  needless.  Duel.  [Be- 
tween Commodores  Decatur  and  Barron.]  The 
word  being  given,  they  fired  so  exactly  together 
that  it  sounded  like  the  report  of  one  pistol. 
Barron  fell,  badly  wounded.  Decatur  was 
about  to  fall,  but  was  caught,  and  staggered  for- 
ward a  few  steps,  and  sank  down  close  to  Bar- 
ron ;  and,  as  they  lay  on  the  ground,  both  ex- 
pecting to  die,  the}'  conversed  together  as  fol- 
lows, as  near  as  could  be  collected:  "Let  us," 
said  Barron,  "make  friends  before  we  meet  in 
heaven.  Everything  has  been  conducted  in  the 
most  honorable  manner,  and  I  forgive  you  from 
the  bottom  of  my  heart."  "  I  have  never  been 
your  enemy,"  Decatur  replied,  "and  I  freely 
forgive  you  my  death,  though  I  cannot  forgive 
those  who  stimulated  you  to  seek  my  life." 
"  Would  to  God,"  said  Barron,  "  that  you  had 
said  as  much  yesterday  !"  According  to  one 
witness,  Decatur  added  :  "God  bless  you,  Bar- 
ron." To  which  Barron  replied,  "God  bless 
you,  Decatur."  [Decatur  died  and  Barron  sur- 
vived.]— Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  93. 

4596.  QUABEEL  provoked.  Samuel  Johnson. 
When  my  mother  lived  in  London,  there  were 
two  sets  of  people,  those  who  gave  the  wall, 
and  those  who  took  it — the  peaceable  and  the 
quarrelsome.  When  I  returned  to  Lichfield, 
after  having  been  in  London,  my  mother  asked 
me  whether  I  was  one  of  those  who  gave  the 
wall,  or  those  who  took  it.  Now,  it  is  fixed  that 
every  man  keeps  to  the  right ;  or,  if  one  is  tak- 
ing the  wall,  another  yields  it ;  and  it  is  never  a 
dispute. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  25. 

4597.  QUAEEEL,  Shamefal.  Frederick  the 
Great .  [Voltaire  was  greedy.  Frederick  was 
parsimonious.  Voltaire  was  his  chosen  friend 
and  guest.]  It  is  humiliating  to  relate  that  the 
great  warrior  and  statesman  gave  orders  that  his 
guest's  allowance  of  sugar  and  chocolate  should 
be  curtailed.  It  is,  if  possible,  a  still  more  hu- 
miliating fact  that  Voltaire  indemnified  him- 
self by  pocketing  the  wax  candles  in  the  royal 
antechamber. — Macaulay's  Fkederick  the 
Great. 

459§.  QUESTIONS,  Test.  Alexander's.  In  the 
course  of  [one  of  his  Persian]  expeditions  he 
took  ten  of  the  Gymnosophists ,  who  had  been 
principally  concerned  in  instigating  Sabbas  to 
revolt.  ...  As  these  ten  were  reckoned  the  most 
acute  and  concise  in  their  answers,  he  put  the 
most  difficult  questions  to  them  that  could  be 
thought  of,  and  at  the  same  time  declared  he 
would  put  the  first  person  that  answered  wrong 
to  death,  and  after  him  all  the  rest.  The  oldest 
man  among  them  was  to  be  the  judge.  He  de- 
manded of  the  first  which  were  most  numer- 
ous, the  living  or  the  dead.  He  answered, 
' '  The  living,  for  the  dead  no  longer  exist. "  The 
second  was  asked  whether  the  earth  or  the  sea 
produced  the  largest  animals.  He  answered, 
-'  The  earth,  for  the  sea  is  part  of   it."     The 


third,  which  is  the  craftiest  of  all  animals. 
"  That,"  said  he,  "  with  which  man  is  not  yet 
acquainted."  The  fourth,  what  was  his  reason 
for  persuading  Sabbas  to  revolt.  "  Because," 
said  he,  "  I  wished  him  either  to  live  with  honor 
or  to  die  as  a  coward  deserves."  The  fifth 
had  this  question  put  to  him,  "Which  do  you 
think  oldest,  the  day  or  the  night  ?"  He  an- 
swered, "  The  day,  by  one  day."  As  the  king- 
appeared  surprised  at  this  solution,  the  philoso- 
pher told  him  abstruse  questions  must  have 
abstruse  answers.  Then  addressing  himself  to 
the  sixth,  he  demanded,  "What  are  the  best 
means  for  a  man  to  make  himself  loved  ?"  He 
answered,  "  If  possessed  of  great  power,  do  not 
make  yourself  feared."  The  seventh  was  asked, 
how  a  man  might  become  a  god.  He  answered, 
"  By  doing  what  is  impossible  for  man  to  do.'' 
The  eighth,  "  Which  is  strongest,  life  or  death  ?" 
"Life,"  said  he,  "because  it  bears  so  many- 
evils."  The  last  question  that  he  put  was, 
"How  long  is  it  good  for  a  man  to  live?" 
"As  long,"  said  the  philosopher,  "as  he  does 
not  prefer  death  to  life."  Then  turning  to  the 
judge,  he  ordered  him  to  give  sentence.  The  old 
man  said,  "In  my  opinion  they  have  all  an- 
swered one  worse  than  another."  "  If  this  is 
thy  judgment,"  said  Alexander,  "  thou  shalt  die 
first."  "  No,"  replied  the  philosopher,  "  not  ex- 
cept you  choose  to  break  your  word  ;  for  you 
declared  the  man  that  answered  worst  should 
first  suffer." — Plutarch's  Alexander. 

4599.  QUESTION,  Unanswered.  Simonides. 
The  answer  he  gave  a  prince  who  asked  him 
what  God  was  is  much  celebrated.  That  prince 
was  Hiero,  King  of  Syracuse.  The  poet  desired 
a  day  to  consider  the  question  proposed  to  him. 
On  the  morrow  he  asked  two  days  ;  and  when- 
ever he  was  called  upon  for  his  answer,  he  still 
doubled  the  time.  The  king,  surprised  at  this- 
behavior,  demanded  his  reason  for  it.  "  It  is,"  re- 
plied Simonides,  "because  the  more  I  consider 
the  question,  the  more  obscure  it  seems,  Quia 
quanta  diutius  considero,  tanto  mihi  res  videtur 
obscurior." — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  5,  art.  9. 

4600.  EACE,  Antipathy  of.  Beign  of  James: 
II.  [Roman  Catholic  troops  from  Ireland  were 
brought  into  England  to  aid  the  king  in  the 
overthrow  of  the  Protestant  faith.]  Neither 
[English]  officers  nor  soldiers  were  disposed  tO' 
bear  patiently  the  preference  shown  by  their 
master  to  a  foreign  and  a  subject  race.  The 
Duke  of  Berwick,  who  was  colonel  of  the  Eighth 
Regiment  of  the  Line,  then  quartered  at  Ports- 
mouth, gave  orders  that  thirty  men,  just  arrived 
from  Ireland,  should  be  enlisted.  The  English 
soldiers  declared  that  they  would  not  serve  with 
these  intruders.  John  Beaumont,  the  lieutenant- 
colonel,  in  his  own  name  and  in  the  name  of 
five  of  the  captains,  protested  to  the  duke's  face 
against  this  insult  to  the  English  army  and  na- 
tion. "We  raised  the  regiment,"  he  said,  "at 
our  own  charges,  to  defend  his  Majesty's  crown 
in  time  of  danger.  We  had  then  no  difficulty  ia 
procuring  hundreds  of  English  recruits.  We  can 
easily  keep  every  company  full  without  admit- 
ting Irishmen.  We  therefore  do  not  think  it 
consistent  with  our  honor  to  have  these  strangers 
forced  on  us  ;  and  we  beg  that  we  may  either  be 
permitted  to  command  men  of  our  own  nation, 
or  to  lay  down  our  commissions."     Berwick 


RACE— RAILWAYS. 


545 


sent  to  Windsor  for  directions.  The  king,  gi*eatly 
exasperated,  instantly  despatched  a  troop  of 
horse  to  Portsmouth  with  orders  to  bring  the 
six  refractory  officers  before  him.  They  refused 
to  make  any  submission,  and  they  were  sen- 
tenced to  be  cashiered,-  the  highest  punishment 
that  a  court-martial  was  then  competent  to  inflict. 
The  whole  nation  applauded  the  disgraced  otQ.- 
-cers. — Mac AUL ay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  397. 

4601.  BACE,  Dislike  of.  Samuel  Johnson. 
£He  was  fond  of  ridiculing  Scotchmen.]  He 
would  not  allow  Scotland  to  derive  any  credit 
from  Lord  Mansfield,  for  he  was  educated  in 
England.  "  Much,"  said  he,  "  may  be  made  of  a 
"Scotchman,  if  he  be  caught  young." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  198. 

460i2.  RACE  for  Life,  A.  Prisoner.  [After 
the  battle  of  Sedgemoor,  between  the  rebel  Duke 
•of  Monmouth  and  James  II.  ]  Feversham  [James' 
•commander]  passed  for  a  good-natured  man  ;  but 
lie  was  a  foreigner,  ignorant  of  the  laws,  and 
•careless  of  the  feelings  of  the  English.  He  was 
accustomed  to  the  military  license  of  France. 
...  A  considerable  number  of  prisoners  were 
immediately  selected  for  execution.  Among 
them  was  a  youth  famous  for  his  speed.  Hopes 
were  held  out  to  him  that  his  life  would  be 
spared  if  he  could  run  a  race  with  one  of  the 
■colts  of  the  marsh.  The  space  through  which 
the  man  kept  up  with  the  horse  is  still  marked 
T)y  well-known  bounds  in  the  moor,  and  is  about 
thi'ee  quarters  of  a  mile.  Feversham  was  not 
ashamed,  after  seeing  the  performance,  to  send 
the  wretched  performer  to  the  gallows. — Ma- 
■caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  596. 

4603.  RACE,  Pride  in.  SamuelJohnson.  [He 
iiad  undertaken  to  complete  his  dictionary  in 
three  years.]  Adams  :  "  But,  sir,  how  can  you 
4o  this  in  three  years  ?"  Johnson  :  "  Sir,  I  have 
no  doubt  that  I  can  do  it  in  three  years."  Adams  : 
"  But  the  French  Academy,  which  consists  of 
forty  members,  took  forty  years  to  compile  their 
dictionary."  Johnson:  "  Sir,  thus  it  is.  This  is 
the  proportion.  Let  me  see  ;  forty  tiipes  forty 
is  sixteen  hundred.  As  three  to  sixteen  hun- 
dred, so  is  the  proportion  of  an  Englishman  to  a 
Frenchman." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  47. 

4604.  RACE  ridiculed.  Sarmiel  Johnson.  Mr. 
Arthur  Lee  mentioned  some  Scotch  who  had 
taken  possession  of  a  barren  part  of  America, 
and  wondered  why  they  should  choose  it.  John- 
son :  "  Why,  sir,  all  barrenness  is  comparative. 
The  Scotch  would  not  know  it  to  be  barren." 
ioswELL  :  "  Come,  come,  he  is  flattering  the 
English.  You  have  now  been  in  Scotland,  sir, 
and  say  if  you  did  not  see  meat  and  drink  enough 
there."  Johnson:  "Why  yes,  sir;  meat  and 
"drink  enough  to  give  the  inhabitants  sufficient 
strength  to  run  away  from  home."  All  these 
quick  and  lively  sallies  were  said  sportively, 
•quite  in  jest. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  311. 

4603.  RACES,  Amalgamation  of.  Oreat  Brit- 
ain. Early  in  the  fourteenth  century  the  amal- 
gamation of  the  races  was  all  but  complete ; 
and  it  was  soon  made  manifest  by  signs  not  to 
be  mistaken,  that  a  people  inferior  to  none  exist- 
ing in  the  world  had  been  formed  by  the  mix- 
ture of  three  branches  of  the  great  Teutonic 
family  with  each  other  and  with  the  aboriginal 
JBritons.     There  was  indeed  scarcely  anything  in 


common  between  the  England  to  which  John 
had  been  chased  by  Philip  Augustus  and  the 
England  from  which  the  armies  of  Edward  HI. 
went  forth  to  conquer  France. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  17. 

4606.  RACES,  Inequality  of.  GelU— Saxons. 
There  could  not  be  equality  between  men  who 
lived  in  houses  and  men  who  lived  in  sties,  be- 
tween men  who  were  fed  on  bread  and  men  who 
were  fed  on  potatoes,  between  men  who  spoke 
the  noble  tongue  of  great  philosophers  and  poets 
and  men  who,  with  a  perverted  pride,  boasted 
that  they  could  not  writhe  their  mouths  into  chat- 
tering such  a  jargon  as  that  in  which  the  "  Ad- 
vancement of  Learning "  and  the  "  Paradise 
Lost"  were  written. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6, 
p.  135. 

4607.  RAIB,  Successful.  General  Stoneman. 
While  these  great  and  decisive  events  were  tak- 
ing place  in  the  Carolinas,  the  famous  cavalry 
raid  of  General  Stoneman  was  in  progress.  About 
the  middle  of  March  he  set  out  from  Knoxville 
with  a  force  of  six  thousand  men,  crossed  the 
mountains,  captured  Wilkesboro,  and  forced  his 
way  across  the  Yadkin  at  Janesville,  .  .  .  the 
general  object  being  the  destruction  of  public 
property,  the  capture  of  Confederate  stores,  and 
the  tearing  up  of  railroads.  Turning  to  the 
north,  the  troopers  traversed  the  western  end  of 
North  Carolina,  and  entered  Carroll  County,  Vir- 
ginia. At  Wytheville  the  railroad  was  torn  up, 
and  then  the  whole  line  was  destroyed  from  the 
bridge  over  New  River  to  within  four  miles  of 
Lynchburg.  Christiansburg  was  captured,  and 
the  track  of  the  railway  obliterated  for  ninety 
miles.  Turning  first  to  Jacksonville  and  then 
southward,  the  expedition  next  struck  and  de- 
stroyed the  North  Carolina  Railroad  between 
Danville  and  Greensboro.  .  .  .  After  a  fight 
with  Ferguson's  Confederate  cavalry,  the  Fed- 
erals turned  back  to  Dallas,  where  all  the  divi- 
sions were  concentrated,  and  the  raid  was  at  an 
end.  During  the  progress  of  the  expedition  six 
thousand  prisoners,  forty -six  pieces  of  artillery, 
and  immense  quantities  of  small  arms  had  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  Stoneman's  men  ;  the  amount 
of  property  destroyed  and  the  damage  otherwise 
done  to  the  tottering  Confederacy  could  not  be 
estimated. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  66,  p.  530. 

4608.  RAILWAY,  The  first.  In  England.  On 
the  15th  of  September  [1830]  the  first  railway 
for  the  conveyance  of  passengers  was  opened, 
the  carriages  being  drawn  by  a  locomotive  en- 
gine, at  the  speed  of  a  race-horse. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  14,  p.  258. 

4609.  RAILWAYS,  Slow.  Slower  than  Ca- 
nals. [In  1825  it  was  stated  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons that]  the  experiment  of  conveying  goods 
on  a  railway  had  been  tried,  and  had  completely 
failed.  The  best  locomotive  engine  that  could 
be  found  had  been  selected  ;  and  the  average  rate 
on  a  plane  surface  was  not  three  miles  and  three 
quarters  per  hour,  which  was  slower  than  canal 
conveyance. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  14, 
p.  258. 

4610.  RAILWAYS  underestimated.  England. 
[Before  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons] 
Telford  and  others  expressed  an  opinion  that 
with  the  improvement  of  the  locomotive  the 
speed  upon  a  railway  might  be  fifteen  miles,  and 


646 


RAIMENT— REACTION. 


even  twenty  miles  an  hour.  These  opinions  were 
called  "  the  gross  exaggerations  of  the  powers  of 
the  locomotive  steam-engine  ;"  and  it  was  con- 
tended that  even  if  such  a  speed  could  be  at- 
tained, the  dangers  of  bursting  boilers  and  broken 
wheels  Avould  be  so  great  that  we  should  as 
soon  expect  that  ' '  people  would  as  soon  suffer 
themselves  to  be  fired  off  upon  one  of  Congreve's 
ricochet  rockets  as  to  trust  themselves  to  the 
mercy  of  such  a  machine  going  at  such  a  rate." 
.  ,  .  "As  to  those  persons  who  speculate  on 
making  railways  general  throughout  the  king- 
dom, and  superseding  all  the  canals,  all  the  wag- 
ons, mail  and  stage-coaches,  post-chaises,  and, 
in  short,  every  other  mode  of  conveyance  by  land 
and  by  water,  we  deem  them  and  their  visionary 
schemes  unworthy  of  notice." — [Taken  from  the 
Quarterly  Review  in]  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8, 
ch.  14,  p.  259. 

4611.  EAIMENT  restricted.  By  Zaleueus. 
[The  Locrian  lawgiver.]  To  banish  luxury  from 
his  republic,  which  he  looked  upon  as  the  cer- 
tain destruction  of  a  government,  he  did  not  fol- 
low the  practice  established  in  some  nations, 
where  it  is  thought  sufficient,  for  the  restraining 
it,  to  punish,  by  pecuniary  mulcts,  such  as  in- 
fringe the  laws  ;  but  he  acted ...  in  a  more  artful 
and  ingenious,  and  at  the  same  time  more  effect- 
ual, manner.  He  prohibited  women  from  wear- 
ing rich  and  costly  stuffs,  embroidered  robes, 
jewels,  ear-rings,  necklaces,  bracelets,  gold  rings, 
and  such  like  ornaments,  excepting  none  from 
this  law  but  common  prostitutes.  He  enacted 
a  similar  law  with  regard  to  the  men,  except- 
ing in  the  same  manner,  from  the  observance 
of  it,  such  only  as  were  willing  to  pass  for 
debauchees  and  infamous  wretches. — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  7,  ch.  2,  §2. 

4612.  RANK,  Plea  for.  Samuel  Johmon.  I 
mentioned  a  certain  author  who  disgusted  me  .  .  . 
by  showing  no  deference  to  noblemen  into  whose 
company  he  was  admitted.  Johnson  :  "  Sup- 
pose a  shoemaker  should  claim  an  equality  with 
him,  as  he  does  with  a  lord  ;  how  he  would 
stare  !  '  Why,  sir,  do  you  stare  ? '  says  the  shoe- 
maker ;  '  I  do  great  service  to  society.  'Tis  true, 
I  am  paid  for  doing  it ;  but  so  are  you,  sir  ;  and 
I  am  sorry  to  say  it,  better  paid  than  I  am,  for 
doing  something  not  so  necessary.  For  mankind 
could  do  better  without  your  books  than  with- 
out my  shoes.'  Thus,  sir,  there  would  be  a  per- 
petual struggle  for  precedence,  were  there  no 
fixed  invariable  rules  for  the  distinction  of  rank, 
which  creates  no  jealousy,  as  it  is  allowed  to  be 
accidental." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  124. 

4613.  RANSOM,  Paternal.  Reign  of  James  II. 
Sir  John  Cochrane  had  held  among  the  Scotch 
rebels  the  same  rank  which  had  been  held  by 
Grey  in  the  west  of  England.  That  Cochrane 
should  be  forgiven  by  a  prince  vindictive  beyond 
all  example  seemed  incredible  ;  but  Cochrane 
was  the  younger  son  of  a  rich  family  ;  it  was 
therefore  only  by  sparing  him  that  money  could 
be  made  out  of  him.  His  father.  Lord  Dundon- 
ald,  offered  a  bribe  of  £5000  to  the  priests  of  the 
royal  household,  and  a  pardon  was  granted. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  5,  p.  608. 

4614.  RANSOM,  A  willing.  Richard  C(Bur  de 
Lion.  [After  the  failure  of  the  crusade,  near 
Jerusalem.]  Richard  [I.]  now  thought  of  re- 
turning to  his  dominions,  but,  unwilling  to  put 


himself  in  the  power  of  his  rival,  Philip  [H.],  by 
traversing  the  kingdom  of  France,  he  sailed  with 
a  single  ship  to  Italy,  and  was  wrecked  near 
Aquileia.  Thence,  .  . .  putting  on  a  pilgrim's  dis- 
guise, he  resolved  to  make  his  way,  on  foot, 
through  Germany.  He  was  discovered,  however, 
at  Vienna,  by  Leopold,  Duke  of  Austria,  and 
thrown  into  prison  by  the  command  of  the  em- 
peror, Henry  VI.  No  sooner  was  Richard's: 
situation  known  to  his  subjects,  than  they  vied 
with  each  other  in  contributions  for  his  ransom, 
which  was  fixed  at  an  exorbitant  sum  by  the  em- 
peror, and  opposed  with  every  artifice  of  the;  i 
meanest  policy  by  the  king  of  France.  His.- 
brother  John,  likewise,  who  in  his  absence  had 
endeavored  to  usurp  the  government  of  Eng- 
land, is  said  to  have  had  a  conference  with  Philip, 
in  which  the  perpetual  captivity  of  Richard  was- 
agreed  upon,  while  he  himself  was  to  be  secured 
upon  the  English  throne.  These  cabals,  how- 
ever, were  unsuccessful.  Richard  obtained  his* 
liberty  on  payment  of  a  ransom  equal  to  about 
£300,000  sterling,  which  his  subjects  levied  by 
the  cheerful  contributions  of  all  ranks  of  the 
State.  On  his  return  to  his  dominions  he  was 
received  with  the  utmost  transports  of  delight 
and  satisfaction.  Richard  had  given  his  sub- 
jects no  real  cause  of  affection  toward  him ; 
during  a  reign  of  ten  years  he  was  but  four 
months  in  the  kingdom  ;  but  it  is  the  disposition 
of  the  English  to  revere  heroism  and  to  com- 
miserate misfortune.  His  traitorous  brother, 
after  some  submission,  was  received  into  favor. 
— Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  6,  ch.  8,  p.  145. 

4615.  RAPACITY,  Royal.  Henry  III  He  sent] 
forth  inquisitors  of  the  forests,  who  not  only 
ruined  all  those  who  had  encroached  upon  the 
forest  borders,  but  also  impoverished  many,  even,  j 
those  of  noble  birth,  "  for  a  single  small  beast,, 
a  fawn  or  hare,  although  straying  in  an  out-of- 
the-way  place."    The  Jews,  according  to  the  cus-j 
torn  of  the  age,  were  lawful  plunder,  and  Henry, 
as  regarded  them,  did  not  depart  from  the  piousi 
usage  of  his  father.    But  he  did  more  than  any 
of  his  predecessors  in  the   spoil  of  the  Israel- 
ites.    He  sold  them  as  he  would  a  farm  to  hi* 
brother  Richard.— Knight's  Eng., vol.  1,  ch.  24,. 
p.  363. 

4616.  RAPE  attempted.  Joan  of  Arc.  [Soon 
to  be  burned  by  the  British.]  The  unfortunate 
prisoner,  despoiled  of  her  man's  dress,  had  much 
to  fear.  Brutality,  furious  hatred,  vengeance, 
might  severally  incite  the  cowards  to  degrade 
her  before  she  perished,  to  sully  what  they  were 

about  to  burn Besides,  they  might  be 

tempted  to  varnish  their  infamy  by  a  reason  of 
state,  according  to  the  notions  of  the  day — by  de- 
priving her  of  her  virginity,  they  would  undoubt- 
edly destroy  that  secret  power  of  which  the  Eng- 
lish entertained  such  great  dread,  w^ho,  perhaps, 
might  recover  their  courage  when  they  knew 
that,  after  all,  she  was  but  a  woman.  According 
to  her  confessor,  to  whom  she  divulged  the  fact, 
an  Englishman,  not  a  common  soldier,  but  a 
gentleman,  a  lord,  patriotically  devoted  himself 
to  this  execution,  bravely  undertook  to  violate 
a  girl  laden  with  fetters,  and,  being  unable  to 
effect  his  wishes,  rained  blows  upon  her.— 
Michelet's  Joan  op  Arc,  p.  53. 

4617.  REACTION  from  Excess.  Guises. 
[Twelve  hundred  Protestants  had  been  butchered 


REACTION— REBELLION. 


547 


at  Amboise.]  The  atrocious  cruelties  perpetra- 
ted by  the  Guises  in  their  hour  of  triumph  pro- 
duced a  speedy  reaction  in  favor  of  the  persecuted 
sectaries.  The  nation  regarded  the  massacre  with 
disgust ;  and  the  Calvinists,  instead  of  being  in- 
timidated and  crushed,  continued  to  gain  ground, 
and  loudly  demanded  vengeance  for  the  blood  of 
their  martyred  brethren. — Students'  France, 
eh.  16,  §  3. 

461  §.  REACTION,  Moral.  Bestoration  of 
Charles  II.  The  Restoration  was  a  moral  catas- 
trophe. It  was  not  that  there  wanted  good  men 
among  the  churchmen — men  as  pious  and  virtu- 
ous as  the  Puritans  whom  they  displaced  ;  but  the 
Royalists  came  back  as  the  party  of  reaction — re- 
action of  the  spirit  of  the  world  against  asceti- 
cism, of  self-indulgence  against  duty,  of  material- 
ism against  idealism.  For  a  time  virtue  was  a 
ublic  laughing-stock,  and  the  word  "  saint,"  the 
"ghest  expression  in  the  language  for  moral 
erfection,  connoted  everything  that  was  ridicu- 
us.  I  do  not  speak  of  the  gallantries  of  White- 
all.  .  .  .  The  style  of  court  manners  was  a  mere 
incident  on  the  surface  of  social  life.  The  nation- 
al life  was  far  more  profoundly  tainted  by  the  dis- 
couragement of  all  good  men,  which  penetrated 
every  shire  and  every  parish,  than  by  the  distant 
reports  of  the  loose  behavior  of  Charles  II.  Ser- 
vility, meanness,  venality,  time-serving,  and  a 
disbelief  in  virtue  diffused  themselves  over  the 
nation  like  a  pestilential  miasma,  the  depressing 
influence  of  which  was  heavy,  even  upon  those 
souls  which  individually  resisted  the  poison.  The 
heroic  age  of  England  had  passed  away,  not  by 
gradual  decay,  by  imperceptible  degeneration, 
but  in  a  year,  in  a  single  day,  like  the  winter's 
snow  in  Greece. — Pattison's  Milton,  ch.  12. 

4619. .    Beign  of  Charles  II.    The 

theatres  were  closed  [by  the  Puritans].  The  play- 
ers were  flogged.  The  press  was  put  under  the 
guardianship  of  austere  licensors.  The  Muses 
were  banished  from  their  favorite  haunts.  .  .  . 
The  Restoration  emancipated  thousands  of  minds 
from  a  yoke  which  had  become  insupportable. 
The  old  fight  recommenced,  but  with  an  animosi- 
ty altogether  new. . .  .  The  war  between  wit  and 
Puritanism  soon  became  a  war  between  wit  and 
morality.  The  hostility  excited  by  a  grotesque 
caricature  of  virtue  did  not  spare  virtue  herself. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  371. 

4620.  READING,  Effects  of.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. [The  books  read  by  the  youthful  Lincoln 
were  Ramsay's  Life  of  Washington,  Weems'  Life 
of  Washington,  ^sop's  Fables,  and  Bunyan's 
Pilgrim's  Progress.  It  is  quite  probable  that  the 
quaint  phraseology  of  these  last  two  volumes, 
and  their  direct  and  forcible  illustrations,  may 
have  impressed  upon  the  productions  of  Mr. 
Lincoln's  pen  that  style  which  is  one  of  their 
most  peculiar  and  favorite  characteristics. — 
Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch.  1,  p.  ^3. 

4621.  READING-ROOMS  necessary.  Napoleon 
I.  He  had,  when  a  young  man,  passed  months  in 
Paris  without  a  home,  with  an  empty  purse,  and 
almost  without  a  friend.  He  was  then  in  the 
habit  of  visiting  a  small  reading-room  in  the  Pa- 
lais Royal,  where  for  a  few  sous  he  could,  in  the 
chilly  days  of  winter,  read  the  daily  journals,  and 
enjoy  the  warmth  of  afire. . . .  [He  became  First 
Consul.]  He  was  afterward  urged,  as  a  matter 
of  State  policy,  to  shut  up  these  reading-rooms. 


To  this  he  replied  :  "  No  ;  I  will  never  do  that ;  1 
know  too  well  the  comfort  of  having  such  a  place 
to  go  to  ever  to  deprive  others  of  the  same  re- 
source."— Abbott's  Napoleon  B., vol.  1,  ch.  16. 

4622.  REALITY,  Power  in.  Cromwell.  It  is 
something  striking  to  contrast  the  two  men  going 
down  to  the  same  House.  Charles  was  a  king, 
and  he  went  to  arrest  the  members  and  to  assert 
that  there  was  no  law  in  England  save  his  will  ; 
but  he  went  as  king  Nominal.  Cromwell  went 
with  no  royalty  about  him,  yet  he  went  as  king 
B^ul ;  and  he,  too,  went  for  the  still  more  amaz- 
ing purpose  of  daring  that  whole  House,  and 
turning  it  out  into  the  streets.  [By  dissolving 
Parliament  at  the  head  of  his  soldiers.] — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  16,  p.  177. 

4623.  REALIZATION,  Joys  of.  Columbus.  The 
land  was  now  clearly  seen  about  two  leagues  dis- 
tant, whereupon  they  took  in  sail  and  lay  to, 
waiting  impatiently  for  the  dawn.  The  thoughts 
and  feelings  of  Columbus  in  this  little  space  of 
time  must  have  been  tumultuous  and  intense. 
At  length,  in  spite  of  every  difficulty  and  dan- 
ger, he  had  accomplished  his  object.  The  great 
mystery  of  the  ocean  was  revealed  ;  his  theory, 
which  had  been  the  scoff  of  sages,  was  trium- 
phantly established  ;  he  had  secured  to  himself 
a  glory  durable  as  the  world  itself.  It  is  difficult 
to  conceive  the  feelings  of  such  a  man,  at  such  a 
moment ;  or  the  conjectures  which  must  have 
thronged  upon  his  mind,  as  to  the  land  before 
him,  covered  with  darkness. — Irving's  Colum- 
bus, Book  3,  ch.  4. 

4624.  REASON,  Worship  of.  French  Bevolu- 
tion.  During  the  revolution  a  beautiful  opera 
girl  of  licentious  habits  was  conveyed,  in  most 
imposing  ceremonial,  to  the  church  of  Notre 
Dame.  There  she  was  elevated  upon  an  altar, 
and  presented  to  the  thronged  assemblage  as  the 
Goddess  of  Reason.  "  Mortals,"  said  Chau- 
mette,  "  cease  to  tremble  before  the  powerless 
thunders  of  a  god  whom  your  fears  have  created  ! 
There  is  no  God.  Henceforth  worship  none  but 
Reason.  Here  I  offer  you  its  noblest  and  purest 
image.  Worship  only  such  divinities  as  this." 
The  whole  assemblage  bowed  in  adoration,  and 
then  retired  to  indulge  in  scenes  which  the  pen 
refuses  to  record. — [Foot-note  in]  Abbott's 
Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  16. 

4625.  REBELLION,  Constructive.  Emperor 
Maximilian.  Maximilian,  after  the  death  of  his 
father,  was  elected  emperor  in  the  year  1493. 
This  prince,  who  was  an  able  politician,  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  permanent  greatness  of  the 
German  empire,  by  procuring  the  enactment  of 
that  celebrated  constitutional  law,  which  estab- 
lishes a  perpetual  peace  between  the  whole  of  the 
States  composing  the  Germanic  body,  which 
States,  before  that  time,  had  been  at  constant  vari- 
ance upon  every  trivial  opposition  of  interests. 
Thenceforth  every  such  contest  was  to  be  treated 
as  an  act  of  rebellion  against  the  empire.  It  is 
easy  to  see  of  what  vast  importance  this  law  was 
to  the  solid  interests  of  the  Germanic  body. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  19,  p.  276. 

4626.  REBELLION  prevented.  Scotland.  The 
Earl  of  Douglas,  an  ambitious  and  high-spirited 
nobleman,  had  openly  aimed  at  rendering  him- 
self independent  of  his  sovereign  :  he  forbade  his 
vassals  to  acknowledge  any  authority  but  his 


648 


REBELLION— RECOGNITION. 


own.  He  created  knights,  appointed  a  privy 
council,  and,  in  short,  assumed  every  ensign  of 
royalty  except  the  title  of  king.  The  chancellor, 
determined  to  suppress  these  aspiring  preten- 
sions, decoyed  Douglas  to  an  interview  in  the 
castle  of  Edinburgh,  and  there,  while  separated 
from  his  followers,  he  was  seized  and  instantly 
beheaded.  This  example  of  barbarous  rigor  did 
not  deter  his  successor,  William,  Earl  of  Douglas, 
from  prosecuting  the  same  ambitious  plans  ;  and 
his  fate  was  equally  severe,  and  yet  more  unjus- 
tifiable. In  a  conference  with  the  young  mon 
arch  he  was  reproached  by  him  with  forming 
connections  with  the  factious  nobility  which 
were  dangerous  to  the  public  peace  and  govern- 
ment of  the  kingdom  ;  the  king  requesting  him 
to  dissolve  these  associations,  Douglas  peremp- 
torily refused.  ' '  If  you  will  not,"  said  the  young 
James  [II.],  "  this  shall  ;"  and  drawing  his  dag- 
ger, he  instantly  stabbed  him  to  the  heart.  This 
action,  unworthy  of  a  prince,  was  universally 
condemned  by  his  subjects. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  15,  p.  234. 

4627.  EEBELLION,  Small.  Rhode  Island.  A 
proposition  was  made  to  change  the  constitution 
of  the  State,  [under  which]  the  right  of  suffrage 
was  restricted  to  those  who  held  a  certain  amount 
of  property.  On  that  issue  the  people  of  Rhode 
Island  were  nearly  unanimous  ;  but  in  respect  to 
the  manner  of  abrogating  the  old  charter  there 
was  a  serious  division.  One  faction,  called  the 
"  Law  and  Order  party,"  proceeding  in  accord- 
ance with  the  former  constitution,  chose  Samuel 
W.  King  as  governor.  The  other  faction,  called 
the  "  Suffrage  party,"  acting  in  an  irregular  way, 
elected  Thomas  W.  Dorr.  In  May  of  1842  both 
parties  met  and  organized  their  rival  govern- 
ments. The  "  Law  and  Order  party"  now  under- 
took to  suppress  the  faction  of  Dorr.  The  latter 
resisted,  and  made  an  attempt  to  capture  the 
State  arsenal.  But  the  militia,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  King's  officers,  drove  the  assailants  away. 
A  month  later  the  adherents  of  Dorr  again  ap- 
peared in  arms,  but  were  dispersed  by  the  troops 
of  the  United  States ;  Dorr  iled  from  Rhode 
Island  ;  returned  soon  afterward  ;  was  caught, 
tried  for  treason,  convicted,  and  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  life.  He  was  then  offered 
pardon  on  condition  of  taking  an  oath  of  alle- 
giance. This  he  stubbornly  refused  to  do,  and 
in  June  of  1845  obtained  his  liberty  without  con- 
ditions.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  56,  p.  442. 

462§.  REBELLION,  A  Soap.  Reign  of  Charles  I. 
Charles  was  determined  to  govern  by  preroga- 
tive, and  not  by  Parliament.  He  sold  privi- 
leges for  every  unjust  exaction.  A  patent  for 
the  manufacture  of  soap  was  sold — a  very  sad 
affliction  indeed,  for  in  addition  to  the  costly 
price  from  the  existence  of  the  monopoly,  for 
which  £10,000  had  been  paid,  the  linen  had 
been  burned,  and  the  flesh  as  well,  in  the  wash- 
ing, so  that  the  city  of  London  was  visited  by 
an  insurrection  of  women,  and  the  Lord  Mayor 
was  reprimanded  by  the  king  because  he  gave 
them  his  sympathy. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  4, 
p.  84. 

4629.  REBELLION,  The  Whiskey.  Penn»yl- 
vania.  During  the  summer  and  autumn  of 
"*794  the  country  was  much  disturbed  by  a  diffi- 
culty in  western  Pennsylvania,  known  as  the 
whiskey  insurrection.     Hoping  to  improve  the 


revenues  of  the  government.  Congress  had,  three 
years  previously,  imposed  a  tax  on  all  ardent 
spirits  distilled  in  the  United  States.  While 
[citizen]  Genet  [from  France]  was  at  Philadel- 
phia, he  and  his  partisans  incited  the  people  of 
the  distilling  regions  to  resist  the  tax-collectors. 
The  disaffected  rose  in  arms.  Washington  issued 
two  proclamations  warning  the  insurgents  to 
disperse  ;  but  instead  of  obeying,  they  fired  upon 
and  captured  the  officers  of  the  government. 
The  President  then  ordered  General  Henry  Lee 
to  enter  the  rebellious  district  with  a  sufficient 
force  to  restore  order  and  enforce  the  law. 
When  the  troops  reached  the  scene  of  the  disturb- 
ance, the  rioters  had  already  scattered.  The 
insurrection  was  a  political  rather  than  a  social 
outbreak  ;  the  anti-Federalists  were  in  a  major- 
ity in  the  distilling  region,  and  the  whiskey-tax 
was  a  measure  of  the  Federal  party. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  46,  p.  368. 

4630.  REBELS  punished.  Duke  of  Monmouth's. 
Somersetshire,  the  chief  seat  of  the  rebellion, 
had  been  reserved  for  the  last  and  most  fearful 
vengeance.  In  this  county  two  hundred  and 
thirty-three  prisoners  were  in  a  few  days  hanged, 
drawn,  and  quartered.  At  every  spot  where  two 
roads  met,  on  every  market-place,  on  the  green 
of  every  large  village  which  had  furnished  Mon- 
mouth with  soldiers,  ironed  corpses  claftering  in 
the  wind,  or  heads  and  quarters  stuck  on  poles, 
poisoned  the  air,  and  made  the  traveller  sick  with 
horror.  In  many  parishes  the  peasantry  could 
not  assemble  in  the  house  of  God  without  see- 
ing the  ghastly  face  of  a  neighbor  grinning  at 
them  over  the  porch. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  5, 
p.  596. 

4631. .  Temuginthe  Ta/rtar.  Temu- 

gin  fought  a  battle  against  his  rebellious  sub- 
jects. .  .  .  After  his  first  victory  he  placed 
seventy  caldrons  on  the  fire,  and  seventy  of  the 
most  guilty  rebels  were  cast  headlong  into  the 
boiling  water. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  64,  p.  204. 

4632.  REBUKE,  Gentle.  Julius  Ccesar.  In 
battle  he  sometimes  rode  ;  but  he  was  more  often 
on  foot,  bareheaded,  and  in  a  conspicuous  dress, 
that  he  might  be  seen  and  recognized.  Again 
and  again  by  his  own  efforts  he  recovered  a  day 
that  was  half  lost.  He  once  seized  a  panic-stricken 
standard-bearer,  turned  him  round,  and  told  him 
that  he  had  mistaken  the  direction  of  the  enemy. 
— Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  28. 

4633.  RECANTATION  impossible.  Martin 
Lutlier.  "  The  more  they  rage  and  meditate 
upon  the  use  of  force,  the  less  do  I  fear,  and  the 
more  freely  will  I  attack  the  Roman  serpents.  I 
am  prepared  for  the  worst  that  may  happen,  and 
await  the  counsel  of  God."  "  This  I  know,  in- 
deed; that  I  would  be  treated  as  the  dearest  and 
most  agreeable  person,  did  I  but  speak  one 
word,  revoca — that  is,  I  recall.  But  I  will  not 
make  myself  a  heretic  by  the  recall  of  that 
opinion  by  which  I  became  a  Christian.  I  would 
rather  die,  be  burnt,  exiled,  and  accursed."^ 
Rein's  Luther,  ch.  5,  p.  58. 

4634.  RECOGNITION  required.  Washington. 
The  whole  British  force,  now  gathered  in  the 
vicinity  of  New  York,  amounted  to  fully  30,000 
men.  .  .  .  Washington's  army  was  inferior  in 
numbers,  poorly  equipped,  and  imperfectly  disci- 
plined.    [Admiral   Howe,  brother   of   General 


RECOMPENSE— REFINEMENT. 


549 


Howe,  had  arrived  from  England  with  instruc- 
tions] to  try  conciliatory  measures  with  the 
Americans.  First  he  sent  to  the  American  camp 
an  officer  with  a  despatch  directed  to  George 
"Washington,  Esquire.  Of  course  Washington 
refused  to  receive  a  communication  which  did 
not  recognize  his  official  position.  In  a  short 
time  Howe  sent  another  message,  addressed  to 
George  Washington,  etc. ,  etc. ,  etc. ,  and  the  bear- 
er, who  was  Howe's  adjutant-general,  insisted 
that  and-so-f  orth  might  be  translated  Oeneral  of 
the  Avurican  Army.  Washington  was  the  last 
man  in  the  world  to  be  caught  by  a  subterfuge  ; 
and  the  adjutant  was  sent  away.  It  was  already 
well  known  that  Howe's  authority  extended  only 
to  granting  pardon  and  to  unessential  matters 
about  which  the  Americans  were  no  longer  con- 
cerned. Washington  therefore  replied  that  since 
no  offence  had  been  committed  no  pardon  was  re- 
quired ;  that  the  colonies  were  now  indepen- 
dent, and  would  defend  themselves  against  all  ag- 
gressions.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  39,  p.  310. 

4635.  RECOMPENSE,  Honorable.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  [When  a  boy  he  borrowed  a  Life 
of  Washington.]  During  a  severe  storm  he 
improved  his  leisure  by  reading  his  book.  One 
night  he  laid  it  down  carefully,  as  he  thought, 
and  the  next  morning  he  found  it  soaked 
through  !  The  wind  had  changed,  the  storm  had 
beaten  in  through  a  crack  in  the  logs,  and  the 
appearance  of  the  book  was  ruined.  How  could 
he  face  the  owner  under  such  circumstances  ? 
He  had  no  money  to  offer  as  a  return,  but  he 
took  the  book,  went  directh'  to  Mr.  Crawford 
[the  owner],  showed  him  the  irreparable  injury, 
and  frankly  and  honestly  offered  to  work  for 
him  till  he  should  be  satisfied.  [Mr.  Crawford 
gave  him  the  book]  in  return  for  three  days' 
steady  labor  in  "pulling  fodder." — Raymond's 
Lincoln,  ch.  1,  p.  22. 

4636.  RECORD,  Mutilated.  James  I.  It  was 
through  Sir  John  Eliot,  very  eminently,  that  the 
Commons  and  the  Stuarts  came  at  last  to  their 
great  rupture.  .  .  .  Then  came  the  contest  with 
the  stubborn  old  king  upon  the  privilege  of  de- 
bate in  Parliament.  The  king  said  the  Parlia- 
ment held  their  liberties  by  toleration,  not  by 
right ;  and  when  the  House,  recorded  its  very 
different  conviction  in  a  resolution  on  its  jour- 
nals, the  imbecile  old  king  came  up  from  Theo- 
bald's in  a  passion,  got  together  a  privy  council 
and  six  of  the  judges,  sent  for  the  Commons' 
journal,  and  even  dared  to  tear  out  the  registry. 
He  then  instantly  dissolved  the  House  by  proc- 
lamation.— Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  3,  p.  54. 

4637.  RECREATION,  Excessive.  "  Oentlemen." 
Sir  John  Harrington  .  .  .  draws  a  picture  .  .  . 
that  illustrates  the  prevailing  madness.  [About 
A.D.  1600.]  "  In  the  morning  perhaps  at  chess, 
and  after  his  belly  is  full  then  at  cards ;  and 
when  his  spirits  wax  dull  at  that,  then  for  some 
exercise  of  his  arms  at  dice  ;  and  being  weary 
thereof,  to  cool  himself  a  little  play  at  tables 
[backgammon]  ;  and,  being  disquieted  in  his 
patience  for  overseeing  cinque  and  quartre,  or 
missing  two  or  three  foul  blots,  then  to  an  inter- 
lude ;  and  so  ...  be  ever  as  far  from  a  worthy 
and  wise  man  as  the  circle  is  from  the  centre." 
—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  16,  p.  256. 

463§.  RECREATION,  Extravagant.  Bajazet  I. 
The  French  princes  admired  the  magnificence  of 


the  Ottoman,  whose  hunting  and  hawking  equi- 
page was  composed  of  seven  thousand  huntsmen 
and  seven  thousand  falconers. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  64,  p.  241. 

4639.  REDEMPTION,  Price  of.  Calais.  [In 
1347,  during  a  siege  of  nearly  twelve  months'  du- 
ration, in  which  the  garrison  had  eaten  their  horses 
and  dogs.  They  were  then  willing  to  surrender 
town,  castle,  and  goods,  if  the  people  were  per- 
mitted to  depart  from  the  city.]  The  king  [Ed- 
ward III.]  resolved  that  all  the  grace  he  would 
award  was,  that  six  chief  burgesses  of  the  town 
should  come  out  bareheaded,  and  barefooted, 
and  barelegged,  and  in  their  shirts,  with  halters 
about  their  necks,  and  with  the  keys  of  the 
town  and  castle  in  their  hands,  and  thus  yield 
themselves  purely  to  his  will,  and  the  rest  he 
would  take  to  mercy.  .  .  .  Sir  John  of  Vienne 
sounded  the  common  bell,  and  told  his  sad  re- 
port, and  the  people  wept,  and  he  himself  wept 
piteously.  Then  stood  forth  the  richest  burgess 
of  all  the  town,  Eustace  de  St.  Pierre,  and  said 
that,  to  save  the  residue  of  the  people,  he  would 
be  the  first  to  put  his  life  in  jeopardy.  When  he 
had  thus  spoken,  every  man  worshipped  him, 
and  divers  kneeled  down  at  his  feet  with  sore 
weeping.  Then  another  honest  burgess,  John 
Dayre,  rose  and  said,  ' '  I  will  keep  company  with 
my  gossip,  Eustace."  And  James  of  Wyssant,  and 
Peter  his  brother,  and  two  others,  declared  the 
same.  Then  tliey  went  out  of  the  gate,  appar- 
elled as  the  king  desired,  and  stood  between  the 
gate  and  the  barriers. . , .  The  six  burgesses  knelt 
before  the  king,  and  held  up  their  hands  and 
said,  "  We  submit  ourselves  clearly  unto  your 
will  and  pleasure,  to  save  the  residue  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Calais."  .  .  .  The  earls  and  barons,  and 
others  who  were  there,  wept  for  pity,  but  the  king 
looked  felly  upon  them,  .  .  .  and  he  commanded 
their  heads  to  be  struck  off,  and  would  hear  no 
man  in  their  behalf  for  mercy.  Then  the  queen 
[Philippa],  being  great  with  child,  kneeled  down 
and  said,  ' '  Gentle  Sir,  since  I  passed  the  sea  in 
much  peril,  I  have  desired  nothing  of  you  ;  there- 
fore, I  now  require  of  you,  in  the  honor  of  the 
Son  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  for  the  love  of  me, 
that  you  will  take  mercy  of  these  six  burgesses." 
The  king  beheld  the  queen,  and  stood  still  awhile 
in  a  study,  and  then  said.  "Ah,  dame,  I  would 
you  had  been  now  in  some  other  place  ;  but  I 
cannot  deny  you.  I  give  these  men  to  you  to  do 
your  pleasure  with  them."  And  the  six  bur- 
gesses were  brought  into  the  queen's  chamber, 
newly  clothed  ;  and  she  gave  them  to  eat  at  their 
leisure,  and  bestowed  upon  each  six  nobles,  and 
caused  them  to  be  taken  through  the  host  in  safe- 
ty, and  set  at  liberty. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  30,  p.  465. 

4640.  REFINEMENT,  Characteristic.  Athe- 
nians. In  the  war  against  Philip  of  Macedon,  one 
of  the  couriers  of  that  prince  was  intercepted, 
and  his  dispatches  seized  ;  they  opened  all  the 
letters  which  he  carried,  except  those  written  by 
Philip's  queen,  Olympia,  to  her  husband.  These 
the  Athenians  transmitted  immediately  to  Phil- 
ip, with  the  seals  unbroken.  In  the  same  war, 
Philip  was  suspected  of  having  distributed  bribes 
among  the  Athenian  orators.  Their  houses  were 
ordered  to  be  searched  ;  but  with  singular  regard 
to  decorum,  they  forbade  to  break  into  the  house 
of  Callicles,  because  he  was  then  newly  married. 


650 


REFINEMENT— REFORMATION. 


Such  was  certainly  the  natural  character  of  the 
Athenians — generous,  decent,  humane,  and  pol- 
ished.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  10,  p.  107. 

4641.  REFINEMENT,  Misjudged.  American 
Indians.  The  inhabitants  of  this  immense  conti- 
nent— if  we  except  those  of  Mexico  and  Peru, 
which  were  comparatively  refined  and  luxurious 
nations — were  tribes  of  wandering  savages,  and 
utterly  unacquainted  with  almost  every  art  of 
civilized  life.  They  were  naked,  except  a  small 
covering  round  the  middle  ;  their  sole  occupa- 
tion was  the  chase,  and  when  the  season  of  hunt- 
ing was  at  an  end,  the  American,  if  not  engaged 
in  war,  spent  his  time  in  perfect  indolence  ;  half 
the  day  was  consumed  in  sleep,  and  the  other 
half  in  immoderate  eating  and  drinking.  The 
Indians  of  America  were  in  their  disposition 
grave  even  to  sadness  ;  they  held  in  contempt 
the  levity  of  manners  of  the  Europeans,  and, 
observing  great  taciturnity  themselves,  imputed 
to  childishness  all  idle  talk  or  conversation. 
Their  behavior  was  modest  and  respectful,  and 
in  their  solemn  councils  their  deliberations  were 
carried  on  with  the  greatest  order  and  decorum. 
—Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  21,  p.  306. 

4642.  BEFINEMENT  recommended.  Bi-idal. 
[Lord  Malmesbury  was  sent  by  George  III.,  in 
1795,  to  the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  to  demand  his 
daughter  for  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the  heir  ap- 
parent to  the  British  throne.  J  The  sagacious  am- 
bassador did  his  duty  in  offering  her  advice,  and 
sometimes  remonstrance,  especially  "  on  the 
toilette,  on  cleanliness,  and  on  delicacy  of  speak- 
ing"— strange  subjects  of  discussion  with  a  lady 
who  might  be  queen  of  England. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  18,  p.  319. 

4643.  REFLECTION,  Corrected  by.  Samuel 
Johnson.  Mr.  Morgann  and  he  had  a  dispute 
pretty  late  at  night,  in  which  Johnson  would  not 
give  up,  though  he  had  the  wrong  side  ;  and,  in 
short,  both  kept  the  field.  Next  morning,  when 
they  met  in  the  breakfast  room.  Dr.  Johnson  ac- 
costed Mr.  Morgann  thus:  "Sir,  I  have  been 
thinking  on  our  dispute  last  night  —  you  were 
in  (he right." — Boswell's  Johxson,  p.  489. 

4644.  REFLECTION,  Death-bed.  Cardinal  Wol- 
iey.  [Cardinal  Wolsey,  who  for  eight  years  had 
been,  with  Henry  VIII.,  the  autocrat  of  Eng- 
land, and  for  about  twenty  years  the  head  of  the 

government,  was  on  his  dying-bed,  in  1531,  when 
e  uttered  these  memorable  words]  :  If  I  had 
served  God  as  diligently  as  I  have  done  the  king, 
he  would  not  have  given  me  over  in  my  gray 
hairs.  [Henry  had  taken  away  his  honors  and 
his  wealth,  and  permitted  his  arrest  on  the  false 
charge  of  high  treason.] — Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  2, 
-ch.  20,  p.  334. 

4645.  REFLECTION,  Delicate.  Insh  Ameri- 
£ans.  A.D.  1775.  [General  Howe,  brother  of  the 
lamented  general  who  fell  in  the  war  with  France 
at  Ticonderoga,  was  commander  of  the  British 
army.]  Howe  was  of  an  Irish  family  ;  to  the 
Irish,  therefore,  they  expressed  their  amazement 
at  finding  his  name  in  the  catalogue  of  their  en- 
emies ;  and  they  fletched  their  complaint  by 
adding,  "  America  loved  his  brother." — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  8,  ch.  43. 

4646.  REFLECTIONS,  Melancholy.  Antony. 
[After  his  defeat  by  Caesar,  which  was  occasioned 
chiefly  by  his  infatuation,  he  fled  to  Cleopatra's 


fleet.]  Antony  having  entered  the  admiral-gal- 
ley, in  which  Cleopatra  was,  went  and  sat  dowa 
at  the  head  of  it ;  where,  leaning  his  elbows  on 
his  knees,  and  supporting  his  head  with  his  two 
hands,  he  remained  like  a  man  overwhelmed 
with  shame  and  rage,  reflecting  with  profounc) 
melancholy  upon  his  ill  conduct,  and  the  mis 
fortunes  it  had  brought  upon  him.  He  kept  in 
that  posture,  and  in  those  gloomy  thoughts,  dur- 
ing the  three  days  they  were  going  to  Tenarus, 
without  seeing  or  speaking  to  Cleopatra.  At  the 
end  of  that  time  they  saw  each  other  again,  and 
lived  together  as  usual. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book 
34,  §  3. 

4647.  REFORM,  Civil-Service.  Alfred  the 
Great.  An  appeal  lay  from  all  these  courts  to 
the  king  himself,  in  coimcil ;  and  Alfred,  in 
whom  his  subjects  deservedly  placed  the  highest 
confidence,  was  ovei'whelmed  with  appeals  from 
all  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  only  remedy  for 
this  was  to  reform  the  ignorance  and  restrain  the 
corruption  of  the  inferior  magistrates  from 
whence  it  arose.  Alfred,  therefore,  was  solicitous 
to  appoint  the  ablest  and  most  upright  of  his  no- 
bility to  exercise  the  office  of  sheriffs  and  carls. 
He  punished  many  for  malversation,  and  he 
took  care  to  enforce  the  study  of  letters,  and  par- 
ticularly of  the  laws,  as  indispensable  to  their 
continuing  in  office. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  5,  p.  111. 

464S.  REFORM  needed.  CcBsar  the  Dictator. 
All  his  efforts  were  directed  to  the  regeneration 
of  Roman  society.  Cicero  paints  the  habits  of 
fashionable  life  in  colors  which  were  possibly 
exaggerated- ;  but  enough  remains  of  authentic 
fact  to  justify  the  general  truth  of  the  picture. 
Women  had  forgotten  their  honor,  children  their 
respect  for  parents.  Husbands  had  murdered 
wives,  and  wives  husbands.  Parricide  and  in- 
cest formed  common  incidents  of  domestic  Ital- 
ian history;  and,  as  justice  had  been  ordered 
in  the  last  years  of  the  Republic,  the  most  aban- 
doned villain  who  came  into  court  with  a  hand- 
ful of  gold  was  assured  of  impunity.  "Rich 
men,"  says  Suetonius,  "were  never  deterred 
from  crime  by  a  fear  of  forfeiting  their  es- 
tates ;  they  had  but  to  leave  Italy,  and  their 
property  was  secured  to  them."  —  Froude's 
C^SAR,  ch.  25. 

4649.  REFORMATION,  Political.  Romans. 
[After  the  death  of  the  infamous  emperor  Corn- 
modus]  the  expense  of  the  household  was  imme- 
diately reduced  to  one  half.  All  the  instruments 
of  luxury  Pertinax  exposed  to  public  auction — 
gold  and  silver  plate,  chariots  of  a  singular  con- 
struction, a  superfluous  wardrobe  of  silk  and  em- 
broidery, and  a  great  number  of  beautiful  slaves 
of  both  sexes  ;  excepting  only,  with  attentive  hu- 
manity, those  who  Avere  born  in  a  state  of  free- 
dom, and  had  been  ravished  from  the  arms  oi 
their  weeping  parents.  At  the  same  time  that  he 
obliged  the  worthless  favorites  of  the  tyrant  to 
resign  a  part  of  their  ill-gotten  wealth,  he  satis- 
fied the  just  creditors  of  the  state,  and  unexpecb 
edly  discharged  the  long  arrears  of  honest  ser- 
vices. He  removed  the  oppressive  restrictions 
which  had  been  laid  upon  commerce,  and  grant- 
ed all  the  uncultivated  lands  in  Italy  and  the 
provinces  to  those  who  would  improve  them, 
with  an  exemption  from  tribute  during  te» 
years. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  4,  p.  121. 


REFORMATION— REFORMERS. 


551 


4630.  BEFORMATION,  Silent.  Social.  It  is 
Temarkable  that  the  two  greatest  and  most  salu- 
tary social  revolutions  which  have  taken  place 
in  England — that  revolution  which,  in  the  thir- 
teenth century,  put  an  end  to  the  tyranny  of  na- 
tion over  nation,  and  that  revolution  which,  a 
few  generations  later,  put  an  end  to  the  prop- 
erty of  man  in  man — were  silently  and  imper- 
ceptibly effected.  They  struck  contemporary  ob- 
servers with  no  surprise,  and  have  received  from 
historians  a  very  scanty  measure  of  attention. 
They  were  brought  about  neither  by  legislative 
regulation  nor  by  physical  force.  Moral  causes 
noiselessly  effaced,  first  the  distinction  between 
Norman  and  Saxon,  and  then  the  distinction  be- 
tween master  and  slave.  None  can  venture  to 
fix  the  precise  moment  at  which  either  distinc- 
tion ceased.  ...  It  would  be  most  unjust  not  to 
acknowledge  that  the  chief  agent  in  these  two 
great  deliverances  was  religion. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  21. 

4651.  EEFOEMATION,  Violent.  Religious.  In 
the  year  727,  the  emperor  Leo,  the  Isaurian,  was 
desirous  of  extirpating  this  [image-worship]  idol- 
;atry,  which  he  very  justly  considered  as  disgrace- 
ful to  Christianity ;  but  his  measures  were  too 
violent.  He  burnt  and  destroyed  all  the  paintings 
in  the  churches,  and  broke  to  pieces  the  statues. 
The  people  were  highly  exasperated,  and  he  at- 
tempted to  enforce  his  reformation  by  punish- 
ment and  persecution,  which  had  no  beneficial 
effect. — Tytleu's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3,  p.  82. 

4652.  REFORMER  by  Accident,  Thomas  Clark- 
son.  Thomas  Clarkson,  when  twenty-four  years 
of  age,  wrote  an  essay  on  slavery,  to  obtain 
a  prize,  which  he  won  ;  but  the  facts  which  he 
discovered  made  such  a  deep  impression  on  his 
mind,  that  he  devoted  himself  to  its  abolition. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  26,  p.  466. 

4653.  REFORMER,  Impetuous.  John  Knox. 
The  celebrated  John  Knox  arrived  .  .  .  from 
■Geneva,  where  he  had  imbibed  the  doctrines  of 
Calvin,  of  which  his  natural  disposition  fitted 
him  to  be  a  most  zealous  and  intrepid  promoter. 
This  reformer  was  possessed  of  a  very  consid- 
erable share  of  learning,  and  of  uncommon 
acuteness  of  understanding.  He  was  a  man  of 
rigid  virtue,  and  of  a  very  disinterested  spirit ; 
but  his  maxims  (as  Dr.  Robertson  remarks)  were 
too  severe,  and  the  impetuosity  of  his  temper 
was  excessive.  His  eloquence  was  fitted  to  rouse 
and  to  inflame.  His  first  public  appearance  was 
at  Perth,  where,  in  a  very  animated  sermon,  he 
wrought  up  the  minds  of  his  audience  to  such  a 
pitch  of  fuiy,  that  they  broke  down  the  walls  of 
the  church,  overturned  the  altars,  destroyed  the 
images,  and  almost  tore  the  priests  to  pieces. 
The  example  was  contagious,  and  the  same 
scenes  were  exhibited  in  different  quarters  of  the 
kingdom.  The  Protestant  party  soon  after  took 
up  arms. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  28, 
p.  383. 

4654.  REFORMER,  Impracticable.  Thomas 
Carlyle.  His  religion  consists  in  longings,  his 
socialism  in  phrases  without  plan ;  his  politics 
.are  altogether  negative.  He  clearly  enough  sees 
what  is  wrong,  but  he  fails  to  point  out  what  is 
night,  or  what  we  ought  to  substitute  in  place  of 
"the  wrong  which  he  would  do  away  with.  He 
is  baffled  when  he  sits  down  to  propose  remedies. 
He  has  none  to  offer,  but  goes  on  assailing, 


scourging,  and  pulling  down.  .  .  .  He  is  a  seer, 
a  prophet,  a  poet.  — Smiles'  Breep  Biographies, 
p.  273. 

4655.  REFORMERS  corrupted.  Earl  of  HerU 
ford.  When  [in  1547]  it  was  alleged  that  Henry 
VIII.  had  promised  the  Earl  of  Hertford  the  rev- 
enues of  six  good  prebends,  the  disinterested 
sincerity  of  the  Protector  in  seeking  a  further 
reformation  of  religion  might  well  be  doubted. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  1,  p.  3. 

4656.  REFORMERS,  English.  Eightemth  Cen- 
tury. [John  Howard  in  1777  published  his  book 
"  On  Prisons,"  and  sowed  the  seed  which  revo- 
lutionized prison  discipline.  In  1739,  Captain 
Thomas  Coram  obtained  a  charter  for  the  first 
foundling  hospital,  having  seen  infants  exposed 
in  the  streets  and  left  to  perish  by  their  unnatu- 
ral mothers.  About  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  Jonas  Hanway,  by  personal  effort,  se- 
cured the  establishment  of  the  Magdalene  Asy. 
lum,  and  also  the  Marine  Society  ;  the  latter 
of  which  proposed  to  take  distressed  boys  out 
of  the  streets,  and  educate  them  for  the  seaman's 
life.  Robert  Raikes  in  1781  was  struck  by  the 
degraded  condition  of  the  children  in  the  suburbs 
of  the  city  of  Gloucester.]  No  benefit  to  society 
was  greater  than  that  produced  by  the  partial  ex- 
tension of  education  to  the  humblest  classes  of 
the  community  [through  his  endeavors.  He  first 
introduced  Sunday-schools  in  1781.  Much  was 
done  by  Whitefield  and  Wesley.]  The  light  lit- 
erature of  forty  years  overflows  with  ridicule  of 
Methodism.  The  preachers  were  pelted  by  the 
mob  ;  the  converts  were  held  up  to  execration  as 
fanatics  or  hypocrites.  Yet  Methodism  held  the 
ground  it  had  gained.  It  had  gone  forth  to  ut- 
ter the  words  of  truth  to  men  little  above  the 
beasts  that  perish,  and  it  had  brought  them  to 
regard  themselves  as  akin  to  humanity.  The 
time  would  come  when  its  earnestness  would 
awaken  the  Church  itself  from  its  somnolency, 
and  the  educated  classes  would  not  be  ashamed 
to  be  religious.  There  was  wild  enthusiasm 
enough  in  some  of  the  followers  of  Whitefield  and 
Wesley  ;  much  self-seeking  ;  zeal  verging  upon 
profaneness ;  moral  conduct  strangely  opposed 
to  pious  profession.  But  these  earnest  men  left 
a  mark  upon  their  time  which  can  never  be  ef- 
faced. The  obscure  young  students  at  Oxford, 
in  1736,  who  were  first  called  ' '  Sacramentarians," 
then  "Bible  Moths,"  and  finally  "Methodists," 
produced  a  moral  revolution  in  England  which 
probably  saved  us  from  the  fate  of  nations  whol- 
ly abandoned  to  their  own  devices. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  119. 

4657.  REFORMERS,  False.  Seneca.  The  phi- 
losopher Seneca  could  write  of  the  duty  of 
conferring  benefits,  but  was  practically  a  griping 
usurer. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3,  p.  46. 

465S.  REFORMERS,  Self-condemned.  Polyg- 
amy.  While  the  tenets  of  Luther  were  rapidly 
gaining  ground  in  the  North,  the  following  fact 
will  convince  us  that  he  arrogated  to  himself  an 
authority  very  little  short  of  that  of  the  pope 
in  Germany.  Philip,  the  landgrave  of  Hesse 
Cassel,  had  taken  a  disgust  at  his  wife,  a  prin- 
cess of  the  house  of  Saxony,  who  he  alleged  was 
intolerably  ugly,  and  addicted  to  drunkenness. 
The  secret  was,  that  he  had  fallen  in  love  with  a 
young  lady  of  the  name  of  Saal,  whom  he  wanted 
to  marry.    Luther  at  this  time,  with  five  of  his 


653 


REFUGE— REINFORCEMENTS. 


followers,  was  holding  a  kind  of  synod  at  Wit- 
tenberg, for  the  regulation  of  all  matters  regard- 
ing the  church.  The  landgrave  presented  to  him 
a  petition,  setting  forth  his  case,  in  which  he  at 
the  same  time  insinuated,  that  in  case  Luther  and 
his  doctors  should  refuse  him  a  dispensation  of 
polygamy,  he  would,  perhaps,  be  obliged  to  ask  it 
of  the  pope.  The  synod  were  under  considerable 
difficulty.  The  interest  of  the  landgrave  was  too 
formidable  to  be  disregarded,  and  at  the  same 
time,  to  favor  him,  they  must  assume  to  them- 
selves a  power  of  breaking  a  law  of  Scripture. 
The  temporal  consideration  was  more  powerful 
than  the  spiritual  one.  They  agreed  to  give 
Philip  a  dispensation  for  polygamy,  and  he  ac- 
cordingly married  his  favorite,  even  with  the 
consent  of  his  former  wife. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  20,  p.  296. 

4659.  EEFUGE,  Sanctuary  for.  Fifteenth  Cen- 
tury. The  clergy  are  they  who  have  the  su- 
preme sway  over  the  country,  .  .  .  They  have 
provided  that  a  number  of  sacred  places  in  the 
kingdom  should  serve  for  the  refuge  and  escape 
of  all  delinquents ;  and  no  one,  were  he  a  traitor  to 
the  crown,  or  had  he  practised  against  the  king's 
own  person,  can  be  taken  out  of  these  by  force. 
And  a  villain  of  this  kind,  who,  for  some  great  ex- 
cess that  he  has  committed,  has  been  obliged  to 
take  refuge  in  one  of  these  sacred  places,  often 
goes  out  of  it  to  brawl  in  the  public  streets,  and 
then,  returning  to  it,  escapes  with  impunity  for 
every  fresh  offence  he  may  have  been  guilty  of. 
This  is  no  detriment  to  the  purses  of  the  priests, 
nor  to  the  other  perpetual  sanctuaries.  But  every 
church  is  a  sanctuary  for  forty  days  ;  and  if  a 
thief,  or  murderer,  who  has  taken  refuge  in 
one,  cannot  leave  it  in  safety  during  those  forty 
days  he  gives  notice  that  he  wishes  to  leave 
England.  In  which  case,  being  stripped  to  the 
shirt  by  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  place,  and  a 
crucifix  placed  in  his  hand,  he  is  conducted 
along  the  road  to  the  sea,  where,  if  he  finds  a 
passage,  he  may  go,  with  a  "  God  speed  you." 
But  if  he  should  not  find  one,  he  walks  into  the 
sea  up  to  the  throat,  and  three  times  asks  for 
passage ;  and  this  is  repeated  till  a  ship  ap- 
pears, which  comes  for  him,  and  so  he  departs 
in  safety. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15, 
p.  244. 

4660.  EEFUGE  secured.  In  Amenca.  Crom- 
well was  dead.  The  Commonwealth  tottered 
and  fell.  Charles  II.  was  restored  to  the  throne 
of  his  ancestors.  Tidings  of  the  Restoration 
reached  Boston  on  the  27th  of  July,  1660.  In 
the  same  vessel  that  bore  the  news  came  Edward 
Whalley  and  William  Goffe,  two  of  the  judges 
who  had  passed  sentence  of  death  on  Charles  I. 
It  was  now  their  turn  to  save  their  lives  by 
flight.  Governor  Endicott  received  them  with 
courtesy  ;  the  agents  from  the  British  Govern- 
ment came  in  hot  pursuit,  with  orders  to  arrest 
them.  For  a  while  the  fugitives,  aided  by  the 
people  of  Boston,  baffled  the  officers,  and  then 
escaped  to  New  Haven.  Here  for  many  weeks 
they  lay  in  concealment ;  not  even  the  Indians 
would  accept  the  reward  which  was  offered  for 
their  apprehension.  At  last  the  exiles  reached 
the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  and  found  ref- 
uge at  the  village  of  Hadley,  where  they  passed 
the  remainder  of  their  lives. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  14,  p.  137. 


4661.  EEFTJSAL.Contemptuous.  Emperor  Clmc 
dius.  [He  was  one  of  the  rival  emperors  of 
Rome.]  The  siege  of  Milan  was  continued,  and 
Aureolus  soon  discovered  that  the  success  of  his 
artifices  had  only  raised  up  a  more  determined 
adversary.  He  attempted  to  negotiate  with  Clau- 
dius a  treaty  of  alliance  and  partition.  "  Tell 
him,"  replied  the  intrepid  emperor,  "  that  such 
proposals  should  have  been  made  to  Gallienus  ; 
he,  perhaps,  might  have  listened  to  them  with 
patience,  and  accepted  a  colleague  as  despicable 
as  himself."  This  stern  refusal,  and  a  last  un- 
successful effort,  obliged  Aureolus  to  yield  the 
city  and  himself  to  the  discretion  of  the  conquer- 
or.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  11,  p.  333. 

4663.  EEFUSAL,  Disdainful.  Caled  the  Sar- 
acen. [He  invaded  Syria,  and  was  opposed  by 
a  Roman  army.]  In  the  presence  of  both  ar- 
mies, a  venerable  Greek  advanced  from  the  ranks^ 
with  a  liberal  offer  of  peace  ;  and  the  departure 
of  the  Saracens  would  have  been  purchased  by 
a  gift  to  each  soldier  of  a  turban,  a  robe,  and  a 
piece  of  gold  ;  ten  robes  and  one  hundred  pieces 
to  their  leader  ;  one  hundred  robes  and  one 
thousand  pieces  to  the  caliph.  A  smile  of  in- 
dignation expressed  the  refusal  of  Caled.  ' '  Ye 
Christian  dogs,  you  know  your  option — the- 
Koran,  the  tribute,  or  the  sword.  We  are  a  peo- 
ple whose  delight  is  in  war  rather  than  in 
peace,  and  we  despise  your  pitiful  alms,  since 
we  shall  be  speedily  masters  of  your  wealth, 
your  families,  and  your  persons." — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  195. 

4663.  EEFUSAL,  Happy.  Alexander's.  When 
he  came  within  a  short  distance  of  the  city  of 
Lampsacus,  which  he  had  determined  to  destroy, 
in  order  to  punish  the  rebellion  of  its  inhabitants,, 
he  saw  Anaximenes,  a  native  of  that  place,  com- 
ing to  him.  This  man,  who  was  a  famous  his- 
torian, had  been  very  intimate  with  Philip,  his. 
father ;  and  Alexander  himself  had  a  great  es- 
teem for  him,  having  been  his  pupil.  The  king, 
suspecting  the  business  he  was  come  upon,  to  be 
beforehand  with  him,  swore,  in  express  terms, 
that  he  would  never  grant  his  request.  "  The  fa- 
vor I  have  to  desire  of  you,"  says  Anaximenes, 
"is,  that  you  would  destroy  Lampsacus."  By 
this  witty  evasion,  the  historian  saved  his  coun- 
try.— Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  15,  §  3. 

4664.  EEGAED,  Insincere.  Themistodes.  This: 
prudent  general  used  to  say  the  Athenians  paid 
him  no  honor  or  sincere  respect  ;  but  when 
a  storm  arose,  or  danger  appeared,  they  sheltered 
themselves  under  him,  as  under  a  plane-tree, 
which,  when  the  weather  was  fair  again,  they 
would  rob  of  its  leaves  and  branches. — Plu- 
tarch's Themistocles. 

4665.  EEIGN,  The  longest.  Louis  XIV.  Loui& 
was  crowned  in  1643,  when  four  years  old,  and 
he  reigned  until  his  death  in  1715.  His  reign, 
the  longest  on  record,  had  occupied  seventy-two 
years. — Students'  France,  ch.  22,  §  13. 

4666.  EEINFOECEMENTS,  Dangerous.  Vir- 
ginia. In  the  midst  of  these  dark  days.  Captain. 
[Christopher]  Newport  arrived  from  England. 
He  brought  a  full  store  of  supplies,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  emigrants.  Great  was  the  joy 
throughout  the  little  plantation  ;  only  the  presi- 
dent was  at  heart  as  much  grieved  as  gladdened, 
for  he  saw  in  the  character  of  the  new-comers  no- 


RELIC— RELICS. 


553 


promise  of  anything  but  vexation  and  disaster. 
Here  were  thirty -four  gentlemen  at  the  head  of 
the  list,  to  begin  with  ;  then  came  gold-hunters, 
jewellers,  engravers,  adventurers,  strollers,  and 
vagabonds  :  many  of  them  had  more  business  in 
jail  than  in  Jamestown.  To  add  to  Smith's  cha- 
grin, this  company  of  worthless  creatures  had 
been  sent  out  contrary  to  his  previous  protest 
and  injunction.  He  had  urged  Newport  to  bring 
over  only  a  few  industrious  mechanics  and  la- 
borers ;  but  the  love  of  gold  among  the  members 
of  the  London  Company  had  prevailed  over  com- 
mon-sense to  send  to  Virginia  another  crowd  of 
profligates. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  9,  p.  103. 

4667.  RELIC,  An  auspicious.  "  Tim  Holy 
Lance."  [The  Crusaders  were  reduced  to  great 
distress  when  besieged  by  the  Turks  in  Anti- 
och.]  Of  the  diocese  of  Marseilles,  there  was  a 
priest  of  low  cunning  and  loose  manners,  and  his 
name  was  Peter  Bartholemy.  He  presented  him- 
self at  the  door  of  the  council-chamber,  to  dis- 
iK  close  an  apparition  of  St.  Andrew,  which  had 
1^^  been  thrice  reiterated  in  his  sleep,  with  a  dread- 
^l^ul  menace  if  he  presumed  to  suppress  the  com- 
j^^Baands  of  Heaven.  "  At  Antioch,"  said  the  apos- 
nPRle,  "  in  the  church  of  my  brother,  St.  Peter,  near 
the  high  altar,  is  concealed  the  steel  head  of  the 
lance  that  pierced  the  side  of  our  Redeemer.  In 
three  days  that  instrument  of  eternal,  and  now 
of  temporal,  salvation  will  be  manifested  to  his 
disciples.  Search,  and  ye  shall  find  ;  bear  it 
aloft  in  battle,  and  that  mystic  weapon  shall  pen- 
etrate the  souls  of  the  miscreants."  The  pope's 
legate,  the  bishop  of  Puy,  aifected  to  listen  with 
coldness  and  distrust ;  but  the  revelation  was 
eagerly  accepted  by  Count  Raymond,  whom  his 
faithful  subject,  in  the  name  of  the  apostle,  had 
chosen  for  the  guardian  of  the  holy  lance.  The 
experiment  was  resolved  ;  and  on  the  third  day, 
;  after  a  due  preparation  of  prayer  and  fasting, 
the  priest  of  Marseilles  introduced  twelve  trusty 
spectators,  among  whom  were  the  count  and  his 
chaplain  ;  and  the  church-doors  were  barred 
against  the  impetuous  multitude.  The  ground 
was  opened  in  the  appointed  place  ;  but  the  work- 
men, who  relieved  each  other,  dug  to  the  depth 
of  twelve  feet  without  discovering  the  object  of 
their  search.  In  the  evening,  when  Count  Ray- 
mond had  withdrawn  to  his  post,  and  the  weary 
assistants  began  to  murmur,  Bartholemy,  in  his 
shirt,  and  without  his  shoes,  boldly  descended 
into  the  pit.  The  darkness  of  the  hour  and  of  the 
place  enabled  him  to  secrete  and  deposit  the  head 
of  a  Saracen  lance,  and  the  first  sound,  the  first 
\  gleam  of  the  steel  was  saluted  with  a  devout 
rapture.  The  holy  lance  was  drawn  from  its  re- 
cess, wrapped  in  a  veil  of  silk  and  gold,  and  ex- 
posed to  the  veneration  of  the  Crusaders. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  58,  p.  586. 

466§.  RELICS,  Bogus.  Religious.  Luther  .  .  . 
>  directed  a  vigorous  attack  upon  the  Archbishop 
j  Albert  of  Mayence,  brother  of  the  Elector  of 
Brandenburg.  This  church  dignitary,  in  need 
of  money,  had  again  set  up  the  traffic  with  indul- 
gences in  the  city  of  Halle,  establishing  a  great 
shrine  of  relics,  and  inviting  all  to  visit  the  same. 
He  had  collected  a  multitude  of  glorious  relics, 
about  nine  thousand  in  number.  Among  these 
\.  were  remains  of  saints,  a  portion  of  the  body  of 
the  patriarch  Isaac,  remnants  of  manna,  pieces 
of  Moses'  burning  bush,  jugs  from  the  marriage 


feast  at  Cana,  some  of  the  wine  which  Christ 
made  of  water  on  that  occasion,  thorns  from 
Jesus'  martyr  crown,  one  of  the  stones  with 
which  Stephen  was  killed,  and  many  other  glo- 
rious relics.  Against  all  this  abomination  Luther 
wrote  a  treatise  entitled,  "Against  the  Idol  la 
Halle,"  and  sent  it  to  Wittenberg  for  publica- 
tion.— Rein's  Luther,  ch.  10,  p.  97. 

4669.  RELICS,  Fictitioas.  Girdle.  [Mary  Mag- 
dalen's girdle  was  found  in  a  monastery,  and  sent 
to  Lord  Cromwell  in  1535.] — Knight's  Eng 
vol.  3,  ch.  33,  p.  366. 

4670. .     Profitable.     [Erasmus  de^ 

scribes,  in  his  Colloquies,  the  exhibition  of  relics 
in  1509.]  The  joint  of  a  man's  finger  is  exhib- 
ited to  us,  the  largest  of  three.  I  kiss  it ;  and  then 
I  ask,  "  Whose  relics  were  these  ?"  He  says,  "  St. 
Peter's."  "  The  Apostle  ?"  He  said,"  Yes."  Then, 
observing  the  size  of  the  joint,  which  might  have 
been  that  of  a  giant,  I  remarked  Peter  must 
have  been  a  man  of  very  large  size.  [What 
looked  like  ground  chalk  mixed  with  the  white 
of  an  egg  was  shown  to  him  as  the  milk  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin.  At  the  shrine  of  St.  Thomas  at 
Canterbury  he  saw  in  the  sacristy  a  box  of 
black  leather  which  contained  some  torn  frag- 
ments of  linen  which  were  once  worn  by  St. 
Thomas.  He  was  also  shown  the  upper  part  of  a 
shoe  which  was  bound  with  a  brass  rim,  and  in  it 
was  a  piece  of  glass  resembling  a  jewel,  which 
might  be  kissed  for  a  small  coin.  It  was  the  shoe 
of  St.  Thomas.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  15, 
p.  346. 

4671.  .     Religious.     In  the  reign 

of  the  younger  Theodosius,  Lucian,  a  presbyter 
of  Jerusalem,  .  .  .  related  a  very  singular  dream, 
which,  to  remove  his  doubts,  had  been  repeat- 
ed on  three  successive  Saturdays.  A  vener- 
able figure  stood  before  him,  in  the  silence  of 
the  night,  with  a  long  beard,  a  white  robe,  and 
a  gold  rod  ;  announced  himself  by  the  name  of 
Gamaliel,  and  revealed  to  the  astonished  presby- 
ter that  his  own  corpse,  with  the  bodies  of  his 
son  Abibas,  his  friend  Nicodemus,  and  the  illus- 
trious Stephen,  the  first  martyr  of  the  Christiaa 
faith,  were  secretly  buried  in  the  adjacent  field. 
He  added,  with  some  impatience,  that  it  was 
time  to  release  himself  and  his  companions  from 
their  obscure  prison  ;  that  their  appearance 
would  be  salutary  to  a  distressed  world,  and  that 
they  had  made  choice  of  Lucian  to  inform  the 
bishop  of  Jerusalem  of  their  situation  and  their 
wishes.  The  doubts  and  difficulties  which  still 
retarded  this  important  discovery  were  succes- 
sively removed  by  new  visions,  and  the  ground 
was  opened  by  the  bishop,  in  the  presence  of  an 
innumerable  multitude.  The  coffins  of  Gamaliel, 
of  his  son,  and  of  his  friend  were  found  in  reg- 
ular order  ;  but  when  the  fourth  coffin,  which 
contained  the  remains  of  Stephen,  was  shown  to 
the  light,  the  earth  trembled,  and  an  odor,  such 
as  that  of  Paradise,  was  smelt,  which  instantly 
cured  the  various  diseases  of  seventy-three  of  the 
assistants.  The  companions  of  Stephen  were 
left  In  their  peaceful  residence  of  Caphargamala  ; 
but  the  relics  of  the  first  martyr  were  transport- 
ed, in  solemn  procession,  to  a  church  constructed 
in  their  honor  on  Mount  Sion,  and  the  mi- 
nute particles  of  those  relics,  a  drop  of  blood,  or 
the  scrapings  of  a  bone,  were  acknowledged,  in 
almost  every  province  of  the  Roman  world,  to 


j554 


RELICS. 


possess  a  divine  and  miraculous  virtue. — Gib- 
:bon's  Rome,  ch.  28,  p.  158. 

4672. .  Religious.  The  zeal,  per- 
haps the  avarice,  of  the  clergy  of  Jerusalem,  .  .  . 
fixed,  by  unquestionable  tradition,  the  scene  of 
•each  memorable  event.  They  exhibited  the  in- 
struments which  had  been  used  in  the  passion  of 
'Christ ;  the  nails  and  the  lance  that  had  pierced 
His  hands.  His  feet,  and  His  side  ;  the  crown  of 
thorns  that  was  planted  on  His  head  ;  the  pillar 
a'  which  He  was  scourged  ;  and,  above  all,  they 
rshowed  the  cross  on  which  He  suffered, and  which 
was  dug  out  of  the  earth  in  the  reign  of  those 
princes  who  inserted  the  symbol  of  Christianity 
in  the  banners  of  the  Roman  legions.  Such  mir- 
acles as  seemed  necessary  to  account  for  its  ex- 
traordinary preservation  and  seasonable  discov- 
ery were  gradually  propagated  without  opposi- 
tion. The  custody  of  the  true  cross,  which  on 
Easter  Sunday  was  solemnlj'-  exposed  to.the  peo- 
ple, was  intrusted  to  the  bishop  of  Jerusalem  ; 
and  he  alone  might  gratify  the  curious  devotion 
of  the  pilgrims  by  the  gift  of  small  pieces,  which 
they  enchased  in  gold  or  gems,  and  carried  awa}^ 
in  triumph  to  their  respective  countries.  But  as 
this  gainful  branch  of  commerce  must  soon  have 
l)een  annihilated,  it  was  found  convenient  to  sup- 
pose that  the  marvellous  wood  possessed  a  se- 
cret power  of  vegetation,  and  that  its  substance, 
though  continually  diminished,  still  remained  en- 
tire and  unimpaired. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  23, 
p.  434. 

4673. .  Grown  of  Thorns.  [Bald- 
win II.,  emperor  at  Constantinople,  claimed  to 
possess  the  crown  which  had  been  placed  on  the 
head  of  Christ.]  It  had  formerly  been  the  prac- 
tice of  the  Egyptian  debtors  to  deposit,  as  a  se- 
curity, the  mummies  of  their  parents  ;  and  both 
their  honor  and  religion  were  bound  for  the  re- 
demption of  the  pledge.  In  the  same  manner, 
iind  in  the  absence  of  the  emperor,  the  barons  of 
Romania  borrowed  the  sum  of  thirteen  thousand 
one  hundred  and  thirty-four  pieces  of  gold  on 
the  credit  of  the  holy  crown. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
<;h.  61,  p.  122. 

4674. .     Religious.     The  ambassa- 

-dors  of  Recared,  the  first  Catholic  king  of  Spain, 
respectfully  offered,  on  the  threshold  of  the  Vat- 
ican, his  rich  presents  of  gold  and  gems  ;  they  ac- 
•cepted,  as  a  lucrative  exchange,  the  hairs  of  St. 
John  the  Baptist,  a  cross  which  enclosed  a  small 
piece  of  the  true  wood,  and  a  key  that  contain- 
•ed  some  particles  of  iron  which  had  been  scraped 
from  the  chains  of  St.  Peter. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  37,  p.  562. 

4675. .     Religious.     [The  Roman 

^empress  Eudocia  became  greatly  devoted  to  re- 
ligion.] In  the  Holy  Land,  her  alms  and  pious 
foundations  exceeded  the  munificence  of  the  great 
Helena ;  and  though  the  public  treasure  might 
be  impoverished  by  this  excessive  liberality,  she 
enjoyed  the  conscious  satisfaction  of  returning 
to  Constantinople  with  the  chains  of  St.  Peter, 
the  right  arm  of  St.  Stephen,  and  an  undoubted 
picture  of  the  Virgin,  painted  by  St.  Luke. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  82,  p.  356. 

4676.  RELICS,  Honored.  Religious.  [In  the 
sthirteenth  century  the  Venetians  received  the 
crown  of  thorns  from  Constantinople.  It  was 
borne  in  a  silver  shrine,  enclosed  in  a  golden 


vase.  It  was  afterward  conveyed  to  France.] 
The  court  of  France  advanced  as  far  as  Troyes, 
in  Champagne,  to  meet  with  devotion  this  ines- 
timable relic  ;  it  was  borne  in  triumph  through 
Paris  by  the  king  himself,  barefoot,  and  in  his 
shirt.  The  success  of  this  transaction  tempted 
the  Latin  emperor  to  offer,  with  the  same  gener- 
osity, the  remaining  furniture  of  his  chapel  ;  a 
large  and  authentic  portion  of  the  true  cross ; 
the  baby-linen  of  the  Son  of  God,  the  lance,  the 
sponge  and  the  chain  of  His  passion  ;  the  rod  of 
Moses,  and  part  of  the  skull  of  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist. For  the  reception  of  these  spiritual  treas- 
ures, twenty  thousand  marks  were  expended  by 
St.  Louis  on  a  stately  foundation,  the  holy  chap- 
el of  Paris.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  61,  p.  123. 

4677.  RELICS,  Sacred.  Rsign  of  Theodasius. 
In  the  age  which  followed  the  conversion  of  Con- 
stantine,  the  emperors,  the  consuls,  and  the  gen- 
erals of  armies  devoutly  visited  the  sepulchres 
of  a  tentmaker  and  a  fisherman,  and  their  ven- 
erable bones  were  deposited  under  the  altars  of 
Christ,  on  which  the  bishops  of  the  royal  city 
continually  offered  the  unbloody  sacrifice.  .  .  . 
The  bodies  of  St.  Andrew,  St.  Luke,  and  St. 
Timothy  had  reposed  near  three  hundred  years 
in  the  obscure  graves,  from  whence  they  were 
transported,  in  solemn  pomp,  to  the  church  of 
the  apostles,  which  the  magnificence  of  Constan- 
tine  had  founded  on  the  banks  of  the  Thracian 
Bosphorus.  About  fifty  years  afterward,  the 
same  banks  were  honored  by  the  presence  of 
Samuel,  the  judge  and  prophet  of  the  people  of 
Israel.  His  ashes,  deposited  in  a  golden  vase, 
and  covered  with  a  silken  veil,  were  delivered  by 
the  bishops  into  each  other's  hands.  The  relics 
of  Samuel  were  received  by  the  people  with  the 
same  joy  and  reverence  which  they  would  have 
shown  to  the  living  prophet ;  the  highways,  from 
Palestine  to  the  gates  of  Constantinople,  were 
filled  with  an  uninterrupted  procession  ;  and  the 
emperor  Arcadius  himself,  at  the  head  of  the 
most  illustrious  members  of  the  clergy  and  senate, 
advanced  to  meet  his  extraordinary  guest,  who 
had  always  deserved  and  claimed  the  homage  of 
kings. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  28,  p.  156. 

4678.  RELICS,  Superstitious  regard  for.  Bones. 
[In  1065,  Harold  II.,  King  of  the  Anglo-Saxons, 
swore  to  support  William  the  Norman  in  his 
contest  for  the  crown  of  England  ;  but  he  swore 
with  a  mental  reservation.  He  stands]  between 
two  ornamental  pedestals,  upon  the  top  of  which 
he  places  the  ends  of  his  fingers.  He  is  swear- 
ing upon  common  reliquaries,  as  he  thought ; 
such  as  parish  priests  in  England  kept  upon  their 
altars,  to  command  the  faith  of  ignorant  boors. 
He  swears.  But  under  the  reliquaries  are  hidden, 
by  a  cloth  of  gold,  the  bones  of  saints  and  holy 
martyrs.  William  then  commands  the  cloth  to 
be  removed,  and  Harold  turns  pale  when  he 
knows  the  supersanctity  of  the  oath  which  ha 
has  taken. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  13,  p.  174. 

4679.  RELICS,  Virtue  of.  Christian,  a.d. 
643.  The  shrines  of  the  apostles  were  guarded 
by  miracles  and  invisible  terrors  ;  and  it  was  not 
without  fear  that  the  pious  Catholic  approached 
the  object  of  his  worship.  It  was  fatal  to  touch, 
it  was  dangerous  to  behold,  the  bodies  of  the 
saints  ;  and  those  who,  from  the  purest  motives, 
presumed  to  disturb  the  repose  of  the  sanctuary 
were  affrighted  by  visions,  or  punished  with  sua- 


RELIGION. 


555 


•den  death.  The  unreasonable  request  of  an  em- 
press, who  wished  to  deprive  the  Romans  of 
their  sacred  treasure,  the  head  of  St.  Paul,  was 
rejected  with  the  deepest  abhorrence ;  and  the 
pope  asserted,  most  probably  with  truth,  that  a 
linen  which  had  been  sanctified  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  his  body,  or  the  filings  of  his  chain, 
which  it  was  sometimes  easy  and  sometimes  im- 
possible to  obtain,  possessed  an  equal  degree  of 
miraculous  virtue.  But  the  power  as  well  as 
virtue  of  the  apostles  resided  with  living  energy 
;in  the  breast  of  their  successors. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  45,  p.  419. 

46§0.  BELIGION,  False  Ambition  in.  Boman 
Emperor  Julian.  He  resolved  to  erect,  without 
delay,  on  the  commanding  eminence  of  Moriah, 
a  stately  temple,  which  might  eclipse  the  splen- 
dor of  the  church  of  the  resurrection  on  the  ad- 
jacent hill  of  Calvary  ;  to  establish  an  order  of 
priests,  whose  interested  zeal  would  detect  the 
arts,  and  resist  the  ambition,  of  their  Christian 
rivals  ;  and  to  invite  a  numerous  colony  of  Jews, 
whose  stern  fanaticism  would  be  always  prepar- 
ed to  second,  and  even  to  anticipate,  the  hostile 
measures  of  the  Pagan  government. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  33,  p.  437. 

46§1.  EELIGION,  Austerity  in.  Blaise  Pas- 
xal.  He  removed  from  his  room  all  superfluous 
or  luxurious  articles,  refused  the  assistance  of 
servants,  brought  his  own  dinner  from  the  kitch- 
■en,  fasted  frequently,  partook  only  of  the  plain- 
est fare,  passed  hours  every  day  in  prayer,  and 
gave  all  the  money  he  could  spare  to  the  poor. 
Around  his  waist,  next  his  skin,  he  wore  a  girdle 
of  iron,  with  points  directed  inward,  and  when 
he  caught  himself  taking  pleasure  in  anything 
not  spiritual,  or  when  any  trifling  or  pleasant 
thought  arose  in  his  mind,  he  would  press  the 
points  into  his  flesh  with  his  elbow,  to  recall  him- 
self to  what  he  called  his  ' '  duty. "  His  two  great 
Tules  were  to  indulge  in  nothing  he  could  do 
without,  and  to  enjoy  no  worldly  pleasure.  He 
considered  it  a  sin  to  take  pleasure  in  his  food, 
and  purposely  avoided  the  viands  in  which  he 
had  formerly  delighted.  He  took  great  pains 
not  to  taste  what  he  ate. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.  , 
p.  101. 

46§3.  RELIGION,  Benefits  of.  Cimlization. 
[See  No.  909.]  The  great  engine  of  the  civiliza- 
tion of  the  Greeks  was  the  introduction  of  a  na- 
tional religion  by  those  eastern  colonies  ;  and,  in- 
spired with  the  enthusiasm  of  all  new  converts, 
it  is  no  wonder  that  superstition  was  at  this  time 
their  predominant  characteristic,  fo  this  a.ge, 
therefore,  and  to  this  character  of  the  people,  we 
must  refer  the  origin  of  the  Grecian  oracles  and 
the  institution  of  the  public  games  in  honor  of 
the  gods. — Tytler'sHist.,  Book  1,  ch.  7,  p.  64. 

4683.  RELIGION,  Bond  of.  Scotch  Covenant. 
James  [I.]  had,  with  some  success,  established  in 
that  country  [Scotland]  a  hierarchy  on  the  pat- 
tern of  the  English  church,  and  Charles  wanted 
to  complete  the  work  of  his  father  by  resting  dis- 
■cipline  upon  a  regular  system  of  canons,  and 
modelling  the  public  worship  by  the  forms  of  a 
liturgy.  These  designs  were  extremely  odious  to 
the  Scots,  and  they  met  with  the  reception  which 
might  have  been  expected.  The  Bishop  of  Edin- 
burgh, beginning  to  read  the  service  in  the  cathe- 
dral-church, was  assaulted  with  the  most  furious 
rage,  and  narrowly  escaped  being  torn  in  pieces 


by  the  populace.  The  tumult  spread  through  the 
whole  kingdom,  and  the  heads  of  tne  Presbyte- 
rian party,  assembling  themselves  in  the  capital, 
subscribed  the  famous  bond  called  the  National 
Covenant,  by  which,  after  a  formal  renunciation 
of  the  abominations  of  popery,  they  bound  them- 
selves by  a  solemm  oath  to  resist  all  religious  in- 
novations, and  to  defend  to  the  utmost  the  glory 
of  God  and  the  honor  of  their  king  and  country. 
The  consequences  of  this  association,  which  was 
eagerly  subscribed  by  all  ranks  and  conditions 
of  the  people,  were  extremely  alarming ;  and 
Charles,  perceiving  he  had  gone  too  far,  ofiered  to 
suspend  the  use  of  the  liturgy,  provided  matters 
were  put  on  the  same  footing  as  before,  and  the 
Scots  would  retract  their  covenant.  But  they  re- 
plied that  they  would  sooner  renounce  their  bap- 
tism ;  and  summoning  a  general  assembly  at  Glas- 
gow, they,  with  great  deliberation,  not  only  an- 
nulled the  liturgy  and  canons,  but  utterly  abol- 
ished the  episcopal  hierarchy,  which,  for  above 
thirty  years,  had  quietly  subsisted  in  the  king- 
dom.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  29,  p.  401. 
46§4.  RELIGION,  Burdened  by.  In  Ireland.. 
[Reign  of  James  II.]  The  Protestant  Noncon- 
formists, on  their  side,  endured  with  more  pa- 
tience than  could  have  been  expected  the  sight 
of  the  most  absurd  ecclesiastical  establishment 
that  the  world  has  ever  seen.  Four  archbishops 
and  eighteen  bishops  were  employed  in  looking 
after  about  a  fifth  part  of  the  number  of  Church- 
men who  inhabited  the  single  diocese  of  London. 
Of  the  parochial  clergy  a  large  proportion  wer6 
pluralists,  and  resided  at  a  distance  from  their 
cures.  There  were  some  who  drew  from  their 
benefices  incomes  of  little  less  than  a  thousand  a 
year,  without  ever  performing  any  spiritual  func- 
tion.— Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  6,  p.  123. 

4685.  RELIGION,  Burdensome.  Tnfles.  Two 
priests  of  the  best  families  of  Rome,  Cornelius 
Cethegus  and  Quintus  Suipicius,  were  degraded 
from  the  priesthood  ;  the  former  because  he  did 
not  present  the  entrails  of  the  victim  according  to 
rule;  and  the  latter  because,  as  he  was  sacrificing, 
the  tuft  of  his  cap,  which  was  such  an  one  as  the 
Flamines  wear,  fell  off.  And  because  the  squeak- 
ing of  a  rat  happened  to  be  heard  at  the  moment 
that  Minucius  the  Dictator  appointed  Caius  Fla- 
minius  his  general  of  horse,  the  people  obliged 
them  to  quit  their  posts,  and  appointed  others 
in  their  stead. — Plutarch's  Marcellus. 

4686.  RELIGION,  Champion  for.  John  Milton. 
Milton  was  resolute  in  his  religion  at  Rome,  so 
much  so  that  many  were  deterred  from  showing 
him  the  civilities  they  were  prepared  to  offer. 
His  rule,  he  says,  was  "  not  of  my  own  accord  to 
introduce  in  those  places  conversation  about 
religion,  but,  if  interrogated  respecting  the  faith, 
then,  whatsoever  I  should  suffer,  to  dissemble 
nothing.  What  I  was,  if  any  one  asked,  I  con- 
cealed from  no  one  ;  if  any  one  in  the  very  city 
of  the  pope  attacked  the  orthodox  religion,  I  de- 
fended it  most  freely."  Beyond  the  statement 
that  the  English  Jesuits  were  indignant,  we  hear 
of  no  evil  consequences  of  this  imprudence. — 
Milton,  by  M.  Pattison,  ch.  3. 

4687.  RELIGION,  Irreligious  Champion  of.  8t. 
John  Lord  Bolingbroke.  a.d.  1711.  Indifferent 
not  to  the  forms  of  religion  only,  but  to  religion 
itself,  he  was  the  unscrupulous  champion  of  the 
High  Church,  and  supported  the  worst  acts  of 


556 


RELIGION. 


its   most  intolerant  policy  [while  secretary  of 
state].— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  eh.  21. 

468§.  RELIGION  changed.  For  Money.  After 
some  previous  negotiation,  the  amiable  and  fas- 
cmating  Henrietta  of  Orleans,  Charles'  sister, 
who  possessed  much  influence  over  him,  arrived 
at  Dover  on  a  secret  mission  in  May,  1670,  and 
a  treaty  was  shortly  afterward  concluded,  the  pro- 
visions of  which,  discreditable  to  both  sovereigns, 
must  cover  the  memory  of  Charles  [II.]  with  pe- 
culiar and  eternal  infamy.  He  engaged  to  aban- 
don his  late  allies,  and  join  Louis  in  invading 
Holland,  furnishing  a  contingent  of  six  thousand 
men  and  a  fleet  of  flf  ty  sail  ;  he  was  also  to  make 
a  public  profession  of  the  Roman  Catholic  relig- 
ion, and  propagate  it  to  the  utmost  of  his  power 
in  his  dominions.  As  the  price  of  these  disgrace- 
ful acts  of  treachery,  Charles  was  to  receive  from 
Louis  an  annual  subsidy  of  three  millions  (£120,- 
000)  during  the  war,  together  with  the  island  of 
Walcheren,  and  two  fortresses  on  the  Scheldt, 
as  his  share  of  the  spoil. — Students'  France 
ch.  21,  §  5. 

46§9.  EELIGION  and  Commerce.  Codfish. 
Gold  lured  the  Spaniards  to  South  America  and 
Mexico  ;  but  the  humbler  bait  which  attracted 
the  French  to  Northern  America  was  codfish.  In 
Catholic  countries  there  are  so  many  days  on 
which  meat  may  not,  and  fish  may  be,  eaten,  that 
fish  is  an  article  of  very  great  importance  ;  and 
this  was  perhaps  the  reason  why  the  French,  as 
early  as  1525,  only  thirty-three  years  after  the 
discovery  of  America,  had  a  considerable  fleet 
of  fishing  vessels  on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland. 
— Cyclopedia  op  Biog.  ,  p.  368. 

4690.  RELIGION  a  Conflict.  Duality  of  Man. 
The  religious  history  of  man  is  essentially  the 
same  in  all  ages.  It  takes  its  rise  in  the  duality 
of  his  nature.  He  is  an  animal,  and  as  an  ani- 
mal he  desires  bodily  pleasure,  and  shrinks  from 
bodily  pain.  As  a  being  capable  of  morality,  he 
is  conscious  that  for  him  there  exists  a  right  and 
wrong.  Something,  whatever  that  something 
may  be,  binds  him  to  choose  one  and  avoid  the 
other.  This  is  his  religion,  his  religatio,  his  ob- 
ligation, in  the  sense  in  which  the  Romans,  from 
whom  we  take  it,  used  the  word  ;  and  obliga- 
tion implies  some  superior  power  to  which  man 
owes  obedience.  The  conflict  between  his  two 
dispositions  agitates  his  heart  and  perplexes  his 
intellect.  To  do  what  the  superior  power  re- 
quires of  him,  he  must  thwart  his  inclinations. 
He  dreads  punishment,  if  he  neglects  to  do  it. 
He  invents  methods  by  which  he  can  indulge  his 
appetites,  and  finds  a  substitute  by  which  he  can 
propitiate  his  invisible  ruler  or  rulers.  He  offers 
sacrifices  ;  he  institutes  ceremonies  and  observ- 
ances.—Froude's  BUNYAN,  ch.  2. 

4691.  RELIGION,  Confusion  in.  James  II.  The 
king  early  put  the  loyalty  of  his  Protestant  friends 
to  the  proof.  While  he  was  a  subject  he  had 
been  in  the  habit  of  hearing  mass  with  closed 
doors  in  a  small  oratory  which  had  been  fitted 
up  for  his  wife.  He  now  ordered  the  doors  to 
be  thrown  open,  in  order  that  all  who  came  to 
pay  their  duty  to  him  might  see  the  ceremony. 
When  the  host  was  elevated  there  was  a  strange 
confusion  in  the  antechamber.  The  Roman 
Catholics  fell  on  their  knees  ;  the  Protestants 
hurried  out  of  the  room.  Soon  a  new  pulpit  was 
erected  in  the  palace  ;  and  during  Lent  a  series 


of  sermons  was  preached  there  by  popish  divines, 
to  the  great  discomposure  of  zealous  churchmen' 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  438. 

4692.  RELIGION,  Consolation  of.     Charles  I. 
Bishop  Juxon,  who  attended   him  to  the  last 
moment,  as  he  approached  the  block,  said  to  him, 
"  Sire,  there  is  but  one  step  more,  a  sharp  and 
short  one  !    Remember  that  in  another  second 
you  will  ascend  from  earth  to  heaven,  and  that 
there  you  will  find  in  an  infinite  and  inexhausti- 
ble joy  the  reward  of  your  sacrifice,  and  a  crown 
that  shall  never  pass  away."    "  My  friend,"  re- 
plied Charles,  interrupting  him  with  perfect  com- 
posure, "  I  go  from  a  corruptible  crown  to  aa  j 
incorruptible  one,  and  which,  as  you  say,  I  feel  1 
convinced  I  shall  possess  forever  without  trouble  ■ 
or  anxiety." — Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  48. 

4693.  RELIGION,  Contradicted.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln.    Two  ladies  from  Tennessee  came  before 
the  President,  asking  the  release  of  their  hus- 
bands, held  as  prisoners  of  war  at  Johnson's 
Island.  ...     At  each  of  these  interviews  one 
of  the  ladies  urged  that  her  husband  was  a  re- 
ligious man.  .  .  .    When  the  President  ordered 
the  release,  he  said  to  this  lady  :  "  You  say  your    J 
husband  is  a  religious  man  ;  tell  him  when  you   * 
meet  him  that  I  say  I  am  not  much  of  a  judge     ' 
of  religion,  but  that  in  my  opinion  the  religion 
which  sets  men  to  rebel  against  the  government, 
because,  as  they  think,  that  government  does  not 
sufilciently  help  some  men  to  eat  their  bread  in 
the  sweat  of  other  men's  faces,  is  not  the  sort  ot 
religion  upon  which  people  can  get  to  heaven." 
— Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  735. 

4694.  RELIGION,  Courage  by.  Reign  ofJamef. 
II.  [Protestant  rebels  under  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth.] The  number  of  the  rebels  whom  Jef- 
freys hanged  on  this  circuit  was  three  hundred 
and  twenty.  .  .  .  They  were,  for  the  most  part, 
men  of  blameless  life  and  of  high  religious  pro 
f  ession.  They  were  regarded  by  themselves,  and 
by  a  large  proportion  of  their  neighbors,  not  as 
wrong-doers,  but  as  martyrs  who  sealed  with 
blood  the  truth  of  the  Protestant  religion.  Very 
few  of  the  convicts  professed  any  repentance  for 
what  they  had  done.  Many,  animated  by  the 
old  Puritan  spirit,  met  death,  not  merely  with 
fortitude,  but  with  exultation.  .  .  .  Some  of 
them  composed  hymns  in  the  dungeon  and 
chanted  them  on  the  fatal  sledge.  Christ,  they 
sang,  while  they  were  undressing  for  the  butch- 
ery, would  soon  come  to  rescue  Zion  and  to  make 
Avar  on  Babylon,  would  set  up  His  standard, 
would  blow  His  trumpet,  and  would  requite 
His  foes  tenfold  for  all  the  evil  which  had  been 
inflicted  on  His  servants. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  5,  p.  598. 

4695.  RELIGION,  Decline  of.  Samuel  John 
son.  Boswell  :  "  Is  there  not  less  religion  in  the. 
nation  now,  sir,  than  there  was  formerly  ?"  John- 
son :  "I  don't  know,  sir,  that  there  is."  Bob- 
well  :  "  For  instance,  there  used  to  be  a  chap- 
lain in  every  great  family,  which  we  do  not  find 
now."  Johnson:  "Neither  do  you  find  any 
of  the  state  servants  which  great  families  used 
formerly  to  have.  There  is  a  change  of  modes 
in  the  whole  department  of  life." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  166. 

4696.  RELIGION,  Devotion  to.      Columbm. 
Throughout  his  life  he  was  noted  for  strict  at- 


m 


RELIGION. 


557 


tention  to  the  offices  of  religion,  observing  rigor- 
ously the  fasts  and  ceremonies  of  the  church ; 
nor  did  his  piety  consist  in  mere  forms,  but  par- 
took of  that  lofty  and  solemn  enthusiasm  with 
which  his  whole  character  was  strongly  tinct- 
ured.— Irving's  Columbus,  ch.  4. 

4697.  BELIOION,  Discord  in.  Egyptians.  [A 
natural  cause  of]  discords  among  themselves  was 
the  variety  and  difference  of  the  objects  of  relig- 
ious worship  in  the  different  provinces  of  the 
kingdom.  The  same  animals  that  were  regard- 
ed in  one  province  with  the  most  superstitious 
reverence  were  in  another  the  objects  of  de- 
testation and  abhorrence.  In  one  quarter  they 
tamed  the  crocodiles,  adorned  them  with  gold 
and  jewels,  and  worshipped  them  ;  in  another 
they  killed  those  animals  without  mercy.  In  one 
province  the  most  sacred  animal  was  a  dog  ;  in 
another  they  reckoned  dog's  flesh  the  most  deli- 
cate food.  Cats  were  adored  in  one  district, 
.and  rats  in  another.  From  these  differences 
arose  perpetual  and  violent  animosities  ;  for 
there  are  no  contentions  so  rancorous  as  those 
which  spring  from  the  most  trifling  differences 
in  religious  worship  or  opinion.  ' '  The  multi- 
tude," says  Diodorus,  "  have  been  often  inflamed 
into  the  highest  pitch  of  fury  on  account  of  the 
sacrilegious  murder  of  a  divine  cat." — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4,  p.  46. 

469§.  EELIGION  disguised.  Pagans.  The 
temples  of  the  Roman  Empire  were  deserted,  or 
•destroyed  ;  but  the  ingenious  superstition  of  the 
Pagans  still  attempted  to  elude  the  laws  of  Theo- 
dosius,  by  which  all  sacrifices  had  been  severely 
prohibited.  The  inhabitants  of  the  country, 
Tvhose  conduct  was  less  opposed  to  the  eye  of 
malicious  curiosity,  disguised  their  religious, 
under  the  appearance  of  convivial,  meetings.  On 
the  days  of  solemn  festivals  they  assembled  in 
great  numbers  under  the  spreading  shade  of 
^orae  consecrated  trees ;  sheep  and  oxen  were 
slaughtered  and  roasted ;  and  this  rural  enter- 
tainment  was  sanctified  by  the  use  of  incense, 
and  by  the  hymns  which  were  sung  in  honor  of 
the  gods.  But  it  was  alleged  that,  as  no  part  of 
the  animal  was  made  a  burnt-offering,  as  no  al- 
tar was  provided  to  receive  the  blood,  and  as  the 
previous  oblation  of  salt  cakes  and  the  conclud- 
ing ceremony  of  libations  were  carefully  omit- 
ted, these  festal  meetings  did  not  involve  the 
guests  in  the  guilt  or  penalty  of  an  illegal  sacri- 
fice.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  28,  p.  148. 

4699.  EELIGION,  Diverse  Views  of.  Romans. 
The  various  modes  of  worship  which  prevailed 
in  the  Roman  world  were  all  considered  by  the 
people  as  equally  true ;  by  the  philosopher,  as 
■equally  false  ;  and  by  the  magistrate,  as  equally 
useful.  _  And  thus  toleration  produced  not  only 
Jnutual  indulgence,  but  even  religious  concord. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  2,  p.  34. 

4700.  RELIGION,  Duplicity  in.  Beign  of  James 
II.  The  dispensing  power  was  .  .  .  employed 
for  the  purpose  of  enabling  Roman  Catholics  to 
hold  ecclesiastical  preferment.  The  new  solicit- 
or readily  drew  the  warrants  in  which  Sawyer 
liad  refused  to  be  concerned.  One  of  these  war- 
rants was  in  favor  of  a  wretch  named  Edward 
Sclater,  who  had  two  livings,  which  he  was  de- 
termined to  keep  at  all  costs  and  through  all 
changes.  He  administered  the  sacrament  to  his 
parishioners  according  to  the  rites  of  the  Church 


of  England  on  Palm  Sunday,  1686.  On  Easter 
Sunday,  only  seven  days  later,  he  was  at  mass. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  79. 

4701.  EELIGION,  Effects  of.  Puritanism  vs. 
Ecclesiasticism.  Ecclesiastical  tyranny  is  of  all 
kinds  the  worst ;  its  fruits  are  cowardice,  idle- 
ness, ignorance,  and  poverty.  Puritanism  was  a 
life-giving  spirit ;  activity,  thrift,  intelligence, 
followed  in  its  train  ;  and  as  for  courage,  a  cow- 
ard and  a  Puritan  never  went  together.  "  He 
that  prays  best  and  preaches  best  will  fight 
best" — such  was  the  judgment  of  Cromwell,  the 
greatest  soldier  of  his  age. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

4702.  EELIGION,  Effort  in.  Martin  Luther. 
Filled  with  awe  and  reverence,  he  had  come  to 
Rome,  and  had  hoped  to  find  peace  for  his  soul. 
"  I  was  one  of  those  frantic  saints  in  Rome  ;  I  ran 
about  all  the  churches  and  crypts,  and  believed 
all  their  shameless,  impudent  lies.  I  also  read 
mass,  perhaps  ten  times,  and  I  very  much  re- 
gretted that  my  father  and  mother  were  still 
alive,  for  I  should  have  been  delighted  to  deliver 
them  from  purgatory  with  my  masses,  and  with 
other  precious  works  and  many  prayers. "  On 
his  knees  he  crept  up  Pilate's  staircase,  the  Scala 
Sancta,  or  holy  stairway,  which  was  said  to  have 
been  brought  from  the  judgment  hall  to  Rome 
and  placed  in  the  chapel  of  St.  John's  Church  of 
the  Lateran.  Luther  did  this  in  order  to  receive 
indulgence.  And  yet  he  felt,  in  doing  such  a 
work,  as  if  a  voice  in  thunder  tones  were  crying 
out  to  him  :  "  The  just  shall  live  by  faith"  (Rom, 
1 :  17). — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  4,  p.  38. 

4703.  EELIGION,  Excitement  in.  Early  Meth- 
odists. [Great  excitement,  with  extraordinary 
physical  effects,  frequently  attended  the  preach- 
ing of  Wesley  and  Whitefield.]  The  most 
singular  fact  about  them  is,  that  for  a  consid- 
erable time  the  superior  ardor  and  eloquence  of 
Whitefield  did  not  produce  them,  while  under 
the  calmer  and  more  logical  preaching  of  Wesley 
people  dropped  on  every  side  as  if  thunderstruck. 
It  is  also  noteworthy  .  .  .  that  at  this  time  not 
one  of  his  texts,  as  recorded  in  his  journals,  was 
of  a  serious  or  terrific  character,  but  they  were, 
as  in  most  of  his  life,  selected  from  the  great  and 
precious  promises.  .  .  .  [Wesley  made  a  special 
investigation  of  the  remarkable  physical  effects 
occurring  at  Newcastle.]  He  found,  first,  that  all 
persons  who  had  been  thus  affected  were  in  per- 
fect health,  and  had  not  been  subject  to  convul- 
sions of  any  kind.  Second,  that  these  new  affec- 
tions had  come  upon  them  in  a  moment,  without 
any  previous  notice,  while  they  were  either  hear- 
ing the  preaching,  or  thinking  on  what  they  had 
heard.  Third,  that  they  usually  dropped  down, 
lost  their  strength,  and  were  seized  with  violent 
pain.  Their  feelings  were  described  differently. 
Some  said  they  felt  as  if  a  sword  was  running 
through  them  ;  others  thought  a  great  weight 
lay  upon  them.  ...  "I  can  no  more,"  said  he, 
"attribute  them  to  a  natural  cause  than  to  the 
Spirit  of  God." — ^Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1, 
pp.  126,  188. 

4704.  EELIGION ,  Extremes  in.  Puritanism. 
[In  1653  the  Puritans  fasted  on  Christmas  and 
feasted  on  Ash  Wednesday.]  They  took  this 
course  upon  the  old  principle,  that  the  greater 
was  the  remove  from  Roman  Catholicism,  the 


558 


RELIGION. 


nearer  was  the  approach  to  true  religion.  — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  11,  p.  172. 

4705.     .      Second    Crusade.      At 

length  they  appeared  before  Jerusalem;  and 
though  famine,  sickness,  and  great  losses,  even 
by  their  victories,  had  reduced  their  immense 
army  to  twenty  thousand  men,  they  resolutely 
attacked  a  garrison  of  forty  thousand,  and  after 
a  siege  of  five  weeks  took  the  city  by  storm.  The 
whole  inhabitants,  soldiers  and  citizens,  men, 
women,  and  children,  who  were  either  Mahom- 
etans or  Jews,  were  put  to  the  sword.  It  is  af- 
firmed by  all  the  historians  that,  after  this  in- 
human massacre,  the  Christians  went  in  solemn 
procession  to  the  place  where  the^-  were  told  was 
the  sepulchre  of  our  Saviour,  and  there  burst  into 
a  flood  of  tears.  This  mixture  of  barbarity  and 
cruelty  with  the  tender  feelings  is  derided  by 
some  authors,  and  especially  Voltaire,  as  some- 
thing out  of  nature,  and  scarcely  possible ;  but 
when  it  is  considered  what  was  the  motive  of 
many  of  these  men,  the  enthusiasm  which  ani- 
mated them  in  a  cause  which  they  were  per- 
suaded was  to  conduct  them  to  heaven,  the  con- 
tending feelings  with  which  they  were  agitated, 
detestation  for  those  infidels  who,  as  they  imag- 
ined, had  polluted,  by  their  impious  worship,  the 
most  sacred  monuments  of  their  religion,  and  joy 
and  gratitude  for  the  recovery  and  vindication 
of  those  venerable  remains,  we  shall  find  noth- 
ing in  the  deportment  of  these  Crusaders  but 
what  is  natural  and  consistent  with  their  situa- 
tion.—Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  9,  p.  157. 

4706.  EELIGION,  Folly  in.  Pillar  Saints. 
As  the  affectation  of  superior  sanctity  and  the 
pride  of  being  singular  gave  rise  to  many  of 
the  austerities  of  the  monastic  life,  the  same  mo- 
tive led_  some  men  to  seclude  themselves  from 
social  life  in  a  still  more  extraordinary  manner 
than  that  practised  by  any  of  the  religious  or- 
ders. These  men  were  termed  Stylites,  or  Pillar 
Saints.  They  mounted  themselves  on  the  tops 
of  stone  pillars,  and  stood  there  immovable  for 
many  years.  One  Simeon,  a  native  of  Syria, 
gave  the  first  example  of  this  most  amazing 
folly,  and  passed  thirty-seven  years  of  his  life 
upon  pillars  of  various  heights,  beginning  with 
one  of  nine  feet,  and  increasing  from  year  to 
year,  till  he  died  on  a  pillar  of  forty  cubits. 
Another  saint  of  the  same  name  lived  sixty- 
eight  years  in  the  same  manner.  The  venera- 
tion which  these  holy  men  acquired  excited  a 
number  of  imitators,  and  their  degrees  of  sanctity 
were  always  estimated  according  to  the  height  of 
their  pillars,  and  the  number  of  years  they  had 
passed  upon  them.  For  above  six  centuries  this 
superstitious  frenzy  prevailed  in  the  East,  nor 
was  the  practice  altogether  abolished  till  the 
twelfth  century.  —  Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  3,  p.  85. 

4707.  EELIGION,  Generosity  in.  False.  As 
the  Alcmaeonidag  were  very  rich  and  powerful, 
they  got  themselves  appointed  by  the  Amphic- 
tyons,  who  constituted  the  general  council  of 
Greece,  to  superintend  the  rebuilding  of  the  tem- 
ple of  Delphi,  for  the  sum  of  300  talents  or  300,- 
000  crowns.  As  they  were  naturally  generous, 
and  had  besides  their  reasons  for  being  so  on  this 
occasion,  they  added  to  this  sum  a  great  deal  of 
their  own  money,  and  made  the  whole  front  of 
the  temple  all  of  Parian  marble,  at  their  particu- 


lar expense  ;  whereas  by  the  contract  made  witb 
the  Amphictyons,  it  was  only  to  have  beeii 
made  of  common  stone.  The  liberality  of  the 
Alcmaeonidae  was  not  altogether  a  free  bounty  ; 
neither  was  their  magnificence  toward  the  god 
of  Delphi  a  pure  effect  of  religion  :  policy  was. 
the  chief  motive.  They  hoped  by  this  means  to 
acquire  great  influence  in  the  temple,  and  it  hap- 
pened according  to  their  expectation.  The  money, 
which  they  plentifully  poured  into  the  hands  of 
the  priestess,  rendered  them  absolute  masters  of 
the  oracle,  and  of  the  pretended  god  who  presid- 
ed over  it,  and  who  for  the  future  became  their 
echo.  ...  As  often  therefore  as  any  Spartan 
came  to  consult  the  priestess,  whether  upon  his 
own  affairs  or  upon  those  of  the  State,  no  prom- 
ise was  ever  made  him  of  the  god's  assistance, 
but  upon  condition  that  the  Lacedaemoniana 
should  deliver  Athens  from  the  yoke  of  tyranny. 
This  order  was  so  often  repeated  to  them  by  the 
oracle,  that  they  resolved  at  last  to  make  war 
against  the  Pisistratidae,  though  they  were  under 
the  strongest  engagements  of  friendship  and  hos- 
pitality with  them  :  herein  preferring  the  will 
of  God,  says  Herodotus,  to  all  human  considera- 
tions.— Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  5,  §  8. 

470§.  EELI6I0N  and  Gold.  Heathen.  [la 
the  besieged  city  of  Tyre  there  was  a  brazea 
statue  of  Apollo  of  enormous  size.]  During  the 
siege,  in  consequence  of  a  dream  which  one  of 
the  citizens  had,  the  Tyrians  imagined  that 
Apollo  was  determined  to  leave  them  and  go- 
over  to  Alexander.  Immediately  they  fastened 
with  a  gold  chain  his  statue  to  Hercules'  altar, 
to  prevent  the  deity  from  leaving  them.  For 
these  people  were  silly  enough  to  believe  that 
after  his  statue  was  thus  fastened  down,  it  would 
not  be  possible  for  him  to  make  his  escape,  and 
that  he  would  be  prevented  from  doing  so  by 
Hercules,  the  tutelar  god  of  the  city. — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  15,  §  6. 

4709.  RELIGION  graded.  Pythagoras.  In. 
imitation  of  the  Egyptian  priests,  Pythagoras 
professed  two  different  kinds  of  doctrine,  the  one 
accommodated  to  vulgar  use,  and  the  other  re- 
served for  the  private  ear  of  his  favorite  disci- 
ples. The  object  of  the  former  was  morality  ; 
the  latter  consisted  of  many  mysteries  wliich  we' 
are  probably  at  no  loss  for  being  very  little  ac- 
quainted with.  Five  years  of  silence  were  req- 
uisite for  preparing  his  scholars  for  the  partic- 
ipation of  these  secrets.  These  disciples  formed 
among  themselves  a  sort  of  community  ;  they 
lived  all  in  the  same  house  together  with  their 
wives  and  children ;  they  had  their  goods  in 
common,  and  their  time  was  parcelled  out  and 
appropriated  to  various  exercises  of  mind  and 
body.  Music  was  in  high  esteem  with  them,  as 
a  corrective  of  the  passions  ;  and  they  had  one 
kind  of  music  for  the  morning,  to  awaken  and 
excite  the  faculties,  and  another  for  the  evening, 
to  relax  and  compose  them.  The  notion  which 
Pythagoras  inculcated  of  the  soul's  transmigra- 
tion through  different  bodies  made  his  disciples 
strictly  abstain  from  animal  food. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  263. 

4710.  BELIGION,  Husbandman's.  Cato's 
Prayer.  It  is  in  a  ceremony  called  Solitaurilia, 
and  according  to  some  Suovetaurilia,  in  which  the 
country  people  made  a  procession  round  their 
lands,  and  offered  libations  and  sacrifices  to  cer- 


RELIGION. 


559* 


tain  gods.  ..."  Father  Mars,"  said  the  suppliant, 
"  I  humbly  implore  and  conjure  vou  to  be  pro- 
pitious and  favorable  to  me,  my  family,  and  all 
my  domestics,  in  regard  to  the  occasion  of  the 
present  procession  in  my  fields,  lands,  and  es- 
tate ;  to  prevent,  avert,  and  remove  from  us  all 
diseases,  known  and  unknown,  desolations, 
storms,  calamities,  and  pestilential  air  ;  to  make 
our  plants,  corn,  vines,  and  trees  grow  and  come 
to  perfection  ;  to  preserve  our  shepherds  and 
flocks  ;  to  grant  thy  preservation  of  life  and 
health  to  me,  my  family,  and  all  my  domestics." 
"What  a  reproach  is  it  that  Christians,  and  often 
those  who  have  the  greatest  share  in  the  goods 
of  this  world,  should  in  these  days  be  so  little 
careful  to  demand  them  from  God,  and  be 
ashamed  to  thank  Him  for  them  !  Among  the 
Pagans  all  their  meals  began  and  ended  with 
prayers,  which  are  now  banished  from  almost 
all  our  tables. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  24,  art.  4, 
§5. 

4711.  EELIGION,  Hypocrisy  in.  Charles  IT. 
The  Duke  of  York  [afterward  James  II.],  too 
dull  to  apprehend  danger,  or  too  fanatical  to  care 
about  it,  was  impatient  to  see  the  article  touch- 
ing the  Roman  Catholic  religion  carried  into  im- 
mediate execution  ;  but  Louis  [XIV.]  had  the 
wisdom  to  perceive  that,  if  this  course  were 
taken,  there  woiild  be  such  an  explosion  in  Eng- 
land as  would  probably  frustrate  those  parts  of 
the  plan  which  he  had  most  at  heart.  It  was 
therefore  determined  that  Charles  should  still 
call  himself  a  Protestant,  and  should  still,  at 
high  festivals,  receive  the  sacrament  according 
to  the  ritual  of  the  Church  of  England.  His 
more  scrupulous  brother  ceased  to  appear  in  the 
royal  chapel. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  196. 

4712.  EELIGION,  Impediments  to.  George 
MuUer.  [He  was  sent  away  from  home  to  school.] 
But  while  exemplary  in  his  conduct  outwardly, 
he  was  totally  unconcerned  about  the  salvation 
of  his  soul,  and  utterly  reckless  regarding  the 
eternal  realities  of  the  world  to  come.  He  had 
three  hundred  books  of  his  own,  but  no  Bible  ; 
and  as  he  was  surrounded  by  unconverted  per- 
sons, and  never  heard  the  Gospel  preached,  he 
had  no  opportunity  whatever  of  receiving  relig- 
ious instruction,  nor  of  conversing^  with  any 
one  who  would  take  an  interest  in  his  spiritual 
welfare. — Life  of  George  Muller,  p.  11. 

4713.  EELIGION  insulted.  Pope  Gregory  VII. 
[He  summoned  Emperor  Henry  IV.,  while  at 
war  with  the  Saxons,]  to  come  in  person  to 
Rome  and  answer  the  charge  of  having  granted 
the  investiture  of  benefices.  He  treated  this  inso- 
lent message  with  proper  contempt.  Gregory 
[VII.]  had,  at  the  same  time,  denounced  a  sen- 
tence of  excommunication  against  Philip  I.  of 
Prance.  .  .  .  What  gave  weight  to  sentences  of 
this  kind,  which  would  otherwise  have  been  held 
in  derision,  was  that  policy  of  the  popes  by  which 
they  took  care  to  level  their  ecclesiastical  thunder 
against  those  who  had  enemies  powerful  enough 
to  avail  themselves  of  the  advantages  which 
such  sentences  gave  them  against  the  party  ex- 
communicated. Henry,  it  must  be  owned, 
thought  of  rather  a  mean  revenge  against  the 
pontiff.  By  his  orders,  a  ruffian  seized  the  pope 
while  he  was  performing  divine  service,  and 
after  bruising  and  maltreating  him,  confined  him 
to  prison.     The  pontiff,  however,  soon  recovered 


his  liberty,  and  assembling  a  council  at  Rome, 
pronounced  a  formal  sentence  of  deposition 
against  the  emperor. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  7,  p.  127. 

4714. .     Louis  XV.     "  The  most. 

Christian  king"  of  France  .  .  .  caused  an  attrac- 
tive woman  to  be  taken  from  public  licentious- 
ness, consecrated  by  the  sacrament  of  marriage' 
as  the  wife  of  a  French  nobleman,  and  then  in- 
stalled in  his  own  palace  as  his  mistress.  In  re- 
turn she  adored  royalty  and  sided  against  the 
philosophers  ....  An  abandoned  female  who 
pleased  the  fancies  of  a  corrupt  old  man  became 
the  symbol  and  the  support  of  absolute  power.— 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  48. 

4715.  EELIGION  by  Legislation.  Romans. 
[The  Emperor  Gratian  was  celebrated  for  his 
piety.]  The  conscience  of  the  credulous  prince- 
was  directed  by  saints  and  bishops,  who  pro- 
cured an  imperial  edict  to  punish,  as  a  capital 
offence,  the  violation,  the  neglect,  or  even  the- 
ignorance  of  the  divine  law. — Gibbon,  vol.  3. 

4716.  EELIGION,  Legislation  against.  Jes- 
uits. As  the  influence  of  the  Jesuits  gave  to 
France  its  only  power  over  the  Five  Nations,  the 
legislature  of  New  York,  in  1700,  made  a  law 
for  hanging  every  Popish  priest  that  should  come- 
voluntarily  into  the  province.  "  The  law  ought 
forever  to  continue,"  is  the  commentary  of  the- 
historian,  wholly  unconscious  of  the  true  nature- 
of  his  remark.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  21. 

4717.  EELIGION,  Licensed.  By  King  John. 
[There  is  a  warrant  of  King  John's,  dated  from 
Normandy.in  the  early  part  of  his  reign,in  which 
he  says  :}*Know  ye,  that  we  have  given  license 
to  Peter  Buillo  to  enter  into  any  religion  that  he 
pleases.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  23,  p.  340. 

4718.  EELIGION,  Melancholy.  Cromwell. 
This  passion  [of  the  times]  in  the  ardent  and', 
gloomy  disposition  of  Cromwell  almost  pro- 
duced a  disease  of  the  imagination.  He  trembled 
for  his  eternal  salvation,  and  dreaded  lest  he- 
should  not  sacrifice  enough  for  his  faith.  He  re- 
proached himself  for  an  act  of  cowardly  tolera- 
tion in  permitting  Catholic  symbols,  such  as  the- 
cross  on  the  summit,  and  other  religious  orna- 
ments, left  by  recent  Protestantism,  to  remain, 
upon  the  church  at  Huntingdon.  He  was  im- 
pressed with  the  idea  of  an  early  death,  and  lived 
under  the  terror  of  eternal  punishment.  War- 
wick, one  of  his  contemporaries,  relates  that 
Cromwell,  seized  on  a  particular  occasion  with 
a  fit  of  religious  melancholy,  sent  frequently  dur- 
ing the  night  for  the  physician  of  the  neighbor- 
ing village,  that  he  might  talk  to  him  of  his 
doubts  and  terrors.  He  assisted  assiduously  at 
the  preachings  of  those  itinerant  Puritan  minis- 
ters who  came  to  stir  up  polemical  ardor  and  an- 
tipathies.—Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  6. 

47J9, .  Anabaptists.  [Hooker  said 

of  the  Anabaptists  :]  Every  word  otherwise  than; 
severely  and  sadly  uttered  seemed  to  pierce  like 
a  sword  through  them.  If  any  man  were  pleas- 
ant, their  manner  was  fervently,  with  sighs,  to 
repeat  those  words  of  our  Saviour  Christ,  "  Wo» 
be  to  you  which  now  laugh,  for  ye  shall  lament."' 
—Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  3,  ch.  16,  p.  245. 

4720.  EELIGION,  Misplaced.  Military  Cru- 
saders.    The  power  of  Constantine  was  distract^ 


560 


RELIGION. 


ed  by  a  Turkish  war  ;  the  mind  of  Henry  was 
feeble  and  irresolute  ;  and  the  pope,  instead  of 
repassing  the  Alps  with  a  German  army,  was 
accompanied  only  by  a  guard  of  seven  hundred 
Swabians  and  some  volunteers  of  Lorraine.  In 
Ms  long  progress  from  Mantua  to  Beneventum, 
a  vile  and  promiscuous  multitude  of  Italians  was 
enlisted  under  the  holy  standard  :  the  priest  and 
the  robber  slept  in  the  same  tent ;  the  pikes  and 
crosses  were  intermingled  in  the  front ;  and  the 
martial  saint  repeated  the  lessons  of  his  youth 
in  the  order  of  march,  of  encampment,  and  of 
combat. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  56,  p.  455. 

4721.  EELIGION,  Misunderstood.  Pope's  Le- 
gate. The  legate  addressed  Luther  in  a  gracious 
and  fatherly  manner,  and  in  the  name  of  the  pope 
plainly  demanded  of  him  that  he  recant  his  errors 
and  promise  to  abstain  thereafter  from  the  pro- 
mulgation of  all  views  that  might  distract  the 
Church.  Two  articles  he  should  recall  and  with- 
draw :  First,  the  denial  that  the  "indulgence- 
treasure  "  of  the  Church  is  the  merit  of  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ ;  secondly,  his  maintenance  that  a 
person  who  wishes  to  receive  the  Lord's  Supper 
must  above  all  things  possess  the  faith  and  the  in- 
ner conviction  that  his  sins  will  be  forgiven  him. 
Hereupon  a  discussion  ensued  between  Luther 
and  [Cardinal]  Cajetan.  The  attendants  of  the 
latter  audibly  tittered  when  they  heard  the  ex- 
planations 01  the  Augustinian  monk,  so  strange 
and  curious  did  they  seem  to  the  Italians.  In 
Tain  did  Luther  appeal  to  the  Bible  and  its  dec- 
larations concerning  faith. — Rein's  Luther, 
ch.  5,  p.  53. 

4722.  .     Puritans   Criticised.     If, 

from  the  outside  peculiarities  which  so.  easily  ex- 
cite the  sneer  of  the  superficial  observer  [see  No. 
4731],  we  look  to  the  genius  of  the  sect  itself,  Puri- 
tanism was  religion  struggling  for  the  -people. 
' '  Its  absurdities,"  says  its  enemy, '  *  were  the  shel- 
ter for  the  noble  principles  of  liberty."  It  was 
its  otflce  to  engraft  the  new  institutions  of  popu- 
lar energy  upon  the  old  European  system  of  feu- 
dal aristocracy  and  popular  servitude  ;  the  good 
was  permanent ;  the  outward  emblems,  which 
'were  the  signs  of  party,  were  of  transient  dura- 
tion.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

4723.  EELIGION,  Mockery  of.  Boman  Em- 
peror Michael.  But  the  most  extraordinary  feat- 
ure in  the  character  of  Michael  is  the  profane 
mockery  of  the  religion  of  his  country. ...  A  buf- 
foon of  the  court  was  invested  in  the  robes  of 
the  patriarch  ;  his  twelve  metropolitans,  among 
^hom  the  emperor  was  ranked,  assumed  their  ec- 
clesiastical garments ;  they  used  or  abused  the 
sacred  vessels  of  the  altar  ;  and,  in  their  bacchana- 
lian feasts,  the  holy  communion  was  administered 
in  a  nauseous  compound  of  vinegar  and  mustard. 
Nor  were  these  impious  spectacles  concealed  from 
the  eyes  of  the  city.  On  the  day  of  a  solemn  fes- 
tival, the  emperor,  with  his  bishops  or  buffoons, 
rode  on  asses  through  the  streets,  encountered  the 
true  patriarch  at  the  head  of  his  clergy  ;  and  by 
their  licentious  shouts  and  obscene  gestures  dis- 
ordered the  gravity  of  the  Christian  procession. — 
<Jibbon'8  Rome,  ch.  48,  p.  596. 

4724.  BELIGION  without  Morality.  Arme- 
nian.  [Archbishop  Isaac  was  earnestly  solicited 
by  the  Armenian  nobles  to  sanction  the  removal 
©I  their  unworthy  king.]     He  deplored  the  man- 


ifest and  inexcusable  vices  of  Artasires,  and  de- 
clared that  he  should  not  hesitate  to  accuse  him 
before  the  tribunal  of  a  Christian  emperor,  who 
would  punish,  without  destroying,  the  sinner. 
"  Our  king,"  continued  Isaac,  "  is  too  much  ad- 
dicted to  licentious  pleasures,  but  he  has  been 
purified  in  the  holy  waters  of  baptism.  He  is  a 
lover  of  women,  but  he  does  not  adore  the  fire 
or  the  elements.  He  may  deserve  the  reproach 
of  lewdness,  but  he  is  an  undoubted  Catholic  ; 
and  his  faith  is  pure,  though  his  manners  are 
flagitious.  I  will  never  consent  to  abandon  my 
sheep  to  the  rage  of  devouring  wolves  ;  and  you 
would  soon  repent  your  rash  exchange  of  the  in- 
firmities of  a  believer  for  the  specious  virtues  of 
a  heathen." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  33,  p.  360. 

4725.  EELIGION,  Motives  in.  Heathen.  The 
devout  polytheist,  though  fondly  attached  to  his 
national  rites,  admitted  with  implicit  faith  the 
different  religions  of  the  earth.  Fear,  gratitude, 
and  curiosity,  a  dream  or  an  omen,  a  singular 
disorder,  or  a  distant  journey,  perpetually  dis- 
posed him  to  multiply  the  articles  of  his  belief, 
and  to  enlarge  the  list  of  his  protectors. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  2,  p.  34. 

4726.  EELIGION  needful  to  the  State.  Moral- 
ity. [Seven  years  after  the  abolition  of  the  Qom- 
monwealth  and  the  restoration  of  the  profligate 
Charles  II. ,  the  historian  writes  :]  The  infamous 
corruption  of  the  higher  classes  was  eating  into 
the  foundation  of  England's  greatness.  Her  peo- 
ple were  losing  that  masculine  simplicity,  that 
hearty  devotion  to  public  and  private  duties,  that 
religious  earnestness — intolerant,  no  doubt — but 
rarely  simulated  by  the  followers  of  Calvin  or  the 
followers  of  Arminius  in  the  greatest  heat  of  their 
conflicts  ;  the  English  were  losing  that  nationality 
whose  excess  may  be  ludicrous,  but  whose  utter 
want  is  despicable. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  17,  p.  295. 

4727. .  Patriotism.   [Their]  motive 

[for  favoring  the  Reformation]  was  their  [the  peo- 
ple's] avowed  hatred  of  the  religion  which  Aus- 
tria protected,  and  their  enthusiastic  attachment 
to  a  doctrine  which  that  House  was  endeavoring 
to  extirpate  by  fire  and  sword.  Their  attachment 
was  ardent,  their  hatred  invincible.  Religious 
fanaticism  anticipates  even  the  remotest  dangers. 
Enthusiasm  never  calculates  its  sacrifices.  What 
the  most  pressing  danger  of  the  State  could  not 
effect  with  the  citizens  was  effected  by  religious 
zeal.  For  the  State  or  for  the  prince  few  would 
have  drawn  the  sword  ;  but  for  religion,  the  mer- 
chant, the  artist,  the  peasant — all  cheerfully  flew 
to  arms.  For  that  State  or  for  the  prince  even 
the  smallest  additional  impost  would  have  been 
avoided ;  but  for  religion  the  people  readily 
staked  at  once  life,  fortune,  and  all  earthly 
hopes.  It  trebled  the  contributions  which  flowed 
into  the  exchequer  of  the  princes,  and  the  armies 
which  marched  to  the  field  ;  and,  in  the  ardent 
excitement  produced  in  all  minds  by  the  peril 
to  which  their  faith  was  exposed,  the  subject 
felt  not  the  pressure  of  those  burdens  and  priva- 
tions under  w^ich,  in  cooler  moments,  he  would 
have  sunk  exhausted.  The  teiTors  of  the  Span- 
ish Inquisition  and  the  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's procured  for  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
the  Admiral  Coligny,  the  British  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, and  the  Protestant  princes  of  Germany 
supplies  of  men  and  money  from  their  subjects. 


RELIGION. 


561 


to  a  degree  which  at  present  is  inconceivable. — 
Thirty  Years'  War,  §  11. 

4728.  EELIGION,  Occasion  of.  Mystery.  Even 
scepticism  is  made  to  supply  an  apology  for  su- 
perstition. The  great  and  incomprehensible 
secret  of  the  universe  eludes  the  inquiry  of  man. 
Where  reason  cannot  instruct,  custom  may  be 
permitted  to  guide  ;  and  every  nation  seems  to 
consult  the  dictates  of  prudence  by  a  faithful 
attachment  to  those  rites  and  opinions  which 
have  received  the  sanction  of  ages.  If  those  ages 
have  been  crowned  with  glory  and  prosperity,  if 
the  devout  people  have  frequently  obtained  the 
blessings  which  they  have  solicited  at  the  altars 
of  the  gods,  it  must  appear  still  more  advisable 
to  persist  in  the  same  salutary  practice,  and  not 
to  risk  the  unknown  perils  that  may  attend  any 
rash  innovations.  —  Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  28, 
p.  135. 

4729.  EELIGION,  Oppressive.  Colony  of  Mary- 
land. The  clause  for  liberty  in  Maryland  extend- 
ed only  to  Christians,  and  was  introduced  by 
the  proviso  that,  "  Whatsoever  person  shall  blas- 
pheme God,  or  shall  reproach  or  deny  the  Holy 
Trinity,  or  any  of  the  Three  Persons,  thereof, 
shall  be  punished  with  death." — Bancroft's 
U.S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  7. 

4730.  RELIGION,  Natural.  Pagans.  A  fa- 
mous legislator,  Zaleucus  by  name  .  .  .  requires 
above  all  things,  of  the  citizens,  to  believe  and  be 
firmly  persuaded  that  there  are  gods  ;  and  adds, 
that  the  bare  casting  up  our  eyes  to  the  heavens 
and  contemplating  their  order  and  beauty  are  suf- 
ficient to  convince  us  that  it  is  impossible  so  won- 
derful a  fabric  could  have  been  formed  by  mere 
chance  or  human  power.  As  the  natural  conse- 
quence of  this  belief,  he  exhorts  men  to  honor  and 
revere  the  gods  as  the  authors  of  whatever  is  good 
and  just  among  mortals  ;  and  to  honor  them,  not 
merely  by  sacrifices  and  splendid  gifts,  but  by  a 
circumspect  conduct,  and  by  purity  and  inno- 
cence of  manners,  these  being  infinitely  more 
grateful  to  the  deities  than  all  the  sacrifices  that 
can  be  offered.  After  this  exordium,  so  pregnant 
with  religion  and  piety,  in  which  he  describes  the 
Supreme  Being  as  the  primary  source  whence  all 
laws  flow,  as  the  chief  authority  which  com- 
mands obedience  to  them,  as  the  "most  powerful 
motive  for  our  faithful  observance  of  them,  and 
as  the  perfect  model  to  which  mankind  ought  to 
conform,  he  descends  to  the  particulars  of  those 
duties  which  men  owe  to  one  another,  and  lays 
down  a  precept  which  is  very  well  adapted  to 
preserve  peace  and  unity  in  society  by  enjoining 
the  individuals  who  compose  it  not  to  make  their 
hatred  and  dissensions  perpetual,  which  would 
evince  an  unsociable  and  savage  disposition,  but 
to  treat  their  enemies  as  men  who  would  soon  be 
their  friends.  This  is  cariying  morality  to  as 
great  a  perfection  as  could  be  expected  from 
heathens. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  7,  ch.  3,  §  1. 

4731.  RELIGION  paradoxical.  Puritans.  This 
was  the  Puritan  belief  in  England  in  the  seven- 
teenth century.  The  reason  starts  at  it,  but  all 
religion  is  paradoxical  to  reason.  God  hates  sin, 
yet  sin  exists.  He  is  omnipotent,  yet  evil  is  not 
overcome.  The  will  of  man  is  free,  or  there  can 
be  no  guilt ;  yet  the  action  of  the  will,  so  far  as 
experience  can  throw  light  on  its  operation,  is  as 
much  determined  by  antecedent  causes  as  every 
other  natural  force.     Prayer  is  addressed  to  a 


Being  assumed  to  be  omniscient,  who  knows- 
better  what  is  good  for  us  than  we  can  know  ; 
who  sees  our  thoughts  without  requiring  to  hear 
them  in  words  ;  whose  will  is  fixed  and  cannot 
be  changed.  Prayer,  therefore,  in  the  eye  of 
reason,  is  an  impertinence.  The  Puritan  theol- 
ogy is  not  more  open  to  objection  on  the  ground 
of  unreasonableness  than  the  Catholic  theology, 
or  any  other  which  regards  man  as  answerable 
to  God  for  his  conduct.  We  must  judge  of  a 
creed  by  its  effects  on  character,  as  we  judge  of 
the  wholesomeness  of  food  as  it  conduces  to- 
bodily  health.  And  the  creed  which  swept  like 
a  wave  through  England  at  that  time,  and  rec- 
ommended itself  to  the  noblest  and  most  power- 
ful intellects,  produced  also  in  those  who  accept- 
ed it  a  horror  of  sin,  and  enthusiasm  for  justice, 
purity,  and  manliness,  which  can  be  paralleled 
only  in  the  first  age  of  Christianity. — Froude'& 
BUNYAN,  ch.  2. 

4732.  RELIGION,  Peculiarities  in.  Puritans 
in  New  England.  They  were  opposed  to  wigs  \ 
they  could  preach  against  veils  ;  they  denounced. 
long  hair  ;  they  disliked  the  cross  in  the  banner, 
as  much  as  the  people  of  Paris  disliked  the  liliea- 
of  the  Bourbons,  and  for  analogous  reasons. 
They  would  not  allow  Christmas  day  to  be  kept- 
sacred  ;  they  called  neither  months,  nor  days,  nor 
seasons,  nor  churches,  nor  inns  by  the  names- 
common  in  England ;  they  revived  Scripture 
names  at  christenings  ;  .  .  .  prohibited  frivolous 
fashions  in  their  own  dress ;  and  .  .  .  checking- 
extravagance  even  in  woman,  frowned  on  her 
hoods  of  silk  and  her  scarfs  of  tiffany,  extended 
the  length  of  her  sleeve  to  the  wrist,  and  limited 
its  greatest  width  to  half  an  ell.  .  .  .  They  mar- 
ried without  a  minister,  and  buried  the  dead 
without  a  prayer. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  10. 

4733.  RELIGION,  Persecution  of.  Beign  of 
James  II.  Many  Dissenters  were  cited  before  th© 
ecclesiastical  courts.  Others  found  it  necessary 
to  purchase  the  connivance  of  the  agents  of  the 
government  by  presents  of  hogsheads  of  wine, 
and  of  gloves  stuffed  with  guineas.  It  was  im- 
possible for  the  sectaries  to  pray  together  without 
precautions  such  as  are  employed  by  coiners  and 
receivers  of  stolen  goods.  The  places  of  meet- 
ing were  frequently  changed.  Worship  was  per- 
formed sometimes  just  before  break  of  day  and 
sometimes  at  dead  of  night.  Round  the  building- 
where  the  little  flock  was  gathered  together  senti- 
nels were  posted  to  give  the  alarm  if  a  stranger 
drew  near.  The  minister  in  disguise  was  intro- 
duced through  the  garden  and  the  back  yard.  In 
some  houses  there  were  trap-doors  through 
which,  in  case  of  danger,  he  miglit  descend. 
Where  Nonconformists  lived  next  door  to  each 
other,  the  walls  were  often  broken  open,  and 
secret  passages  were  made  from  dwelling  ta 
dwelling.  No  psalm  was  sung  ;  and  many  con- 
trivances were  used  to  prevent  the  voice  of  the 
preacher,  in  his  moments  of  fervor,  from  being 
heard  beyond  the  walls.  Yet,  with  all  this  care, 
it  was  often  found  impossible  to  elude  the  vigi- 
lance of  informers. — Macatjlay's  Eng.,  ch.  5, 
p.  617. 

4734.  RELIGION  of  PoHcy.  Changeful. 
Michael,  the  emperor  who  had  raised  Photius  to- 
the  patriarchal  chair,  was  murdered  by  his  rival 
Basileas,  who,  immediately  on  his  mounting  the 


562 


RELIGION. 


imperial  throne,  deposed  the  patriarch  in  the 
midst  of  his  triumph ;  and  a  council  of  the 
-church  being  called  at  this  time,  at  Rome, 
Photius  was  unanimously  condemned  to  do  pen- 
ance for  his  usurpations  and  heresies.  Soon  after, 
however,  Photius,  who  was  a  man  of  consummate 
ability,  prevailed  on  the  emperor  to  reinstate  him 
.as  patriarch,  and  he  was  now  declared  innocent 
by  four  hundred  bishops,  three  hundred  of  whom 
were  the  same  men  who  had  before  signed  his 
condemnation.  This  is  a  disgraceful  picture  of 
•depravity ;  but  conscience  and  religion  are  too 
weak  to  combat  against  State  policy. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  4,  p.  95. 

4735.  BELIGION  and  Politics.  Ancient  Bo- 
mans.  The  Romans  showed  a  spirit  of  toleration 
to  the  religious  opinions  of  other  nations,  because 
they  found  nothing  in  these  which  aimed  at  the 
subversion  of  their  own  religion,  nor  anything 
of  that  zeal  of  making  converts  which  so  re- 
markably distinguished  the  votaries  of  Chris- 
tianity. The  religion  of  the  Romans  was  insepa- 
rably interwoven  with  their  system  of  govern- 
ment. The  Christians,  by  exposing  the  absurd- 
ities of  their  system  of  worship,  in  effect  under- 
mined the  fabric  of  their  political  constitution  ; 
and  hence  they  were  not  without  reason  consid- 
ered by  the  Romans  as  a  dangerous  body  of 
men,  whom  it  became  the  interest  of  the  empire 
to  suppress  and  exterminate.  Hence  those  op- 
probrious epithets  with  which  they  have  been 
jstigmatized  by  the  Roman  writers,  and  hence 
those  cruel  persecutions  which  they  underwent 
from  the  emperors  and  their  deputies  in  the 
provinces. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  4,  p.  3. 

4736.  EELIGION,  Power  of.  Druids  in  Bnt- 
■ain.  Their  religion  was  that  of  the  Druids, 
the  uncertainty  regarding  whose  particular  tenets 
is  universally  acknowledged.  It  is,  however, 
generally  agreed  that  they  taught  the  belief  of 
one  God,  Creator  of  the  universe  ;  of  the  limited 
duration  of  the  world,  and  its  destruction  by 
flre  ;  of  the  immortality  of  the  human  soul,  and 
its  transmigration  through  different  bodies,  in 
which  the  just  and  the  wicked  met  with  a  retri- 
bution for  their  conduct  in  the  present  state ; 
but  on  these  doctrines,  as  general  principles,  they 
seemed  to  have  reared  an  immense  superstructure 
of  fable.  Their  worship  was  polluted  by  the 
horrid  practice  of  human  sacrifice  ;  and  the  chief 
office  of  their  priests  was  to  divine  future  events 
from  the  flowing  of  the  blood  of  the  victim,  or 
the  posture  in  which  he  fell  after  receiving  the 
fatal  blow.  The  influence  of  this  religion  was 
so  great  as  to  extend  over  every  department  of 
the  government  of  the  Britons.  The  Druids 
were  not  only  the  priests,  but  the  judges,  civil 
and  criminal ;  and  the  bondage  in  which  they 
held  the  minds  of  the  people  was  so  strict  as  to 
.supply  the  place  of  laws.  The  Romans,  after 
the  conquest  of  Gaul,  found  it  impossible  to  rec- 
oncile to  their  laws  and  institutions  the  nations 
w^hom  they  had  subdued,  while  this  religion  sub- 
sisted, and  in  this  instance  were  obliged  to  de- 
part from  their  usual  principles  of  toleration. 
They  abolished  the  religion  of  the  Druids  by 
the  severest  penal  enactments. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  4,  p.  103. 

4737.  EELIGION,  Preparatory.  West  Indians. 
Oolumbus  at  first  indulged  in  the  error  that  the 
natives  of  Hayti  were  destitute  of  all  notions  of 


religion,  and  he  had  consequently  flattered  him 
self  that  it  would  be  the  easier  to  introduce  into 
their  minds  the  doctrines  of  Christianity  ;  not 
aware  that  it  is  more  difficult  to  light  up  the  fire 
of  devotion  in  the  cold  heart  of  an  atheist  than 
to  direct  the  flame  to  a  new  object,  when  it  is 
already  enkindled.  There  are  few  beings,  how- 
ever, so  destitute  of  reflection  as  not  to  be  im- 
pressed with  the  conviction  of  an  overruling 
deity.  A  nation  of  atheists  never  existed. — 
Irving's  Columbus,  Book  6,  ch.  10. 

4738.  EELIGION,  Progress  in.  "More  Truth." 
Now,  the  English  at  Ley  den,  trusting  in  God  and 
in  themselves,  made  ready  for  their  departure 
.  .  .  the  Speedwell,  of  sixty  tons,  the  Mayflower, 
of  one  hundred  and  eighty  tons.  ...  A  solemn 
fast  was  held;  .  .  .  [pastor]  Robinson  gave  them  a 
farewell :  "  I  charge  you  before  God  and  His 
blessed  angels  that  you  follow  me  no  further 
than  you  have  seen  me  follow  the  Lord  Jesus 
Christ.  The  Lord  has  more  truth  yet  to  break 
forth  out  of  His  Holy  word."  —  Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  8. 

4739.  EELIGION,  Progress  by.  Colonization. 
Religious  enthusiasm  colonized  New  England, 
and  religious  enthusiasm  founded  Montreal, 
made  a  conquest  of  the  wilderness  on  the  upper 
lakes,  and  explored  the  Mississippi.  Puritanism 
gave  New  England  its  worship  and  its  schools  ; 
the  Roman  chiirch  created  for  Canada  its  altars, 
its  hospitals,  and  its  seminaries. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  30. 

4740.  EELIGION,  Progressive.  MahomeVa. 
The  illiterate  character  and  ignorance  of  Ma- 
homet, in  his  younger  days,  leave  no  doubt 
that,  in  the  composition  of  this  work,  he  must 
have  had  able  assistants  ;  but  as  he  was  possessed 
of  strong  natural  talents  and  a  brilliant  imag- 
ination, the  chief  merit  was,  in  all  probabil- 
ity, his  own.  The  production  of  the  work  in 
small  and  detached  parcels  was  a  highly  politic 
measure  ;  for  by  leaving  it  in  his  power  to  add 
to  it  from  time  to  time,  according  as  he  was  fa- 
vored with  new  revelations,  he  had  it  in  his  power 
to  remove  or  explain  any  errors  or  inconsisten- 
cies, the  detection  of  which  might  otherwise 
have  been  fatal  to  his  imposture. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  1,  p.  53. 

4741.  EELIGION,  Eevolution  in.  Britain. 
Henry  VIII.,  the  Caligula  of  Britain,  in  a  fit  of 
anger  against  the  Church  of  Rome,  changed  the 
religion  of  his  kingdom.  This  was  the  greatest 
act  of  absolute  authority  ever  exercised  by  one 
man  over  an  entire  nation.  The  caprice  of  a 
king  became  the  conscience  of  the  people,  and 
temporal  authority  subjugated  their  souls.  The 
old  Catholicism,  repudiated  by  the  sovereign, 
was  abandoned  to  indiscriminate  pillage  and 
derision,  with  its  dogmas,  hierarchy,  clergy, 
monks,  monasteries,  ecclesiastical  possessions, 
territorial  fiefs,  hoarded  riches,  and  temples  of 
worship.  The  Roman  Catholic  faith  became  a 
crime  in  the  kingdom,  and  its  name  a  scandal 
and  reproach  to  its  followers.  National  apostasy 
was  as  sudden  and  overwhelming  as  a  clap  of 
thunder;  the  Catholic  nation  had  disappeared 
beneath  the  English  nation.  —  Lamartine's 
Cromwell,  p.  7. 

4742.  EELIGION  ridiculed.  England.  [Early 
reign  of  Queen  Mary.]     The  restoration  of  the 


RELIGION. 


563 


•old  worship  was  followed  by  outbreaks  of  bold 
defiance.  A  tailor  of  St.  Giles  in  the  Fields 
.lAiaved  a  dog  with  the  priestly  tonsure.  A  cat 
■was  found  hanging  in  the  Cheap,  "  with  her 
head  shorn,  and  the  likeness  of  a  vestment  cast 
over  her,  with  her  fore-feet  tied  together  and  a 
round  piece  of  paper  like  a  singing  cake  between 
them."  Yet  more  galling  were  the  ballads  which 
were  circulated  in  mockery  of  the  mass,  the 
pamphlets  which  came  from  the  exiles  over  sea, 
the  seditious  broadsides  dropped  in  the  streets, 
the  interludes  in  which  the  most  sacred  acts  of 
the  old  religion  were  flouted  with  ribald  mock- 
ery.— Hist,  of  English  People,  §  658. 

4743.  BELIGION,  Bomance  in.  MaiTiage  of 
Pocahontas.  A  foraging  party  of  the  colonists, 
.  .  .  having  stolen  the  daughter  of  Powhatan, 
demanded  of  her  father  a  ransom.  .  .  .  John 
Rolfe,  "  an  honest  and  discreet"  young  English- 
man, an  amiable  enthusiast,  .  .  .  daily,  hourly, 
.and,  as  it  were,  in  his  very  sleep,  heard  a  voice 
crying  in  his  ears  that  he  should  strive  to  make 
her  a  Christian.  .  .  .  After  a  great  struggle  of 
mind  and  believing  prayers,  .  .  .  winning  the 
favor  of  Pocahontas,  he  desired  her  in  mar- 
riage. ...  In  the  little  church  of  Jamestown 
.  .  .  Opuchisco,  her  uncle,  gave  the  bride  away. 
— B-i.NCROFT'8  Hist,  op  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  4. 

4744.  EELIGION,  Ktded  by.  DaHus.  [Ar- 
taxerxes,  his  son.]  Being  near  his  father's  bed 
when  he  was  dying,  he  asked  him,  a  few  mo- 
ments before  he  expired,  what  had  been  the  rule 
of  his  conduct  during  so  long  and  happy  a  reign 
as  his,  that  he  might  make  it  his  example.  "  It 
has  been,"  replied  he,  "  to  do  always  what  justice 
and  religion  required  of  me." — Rollin's  Hist., 
Book  9,  ch.  \,%  1. 

4745.  EELIGION,  Sacrifices  for.  William  Penn. 
Was  born  on  the  14th  of  October,  1644.  He 
was  the  oldest  son  of  Vice- Admiral  Sir  William 
Penn,  of  the  British  navy.  At  the  age  of  twelve 
he  was  sent  to  the  University  of  Oxford,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  as  a  student  until  he 
was  expelled  on  account  of  his  religious  opin- 
ions. Afterward  he  travelled  on  the  Continent ; 
was  again  a  student  at  Saumer  ;  returned  to 
study  law  at  London  ;  went  to  Ireland  ;  became 
a  soldier  ;  heard  the  preaching  of  Loe,  and  was 
converted  to  the  Quaker  faith.  His  disappoint- 
ed father  drove  him  out  of  doors,  but  he  was 
not  to  be  turned  from  his  course.  He  publicly 
proclaimed  the  doctrines  of  the  Friends ;  was 
arrested  and  imprisoned  for  nine  months  in  the 
Tower  of  London.  Being  released,  he  repeated 
the  offence,  and  lay  for  half  a  year  in  a  dungeon 
at  Newgate.  A  second  time  liberated,  but  de- 
spairing of  toleration  for  his  people  in  England, 
he  cast  his  gaze  across  the  Atlantic. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  25,  p.  210. 

4746.  EELIGION  of  Savages.  West  Indians. 
It  was  soon  discovered  that  these  islanders  had 
their  creed,  though  of  a  vague  and  simple  nature. 
They  believed  in  one  Supreme  Being,  inhabiting 
the  sky,  who  was  immortal,  omnipotent,  and 
invisible  ;  to  whom  they  ascribed  an  origin,  who 
had  a  mother,  but  no  father.  Thev  never  ad- 
dressed their  worship  directly  to  him,  but  em- 
ployed inferior  deities,  called  Zemes,  as  messen- 
gers and  mediators.  .  .  .  They  believed  their 
Zemes  to  be  transferable,  with  all  their  powers, 
iind  often  stole  them  from  each  other.     When 


the  Spaniards  came  among  them  they  often  hid 
their  idols,  lest  they  should  be  taken  away.  They 
believed  that  these  Zemes  presided  over  every 
object  in  nature,  each  having  a  particular  charge 
or  government.  They  influenced  the  seasons 
and  the  elements,  causing  sterile  or  abundant 
years  ;  exciting  hurricanes  and  whirlwinds,  and 
tempests  of  rain  and  thunder,  or  sending  sweet 
and  temperate  breezes  and  fruitful  showers. — 
Ibving's  Columbus,  Book  6,  ch.  10. 

4747.  EELIGION,  Secularized.  Henry  IV. 
Henry  had  now  fully  made  up  his  mind  to  the 
important  measure — the  "perilous  leap,"  as  he 
expressed  it — which  he  saw  to  be  indispensably 
necessary  to  the  peaceable  recognition  of  his 
rights.  A  conference  took  place,  .  .  .  and  after 
a  deliberation  of  five  hours  the  king  declared 
himself  perfectly  satisfied  of  the  truth  of  tli6 
Catholic  religion.  Two  days  later  he  proceeded 
to  St.  Denis,  where  he  was  met  at  the  door  of  the 
church  by  the  Archbishop  of  Bourges,  with 
seven  other  prelates.  Falling  on  his  knees,  Henry 
solemnly  abjured  his  Calvinistic  errors,  and 
made  profession  of  the  Catholic,  Roman,  and 
Apostolic  faith,  upon  which  the  archbishop 
absolved  him  provisionally,  and  restored  him 
to  the  communion  of  the  Church. — Students' 
France,  ch.  18,  §  6. 

474§.  EELIGION,  Signs  of.  Mahomet.  The 
ceremonies  of  circumcision,  ablution,  and  the 
pilgrimage  to  Mecca  he  recommended  as  ex- 
terior and  visible  signs,  by  which  God  desired 
that  man  should  signify  his  belief  of  the  more 
speculative  tenets  of  his  religion. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  1,  p.  52. 

4749.  EELIGION,  Simple.  Scandinavians.  The 
religion  of  the  ancient  Scandinavians  forms  a 
very  curious  object  of  inquiry,  and  is  the  more 
worthy  of  attention  that  it  was  most  intimately 
connected  with  their  manners.  Three  great 
moral  principles  were  the  foundation  of  their 
religion,  and  influenced  their  whole  conduct. 
These  were,  "to  serve  the  Supreme  Being  with 
prayer  and  sacrifice  ;  to  do  no  wrong  or  unjust 
actions  ;  and  to  be  valiant  and*intrepid  in  fight." 
These  were  the  principles  of  the  ancient  religion, 
which,  although  accompanied  by  a  most  wild 
and  extravagant  mythology,  yet  resting  on  this 
pure  and  simple  basis,  had  a  wonderful  effect 
upon  the  character  and  manners  of  the  people. 
—Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  5,  ch.  6,  p.  28. 

4750.  EELIGION,  State.  Colony  of  Virginia. 
A.D.  1662.  The  English  Episcopal  Church  be- 
came once  more  the  religion  of  the  State  ;  and 
though  there  were  not  ministers  in  above  a  fifth 
part  of  the  parishes,  so  that  the  church  was 
scattered  ...  in  the  wilderness,  yet  the  laws 
demanded  strict  conformity,  and  required  of 
every  one  to  contribute  to  the  support  of  the  Es- 
tablished Church.  .  .  .  No  Nonconformist  might 
teach,  even  in  private,  under  pain  of  banishment; 
no  reader  might  expound  the  catechism  or  the 
Scriptures.  .  .  .  Absence  from  church  was  for 
them  [the  Quakers]  an  offence,  punishable  by 
a  monthly  fine  of  £20  sterling. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  14. 

4751.  EELIGION,  A  Statesman's.  Bismarck. 
"  I  can  only  hope  for  forgiveness  in  a  confidence 
upon  the  blood  of  Christ  !  As  a  statesman,  I  am 
not  sufficiently  disinterested  ;  in  my  own  mind. 


564 


RELIGION— RENOWN. 


I  am  rather  cowardly  ;  because  it  is  not  easy  al- 
ways to  get  that  clearness  on  the  questions  com- 
ing before  me  which  grows  upon  the  soil  of  di- 
vine confidence.  .  .  .  Among  the  multitude  of 
sinners  who  are  in  need  of  the  mercy  of  God,  I 
hope  that  His  grace  will  not  deprive  me  of  the 
staff  of  humble  faith,  in  the  midst  of  the  dan- 
gers and  doubts  of  my  calling."  We  observe 
also  that  he  had  his  children  both  baptized  and 
confirmed,  and  that,  if  he  is  iinable  to  attend 
church,  he  usually  has  prayers  read  by  some 
young  clergyman  at  home. — Cyclopedia  of 
BioG.,  p.  631. 

4752.  RELIGION,  A  successful.  Mahometan. 
The  rapid  success  which  attended  the  propaga- 
tion of  the  religion  of  Mahomet  may  be  account- 
ed for  from  a  few  natural  and  simple  causes. 
The  first  of  these  was  certainly  that  signal  favor 
which  attended  his  arms,  and,  as  we  shall  imme- 
diately see,  those  of  his  successors.  The  martial 
spirit,  when  inflamed  by  the  enthusiasm  of  re- 
ligion, is  irresistible  ;  and  while  repeated  victo- 
ries persuaded  many  of  a  divine  interposition  in 
favor  of  the  Prophet  and  his  law,  the  terror  of 
his  arms  inclined  others  submissively  to  receive 
that  religion  which  was  propagated  by  the  sword. 
Neither  was  it  surprising  that  a  religion  which 
adapted  itself  so  entirely  to  the  passions  of  men 
should  find  a  number  of  willing  votaries  among 
the  luxurious  nations  of  the  East. — Tytleb's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  1,  p.  53. 

4753.  RELIGION,  Suppression  of.  Jews.  As 
soon  as  he  [Antiochus'  general]  arrived  in  Jeru- 
salem, he  began  by  putting  a  stop  to  the  sacri- 
fices which  were  offered  up  to  the  God  of  Israel, 
and  suppressing  all  the  observances  of  the  Jew- 
ish law.  They  polluted  the  temple  in  such  a 
manner  that  it  was  no  longer  fit  for  the  service 
of  God  ;  profaned  the  Sabbaths  and  other  festi- 
vals ;  forbid  the  circumcision  of  children  ;  car- 
ried off  and  burnt  all  the  copies  of  the  law 
wherever  they  could  find  them ;  abolished  all 
the  ordinances  of  God  in  every  part  of  the  coun- 
try, and  put  to  death  whoever  was  found  to  have 
acted  contrary  to*  the  decree  of  the  king. — Rol- 
Un's  Hist.  ,  Book  19,  ch.  2,  g  3. 

4754.  RELIGION,  Thoughtless.  SamuelJohn- 
•on.  [BoswELL.]  I  told  him  that  Goldsmith  had 
^aid  to  me  a  few  days  before,  "  As  I  take  my 
shoes  from  the  shoemaker,  and  my  coat  from 
the  tailor,  so  I  take  my  religion  from  the  priest. " 
I  regretted  this  loose  way  of  talking.  Johnson  : 
"'  Sir,  he  knows  nothing  ;  he  has  made  up  his 
mind  about  nothing."  —  Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  204. 

4755.  RELIGION,  Toleration  in.  SamuelJohn- 
lon.  Talking  on  the  subject  of  toleration  one 
day  when  some  friends  were  with  him  in  his 
study,  he  made  his  usual  remark,  that  the  State 
has  a  right  to  regulate  the  religion  of  the  people, 
who  are  the  children  of  the  State.  A  clergyman 
having  readily  acquiesced  in  this,  Johnson,  who 
loved  discussion,  observed,  "  But,  sir,  you  must 
go  round  to  other  States  than  our  own.  You  do 
not  know  what  a  Brahmin  has  to  say  for  him- 
self. In  short,  sir,  I  have  got  no  farther  than 
this :  every  man  has  a  right  to  utter  what  he 
thinks  truth,  and  every  other  man  has  a  right  to 
knock  him  down  for  it.  Martyrdom  is  the  test. " 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  433. 


4756.  RELIGION,  Vacillation  in.  Dping^ 
King  Charles  II.  Many  attributed  this  apathy  to 
contempt  for  divine  things,  and  many  to  the  stu- 
por which  often  precedes  death  ;  but  there  were 
in  the  palace  a  few  persons  who  knew  better. 
Charles  had  never  been  a  sincere  member  of  the 
Established  Church.  His  mind  had  long  oscil- 
lated between  Hobbism  and  popery.  When  hie 
health  was  good  and  his  spirits  high,  he  was  a 
scoffer.  In  his  few  serious  moments  he  was. 
a  Roman  Catholic. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4, 
p.  404. 

4757.  RELIGION,  Value  of.  To  tU  State.  Th&, 
Romans  knew  and  valued  the  advantages  of  re- 
ligion, as  it  is  connected  with  civil  government. 
They  encouraged  the  public  festivals  which  hu- 
manize the  manners  of  the  people.  They  man- 
aged the  arts  of  divination,  as  a  convenient  in- 
strument of  policy  ;  and  they  respected,  as  the 
firmest  bond  of  society,  the  useful  persuasion, 
that,  either  in  this  or  in  a  future  life,  the  crime  of 
perjury  is  most  assuredly  pimished  by  the  aveng- 
ing gods.^GiBBON's  Rome,  ch.  2,  p.  37. 

475§.  REMEDY  by  Fire.  Chinese.  There  i» 
no  science  more  cultivated  by  the  Chinese  than 
that  of  medicine,  yet  there  is  none  in  which  their 
knowledge  is  so  contemptible.  There  is  not  a 
physician  among  them  who  knows  anything  of 
the  internal  structure  of  the  human  body.  They 
determine  the  nature  of  all  diseases  by  feeling- 
the  pulse,  and  the  most  usual  cure  for  any  top- 
ical affection  is  searing  the  parts  affected  with  a. 
hot  iron.  The  foolish  belief  of  an  elixir  vitm  is 
predominant  in  China,  and  is  a  great  object  of 
the  researches  of  their  physicians. — Tytleb'* 
Hist.,  Book 6,  ch.  24,  p.  343. 

4759.  REMEOT,  A  strange.  Wailing.  la 
Abyssinia  ...  a  favorite  regime  for  fever  is  to- ' 
surround  the  bed  of  the  patient  with  old  ladies- 
of  strong  lungs,  who  howl  and  wail  for  several 
days  together,  lamenting  the  prospect  of  the 
sufferer's  death,  and  at  the  least  sign  of  torpor 
the  unhappy  victim  is  instantly  buried. — Ap- 
pleton's  Cyclopedia,  "Abyssinia." 

4760.  REMORSE,  Persecutor's.  Charles  IX. 
Charles  IX.  on  his  death-bed  suffered  fearfully 
from  the  agonies  of  remorse  in  looking  back  on 
the  atrocities  which  had  disgraced  his  reign,  and 
which,  if  not  their  original  author,  he  had  at 
least  culpably  sanctioned.  His  couch  was  fre- 
quently bathed  in  blood,  a  natural  consequence 
of  his  disease  ;  and  this  was  interpreted  by  many 
into  a  sort  of  judicial  retribution  on  his  crimes. 
— Students'  France,  ch.  16,  §  12. 

4761.  REMORSE,  Royal.  Edward  IV.  [The; 
last  few]  years  of  his  life  .  .  .  were  not  years  of 
ease  and  prosperity.  The  chroniclers  say  that 
his  remorse  for  the  death  of  Clarence  was  con- 
stant and  bitter  [his  brother,  against  whom  he 
appeared  in  person,  urging  on  the  false  charg 
of  treason.  He  was  found  guilty  and  sentenced 
to  be  executed,  but  was  found  dead  in  prison,j 
supposed  to  be  murdered  by  his  connivance],  and" 
that  he  was  wont  to  cry  out  in  rage,  "O  un-j 
fortunate  brother,  for  whose  life  no  man  in  thia 
world  once  make  request !"  —  Knight's  Eng. 
vol.  2,  ch.  11,  p.  175. 

4762.  RENOWN  for  Honesty.  Aristides.  The 
greatest  honor  which  the  ancients  have  done  tc 
Aristides  is  the  having  bestowed  on  him  the  gloj 


RENOWN— REPENTANCE. 


565 


rious  title  of  the  Just.  He  gained  it,  not  by  one 
particular  occurrence  of  his  life,  but  by  the 
whole  tenor  of  his  conduct  and  actions. — Rol- 
IiIn's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3,  §  18. 

4763.  EENOWN  of  Infamy.  Erostratus.  One 
lErostratus  had  set  fire  to  the  temple  [of  Diana 

\  aX  Ephesus]  on  purpose.  Being  put  to  the  tort- 
ure, in  order  to  force  him  to  confess  his  motive 
for  committing  so  infamous  an  action,  he  owned 
that  it  was  with  the  view  of  making  himself 
known  to  posterity,  and  to  immortalize  his  name, 
by  destroying  so  noble  a  structure.  The  states- 
general  of  Asia  imagined  they  should  prevent 
the  success  of  his  view  by  publishing  a  decree 
prohibiting  the  mention  of  his  name.  However, 
their  prohibition  only  excited  a  greater  curiosi- 
ty ;  fo''  scarce  one  of  the  historians  of  that  age 
lias  omitted  to  mention  so  monstrous  an  extrav- 
agance, and  at  the  same  time  to  tell  us  the  name 
of  the  criminal. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  15,  §  1. 

4764.  RENOWN,  Literary.  SamuelJohnson. 
TOn  the  death  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,]  in  1784, 
It  has  been  said  ' '  it  was  not  only  the  end  of  a 
reign,  but  the  end  of  kingship  altogether,  in  our 
literary  system.  For  King  Samuel  has  had  no 
successor  ;  nobody  since  his  day,  and  that  of  his 
contemporary  Voltaire,  has  sat  on  a  throne  of 
Xiterature  either  in  England  or  France." — G.  L. 
•Craig,  in  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  5,  p.  85. 

4765.  RENOWN,  Noble.  PeHcles.  He  was 
infected  with  the  pestilence.  Being  extremely 
ill,  and  ready  to  breathe  his  last,  the  principal 
citizens,  and  such  of  his  friends  as  had  not  for- 
saken him,  discoursing  together  in  his  bed- 
•chamber  about  his  rare  merit,  they  ran  over  his 
exploits,  and  computed  the  number  of  his  victo- 
xies  ;  for  while  he  was  generalissimo  of  the  Athe- 
nians, he  had  erected  for  the  glory  of  their  city 
nine  trophies,  in  memory  of  as  many  battles 
gained  by  him.  They  did  not  imagme  that  Per- 
icles heard  what  they  were  saying,  because  he 
aseemed  to  have  lost  his  senses  ;  but  it  was  far 
•otherwise,  for  not  a  single  word  of  their  dis- 
course had  escaped  him ;  when,  breaking  sud- 
-denly  from  his  silence,  "  I  am  surprised,"  says 
he,  "  that  you  should  treasure  up  so  well  in  your 
memories  and  extol  so  highly  a  series  of  ac- 
tions in  which  fortune  had  so  great  a  share,  and 
which  are  common  to  me  with  so  many  other 
generals ;  and  at  the  same  time  should  forget 
the  most  glorious  circumstance  in  my  life  — 
I  mean  my  never  having  caused  a  single  citizen 
to  put  on  mourning." — Book  7,  ch.  3,  §  2. 

4766.  RENT,  Refused.  Anti-Bent  Party.  In 
the  latter  part  of  Tyler's  administration  the 
State  of  New  York  was  the  scene  of  a  serious 
social  disturbance.  Until  the  year  1840  the  de- 
rscendants  of  Van  Rensselaer,  one  of  the  old  Dutch 
patroons  of  New  Netherlands,  had  held  a  claim 
on  certain  lands  in  the  counties  of  Rensselaer, 
Columbia,  and  Delaware.  In  liquidation  of  this 
-claim  they  had  continued  to  receive  from  the 
f armew  certain  trifling  rents.  At  last  the  farm- 
•€rs  grew  tired  of  the  payment  and  rebelled. 
From  1840  until  1844  the  question  was  frequently 
discussed  in  the  New  York  Legislature  ;  but  no 
satisfactory  settlement  was  reached.  In  the  lat- 
ter j-ear  the  anti-rent  party  became  so  bold  as  to 
coat  with  tar  and  feathers  those  of  their  fellow- 
tenants  who  made  the  payments.     Officers  were 


sent  to  apprehend  the  rioters,  and  them  they 
killed.  Time  and  again  the  authorities  of  the 
State  were  invoked  to  quell  the  disturbers,  and 
the  question  in  dispute  has  never  been  perma- 
nently settled. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  56,  p.  444. 
4767.  REPARATION  for  Disloyalty.  Annap- 
olis. A.D.  1774.  When  it  appeared  that  this 
offer  to  burn  the  tea  did  not  wholly  satisfy  the 
crowd,  the  owner  of  the  brig  .  .  .  proposed  to 
devote  that  also  to  the  flames.  The  offer  was 
accepted.  The  penitent  importers  and  owner 
went  on  board,  and  in  the  presence  of  a  large  mul- 
titude of  gazers  they  themselves  set  fire  to  the 
packages  of  tea  [2320  pounds],  all  of  which,  to- 
gether with  the  Peggy  Stewart,  her  canvas,  cord- 
age, and  every  appurtenance,  was  consumed. 
[This  brig  brought  tea  from  London,  while  the 
colonies  refused  to  import  it  and  pay  the  tea-tax, 
and  the  Continental  Congress  was  in  session  con- 
sidering the  w^hole  subject.] — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  7,  ch.  12. 


476§.  REPARTEE,  Apt.  John  Wesley.  "Sir," 
said  a  blustering,  low-lived  man,  who  attempted 
to  push  against  John  Wesley  and  throw  him 
down — "  sir,  I  never  make  way  for  a  fool."  "  I 
always  do,"  replied  Wesley,  stepping  aside  and 
passing  calmly  on.  —  Stevens'  Methodism, 
vol.  2,  p.  386. 

4769.  REPENTANCE,  Attractive.  Martin 
Luther.  On  one  occasion,  when  they  were  con- 
versing about  repentance,  Staupitz  said,  "  There 
is  no  true  repentance  other  than  that  which  flows 
from  the  love  of  God  and  His  righteousness." 
This  word  penetrated  Luther's  soul  as  the  sharp- 
ened arrow  of  the  warrior.  He  searched  in  the 
Scriptures  and  found  to  his  sweet  joy  that  all 
the  words  of  the  Bible  agreed  with  the  above 
statement ;  so  that,  whereas  formerly  there  was 
no  word  in  Scripture  more  bitter  to  him  than  re- 
pentance, there  was  now  no  other  word  that  was 
sweeter  and  that  sounded  more  agreeable." — 
Rein's  Luther,  ch.  3,  p.  34. 

4770.  REPENTANCE,  Ineffective.  Conversion 
of  Whitefield.  [The  celebrated  Rev.  George 
Whitefield  sought]  purification  of  soul  by  pray- 
er, watchings,  fastings,  alms,  and  Christian  labors 
among  the  poor.  He  passed  through  a  fiery  or- 
deal, .  .  .  spent  whole  days  and  weeks  prostrate 
on  the  ground  in  prayer,  using  only  bread  and 
sage  tea  during  the  forty  days  of  Lent,  except 
on  Saturdaj's  and  Sundays.  .  .  .  He  selected  the 
coarsest  food,  wore  patched  raiment,  uncleaned 
shoes,  and  coarse  gloves.  He  prayed  till  the 
sweat  ran  down  his  face,  under  the  trees,  far 
into  the  winter  nights  .  .  .  [But  he  did  not  escape 
his  ascetic  delusions,  until]  ' '  by  laying  hold  on 
the  cross  by  a  living  faith"  he  received  "  an 
abiding  sense  of  the  pardoning  love  of  God,  and 
a  full  assurance  of  faith." — Stevens'  M.  E. 
Church,  vol.  1,  p.  31. 

4771.  REPENTANCE,  Public.  John  Under- 
hill.  A.D.  1640.  Having  the  licentiousness  .  .  . 
of  the  soldiers  of  that  age,  he  had  been  com- 
pelled, at  Boston,  in  a  great  assembly,  on  lecture- 
day,  during  the  session  of  the  general  court, 
dressed  in  the  ruthf  ul  habit  of  a  penitent,  to  stand 
upon  a  platform,  and  with  sighs  and  tears  and 
brokenness  of  heart  to  beseech  the  compassion 
of  the  congregation. — Bancroft's  L,  S.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  15. 


666 


REPENTANCE— REPROOF. 


4772.  REPENTANCE,  Sudden.  SamuelJohn- 
son.  JoHKoON  :  "  Sir,  we  are  not  to  judge  de- 
terminately  of  the  state  in  which  a  man  leaves 
this  life.  He  may  in  a  moment  have  repented  ef- 
fectually, and  it  is  possible  may  have  been  ac- 
cepted of  God.  There  is  in  '  Camden's  Remains  ' 
an  epitaph  upon  a  very  wicked  man  who  was 
killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  in  which  he  is 
supposed  to  say, 

'  Between  the  stirrup  and  the  ground, 
I  mercy  asked,  I  mercy  found.' " 
^BoswELii's  Johnson,  p.  495. 

4773.  REPRESENTATIVE,  Punished  in.  King 
of  England.  The  king  ...  is  above  the  reach  of 
all  courts  of  law  ;  but  his  ministers,  his  indis- 
pensable instruments,  are  answerable  for  all  the 
measures  of  government.  All  misapplications 
of  the  public  money,  all  ruinous  and  improper 
expeditions,  all  abuses  of  power  are  chargeable 
to  tJieir  account ;  and  the  Commons,  the  guar- 
dians of  the  Constitution,  have  a  right  to  impeach 
them  at  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Lords.  A  min- 
ister impeached  for  misconduct  cannot  plead  in 
excuse  the  commands  of  the  sovereign,  nor  will 
it  avail  him,  pleading  guilty  to  the  charge,  to 
produce  the  royal  pardon.  He  must  suffer  as 
the  author  of  those  measures  of  which  he  was 
the  instrument ;  a  noble  and  most  effectual  anti- 
dote against  the  evils  of  misgovernment ! — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  31,  p.  437. 

4774.  REPRIMAND,  Fictitious.  La  FayetU. 
[He  had  complicated  relations  between  France 
and  England  by  joining  the  American  patriots 
on  his  return.]  He  was  received  in  France  with 
great  distinction,  which  he  amusingly  describes  : 
"When  I  went  to  court,  which  had  hitherto 
only  written  for  me  orders  for  my  arrest,  I  was 
presented  to  the  ministers.  I  was  interrogated, 
complimented,  and  exiled — to  the  hotel  where 
my  wife  was  residing.  Some  days  after,  I  wrote 
to  the  king  to  acknowledge  my /«m^<.  I  received 
in  reply  a  light  reprimand  and  the  colonelcy  of 
the  Royal  Dragoons.  Consulted  by  all  the  min- 
isters, and,  what  was  much  better,  embraced  by 
all  the  women,  I  had  at  Versailles  the  favor  of 
the  king,  and  celebrity  at  Paris." — Cyclopedia 
OF  Bigg.,  p.  479. 

4775.  REPRIMAND  of  Kindness.  Samuel 
Johnson.  He  much  regretted  that  hisj^ra^  tutor 
was  dead,  for  whom  he  seemed  to  retain  the 
greatest  regard.  He  said,  "  I  once  had  been  a 
whole  morning  sliding  in  Christ-Church  mead- 
ows, and  missed  his  lecture  in  logic.  After 
dinner  he  sent  for  me  to  his  room.  I  expected 
a  sharp  rebuke  for  ray  idleness,  and  went  with 
a  beating  heart.  When  we  were  seated,  he  told 
me  he  had  sent  for  me  to  drink  a  glass  of  wine 
with  him,  and  to  tell  me  he  was  not  angry  with 
me  for  missing  his  lecture.  This  was,  in  fact,  a 
most  severe  reprimand." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  71. 

4776.  REPRISAL,  An  Honest.  Cromwell.  An 
English  merchantship  was  taken  in  the  chops  of 
the  Channel,  carried  into  St.  Malo,  and  there  con- 
fiscated [by  the  French]  upon  some  groundless 
pretence.  [The  master  of  the  ship,  an  honest 
Quaker,  appealed  to  the  Protector,  who  told  his 
council  that  he  would  take  that  affair  upon  him- 
self. He  examined  the  master,  and  then]  he 
asked  him  if  he  could  go  to  Paris  with  a  letter. 


The  man  answered  he  could.  "  Well^  then," 
says  the  Protector,  "  prepare  for  your  journey^ 
and  come  to  me  to-morrow  morning."  Next. 
morning  he  gave  him  a  letter  to  Cardinal  Maz- 
arin,  and  told  him  he  must  stay  but  three  days 
for  an  answer.  ' '  The  answer  I  mean,"  says  he, 
' '  is  the  full  value  of  what  you  might  have  made 
of  your  ship  and  cargo  ;  and  tell  the  Cardinal 
that  if  it  is  not  paid  you  in  three  days  you  have 
express  orders  from  me  to  return  home."  The 
honest,  blunt  Quaker,  we  may  suppose,  followed 
his  instructions  to  a  tittle  ;  but  the  Cardinal,  ac- 
cording to  the  manner  of  ministers  when  they 
are  any  way  pressed,  began  to  shuffle  ;  therefore 
the  Quaker  returned,  as  he  was  bid.  As  soon  as 
the  Protector  saw  him,  he  asked,  "  Well,  friend, 
have  you  got  your  money  ?"  And  upon  the 
man's  answering  he  had  not,  the  Protector  told 
him,  "  Then  leave  your  direction  with  my  secre- 
tary, and  you  shall  soon  hear  from  me."  Upon 
this  occasion  that  great  man  did  not  stay  to  nego- 
tiate or  to  explain,  by  long,  tedious  memorials, 
the  reasonableness  of  his  demand.  No  ;  though 
there  was  a  French  minister  residing  here,  he- 
did  not  so  much  as  acquaint  him  with  the  story, 
but  immediately  sent  a  man-of-war  or  two  to  the 
Channel,  with  orders  to  seize  every  French  ship 
they  could  meet  with.  Accordingly,  they  re- 
turned in  a  few  days  with  two  or  three  French 
prizes,  which  the  Protector  ordered  to  be  imme- 
diately sold,  and  out  of  the  produce  he  paid  the 
Quaker  what  he  demanded  for  his  ship  and 
cargo.  Then  he  sent  for  the  French  Minister, 
gave  him  an  account  of  what  had  happened,  and 
told  him  there  was  a  balance,  which,  if  he 
pleased,  should  be  paid  in  to  him,  to  the  end  that 
he  might  deliver  it  to  those  of  his  countrymen 
who  were  the  owners  of  the  French  ships  that 
had  been  so  taken  and  sold. — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  16,  p.  211. 

4777.  REPROACH,  Escape  from.  Napoleon  I. 
[During  his  Egyptian  campaign  he  with  a  party 
of  scientific  men  visited  Suez.  The  tide  rose 
twenty  feet,  and,  coming  suddenly,  they  were 
greatly  endangered  for  a  time.  ]  "  Had  I  perished 
in  that  manner,  like  Pharaoh,"  said  Napoleon, 
"it  would  have  furnished  all  the  preachers  in 
Christendom  with  a  magnificent  text  against, 
me." — Abbott's  Napoleon   B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  12. 

477§.  REPROACH,  Gentle.  Anaxagoras. 
[Being  destitute  he  resolved  to  starve.]  Pericles- 
conjured  him,  in  the  strongest  and  most  moving 
terms,  not  to  throw  his  life  away  ;  adding,  that 
it  was  not  Anaxagoras  but  himself  that  was  tO' 
be  lamented,  if  he  was  so  unfortunate  as  to  lose 
so  wise  and  faithful  a  friend ;  one  who  was  so 
capable  of  giving  him  wholesome  counsels,  in 
the  pressing  emergencies  of  the  State.  Anaxa- 
goras then,  uncovering  a  little  his  head,  spoke 
thus  to  him:  "  Pericles,  those  who  need  the 
light  of  a  lamp  take  care  to  feed  it  with  oil. "  This 
was  a  gentle  and  at  the  same  time  a  keen  and 
piercing  reproach. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  7, 
ch.  3,  §  2. 

4779.  REPROOF,  Meekness  in.  Dr.  Taylor. 
[The  martyr  was  burning  at  the  stake.]  One  of 
the  executioners  "cruelly  cast  a  fagot  at  him, 
which  hit  upon  his  head  and  brake  his  face  that 
the  blood  ran  down  his  visage.  Then  said  Dr. 
Taylor,  '  O  friend,  I  have  harm  enough — what 
needed   that  ?' "     One  more    act  of    brutality 


REPROOF— REPUTATION. 


567 


brought  his  sufferings  to  an  end.  "  So  stood  he 
still  without  either  crying  or  moving,  with  his 
hands  folded  together,  till  Soyce  with  a  halberd 
struck  him  on  t£e  head  that  the  brains  fell  out, 
and  the  dead  corpse  fell  down  into  the  fire." — 
Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  660. 

4780.  REPROOF,  Undeserved.  Dr.  Arnold. 
Once  at  Laleham,  when  teaching  a  rather  dull 
boy,  he  spoke  rather  sharply  to  him,  when  the 
pupil  looked  up  in  his  face  and  said,  "  Why  do 
you  speak  angrily,  sir  ?  indeed  I  am  doing  the 
best  that  I  can."  Years  afterward  he  .  .  .  said, 
"  I  never  felt  so  much  in  my  life — that  look  and 
that  speech  I  have  never  forgotten." — Smiles' 
Brief  Biographies,  p.  76. 

47§1.  REPROOF,  XTndistiirbed  by.  Was/iing- 
toii.  A  gentleman  once  slept  at  Mount  Vernon 
in  the  room  .  .  .  [near  by]  he  overheard,  through 
the  thin  partition,  the  voice  of  Mrs.  Washington. 
He  could  but  listen,  and  it  was  a  curtain  lecture 
which  she  was  giving  her  lord  .  .  .  The  great 
man  listened  in  silence  till  she  had  done,  and 
then,  without  a  remark  upon  the  subject  in  hand, 
said:  "Now,  good  sleep  to  you,  my  dear." — 
Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  10. 

4782.  REPUBLIC  in  Decay.  Roman.  Thus 
bloodily  ended  the  Civil  War,  which  the  Senate 
of  Rome  had  undertaken  against  Caesar,  to  es- 
cape the  reforms  which  were  threatened  by  his 
second  consulship.  They  had  involuntarily 
rendered  their  country  the  best  service  which 
they  were  capable  of  conferring  upon  it,  for  the 
attempts  which  Caesar  would  have  made  to 
amend  a  system  too  decayed  to  benefit  by  the 
process  had  been  rendered  forever  impossible  by 
their  persistence.  The  free  constitution  of  the 
Republic  had  issued  at  last  in  elections  which 
were  a  mockery  of  representation,  in  courts  of 
law  which  were  an  insult  to  justice,  and  in  the 
conversion  of  the  Provinces  of  the  Empire  into 
the  feeding-grounds  of  a  gluttonous  aristocracy. 
In  the  army  alone  the  Roman  character  and  the 
Roman  honor  survived. — Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  25. 

4783.  REPUBLIC  Presaged.  John  Cabot.  In 
April  the  fleet  left  Bristol ;  and  on  the  morning 
of  the  24th  of  June,  at  a  point  about  the  middle 
of  the  eastern  coast  of  Labrador,  the  gloomy 
shore  was  seen.  This  was  the  real  discovery 
of  the  American  continent.  Fourteen  months 
elapsed  before  Columbus  reached  the  coast  of 
Guiana,  and  more  than  two  years  before  Ojeda 
^nd  Vespucci  came  in  sight  of  the  mainland  of 
South  America.  Cabot  explored  the  shore-line 
of  the  country  which  he  had  discovered,  for 
several  hundred  miles.  He  supposed  that  the 
land  was  a  part  of  the  dominions  of  the  Cham  of 
Tartary ;  but  finding  no  inhabitants,  he  went 
on  shore,  according  to  the  terms  of  his  commis- 
sion, planted  the  fiag  of  England,  and  took  pos- 
session in  the  name  of  the  English  king.  No  man 
forgets  his  native  land  ;  by  the  side  of  the  flag 
of  his  adopted  country  Cabot  set  up  the  banner 
of  the  Republic  of  Venice — auspicious  emblem 
of  another  flag  that  should  one  day  float  from 
sea  to  sea. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  6,  p.  77. 

4784.  REPUTATION,  Blemished.  Napoleon  I. 
The  piincipal  charges  brought  against  Napoleon 
are  the  massacre  of  the  [2000]  prisoners  at 
Jaffa,  and  the  poisoning  of  the  sick  in  the  hos- 


pital there,  the  execution  of  the  Duke  d'Enghien, 
the  invasion  of  Spain,  the  divorce  of  Josephine 
and  the  war  with  Russia. — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  12. 

4785.  REPUTATION,  Changeful,  Robert 
Burns.  Burns  first  came  upon  the  world  as  a 
prodigy  ;  and  was,  in  that  character,  entertained 
by  it  in  the  usual  fashion,  with  loud,  vague,  tu- 
multuous wonder,  speedily  subsiding  into  cen- 
sure and  neglect ;  till  his  early  and  most  mourn- 
ful death  again  awakened  an  enthusiasm  for 
him,  which,  especially  as  there  was  now  noth- 
ing to  be  done,  and  much  to  be  spoken,  has 
prolonged  itself  even  to  our  own  time. — Car- 
lyle's  Burns,  p.  14. 

4786.  REPUTATION,  A  deceptive.  Charles 
XII.  Old  Dr.  Franklin  used  to  say  that  if  a 
man  makes  a  sheep  of  himself,  the  wolves  will 
eat  him.  Not  less  true  is  it,  that  if  a  man  is 
generally  supposed  to  be  a  sheep,  wolves  will  be 
very  likely  to  try  and  eat  him.  Three  kings, 
neighbors  and  allies  of  Charles,  hearing  on  all 
hands  that  the  young  king  was  a  fool,  and  know- 
ing that  he  was  only  a  boy  in  years,  concluded 
that  it  would  be  an  excellent  time  to  satisfy  some 
ancient  grudges  against  Sweden,  and  to  wrest  a 
few  provinces  from  its  territory.  ,  .  .  Sweden 
was  alarmed.  Her  old  generals  were  dead,  her 
armies  were  unused  to  war,  and  the  king  was 
thought  to  be  a  boy — self-willed  and  incapable. 
[He  proved  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of 
Europe.] — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  435. 

4787.  REPUTATION,  Evil.  England.  There 
was  one  province  of  our  island  in  which,  as  Pro- 
copius  had  been  told,  the  ground  was  covered 
with  serpents,  and  the  air  was  such  that  no  man 
could  inhale  it  and  live.  To  this  desolate  region 
the  spirits  of  the  departed  were  ferried  over  from 
the  land  of  the  Franks  at  midnight.  A  strange 
race  of  fishermen  performed  the  ghastly  office. 
The  speech  of  the  dead  was  distinctly  heard  by 
the  boatmen  ;  their  weight  made  the  keel  sink 
deep  in  the  water  ;  but  their  forms  were  invisi- 
ble to  mortal  eye.  Such  were  the  marvels  which 
an  able  historian,  the  contemporary  of  Belisa- 
rius,  of  Simplicius,  and  of  Tribonian,  gravely 
related  in  the  rich  and  polite  Constantinople, 
touching  the  country  in  which  the  founder  of 
Constantinople  had  assumed  the  imperial  purple. 
— Mac AUL ay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  5. 

4788.  REPUTATION,  False.  Aristides.  Cal- 
lias,  who  was  a  near  relation  of  Aristides,  and 
the  most  wealthy  citizen  in  Athens,  was  cited  to 
appear  before  the  judges.  The  accuser,  laying 
very  little  stress  on  the  cause  itself,  reproached 
him  especially  Avith  permitting  Aristides,  and 
his  wife  and  children,  to  live  in  poverty,  at  a 
time  when  he  himself  rolled  in  riches.  Callias, 
perceiving  that  these  reproaches  made  a  strong 
impression  on  the  judges,  summoned  Aristides 
to  declare  before  them  whether  he  had  not  often 
pressed  him  to  accept  of  large  sums  of  money, 
and  whether  he  had  not  obstinately  refused  to  ac- 
cept of  his  offer,  giving  for  answer  that  he  had 
more  reason  to  boast  of  his  poverty  than  Callias 
of  his  riches ;  that  many  persons  were  to  be 
found  who  made  a  good  use  of  their  wealth,  but 
that  there  were  few  who  bore  their  poverty  with 
magnanimity  and  even  with  joy  ;  and  that  none 
had  cause  to  blush  at  their  condition  but  such  as 
had  reduced  themselves  to  it  by  their  idleness, 


i)68 


REPUT  ATION— REQUES 1 . 


their  intemperance,  their  profusion  or  dissolute 
conduct.  Aristides  declared  that  his  kinsman 
had  told  nothing  but  the  truth  ;  and  added,  that 
a  man  whose  frame  of  mind  is  such  as  to  sup- 
press every  wish  for  superfluities  and  who  con- 
fines the  wants  of  life  within  the  narrowest 
limits,  besides  its  freeing  him  from  a  thousand 
importunate  cares,  and  leaving  him  so  much 
master  of  his  time  as  to  devote  it  entirely  to  the 
public,  it  approximates  him,  in  some  measure 
to  the  Deity,  who  is  wholly  void  of  cares  or 
wants.  There  was  no  man  in  the  assembly  but, 
■at  his  leaving  it,  would  have  chosen  to  be  Aris- 
tides, though  so  poor,  rather  than  Callias  with 
^11  his  riches. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  6,  §  17. 

4T§9.  REPUTATION,  Fictitious.  General 
Charles  Lee.  a.d.  1776.  [An  English  advent- 
urer who  pretended  to  be  an  experienced  sol- 
dier, a  man  of  great  audacity  and  an  abominable 
meddler.  Congress  made  him  the  second  in 
<;ommand  of  its  armies,  Washington  being  the 
first.  New  York  had  been  evacuated.]  The 
.-army  sighed  for  the  coming  of  Lee,  not  know- 
ing that  he  had  advised  to  give  up  the  forts  in 
•Charleston  Harbor  without  firing  a  gun.  [The 
brave  Moultrie  drove  away  the  immense  British 
force,  in  spite  of  Lee's  interference  and  opposi- 
tion, but  Lee  took  the  glory,  and  was  promoted.] 
A  New  York  officer  wrote  :  "  He  is  hourly  ex- 
pected as  if  from  heaven."  .  .  .  Yet  Lee  with 
;all  his  ill-concealed  aspirations,  had  not  one 
talent  of  a  commander.  He  could  never  see  any- 
thing in  its  whole,  or  devise  a  comprehensive 
plan  of  action,  but  by  the  habit  of  his  mind 
■would  fasten  upon  some  detail  and  always  find 
fault. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  10. 

4T90.  REPUTATION,  Field  for.  Washington. 
Early  in  the  session  [of  the  Colonial  Congress] 
John  Adams  made  a  powerful  address,  in  the 
■course  of  which  he  sketched  the  condition  and 
wants  of  the  country  and  of  the  army.  The  ne- 
cessity of  appointing  a  commander-in-chief  and 
the  qualities  requisite  in  that  high  officer  were 
■dwelt  upon  ;  and  then  the  speaker  concluded  by 
putting  in  nomination  George  Washington,  of 
Virginia.  As  soon  as  his  name  was  mentioned, 
Washington  arose  and  withdrew  from  the  hall. 
For  a  moment  he  was  overpowered  with  a  sense 
of  the  responsibility  which  was  about  to  be  put 
upon  him,  and  to  his  friend  Patrick  Henry  he 
said,  with  tears  in  his  eyes:  "I  fear  that  this 
-day  will  mark  the  downfall  of  my  reputation." 
On  the  15th  of  June  the  nomination  was  unani- 
mously confirmed  by  Congress  ;  and  the  man 
Tvho  had  saved  the  wreck  of  Braddock's  army 
^«vas  called  to  build  a  nation. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
•eh.  38,  p.  301. 

4791.  REPUTATION,  Mixed.  Alexander.  It 
must  be  confessed,  that  good  and  evil,  virtues 
.and  vices,  were  never  more  equally  blended  in 
any  prince.  But  this  is  not  all ;  for  Alexander 
Appears  very  different,  according  to  the  times  or 
circumstances  in  which  we  consider  him,  as 
Livy  has  very  justlj^  observed.  In  the  inquiry 
he  makes  concerning  the  fate  of  Alexander's 
:arms,  supposing  he  had  turned  them  toward 
Italy,  he  discovers  in  him  a  kind  of  double  Alex- 
ander :  the  one  wise,  temperate,  judicious,  brave, 
intrepid,  but  at  the  same  time  prudent  and  cir- 
cumspect ;  the  other  immersed  in  all  the  wan- 
tonness of  a  haughty  prosperity  ;  vain,  proud, 


arrogant,  fier^'  ;  softened  by  voluptuousness, 
abandoned  to  intemperance  and  excesses ;  in  a 
word,  resembling  Darius  rather  than  Alexander  ; 
and  having  made  the  Macedonians  degenerate 
into  all  the  vices  of  the  Persians,  by  the  new 
turn  of  mind  and  the  new  manners  he  assumed 
after  his  conquests. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  15, 
§19. 

4792.  REPUTATION  preserved.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. In  one  respect  President  Lincoln  achieved 
a  wonderful  success.  He  maintained,  through 
the  terrible  trials  of  his  administration,  a  repu- 
tation, with  the  great  body  of  the  people,  for  un- 
sullied integrity  of  purpose  and  of  conduct, 
which  even  Washington  did  not  surpass,  and 
which  no  President  since  Washington  has  equal- 
led.— Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch.  21,  p.  716. 

4793.  REPUTATION  for  Probity.  Cato.  [It 
is  said  of  Cato  the  Younger,]  his  reputation  came 
to  be  so  great  that  a  certain  orator,  in  a  cause 
where  only  one  witness  was  produced,  said  to 
the  judges,  "  One  man's  evidence  is  not  sufficient 
to  go  by,  not  even  if  it  was  Cato's."  It  grew,  in- 
deed, into  a  kind  of  proverb,  when  people  were 
speaking  of  strange  and  incredible  things,  to  sa^, 
"I  would  not  believe  such  a  thing,  though  it 
were  affirmed  by  Cato."  —  Plutarch's  Cato 
THE  Younger. 

4794.  REPUTATION,  Stained.  William  Pitt. 
[At  the  close  of  the  war  between  England  and 
France,  it  was  proposed  in  the  treaty  of  peace] 
that  each  nation  should  retain  its  acquisitions  ; 
but  [Pitt]  delayed  the  settlement  of  the  epochs, 
till  the  fleet  of  one  hundred  and  fifteen  vessels, 
which  had  sailed  on  the  very  day  of  his  answer 
to  the  proposition  of  Choiseul  [the  French  min- 
ister] could  make  the  conquest  of  Belle-Isle. 
This  is  the  great  stain  on  the  fame  of  William 
Pitt.  Every  object  of  the  war  had  been  accom- 
plished ;  but  he  insisted  on  its  continuance  for 
the  purpose  of  making  more  extended  acquisi- 
tions.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  17. 

4795.  REPUTATION  for  Veracity.  James  IL 
He  was  on  the  throne  ;  and  his  first  act  was  to 
declare  that  he  would  defend  the  Church,  and 
would  strictly  respect  the  rights  of  his  people. 
The  estimate  which  all  parties  had  formed  of 
his  character  added  weight  to  every  word  that 
fell  from  him.  .  .  .  Satire  itself  had  never  rep- 
resented him  as  a  man  likely  to  court  public  fa- 
vor by  professing  what  he  did  not  feel,  and  by 
promising  what  he  had  no  intention  of  perform- 
ing. On  the  Sunday  which  followed  his  acces- 
sion, his  speech  was  quoted  in  many  pulpits. 
"  We  have  now  for  our  church,"  cried  one  loyal 
preacher,  "  the  word  of  a  king,  and  of  a  king 
who  was  never  worse  than  his  word."  This 
pointed  sentence  was  fast  circulated  through 
town  and  country,  and  was  soon  the  watchword 
of  the  whole  Tory  party. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  4,  p.  413. 

4796.  REQUEST,  Waiting  for  a.  Alexander. 
We  are  first  to  acknowledge  and  admire,  in  Al- 
exander, a  happy  disposition,  cultivated  and  im- 
proved by  an  excellent  education.  He  had  a 
great,  noble,  and  generous  soul.  He  delighted  in 
beneficence  and  liberality — qualities  he  had  ac- 
quired in  his  infant  years.  A  young  lad,  whose 
business  it  was  to  gather  up  and  throw  the  balls 
when  he  played  at  tennis,  to  whom  he  had  given 


EESEMBLANCE— RESENTMENT. 


569 


nothing,  taught  him  a  good  lesson  on  that  sub- 
ject. As  he  always  threw  the  ball  to  the  other 
players,  the  king,  with  an  angry  air,  cried  to 
him,  "  Am  I,  then,  to  have  no  ball  ?"  "  No,  Sir," 
replied  the  lad,  "you  do  not  ask  me  for  it.". 
This  witty  and  ready  answer  gave  great  satisfac- 
tion to  the  prince,  who  fell  a  laughing,  and  after- 
ward was  very  liberal  to  him. — Rollin's  Hist., 
Book  15,  §  19. 

4797.  RESEMBLANCE,  Startling.  Christ— 
Cmar.  Strange  and  startling  resemblance  be- 
tween the  fate  of  the  founder  cf  the  kingdom  of 
this  world  and  of  the  Founder  of  the  kingdom 
not  of  this  world,  for  which  the  first  was  a  prep- 
aration. Each  was  denounced  for  making  him- 
self a  king.  Each  was  maligned  as  the  friend  of 
publicans  and  sinners ;  each  was  betrayed  by 
those  whom  he  had  loved  and  cared  for ;  each 
was  put  to  death,  and  Caesar  also  was  believed  to 
have  risen  again  and  ascended  into  heaven  and 
become  a  divine  being.  —  Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  28. 

4798.  RESEJfTMENT,  Cruel.  Alexander. 
Alexander,  incensed  at  the  opposition  he  had 
met  with  [at  Tyre],  and  the  losses  his  army  had 
sustained,  forgot  his  usual  clemency.  He  or- 
dered the  city  to  be  burnt  to  the  ground  ;  8000 
of  the  inhabitants  had  been  put  to  the  sword,  in 
the  final  assault  and  entry  of  the  Macedonians, 
of  the  prisoners  taken  with  arms  in  their  hands  ; 
2000  were  crucified,  and  the  rest,  to  the  amount 
of  30,000,  sold  as  slaves.  The  conduct  of  Alex- 
ander was  yet  more  inhuman  on  the  taking  of 
Gaza,  which  immediately  followed  the  capture 
and  demolition  of  Tyre. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
2,  ch.  4,  p.  185. 

4799.  RESENTMENT,  Infamous.  Benedict 
Arnold.  In  Washington's  opinion,  there  was 
not  in  the  army  "  a  more  active,  more  spirited, 
and  more  sensible  officer  "  than  Arnold,  the  old- 
est brigadier  ;  but  in  the  promotions  he  was 
passed  over,  on  the  pretext  that  Connecticut  had 
already  two  major-generals.  .  .  .  The  slight 
rankled  in  Arnold's  breast ;  to  Washington  he 
complained  of  the  wound  to  his  "  nice  feelings  ;" 
to  Gates  he  wrote,  "  By  heavens,  I  am  a  villain 
if  I  seek  not  a  brave  revenge  for  my  injured  hon- 
or." [He  became  an  infamous  traitor.] — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  19. 

4§00.  RESENTMENT,  Passionate.  Maximin. 
[This  Roman  emperor  had  demanded  of  the  vir- 
tuous and  wealthy  widow  of  the  late  Emperor 
Galerius  the  immediate  gratification  of  his  pas- 
sions by  marriage.]  On  this  repulse,  the  love  of 
Maximin  was  converted  into  fury  ;  and,  as  wit- 
nesses and  judges  were  always  at  his  disposal,  it 
was  easy  for  him  to  cover  his  fury  with  an  ap- 
pearance of  legal  proceedings,  and  to  assault  the 
reputation  as  well  as  the  happiness  of  Valeria. 
Her  estates  were  confiscated,  her  eunuchs  and 
domestics  devoted  to  the  most  inhuman  tor- 
tures ;  and  several  innocent  and  respectable  ma- 
trons, who  were  honored  with  her  friendship, 
suffered  death,  on  a  false  accusation  of  adultery. 
The  empress  herself,  together  with  her  moth- 
er Prisca,  was  condemned  to  exile. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  14,  p.  488. 

4801 .  RESENTMENT  of  Patriots.    Lord  Chat- 

liam.    A.D.  1777.      [In  the  House  of  Lords  he 

!   said],  "If  I  were  an  American  as  I  am  an 


Englishman,  while  a  foreign  troop  was  landed 
in  my  country,  I  never  would  lay  down  my 
arms  ;  never,  never,  never." — Bancroft's  U.S., 
vol.  9,  ch.  28. 

4802.  RESENTMENT,  Public.  ToBntishTax. 
ation.  [When  the  news  of  the  Stamp  Act  ar- 
rived at  New  York]  it  was  not  easy  to  describe 
the  manner  in  which  the  people  were  affected. 
"  I  will  wear  nothing  but  homespun,"  exclaimed 
one  citizen;  "I  will  drink  no  wine,"  echoed 
another,  angry  that  wine  must  pay  a  new  duty. 
"I  propose,"  cried  a  third,  "that  we  dress  in 
sheepskins  with  the  wool  on."  All  expressed 
their  resentment  in  the  strongest  manner. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  10. 

4803.  RESENTMENT,  Savage.  Oreek  Em- 
peror Theodore  Lascans.  The  cruelty  of  the  em- 
peror was  exasperated  by  the  pangs  of  sickness, 
the  approach  of  a  premature  end,  and  the  sus- 
picion of  poison  and  magic.  The  lives  and  for- 
tunes, the  eyes  and  limbs,  of  his  kinsmen  and 
nobles,  were  sacrificed  to  each  sally  of  pas- 
sion ;  and  before  he  died,  the  son  of  Vataces 
might  deserve  from  the  people,  or,  at  least,  from 
the  court,  the  appellation  of  tyrant.  A  matron 
of  the  family  of  the  Palseologi  had  provoked  his 
anger  by  refusing  to  bestow  her  beauteous 
daughter  on  the  vile  plebeian  who  was  recom- 
mended by  his  caprice.  Without  regard  to  her 
birth  or  age,  her  body,  as  high  as  the  neck,  was 
inclosed  in  a  sack  with  several  cats,  who  were 
pricked  with  pins  to  irritate  their  fury  against 
their  unfortunate  fellow-captive.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  62,  p.  145. 

4804.  RESENTMENT  withheld.  Robbery. 
Anytus  was  very  fond  of  Alcibiades,  and  hap- 
pening to  make  an  entertainment  for  some  stran- 
gers, he  desired  Alcibiades  to  give  him  his  com- 
pany. Alcibiades  would  not  accept  of  the  invi- 
tation, but  having  drank  deep  with  some  of  his 
acquaintance  at  his  own  house,  he  went  thither 
to  play  some  frolic.  The  frolic  was  this :  He 
stood  at  the  door  of  the  room  where  the  guests 
were  entertained,  and  seeing  a  great  number  of 
gold  and  silver  cups  upon  the  table,  he  ordered 
his  servants  to  take  half  of  them  and  carry  them 
to  his  own  house  ;  and  then,  not  vouchsafing  so 
much  as  to  enter  into  the  room  himself,  as  soon 
as  he  had  done  this  he  went  away.  The  com- 
pany resented  the  affront,  and  said  he  had  be- 
haved very  rudely  and  insolently  to  Anytus. 
"  Not  at  all,"  said  Anytus,  "  but  rather  kindly, 
since  he  has  left  us  half,  when  he  knew  it  was 
in  his  power  to  take  the  whole." — Plutarch's 
"  Alcibiades." 

4805.  RESENTMENT  of  Wrongs.  The  Irish 
Oentleman.  [Being  despoiled  of  their  lands  the 
old  Milesian  proprietor]  seldom  betook  himself 
to  any  peaceful  calling.  Trade,  indeed,  he 
thought  a  far  more  disgraceful  resource  than 
marauding.  Sometimes  he  turned  freebooter. 
Sometimes  he  contrived,  in  defiance  of  the  law, 
to  live  by  coshering — that  is  to  say,  by  quartering 
himself  on  the  old  tenants  of  his  family,  who, 
wretched  as  was  their  own  condition,  could  not 
refuse  a  portion  of  their  pittance  to  one  whom 
they  still  regarded  as  their  rightful  lord.  The 
native  gentleman  who  had  been  so  fortunate  as 
to  keep  or  to  regain  some  of  his  land  too  often 
lived  like  the  petty  prince  of  a  savage  tribe,  and 
indemnified  himself  for  the  humiliations  which 


570 


RESERVE— RESOLUTION. 


the  dominant  race  made  him  suffer  by  govern- 
ing his  vassals  despotically,  by  keeping  a  rude 
harem,  and  by  maddening  or  stupefying  himself 
daily  with  strong  drink.  Politically  he  was  in- 
significant. No  statute,  indeed,  excluded  him 
from  the  House  of  Commons  ;  but  he  had  al- 
most as  little  chance  of  obtaining  a  seat  there  as 
a  man  of  color  has  of  being  chosen  a  senator  of 
the  United  States.  In  fact,  only  one  Papist  had 
been  returned  to  the  Irish  Parliament  since  the 
Restoration. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  120. 

4806.  RESERVE,  Social.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Though  a  stern,  true-born  Englishman,  and  fully 
prejudiced  against  all  other  nations,  he  had 
discernment  enough  to  see,  and  candor  enough 
to  censure,  the  cold  reserve  too  common  among 
Englishmen  toward  strangers:  "Sir  (said  he), 
two  men  of  any  other  nation  who  are  shown 
into  a  room  together,  at  a  house  where  they  are 
both  visitors,  will  immediately  find  some  con- 
versation. But  two  Englishmen  will  probably 
go  each  to  a  different  window,  and  remain  in  ob- 
stinate silence.  Sir,  we  as  yet  do  not  enough 
understand  the  common  rights  of  humanity." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  489. 

4§07.  RESIDENCE,  Intolerable.  Reign  of 
Charles  II.  If  the  most  fashionable  parts  of 
the  capital  could  be  placed  before  us,  such  as 
they  then  were,  we  should  be  disgusted  with 
their  squalid  appearance,  and  poisoned  by  their 
noisome  atmosphere.  In  Covent  Garden  a  filthy 
and  noisy  market  was  held  close  to  the  dwell- 
ings of  the  great.  Fruit- women  screamed,  cart- 
ers fought,  cabbage-stalks  and  rotten  apples 
accumulated  in  heaps  at  the  thresholds  of  the 
Countess  of  Berkshire  and  of  the  Bishop  of 
Durham. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  333. 

480S.  RESIGNATION,  Coercion  by.  Napo- 
leon I.  [The  Directory  at  Paris  were  alarmed 
when  they  learned  that  in  one  month  Napoleon 
had  become  the  mosst  famous  man  in  Europe.] 
They  determined  to  check  his  career.  Keller- 
man  .  .  .  they  consequently  appointed  his  asso- 
ciate in  command.  .  .  .  Napoleon  promptly  but 
respectfully  tendered  his  resignation,  saying, 
"  One  bad  general  is  better  than  two  good  ones  ; 
war,  like  government,  is  mainly  decided  by  tact." 
This  decision  brought  the  Directory  immediate- 
ly to  terms. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  5. 

4809.  RESIGNATION,  Easy.  Abraham  Lin- 
«oln.  Being  informed  of  the  death  of  [the  Con- 
federate] John  Morgan,  he  said,  "  Well,  I 
wouldn't  crow  over  anybody's  death  ;  but  I  can 
take  this  as  resignedly  as  any  dispensation  of 
Providence." — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  750. 

4810.  RESIGNATION,  Serene.  Oriental.  Ab- 
bassa,  the  sister  of  the  Caliph  of  Bagdad,  first 
lost  her  husband,  then  was  driven  from  her  pal- 
ace to  live  in  extreme  destitution.  Her  reply  to 
an  inquirer  into  her  distress  is  a  celebrated  ex- 
ample of  serene  fortitude  among  Oriental  mor- 
alists :  "  Once  I  owned  a  palace  and  slaves, 
now  I  have  but  two  sheepskins  to  cover  me. 
Heaven  must  have  seen  cause  to  afflict  me ;  I 
bow  to  its  dispensations  and  am  content." — 
Appleton's  Cyclopedia,  "  Abbassa." 

4811.  RESIGNATION,  Strength  for.  Be- 
reavement. At  the  siege  of  Barcelona  in  1705, 
Captain  Carleton  witnessed  the  following  affect- 


ing fact,  which  he  tells  us  in  his  memoirs  :  "1 
saw  an  old  officer,  having  his  only  son  with 
him,  a  fine  young  man  about  twenty  years  of  age, 
going  into  their  tent  to  dine.  While  they  were 
at  dinner,  a  shot  took  off  the  head  of  the  son. 
The  father  immediately  rose  up,  and  first  look- 
ing down  upon  his  headless  child,  and  then  lift- 
ing up  his  eyes  to  Heaven,  while  the  tears  ran 
down  his  cheeks,  only  said,  '  Thy  will  be 
done.'" 

4812.  RESISTANCE,  Popular.  James  11  He 
forced  a  Roman  Catholic  president  upon  a  Protes- 
tant college.  [See  more  at  Timothy  Hall,  No.  2.] 
The  Bishop  of  Oxford  was  quietly  installed 
by  proxy,  but  only  two  members  of  Magdalene 
College  attended  'the  ceremony.  Many  signs 
showed  that  the  spirit  of  resistance  had  spread 
to  the  common  people.  The  porter  of  the  col- 
lege threw  down  his  keys.  The  butler  refused 
to  scratch  Hough's  name  out  of  the  buttery 
book,  and  was  instantly  dismissed.  No  black- 
smith could  be  found  in  the  whole  city  who 
would  force  the  lock  of  the  president's  lodgings. 
It  was  necessary  for  the  commissioners  to  em- 
ploy their  own  servants,  who  broke  open  the 
door  with  iron  bars. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8, 
p.  277. 

4813. .  Bostonians.  a.d.  1765.  The 

daybreak  of  Wednesday,  the  14th  of  August, 
saw  the  effigy  of  Oliver  [the  king's  stamp  offi- 
cer] tricked  out  with  emblems  of  Bute  and 
[George]  Grenville  [late  king's  ministers]  swing- 
ing on  the  bough  of  a  stately  elm,  the  pride  of 
the  neighborhood,  known  as  the  Great  Tree,  .  . . 
near  the  entrance  of  the  town.  The  pageant 
had  been  secretly  prepared  by  Boston  mechan- 
ics ..  .  after  dark  . . .  images  borne  on  abler  ... 
they  passed  down  the  main  street,  marched  di- 
rectly through  the  old  State  House,  shouting, . . . 
"Liberty,  Property,  no  Stamps."  They.  .. 
made  a  funeral  pyre  for  his  effigy  in  front  of 
his  own  house.  [Oliver  resigned  his  office.] — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  16. 

4814.  RESISTANCE,  Provoked.  Legislaiion. 
In  the  Assembly  which  introduced  the  resolu- 
tion the  ecclesiastical  tithes,  which,  ...  in  the 
first  instance,  had  been  declared  redeemable, 
were  abolished,  a  few  days  later,  without  com- 
pensation. .  .  .  Against  this  act  of  spoliation 
the  Abbe  Sieyes  protested  in  a  vehement  and 
well-reasoned  speech,  and  the  debate  was  pro- 
tracted to  some  length  ;  but  the  measure  was 
eventually  carried  by  an  immense  majority. 
"You  have  unloosed  the  bull,  M.  I'Abbe,"  ob- 
served Mirabeau  to  Sieyes,  "  and  you  must  not 
be  surprised  if  he  makes  use  of  his  horns." — 
Students'  France,  ch.  26,  §  3. 

4815.  RESISTANCE,  Wisdom  in.  Massachu- 
setts Patriots,  a.d.  1774.  Everywhere  the  rural 
population  .  .  .  were  anxiously  weighing  the  is- 
sues in  which  they  were  involved.  One  spirit 
moved  through  them  all.  From  the  hills  of  Berk- 
shire to  the  Penobscot  they  debated  the  great 
question  of  resistance,  as  though  God  were  heark- 
ening ;  and  they  took  counsel  reverently  with 
their  ministers,  and  the  aged,  and  the  pious,  and 
the  brave  in  their  villages. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  7,  ch.  8. 

4816.  RESOLUTION,  Success  by.  Patriots. 
[When  Dr.  Franklin  was  examined  by  a  Com- 


RESPECT— RESPONSIBILITY. 


571 


mittee  of  the  whole  House  of  Parliament  respect- 
ing the  disposition  of  the  American  colonies, 
he  said,  Americans]  could  do  without  cloth  from 
England.  "  I  am  of  opinion,  that  before  their 
old  clothes  are  worn  out  they  will  have  new 
ones  of  their  own  making. "  But, ' '  can  they  pos- 
sibly find  wool  enough  in  North  America  ?"  he 
was  asked.  The  answer  showed  the  mettle  of 
the  people  that  he  represented :  "  They  have 
taken  steps  to  increase  the  wool.  They  entered 
into  general  combination  to  eat  no  more  lamb, 
and  very  few  lambs  were  killed  last  year.  This 
course  persisted  in  will  make  a  prodigious  differ- 
ence in  the  quantity  of  wool.  The  establish- 
ment of  great  manufactories  is  not  necessary  ; 
the  people  will  all  spin  and  work  for  themselves 
in  their  own  houses." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6, 
eh.  18. 

4§17.  RESPECT,  Beneficial.  Samuel  John- 
son. To  a  lady  who  endeavored  to  vindicate  her- 
self from  blame  for  neglecting  social  attention 
to  the  worthy  neighbors,  by  saying,  "  I  would  go 
to  them  if  it  would  do  them  any  good,"  he  said, 
"What  good,  madam,  do  you  expect  to  have 
in  your  power  to  do  them  ?  It  is  showing  them 
respect,  and  that  is  doing  them  good." — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  133. 

4§18.  RESPONSIBILITY  accepted.  Bishop 
Bancroft.  [After  the  revolutionary  Government 
by  regency  had  been  proposed]  his  absence 
[from  the  House  of  Lords]  drew  on  him  many 
contumelious  censures  ;  nor  have  even  his  eulo- 
gists been  able  to  find  any  explanation  of  it 
which  raises  his  character.  The  plan  of  regen- 
cy was  his  own.  He  had,  a  few  days  before,  in 
a  paper  written  with  his  own  hand,  pronounced 
that  plan  to  be  clearly  the  best  that  could  be 
adopted.  The  deliberations  of  the  Lords  who 
supported  that  plan  had  been  carried  on  under 
his  roof.  His  situation  made  it  his  clear  duty  to 
declare  publicly  what  he  thought.  Nobody  can 
suspect  him  of  personal  cowardice  or  of  vulgar 
cupidity.  It  was  probably  from  a  nervous  fear 
of  doing  wrong  that,  at  this  great  conjuncture, 
he  did  nothing  ;  but  he  should  have  known  that, 
situated  as  he  was,  to  do  nothing  was  to  do 
wrong.  A  man  who  is  too  scrupulous  to  take 
on  himself  a  grave  responsibility  at  an  impor- 
tant crisis  ought  to  be  too  scrupulous  to  accept 
the  place  of  first  minister  of  the  Church  and  first 
peer  of  the  realm. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  10, 
p.  583. 

4§19.  RESPONSIBILITY  assumed.  States- 
mamhip.  On  the  30th  of  April  [1803J  the  treaty 
ceding  Louisiana  to  the  United  States  was  for- 
mally concluded  [by  Napoleon  Bonaparte]. 
Mr.  Monroe  and  Mr.  [Chancellor]  Livingston 
had  no  authority  to  negotiate  for  so  vast  an  ex- 
tent of  territory  ;  but  the  former  was  fully  pos- 
sessed of  President  Jefferson's  views,  and  felt  as- 
sured that  his  instructions  would  have  been  am- 
ple if  the  condition  of  France  had  been  foreseen 
when  he  sailed  from  Amerijca.  Communication 
with  Washington  was  impossible.  Under  the 
most  favorable  circumstances,  an  answer  could 
not  be  expected  in  less  than  three  months.  By 
that  time  the  British  ships  would  probably  hold 
the  mouths  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  flag  of 
St.  George  be  waving  over  New  Orleans.  Mon- 
roe and  Livingston  both  realized  that  hesitation 
would  be  fatal ;  and  they  boldly  took  the  respon- 


sibility of  purchasing  a  territory  of  unknown  but 
prodigious  extent,  and  of  pledging  the  credit  of 
the  Government  for  a  sum  which,  rated  by  the^ 
ability  to  pay,  was  larger  than  a  similar  pledge- 
to-day  for  five  hundred  millions  of  dollars.  .  .  . 
The  total  cost  of  Louisiana  was,  ...  in  round 
numbers,  $15,000,000.  [See  more  at  No.  2939.} 
— Blaine's  Twenty  Years  of  Congress^ 
vol.  1,  p.  7. 

4§20.  RESPONSIBILITY,  Awed  by.  ConU-- 
nental  Congress,  July  1,  1776.  The  order  of  the; 
day  came  next, and  Congress  resolved  itself  "  into 
a  committee  of  the  whole  to  take  into  considera- 
tion the  resolution  respecting  independence." 
For  a  few  moments  perfect  silence  prevailed  ; 
every  one  felt  the  responsibility  of  acting  finally 
on  the  most  important  question  ever  agitated 
in  the  assembly. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  8, 
ch.  69. 

4821.  RESPONSIBILITY  evaded.  John  Wild- 
man.  His  hatred  of  monarchy  had  induced  him 
to  engage  in  a  long  series  of  conspiracies,  first 
against  the  Protector,  and  then  against  the 
Stuarts.  But  with  Wildman's  fanaticism  was 
joined  a  tender  care  for  his  own  safety.  He  liad 
a  wonderful  skill  in  grazing  the  edge  of  treason. 
No  man  understood  better  how  to  instigate  others 
to  desperate  enterprises  by  words  which,  when 
repeated  to  a  jury,  might  seem  innocent,  or,  at 
worst,  ambiguous.  Such  was  his  cunning,  that, 
though  always  plotting,  though  always  known 
to  be  plotting,  and  though  long  malignantly 
watched  by  a  vindictive  government,  he  eluded 
every  danger,  and  died  in  his  bed,  after  having 
seen  two  generations  of  his  accomplices  die  ou 
the  gallows. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  487. 

4§22.  RESPONSIBILITY,  Impressed  by.  Peri- 
cles. Whenever  he  was  to  appear  in  the  assem- 
bly, before  he  came  out  of  his  house  he  used  to 
say  to  himself,  "  Remember,  Pericles,  that  thou 
art  going  to  speak  to  men  born  in  the  arms  of 
liberty ;  to  Greeks,  to  Athenians." — Rollin's  . 
Hist.,  Book  7,  ch.  7,  §  7. 

4§23.  RESPONSIBILITY,  Individual.  Fred- 
erick the  Great.  [With  base  perfidy  he  captured 
Silesia  in  a  time  of  general  peace.]  The  selfish 
rapacity  of  the  King  of  Prussia  gave  the  signal 
to  his  neighbors.  His  example  quieted  their  sense 
of  shame.  His  success  led  them  to  underrate 
the  difficulty  of  dismembering  the  Austrian  mon- 
archy. The  whole  world  sprang  to  arms.  On 
the  head  of  Frederick  is  all  the  blood  which  was 
shed  in  a  war  which  raged  during  many  y.ears 
and  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe — the  blood  of 
the  column  of  Fontenoy,  the  blood  of  the  brave 
mountaineers  who  were  slaughtered  at  Cullo- 
den.  The  evils  produced  by  this  wickedness 
were  felt  in  lands  where  the  name  of  Prussia 
was  unknown  ;  and,  in  order  that  he  might  rob 
a  neighbor  whom  he  had  promised  to  defend, 
black  men  fought  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel, 
and  red  men  scalped  each  other  by  the  great 
lakes  of  North  America. — Macaulay's  Fred- 
erick THE  Great,  p.  33. 

4824.  RESPONSIBILITY  by  Indulgence.  Wil- 
liam  Prince  of  Orange.  The  French  invasion 
produced  a  complete  change.  The  suffering 
and  terrified  people  raged  fiercely  against  the 
government.  In  their  madness  they  attacked 
the  bravest  captains  and  the  ablest  statesmen  of 


673 


RESPONSIBILITY— RESULTS. 


the  distressed  Commonwealth.  De  Ruyter  was 
insulted  by  the  rabble.  De  Witt  was  torn  in 
pieces  before  the  gate  of  the  palace  of  the  States- 
General  at  the  Hague.  The  Prince  of  Orange, 
who  had  no  share  in  the  guilt  of  the  murder, 
but  who,  on  this  occasion,  as  on  another  lament- 
able occasion  twenty  years  later,  extended  to 
•crimes  perpetrated  in  his  cause  an  indulgence 
which  has  left  a  stain  on  his  glory,  became  chief 
of  the  Government  without  a  rival. — Macau- 
lay's  ExG.,  ch.  3,  p.  204. 

4§25.  EESPONSIBILITY,  Knowledge  gives. 
Alabama  Claims.  The  claim  of  the  United  States 
against  the  British  Government  for  damages 
done  to  American  commerce  by  Confederate 
oruisers  during  the  Civil  War  still  remained  un- 
settled. These  cruisers  had  been  built  and 
equipped  in  English  ports,  and  with  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  English  Government.  Such  a  pro- 
ceeding was  in  plain  violation  of  the  law  of  na- 
tions, even  if  the  independence  of  the  Confeder- 
ate States  had  been  recognized.  Time  and 
again  Mr.  Seward  remonstrated  with  the  British 
authorities,  but  without  effect.  After  the  war 
Great  Britain  became  alarmed  at  her  own  con- 
duct, and  grew  anxious  for  a  settlement  of  the 
difficulty.  On  tlie  27th  of  February,  1871,  a 
joint  high  commission,  composed  of  five  British 
and  five  American  statesmen,  assembled  at 
Washington  City.  From  the  fact  that  the  cruis- 
er Alabama  had  done  most  of  the  injury  com- 
plained of,  the  claims  of  the  United  States  were 
called  The  Alabama  Claims.  After  much  dis- 
cussion, the  commissioners  framed  a  treaty, 
known  as  the  Treaty  of  Washington,  by  which 
it  was  agreed  that  all  claims  of  either  nation 
against  the  other  should  be  submitted  to  a  board 
of  arbitration  to  be  appointed  by  friendly  na- 
tions. Such  a  court  was  formed,  and  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1872  convened  at  Geneva,  Switzerland. 
The  cause  of  the  two  nations  was  impartially 
heard,  and  on  the  14th  of  September  decided  in 
favor  of  the  United  States ;  Great  Britain  was 
obliged,  for  the  wrongs  that  she  had  done,  to 
pay  into  the  Federal  treasury  $15,500,000.— 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  67,  p.  556. 

4§26.  RESPONSIBILITY,  Official.  Emperor 
Julian.  The  Caesar  had  rejected,  with  abhor- 
rence, a  mandate  for  the  levy  of  an  extraordi- 
nary tax  ;  a  new  superindiction,  which  the  pra3- 
lect  had  offered  for  his  signature  ;  and  the  faith- 
ful picture  of  the  public  misery,  by  which  he 
liad  been  obliged  to  justify  his  refusal,  offended 
the  court  of  Constantius.  .  .  .  After  stating  his 
own  conduct,  he  proceeds  in  the  following 
terms  :  "  Was  it  possible  for  the  disciple  of 
Plato  and  Aristotle  to  act  otherwise  than  I  have 
done  ?  Could  I  abandon  the  unhappy  subjects 
intrusted  to  my  care  ?  Was  I  not  called  upon 
to  defend  them  from  the  repeated  injuries  of 
these  unfeeling  robbers  ?  A  tribune  who  deserts 
his  post  is  punished  with  death,  and  deprived  of 
the  honors  of  burial.  With  what  justice  could 
I  pronounce  his  sentence,  if,  in  the  hour  of  dan- 
ger, I  myself  neglected  a  duty  far  more  sacred 
and  far  more  important  ?  God  has  placed  me  in 
this  elevated  post.  His  providence  will  guard 
a,nd  support  me.  Should  I  be  condemned  to 
suffer,  I  shall  derive  comfort  from  the  testimony 
of  a  pure  and  upright  conscience.  Would  to 
Heaven  that  I  stilt  possessed  a  counsellor  like 


Sallust !  If  they  think  proper  to  send  me  a  suc- 
cessor, I  shall  submit  without  reluctance  ;  and 
had  much  rather  improve  the  short  opportunity 
of  doing  good  than  enjoy  a  long  and  lasting 
impunity  of  evil." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  19, 
p.  245. 

4827.  EESPONSIBILITY  of  Power.  Against 
Slavery.  The  slavery  agitation  was  a  necessity 
of  the  Northern  theory  of  government.  Duty  is 
the  correlative  of  power  ;  and  if  the  Govern- 
ment at  Washington,  in  Yankee  estimation,  was  a 
consolidated  organization,  with  power  to  pro- 
mote the  general  welfare  by  any  means  it  might 
deem  expedient,  it  was  proper  that  it  should 
overthrow  the  hated  institution  of  slavery  at  the 
South.  The  central  Government  was  responsi- 
ble for  its  continuance  or  existence,  in  propor-jj 
tion  to  its  power  over  it.  Under  these  circumj 
stances,  the  duty  of  acting  on  the  subject  of 
slavery  was  imperious,  and  amounted  to  a  mora 
necessity. — Pollard's  Second  Year  of  ti 
War,  ch.  13,  p.  294. 

4§2§.  RESTITUTION,  Conscientious.  Cri 
well.  Notice,  also,  that  when  he  was  at  CamI 
bridge  he  won  some  money  at  gambling  :  £20j 
£50,  £100.  All  these  sums  now  wei*e  returne 
as  moneys  upon  no  principle  his  own. — Hooo'a 
Cromwell,  ch.  2,  p.  47. 

4§29.  RESTRAINT,  Difficult.  Luther.  [Hi 
was  denounced  as  worthy  of  excommunication.] 
Concerning  himself  Luther  says:  "I  cannol 
deny  that  I  am  more  violent  than  I  ought  to  be ; 
they  know  that,  and  for  that  very  reason  ough^ 
not  to  have  excited  the  dog  !  How  hard  it  is  tc 
temper  the  heat  and  restrain  the  pen,  thou  knoW'^ 
est  from  personal  experience.  This  is  the  reasoi 
why  I  have  always  been  unwilling  publicly  tc 
proclaim  my  cause.  And  the  more  I  am  dispose " 
not  to  do  so,  the  more  I  am  compelled  agains| 
my  will ;  and  this  happens  because  of  the  severea 
accusations  which  are  heaped  upon  God's  Word 
and  myself.  And  so  shameful  has  this  been,  tha 
even  if  my  pen  and  my  impetuosity  had  not  car-j 
ried  me  away,  a  heart  of  stone  would  have  beei 
moved  to  take  up  arms  ;  how  much  the  more 
that  am  impetuous  by  nature,  and  possess  noi 
a  very  dull  pen !" — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  7J 
p.  68. 

4830.  RESULTS,  Decisive.  Admiral  Nelson\ 
[When  Nelson  found,  after  a  long  search,  tl 
French  fleet  at  Alexandria,  he  prepared  for  bat 
tie,  and]  exclaimed  that  before  the  morrow  hij 
fate  would  be  a  peerage  or  Westminster  Abbey^ 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  20,  p.  355. 

4831.  RESULTS,  Far-reaching.  NationaUty\ 
Captain  Argall  was  sent  with  an  armed  vessel  tcT 
the  coast  of  Maine.  The  avowed  object  of  thfl 
voyage  was  to  protect  the  English  fishermen  who 
frequented  the  waters  between  the  Bay  of  Fundj 
and  Cape  Cod,  but  the  real  purpose  was  to  de 
stroy  the  colonies  of  France,  if  any  should  be 
found  within  the  limits  of  the  territory  claimed 
by  England  [which  he  did].  ...  On  his  way 
back  to  Virginia  he  made  a  descent  on  the  Dutch 
traders  of  Manhattan  Island,  destroyed  many  of 
their  huts,  and  compelled  the  settlers  to  acknowl- 
edge the  sovereignty  of  England.  The  result  of 
these  outrageous  proceedings  was  to  confine  the 
French  settlements  in  America  to  the  banks  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  to  leave  a  clear  coast  for 


RESURRECTION— RETRACTION. 


573 


the  English  flag  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida. — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  11,  p.  109. 

4§32.  RESTJERECTION  hinted.  By  Ancients. 
[Callicratidas  was  defeated  by  the  Athenians  near 
Arginusfe.]  When  it  was  known  at  Athens  that 
the  dead  bodies  had  been  left  without  interment, 
the  people  were  highly  enraged,  and  caused  the 
whole  weight  of  their  resentment  to  fall  upon 
those  whom  they  deemed  guilty  of  that  crime. 
The  ancients  held  it  a  great  one  not  to  provide 
sepulture  for  the  dead ;  and  we  may  observe,  that, 
after  all  their  battles,  the  first  care  of  the  con- 
quered, notwithstanding  the  sense  of  their  mis- 
fortune and  their  great  alfliction  for  a  bloody  de- 
feat, was  to  demand  a  suspension  of  arms  from 
the  victor,  in  order  to  pay  the  last  duties  to  those 
who  had  fallen  in  battle,  upon  which  they  be- 
lieved their  happiness  in  another  life  depended. 
They  had  little  or  no  idea  of  the  resurrection  of  the 
body ;  but,  however,  the  Pagans,  by  the  soul's 
concern  for  the  body  after  death,  the  religious 
regard  paid  to  it,  and  the  zeal  with  which  they 
rendered  solemn  honors  to  the  dead,  showed  that 
they  had  some  confused  notion  of  a  resurrection, 
,,which  subsisted  among  all  nations,  and  descend- 
from  the  most  ancient  tradition,  though  they 

)uld  not  clearly  distinguish  it.  [The  victorious 

snerals  were  sentenced  to  death  for  this  neglect.] 

Iollin's  Hist.  ,  Book  8,  ch.  2,  §  5. 

4§33.  EETALIATION,  Popular.  Virginia 
Colonists.  [The  Stamp  Act  was  passed.]  Soon 
they  resolved  that  the  act  should  recoil  on  Eng- 
land, and  began  to  be  proud  of  frugality  ;  arti- 
cles of  luxury  of  British  manufacture  were  ban- 
ished; and  threadbare  coats  were  most  in  fash- 
ion.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  13. 

4S34.  RETIREMENT,  Religious.  William 
Cowper.  Mrs.  Unwin's  influence  produced  the 
Moral  Satires.  ' '  The  Task  "  was  born  of  a  more 
potent  inspiration.  One  day  Mrs.  Jones,  the  wife 
of  a  neighboring  clergyman,  came  into  Olney  to 
shop,  and  with  her  came  her  sister,  Lady  Austen, 
the  widow  of  a  baronet,  a  woman  of  the  world, 
who  had  lived  much  in  France,  gay,  sparkling 
and  vivacious,  but,  at  the  same  time,  full  of  feel- 
ing even  to  overflowing.  The  apparition  acted 
like  magic  on  the  recluse.  He  desired  Mrs.  Unwin 
to  ask  the  two  ladies  to  stay  to  tea  ;  then  shrank 
from  joining  the  party  which  he  had  himself  in- 
vited ;  ended  by  joining  it,  and,  his  shyness  giv- 
ing way  with  a  rush,  engaged  in  animated  con- 
versation with  Lad}''  Austen,  and  walked  with  her 
part  of  the  way  home.  On  her  an  equally  great 
effect  appears  to  have  been  produced.  A  warm 
friendship  at  once  sprang  up,  and  before  long 
Lady  Austen  had  verses  addressed  to  her  as  Sister 
Annie.  Her  ladyship,  on  her  part,  was  smitten 
^•with  a  great  love  of  retirement.  .  .  .  That  a 
coman  of  fashion,  accustomed  to  French  salons, 
|hould  choose  such  an  abode,  with  a  pair  of  Purl- 
ins for  her  only  society,  seems  to  show  that  one 
[)f  the  Puritans,  at  least,  must  have  possessed 
reat  powers  of  attraction. — Smith's  Cowper, 
5. 

4835.  RETORT,  A  crushing.  Samuel  Jdhn- 
w.  However  unfavorable  to  Scotland,  he  uni- 
formly gave  liberal  praise  to  George  Buchanan 
IS  a  writer.  In  a  conversation  concerning  the 
literary  merits  of  the  two  countries,  in  which 
"Juchanan  was  introduced,  a  Scotchman,  imagin- 


ing that  on  this  ground  he  should  have  an  un- 
doubted triumph  over  him,  exclaimed,  "  Ah,  Dr. 
Johnson,  what  would  j^ou  have  said  of  Buchan- 
an had  he  been  an  Englishman  ?"  "  Why,  Sir 
(said  Johnson,  after  a  little  pause),  I  should  not 
have  said  of  Buchanan,  had  he  been  an  English- 
man, what  I  will  now  say  of  him  as  a  Scotch- 
man— that  he  was  the  only  man  of  genius  hia 
country  ever  produced." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  487. 

4S36.  RETORT,  A  sarcastic.  Bichard  I.  Rich- 
ard ...  of  England  was  satiated  with  the  glory 
and  misfortunes  of  his  first  adventure  ;  and  he 
presumed  to  deride  the  exhortations  of  Fulk  of 
Neuilly ,  who  was  not  abashed  in  the  presence  of 
kings.  "  You  advise  me,"  said  Plantagenet,  "  to 
dismiss  my  three  daughters,  pride,  avarice,  and 
incontinence  :  I  bequeath  them  to  the  most  de- 
serving ;  my  pride  to  the  knights  templars,  my 
avarice  to  the  monks  of  Cisteaux,  and  my  in- 
continence to  the  prelates." — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  60,  p.  60. 

4§37.  RETALIATION  declined.  Bnjazet.  [He 
was  the  great  Ottoman  general.]  No  sooner  was 
Timour  informed  that  the  captive  Ottoman  was 
at  the  door  of  his  tent,  than  he  graciously  stepped 
forward  to  receive  him,  seated  him  by  his  side, 
and  mingled  with  just  reproaches  a  soothing  pity 
for  his  rank  and  misfortune.  "  Alas  !"  said  the 
emperor,  "  the  decree  of  fate  is  now  accomplished 
by  your  own  fault ;  it  is  the  web  which  you  have 
woven,  the  thorns  of  the  tree  which  yourself  have 
planted.  I  wished  to  spare,  and  even  to  assist, 
the  champion  of  the  Moslems  ;  you  braved  our 
threats  ;  you  despised  our  friendship  ;  you  forced 
us  to  enter  your  kingdom  with  our  invincible 
armies.  Behold  the  event.  Had  you  vanquished, 
I  am  not  ignorant  of  the  fate  which  you  reserved 
for  myself  and  my  troops.  But  I  disdain  to  re- 
taliate ;  your  life  and  honor  are  secure  ;  and  I 
shall  express  my  gratitude  to  God  by  my  clem- 
ency to  man." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65,  p.  267. 

4§38.  RETRACTION  refused.  Alexander  H. 
Stephens.  [Judge  Cone  of  Georgia  attacked  Ste- 
phens with  a  dirk -knife  because  of  threats  sup- 
posed to  have  been  made  by  the  latter,  who  was  a 
small  man  and  a  semi-invalid.]  Stephens,  half 
fainting,  fell  upon  his  back.  The  giant  Cone  was 
at  his  throat  in  a  moment ;  his  head,  by  a  grip  of 
iron,  was  held  against  the  cruel  floor  ;  the  keen 
and  blood-dripping  knife  was  held  aloft  before 
him  ready  for  the  last  fatal  thrust,  but  still  the 
poor,  pale  face  of  the  little  hero  was  set  and  defi- 
ant— his  black  eyes  still  flashed  undauntedly. 
"  Retract,  or  I'll  cut  your  cursed  throat  !"  hissed 
Cone.  "Cut!  I'll  never  retract !"  gasped  the 
almost  lifeless  Stephens.  Like  a  flash  the  knife 
came  down.  With  an  almost  superhuman  effort 
the  prostrate  man  caught  it  in  his  right  hand. 
Clean  through  the  muscles,  tendons,  and  bones  of 
the  hand  it  cut,  then  stuck  fast  and  reached  no 
vital  part.  With  desperate  strength  Cone  tried  to 
wrench  it  free.  With  a  grasp  almost  of  death 
the  horribly  mangled  and  mutilated  hand  still 
held  it  fast.  In  the  struggle  Stephens  was  once 
more  dragged  to  his  feet.  The  blood  was  rushing 
in  streams  from  his  many  wounds.  His  hold 
upon  the  knife  which  sought  his  brave  heart  be- 
gan to  relax.  He  was  dying.  But  even  when 
he  believed  the  next  moment  would  be  his  last 
strong  men  came  to  his  relief.    The  madman 


574 


RETREAT— RETRIBUTION. 


Cone  was  secured  and  held  fast. — Norton's 
Alex.  H.  Stephens,  ch.  3,  p.  27. 

4§39.  EETEEAT,  Hasty.  Battte  of  Spurs. 
The  English  army  advanced  in  August,  1513,  and 
sat  down  before  the  walls  of  Terouanne.  They 
were  here  joined  by  the  eccentric  Emperor 
Maximilian,  who,  after  contracting  to  serve  in  the 
ranks  as  a  volunteer,  at  the  rate  of  100  crowns  a 
day,  soon  contrived  to  gratify  his  vanity  by  as- 
suming the  direction  of  the  operations  of  the 
siege.  A  French  force  was  dispatched  to  relieve 
Terouanne,  under  the  orders  of  the  Duke  of  Lon- 
gueville.  .  .  .  The  two  armies  met  on  the  16th 
of  August,  between  Terouanne  and  Blangis, 
when,  after  a  brief  encounter,  the  French  gen- 
darmerie consulted  their  safety  by  a  flight  so  pre- 
cipitate that  the  day  has  become  known  in  his- 
tory as  the  "Battle  of  the  Spurs." — Students' 
France,  ch.  13,  §  8. 

4§40. .     "Battle  of  Spurs."    [In 

1513,  10,000  French  gendarmes,  at  the  siege  of 
Terouanne,  were  seized  with  some  inexplicable 
panic  at  the  first  shock  with  the  cavalry  of 
the  Emperor  Maximilian  and  fled  hastily  from 
the  field.]  The  French  themselves,  laughing  at 
the  panic-stricken  flight  of  their  army,  called 
this  "The  Battle  of  the  Spurs." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  16,  p.  268. 

4§41.  EETEEAT  impossible.  Battle  of  Xeres. 
[The  Saracens  invaded  Spain  and  overthrew 
the  Goths.]  Notwithstanding  the  valor  of  the 
[5000]  Saracens  [under  Tarik]  they  fainted  under 
the  weight  of  multitudes,  and  the  plain  of  Xeres 
was  overspread  with  16,000  of  their  dead  bodies. 
"  My  brethren,"  said  Tarik, to  his  surviving  com- 
panions, "the  enemy  is  before  you,  the  seals 
behind,  whither  would  ye  fly  ?  Follow  your 
general ;  I  am  resolved  either  to  lose  my  life  or 
to  trample  on  the  prostrate  king  of  the  Romans." 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  253. 

4§42.  EETEEAT,  Masterly.  Battle  of  Brook- 
lyn. At  first  the  army  seemed  ruined.  ...  It 
seemed  an  easy  thing  for  Clinton  and  Howe  to 
press  on  and  capture  all  the  rest.  Yet,  in  a  few 
hours,  Washington  brought  together  his  shattered 
forces,  reorganized  his  brigades,  and  stood  ready 
for  an  assault  in  the  trenches  back  of  Brooklyn. 
During  the  28tli  Howe,  who  was  a  sluggish,  sen- 
sual man,  ate  pudding  and  waited  for  a  fitter 
day.  On  the  29th  there  was  a  heavy  fog  over 
island  and  bay  and  river.  Washington,  clearly 
perceiving  that  he  could  not  hold  his  position, 
and  that  his  army  was  in  great  peril,  resolved 
to  withdraw  to  New  York.  The  enterprise  was 
extremely  hazardous,  requiring  secrecy,  courage 
and  dispatch.  By  eight  o'clock  on  that  memo- 
rable night  every  boat  and  transport  that  could 
be  obtained  was  lying  at  the  Brooklyn  ferry. 
There,  under  cover  of  the  darkness,  the  embarka- 
tion began.  Washington  personally  superintend- 
ed every  movement.  All  night  with  muflfled 
oars  the  boatmen  rowed  silently  back  and  forth, 
bearing  the  patriots  to  the  northern  side  of  the 
channel.  At  daylight  on  the  following  morning 
just  as  the  last  boat-load  was  leaving  the  wharf 
the  movement  was  discovered  by  the  British. 
They  rushed  into  the  American  intrenchments, 
and  found  nothing  there  except  a  few  worthless 
guns.  After  a  severe  battle  which  had  cost  him 
nearly  400  men,  Howe  had  gained  possession 
of  Long  Island — and  nothing  more.     General 


Greene,  who  was  a  competent  judge,  declared  that 
Washington's  retreat  was  the  most  masterly  he 
had  ever  read  or  heard  of. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  39,  p.  312. 

4§43.  EETEIBUTION  begun.  Lard  Counsel- 
lor Jeffreys.  [James  II.  had  fled  to  France.] 
And  now  the  day  of  retribution  had  arrived. 
The  Trimmer  [Lord  Halifax]  was  walking 
through  Wapping,  when  he  saw  a  well-known 
face  looking  out  of  the  window  of  an  ale-house. 
He  could  not  be  deceived.  The  eyebrows,  in- 
deed, had  been  shaved  away.  The  dress  was  that 
of  a  common  sailor  from  Newcastle,  and  was 
black  with  coal-dust ;  but  there  was  no  mistak- 
ing the  savage  mouth  and  eye  of  Jeffreys.  The 
alarm  was  given.  In  a  moment  the  house  waa 
surrounded  by  hundreds  of  people  shaking  blud- 
geons and  bellowing  curses.  The  fugitive's  life 
was  saved  by  a  company  of  the  train-bands,  and 
he  was  carried  before  the  lord  mayor.  .  .  .  When 
the  great  man,  at  whose  frown  a  few  days  before 
the  whole  kingdom  had  trembled,  was  dragged 
into  the  justice  room  begrimed  with  ashes,  half 
dead  with  fright,  and  followed  by  a  raging  mul- 
titude, the  agitation  of  the  unfortunate  mayor 
rose  to  the  height.  He  fell  into  fits,  and  was 
carried  to  his  bed,  whence  he  never  rose.  Mean- 
while the  throng  without  was  constantly  becom. 
ing  more  numerous  and  more  savage.  Jeffreys 
begged  to  be  sent  to  prison.  .  .  .  Two  regiments 
of  militia  were  drawn  out  to  escort  him,  and 
found  the  duty  a  diflScult  one.  It  was  repeatedly 
necessary  for  them  to  form,  as  if  for  the  purpose 
of  repelling  a  charge  of  cavalry,  and  to  present 
a  forest  of  pikes  to  the  mob.  The  thousands 
who  were  disappointed  of  their  revenge  pursued 
the  coach,  with  howls  of  rage,  to  the  gate  of  the 
Tower,  brandishing  cudgels,  and  holding  up 
halters  full  in  the  prisoner's  view.  The  wretched 
man,  meantime,  was  in  convulsions  of  terror. 
He  wrung  his  hands ;  he  looked  wildly  out, 
sometimes  at  one  window,  and  sometimes  at  the 
other,  and  was  heard  even  above  the  tumult  cry- 
ing, ' '  Keep  them  off,  gentlemen  I  for  God's  sake 
keep  them  off  1"  At  length  ...  he  was  lodged 
in  the  [Tower]  fortress,  where  some  of  his  most 
illustrious  victims  had  passed  their  last  days,  and 
where  his  own  life  was  destined  to  close  in  un- 
speakable ignominy  and  horror. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  517. 

4§44.  EETEIBUTION  overlooked.  Napoleon  I. 
[Reared  in  an  infidel  age.]  Having  never  been 
taught  any  correct  ideas  of  probation  or  retribu- 
tion, the  question  whether  a  few  thousand  illiter- 
ate peasants  should  eat,  drink  and  sleep  for  a  few 
years  more  or  less,  was  in  his  view  of  little  im- 
portance compared  with  those  great  measures  of 
political  wisdom  which  should  meliorate  the  con- 
dition of  Europe  for  ages.  It  is  Christianity 
alone  which  stamps  importance  upon  each  in- 
dividual life. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  toL  1, 
ch.  1. 

4§45.  EETEIBUTION,  Sanitary.  Black  Assise. 
In  the  year  1577  the  jail  fever  raged  in  the 
county  jail  at  Oxford,  and  spread  from  the 
prison  to  the  court,  and  from  the  court  to  the 
town.  In  the  course  of  forty  hours  the  lord 
chief  baron  (as  the  presiding  judge  was  called), 
the  high  sheriff,  the  jurymen,  and  all  who  were 
in  the  court  room,  to  the  number  of  three  hun- 
dred, died  of  this  malignant  disease.    The  citi- 


RETRIBUTION— REVENGE. 


575 


I 


zens  fled  in  terror  from  the  town,  and,  ever  after, 
that  session  of  tlie  court  was  called  the  ' '  Black 
Assize." — Cyclopedia  op  Bigg.,  "  John  How- 
ard," p.  62. 

4S46.  EETRIBUTION,  Sense  of.  Charles  II. 
[In  his  last  words  before  laying  his  head  on  the 
hlock]  he  acknowledged,  with  true  Christian 
humih'ty,  that  although  innocent  before  the  law 
of  the  cnmes  for  which  he  was  about  to  suffer, 
his  conscience  told  him  that  he  had  been  guilty 
of  many  faults  and  weaknesses,  for  which  he  ac- 
cepted without  a  murmur  his  present  death  as  a 
•meet  and  salutary  expiation.  "  I  basely  ratified," 
said  he,  in  allusion  to  the  fate  of  Strafford,  "  an 
unjust  sentence,  and  the  similar  injustice  I  am 
now  to  undergo  is  a  seasonable  retribution  for 
the  punishment  I  inflicted  on  an  innocent  man. 
— Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  47. 

4§47.  REVENGE,  Bloody.  Sepoy  Rebellion. 
As  the  Highlanders  came  to  one  of  General 
Wheeler's  dead  daughters  tied  naked  to  the 
ground,  having  been  subjected  to  treatment 
worse  than  death,  they  sat  down,  and  cutting  off 
her  hair,  divided  it,  with  pale  countenances  and 
wrathful  eyes,  between  them.  Each  one  then 
slowly  counted  the  number  of  threads  he  had, 
-and  with  a  solemn,  fearful  oath,  swore  that 
for  each  hair  one  man  should  die.  An  oath  he 
more  than  kept. — General  Grant's  Travels, 
p.  328. 

4§4§.  REVENGE,  Characteristic.  American 
Indian.  In  case  of  death  by  violence,  the  de- 
parted shade  could  not  rest  till  appeased  by  a  re- 
taliation. His  kindred  would  "  go  a  thousand 
miles  for  the  purpose  of  revenge,  over  hills  and 
mountains  ;  through  large  cane  swamps,  full  of 
grapevines  and  briers  ;  over  broad  lakes,  rapid 
rivers,  and  deep  creeks  ;  and  all  the  way  endan- 
gered by  poisonous  snakes,  exposed  to  the  ex- 
tremities of  heat  and  cold,  to  hunger  and  thirst" 
.  .  .  often  eontinuing  from  generation  to  gen- 
eration .  .  .  tribe  against  tribe  .  .  .  peace  was 
restored  by  atoning  presents.  —  Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ;^h.  22. 


4§49.  REVENGE,  Condescension  of.  Maria  The- 
resa. [The  empress-queen  of  Austria  had  been 
robbed  of  the  province  of  Silesia  by  Frederick 
II.]  Though  the  haughtiest  of  princesses,  though 
the  most  austere  of  matrons,  she  forgot  in  her 
thirst  for  revenge  both  the  dignity  of  her  race  and 
the  purity  of  her  character,  and  condescended  to 
flatter  the  low-born  and  low-minded  concubine, 
"who,  having  acquired  influence  by  prostituting 
herself,  retained  it  by  prostituting  others.  Maria 
Theresa  actually  wrote  with  her  own  hand  a  note 
full  of  expressions  of  esteem  and  friendship  to 
her  dear  cousin,  the  daughter  of  the  butcher 
Poisson,  the  wife  of  the  publican  D'Etioles,  the 
kidnapper  of  young  girls  for  the  Parc-aux-cerfs 
— a  strange  cousin  for  the  descendant  of  so  many 
emperors  of  the  West ! — Macaulay's  Fred- 
erick THE  Great,  p.  77. 

4§50.  REVENGE  on  the  Dead,  Paris.  The  fall 
of  his  [Louis  XIII.]  odious  favorite  [Concini] 
was  hailed  with  extravagant  delight  by  the  citi- 
zens of  Paris  ;  the  frantic  populace  disinterred 
his  coi*pse,  dragged  it  through  the  streets,  tore  it 
in  pieces,  and  burned  it  to  ashes. — Students' 
France,  ch.  19,  §  &. 


4§51. .    Hanged.    [On  the  30th  of 

Jan.  1661,  after  the  restoration  of  Charles  II., 
Evelyn  records]  :  "  This  day  (O  the  stupendous 
and  inscrutable  judgments  of  God  ! )  were  the 
carcasses  of  those  arch-rebels  Cromwell,  Brad- 
shaw  (the  judge  who  condemned  his  majesty 
[Charles  I.],  and  Ireton  (son-in-law  to  the  Usurp- 
er), dragged  out  of  their  superb  tombs  in 
Westminster,  among  the  kings,  to  Tyburn,  and 
hanged  on  the  gallows  there  from  nine  in  the 
morning  till  six  at  night,  and  then  buried  under 
that  fatal  and  ignominious  monument,  in  a  deep 
pit  ;  thousands  of  people  who  had  seen  them  in 
all  their  pride  being  spectators." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  15,  p.  248. 

4§52.  REVENGE  declined.  Matthew  Hale.  A 
man  who  had  done  Sir  Matthew  Hale  a  great  in- 
jury came  afterward  to  him  for  his  advice  in 
the  settlement  of  his  estate.  Sir  Matthew  gave 
his  advice  very  frankly  to  him,  but  would  ac- 
cept of  no  fee  for  it ;  and  thereby  showed,  both 
that  he  could  forgive  as  a  Christian,  and  that  he 
had  the  spirit  of  a  gentleman,  not  to  take  money 
of  one  who  had  wronged  him  so  grievously. 
When  he  was  asked  how  he  could  use  a  man  so 
kindly  who  had  wronged  him  so  much,  his  an- 
swer was,  he  thanked  God  he  had  learned  to 
forget  injuries. 

4§53.  REVENGE,  Determined.  Woman's. 
[Mary  Queen  of  Scots  had  strong  hatreds. 
Murray  and  his  adherents  were  the  objects  of  her 
wrath  in  1567,  and  she  declared  she  would 
rather  peril  her  crown  than  lose  her  revenge.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  9,  p.  139. 

4§54.  REVENGE,  Dishonorable.  Siege  of  Gaza. 
At  length,  after  repeated  assaults,  the  city  waa 
taken  by  storm,  and  its  brave  inhabitants  per- 
ished almost  to  a  man.  The  governor,  Betis, 
whose  noble  defence  of  his  country  was  worthy 
of  the  applause  even  of  an  enemy,  was  dragged 
round  the  walls  of  the  city  at  the  wheels  of  Al- 
exander's chariot.  "  The  king,"  says  Curtius, 
"  gloried  that,  in  this  instance,  he  imitated  the 
example  of  his  progenitor,  Achilles,  in  the  ven- 
geance he  took  on  the  dead  body  of  Hector." — 
Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  2,  ch.  4,  p.  185. 

4855.  REVENGE,  Female.  Parysatis.  [She 
was  the  mother  of  Cyrus.  The  captured  family 
of  Hydarnes,  the  Persian  governor,  were]  deliv- 
ered to  Parysatis,  to  do  with  them  as  that  moth- 
er, exasperated  to  the  last  excess  by  the  treatment 
either  done  or  intended  against  her  daughter 
Hamestris,  should  think  fit.  That  cruel  princess 
began  by  causing  Roxana,  whose  beauty  had 
been  the  occasion  of  all  this  evil,  to  be  sawed  in 
two,  and  ordered  all  the  rest  to  be  put  to  death, 
except  Statira,  whose  life  she  granted  to  the 
tears  and  the  most  tender  and  ardent  solicitations 
of  Arsaces  .  .  .  Such  was  the  state  of  the  affair 
at  the  death  of  Darius.  Statira,  as  soon  as  her 
husband  was  upon  the  throne,  caused  Udiastes 
[the  assassinator  of  her  brother  Teriteuchmes] 
to  be  delivered  into  her  hands.  She  ordered  his 
tongue  to  be  torn  out,  and  made  him  die  in  the 
most  exquisite  torments  she  could  invent,  to 
punish  the  crime  which  had  occasioned  the  ruin 
of  her  family.  .  .  .  Parysatis  on  her  side  took 
her  revenge  on  the  son  of  Teriteuchmes,  whom 
she  caused  to  be  poisoned ;  and  we  shall  see 
that  Statira's  turn  was  not  very  remote.  History 
has  not  a  more  tragical  scene,  nor  a  more  moiii' 


576 


REVENGE. 


strous  complication  of  adultery,  incest,  and 
murder ;  which,  after  having  occasioned  great 
disorders  in  the  royal  family,  terminated  at 
length  in  ihe  most  fatal  manner  to  all  who  had 
I  any  share  in  it. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  9,  ch.  1, 
§1. 

I  4856  EEVENGE,  Honored.  Age  of  Charle- 
I  magne.  Among  all  barbarous  nations,  the  right 
of  private  revenge  is  allowed  ;  which  is  not  only 
'  expedient  in  such  a  state  of  society,  but  absolute- 
I  ly  necessary,  where  there  is  neither  sufficient  am- 
plitude in  the  penal  laws  to  apply  to  the  variety 
of  criminal  acts,  nor  coercive  force  in  any  branch 
of  the  state  to  carry  such  laws  into  execution. 
Among  the  ancient  Germans,  revenge  was  al- 
ways honorable — often  meritorious.  The  inde- 
pendent warrior  chastised  or  vindicated  with  his 
own  hand  the  injuries  he  had  received  or  given  ; 
and  he  had  nothing  more  to  dread  than  the  re- 
sentment of  the  sons  or  kinsmen  of  the  enemy 
he  sacrificed.  The  magistrate,  conscious  of  his 
weakness,  interposed,  not  to  punish,  but  to  rec- 
oncile ;  and  he  was  satisfied  if  he  could  per- 
suade the  aggressor  to  pay,  and  the  injured  par- 
ty to  accept  the  moderate  fine  interposed  as  the 
price  of  blood. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3, 
p.  78. 

4§5y.  EEVENGE,  Ignoble.  Bsign  of  Charles 
II.  Sir  John  Coventry,  a  country  gentleman, 
had  in  debate,  sneered  at  the  profligacy  of  the 
court.  In  any  former  reign  he  would  probably 
have  been  called  before  the  Privy  Council  and 
committed  to  the  Tower.  A  diiferent  course  was 
now  taken.  A  gang  of  bullies  was  secretly  sent 
to  slit  the  nose  of  the  offender.  This  ignoble  re- 
venge, instead  of  quelling  the  spirit  of  opposi- 
tion, raised  such  a  tempest  that  the  king  was 
compelled  to  submit  to  the  cruel  humiliation  of 
passing  an  act  which  attainted  the  instruments  of 
his  revenge,  and  which  took  from  him  the  pow- 
er of  pardoning  them. — Macaulay'sEng.,  ch.  2, 
p.  191. 

4§5§.  EEVENGE,  Implacable.  Wife  of  Beli- 
saHus.  From  this  pleasing  and  perhaps  volun- 
tary delusion,  Belisarius  [the  Roman  general] 
was  awakened  at  Syracuse  by  the  officious  in- 
formation of  Macedonia  ;  and  that  female  atten- 
dant, after  requiring  an  oath  for  her  security,  pro- 
duced two  chamberlains,  who.  like  herself,  had 
often  beheld  the  adulteries  of  Antonina.  A  hasty 
flight  into  Asia  saved  Tlieodosius  from  the  jus- 
tice of  an  injured  husband,  who  had  signified  to 
one  of  his  guards  the  order  of  his  death  ;  but  the 
tears  of  Antonina  and  her  artful  seductions  as- 
sured the  credulous  hero  of  her  innocence  ;  and 
he  stooped,  against  his  faith  and  judgment,  to 
abandon  those  imprudent  friends  who  had  pre- 
sumed to  accuse  or  doubt  the  chastity  of  his  wife. 
The  revenge  of  a  guilty  woman  is  implacable  and 
bloody  ;  the  unfortunate  Macedonia,  with  the 
two  witnesses,  were  secretly  arrested  by  the  min- 
ister of  her  cruelty  ;  their  tongues  were  cut  out, 
their  bodies  were  hacked  into  small  pieces,  and 
their  remains  were  cast  into  the  sea  of  Syracuse. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  41,  p.  185. 

4S59.  EEVENGE,  Ingenious.  Picture.  When 
Attila  took  possession  of  the  royal  palace  of  Mi- 
lan, he  was  surprised  and  offended  at  the  sight 
of  a  picture  which  represented  the  Csesars  seated 
on  their  throne,  and  the  princes  of  Scythia  pros- 
trate at  their  feet.  The  revenge  which  Attila  in- 


flicted on  this  monument  of  Roman  vanity  was 
harmless  and  ingenious.  He  commanded  a  paint- 
er to  reverse  the  figures  and  the  attitudes  ;  and 
the  emperors  were  delineated  on  the  same  can- 
vas  approaching  in  a  suppliant  posture  to  empty 
their  bags  of  tributary  gold  before  the  throne  of 
the  Scythian  monarch. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  35, 
p.  445. 

4§60.  EEVENGE  of  Injustice.  Jail  Fever. 
Howard  went  into  one  of  those  dungeons  that 
was  twenty-four  steps  below  the  surface,  and 
another  that  was  thirty-seven  ;  but  they  were 
usually  ten  or  twelve  feet  under  ground,  with 
two  small  windows  about  two  feet  square.  The 
floor  was  littered  with  what  had  been  once  straw, 
but  which  was  soon  ground  into  powder  when 
the  dungeon  was  dry,  and  into  paste  when  it  was 
damp.  Damp  it  usually  was,  and  chilly,  and 
foul,  and  stinking,  to  a  degree  that  only  the  he- 
roic benevolence  of  a  Howard  could  have  borne 
to  remain  in  it  voluntarily.  On  this  pulverized 
and  rotten  straw,  teeming  with  vermin  and  sur- 
charged with  poisonous  odors,  the  walls  and 
ceiling  exceeding  filthy,  the  prisoners  slept,  cov- 
ered in  winter  with  a  damp  and  filthy  rug.  The 
jail  fever,  of  course,  raged  in  all  such  prisons, 
and  often  spread  into  the  towns.  It  was  common 
for  judges,  lawyers,  and  jurymen  to  catch  that 
malignant  disease  from  the  prisoners  whom  they 
tried  ;  the  bar  and  the  bench  of  England  .  .  . 
lost  some  of  their  brightest  ornaments  from  this 
most  deadly  of  fevers. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  44. 

4§61.  EEVENGE,  Personal.  James  Hamilton. 
Murray,  guardian  of  the  infant  King  James  and 
dictator  of  the  kingdom,  governed  the  unhappy 
country  with  vigor  and  address.  But  a  pro- 
scribed gentleman  of  good  family,  James  Ham- 
ilton of  Bothwellhaugh,  whose  wife  Murray  had 
left  to  die  in  misery  and  madness  on  the  thresh- 
old of  her  own  dwelling,  which  had  been  be- 
stowed by  the  regent  on  Bellenden.  one  of  hi* 
partisans,  swore  to  avenge  at  once  his  wife  and 
his  country.  Gathering  a  handful  of  the  earth 
which  covered  the  bier  of  his  wife,  he  wore  it 
within  his  girdle  as  an  eternal  incentive  to  re- 
venge ;  and  repairing  in  disguise  to  the  small 
town  of  Linlithgow,  through  which  Murray  had 
to  pass  on  his  return  to  Edinburgh,  he  placed 
himself  at  a  window,  fired  upon  and  killed  th< 
regent.  He  then  mounted  a  horse  ready  for  hii 
behind  the  house,  and  by  swift  flight  escape( 
the  regent's  guards.  "  I  alone,"  cried  the  dyin| 
Murray,  "could  have  saved  the  church,  th( 
kingdom,  and  the  king  ;  anarchy  will  now  de 
vour  them  all !"  —  Lamaktine's  Queen 
Scots,  p  38. 

4§62. .  Napoleon!  [WheninexiU 

at  Elba  he  said  :]  "  I  never  revenged  myself  foi 
a  personal  injury  during  the  whole  course  of  mj 
life. ' — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  23. 


4§63.  EEVENGE,  Savage.  Husband's.  [Rol 
ert,  the  pusillanimous  Emperor  of  Constantino 
pie.]  The  amorous  youth  had  neglected  hi 
Greek  bride,  the  daughter  of  Vataces,  to  intro 
duce  into  the  palace  a  beautiful  maid,  of  a  pri 
vate  though  noble  family  of  Artois  ;  and  hei 
mother  had  been  tempted  by  the  lustre  of  th« 
purple  to  forfeit  her  engagements  with  a  gentle 
man  of  Burgundy.    His  love  was  converted  intc 


REVENUE— REVOLUTION. 


577 


rage  ;  he  assembled  his  friends,  forced  the  pal- 
ace gates,  threw  the  mother  into  the  sea,  and  in- 
hunianly  cut  off  the  nose  and  lips  of  the  wife  or 
concubine  of  the  emperor. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  61,  p.  117. 

4§64.  REVENUE,  Ancient.  Roman.  From 
the  faint  glimmerings  of  such  doubtful  and  scat- 
tered lights,  we  should  be  inclined  to  believe, 
first,  that  (with  every  fair  allowance  for  the  dif- 
ference of  times  and  circumstances)  the  general 
income  of  the  Roman  provinces  could  seldom 
amount  to  less  than  fifteen  or  twenty  millions  of 
our  money  ;  and,  secondly,  that  so  ample  a  rev- 
enue must  have  been  fully  adequate  to  all  the 
expenses  of  the  moderate  government  instituted 
by  Augustus,  whose  court  was  the  modest  fam- 
ily of  a  private  senator,  and  whose  military  es- 
tablishment was  calculated  for  the  defence  of 
the  frontiers,  without  any  aspiring  views  of  con- 
quest, or  any  serious  apprehension  of  a  foreign 
invasion. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6,  p.  189. 

4§65.  REVENUE  from  Injustice.  Turks.  The 
patrimony  of  the  sultan  arises,  in  a  great  meas- 
ure, from  the  confiscation  of  the  estates  of  the 
viziers  and  bashaws  ;  and  when  he  has  occasion 
to  supply  his  private  purse,  it  costs  him  only  the 
condemnation  of  one  of  these  unfortunate  gran- 
dees. On  the  whole,  the  revenues  of  the  Turk- 
ish empire  ai'e  very  inconsiderable.  But  the  ab- 
solute power  of  the  sultan  supplies  that  defect, 
•  and  can  execute  very  great  projects  at  a  small  ex- 
pense.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  13,  p.  213. 

4§66.  REVENUE,  Mismanaged.  Beign  of 
George  III.  a.  d.  1763.  Heavy  complaints  were 
made  that  the  system  of  making  all  the  revenue 
offices  in  America  sinecure  places,  had  led  to 
such  abuses  that  an  American  annual  revenue 
of  less  than  £2000  cost  the  establishment  of  the 
customs  of  Great  Britain  between  seven  and'eight 
thousand  pounds  a  year. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  5,  ch.  5. 

4§67.  REVERENCE,  Excessive.  Obsequious. 
William  Pitt ...  is  said  to  have  knelt  when  he  was 
with  George  II.  in  his  closet,  and  to  have  bowed 
«o  low  at  the  levee  that  his  hooked  nose  was  seen 
between  his  legs. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  16, 
p.  252. 

4§6§.  REVERENCE,  Maternal.  Alexander.  He 
used  to  send  magnificent  presents  to  his  mother  ; 
but  then  he  never  would  let  her  have  any  concern 
in  the  affairs  of  the  government.  She  used  fre- 
quently to  make  very  severe  complaints  upon 
that  account  ;  but  ke  always  submitted  to  her 
ill-humor  with  great  mildness  and  patience.  An- 
tipater  having  one  day  written  a  long  letter 
against  her,  the  king,  after  reading  it,  replied, 
"  Antipater  does  not  know  that  one  single  tear 
shed  by  a  mother  will  obliterate  ten  thousand 
such  letters  as  this." — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  15, 
§9- 

4§69.  REVERENCE  for  Parents.  Ancients. 
Cyrus  the  Great,  in  the  midst  of  his  conquests, 
and  at  the  most  brilliant  era  of  his  good  fortune, 
would  not  accept  of  the  advantageous  offer  made 
him  by  Cyaxares,  his  uncle,  of  giving  him  his 
daughter  in  marriage,  and  Media  for  her  dowry, 
till  he  had  first  advised  with  his  father  and  moth- 
er'and  obtained  their  consent.  History  informs 
us  here,  that  ariiong  the  Persians,  a  son,  how 
great  and  powerful  soever  he  might  be,  never 


dared  to  seat  himself  before  his  mother  till  he 
had  first  obtained  her  leave  ;  and  that  to  do 
otherwise  was  considered  as  a  crime. — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  16,  §  9. 

4S70.  REVERENCE,  Religious.  [When  the 
Romans  offered  their  sacrifices,  if]  one  of  the 
horses  that  drew  the  chariots  called  Tensce,  in 
which  are  placed  the  images  of  the  gods,  hap- 
pened to  stumble,  or  if  the  charioteer  took  the 
reins  in  his  left  hand,  the  whole  procession 
was  to  be  repeated.  And  in  later  ages  they  have 
set  about  one  sacrifice  thirty  several  times  on  ac- 
count of  some  defect  or  inauspicious  appearance 
in  it.  Such  reverence  have  the  Romans  paid  to 
the  Supreme  Being. — Plutarch. 

4871.  REVERSES,  Benefit  of.  The  English. 
The  reverses  which  compelled  them,  after  a  long 
and  bloody  struggle,  to  relinquish  the  hope  of 
establishing  a  great  continental  empire,  were 
really  blessings  in  the  guise  of  disasters.  The 
spirit  of  the  French  was  at  last  aroused.  They 
began  to  oppose  a  vigorous  national  resistance 
to  the  foreign  conquerors  ;  and  from  that  time 
the  skill  of  the  English  captains  and  the  cour- 
age of  the  English  soldiers  were,  happily  for 
mankind,  exerted  in  vain.  After  many  desper- 
ate struggles,  and  with  many  bitter  regrets,  our 
ancestors  gave  up  the  contest. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  19. 

4872.  REVOLT  suppressed.  Soldiers.  About 
the  middle  of  the  same  month  the  New  Jersey 
brigade  stationed  at  Pompton  revolted.  This 
movement  Washington  quelled  by  force.  Gen- 
eral Robert  Howe  marched  to  the  camp  with, 
five  hundred  regulars  and  compelled  twelve  of 
the  principal  mutineers  to  execute  the  two 
leaders  of  the  revolt.  From  that  day  order  was 
completely  restored.  Those  insurrections  had  a 
good  rather  than  a  bad  effect ;  Congress  was 
thoroughly  alarmed,  and  immediate  provisions 
were  made  for  the  better  support  of  the  army. 
An  agent  was  sent  to  France  to  obtain  a  further 
loan  of  money.  Robert  Morris  was  appointed 
secretary  of  finance  ;  the  Bank  of  North  Amer- 
ica was  organized ;  and,  although  the  outstanding 
debts  of  the  United  States  could  not  be  paid,  yet 
all  future  obligations  were  promptly  met,  for 
Morris  and  his  friends  pledged  their  private  fort- 
unes to  sustain  the  credit  of  the  government. — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  44,  p.  346. 

4873.  REVOLUTION  by  Contagion.  America — 
France.  Shortly  after  the  American  Declaration 
of  Independence,  signed  on  the  4th  of  July, 
1776,  three  deputies  from  the  new  Republic — 
Benjamin  Franklin,  Arthur  Lee,  and  Silas  Deans 
— arrived  in  Paris  to  solicit  aid  from  France  in 
the  struggle  against  the  mother  country.  Their 
presence  created  an  extraordinary  sensation ; 
and  the  enthusiasm  thus  produced  was  undoubt- 
edly one  of  the  causes  which  contributed  power- 
fully to  the  subsequent  outbreak  of  the  Revolu- 
tion.— Students'  France,  ch.  25,  §  2. 

4874.  REVOLUTION,  Instantaneous.  Puri- 
tans. Calling  a  council  of  his  officers,  a  remon- 
strance was  framed,  to  be  presented  to  the  Par- 
liament, reminding  them  that  it  was  averse  to 
the  spirit  of  a  democracy  that  any  set  of  magis- 
trates should  be  perpetual,  and  desiring  that  they 
might  immediately  think  of  dissolving,  after  is- 
suing writs  for  the  election  of  a  new  Parliament. 


578 


EEVOLUTIONS— RICHES. 


This  application,  it  may  be  imagined,  met  with 
a  sharp  reply,  which  was  nothing  more  than 
what  Cromwell  wished  and  expected.  Before 
the  smallest  hint  had  transpired  of  his  design, 
he  now  presented  himself  with  three  hundred 
soldiers  at  the  door  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
Leaving  his  guards  without,  he  took  his  seat  for 
gome  time  and  listened  to  their  debates ;  then, 
vising  hastily  up:  "I  judge,"  said  he,  "this 
Parliament  to  be  ripe  for  dissolution"  (taking 
one  of  the  members  by  the  cloak).  "  You,"  said 
he,  "are  a  whoremaster ;"  to  another,  "  You  are 
a  drunkard,"  and  (to  a  third),  "  You  are  an  extor- 
tioner. The  Lord  hath  done  with  you,  get  you 
gone,  you  are  no  longer  a  Parliament."  Then, 
stamping  with  his  foot,  which  was  a  signal  for 
the  soldiers  to  enter,  ''Here,"  said  he,  pointing 
to  the  mace  which  lay  on  the  table,  "  take  away 
that  fool's  bauble  ;"  then,  ordering  the  soldiers 
to  drive  all  the  members  out  of  the  house,  he 
locked  the  door  himself,  put  the  key  into  his 

Socket,  and  went  home  to  his  lodgings  in  White- 
all.  Thus,  by  one  of  the  boldest  actions  record- 
ed in  history,  the  famous  Republic  of  England, 
which  had  subsisted  four  years  and  three  months, 
was  annihilated  in  one  moment.  —  Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  30,  p.  413. 

4875.  EEVOLUTIONS,  Injustice  brings.     Eu- 

tory.  [Foss  in  ' '  Judges  of  England"  says,]  one  of 
the  primary  causes  of  the  great  rebellion  that 
overthrew  the  Government,  and  that  cost  the 
king  his  head,  was  the  degradation  of  the  bench 
of  justice. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  28, 
p.  447. 

4876.  EEVOLUTIONS,  Eetrogradive.  Resto- 
ration  of  Gharles  II.  Revolutions  are  of  two 
kinds  :  they  are  either  progressive  or  reactionary. 
A  revolution  of  progress  is  often  destructive, 
sweeping  away  much  which  should  have  been 
preserved.  But  such  a  revolution  has  a  regen- 
erating force  ;  it  renews  the  youth  of  a  nation, 
and  gives  free  play  to  its  vital  powers.  Lost 
limbs  are  replaced  by  new.  A  revolution  of  re- 
action, on  the  other  hand,  is  a  benumbing  influ- 
ence, paralyzing  effort,  and  levelling  character. 
In  such  a  conservative  revolution  the  mean,  the 
selfish,  and  the  corrupt  come  to  the  top ;  man 
seeks  ease  and  enjoyment  rather  than  duty  ;  virt- 
ue, honor,  patriotism,  and  disinterestedness  dis- 
appear altogether  from  a  society  which  has 
ceased  to  believe  in  them.  .  .  .  The  Restoration 
of  1660  was  such  a  revolution. — Pattison's 
Milton,  ch.  12. 

4877.  EEWAEB,  Destitute  of.  Captain  John 
Smith.  Extreme  sufferings  from  his  wounds  and 
the  ingratitude  of  his  employers  were  the  fruits 
of  his  services.  He  received,  for  his  sacrifices  and 
perilous  exertions,  not  one  foot  of  land,  not  the 
house  he  built,  not  the  field  his  own  hands  had 
planted,  nor  any  reward  but  the  applause  of  his 
own  conscience  and  the  world.  He  was  the 
father  of  Virginia,  the  true  leader  who  first 
planted  the  Saxon  race  within  the  borders  of  the 
United  States. — Bancroft's  Hist,  of  U.  S., 
vol.  1,  ch.  4. 

4878.  EEWAED  of  Gratitude.  General  Grant. 
During  his  visit  [to  New  York,  1867],  a  purse  of 
$100,000  was  made  up  for  him  by  the  citizens. 

.  Previous  to  this,  Philadelphia  had  given  him 
$30,000  ;  Galena,  a  house  and  furniture,  and  Bos- 


ton a  library.  If  he  had  been  an  Englishman, 
and  rendered  such  services  to  his  country  as  he 
had  to  the  Union,  he  would  have  received  twice 
as  much,  and  an  estate  and  titles  besides. — 
Headley's  Grant,  p.  240. 

4879.  EEWAED,  Unexpected.  By  Alexander. 
This  prince  was  naturally  of  a  tender  and  hu- 
mane disposition,  which  made  him  sensible  of 
the  affliction  of  persons  in  the  lowest  condition. 
A  poor  Macedonian  was  one  day  driving  before 
him  a  mule  laden  with  gold  for  the  king's  use  : 
the  beast  being  so  tired  that  he  was  not  able 
either  to  go  on  or  sustain  the  load,  the  mule- 
driver  took  it  up  and  carried  it,  but  with  great 
difficulty,  a  considerable  way.  Alexander,  see- 
ing him  just  sinking  under  his  burden,  and  going 
to  throw  it  on  the  ground,  in  order  to  ease  him- 
self, cried  out, "  Friend,  do  not  be  weary  yet ;  try 
and  carry  it  quite  through  to  thy  tent,  for  it  is 
all  thy  own." — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  15,  §  12. 

4880.  EICH,  Duty  of  the.  Epaminondas. 
Though  poor  himself,  and  without  any  estate, 
his  very  poverty,  by  drawing  upon  him  the  es- 
teem and  confidence  of  the  rich,  gave  him  the 
opportunity  of  doing  good  to  others.  One  of 
his  friends  being  in  great  necessity,  Epaminon- 
das sent  him  to  a  very  rich  citizen,  with  orders  to 
ask  him  for  1000  crowns  in  his  name.  That  rich 
man  coming  to  his  house,  to  know  his  motives 
for  directing  his  friend  to  him  upon  such  an  er- 
rand :  "Why,"  replied  Epaminondas,  "it  is 
because  this  honest  man  is  in  want,  and  you  are 
rich." — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  12,  §  7. 

4881.  EICHES,  Avarice  with.  Pythins.  [He 
was  a  Lydian  prince  residing  at  Celsenae.]  He 
presented  great  Xerxes  with  a  sum  equal  to  about 
£1,700,000  sterling.  After  such  a  conduct  as 
this,  who  would  not  think  that  Pythius's  pecul- 
iar cliaracteristic  and  particular  virtue  had  been 
generosity,  and  a  noble  contempt  of  riches  ?  And 
yet  he  was  one  of  the  most  penurious  princes  in 
the  world  ;  and  who,  besides  his  sordid  avarice 
with  regard  to  himself,  was  extremely  cruel  and 
inhuman  to  his  subjects,  whom  he  kept  contin- 
ually employed  in  hard  and  fruitless  labor,  al- 
ways digging  in  the  gold  and  silver  mines  which 
he  had  in  his  territories.  When  he  was  absent 
from  home,  his  subjects  went  with  tears  in  their 
eyes  to  the  princess  his  wife,  laid  their  com- 
plaints before  her  and  implored  her  assistance. 
Commiserating  their  condition,  she  made  use  of 
a  very  extraordinary  method  to  work  upon  her 
husband,  and  to  give  him  a  clear  notion  and  a 
palpable  demonstration  of  the  folly  and  injustice 
of  his  conduct.  On  his  return  home,  she  ordered 
an  entertainment  to  be  prepared  for  him,  very 
magnificent  in  appearance,  but  what  in  reality 
was  no  entertainment.  All  the  courses  and  ser- 
vices were  of  gold  and  silver  ;  and  the  prince,  in 
the  midst  of  all  these  rich  dishes  and  splendid 
rarities,  could  not  satisfy  his  hunger.  He  easily 
divined  the  meaning  of  this  enigma,  and  began 
to  consider  that  the  end  of  gold  and  silver  was 
not  merely  to  be  looked  upon,  but  to  be  em- 
ployed and  made  use  of,  and  that  to  neglect,  a» 
he  had  done,  the  business  of  husbandry  and  the 
tilling  of  land,  by  employing  all  his  people  in 
digging  and  working  of  mines,  was  the  direct 
way  to  bring  a  famine  both  upon  himself  and 
his  country.  For  the  future,  therefore,  he  only 
reserved  a  fifth  part  of  his  people  for  the  busi- 


RICHES. 


679 


ness  of  mining. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  2, 
§2. 

4§82.  EICHES  in  Contentment.  Phodon.  [Al- 
exander made  Phocion,  the  Athenian,  a  present 
of]  a  hundred  talents.  When  the  money  was 
brought  to  Athens,  Phocion  asked  the  persons 
employed  in  that  commission,  "  Why,  among 
all  the  citizens  of  Athens,  he  should  be  singled 
out  as  the  object  of  such  bounty  ?"  "  Because," 
said  they,  "  Alexander  looks  upon  you  as  the 
only  honest  and  good  man."  "  Then,"  said 
Phocion,  "let  him  permit  me  always  to  retain 
that  character,  as  well  as  really  to  be  that  man." 
The  envoys  then  went  home  with  him,  and 
when  they  saw  the  frugality  that  reigned  there, 
his  wife  baking  bread,  himself  drawing  water, 
and  afterward  washing  his  own  feet,  they  urged 
him  the  more  to  receive  the  present.  They  told 
him,  "  It  gave  them  real  uneasiness,  and  was, 
indeed,  an  intolerable  thing,  that  the  friend  of 
so  great  a  prince  should  live  in  such  a  wretched 
manner."  At  that  instant  a  poor  old  man  hap- 
pening to  pass  by,  in  a  mean  garment,  Phocion 
asked  the  envoys,  "  Whether  they  thought  worse 
of  him  than  of  that  man  '?"  As  they  begged  of 
him  not  to  make  such  a  comparison,  he  re- 
joined, "Yet  that  man  lives  upon  less  than  I 
do,  and  is  contented.  In  one  Avord,  it  will  be 
to  no  purpose  for  me  to  have  so  much  money, 
if  I  do  not  use  it ;  and  if  I  was  to  live  up  to  it, 
I  should  bring  both  myself  and  the  king,  your 
master,  under  the  censure  of  the  Athenians." 
Thus,  the  money  was  carried  back  from  Athens, 
and  the  whole  transaction  was  a  good  lesson  to 
the  Greeks,  ' '  That  the  man  who  did  not  want 
such  a  sum  of  money  was  richer  than  he  who 
could  bestow  it." — Plutarch's  "  Phocion." 

4§83.  EICHES  despised.  "  Under  the  Feet" 
The  general  of  Amurath,  Evrenos,  who  had  ab- 
jured the  God  of  the  Greeks  for  the  Allah  of 
Mahomet,  and  who  was  conquering  antique 
Greece  to  the  Ottomans,  signalized  himself  by 
presents  that  were  the  spoils  of  the  islands  and 
the  continent  of  the  Adriatic.  Two  hundred 
■^oung  Greek  slaves  of  his  own  race,  chosen 
among  the  flower  of  the  youth  and  beauty  of 
Thessaly,  opened  the  market  of  his  cortege  of 
tributaries.  Ten  of  these  slaves  carried  upon 
their  heads  golden  plates  filled  with  Venetian 
ducats  ;  ten  others,  silver  plates  filled  with  se- 
quins ;  eighteen  more  had  golden  and  silver  gob- 
lets, to  lave  the  fingers  ;  the  rest,  cups,  crystals, 
Venetian  glasses,  in  which  precious  stones  were 
incrusted  in  transparency.  All  these  marvels, 
which  the  Ottomans  call  mtschou  (or  things  to 
be  thrown  under  the  feet),  were,  in  fact,  strewn 
beneath  the  feet  of  Bajazet  and  his  affianced.— 
Lamartlne's  Turkey,  p.  251. 

4§84.  RICHES,  Joy  in.  Sudden.  Among  all 
the  concubines  of  Mithridates  that  were  brought 
before  Pompey,  he  touched  not  one,  but  sent 
them  to  their  parents  or  husbands  ;  for  most  of 
them  were  either  daughters  or  wives  of  the  great 
officers  and  principal  persons  of  the  kingdom. 
Put  Stratonice,  who  was  the  first  favorite,  and 
had  the  care  of  a  fort  where  the  best  part  of  the 
king's  treasure  was  lodged,  was  the  daughter  of 
a  poor  old  musician.  She  sung  one  evening  to 
Mithridates  at  an  entertainment,  and  he  was  so 
much  pleased  with  her  that  he  took  her  to  his 
bed  that  night,  and  sent  the  old  man  home  in  no 


very  good  humor,  because  he  had  taken  his 
daughter  without  condescending  to  speak  one 
kind  word  to  him.  But  when  he  waked  next 
morning,  he  saw  tables  covered  with  vessels  of 
gold  and  silver,  a  great  retinue  of  eunuchs  and. 
pages,  who  offered  him  the  choice  of  rich  robes,, 
and  before  his  gate  a  horse  with  such  magnifi- 
cent furniture  as  is  provided  for  those  who  are 
called  the  king's  friends.  All  this  he  thought 
nothing  but  an  insult  and  burlesque  upon  him, 
and  therefore  prepared  for  flight ;  but  the  ser- 
vants stopped  him,  and  assured  him  that  the  king 
had  given  him  the  house  of  a  rich  nobleman 
lately  deceased,  and  that  what  he  saw  was  only 
the  first  fruits — a  small  earnest  of  the  fortune 
he  intended  him.  At  last  he  suffered  himself 
to  be  persuaded  that  the  scene  was  not  visionary; 
he  put  on  the  purple,  and  mounted  the  horse, 
and,  as  he  rode  through  the  city,  cried  out,  "  All 
this  is  mine."  The  inhabitants,of  course,  laughed 
at  him  ;  and  he  told  them  they  should  not  be 
surprised  at  this  behavior  of  his,  but  rather  won- 
der that  he  did  not  throw  stones  at  them. — Plu- 
tarch's Pompey. 

4§»5.  EICHES,  Power  with.     Philip.      It  is 
said  that  having  one  day  consulted  the  oracle  of 
Delphi,  he  received  the  following  answer  : 
"  Make  coin  thy  weapons,  and  thou'lt  conquer 
all." 

The  advice  of  the  priestess  became  his  rule,  and 
he  applied  it  with  great  success.  He  boasted 
that  he  had  carried  more  places  by  money  than 
arms  ;  that  he  never  forced  a  gate  till  after  hav- 
ing attempted  to  open  it  with  a  golden  key  ;  and 
that  he  did  not  think  any  fortress  impregnable 
into  which  a  muie  laden  with  silver  could  find 
entrance.  It  has  been  said  that  he  was  a  mer- 
chant rather  than  a  conqueror  ;  that  it  was  not 
Philip,  but  his  gold,  which  subdued  Greece,  and 
that  he  bought  its  cities  rather  than  took  them. 
He  had  pensioners  in  all  the  commonwealths  of 
Greece,  and  retained  those  in  his  pay  who  had 
the  greatest  share  in  the  public  affairs.  And, 
indeed,  he  was  less  proud  of  the  success  of  a  bat- 
tle than  that  of  a  negotiation,  well  knowing  that 
neither  his  generals  nor  his  soldiers  could  share 
in  the  honor  of  the  latter. — Rollin's  Hist., 
Book  14,  §  1. 

4§S6.  EICHES  slighted.  Solon.  [He  was 
one  of  the  Seven  Wise  Men  of  Greece.  He  vis- 
ited Sardis,  and  was  shown  the  treasures  of  Croe- 
sus— name  proverbial  for  wealth.]  When  So- 
lon had  seen  all,  he  w^as  brought  back  to  the 
king.  Croesus  then  asked  him  which  of  man- 
kind in  all  his  travels  he  had  found  the  most  tru- 
ly happy  ?  "  One  Tellus,"  replied  Solon,  "  a  cit- 
izen of  Athens,  a  very  honest  and  good  man, 
who,  after  having  lived  all  his  days  without  in- 
digence, having  always  seen  his  country  in  a 
flourishing  condition,  has  left  children  that  are 
universally  esteemed,  has  had  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing  those  children's  children,  and  at  last  died 
gloriously  in  fighting  for  his  country." — Rol- 
lin's Hist.  ,  Book  3,  ch.  4. 

4887.  EICHES,  Superseded.  Oredans.  [The 
Persians  invaded  Greece.]  While  Xerxes  was 
continuing  his  march,  some  deserters  from  Ar- 
cadia came  and  joined  his  army.  The  king  hav- 
ing asked  them  what  the  Grecians  were  then  do- 
in^,  was  extremely  surpnsed  when  he  was  told 


580 


RICHES— RIDICULE. 


that  they  were  employed  in  seeing  the  games  and 
combats  then  celebrating  at  Olympia ;  and  his 
•surprise  was  still  increased  when  he  understood 
that  the  victor's  reward  in  those  engagements 
was  only  a  crown  of  olive.  "  What  men  must 
they  be,"  cried  one  of  the  Persian  nobles,  with 
great  wonder  and  astonishment,  "  who  are  influ- 
enced only  by  honor,  and  not  by  money  ?" — 
Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  6,  eh.  2,  §  7. 

4§§8.  RICHES,  Tendency  of.  Degrading.  The 
opulence  of  Sybaris  was  soon  followed  by  luxu- 
ry, and  such  a  dissoluteness  of  manners  as  is 
scarcely  credible.  The  citizens  employed  them- 
selves in  nothing  but  banquets,  games,  shows, 
parties  of  pleasure,  and  carousals.  Public  re- 
wards and  marks  of  distinction  were  bestowed 
on  those  who  gave  the  most  magnificent  enter- 
tainments ;  and  even  to  such  cooks  as  were  best 
skilled  in  the  important  art  of  making  new  dis- 
coveries in  dressing  dishes,  and  inventing  new 
refinements  to  please  the  palate.  The  Sybarites 
carried  their  delicacy  and  effeminacy  to  such  a 
height  that  they  carefully  removed  from  their 
city  all  such  artificers  whose  work  was  noisy, 
and  would  not  suffer  any  cocks  in  it,  lest  their 
shrill  piercing  crow  should  disturb  their  balmy 
slumbers. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  2, 
§3. 

4§§9.  EICHES,  Uncertain.  Dionysius.  It  is 
certain  that  Dionysius,  who  had  seen  himself 
master  of  Syracuse,  and  of  almost  all  Sicily,  who 
had  possessed  immense  riches,  and  had  had  nu- 
merous fleets  and  great  armies  of  horse  and  foot 
under  his  command  ;  that  the  same  Dionysius, 
reduced  novv  almost  to  beggary,  and  from  a  king 
become  a  schoolmaster,  was  a  good  lesson  for 
persons  of  exalted  stations,  warning  them  not  to 
confide  in  their  grandeur,  nor  to  rely  too  much 
upon  their  fortune. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  10, 
ch.  2,  §  6. 

4890.  BIDICTJLE  changed.  By  Puritans. 
From  the  Reformation  to  the  civil  war  almost 
every  cavalier,  gifted  with  a  fine  sense  of  the  lu- 
dicrous, had  taken  some  opportunity  of  assailing 
the  straight-haired,  snuffling,  whining  saints, 
who  christened  their  children  out  of  the  book  of 
Nehemiah,  who  groaned  in  spirit  at  the  sight  of 
Jack  in  the  Green,  and  who  thought  it  impious  to 
taste  plum  and  porridge  on  Christmas  day.  At 
length  a  time  came  when  the  laughers  began  to 
look  grave  in  their  turn.  The  rigid,  ungainly 
zealots,  after  having  furnished  much  good  sport 
during  two  generations,  rose  up  in  arms,  con- 
quered, ruled,  and,  grimly  smiling,  trod  down 
under  their  feet  the  whole  crowd  of  mockers. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  371. 

4§91.  BIDICULE  conquered.  Napoleon  I. 
[See  No.  5033.  His  aristocratic  school-fellows 
ridiculed  his  origin  and  poverty.]  In  conse- 
quence of  this  state  of  feeling,  he  secluded  him- 
self almost  entirely  from  his  fellow-students,  and 
buried  himself  in  the  midst  of  his  books  and 
maps.  While  they  were  wasting  their  time  in 
dissipation  and  in  frivolous  amusements,  he  con- 
secrated his  days  and  nights,  with  untiring  assi- 
duity, to  study.  He  almost  immediately  elevated 
himself  above  his  companions,  and  by  his  supe- 
riority commanded  their  respect.  Soon  he  was 
regarded  as  the  brightest  ornament  of  the  insti- 
tution.— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 


4892.  EIDICULE  cures  Cowardice.  Arab. 
[When  Mahomet  approached  Mecca  with  an  ar- 
my of  followers,  the  inhabitants  rose  en  masse  to 
resist  him.j  One  of  the  oldest  of  them  having 
refused  to  march  on  accoimt  of  his  corpulence, 
' '  Perfume  thyself,"  said  his  fellow-citizens,  "  for 
thou  art  but  a  woman."  He  blushed  at  the  re- 
proach, and  joined  the  march. —Lamartine's 
Turkey,  p.  106. 

4893.  RIDICULE,  Defended  by.  Cmar.  This 
treason  [of  Cleopatra]  opened  Antony's  eyes, 
and  made  him,  when  too  late,  give  credit  to  what 
his  friends  had  told  him  of  the  queen's  perfidy. 
In  this  extremity  he  was  for  signalizing  himself 
by  an  extraordinary  act  of  valor,  capable,  in  his 
opinion,  of  doing  him  abundance  of  honor.  He 
sent  to  challenge  Caesar  to  a  single  combat.  Cae- 
sar made  answer,  that  if  Antony  was  weary  of 
life,  there  were  other  ways  to  die  besides  that. — 
Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  24,  §  3. 

4894.  RIDICULE  of  Greatness.  Julian.  As 
long  as  the  fame  of  the  Emperor  Julian  was 
doubtful,  the  buffoons  of  the  palace,  who  were 
skilled  in  the  language  of  satire,  tried  the  effica- 
cy of  those  arts  which  they  had  so  often  prac- 
tised with  success.  They  easily  discovered  that 
his  simplicity  was  not  exempt  from  affectation  ; 
the  ridiculous  epithets  of  a  hairy  savage,  of  an 
ape  invested  with  the  purple,  were  applied  to  the 
dress  and  person  of  the  philosophic  warrior  ;  and 
his  modest  despatches  were  stigmatized  as  the 
vain  and  elaborate  fictions  of  a  loquacious  Greek, 
a  speculative  soldier,  who  had  studied  the  art  of 
war  amid  the  groves  of  the  academy. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  22,  p.  370. 

4895.  RIDICULE,  Public.  Reign  of  James  11. 
[A  period  of  great  agitation  for  the  preservation 
of  the  Protestant  faith  from  the  aims  of  a  Cath- 
olic king.]  Tyrconnel  [lord-lieut.  of  Ireland]  had 
transmitted  for  the  royal  approbation  the  heads 
of  a  bill  repealing  the  law  by  which  half  the 
soil  of  Ireland  was  held,  and  he  had  sent  to 
Westminster,  as  his  agents,  two  of  his  Roman 
Catholic  countrymen  who  had  lately  been  raised 
to  high  judicial  office  :  Nugent,  chief  justice  of 
the  Irish  Court  of  King's  Bench,  a  personification 
of  all  the  vices  and  weaknesses  which  the  Eng- 
lish then  imagined  to  be  characteristic  of  the  Po- 
pish Celt ;  and  Rice,  a  baron  of  the  Irish  Ex- 
chequer, who,  in  abilities  and  attainments,  was 
perhaps  the  foremost  man  of  his  race  and  relig- 
ion. The  object  of  the  mission  was  well  known; 
and  the  two  judges  could  not  venture  to  show 
themselves  in  the  streets.  If  ever  they  were  rec- 
ognized, the  rabble  shouted,  "  Room  for  the  Irish 
ambassadors  ;"  and  their  coach  was  escorted  with 
mock  solemnity  by  a  train  of  ushers  and  harbin- 
gers bearing  sticks  with  potatoes  stuck  on  the 
points.  So  strong  and  general,  indeed,  was  at 
that  time  the  aversion  of  the  English  to  the  Irish, 
that  the  most  distinguished  Roman  Catholics  par 
took  of  it. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  396. 

4896.  RIDICULE  punished.  Of  Religion.  [When 
Methodism  was  first  introduced  into  Reading, 
Penn.,]  there  was  a  shop  in  the  neighborliood  of 
the  school-house  where  some  young  men  used 
to  meet  together.  One  of  the  company  under-  . 
took  to  mimic  the  Methodists.  He  went  on  to 
show  how  they  acted  in  their  meetings.  He 
shouted,  clapped  his  hands,  and  then  he  would 
show  how  they  fell  down.    He  then  threw  him 


RIDICULE— RIGHT. 


581 


self  down  on  the  floor,  and  lay  there  as  if  asleep. 
His  companions  enjoyed  the  sport ;  but  after  he 
had  lain  for  some  time  they  wondered  why  he 
did  not  get  up.  They  shook  him  in  order  to 
awake  him.  They  saw  he  did  not  breathe  ;  they 
turned  pale  ,  they  sent  for  a  physician,  who  ex- 
amined the  man  and  pronounced  him  dead.  This 
awful  incident  stopped  ridicule  and  persecution. 
—Stevens'  M.  E.  Church,  vol.  3,  p.  429. 

4§9r.  EIDICULE,  Reformation  by.  Laws.  Al- 
cibiades  and  Nicias,  who  were  persons  of  the 
greatest  interest  in  Athens,  had  each  his  party  ; 
but  perceiving  that  the  people  were  going  to 
proceed  to  the  Ostracism,  and  that  one  of  them 
was  likely  to  suffer  by  it,  they  consulted  together, 
and  joining  interests,  caused  it  to  fall  upon  Hy- 
perbolus  [who  was  a  mean  wretch].  Hereupon 
the  people,  full  of  indignation  at  finding  this 
kind  of  punishment  dishonored  and  turned  into 
ridicule,  abolished  it  entirely.  —  Plutarch's 
Aristiues. 

4§98.  RIDICULE,  Revolution  by.  Welsh.  The 
Barons  of  Snowdon,  with  other  noblemen  of  the 
most  considerable  families  in  Wales,  had  attend- 
ed Llewellyn  [Prince  of  Wales]  to  London,  when 
he  came  thither  at  Christmas,  A.  D.  1377,  to  do 
homage  to  King  Edward.  ,  .  .  Their  large  ret- 
inues were  quartered  in  Islington  and  the  neigh- 
boring villages.  These  places  did  not  afford 
milk  enough  for  such  numerous  trains ;  they 
liked  neither  wine  nor  the  ale  of  London,  and 
though  plentifully  entertained,  were  much  dis- 
pleased at  a  new  manner  of  living  which  did  not 
suit  their  taste,  nor  perhaps  their  constitutions. 
They  were  still  more  offended  at  the  crowds  of 
people  that  flocked  about  them  when  they  stirred 
abroad,  staring  at  them,  as  if  they  had  been 
monsters,  and  laughing  at  their  uncouth  garb  and 
appearance.  They  were  so  enraged  on  this  oc- 
casion, that  they  engaged  privately  in  an  associa- 
tion to  rebel  on  the  first  opportunity,  and  resolved 
to  die  in  their  own  country  rather  than  ever 
come  again  to  London,  as  subjects,  to  be  held  in 
such  derision ;  and  when  they  returned  home 
they  communicated  their  resentments  to  their 
compatriots,  who  made  it  the  common  cause  of 
their  country.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  eh.  25, 
p.  384. 

4899.  RIDICULE,  Unconscious  of.  George  III. 
On  the  9th  of  January,  1770,  the  Parliament  was 
opened  by  the  king  [George  III.].  With  a  sin- 
gular want  of  perception  of  the  ridiculous,  the 
first  words  of  the  royal  speech  were  these  :  "  My 
lords  and  gentlemen,  it  is  with  much  concern 
that  I  find  myself  obliged  to  open  the  session  of 
Parliament  with  acquainting  you  that  the  dis- 
temper among  the  homed  cattle  has  lately  broke 
out  in  this  kingdom. -'—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  19,  p.  300. 

4900.  RIDICULE,  Unfelt.  Diogenes.  Diog- 
enes, the  philosopher,  when  one  said,  "They 
deride  you,"  answered  well,  "But  I  am  not  de- 
rided," accounting  those  only  to  be  ridiculed 
who  feel  the  ridicule  and  are  discomposed  at  it. 
—Plutarch's  Fabius  Maximus. 

4901.  RIDICULE,  Warning  in.  Wfiitefield.  In 
the  days  of  Whitefleld,  Thorpe,  one  of  his  most 
violent  opponents,  and  three  others,  laid  a  wager 
who  could  best  imitate  and  ridicule  Whitefield's 
preaching.     Each  was  to  open  the  Bible  at  ran- 


dom, and  preach  an  extempore  sermon  from  tha 
first  verse  that  presented  itself.  Thorpe's  three 
competitors  each  went  through  the  game  with 
impious  buffoonery.  Then,  stepping  upon  the 
table,  Thorpe  exclaimed,  "  I  shall  beat  you  all!"" 
They  gave  him  the  Bible,  and,  by  God's  inscru- 
table providence,  his  eye  fell  first  upon  this 
verse,  "Except  ye  repent,  ye  shall  all  likewise- 
perish."  He  read  the  words,  but  the  sword  of 
the  Spirit  went  through  his  soul  in  a  moment, 
and  he  preached  as  one  who  scarce  knew  what 
he  said.  The  hand  of  God  laid  hold  upon  him, 
and,  intending  to  mock,  he  could  only  fear  and 
tremble.  When  he  descended  from  the  table,  a 
profound  silence  reigned  in  the  company  and. 
not  one  word  was  said  concerning  the  wager. 
Thorpe  instantly  withdrew,  and  after  a  season 
of  the  deepest  distress  passed  into  the  full  light 
of  the  Gospel,  and  became  a  most  successful 
preacher  of  its  grace. 

4902.  RIGHT  of  Might.  English  Earls.  [Ed- 
ward I.  attempted  to  limit  the  independence  of 
the  old  barons.]  Immediately  after  his  landing 
he  appoipted  a  commission  of  inquiry  into  the 
judicial  franchises  then  existmg,  and  on  its  re- 
port (of  which  the  existing  "  Hundred-Rolls"  are 
the  result)  itinerant  justices  were  sent,  in  1278,  to 
discover  by  what  right  these  franchises  were 
held.  The  writs  of  quo  warranto  were  roughly 
met  here  and  there.  Earl  Warenne  bared  a  rusty 
sword,  and  flung  it  on  the  justices'  table.  ' '  This, 
sirs,"  he  said,  "is  my  warrant.  By  the  sword 
our  fathers  won  their  lands  when  they  came  over 
with  the  Conqueror,  and  by  the  sword  we  will 
keep  them." — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §263. 

4903. .  William  III.  On  the  open- 
ing of  the  contest  with  France,  William  III. 
.  .  .  was  false  to  the  principle  of  liberty  of  the 
seas, — prohibiting  all  commerce  with  France 
— and  to  the  protest  of  Holland  gave  no  other 
reply  than  that  it  was  his  will,  and  that  he  had 
power  to  make  it  good. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  21. 

4904. .  Triiimph  of  the  Indepen- 
dents. To  save  its  party  from  an  entire  defeat, 
the  army  interposed,  and  "purged"  the  House 
of  Commons.  "Hear  us,  said  the  excluded 
members  to  Colonel  Pride,  who  expelled  them. 
"  I  cannot  spare  time,"  replied  the  soldier.  "  By 
what  right  are  we  arrested?"  demanded  they 
of  the  extravagant  Hugh  Peters.  ' '  By  the  right 
of  the  sword, "  answered  the  late  envoy  from  Maa- 
sachusetts. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11. 

4905.  RIGHT  by  Precedent.  Napoleon  I.  a.d. 
1803.  [The  British  suddenly  attacked  all  French, 
vessels  of  every  kind,  without  previous  declara- 
tion of  war,  and  made  prisoners  of  seamen.  TLes 
First  Consul  retaliated  by  suddenly  imprisoning 
all  Englishmen  in  France.]  The  cabinet  of  St- 
James  remonstrated  energetically  against  Napo* 
leon's  capture  of  peaceful  travellers  upon  the 
land.  Napoleon  replied,  "You  have  seized  un- 
suspecting voyagers  upon  the  sea. "  Engmnd  re- 
joined, "  It  is  customary  to  capture  everything: 
upon  the  ocean  belonging  to  the  enemy,  and 
therefore  it  is  right."  Napoleon  answered,  "  I 
will  make  it  customary  to  do  the  same  thing 
upon  the  land,  and  then  that  will  also  be  righL." 
—Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  val,  1,  eh,  26. 


583 


RIGHT— RIOT. 


4906.  RIGHT  and  Wrong.  Boundaries.  A 
good  action  is  not  distinguished  from  a  bad  ac- 
tion by  marks  so  plain  as  those  which  distinguish 
a  hexagon  from  a  square.  There  is  a  frontier 
where  virtue  and  vice  fade  into  each  otlier.  Who 
has  ever  been  able  to  define  the  exact  boundary 
between  courage  and  rashness,  between  pru- 
dence and  cowardice,  between  frugality  and 
avarice,  between  liberality  and  prodigality  ? 
Who  has  ever  been  able  to  say  how  far  mercy 
to  offenders  ought  to  be  carried,  and  where  it 
ceases  to  deserve  the  name  of  mercy  and  becomes 
a  pernicious  weakness  ?  What  casuist,  what  law- 
giver, has  ever  been  able  nicely  to  mark  the  limits 
of  the  right  of  self-defence  ?  All  our  jurists  hold 
that  a  certain  quantity  of  risk  to  life  or  limb 
justifies  a  man  in  shooting  or  stabbing  an  assail- 
ant ;  but  they  have  long  given  up  in  despair  the 
attempt  to  describe,  in  precise  words,  that  quan- 
tity of  risk. — Macauj.ay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  368. 

4907.  EIGHTS  asserted.  Captain  William 
Wadsworth.  a.  d.  1693.  [Fletcher,  by  royal  com- 
mission, assumed  to  command  Connecticut  train- 
bands. The  colonists  claimed  command  of  their 
own  militia.]  Hartford  was  .  .  .  a  community  of 
farmers,  the  unmixed  progeny  of  Puritans. 
William  Wadsworth,  the  senior  captain  of  the 
town  [was  exercising  his  men].  Fletcher  ad- 
vances, to  assume  command,  ordering  Bayard,  of 
l^ew  York,  to  read  his  commission  and  the  roy- 
al instructions.  It  is  the  fortune  of  our  Amer- 
ica, that  if,  at  any  moment,  the  happiness  of  a 
state  depended  on  the  will  of  one  man,  that  man 
was  true  to  his  duty.  At  the  order  of  Captain 
Wadsworth  the  drums  began  to  roll,  .  .  .  The 
petulant  Fletcher  commanded  silence.  "I  will 
not" — such  had  been  his  words  to  the  Governor 
of  Connecticut — "  I  will  not  set  my  foot  out  of 
this  colony  till  I  have  seen  his  Majesty's  commis- 
sion obeyed."  And  Bayard  .  .  .  once  more  be- 
gan to  read.  "Drum,  drum,  I  say!"  shouted 
Wadsworth,  adding,  as  he  turned  to  the  gover- 
nor of  New  York,  "  if  I  am  interrupted  again, 
I  will  make  the  sun  shine  through  you  in  a 
moment."  [Governor  Fletcher  retired.] — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  8,  ch.  19. 

4908.  RIGHTS  ignored.  JSyi2w?er.  Charles  II. 
jseemed  to  regard  the  British  Empire  as  personal 
property,  to  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  himself  and 
his  courtiers.  In  order  to  reward  the  worthless 
profligates  who  thronged  his  court,  he  began  to 
grant  to  them  large  tracts  of  land  in  Virginia. 
What  did  it  matter  that  these  lands  had  been  re- 
deemed from  the  wilderness  and  were  covered 
with  orchards  and  gardens  ?  It  was  no  uncom- 
mon thing  for  an  American  planter  to  find  that 
his  farm,  which  had  been  cultivated  for  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century,  was  given  away  to  some  disso- 
lute flatterer  of  the  royal  household.  Great  dis- 
tress was  occasioned  by  these  iniquitous  grants, 
until  finally,  in  1673,  the  king  set  a  limit  to  his 
own  recklessness  by  giving  away  the  whole  State. 
Lord  Culpepper  and  the  Earl  of  Arlington,  two 
ignoble  noblemen,  received  under  the  great  seal 
a  deed  by  which  was  granted  to  them  for  thirty- 
one  years  all  the  dominion  of  land  and  water 
oalled  Virginia. — Ridpath'sU.  S.,  ch.  12,  p.  11. 

4909.  RIGHTS,  Importance  of.  "Squatter 
Sovereignty."  In  January  of  1854  Senator  Ste- 
phen A.  Douglas,  of  Illinois,  brought  before 
the  Senate  of  the  United  States  a  proposition  to 


organize  the  territories  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 
In  the  bill  reported  for  this  purpose  a  clause  was 
inserted  providing  that  the  people  of  the  two 
territories,  in  forming  their  constitutions,  should 
decide  fm'  themselves  whether  the  new  States 
should  be  free  or  slave-holding.  This  was  a  vir- 
tual repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  ;  for  both 
the  new  territories  lay  north  of  the  parallel  of 
36°  35'.  Thus  by  a  single  stroke  the  old  settle- 
ment of  the  slavery-question  was  to  be  undone. 
From  January  till  May  Mr.  Douglas'  report,, 
known  as  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  was  de- 
bated in  Congress.  All  the  bitter  sectional  an<» 
tagonisms  of  the  past  were  aroused  in  full  force. 
The  bill  was  violently  opposed  by  a  majority 
of  the  representatives  from  the  East  and  North  ; 
but  the  minority,  uniting  with  the  Congressmen 
of  the  South,  enabled  Douglas  to  carry  his 
measure  through  Congress,  and  in  May  of  1864 
the  bill  received  the  sanction  of  the  President. 
Ridpath'sU.  S.,  ch.  59,  p.  472. 

4910.  RIGHTS,  Maintenance  of.  By  Exercise^ 
[When  the  British  Parliament  repealed  the 
Stamp  Act  and  withdrew  all  the  taxes  except 
3d.  on  each  pound  of  tea,  the  tea  duties  were  re- 
tained] upon  the  principle  that  there  must  al- 
ways be  one  tax  to  keep  up  the  right. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  20,  p.  310. 

49 1 1 .  RIGHTS,  Petition  of.  Reign  of  Charles  I. 
[The  last  Parliament  but  one  before  the  Revolu- 
tion.] There  were,  to  our  minds,  some  extraor- 
dinary subjects  of  debate,  especially  on  the 
king's  claim  to  commit  without  cause  shown  or 
the  face  of  the  warrant.  "The  greatest  ques- 
tion," exclaimed  Pym,  "that  ever  was  .in  this 
place  or  elsewhere  !"  Selden  and  Coke  both 
spoke  upon  it.  "  What,"  answered  Coke,  "  shall 
I  accept  such  law  ?  Shall  I  have  a  state  of  in- 
heritance for  life,  or  for  years,  in  my  land,  and 
shall  I  be  a  tenant  at  will,  for  my  liberty  ! 
freeman  to  be  a  tenant  at  will  for  his  freedom  t 
There  is  no  such  tenure  in  all  Littleton."  We 
follow  with  earnest  interest  those  discussions  in 
which  Elliot  took  so  great  and  prominent  a  part, 
out  of  which  came  into  existence  the  immortal 
Petition  of  Rights.  These  are  great  debates ; 
greater  debates  are  not  recorded  in  history. 
"Magna  Charta  is  such  a  fellow,"  said  Coke, 
"he  will  have  no  sovereign."  The  great  char- 
ter of  the  people's  liberties  was  upheld  and 
strengthened  by  the  Petition  of  Rights. — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  3,  p.  72. 

4912.  RIGHTS,  Sentimental.  Political.  By 
an  apparent  contradiction  not  difl3cult  to  recon- 
cile, many  of  those  who  fought  bravely  for  the 
right  of  the  abolitionists  to  be  heard  in  Congres 
by  petition  were  yet  enraged  with  them  for  con- 
tinually, and,  as  they  thought,  causelessly  rais- 
ing and  pressing  the  issue.  They  were  willing 
to  fight  for  the  right  of  the  abolitionists  to  do  a 
certain  thing,  and  then  willing  to  fight  the  abol- 
itionists for  aimlessly  and  uselessly  doing  it. 
The  men  who  were  governed  by  these  complex 
motives  were  chiefly  Whigs. — Blaine's  Twenty 
Years  op  Congress,  vol.  1,  p.  24. 

4913.  RIOT,  Night  of.  Flight  of  James  II. 
[William,  Prince  of  Orange,  with  an  army  of  in- 
vasion and  an  English  army  of  welcome,  was 
drawing  near  to  London.]  When  the  night — the 
longest  night,  as  it  chanced,  of  the  year—ap- 
proached, forth  came  from  every  den  of  vice,. 


RISING— RIVALRY. 


683 


from  the  bear-garden  at  Hockley,  and  from  the 
labyrinth  of  tippling-houses  and  brothels  in  the 
Friars,  thousands  of  housebreakers  and  high- 
waymen, cut-purses  and  ring-droppers.  With 
these  were  mingled  thousands  of  idle  appren- 
tices, who  wished  merely  for  the  excitement  of 
a  riot.  Even  men  of  peaceable  and  honest  hab- 
its were  impelled  by  religious  animosity  to  join 
the  lawless  part  of  the  population  ;  for  the  cry 
of  No  Popery — a  cry  which  has  more  than  once 
endangered  the  existence  of  London — was  the 
signal  for  outrage  and  rapine.  First  the  rabble 
fell  on  the  Roman  Catholic  places  of  worship. 
The  buildings  were  demolished.  Benches,  pul- 
pits, confessionals,  breviaries,  were  heaped  up 
and  set  on  fire.  A  great  mountain  of  books  and 
furniture  blazed  on  the  site  of  the  convent  at 
Clerkenwell.  Another  pile  was  kindled  before 
the  ruins  of  the  Franciscan  house  in  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields.  The  chapel  in  Lyme  Street,  the 
chapel  in  Bucklersbury ,  were  pulled  down.  The 
pictures,  images,  and  crucifixes  were  carried 
along  the  streets  in  triumph,  amid  lighted  tapers 
torn  from  the  altars.  The  procession  bristled 
thick  with  swords  and  staves,  and  on  the  point 
of  every  sword  and  of  every  staff  was  an  orange. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  514. 

4014.  RISING,  Early.  Washington.  During 
the  whole  of  both  his  public  and  private  life  he 
was  a  very  early  riser.  .  .  .  Whether  as  chief 
magistrate  or  the  retired  citizen,  we  find  this 
man  of  method  and  labor  seated  in  his  library 
from  one  to  two  hours  before  day  in  winter  and 
at  daybreak  in  summer. — Custis'  Washington, 
vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

4915.  RITUALISM  rejected.  Catliolic.  Many 
felt  a  strong  repugnance  even  to  things  indiffer- 
ent which  had  formed  part  of  the  polity  or  ritu- 
al of  the  mystical  Babylon.  Thus  Bishop  Hoo- 
per, who  died  manfully  at  Gloucester  for  his  re- 
ligion, long  refused  to  wear  the  episcopal  vest- 
ments. Bishop  Ridley,  a  martyr  of  still  greater 
renown,  pulled  down  the  ancient  altars  of  his 
diocese,  and  ordered  the  Eucharist  to  be  ad- 
ministered in  the  middle  of  churclies,  at  tables 
which  the  papists  irreverently  termed  oyster- 
boards.  Bishop  Jewel  pronounced  the  clerical 
garb  to  be  a  stage  dress,  a  fool's  coat,  a  relic  of 
the  Amorites,  and  promised  that  he  would  spare 
no  labor  to  extirpate  such  degrading  absurdities. 
Archbishop  Grindal  long  hesitated  about  accept- 
ing a  mitre  from  dislike  of  what  he  regarded  as 
the  mummery  of  consecration.  Bishop  Park- 
hurst  uttered  a  fervent  prayer  that  the  Church 
of  England  would  propose  to  herself  the  Church 
of  Zurich  as  the  absolute  pattern  of  a  Christian 
community.  Bishop  Ponet  wa«  of  opinion  that 
the  word  bishop  should  be  abandoned  to  the 
papists,  and  that  the  chief  officers  of  the  purified 
Church  should  be  called  superintendents.  None 
of  these  prelates  belonged  to  the  extreme  section 
of  the  Protestant  party. — Mac aul ay's  Eng., 
ch.  1,  p.  47. 

4916.  RIVAL,  A  successful.  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots.  Mary  had,  after  a  few  days  of  marriage, 
abandoned  her  transient  fondness  for  the  youth 
she  imagined  she  had  loved,  conceived  a  cool- 
ness for  Darnley  [her  husband],  and  became 
again  prodigal  of  everything  toward  Rizzio  [an 
Italian  musician  and  courtier],  on  whom  she  lav- 
ished power  and  honors,  violating  the  almost 


sacred  etiquette  of  the  times  by  admitting  him  to 
her  table  in  her  private  apartments,  and  sup- 
pressing the  name  of  the  king  in  public  papers, 
substituted  that  of  Rizzio.  Scotland  found  she 
had  two  kings,  or,  rather,  the  nominal  king  dis- 
appeared to  give  place  to  the  favorite. — Lamar- 
tine's  Queen  of  Scots,  p.  19. 

4917.  RIVAL,  An  unsuspected.  Brother.  A 
beautiful  female,  a  matron  in  rank,  a  prostitute 
in  manners,  had  instructed  the  younger  Andron- 
icus  [son  of  the  Greek  Emperor  Andronicus]  in 
the  rudiments  of  love  ;  but  he  had  reason  to  sus- 
pect the  nocturnal  visits  of  a  rival ;  and  a  stran- 
ger passing  through  the  street  was  pierced  by  the 
arrows  of  his  guards,  who  were  placed  in  ambush 
at  her  door.  That  stranger  was  his  brother. 
Prince  Manuel,  who  languished  and  died  of  his 
wound;  and  the  Emperor  Michael,  their  common 
father,  whose  health  was  in  a  declining  state,  ex- 
pired on  the  eighth  day,  lamenting  the  loss  of 
both  his  children.  However  guiltless  in  his  in- 
tention, the  younger  Andronicus  might  impute 
a  brother's  and  a  father's  death  to  the  conse- 
quence of  his  own  vices  ;  and  deep  was  the  sigh 
of  thinking  and  feeling  men  when  they  per- 
ceived, instead  of  sorrow  and  repentance,  his 
ill-dissembled  joy  on  the  removal  of  two  odious 
competitors. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  63,  p.  177. 

49 1§.  RIVALRY,  Business.  Fulton's  First 
Steamboat.  The  Clermont  was  immediately  put 
upon  the  river  as  a  packet-boat,  and  plied  be- 
tween New  York  and  Albany  until  the  close  of 
navigation,  being  always  crowded  with  passen- 
gers. Enlarged  during  the  winter,  she  resumed 
her  trips  in  the  spring  of  1808,  and  continued  to 
run  with  great  success,  and  with  profit  to  her 
owners.  It  was  long,  however,  before  the  river 
boatmen  were  disposed  to  tolerate  this  new  and 
terrible  rival.  At  first,  it  is  said,  they  fled  in 
affright  from  the  vicinity  of  the  monster,  fear- 
ing to  be  set  on  fire  or  run  down  by  her.  After- 
ward, regaining  their  courage,  they  made  so 
many  attempts  to  destroy  her  that  the  Legisla- 
ture of  the  State  passed  a  special  act  for  her  pro- 
tection.— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  159. 

4919.  RIVALRY  an  Obstacle.  Politics.  [Dur- 
ing the  invasion  of  England  by  the  Dutch,  led 
by  William,  Prince  of  Orange,]  a  considerable 
number  of  peers  .  .  .  came,  with  Sancroft  at 
their  head,  to  present  a  petition,  praying  that  a 
free  and  legal  Parliament  might  be  called,  and 
that  a  negotiation  might  be  opened  with  the 
Prince  of  Orange.  .  .  .  Unexpected  difficulties 
arose.  Halifax  became  first  cold  and  then  ad- 
verse. It  was  his  nature  to  discover  objections 
to  everything  ;  and  on  this  occasion  his  sagacity 
was  quickened  by  rivalry.  The  scheme,  which 
he  had  approved  while  he  regarded  it  as  his 
own,  began  to  displease  him  as  soon  as  he  found 
that  it  was  also  the  scheme  of  Rochester,  by 
whom  he  had  been  long  thwarted  and  at  length 
supplanted,  and  whom  he  disliked  as  much  as 
it  was  in  his  easy  nature  to  dislike  anybody. 
Nottingham  was  at  that  time  much  under  the 
influence  of  Halifax.  They  both  declared  that 
they  would  not  join  in  the  address  if  Rochester 
signed  it. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  465. 

4920.  RIVALRY,  Talent  vs.  Money.  Borne.  At 
the  time  when  Pompey  returned  from  his  Asiat- 
ic expedition,  Caesar  held  the  olflce  of  praetor. 
The  ambitious  spirit  of  Pompey  could  brook 


584 


ROADS— ROBBERY. 


neither  a  superior  nor  an  equal.  Crassus,  a  man 
of  mean  talents,  but  of  a  restless  and  ambitious 
spirit,  had,  by  means  of  his  enormous  wealth, 
gained  a  very  considerable  party  to  his  interest ; 
for  money  at  Rome  could  always  insure  popular- 
ity, and  thus  render  even  the  weakest  of  men  for- 
midable to  the  liberties  of  their  country.  Thus, 
with  the  greatest  inequality  of  talents,  Pompey 
and  Crassus  were  rivals  in  the  path  of  ambition  ; 
and  Caesar,  who  at  this  time  aspired  to  the  consul- 
ate, and  was  well  aware  that,  by  courting  exclu- 
sively either  of  the  rivals,  he  infallibly  made  the 
other  his  enemy,  showed  the  reach  of  his  politi- 
cal genius  by  artfully  effecting  a  reconciliation 
between  them,  and  thus  securing  the  friendship 
of  both. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  1,  p.  400. 

4921.  BO  ADS,  Improvement  of.  Beign  of 
Charles  II,  It  was  only  in  fine  weather  that  the 
whole  breadth  of  the  road  was  available  for 
wheeled  vehicles.  Often  the  mud  lay  deep  on  the 
right  and  the  left,  and  only  a  narrow  track  of  firm 
ground  rose  above  the  quagmire.  At  such  time 
obstructions  and  quarrels  were  frequent,  and  the 
path  was  sometimes  blocked  up  during  a  long 
time  by  carriers,  neither  of  Avhom  would  break 
the  way.  It  happfened,  almost  every  day,  that 
coaches  stuck  fast,  until  a  team  of  cattle  could 
be  procured  from  some  neighboring  farm  to 
tug  them  out  of  the  slough.  But  in  bad  seasons 
the  traveller  had  to  encounter  inconveniences 
still  more  serious. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3, 
p.  347. 

4922.  BOBBER,  An  honored.  Jermack  the 
Cossack.  About  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century 
a  Cossack  chief  of  the  name  of  Jermack,  who 
followed  the  profession  of  a  robber,  and  was  the 
leader  of  a  gang  of  banditti,  was  the  means  of 
adding  to  the  Russian  empire  all  that  immense 
tract  of  country  known  by  the  name  of  Siberia. 
He  had  long  infested  the  Russian  borders  by  his 
depredations,  till  at  last,  being  taken  prisoner 
with  the  greatest  part  of  his  followers,  and  con- 
demned to  suffer  death,  he  threw  himself  upon 
the  clemency  of  the  czar,  and  offered,  on  condi- 
tion of  receiving  a  pardon,  to  point  out  an  easy 
conquest  of  an  immense  extent  of  empire  un- 
known to  the  Russians.  His  offer  Avas  accepted, 
the  czar  approved  of  the  expedition,  and  Jer- 
mack set  out  as  the  general  of  a  regular  army  for 
the  conquest  of  Siberia,  then  in  the  hands  of  the 
Tartars.  This  expedition  was  attended  with  all 
the  success  that  could  be  wished. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  34,  p.  473. 

4923.  BOBBEBS,  Honored.  Beign  of  Charles 
IL  It  is  related  how  Claude  Duval,  the  French 
page  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  took  to  the  road, 
became  captain  of  a  formidable  gang,  and  had 
the  honor  to  be  named  first  in  the  royal  procla- 
mation against  notorious  offenders  ;  how,  at  the 
head  of  his  troop,  he  stopped  a  lady's  coach,  in 
which  there  was  a  booty  of  four  hundred  pounds  ; 
how  he  took  only  one  hundred,  and  suffered  the 
fair  owner  to  ransom  the  rest  by  dancing  a  co- 
ranto  with  him  on  the  heath  ;  how  his  vivacious 
gallantry  stole  away  the  hearts  of  all  women  ; 
how  his  dexterity  at  sword  and  pistol  made  him 
a  terror  to  all  men  ;  how,  at  length,  in  the  year 
1670,  he  was  seized  when  overcome  by  wine ; 
how  dames  of  high  rank  visited  him  in  prison, 
and  with  tears  interceded  for  his  life  ;  how  the 
king  would  have  granted  a  pardon  but  for  the 


interference  of  Judge  Morton,  the  terror  of  kigh. 
waymen,  who  threatened  to  resign  his  office  un. 
less  the  law  was  carried  into  full  effect ;  and  how, 
after  the  execution,  the  corpse  lay  in  state  with 
all  the  pomp  of  scutcheons,  waxlights,  black- 
hangings,  .  .  .  till  the  same  cruel  judge  who 
had  intercepted  the  mercy  of  the  crown  sent 
officers  to  intercept  the  obsequies. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  356. 

4924.  BOBBEBS,  Hunting.  Blood-hounds.  The 
parishes  were  required  to  keep  blood-hounds 
for  the  purpose  of  hunting  the  freebooters. 
Many  old  men  who  were  living  in  the  middle  of 
the  eighteenth  century  could  well  remember  the 
time  when  those  ferocious  dogs  were  common  ; 
yet,  even  with  such  auxiliaries,  it  was  found  im- 
possible to  track  the  robbers  to  their  retreats 
among  the  hills  and  morasses,  for  the  geography 
of  that  wild  country  was  very  imperfectly 
known. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  365. 

4925.  BOBBEBS,  Success  of.  Beign  of  Charle* 
II.  The  public  authorities  seem  to  have  been 
often  at  a  loss  how  to  deal  with  these  enterpris- 
ing plunderers.  At  one  time  it  was  announced 
in  the  Gazette  that  several  persons  who  were 
strongly  suspected  of  being  highwaymen,  but 
against  whom  there  was  not  sufficient  evidence, 
would  be  paraded  at  Newgate  in  riding-dresses  ; 
their  horses  would  also  be  shown  ;  and  all  gentle- 
men who  had  been  robbed  were  invited  to  inspect 
this  singular  exhibition.  On  another  occasion 
a  pardon  was  publicly  offered  to  a  robber  if  he 
would  give  up  some  rough  diamonds,  of  immense 
value,  which  he  had  taken  when  he  stopped  the 
Harwich  mail.  A  short  time  after  appeared 
another  proclamation,  warning  the  inn-keepers 
that  the  eye  of  the  government  was  upon  them. 
Their  criminal  connivance,  it  was  affirmed,  ena- 
bled banditti  to  infest  the  roads  with  impunity. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  355. 

4926.  BOBBEBY  excused.  Arabs.  The  sepa- 
ration of  the  Arabs  from  the  rest  of  mankind 
has  accustomed  them  to  confound  the  ideas  of 
stranger  and  enemy  ;  and  the  poverty  of  the  land 
has  introduced  a  maxim  of  jurisprudence  which 
they  believe  and  practise  to  the  present  hour. 
They  pretend  that,  in  the  division  of  the  earth, 
the  rich  and  fertile  climates  were  assigned  to  the 
other  branches  of  the  human  family  ;  and  that 
the  posterity  of  the  outlaw  Ishmael  might  re- 
cover, by  fraud  or  force,  the  portion  of  inheri- 
tance of  which  he  had  been  unjustly  deprived. 
According  to  the  remark  of  Pliny,  the  Arabian 
tribes  are  equally  addicted  to  theft  and  merchan- 
dise ;  the  caravans  that  traverse  the  desert  are 
ransomed  or  pillaged ;  and  their  neighbors, 
since  the  remote  times  of  Job  and  Sesostris,  have 
been  the  victims  of  their  rapacious  spirit.  If  a 
Bedoween  discovers  from  afar  a  solitary  travel- 
ler, he  rides  furiously  against  him,  crying,  with 
a  loud  voice,  'Undress  thyself,  thy  aunt  {my 
wife)  is  without  a  garment. "  A  ready  submission 
entitles  him  to  mercy  ;  resistance  will  provoke 
the  aggressor. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  87. 

4927.  BOBBEBY,  Boyal.  Henry  III  The 
king  rose  above  the  meanness  of  the  beggar  [at 
times],  to  do  the  more  legitimate  work  of  the 
robber.  **He  seized  by  force  on  whatever  was 
used  in  the  way  of  meat  and  drink — especially 
wine,  and  even  clothes — against  the  will  of  those 


ROMANCE— ROMANISM. 


585 


who  sold  these  things." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  24,  p.  367 

492S.  ROMANCE,  Origin  of.  Roman  Lan- 
guage. We  have  seen  how  prodigious  was  the 
waste  of  blood  in  those  expeditions  [the  Cru- 
sades], and  how  few  returned  to  their  countries 
of  those  immense  swarms  which  poured  into  the 
East.  But  those  few  who  did  return  found  in 
the  admiration  and  applause  of  their  country- 
men a  high  reward  for  their  labors  ;  their  praises 
were  sung  by  bards  and  minstrels,  and  their  ex- 
ploits recorded  in  a  species  of  composition  un- 
known till  this  time,  the  celebrated  old  Ro- 
mances. This  species  of  composition  was  so 
named  from  the  Romance  language,  in  which 
the  first  of  these  works  were  composed.  Latin 
was  the  vulgar  tongue  in  France  till  the  begin- 
ning of  the  ninth  century  ;  then  arose  a  mixed 
dialect  between  the  Latin  and  the  Frank  tongues, 
which  was  termed  Romance,  and  which  in  proc- 
ess of  time  is  now  matured  into  the  French  lan- 
guage.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  10,  p.  168. 

4929.  EOMANISM,  Civil  Assamption  of.  Paul 
IV.  [In  1558  Elizabeth,  Queen  of  England,  des- 
patched messengers,  according  to  the  custom  of 
sovereign  princes,  to  the  various  European 
courts,  announcing  her  succession.]  The  arro- 
gant Paul  IV.  replied  to  Elizabeth's  messenger 
that  it  was  great  boldness  in.  her  to  assume  the 
crown  without  his  consent,  and  that  she  must 
submit  all  her  claims  to  hi#decision.  [See  No. 
4939.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  8,  p.  108. 

4930.  E0MANIS3I,  Deliverance  from.  Prayer. 
[The  church  service  book  of  Edward  VI.  con- 
tained a  passage  praying  for  deliverance]  from 
the  Bishop  of  Rome  and  all  his  detestable  enor- 
mities.— Knight's  Eng  ,  vol.  3.  ch.  8,  p.  114. 

4931.  ROMANISM,  Display  of.  Priests.  When 
Prince  Charles  was  married  to  Henrietta  Maria 
of  France  she  brought  with  her  to  England 
twenty-nine  priests  in  her  train. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  25,  p.  388. 

4932.  ROMANISM,  Hatred  of.  Reign  of  Charles 
II.  That  hatred  had  become  one  of  the  ruling 
passions  of  the  community,  and  was  as  strong  in 
the  ignorant  and  profane  as  in  those  who  were 
Protestants  from  conviction.  The  cruelties  of 
Mary's  reign — cruelties  which,  even  in  the  most 
accurate  and  sober  narrative,  excite  just  detesta- 
tion, and  which  were  neither  accurately  nor 
soberly  related  in  the  popular  martyrologies — 
the  conspiracies  against  Elizabeth,  and,  above  all, 
the  Gunpowder  Plot,  had  left  in  the  minds  of 
the  vulgar  a  deep  and  bitter  feeling,  which  was 
kept  up  by  annual  commemorations,  prayers, 
bonfires,  and  processions.  It  should  be  added 
that  those  classes  which  were  peculiarly  distin- 
guished by  attachment  to  the  throne,  the  clergy 
and  the  landed  gentry,  had  peculiar  reasons  for 
regarding  the  Church  of  Rome  with  aversion. 
The  clergy  trembled  for  their  benefices,  the  land- 
ed gentry  for  their  abbeys  and  great  tithes. — 
Macaulay's  Eng..  ch.  2,  p.  216. 

4933.  ROMANISM  insulted.  Reign  of  James 
II.  [After  the  acquittal  of  the  seven  Protestant 
Bishops.  See  No.  3031.]  A  figure  made  of  wax 
with  some  skill,  and  adorned  at  no  small  expense 
with  robes  and  a  tiara,  was  mounted  on  a  chair 
resembling  that  in  which  the  bishops  of  Rome 
are  stilL  on  some  great  festivals,  borne  through 


Saint  Peter's  Church  to  the  high  altar.  His 
holiness  was  generally  accompanied  by  a  train 
of  cardinals  and  Jesuits.  At  his  ear  stood  a 
buffoon  disguised  as  a  devil  with  horns  and 
tail.  No  rich  or  zealous  Protestant  grudged  his 
guinea  on  such  an  occasion,  and,  if  rumor  could 
be  trusted,  the  cost  of  the  procession  was  some- 
times not  less  than  a  thousand  pounds.  After 
the  pope  had  been  borne  some  time  in  state  over 
the  heads  of  the  multitude,  he  was  committed  to 
the  flames  with  great  acclamation. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  359. 

4934.  ROMANISM  against  Liberty.  Magna 
Gharta.  John  was  compelled  to  yield  to  their 
demands  ;  and  on  the  15th  day  of  June,  1215, 
signed,  at  Runny  mead,  the  ever  memorable 
Magna  Charta,  the  foundation  and  bulwark  of 
English  liberty.  But  the  ink  was  scarcely  dry 
when  the  tyrant  complained  bitterly  to  the  pope 
of  the  violence  to  which  he  had  been  subjected, 
and  besought  his  interference.  Innocent  [HI.], 
in  his  capacity  of  suzerain  of  England,  issued 
a  bull,  declaring  the  charter  illegal,  null  and 
void,  and  forbade  the  king  to  permit  and  the 
barons  to  demand  the  observance  of  its  provi- 
sions, under  pain  of  excommunication. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  8,  §  15. 

4935. .     Magna  Charta.    [In  1215 

Pope  Innocent  III.  undertook  to  assist  King 
John  against  his  barons,  who  demanded  and  ob- 
tained the  Magna  Charta  ;  he  excommunicated 
them,  and  further  proceeded  by]  annulling  the 
charter.  England  said  the  insolent  mandate 
had  become  a  fief  of  the  holy  see,  and  the  King 
of  England  had  no  right  to  surrender  the  privi- 
leges of  the  crown  without  the  consent  of  his 
feudal  superior.  [See  No.  4942.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  24,  p.  353. 

4936.  ROMANISM,  Oppression  of.  T7ie  Poor. 
On  every  side  were  the  evidences  of  the  vast  en- 
dowments of  the  English  Church — splendid  ca- 
thedrals, rich  abbeys,  shrines  of  inestimable 
value,  bishops  and  abbots  surrounded  with  bar- 
onial splendor,  ample  provision  for  the  working 
clergy.  And  yet  all  the  wealth  of  this  church, 
acknowledged  to  be  greater  than  that  of  any 
other  church  in  Christendom,  could  not  protect 
the  people  from  the  irritating  demands  which 
were  generally  made  at  the  season  of  family 
affliction,  and  pressed  too  often  upon  the  widow 
and  the  fatherless.  The  chronicler,  reciting 
this  grievance,  says  :  "  For  the  children  of  the 
defunct  should  all  die  for  hunger,  and  go  a  beg- 
ging, rather  than  they  would  of  charity  give  to 
them  the  sely  cow  which  the  dead  man  ought 
[owned],  if  had  only  one."  [The  taking  of  mor- 
tuaries, or  corpse  presents,  was  a  species  of  exac- 
tion which  fastened  upon  the  dead  with  the 
rapacity  of  the  vulture,  and  reached  even  the 
humblest  in  the  land.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  20,  p.  325. 

4937.  ROMANISM  patronized.  By  James  II. 
The  bishop  of  London  was  suspended  from  his 
ecclesiastical  function  for  refusing  to  censure  a 
clergyman  who  had  preached  against  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Church  of  Rome.  Six  other  bishops, 
having  refused  to  publish  the  king's  equally 
fraudulent  as  illegal  declaration  for  liberty  of  con- 
science, were  immediately  committed  to  prison. 
James  sent  an  ambassador  to  the  pope,  though  all 


586 


ROMANISM— ROMANISTS. 


correspondence  with  Rome  was  by  law  treason- 
able, and  he  received  the  pope's  nuncio  in  Lon- 
don, who  published  pastoral  injunctions,  and 
consecrated  several  Romish  bishops.  A  catholic 
president  was  appointed  by  the  king  to  Magda- 
len college,  Oxford,  and  on  its  refusal  to  admit 
him,  the  whole  members  were  expelled  except 
two  who  complied.  In  short,  the  king's  inten- 
tions were  not  at  all  disguised  ;  and  the  Roman 
Catholics  began  openly  to  boast  that  a  very  little 
time  would  see  their  religion  fully  established. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  30,  p.  425. 

493§.  EOMANISM,  Belief  in.  Sarmiel  John- 
son. On  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  he  said  : 
"  If  you  join  the  Papists  externally  they  will  not 
interrogate  you  strictly  as  to  your  belief  in  their 
tenets.  No  reasoning  Papist  believes  every 
article  of  their  faith.  There  is  one  side  on 
which  a  good  man  might  be  persuaded  to  em- 
brace it.  A  good  man  of  a  timorous  disposition 
in  great  doubt  of  his  acceptance  with  God,  and 
pretty  credulous,  may  be  glad  to  be  of  a  church 
where  there  are  so  many  helps  to  get  to  heaven. 
I  would  be  a  Papist  if  I  could.  I  have  fear 
enough  ;  but  an  obstinate  rationality  prevents 
me.  I  shall  never  be  a  Papist,  unless  on  the 
near  approach  of  death,  of  which  I  have  a  very 

freat  terror.     I  wonder  that  women  are  not  all 
'apists." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  521. 

4939.  EOMANISM  and  the  State.  Sixius  V. 
[In  1588,]  Pope  Sixtus  V.  made  a  solemn  treaty 
with  Philip  II.  [of  Spain],  and  promised  him 
an  enormous  subsidy,  to  be  paid  when  he  had 
taken  any  English  port.  The  warlike  pontiff 
was  equally  ready  with  his  spiritual  weapons. 
He  published  a  new  bull  of  excommunication 
against  Elizabeth,  and  called  all  Catholics  to  a 
crusade  against  England,  as  for  a  holy  war 
against  the  Infidel.  They  came  from  all  lands 
where  the  doctrines  of  the  Reformation  had 
never  taken  root,  or  had  been  extirpated — they 
came,  needy  adventurers  with  high-sounding 
names,  ready  to  fight  for  the  true  faith,  and  to 
have  each  a  dainty  plot  of  the  English  garden. 
They  thought  less  of  the  plenary  indulgences 
promised  for  their  voluntary  service  than  of  the 
stores  of  wealth  that  would  reward  their  valor, 
when  the  Jezebel,  the  accursed  queen,  should  be 
hurled  from  her  throne,  and  the  pope  should 
have  bestowed  her  crown  upon  Philip  or  his 
nominee. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  14,  p.  217. 
[See  Cause,  at  No.  4929,] 

4940. .    Boniface  VIII.,  in  August, 

1296,  issued  his  famous  bull  "  Clericis  laicos" 
by  which  the  clergy  were  forbidden  to  furnish 
princes  with  subeidies  or  any  kind  of  pecuniary 
contribution  without  the  permission  of  the  Holy 
See,  and  any  layman  of  whatever  rank,  demand- 
ing or  accepting  such  payment,  was  ipso  facto 
excommunicated. — Students'  France,  ch.  9, 
§16. 

4941. .  Super-Sovereign.  [Inno- 
cent III.]  assumed  the  regency  of  Sicily  during 
a  minority.  He  decided  between  rival  claim- 
ants to  the  impeiial  crown  of  Germany,  first  set- 
ting up  one  prince  and  then  deposing  him.  He 
excommunicated  Philip  [II.]  of  France  for  an 
unlawful  marriage,  and  compelled  him  to  take 
back  his  repudiated  wife. — Knight's  Eng,, 
vol.  1,  ch.  23,  p.  337. 


4942.  .     Innocent  III.     [In  1208 

Innocent  III,  interdicted  all  the  churches  of 
England,  King  John  did  not  yield,  and  in  1813 
he  was  excommunicated.  Innocent  proceeded,] 
absolving  his  vassals  from  their  fealty,  exhort- 
ing all  Christian  princes  and  barons  to  assist  in 
dethroning  him,  and  excommunicating  those 
who  held  any  intercourse  with  him.  .  .  . 
All  the  ordinary  operations  of  law  were  sus- 
pended. There  was  impunity  for  crime.  There 
was  no  safety  for  property.  [See  No.  4935.] — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  1,  ch.  23,  p.  341. 

4943.  ROMANISM  vs.  the  State.  Innocent 
III.  [Innocent  III.  was  pope  in  1207  ;  he  was 
not  satisfied  with  spiritual  power,]  unless  he 
could  render  that  power  an  instrument  for  the 
subjugation  of  every  European  state  to  a  humil- 
iating  subserviency.  This  principle,  as  express- 
ed by  himself  in  a  memorable  letter,  was  that 
"as  God  created  two  luminaries,  one  superior 
for  the  day,  and  the  other  inferior  for  the  night, 
which  last  owes  its  splendor  entirely  to  the  first, 
so  he  has  disposed  that  the  regal  dignity  should 
be  but  a  reflection  of  the  papal  authority,  and 
entirely  subordinate  to  it," — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  23,  p.  337. 

4944. .     England.     [In  1142]   Mi- 

lo,  Earl  of  Hereford,  has  demanded  money 
of  the  Bishop  of  Hereford  to  pay  his  troops. 
The  bishop  refuse^  and  Milo  then  seizes  his 
lands  and  goods.  "Me  bishop  then  pronounces 
sentence  of  excommunication  against  Milo  and 
his  adherents,  and  lays  an  interdict  upon  the 
whole  countrj'  subject  to  the  earl's  authority. 
We  might  hastily  think  that  the  solemn  curse 
pronounced  against "  a  nation,  or  a  district,  was 
an  unmeaning  ceremony,  with  its  "  bell,  bock, 
and  candle,"  to  terrify  only  the  weak-minded. 
It  was  one  of  the  most  outrageous  of  the  nu- 
merous ecclesiastical  tyrannies.  .  .  .  Under  an 
interdict,  all  churches  were  shut.  No  knell  was 
tolled,  for  the  dead,  for  the  dead  remained  un- 
buried.  No  merry  peals  welcomed  the  bridal 
Drocessions,  for  no  couple  could  be  joined  in 
wedlock.  The  awe-stricken  mother  might  have 
her  infant  baptized,  and  the  dying  might  receive 
extreme  unction.  But  all  public  offices  of  the 
church  were  suspended.  The  whole  kingdom 
was  placed  by  the  pope  under  edict  [in  1208].— 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  18,  p.  267. 

4945. .     Assumption.    Dr.  Lingard 

explains  how  the  popes  came  to  assume  the  power 
of  deposing  kings.  They  were  at  first  contented 
with  spiritual  censures  ;  but  when  all  notions  of 
justice  came  to  be  modelled  upon  the  feudal  prin- 
ciples, it  was  maintained  that  sovereigns,  who 
held  their  fees  from  God,  became  traitors  by 
disobedience  ;  that  as  traitors  they  ought  to  for- 
feit their  kingdoms  or  fees  ;  and  that  the  pontiff, 
the  vicegerent  of  God  upon  earth,  had  the  right 
to  pronounce  sentence  against  them  for  the  vio- 
lation of  fealty. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  23, 
p.  341, 

4946.  ROMANISTS,  Alliance  of.  Oath.  [Af- 
ter the  discovery  of  the  gunpowder  plot]  all 
Roman  Catholics  who  had  been  convicted  of 
recusancy,  and  all  who  had  not  received  the 
sacrament  twice  in  twelve  months  in  a  Protes- 
tant church,  were  also  required  to  take  an  oath 
of  allegiance.  In  this  oath  the  pretended  power 
of  the  pope  to  absolve  subjects  from  their  obedi- 


ROMANISTS— RUIN. 


587 


lencewas  to  be  expressly  renounced. — Knight's 
Cng.,  vol.  3,  eh.  23,  p.  338. 
4947.  EOMANISTS  denounced.  Cromwell. 
[[He  says  the  principle]  begins  to  be  exploded 
khat  people  are  for  kings  and  churches,  and 
[saints  are  for  the  pope  or  churchmen.  He  goes 
[on  in  this  impassioned  strain:  "  How  dare  you 
assume  to  call  these  men  your  flocks  whom 
[you  have  plunged  into  so  horrid  a  rebellion 
Min  1639,  in  the  interests  of  Charles  II.,  and 
[against  the  Commonwealth]  by  which  you 
Ihave  made  them  and  the  country  almost  a 
fruinous  heap  ?  and  whom  you  have  fleeced, 
ind  polled,  and  peeled  hitherto  and  make  it 
iyour  business  to  do  so  still.  You  cannot  feed 
Ithem,  you  poison  them  with  your  false,  abom- 
linable,  anti-Christian  doctrines  and  practices. 
I  You  keep  the  Word  of  God  from  them,  and 
[instead  thereof  give  them  your  senseless  or- 
[ders  and  traditions. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
'Ch.  9,  p.  126. 

4918.  ROMANISTS,  Plot  of.     Assassination. 
|.[In  1880  it  was  arranged  by  the  Romanists  that 
Ian  English  officer  by  the  name  of  Savage  should 
'assassinate  Queen  Elizabeth,   and  confederates 
would  liberate  Catholic  Mary  Queen  of   Scots. 
;  The  plot  was  changed.     It  was  thought  to  be  a 
'  plan  of  too  much  importance  to  be  left  to  the 
resolution  of  one  man.     It  was  arranged  that  six 
should  engage  in  that  service.     The  government 
frustrated  their  plan,  and  the  execution  of  con- 
spirators followed.] — Knight's   Eng.,  vol.   3, 
ch.  13,  p.  187. 

4949.  EOYALTY,  Atrocity  of.  Constantino- 
fie.  Constantinople  itself  was  for  some  ages 
the  theatre  of  disgraceful  resolutions,  achieved 
by  the  most  atrocious  crimes.  The  attention 
dwells  with  horror  on  the  bloody  tragedies  of 
this  period  :  one  emperor  assassinated  in  re- 
venge of  murder  and  incest  ;  anotlier  poisoned 
by  his  own  wife ;  a  third  stabbed  in  the  bath 
by  his  servants  ;  a  fourth  plucking  out  the 
eyes  of  his  brothers ;  a  mother  the  murderer 
of  her  own  son,  that  she  might  herself  enjoy  his 
throne.  Of  such  complexion  was  that  series  of 
sovereigns  who  swayed  the  empire  of  the  East 
for  nearly  two  hundred  years.  Under  all  these 
misfortunes  Constantinople  still  remained  the 
most  populous,  the  most  opulent,  and  the  most 
polished  city  of  Christendom.  It  was  probably 
indebted  for  its  welfare,  amid  all  these  distresses, 
to  its  extensive  commerce,  the  consequence  of 
its  situation,  which  gives  it  the  command  of 
two  seas. — Tytler'sHist.,  Book  6,  ch.  4,  p.  92. 

4950.  ROYALTY,  Maternal.  Napoleon  I. 
Soon  after  Napoleon's  assumption  of  the  impe- 
rial purple,  he  happened  to  meet  his  mother  in 
the  garden  of  St.  Cloud.  The  emperor  was  sur- 
rounded with  his  courtiers,  and  half  playfully 
extended  his  hand  for  her  to  kiss.  "  Not  so, 
my  son,"  she  gravely  replied,  at  the  same  time 
presenting  her  hand  in  return  ;  "  it  is  your  duty 
to  kiss  the  hand  of  her  who  gave  you  life." — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,vo1.  1,  ch.  1. 

4951.  ROYALTIES,  Miseries  of.  Stuarts. 
During  the  period  of  their  separate  sover- 
eignty over  Scotland,  but  three  of  the  race  es- 
caped a  violent  death.  The  first  of  them  who 
aspired  to  the  crown  of  Great  Britain  was  by 
an  English  monarch  doomed  to  death  on   the 


scaffold  ;  her  grandson  was  beheaded  in  the 
name  of  the  English  people.  The  next  in  the 
line,  long  a  needy  exile,  is  remembered  chiefly 
for  his  vices  ;  and  as  if  a  domestic  crime  alone 
could  avenge  the  national  wrongs,  James  II. 
was  reduced  from  royalty  to  beggary  by  the 
conspiracy  of  his  own  children. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  19. 

4952.  ROYALTY  overthrown.  Palace  at 
Milan,  a.d.  1796.  [The  Austrians  were  de- 
feated at  Lodi ;  the  Archduke  Ferdinand  and 
his  duchess  fled.]  The  moment  they  had  de- 
parted republican  zeal  burst  forth  unrestrained. 
The  tri-colored  cockade  seemed  suddenly  to 
have  fallen,  as  by  magic,  upon  the  hats  and 
caps  of  the  multitude.  ...  "A  placard  was 
upon  the  palace — "  This  house  to  let ;  for  the 
keys  apply  to  the  French  Commissioner  "  [Na- 
poleon Bonaparte]. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

4953.  ROYALTY,  Rejected.  Statue  of  George 
HI.  The  Declaration  [of  Independence]  was 
read  on  the  9th  [of  July]  to  every  brigade  in 
New  York  City.  ...  In  the  evening  a  mob, 
composed  in  part  of  soldiers,  threw  down  the 
equestrian  statue  of  George  III.,  which  stood 
in  the  Bowling  Green,  and  the  lead  of  which  it 
was  formed  was  cut  in  pieces  to  be  run  into 
bullets.  The  riot  offended  Washington,  and 
was  rebuked  in  general  orders. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  1. 

4954.  RTJIN,  An  expressive.  Rome.  [In  the 
fifteenth  century.]  This  spectacle  of  the  world, 
how  is  it  fallen  !  how  changed  !  how  defaced! 
The  path  of  victory  is  obliterated  by  vines, 
and  the  benches  of  the  senators  are  concealed 
by  a  dunghill.  Cast  your  eyes  on  the  Palatine 
Hill,  and  seek  among  the  shapeless  and  enor- 
mous fragments  the  marble  theatre,  the  obe- 
lisks, the  colossal  statues,  the  porticos  of  Nero's 
palace  ;  survey  the  other  hills  of  the  city  ;  the 
vacant  space  is  interrupted  only  by  ruins  and 
gardens.  The  forum  of  the  Roman  people, 
where  they  assembled  to  enact  their  laws  and 
elect  their  magistrates,  is  now  enclosed  for  the 
cultivation  of  pot-herbs,  or  thrown  open  for  the 
reception  of  swine  and  buffaloes.  The  public 
and  private  edifices  that  were  founded  for 
eternity  lie  prostrate,  naked,  and  broken,  like 
the  limbs  of  a  mighty  giant ;  and  the  ruin  is  the 
more  visible  from  the  stupendous  relics  that 
have  survived  the  injuries  of  time  and  fortuna, 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  71,  p.  517. 

4955.  RUIN,  Inevitable.  Reign  of  James  IT. 
[At  the  trial  of  the  seven  bishops  who  refused 
to  aid  the  king  in  overthrowing  the  Protestant 
Church.]  The  jury  was  sworn  ;  it  consisted  of 
persons  of  highly  respectable  station.  The  fore- 
man was  Sir  Roger  Langley,  a  baronet  of  old 
and  honorable  family.  With  him  were  joined 
a  knight  and  ten  esquires,  several  of  whom  are 
known  to  have  been  men  of  large  possessions. 
.  .  .  One  name  excited  considerable  alarm,  that 
of  Michael  Arnold.  He  was  brewer  to  the  palace, 
and  it  was  apprehended  that  the  government 
counted  on  his  voice.  The  story  goes  that  he 
complained  bitterly  of  the  position  in  which  he 
found  himself.  "  Whatever  I  do,"  he  said,  "  I 
am  sure  to  be  half  ruined.  If  I  say  Not  Guilty, 
I  shall  brew  no  more  for  the  king  ;  and  if  I  say 


588 


RUIN— RULER. 


Guilty,  I  shall  brew  no  more  for  anybody  else." 
[The  masses  of  the  people  sided  with  the  bish- 
ops.]—Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  347. 

4956.  EUIN,  National.  By  Expansion.  In- 
genious men  may  point  out  a  variety  of  inter- 
nal as  well  as  external  circumstances,  which 
had  their  operation  in  producing  the  decline, 
and  at  length  the  ruin  of  this  immense  fabric  ; 
but  they  may  be  all  reduced  to  one  single  head. 
The  fall  of  the  Roman  empire  was  the  inevita- 
ble effect  of  its  overgrown  extension.  The 
commonwealth  subsisted  by  the  virtuous  and 
patriotic  ardor  of  the  citizens ;  but  the  passion 
for  conquest,  which  at  first  found  sufficient 
scope  in  the  domestic  war  among  the  Italian 
states,  was,  after  their  reduction,  necessarily  ex- 
tended to  a  distance.  Remote  dominion  relaxed 
the  patriotic  affection,  which  of  necessity  grew 
the  weaker,  the  more  extensive  were  its  objects. 
The  vices  of  the  conquered  nation  infected  the 
victorious  legions,  and  foreign  luxuries  corrupt- 
ed their  commanders.  Selfish  interest  took  the 
place  of  public  virtue  ;  the  people  were  enslav- 
ed by  despots,  who,  regarding  as  the  first  object 
the  security  of  their  own  power,  found  it  often 
their  wisest  policy  to  abase  that  martial  spirit 
which  was  no  less  formidable  to  the  matter  of 
the  state  than  to  its  foreign  enemies.  Thus  the 
military  character  of  the  Romans  went  gradually 
to  decay,  because  it  was  purposely  depressed  by 
the  emperors  ;  and  thus  their  extensive  domin- 
ions, wanting  their  necessary  support  of  brave, 
of  virtuous,  and  of  disciplined  troops,  fell  an 
easy  prey  to  that  torrent  of  barbarians  which 
overwhelmed  them.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5, 
ch.  5,  p.  21. 

4957.  RULER,  A  capable.  Kildare.  In  1494 
Henry  [VII.]  took  the  country  in  hand.  Sir  Ed- 
ward Poynings,  a  tried  soldier,  was  despatched 
as  deputy  to  Ireland  with  troops  at  his  back. 
English  officers,  English  judges,  were  quietly 
sent  over.  The  lords  of  the  pale  were  scared  by 
the  seizure  of  their  leader,  the  Earl  of  Kildare. 
.  .  .  The  time  had  not  yet  come  when  England 
was  strong  enough  to  hold  Ireland  by  her  own 
strength.  For  a  while  the  lords  of  the  pale  must 
still  serve  as  the  English  garrison  against  the  un- 
conquered  Irish,  and  Henry  called  his  prisoner 
Kildare  to  his  presence.  "  All  Ireland  cannot 
rule  this  man,"  grumbled  his  ministers.  "  Then 
shall  he  rule  all  Ireland,"  laughed  the  king,  and 
Kildare  returned  as  lord-deputy  to  hold  the 
country  loyally  in  Henry's  name. — Hist,  op 
Eng.  People,  §  498. 

495S.  RULER,  Conceited.  James  II.  James 
was  always  boasting  of  his  skill  in  what  he  called 
kingcraft ;  and  yet  it  is  hardly  possible  even  to 
imagine  a  course  more  directly  opposed  to  all 
the  rules  of  kingcraft  than  that  which  he  fol- 
lowed. The  policy  of  wise  rulers  has  always  been 
to  disguise  strong  acts  under  popular  forms.  It 
was  thus  that  Augustus  and  Napoleon  established 
absolute  monarchies,  while  the  public  regarded 
them  merely  as  eminent  citizens  invested  with 
temporary  magistracies.  The  policy  of  James 
was  the  direct  reverse  of  theirs.  He  enraged 
and  alarmed  his  Parliament  by  constantly  telling 
them  that  they  held  their  privileges  merely  dur- 
ing his  pleasure,  and  that  they  had  no  more  busi- 
ness to  inquire  what  he  might  lawfully  do  than 


what  the  Deity  might   lawfully  do.     Yet  ho 
quailed  before  them. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch  1 
p.  68. 

4959.  RULER,  Embarrassed.  Prince  of  Wales. 
The  Scotch  Parliament,  composed  of  fanatical 
Presbyterians,  as  hostile  to  the  independent  faith, 
of  Cromwell  as  to  the  papacy  itself,  treated  for 
the  throne  with  the  Prince  of  Wales.  They  only 
required  of  him,  in  acknowledgment  of  his  res- 
toration in  Scotland,  the  recognition  of  their  na- 
tional Church.  This  Church  was  a  species  oi 
biblical  mysticism,  savage,  and  calling  itself  in- 
spired, founded  on  the  ruins  of  the  Romish  faith, 
by  a  prophet  named  John  Knox,  with  the  sword 
in  his  hand,  excommunication  on  his  lips,  and. 
superstition  in  his  heart  —  the  true  religion  of 
civil  war,  replacing  one  intolerance  by  another, 
and  adding  to  the  natural  ferocity  of  the  people 
the  most  ridiculous  assumption  of  extreme  sanc- 
tity. Scotland  at  that  time  resembled  a  Hebrew 
tribe,  governed  by  a  leader  assuming  divine  in- 
spiration, interpreted  through  his  disciples  and 
priests. .  .  .  The  Prince  of  Wales,  young,  hand- 
some, thoughtless,  voluptuous,  and  unbelieving 
— a  true  English  Alcibiades — condemned  to  gov- 
ern a  nation  of  bigoted  and  cruel  sectarists,  hes- 
itated to  accept  a  throne  which  he  could  only 
keep  by  feigning  the  hypocrisy  and  fanaticism 
of  his  parliament,  or  by  rashly  repudiating  the 
yoke  of  the  clergy. — Lamartine's  Cromwell. 
p.  50. 

4960.  RULER,  An  excellent.  Saladin.  Egypt, 
Syria,  and  Arabia  were  adorned  by  the  royal 
foundations  of  hospitals,  colleges,  and  mosques, 
and  Cairo  was  fortified  with  a  wall  and  citadel  ; 
but  his  works  were  consecrated  to  public  use ; 
nor  did  the  sultan  indulge  himself  in  a  garden 
or  palace  of  private  luxury.  In  a  fanatic  age, 
himself  a  fanatic,  the  genuine  virtues  of  Saladin 
commanded  the  esteem  of  the  Christians  ;  the 
Emperor  of  Germany  gloried  in  his  friendship  : 
the  Greek  emperor  solicited  his  alliance ;  ana 
the  conquest  of  Jerusalem  diffused,  and  perhaps 
magnified,  his  fame  both  in  the  East  and  West. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  59,  p.  23, 

4961.  RULER,  A  foolish.  Justinian  II.  [Of 
Constantinople.]  The  name  of  a  triumphant 
lawgiver  was  dishonored  by  the  vices  of  a  boy, 
who  imitated  his  namesake  only  in  the  expensive 
luxury  of  building.  His  passions  were  strong  ; 
his  understanding  was  feeble  ;  and  he  was  intox- 
icated with  a  foolish  pride  that  his  birth  had 
given  him  the  command  of  millions,  of  whom 
the  smallest  community  would  not  have  chosen 
him  for  their  local  magistrate.  His  favorite  min- 
isters were  two  beings  the  least  susceptible  of  hu- 
man sympathy,  a  eunuch  and  a  monk ;  to  the 
one  he  abandoned  the  palace,  to  the  other  the 
finances ;  the  former  corrected  the  emperor's 
mother  with  a  scourge,  the  latter  suspended  the 
insolvent  tributaries,  with  their  heads  down- 
ward, over  a  slow  and  smoky  fire. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  48,  p.  577. 

4962.  RULER,  A  great.  Alfred  the  Great. 
[See  No.  5876.]  Alfred,  whether  we  view  him 
in  his  public  or  private  character,  deserves  to  be 
esteemed  one  of  the  best  and  greatest  of  princes. 
He  united  the  most  enterprising  and  heroic  spirit 
with  the  greatest  prudence  and  moderation  ;  the 
utmost  vigor  of  authority  with  perfect  affability 


RULER. 


589 


and  a  most  winning  deportment ;  the  most  ex- 
emplary justice  with  the  greatest  lenity.  His 
civil  talents  were  in  every  respect  equal  to  his 
military  virtues.  He  found  the  kingdom  in  the 
most  miserable  condition  to  which  anarchy,  do- 
mestic barbarism,  and  foreign  hostility  could  re- 
duce it ;  by  the  valor  of  his  arms,  and  by  his 
abilities  as  a  politician  and  lawgiver,  he  brought 
it  to  a  pitch  of  eminence  and  glory  which,  till 
then,  England  had  never  attained.  The  outhnes 
of  his  admirable  plan  of  political  economy  merit 
particular  attention,  as  being,  in  fact,  the  foun- 
dation of  the  venerable  system  of  the  British 
Constitution.  Alfred,  in  short,  in  every  view 
of  his  character,  must  be  regarded  as  one  of  the 
wisest  and  best  of  men  that  ever  occupied  the 
throne  of  any  nation.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  5,  p.  109. 

49(}3, .     Charles  Martel.     Charles 

Martel  governed  France  for  about  thirty  years 
with  great  wisdom,  spirit,  and  ability.  He  was 
victorious  over  all  his  intestine  foes  ;  he  kept  in 
awe  the  neighboring  nations  ;  be  delivered  his 
country  from  the  ravages  of  the  Saracens,  whom 
he  entirely  defeated  between  Tours  and  Poictiers 
— thus  averting  the  imminent  danger  of  Mahom- 
etanism  overspreading  Western  Europe  ;  and  he 
died  honored  and  lamented.— Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  2,  p.  59. 

49Q4, .   Canute.    Canute,  from  the 

extent  of  his  dominions,  was  one  of  the  greatest 
monarchs  of  the  age.  He  was  sovereign  of  Den- 
mark, Norway,  and  England.  His  character,  as 
King  of  England,  was  not  uniform.  He  was, 
in  the  first  years  of  his  rei^n,  detested  by  his  sub- 
jects, Avhom  he  loaded  with  the  heaviest  taxes, 
and  exasperated  by  numberless  acts  of  violence 
and  oppression.  In  his  later  years  his  admin- 
istration was  mild  and  equitable. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  6,  p.  113. 

4965.  RULER,  A  horrible.  Nero.  How  he 
souglit  to  revive  the  flagging  pulse  of  exhausted 
pleasure  by  unheard-of  enormities,  and  strove  to 
make  shame  shameless  by  undisguised  public- 
ity ;  how  he  put  to  death  the  last  descendant  of 
Augustus,  the  last  descendant  of  Tiberius,  and 
the  last  descendant  of  the  Claudii ;  how  he  end- 
ed the  brief  but  heart-rending  tragedy  of  the  life 
of  Octavia  by  defaming  her  innocence,  driving 
her  to  the  island  of  Pandataria,  and  there  enforc- 
ing her  assassination  under  circumstances  so  sad 
as  might  have  moved  the  hardiest  villain  to  tears  ; 
how  he  hastened  by  poison  the  death  of  Burrus, 
and  entrusted  the  vast  power  of  the  Praetorian 
command  to  Tigellinus,  one  of  the  vilest  of  the 
human  race  ;  how,  when  he  had  exhausted  the 
treasures  amassed  by  the  dignified  economy  of 
Claudius,  he  filled  his  coffers  by  confiscating  the 
estates  of  innocent  victims  ;  how  he  caused  the 
death  of  his  second  wife,  Poppsea,  by  a  kick  in- 
flicted on  her  when  she  was  in  a  delicate  condi- 
tion ;  how,  after  the  detection  of  the  conspiracy 
of  Piso,  he  seemed  to  revel  in  blood ;  how  he 
ordered  the  death  of  Seneca ;  how,  by  the  exe- 
cution of  Paetus  Thrasea  and  Barea  Soranus,  he 
strove  to  extinguish  the  last  embers  of  Roman 
magnanimity,  and  to  slay  "virtue  itself  ;"  how 
wretches  like  Vatinius  became  the  cherished  fa- 
tyorites  of  his  court  ;  how  his  reign  degenerated 

ito  one  perpetual  orgy,  at  once  monstrous  and 
Igar— into  these  details,  fortunately,  we  need 


not  follow  his  awful  career.  .  .  .  Probably  no 
man  who  ever  lived  has  crowded  into  fourteen 
years  of  life  so  black  a  catalogue  of  iniquities  as 
this  CoUot  d'Herbois  upon  an  imperial  throne. — 
Farrar's  Early  Days,  ch.  3,  p.  28. 

4966.  RULER,  An  indei>eiident.  James  I. 
James  was  a  firm  believer  in  the  divinity  which 
doth  make  a  king  ;  but  it  must  seem  something 
surprising  that,  however  Scotland  might  bow 
down  graciously  to  such  follies,  England  should 
yield  as  compliantly  to  his  will.  His  reply  to 
his  flrst  counsellors  upon  his  arrival  in  England 
is  well  known:  "  Do  I  mak  the  Judges?  do 
I  mak  the  Bishops  ?  then,  God  is  wauns  1  I 
mak  what  likes  me,  law  and  gospel."  Comment- 
ing upon  this,  John  Forster,  in  his  "  Statesmen 
of  England,"  says,  "he  was  not  an  absolute  fool, 
and  little  more*  can  be  said  of  him." — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  2,  p.  36. 

4967.  RULER,  A  monster.  Mahomet  III.  Ma- 
homet III.,  the  successor  of  Amurath,  began  his 
reign  like  a  monster,  by  strangling  nineteen  of 
his  brothers,  and  drowning  twelve  of  his  father's 
concubines,  on  the  supposition  of  their  being 
pregnant.  Yet  this  barbarian  supported  the  dig- 
nity of  the  empire  and  extended  its  dominions. 
—Tytler's  Hist  ,  Book  6,  ch.  23,  p.  330. 

496§.  RULER,  Natural.  General  Orant.  His 
father  being  poor,  as  soon  as  Ulysses  was  able 
to  help  him  he  was  put  to  work,  to  the  neglect 
of  his  education.  At  the  age  of  eight  he  waa 
taught  to  drive  a  team,  and  at  ten  was  accus- 
tomed to  drive  one  from  Georgetown — to  which 
place  his  father  had  removed— to  Cincinnati,  a 
distance  of  forty  miles,  and  bring  a  load  back.— 
Headley's  General  Grant,  p.  26. 

4969.  RULER,  Popular.  Emperor  Adrian.  On 
his  return  to  Rome,  his  conduct  was  such  as  to 
ingratiate  him  with  every  rank  of  the  citizens. 
He  remitted  all  the  debts  due  to.  the  treasury  for 
the  last  sixteen  years,  by  burning  the  records  and 
obligations.  He  bestowed  liberal  presents  upon 
those  amongst  the  ancient  families  w^ho  had  fall- 
en into  indigence,  and  appointed  new  funds  for 
the  maintenance  and  education  of  the  children 
of  the  poor.  He  then  undertook  a  progress 
through  all  the  provinces  of  the  empire,  repress- 
ing abuses,  and  studioudy  relieving  the  people 
wherever  he  found  the  taxes  too  heavy  or  exor- 
bitant. He  rebuilt  many  cities  which  had  been 
destroyed  or  had  fallen  into  ruin.  Among  the 
rest  he  rebuilt  Jerusalem,  which  he  named  ^lia 
CapitoUna.  In  these  progresses  through  his  do- 
minions, so  careful  was  he  in  avoiding  every- 
thing which  might  distress  the  provinces,  that 
he  used  no  equipage  or  show,  but  travelled  on 
foot  and  lived  with  the  frugality  of  a  common 
soldier.  This  exemplary  conduct  made  him  be- 
loved and  respected  by  his  subjects,  as  much 
as  he  was  formidable  to  the  enemies  of  the  em- 
pire from  his  courage  and  resolution.  His  pop- 
ularity became  so  great  that  he  stood  not  in  need 
of  the  ensigns  of  power  and  authority.  The 
guards,  andlthe  fasces  he  deemed  superfluous  to 
him  who  made  it  his  study  to  reign,  not  over 
the  persons,  but  over  the  hearts  of  his  subjects, 
—Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  497. 

4970. .    Charlemagne.    This  great 

prince  was  no  less  respectable  in  his  private  than 
in  his  public  character.    He  was  a  man  of  U»« 


590 


RULER— RULERS. 


most  amiable  dispositions,  and  there  never  was 
a  sovereign  to  whom  his  subjects  were  more  at- 
tached from  consideration  of  personal  regard. 
His  secretary  and  historian,  Eginhart,  gives  a 
beautiful  picture  of  his  domestic  life,  and  the 
economy  of  his  family,  which  is  characteristic 
of  an  age  of  great  simplicity.  He  never  rode 
abroad  without  being  attended  by  his  sons  and 
daughters  ;  the  former  he  instructed  in  all  man- 
ly exercises,  in  which  he  himself  was  particu- 
larly skilled ;  and  his  daughters,  according  to 
the  simple  manners  of  the  times,  were  assiduous- 
ly employed  in  the  various  labors  of  housewife- 
ry, particularly  in  spinning  wool  with  the  dis- 
taff. For  his  children  he  indulged  in  all  the  af- 
fection of  the  fondest  parent,  and  he  bore  the 
premature  loss  of  some  of  them  with  less  mag- 
nanimity than  might  have  been  expected  from 
so  heroic  a  mind. — Tytleb's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  3,  p.  73. 

4971.  RULER,  A  righteous.  Danish  King.  A 
letter  which  Cnut  wrote  after  twelve  years  of 
rule  to  his  English  subjects  marks  the  grandeur 
of  his  character  and  the  noble  conception  he  had 
formed  of  kingship.  ' '  I  have  vowed  to  God  to 
lead  a  right  life  in  all  things,"  wrote  the  king, 
"  to  rule  justly  and  piously  my  realms  and  sub- 
jects, and  to  administer  just  judgment  to  all. 
If  heretofore  I  have  done  aught  beyond  what 
was  just,  through  headiness  or  negligence  of 
youth,  I  am  ready,  with  God's  help,  to  amend  it 
utterly."  No  royal  officer,  either  for  fear  of  the 
king  or  for  favor  of  any,  is  to  consent  to  injus- 
tice, none  is  to  do  wrong  to  rich  or  poor,  "  as 
they  would  value  my  friendship  and  their  own 
well-being."  He  especially  denounces  unfair 
exactions  :  "I  have  no  need  that  money  be 
heaped  together  for  me  by  unjust  demands."  "  I 
have  sent  this  letter  before  me, "  Cnut  ends, ' '  that 
all  the  people  of  my  realm  may  rejoice  in  my 
well-doing  ;  for  as  you  yourselves  know,  never 
have  I  spared,  nor  will  I  spare,  to  spend  myself 
and  my  toil  in  what  is  needful  and  good  for  my 
people."  Cnut's  greatest  gift  to  his  people  was 
that  of  peace.  With  him  began  the  long  internal 
tranquillity  which  was  from  this  time  to  be  the 
key-note  of  the  national  history.  [Date,  early 
in  the  eleventh  century.] — Hist,  op  Eng.  Peo- 
ple, §  87. 

4972.  RULER,  Ruinous.  Heedless.  After  his 
enfranchisement  from  an  oppressive  guardian, 
John  Palaeologus  remained  thirty-six  years  the 
helpless,  and,  asit  should  seem,  the  careless  spec- 
tator of  the  public  ruin.  Love,  or  rather  lust, 
was  his  only  vigorous  passion  ;  and  in  the  em- 
braces of  the  wives  and  virgins  of  the  citj'^,  the 
Turkish  slave  forgot  the  dishonor  of  the  emperor 
of  the  Romans  [of  the  Eastern  empire]. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  64,  p.  242. 

4973.  RULER,  A  shameless.  Charles  IT.  A 
king  might  be  pardoned  for  amusing  his  leisure 
with  wine,  wit,  and  beauty,  but  it  was  intolerable 
that  he  should  sink  into  a  mere  saunterer  and 
voluptuary ;  that  the  gravest  affairs  of  state 
should  be  neglected,  and  that  the  public  service 
should  be  starved  and  the  finances  deranged  in 
order  that  harlots  and  parasites  might  grow  rich. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  177. 

4974.  RULER,  A  spirited.  Charles  XII.  [After 
the  defeat  of  the  Swedes  at  Pultowa.]     Charles, 


a  fugitive,  with  a  few  followers,  crossed  Ihfl 
river  Dneiper,  and  sought  an  asylum  in  the  d(,- 
minions  of  the  grand  seignior.  Let  us  now  mark 
the  conduct  of  Charles.  In  Sweden,  where  it 
was  not  known  whether  their  king  was  dead  or 
alive,  the  regency  had  thoughts  of  capitulating 
with  the  czar.  When  Charles  heard  of  this  pro- 
posal, he  wrote  to  the  senate  that  he  would  send 
them  one  of  his  boots  to  govern  them.  With  his 
feeble  train  of  followers,  who  amounted  only  to 
1800  men,  he  formed  a  small  camp  near  Bender, 
from  whence  he  endeavored  to  prevail  with  the 
court  of  Constantinople  to  arm  in  his  favor 
against  the  Russians. — Tytlek'sHist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  35,  p.  480. 

4975.  RULER,  A  superior.  Henry  VII.  The 
army  of  Richmond  sang  a  hymn  to  God  uix)n 
the  field  of  battle  [of  Bosworth],  and  with  the 
loudest  acclamations  proclaimed  him  as  Henry 
VII.  King  of  England.  This  auspicious  day  put 
an  end  to  the  civil  wars  between  the  houses  of 
York  and  Lancaster.  Henry,  by  marrying  the 
Princess  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Edward  IV., 
united  in  his  own  person  the  interests  and  rights 
of  both  these  families.  This  excellent  prince, 
who  knew  how  to  govern  as  well  as  to  conquer, 
was  one  of  the  best  monarchs  that  ever  reigned 
in  England.  The  nation,  under  his  wise  and  po- 
litic administration,  soon  recovered  the  wounds 
it  had  sustained  in  those  unhappy  contests. 
The  parliaments  which  he  assembled  made 
the  most  salutary  laws,  the  people  paid  their 
taxes  without  reluctance,  the  nobles  were  kept 
in  due  subordination,  and  that  spirit  of  commer- 
cial industry  for  which  the  English  have  been, 
in  these  latter  ages,  justly  distinguished,  began 
to  make  vigorous  advances  under  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII.  The  only  failing  of  this  prince  was 
an  economy,  perhaps  too  rigid,  which,  in  his 
latter  years,  degenerated  even  into  avarice  ;  and 
though  his  taxes  were  not  oppressive,  he  left  in 
the  treasury,  at  his  death,  no  less  than  two  mill- 
ions sterling. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  14, 
p.  228. 

4976.  RULERS,  Change  of.  "  Pontiac's  War" 
The  French  had  won  the  affections  of  the  sav- 
ages by  their  pliability  and  their  temperance,  and 
retained  it  by  religious  influence  ;  they  seemed 
no  more  to  be  masters,  but  companions  and 
friends.  [The  French  were  driven  out  of  Canada 
and  the  west  by  the  English.]  More  formidable 
enemies  now  appeared,  arrogant  in  their  preten- 
sions, scoffing  insolently  at  those  whom  they 
superseded,  driving  away  their  Catholic  priests, 
and  introducing  the  traffic  in  rum,  which  till 
then  had  been  effectually  prohibited.  [War  fol- 
lowed.]— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  7. 

4977.  RULERS,  Many.  Six  Emperoi's.  For  the 
first,  and  indeed  for  the  last  time,  the  Roman 
world  was  administered  by  six  emperors.  In 
the  West,  Constantine  and  Maxentius  affected  to 
reverence  their  father  Maximian.  In  the  East, 
Licinius  and  Maximin  honored  with  more  real 
consideration  their  benefactor  Galerius.  The  op- 
position of  interest  and  the  memory  of  a  recent 
war  divided  the  empire  into  two  great  hostile 
powers  ;  but  their  mutual  fears  produced  an 
apparent  tranquillity. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  14, 
p.  466. 

497§.  RULERS,  Precise  and  parental.  John 
Howard.     He  began  the  education  of  his  son  al. 


RULERS— SABBATH. 


591 


most  as  soon  as  the  child  was  old  enough  to 
manifest  a  preference.  He  laid  it  down  as  an 
inflexible  rule  that  the  infant  should  have  noth- 
ing that  it  cried  for  —  an  excellent  principle 
when  it  is  not  carried  too  far,  but  one  which  is 
much  better  enforced  by  a  mother  than  a  father. 
A  mother  does  not  usually  lay  down  any  inflex- 
ible rule  for  the  government  of  a  very  young 
child,  but  varies  her  treatment  with  the  occa- 
sion. [The  son  became  his  father's  shame  and 
Borrow.] — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  68. 

4979.  RULERS,  Responsibility  of.  Beign  of 
Charles  11.  The  prevailing  discontent  was  com- 
pounded of  many  feelings.  One  of  these  was 
wounded  national  pride.  That  generation  had 
seen  England,  during  a  few  years,  allied  on  equal 
terms  with  France,  victorious  over  Holland  and 
Spain,  the  mistress  of  the  sea,  the  terror  of  Rome, 
the  head  of  the  Protestant  interest.  Her  re- 
sources had  not  diminished  ;  and  it  might  have 
been  expected  that  she  would  have  been  at  least  as 
highly  considered  in  Europe  under  a  legitimate 
king,  strong  in  the  affection  and  willing  obedi- 
ence of  his  subjects,  as  she  had  been  under  a 
usurper  whose  utmost  vigilance  and  energy  were 
required  to  keep  down  a  mutinous  people  ;  yet 
she  had,  in  consequence  of  the  imbecility  and 
meanness  of  her  rulers,  sunk  so  low  that  any 
German  or  Italian  principality  which  brought 
five  thousand  men  into  the  field  was  a  more  im- 
portant member  of  the  commonwealth  of  na- 
tions.— Macaulay's  Exg.,  ch.  2,  p.  215. 

49§0.  RULERS,  Responsibility  of.  British. 
They  might  safely  be  tyrants  within  the  precinct 
of  the  court,  but  it  was  necessary  for  them  to 
watch  with  constant  anxiety  the  temper  of  the 
country.  Henry  VIII.,  for  example,  encoun- 
tered no  opposition  when  he  wished  to  send 
Buckingham  and  Surrey,  Anne  Boleyn  and  Lady 
Salisbury,  to  the  scaffold  ;  but  when,  without 
the  consent  of  Parliament,  he  demanded  of  his 
subjects  a  contribution  amounting  to  one  sixth 
of  their  goods,  he  soon  found  it  necessary  to  re- 
tract. The  cry  of  hundreds  of  thousands  was 
that  they  were  English  and  not  French,  freemen 
and  not  slaves. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  l,p.  38. 

4981.  RULERS,  Terrifying.  Boman.  All  the 
vice,  all  the  splendor,  all  the  degradation  of 
Pagan  Rome,  seemed  to  be  gathered  up  in  the 
person  of  [Nero]  that  emperor  who  first  placed 
himself  in  a  relation  of  direct  antagonism  against 
Christianity.  Long  before  death  ended  the  astute 
comedy  in  which  Augustus  had  so  gravely  borne 
his  part,  he  had  experienced  the  Nemesis  of  Ab- 
solutism, and  foreseen  the  awful  possibilities 
which  it  involved.  But  neither  he  nor  any  one 
else  could  have  divined  that  four  such  rulers  as 
Tiberius,  Gains,  Claudius,  and  Nero— the  first  a 
sanguinary  tyrant,  the  second  a  furious  mad- 
man, the  third  an  uxorious  imbecile,  the  fourth 
a  heartless  buffoon —  would  in  succession  afflict 
and  horrify  the  world.  Yet  these  rulers  sat  upon 
the  breast  of  Rome  with  the  paralyzing  spell  of 
a  nightmare.  The  concentration  of  the  old  pre- 
rogatives of  many  offices  in  the  person  of  one, 
who  was  at  once  Consul,  Censor,  Tribune,  Pon- 
tifex  Maximus,  and  perpetual  Imperator,  forti- 
fied their  power  with  the  semblance  of  legality, 
and  that  power  was  rendered  terrible  by  the 
sword  of  the  Prajtorians  and  the  deadly  whis- 


per of  the  informers. — Farear's  Early  Days. 
ch.  2,  p.  11. 

49§2.  RULERS,  Uneducated.  "  Crowned  Ass  " 
[He  was  one  of  the  early  rulers  of  a  part  of  An- 
jou  in  France.]  Alone  of  his  race,  Fulk  the 
Good  waged  no  wars  ;  his  delight  was  to  sit  in 
the  choir  of  Tours  and  to  be  called  "canon." 
One  Martinmas  eve  Fulk  was  singing  there  in 
clerkly  guise  when  the  French  king,  Louis 
d'Outremer,  entered  the  church.  "  He  sings  like 
a  priest,"  laughed  the  king,  as  his  nobles  pointed 
mockingly  to  the  figure  of  the  count  canon.  But 
Fulk  was  ready  with  his  reply.  "Know,  my 
lord,"  wrote  the  Count  of  Anjou,  "that  a  king 
unlearned  is  a  crowned  ass."  Fulk  was  in  fact 
no  priest,  but  a  busy  ruler,  governing,  enforcing 
peace,  and  carrying  justice  to  every  corner  of 
the  wasted  land.  To  him  alone  of  his  race  men 
gave  the  title  of  "  the  Good." — History  op  Eng. 
People,  §  122. 

49§3.  RUMORS,  Welcomed.  Death  of  Charles 
II.  We  cannot,  therefore,  wonder  that  wild 
stories  without  number  were  repeated  and  be- 
lieved by  the  common  people.  His  Majesty's 
tongue  had  swelled  to  the  size  of  a  neat's  tongue. 
A  cake  of  deleterious  powder  had  been  found  ia 
his  brain.  There  were  blue  spots  on  his  breast. 
There  were  black  spots  on  his  shoulder.  Some- 
thing had  been  put  into  his  snuff-box.  Some- 
thing had  been  put  into  his  broth.  Something 
had  been  put  into  his  favorite  dish  of  eggs  and 
ambergris.  The  Duchess  of  Portsmouth  had 
poisoned  him  in  a  cup  of  chocolate.  The  queen 
had  poisoned  him  in  a  jar  of  dried  pears.  Such 
tales  ought  to  be  preserved,  for  they  furnish  us 
with  a  measure  of  the  intelligence  and  virtue  of 
the  generation  which  eagerly  devoured  them. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  411. 

49§4.  RUNAWAY,  A  distinguished.  Fran- 
cisco Pizarro.  One  day  a  pig  strayed  from  the 
herd  and  could  not  be  found.  Pizarro,  dreading 
his  father's  anger,  dared  not  go  home.  He  made 
his  way  to  a  recruiting  station,  enlisted  in  the 
Spanish  army  as  a  private  soldier,  and  served  for 
a  while  in  Italy.  Attracted  by  the  marvels  re- 
lated of  the  New  World,  and  being  naturally 
fond  of  adventure,  he,  too,  joined  at  length  an 
expedition  to  America,  and,  arriving  at  His- 
paniola,  served  under  Columbus,  and  soon  won 
distinction.  He  had  every  quality  that  fits  a  man 
for  a  life  of  daring  adventure. — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  ^3. 

49§5.  SABBATH,  Defenceless  on  the.  Jerusa- 
lem. Ptolemy  advanced  into  Judea,  and  formed 
the  siege  of  Jerusalem.  The  city  was  so  strong 
by  its  advantageous  situation,  in  conjunction 
with  the  works  of  art,  that  it  would  have  sus- 
tained a  long  siege,  had  it  not  been  for  the  relig- 
ious fear  the  Jews  entertained  of  violating  the 
law,  if  they  should  defend  themselves  on  the 
Sabbath.  Ptolemy  was  not  long  unacquainted 
with  this  particular  ;  and  in  order  to  improve 
the  great  advantage  it  gave  him,  he  chose  that 
day  for  the  general  assault ;  and  as  no  individual 
among  the  Jews  would  presume  to  defend  him- 
self, the  city  was  taken  without  any  difficulty.-— 
Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  16,  §  4. 

49§6.  SABBATH  desecrated.  Nobility.  The 
private  offences,  in  the  support  of  whose  oflicial 


592 


SABBATH— SACRIFICE. 


interdiction  Wilberf orce  formed  a  society,  were, 
profanation  of  the  Lord's  day,  swearing,  drunk- 
enness. The  great  gave  their  Sunday  card-par- 
ties and  Sunday  concerts  long  after  Hannah 
More  published,  in  1796,  her  "Estimate  of  the 
Religion  of  the  Fashionable  World." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  7,  p.  123. 

4987. .     London.     [In  London,  in 

1141],  in  every  Sunday  in  Lent,  a  company  with 
lances  and  shields  went  out  to  joust. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  18,  p.  264. 

498§. .     England,  1388.  [The  law 

required]  every  servant  of  husbandry,  laborer, 
and  servant  of  artificer,  .  .  .  they  shall  have  bows 
•and  arrows,  and  use  the  same  on  Sundays  and 
Jiolidays. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  1,  p.  14. 

49§9.  SABBATH  misspent.  Charles  II.  — Last. 
His  palace  had  seldom  presented  a  gayer  or  a 
more  scandalous  appearance  than  on  the  evening 
■of  Sunday,  the  first  of  February,  1685.  .  .  .  The 
^eat  gallery  of  Whitehall,  an  admirable  relic  of 
the  magnificence  of  the  Tudors,  was  crowded 
with  revellers  and  gamblers.  The  king  sat  there 
chatting  and  toying  with  three  women,  whose 
charms  were  the  boast  and  whose  vices  were  the 
disgrace  of  three  nations.  Barbara  Palmer, 
Duchess  of  Cleveland,  was  there,  no  longer 
young,  but  still  retaining  some  traces  of  that 
superb  and  voluptuous  loveliness  which  twenty 
years  before  overcame  the  hearts  of  all  men. 
There,  too,  was  the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth, 
whose  soft  and  infantine  features  were  lighted 
up  with  the  vivacity  of  France.  Hortensia 
Mancini,  Duchess  of  Mazarin,  and  niece  of  the 
^reat  cardinal,  completed  the  group.  [He  died 
on  Friday  following.] — Mac  aul  ay's  Eng.,  ch.  4, 
p.  399. 

4990.  SABBATH  Observance  enforced.  PuH- 
ians.  [In  1653]  one  unhappy  victim  is  stocked 
three  hours,  for  the  heinous  offence  of  going  to 
Charminster  immediately  after  dinner  on  Easter 
day,  and  eating  milk  and  cream  with  some  lads 
and  lassies,  upon  which  entertainment  they 
spent  twopence  each.  Even  the  plea  that  the 
moving  about  on  the  Sabbath-day  was  to  hear 
a  preacher  in  another  parish  was  no  mitigation 
•of  the  offence  of  taking  a  longer  walk  than  to 
the  church  at  the  offender's  own  door.  ...  A 
tailor  is  brought  up  for  working  at  two  o'clock 
on  a  January  morning,  to  have  a  piece  of  his 
manufacture  complete  in  due  time  for  some  or- 
thodox church-goer.  Children  are  punished  for 
playing  at  nine  stones.  Hanging  out  clothes  to 
dry  on  the  Sabbath  was  an  especial  offence. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  9,  p.  172. 

4991.  SABBATH,  Privacy  on  the.  Washing- 
ton. On  Sunday  no  visitors  were  admitted  to 
the  President's  house,  save  the  immediate  rela- 
tives of  the  family,  with  only  one  exception, 
Mr.  Speaker  Trumbull,  since  Governor  of  Con- 
necticut, and  who  had  been  confidential  secre- 
tary to  the  chief  during  the  war. — Custis'  Wash- 
ington, vol.  1,  ch.  2. 

4992.  SABBATH  rejected,  The.  France.  The 
revolutionary  tribunals  had  closed  the  churches 
and  prohibited  the  observance  of  the  Sabbath. 
To  efface  if  possible  all  traces  of  that  sacred  day, 
they  had  appointed  every  tenth  day  for  cessation 
irom  labor  and  for  festivity.     A  heavy  fine  was 


inflicted  upon  any  one  who  should  close  his 
shop  on  the  Sabbath,  or  manifest  any  reverence 
for  that  discarded  institution. — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  16. 

4993.  SACSAMENT,  Inconsistency  with  the. 
Joan  of  Arc.  [She  was  informed  that  she  must 
be  burnt  at  the  stake  that  day.]  After  this  burst 
of  grief,  she  recovered  herself  and  confessed ; 
she  then  asked  to  communicate.  The  brother 
was  embarrassed  ;  but  consulting  the  bishop,  the 
latter  told  him  to  administer  the  sacrament, 
"  and  whatever  else  she  might  ask."  Thus,  at 
the  very  moment  he  condemned  her  as  a  re- 
lapsed heretic,  and  cut  her  off  from  the  Church, 
he  gave  her  all  that  the  Church  gives  to  her 
faithful.  Perhaps  a  last  sentiment  of  humanity 
awoke  in  the  heart  of  the  wicked  judge  ;  he 
considered  it  enough  to  burn  the  poor  creature, 
without  driving  her  to  despair  and  damning  her. 
Perhaps,  also,  the  wicked  priest,  through  free- 
thinking  levity,  allowed  her  to  receive  the  sac- 
raments as  a  thing  of  no  consequence,  which, 
after  all,  might  serve  to  calm  and  silence  the 
sufferer. — Michelet's  Joan  op  Arc,  p.  55. 

4994.  SACEIFICE  consumed.  By  Lightning.  A 
prodigy  that  happened  at  Amphipolis  testified 
also  the  favor  of  the  gods.  The  consul  was 
offering  sacrifice  there,  and  the  sacred  ceremonies 
were  begun,  when  a  flash  of  lightning  fell  upon 
the  altar,  and  at  once  consumed  and  consecrated 
the  victim. — Plutarch's  Paulus  ^milius. 

4995.  SACEIFICE,  Human,  Arabs.  The  life 
of  a  man  is  the  most  precious  oblation  to  dep- 
recate a  public  calamity ;  the  altars  of  Phoe- 
nicia and  Egypt,  of  Rome  and  Carthage,  have 
been  polluted  with  human  gore ;  the  cruel 
practice  was  long  preserved  among  the  Arabs  ; 
in  the  third  century  a  boy  was  annually  sacri- 
ficed by  the  tribe  of  Dumatians  ;  and  a  royal 
captive  was  piously  slaughtered  by  the  prince 
of  the  Saracens,  the  ally  and  soldier  of  the  Em- 
peror Justinian.  A  parent  who  drags  his  son  to 
the  altar  exhibits  the  most  painful  and  sublime 
effort  of  fanaticism  ;  the  deed,  or  the  intention, 
was  sanctified  by  the  example  of  saints  and 
heroes. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50,  p.  95. 

4996. .  Gauls.  Many  of  the  re- 
ligious rites  among  the  Gauls  were  cruel  and 
bloody.  Human  sacrifices  were  of  frequent  oc- 
currence. It  was  believed  that  the  life  of  man 
cannot  be  purchased  but  by  that  of  his  fellow- 
man  ;  that  the  gods  cannot  be  propitiated  but. 
at  this  costly  price.  Accordingly,  those  who 
were  attacked  by  dangerous  sickness,  and  those 
who  were  about  to  expose  themselves  to  the 
hazards  of  war,  procured  through  the  ministry 
of  the  Druids  the  immolation  of  human  victims 
on  their  behalf.  Public  sacrifices  of  the  same 
kind  were  sometimes  held.  A  colossal  human 
figure  was  made  of  wicker-work,  and  its  huge 
limbs  filled  with  the  bodies  of  living  men, 
generally  condemned  criminals  or  captives  taken 
in  war.  The  image  was  then  set  on  fire. — 
Students'  France,  ch.  1,  §  10. 

4997. .    Swedes.     Till  the  end  of 

the  eleventh  century,  a  celebrated  temple  sub- 
sisted at  Upsal,  the  most  considerable  town 
of  the  Swedes  and  Goths.  It  was  enriched 
with  the  gold  which  the  Scandinavians  had  ac- 
quired in  their  piratical  adventures,  and  sane- 


SACRIFICE— SAILOR. 


593 


tifled  by  the  uncouth  representations  of  the  three 
principal  deities,  the  god  of  war,  the  goddess  of 
generation,  and  the  god  of  thunder.  In  the 
general  festival  that  was  solemnized  every  ninth 
year,  nine  animals  of  every  species  (without  ex- 
cepting the  human)  were  sacrificed,  and  their 
bleeding  bodies  suspended  in  the  sacred  grove 
adjacent  to  the  temple. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  10, 
p.  283. 

499§.  .     Romans.     [The  Romans 

were  expecting  the  attack  of  the  Gauls.] 
The  vast  preparations  they  made  were  further 
proofs  of  their  fears  (for  it  is  said  that  so  many 
thousands  of  Romans  were  never  seen  in  arms 
either  before  or  since),  and  so  were  the  new  and 
extraordinary  sacrifices  which  they  offered.  .  .  . 
They  buried  two  Greeks — a  man  and  a  woman, 
and  likewise  two  Gauls,  one  of  each  sex,  alive 
in  the  beast-market. — Plutarch. 

4999.  SACRIFICES,  Christian.  John  Nelson. 
[One  of  Mr.  Wesley's  most  heroic  and  success- 
ful preachers  was  a  stone-cutter  by  trade.]  He 
kept  hewing  stone  by  day,  and  preaching  by 
night.  .  .  .  [His  success  awakened  opposi- 
tion.] The  ale-house  keepers  complained  of 
the  loss  of  their  customers  by  his  preaching, 
and  the  parish  clergyman  wished  not  such  a  rival 
near  him.  He  was  arrested  .  .  .  as  a  vagrant 
without  visible  means  of  support.  .  .  .  Five 
hundred  pounds  bail  was  refused,  witnesses 
were  rejected,  save  his  clerical  accuser.  Nelson 
repelled  the  charge  manfully.  "  I  am  as  able 
to  get  my  living  by  my  hands,"  said  he,  "  as  any 
man  of  my  trade  in  England  is,  and  you 
know  it."  [He  was  impressed  for  the  army.] 
At  Bradford  he  was  pluhged  into  a  dungeon, 
into  which  flowed  blood  and  filth  from  a  slaugh- 
ter-house above  it,  so  that  it  smelled,  he  says, 
"  like  a  pig-stye  ;  but  my  soul,"  he  adds,  "  was 
so  filled  with  the  love  of  God  that  it  was  para- 
dise to  me."  There  was  nothing  in  it  to  sit  on, 
and  his  only  bed  was  a  heap  of  decayed  straw. 
— Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  207. 

5000.  SACRIFICES,  Ministerial.  Rev.  TJios. 
Smith.  He  rode  four  thousand  miles  and 
preached  four  hundred  sermons  in  one  year, 
and  laid  many  nights  on  wet  cabin  floors  some- 
times covered  with  snow  through  the  night,  and 
his  horse  standing  under  a  pelting  storm  of 
snow  or  rain,  and|at  the  end  of  the  year  received 
his  travelling  expenses  and  four  silver  dollars 
of  his  salary. — Stevens'  M.  E.  Church,  ch.  4, 
p.  269. 

5001.  SACRILEGE,  Infamous.  Hakem  the 
Turk.  The  temple  of  the  Christian  world,  the 
church  of  the  Resurrection,  was  demolished 
to  its  foundations  ;  the  luminous  prodigy  of 
Easter  was  interrupted,  and  much  profane  labor 
was  exhausted  to  destroy  the  cave  in  the  rock 
which  properly  constitutes  the  holy  sepulchre. 
At  the  report  of  this  sacrilege,  the  nations  of 
Europe  were  astonished  and  afflicted  ;  but,  in- 
stead of  arming  in  the  defence  of  the  Holy 
Land,  they  contented  themselves  with  burning 
or  banishing  the  Jews  as  the  secret  advisers 
of  the  impious  barbarian. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  57,  p.  532. 

5002.  SACRILEGE,  Sectarian.  Sacking  of 
Constantinople.  The  churches  were  profaned 
by  the  licentiousness  and  party  zeal  of  the  Lat- 


ins. [The  Roman  Catholics.]  After  stripping 
the  gems  and  pearls,  they  converted  the  chalices 
into  drinking-cups  ;  their  tables,  on  which  they 
gamed  and  feasted,  were  covered  with  the  pict- 
ures of  Christ  and  the  saints  ;  and  they  tram- 
pled under  foot  the  most  venerable  objects  of 
the  Christian  worship.  In  the  cathedral  of  St. 
Sophia  the'  ample  veil  of  the  sanctuary  was 
rent  asunder  for  the  sake  oi  the  golden  fringe  ; 
and  the  altar,  a  monument  of  art  and  riches, 
was  broken  in  pieces  and  shared  among  the  cap- 
tors. Their  mules  and  horses  were  laden  with 
the  wrought  silver  and  gilt  carvings  which 
they  tore  down  from  the  doors  and  pulpit  ;  and 
if  the  beasts  stumbled  under  the  burden,  they 
were  stabbed  by  their  impatient  drivers,  and  the 
holy  pavement  streamed  with  their  impure 
blood.  A  prostitute  was  seated  on  the  throne 
of  the  patriarch  ;  and  that  daughter  of  Belial,  as 
she  is  styled,  sung  and  danced  in  the  church,  to 
ridicule  the  hymns  and  processions  of  the  Ori- 
entals.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  60,  p.  93. 

5003.  SAFETY,  Public.  Inhumanity.  [Goth- 
ic youths  were  distributed  through  the  empire 
as  hostages.  They  were  tempted  to  conspire 
against  their  masters.]  As  soon  as  he  [Julius]) 
had  obtained  the  discretionary  power  of  acting 
as  he  should  judge  most  expedient  for  the  good 
of  the  republic,  he  assembled  the  principal  offi- 
cers, and  privately  concerted  effectual  measures 
for  the  execution  of  his  bloody  design.  An  order 
was  immediately  promulgated,  that,  on  a  stated 
day,  the  Gothic  youth  should  assemble  in  the  cap- 
ital cities  of  their  respective  provinces  ;  and  as  a 
report  was  industriously  circulated  that  they 
were  summoned  to  receive  a  liberal  gift  of  lands 
and  money,  the  pleasing  hope  allayed  the  fury  of 
their  resentment,  and,  perhaps,  suspended  the 
motions  of  the  conspiracy.  On  the  appointed 
day,  the  unarmed  crowd  of  the  Gothic  youth 
was  carefully  collected  in  the  square  or  forum  ; 
the  streets  and  avenues  were  occupied  by  the 
Roman  troops,  and  the  roofs  of  the  houses  were 
covered  with  archers  and  slingers.  At  the  same 
hour,  in  all  the  cities  of  the  East,  the  signal 
was  given  of  indiscriminate  slaughter  ;  and  the 
provinces  of  Asia  were  delivered,  by  the  cruel 
prudence  of  Julius,  from  a  domestic  enemy, 
who,  in  a  few  months,  might  have  carried  fire 
and  sword  from  the  Hellespont  to  the  Euphra- 
tes. The  urgent  consideration  of  the  public 
safety  may  undoubtedly  authorize  the  violation 
of  every  positive  law. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26, 
p.  56. 

5004.  SAFETY,  Selfish.  Darius.  [When  Da- 
rius fled  with  his  routed  army  before  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  he  was  in  great  peril  of  his  per- 
sonal safety.]  Justin  tells  us,  that  when  those 
about  Darius  advised  him  to  break  down  the 
bridge  of  the  Cydnus,  to  retard  the  enemy's, 
pursuit,  he  answered,  "  I  will  never  purchase 
safety  to  myself  at  the  expense  of  so  many 
thousands  of  my  subjects  as  must  by  this  means 
be  lost." — Plutarch's  "  Alexander,"  Lang- 
horne's  Note. 

5005.  SAILOR,  A  great.  Sebastian  Cabot.  [By 
his  great  discoveries  in  America]  he  advanced  the 
commerce  of  England  .  .  .  and  was  pensioned 
as  the  great  seaman. — Bancroft's  Hist,  of 
U.  S.,  vol.1,  ch.  1. 


594 


SAILOR— SAINTS. 


5006.  SAILOB,  Trials  of  the.  Sam.  Johnson. 
His  negro  servant,  Francis  Barber,  having  left 
him  and  been  some  time  at  sea,  ...  a  state 
of  life  of  which  Johnson  always  expressed  the 
utmost  abhorrence.  He  said,  "  No  man  will  be 
a  sailor  who  has  contrivance  enough  to  get  him- 
self into  a  jail  ;  for  being  in  a  ship  is  being  in  a 
jail,  with  the  chance  of  being  drowned."  And 
at  another  time,  "  A  man  in  a  jail  has  more 
room,  better  food,  and  commonly  better  com- 
pany."— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  95. 

5007.  SAILOR,  Youthful.  Sir  Francis  Drake. 
When  he  was  about  twelve  years  old  he  was  reg- 
ularly apprenticed  to  the  captain  of  a  small  ves- 
sel trading  with  Holland  and  France,  in  which 
he  took  the  place  of  a  cabin-boy.  The  cabin- 
boy  of  a  ship  in  former  times,  like  the  youngest 
apprentice  in  a  shop,  was  required  to  do  all  the 
odd,  disagreeable  jobs,  such  as  greasing  the 
mast,  washing  the  dishes,  furling  the  topmast 
sail,  coiling  up  the  ropes,  tarring  the  cable,  feed- 
ing the  pig.  Young  Drake  performed  his  duties 
so  well,  learned  his  business  so  thoroughly,  and 
won  the  confidence  and  affection  of  the  captain 
to  such  a  degree,  that  the  captain,  dying  when 
Drake  was  eighteen,  bequeathed  him  his  vessel. 
The  young  man  soon  proved  his  fitness  to  com- 
mand. Having  made  one  successful  voyage  to 
the  western  ports  of  France,  he  sailed  next  to 
Africa,  and  brought  home  a  good  share  of  the 
gold  dust  and  elephants'  tusks  of  Guinea. — Cy- 
clopedia OF  BiOG. ,  p.  359. 

500§.  SAILOBS,  Destitution  of.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  It  does  not  appear  that  there  was 
in  the  service  of  any  of  the  Stuarts  a  single  naval 
officer,  such  as,  according  to  the  notions  of  our 
time,  a  naval  officer  ought  to  be — that  is  to  say, 
a  man  versed  in  the  theory  and  practice  of  his 
•calling,  and  steeled  against  all  the  dangers  of 
battle  and  tempest,  yet  of  cultivated  mind  and 
polished  manners.  There  were  gentlemen  and 
there  were  seamen  in  the  navy  of  Charles  II., 
but  the  seamen  were  not  gentlemen,  and  the  gen- 
tlemen were  not  seamen. — Macatjlay's  Eng., 
ch.  3,  p.  384. 

5009.  SAILORS,  Patriotic.  English.  [Charles 
I.  commanded  Admiral  Pennington  to  assist 
Louis  in  fighting  the  Huguenots.  J  For  the  third 
time  Pennington  took  his  vanguard  into  the 
French  harbor,  and  with  him  went,  with  des- 
perate reluctance,  the  seven  merchant  ships. 
One  captain.  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  broke 
through  and  returned,  learning  that  the  destina- 
tion of  the  fleet  was  Rochelle.  Pennington  and 
the  rest  doggedly  obeyed  the  king's  warrant, 
and  delivered  up  the  ships  and  their  stores  with- 
out tTieir  crews,  Pennington  declaring  that  he 
would  rather  be  hanged  in  England  for  disobe- 
dience than  fight  himself  or  see  his  seamen  fight 
against  their  brother  Protestants  of  France.  He 
quietly  looked  on  while  his  crews  deserted, 
leaving  every  ship,  including  his  own,  to  be 
manned  by  Frenchmen,  and  came  back  to  set 
himself  right  with  his  countrymen.  The  van- 
guard hastened  away  to  Rochelle,  and  her  can- 
nons, no  longer  manned  by  English  crews,  ac- 
complished the  object  of  the  "  martyr  king"  and 
"  Defender  of  the  Protestant  Faith  !" — "  open- 
ing fire  against  Rochelle,  and  mowing  down  the 
Huguenots  like  grass."    These  were  the  sailors 


of  those  days,  and  this  was  the  English  Govern- 
ment of  those  days. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  3 
p.  60. 

5010.  SAINTS  canonized.  By  Bope.  The 
canonization  of  saints  was  practised  by  everj' 
bishop  for  twelve  centuries  ;  at  length,  the  num- 
ber growing  out  of  all  bounds,  the  popes  thought 
it  necessary  to  assume  the  exclusive  right  of 
canonization.  Pope  Alexander  III. ,  one  of  the 
most  profligate  of  men,  was  the  first  who  issued 
a  solemn  decree  reserving  to  himself  the  sole 
right  of  making  saints. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book 
6,  ch.  3,  p.  85. 

5011.  SAINTS,  Marks  of.  Joan  of  Arc.  In 
the  space  of  a  few  years,  before  and  after  the 
Pucelle,  every  province  had  its  saint — either  a 
Pierrette,  a  Breton  peasant  girl  who  holds  con- 
verse with  Jesus  Christ,  or  a  Marie  of  Avignon, 
a  Catherine  of  Rochelle,  or  a  poor  shepherd, 
such  as  Saintrailles  brings  up  from  his  own  coun- 
try, who  has  the  stigmata  on  his  feet  and  hands, 
and  who  sweats  blood  on  holy  days  like  the  pres- 
ent holy  woman  of  the  Tyrol. — Michelkt's 
Joan,  p.  1. 

5012.  SAINTS,  Pillar.  Stylites.  Among  these 
heroes  of  the  monastic  life,  the  name  and  gen- 
ius of  Simeon  Stylites  have  been  immortal- 
ized by  the  singular  invention  of  an  aerial  pen- 
ance. At  the  age  of  thirteen  the  young  Syrian 
deserted  the  profession  of  a  shepherd,  and  threw 
himself  into  an  austere  monastery.  After  a  long 
and  painful  novitiate,  in  which  Simeon  was  re- 
peatedly saved  from  pious  suicide,  he  estab- 
lished his  residence  on  a  mountain,  about  thirty 
or  forty  miles  to  the  east  of  Antioch.  Within 
the  space  of  a  mandra,  or  circle  of  stones,  to 
which  he  had  attached  himself  by  a  ponderous 
chain,  he  ascended  a  column  which  was  suc^ 
cessively  raised  from  the  height  of  nine  to  that 
of  sixty  feet  from  the  ground.  In  this  last  anci 
lofty  station  the  Syrian  anchoret  resisted  th& 
heat  of  thirty  summers  and  the  cold  of  as  many 
winters.  Habit  and  exercise  instructed  him  to 
maintain  his  dangerous  situation  without  fear  or 
giddiness,  and  successively  to  assume  the  differ- 
ent postures  of  devotion.  He  sometimes  prayed 
in  an  erect  attitude,  with  his  outstretched  arms 
in  the  figure  of  a  cross  ;  but  his  most  familiar 
practice  was  that  of  bending  his  meagre  skele- 
ton from  the  forehead  to  the  feet ;  and  a  curious 
spectator,  after  numbering  twelve  hundred  and 
forty-four  repetitions,  at  length  desisted  from 
the  endless  account.  The  progress  of  an  Ulcer 
in  his  thigh  might  shorten  but  it  could  not  dis- 
turb this  celestial  life ;  and  the  patient  hermit 
expired  without  descending  from  his  column. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  37,  p.  539. 

5013.  SAINTS,  Worship  of.  Introduction.  At 
Rome  the  bones  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul — or, 
rather,  what  they  believed  to  be  such — were  re- 
moved from  their  graves  one  hundred  and  fifty 
years  after  their  death,  and  deposited  in  magnifi- 
cent shrines.  In  the  following  ages  Constanti- 
nople, which  could  boast  no  treasures  of  that 
kind  within  her  own  walls,  had  recourse  to  the 
provinces,  and  acquired  from  them  the  supposed 
bodies  of  St.  Andrew,  St.  Luke,  and  St.  Timo- 
thy, after  these  had  been  dead  for  three  hundred 
years.  But  these  sacred  treasures  were  appro- 
priated solely  to  the  churches  of  the  capitals  of 


SALARY— SCANDALS. 


595 


the  empire  ;  other  cities  and  their  churches  bor- 
rowed portions  of  these  older  relics  ;  and  where 
they  had  not  interest  to  procure  these,  their 
priests  had  dexterity  to  discover  relics  of  their 
own.  The  possession  of  these  bones  was  found 
to  conduce  very  much  to  the  acquisition  of  more 
substantial  treasures.  It  was  easy  to  find  skel- 
etons, and  to  give  them  names  ;  but  it  was  nec- 
essary to  prove  their  authenticity  and  virtue  by 
making  these  bones  perform  miracles.  Artifice 
and  roguery  had  a  powerful  assistant  here  in 
popular  credulity  ;  and  even  natural  events,  when 
ascribed  to  the  mediation  of  saints  and  martyrs, 
became  proofs  of  their  divine  and  supernatural 
power.  It  was  easier  for  the  vulgar  mind  to 
approach  in  prayer  the  image  or  simply  the  idea 
oi  a  holy  man — one  who  had  been  on  earth  sub- 
ject to  like  passions  with  themselves — than  to 
raise  their  imaginations  to  the  tremendous  and 
incomprehensible  nature  of  the  Supreme  Power  ; 
hence  the  prayers  to  saints. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  5,  ch.  4,  p.  11. 

501 4.  SALARY  supplemented.  Reign  of  Charles 
JI.  The  regular  salary,  however,  was  the  small- 
est part  of  the  gains  of  an  official  man  of  that 
age.  From  the  nobleman  who  held  the  white 
staff  and  the  great  seal  down  to  the  humblest 
tide-waiter  and  ganger,  what  would  now  be 
called  gross  corruption  was  practised  without 
disguise  and  without  reproach.  Titles,  places, 
commissions,  pardons,  were  daily  sold  in  market 
overt  by  the  great  dignitaries  of  the  realm,  and 
every  clerk  in  every  department  imitated,  to  the 
best  of  his  power,  the  evil  example. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  288. 

5015.  SARCASM,  Merited.  "Leave  the 
Thames."  [In  l(jl3  James  I.  threatened  ruin  to 
the  Londoners  by  removing  his  own  court,  and 
the  Court  of  Westminster  Hall,  and  the  Records 
in  the  Tower,  because  he  was  refused  by  the  city 
a  donation  called  a  "benevolence."  The  Lord 
Mayor  replied  :]  "  Your  Majesty  hath  power  to 
■do  what  you  please,  and  your  city  of  London  will 
obey  accordingly  ;  but  she  humbly  desires  that 
when  your  Majesty  shall  remove  your  courts 
you  would  please  to  leave  the  Thames  behind 
3-0U." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22,  p.  357. 

5016.  SAVAGES,  Ancient.  Oermany.  [The 
Heruli  inhabited  the  dark  forests  of  Germany 
and  Poland.]  Their  names,  the  only  remains 
<rf  their  language,  are  Gothic.  They  fought 
almost  naked,  like  the  Icelandic  Berserkirs ; 
their  bravery  was  like  madness  ;  few  in  number, 
they  were  mostly  of  royal  blood.  What  feroc- 
ity, what  unrestrained  license,  sullied  their  vic- 
tories !  The  Goth  respects  the  church,  the 
priests,  the  senate  ;  the  Heruli  mangle  all  in  a 
general  massacre  :  there  is  no  pity  for  age,  no 
refuge  for  chastity.  Among  themselves  there 
is  the  same  ferocity  :  the  sick  and  the  aged  are 
put  to  death,  at  their  own  request,  during  a 
solemn  festival ;  the  widow  ends  her  days  by 
hanging  herself  upon  the  tree  which  shadows 
her  husband's  tomb.  All  these  circumstances, 
so  striking  to  a  mind  familiar  with  Scandinavian 
history,  lead  us  to  discover  among  the  Heruli 
not  eo  much  a  nation  as  a  confederacy  of  princes 
and  nobles.  —  Mii>man's  Note  in  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  39,  p.  16. 

5017.  SAVAGES,  Gentle.  Natives  of  St. 
Thomas.    "  So  loving,  so  tractable,  so  peaceable, 


are  these  people,"  says  Columbus  in  his  journal, 
"  that  I  swear  to  your  majesties  there  is  not  in 
the  world  a  better  nation  nor  a  better  land. 
They  love  their  neighbors  as  themselves,  and 
their  discourse  is  ever  sweet  and  gentle,  and  ac- 
companied with  a  smile  ;  and  though  it  is  true 
that  they  are  naked,  yet  their  manners  are  dec- 
orous and  praiseworthy." — Irvinq's  Columbus, 
Book  4,  ch.  8. 

501§.  SAVIOUR,  A  false.  Titus  Oates.  [Titus 
Gates,  the  infamous  and  unscrupulous  false  wit- 
ness who  caused  the  death  of  those  whom  he  ac- 
cused of  connection  with  the  "  Popish  plot,"]  put 
on  an  episcopal  garb  except  the  lawn  sleeves — 
silk  gown  and  cassock,  great  hat,  satin  hat-band 
and  rose,  long  scarf — and  was  called,  or  most 
blasphemously  called  himself,  the  Saviour  of  the 
nation.  Whoever  he  pointed  at  was  taken  up 
and  committed,  so  that  many  people  got  out  of 
his  way,  as  from  a  blast.  The  very  breath  of 
him  was  pestilential,  and  if  it  brought  not  im- 
prisonment or  death  on  whomsoever  it  fell, 
it  surely  poisoned  reputation. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  4,  ch.  20,  p.  337. 

5019.  SAVIOUR  in  a  Name.  Solon.  [King 
of  Sardis.]  Croesus  being  a  prisoner,  was  con- 
demned by  [Cyrus]  the  conqueror  to  be  burnt 
alive.  Accordingly  the  funeral  pile  was  pre- 
pared, and  that  unhappy  prince,  being  laid 
thereon,  and  just  upon  the  point  of  execution, 
recollecting  the  conversation  he  had  formerly 
had  with  Solon,  was  wofully  convinced  of  the 
truth  of  that  philosopher's  admonition,  and  in 
remembrance  thereof,  cried  aloud  three  times, 
"  Solon  !  Solon  1  Solon  !"  Cyrus,  who,  with  the 
chief  officers  of  his  court,  was  present  at  this 
spectacle,  was  curious  to  know  why  Croesus 
pronounced  that  celebrated  philosopher's  name 
with  so  much  vehemence  in  this  extremity.  Be- 
ing told  the  reason,  and  reflecting  upon  the  un- 
certain state  of  all  sublunary  things,  he  was 
touched  with  commiseration  at  the  prince's  mis- 
fortune, caused  him  to  be  taken  from  the  pile, 
and  treated  him  afterward,  as  long  as  he  lived, 
with  honor  and  respect.  Thus  had  Solon  the 
glory,  with  one  single  word,  to  save  the  life  of 
one  king,  and  give  a  wholesome  lesson  of  in- 
struction to  another. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  4, 
ch.  1,  art.  1. 

5020.  SCANDAL,  Victim  of.  Bev.  Charles 
Wesley.  [The  early  Methodists  were  mobbed, 
their  houses  pulled  down,  and  their  lives  in  peril 
in  the  city  of  Cork.]  Twenty -eight  depositions 
were  presented  to  the  grand  jury  against  the  ri- 
oters, which  were  all  thrown  out,  and  the  jury 
made  a  remarkable  presentment  which  still 
stands  on  the  city  records,  and  which  declares 
that  "we  find  and  present  Charles  Wesley  to 
be  a  person  of  ill-fame,  a  vagabond,  and  a  com- 
mon disturber  of  his  Majesty's  peace,  and  we 
pray  that  he  may  be  transported. "'-Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  282. 

5021.  SCANDALS,  Ecclesiastical.  Bo  man. 
The  interested  views,  the  selfish  and  angry  pas. 
sions,  the  arts  of  perfidy  and  dissimulation,  the 
secret  corruption,  the  open  and  even  bloody  vio- 
lence which  had  formerly  disgraced  the  freedom 
of  election  in  the  commonwealths  of  Greece  and 
Rome  too  often  influenced  the  choice  of  the 
successors  of  the  apostles.     While  one  of  the 


596 


SCARCITY— SCHOOL. 


candidates  boasted  the  honors  of  his  family,  a 
second  allured  his  judges  by  the  delicacies  of  a 
plentiful  table,  and  a  third,*more  guilty  than  his 
rivals,  offered  to  share  the  plunder  of  the  church 
among  the  accomplices  of  his  sacrilegious  hopes. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  20,  p.  281. 

5022.  SCAECITY,  Value  by.  Oracles.  An 
unknown  woman  is  said  to  have  come  to  Tar- 
quin  with  nine  volumes  of  oracles  written  by 
the  Sibyl  of  Cuma,  for  which  she  demanded  a 
very  considerable  price.  Tarquin  refusing  to 
purchase  them  at  her  rate,  she  burned  three  of 
them,  and  then  asked  the  same  price  for  the  re- 
maining six.  Her  proposal  being  rejected  with 
scorn,  she  burned  three  more,  and  notwithstand- 
ing, still  insisted  on  her  first  price.  Tarquin, 
surprised  at  the  novelty  of  the  thing,  put  the 
books  into  the  hands  of  the  augurs  to  be  exam- 
ined, who  advised  to  purchase  them  at  any  rate. 
Accordingly  he  did,  and  appointed  two  persons 
of  distinction,  styled  Duumviri,  to  be  guardians 
of  them,  who  locked  them  up  in  a  vault  under 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  and  there 
they  were  kept  until  they  were  burned  with  the 
temple  itself. — Plutarch's  Publicola,  Lai^g- 
horne's  Note. 

5023.  SCEPTICS,  Superstitious.  Ashley  Coo- 
per, Earl  of  Shaftesbury.  Sceptics  are  apt  to  be 
superstitious  ;  the  organization  which  favors 
the  moral  restlessness  of  perpetual  doubt  often 
superinduces  a  nervous  timidity.  Shaftesbury 
was  indifferent  to  religion  ;  his  physical  irrita- 
bility made  him  not  indifferent  to  superstition. 
He  would  not  fear  God,  but  he  watched  the 
stars  ;  he  did  not  receive  Christianity,  and  he 
could  not  reject  astrology. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  2,  ch.  13. 

5024.  SCHOLARSHIP,  Defective.  Robert  Ful- 
ton. At  school,  Robert  Fulton  was  a  dull  and 
troublesome  boy.  Books  were  disgusting  to 
him.  He  had  the  impudence  to  tell  his  teacher, 
one  day,  that  his  head  was  so  full  of  original 
notions  that  there  was  no  vacant  room  in  it  for 
the  contents  of  dusty  books.  But,  out  of  school, 
he  exhibited  intelligence  and  talent. — Cyclope- 
dia OF  BioG. ,  p.  153. 

5025.  SCHOLARSHIP  by  Emulation.  Charles 
XII.  He  M^as  exceedingly  obstinate,  and,  like 
most  obstinate  people,  was  sometimes  led  by  the 
nose.  For  example  :  he  would  not  learn  Latin  ; 
but  when  he  was  artfully  told  that  the  King  of 
Denmark  and  the  King  of  Poland  knew  that 
language  well,  he  threw  himself  into  the  study 
of  it  with  great  energy,  and  became  a  very  good 
scholar  [and  king  of  Sweden]. — Cyclopedia 
OF  Bigg.,  p.  433. 

5026.  SCHOLARSHIP  revived.  Arabs.  In  the 
ninth  century  we  trace  the  first  dawnings  of 
the  restoration  of  science.  After  the  fanaticism 
of  the  Arabs  had  subsided  the  caliphs  aspired 
to  conquer  the  arts,  rather  than  the  provinces, 
of  the  empire  ;  their  liberal  curiosity  rekindled 
the  emulation  of  the  Greeks,  brushed  away  the 
dust  from  their  ancient  libraries,  and  taught 
them  to  know  and  reward  the  philosophers, 
whose  labors  had  been  hitherto  repaid  by  the 
pleasure  of  study  and  the  pursuit  of  truth  ;  .  .  . 
a  school  was  opened  in  the  palace  of  Magnaura  ; 
arid  the  presence  of  Bardas  excited  the  emula- 
tion of  the  masters  and  students.     At  their  head 


was  the  philosopher  Leo,  archbishop  of  Thessa- 
lonica  ;  his  profound  skill  in  astronomy  and  the 
mathematics  was  admired  by  the  strangers  of 
the  East ;  and  this  occult  science  was  magnified 
by  vulgar  credulity,  which  modestly  supposes 
that  all  knowledge  superior  to  its  own  must  be 
the  effect  of  inspiration  or  magic.  At  the  press- 
ing entreaty  of  the  Caesar,  his  friend,  the  cele- 
brated Photius,  renounced  the  freedom  of  a  sec- 
ular and  studious  life,  ascended  the  patriarchal 
throne,  and  was  alternately  excommunicated 
and  absolved  by  the  synods  of  the  East  and 
West.  By  the  confession  even  of  priestly  ha- 
tred, no  art  or  science,  except  poetry,  was  for- 
eign to  this  universal  scholar,  who  was  deep  in 
thought,  indefatigable  in  reading,  and  eloquent 
in  diction. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  53,  p.  378. 

5027.  SCHOOL,  Aversion  toward.  Garibaldi. 
When  he  was  about  fourteen  his  father  took 
him  on  board  his  vessel,  on  one  of  his  trips  to 
Genoa,  and  put  him  at  school  in  that  city.  The 
school,  it  seems,  was  a  very  dull  one,  the  teach- 
ers being  totally  unable  to  interest  the  boys  in 
their  studies  ;  and  this  active  lad  suffered  intol- 
erably from  the  confinement  and  tedium.  He 
and  several  of  his  companions  resolved  to  es- 
cape. Garibaldi  understanding  well  the  man- 
agement of  a  sail-boat,  they  got  possession  of 
one,  put  some  provisions  on  board,  and  set  sail 
for  the  open  sea.  But  a  treacherous  abbe,  to 
whom  the  secret  had  been  confided,  betrayed 
them,  and  informed  Garibaldi's  father,  who 
jumped  into  a  swift  boat  and  made  all  sail  in 
pursuit,  and  soon  overtook  them.  They  all  re- 
turned to  school  crestfallen. — Cyclopedia  of 
BioG.,  p.  493. 

502S.  SCHOOL,  Caste  in.  Harvard.  John 
Adams,  in  a  class  of  twenty-four,  ranked  four- 
teenth. On  state  occasions,  when  the  class  en- 
tered a  room,  he  would  have  gone  in  fourteenth. 
His  grandson  tells  us  that  he  would  not  have 
held  even  as  high  a  rank  as  this  but  that  his 
mother's  ancestors  were  persons  of  greater  con- 
sequence than  his  father's.  This  custom  of  ar- 
ranging the  students  in  accordance  with  the 
supposed  social  importance  of  their  parents  pre- 
vailed at  Harvard  until  the  year  1769,  after 
which  the  alphabetical  order  was  substituted. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  171. 

5029.  SCHOOL,  Discipline  in.  Samuel  John- 
son. There  is  now  less  flogging  in  our  great 
schools  than  formerly,  but  then  less  is  learned 
there  ;  so  that  what  the  boys  get  at  one  end  they 
lose  at  the  other. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  265. 

5030.  SCHOOL  everywhere.  Socrates.  Soc- 
rates did  not  affect  the  manners  or  the  habits 
of  a  public  teacher.  He  had  no  school ;  he 
gave  no  professed  lectures  on  philosophy ;  he 
mingled  with  his  fellow-citizens  in  all  ranks  of 
life,  conversing  with  each  man  on  the  subjects 
best  suited  to  his  occupation  and  talents.  The 
theatres,  the  temples,  the  shops  of  the  artists, 
the  courts  of  justice,  the  public  streets,  were  all 
occasionally  the  scene  of  his  moral  conversations 
and  instnidtive  arguments. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  268. 

5031.  SCHOOL  of  Observation.  Hugh  Miller. 
[He  was  apprenticed  to  a  stone-mason ;  the} 
quarry  proved  to  be  one  of  his  best  schools  .  .  - 


SCHOOL— SCHOOLS. 


597 


■v\  ^ere  other  men  saw  nothing,  he  detected  an- 
alogies, differences  and  peculiarities  which  set 
him  a  thinking.  He  simply  kept  his  eyes  and 
his  mind  open  ;  was  sober,  diligent,  and  per- 
severing ;  and  this  was  the  secret  of  his  intel- 
lectual growth. — Smiles'  Brief  Biographies, 
p.  91. 

5032.  SCHOOL,  Perils  of.  Edgar  Allan  Poe. 
[This  remarkable  poet  became  a  drunkard. 
Mr.  John  Allan,  a  rich  merchant,  adopted  him.] 
When  the  boy  was  not  quite  seven  years  of 
age,  he  took  him  to  London  ;  and,  in  a  village 
near  that  city,  he  placed  the  little  orphan  at  a 
boarding-school,  where  he  left  him  for  nearly 
live  years.  So  far  as  is  known,  the  child  had 
not  a  friend,  still  less  a  relation,  on  that  side  of 
the  ocean.  Here  was  an  eager,  vivacious,  and 
probably  precocious  boy,  confined  in  the  desola- 
tion of  an  English  school  ;  which  is,  generally 
speaking,  a  scene  as  unsuited  to  the  proper  nurt- 
ure of  the  young  as  Labrador  for  the  breeding 
of  canary-birds.  Such  a  boy  as  that  needed  the 
tenderness  of  women  and  the  watchful  care  of 
fin  alf ectionate  and  wise  father.  He  needed  love, 
home,  and  the  minute,  fond  attention  which  rare 
and  curious  plants  usually  receive,  but  which 
children  seldom  do,  who  are  so  much  more 
worthy  of  it,  and  would  reward  it  so  much  more. 
He  needed,  in  short,  all  that  he  did  not  have, 
and  he  had  in  abundance  much  that  he  did  not 
need.  If  the  truth  could  be  known,  it  would 
probably  be  found  that  Poe  received  at  this 
school  the  germ  of  the  evil  which  finally  de- 
stroyed him.  Certainly  he  failed  to  acquire  the 
self-control  and  strong  principle  which  might 
have  saved  him. — Cyclopedia  op  Bigg.,  p.  738. 

5033.  SCHOOL,  Trials  at.  Napoleon  I.  [The 
young  aristocrats]  sneered  at  the  plainness  of 
Napoleon's  dress,  and  at  the  emptiness  of  his 
purse  [when  at  school  at  Brienne,  near  Paris]. 
His  proud  spirit  was  stung  to  the  quick  by  these 
indignities,  and  his  temper  was  roused  by  that 
disdain  to  which  he  was  compelled  to  submit, 
and  from  which  he  could  find  no  refuge.  Then 
.  .  .  was  implanted  in  his  mind  that  hostility, 
which  he  ever  afterward  so  signally  manifested 
to  rank,  founded  not  on  merit,  but  upon  the  ac- 
cident of  birth.  .  .  .  Thirty  years  after  this 
liTapoleon  said,  "Called  to  the  throne  by  the 
Yoice  of  the  people,  my  maxim  has  always  been, 
*  A  career  open  to  talent,'  without  distinction  of 
birth." — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

5034.  SCHOOL-DAYS,  Happy.  Samuel  John- 
son. He  maintained  that  a  boy  at  school  was  the 
happiest  of  human  beings.  I  supported  a  differ- 
ent opinion,  from  which  I  have  never  yet  varied, 
that  a  man  is  happier  ;  and  I  enlarged  upon  the 
anxiety  and  sufferings  which  are  endured  at 
school.  Johnson:  "Ah!  Sir,  a  boy's  being 
flogged  is  not  so  severe  as  a  man's  having  the 
hiss  of  the  world  against  him.  Men  have  a  solic- 
itude about  fame,  and  the  greater  share  they 
have  of  it,  the  more  afraid  they  are  of  losing 
it." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  124. 

5035.  SCHOOL-LIFE,  Tedious.  Shakespeare. 
There  was  in  Stratford  an  ancient  grammar 
school,  where  Latin  and  Greek  were  taught ;  and 
taught  (as  I  guess)  in  the  ancient  dull  way  ;  for 
this  school  Shakespeare  attended  from  about  his 
seventh  to  his  fourteenth  year,  and  he  speaks  in 


his  plays  of  boys  creeping  'unwillingly  to 
school,"  and  of  their  going  from  school  with 
alacrity.  There  are  thirteen  passages  in  the 
works  of  Shakespeare  expressive  of  the  tedium 
and  disgust  which  boys  used  to  endure  in  the 
barbarous  schools  of  the  olden  time ;  where- 
as, there  is  not  one  which  alludes  to  school  as  a 
pleasant  place. — Cyclopedia  of  BioG.,p.  24. 

5036.  SCHOOL-LIFE,  Temptations  of.  Wil- 
berfaree.  [Wilberforce  entered  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge]  1776,  at  the  age  of  seventeen. 
He  tells  his  experience  :  "  I  was  introduced,  on 
the  first  night  of  my  arrival,  to  as  licentious  a 
set  of  men  as  can  well  be  conceived.  They 
drank  hard,  and  their  conversation  was  even 
worse  than  their  lives.  .  .  .  After  the  first  year  I 
shook  off  in  great  measure  my  connection  with 
them."  He  got  into  better  society.  "  but  those," 
he  complains,  "  with  whom  I  was  intimate,  their 
object  seemed  to  be  to  make  and  keep  me  idle. 
If  ever  I  appeared  studious  they  would  say  to 
me,  '  Why  in  the  world  should  a  man  of  your 
fortune  trouble  himself  with  fagging  ?' "  Wil- 
berforce was  one  of  the  few  who  could  ' '  escape 
contagion,  and  emerge  pure  from  so  foul  a 
pool." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6. 

5037.  SCHOOLMASTEE  imitated.  William 
Cowper.  Cowper  was  under  Vincent  Bourne, 
his  portrait  of  whom  is,  in  some  respects,  a  pict- 
ure not  only  of  its  immediate  subject,  but  of  the 
schoolmaster  of  the  last  century.  "  I  love  the 
memory  of  Vinny  Bourne.  ...  I  love  him,  too, 
with  a  love  of  partiality,  because  he  was  usher 
of  the  fifth  form  at  AVestminster  when  I  passed 
through  it.  He  was  so  good-natured  and  so  in- 
dolent that  I  lost  more  than  I  got  by  him,  for  he 
made  me  as  idle  as  himself.  He  was  such  a 
sloven,  as  if  he  had  trusted  to  his  genius  as  a 
cloak  for  everything  that  could  disgust  you  in 
his  person  ;  and,  indeed,  in  his  writings  he  has 
almost  made  amends  for  all.  ...  I  remember 
seeing  the  Duke  of  Richmond  set  fire  to  his  greasy 
locks,  and  box  his  ears  to  put  it  out  again." — 
Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  1. 

503§.  SCHOOLMASTEE  vs.  Soldier.  Brough- 
am. [Mr.  Brougham  in  1828  declared  in  Par- 
liament that  it  .  .  .  unconstitutional  that  almost 
the  whole  patronage  of  the  State  should  be 
placed  in  the  hands  of  a  military  Premier — the 
Duke  of  Wellington.  But  he  would  not  exag- 
gerate the  danger.]  He  was  perfectly  satisfied 
that  there  would  be  no  unconstitutional  attack 
on  the  liberties  of  the  people.  These  are  not 
the  times  for  such  an  attempt.  There  were 
periods  when  the  country  had  heard  with  dismay 
that  the  soldier  was  abroad.  That  was  not  the 
case  now.  Let  the  soldier  be  ever  so  .  .  .  much 
abroad,  in  the  present  age  he  could  do  nothing. 
There  was  another  person  abroad — a  less  impor- 
tant person — whose  labors  had  tended  to  pro- 
duce this  state  of  things — the  schoolmaster  was 
abroad. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  13,  p.  229. 

5039.  SCHOOLS  appreciated.  Colony  of  Mass. 
[In  1636]  six  years  after  the  arrival  of  Win- 
throp,  the  general  court  voted  a  sum,  equal  to  a 
year's  rate  of  the  whole  colony,  toward  the  erec- 
tion of  a  college.  In  1638,  John  Harvard,  who 
arrived  in  the  bay  only  to  fall  a  victim  to  the 
most  wasting  disease  of  the  climate,  desiring  Xo 
connect  himself  imperishably  with  the  happi- 


598 


SCHOOLS— SCIENCE. 


ness  of  his  adopted  country,  bequeathed  to  the 
college  one  half  of  his  estate  and  all  his  library. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

9040.  SCHOOLS,  Beginning  of.  New  England 
Colonies.  "  To  the  end  that  learning  may  not  be 
buried  in  the  graves  of  our  forefathers,"  it  was 
ordered  in  all  the  Puritan  colonies,  "that  in 
every  township,  after  the  Lord  hath  increased 
them  to  the  number  of  fifty  householders,  shall 
appoint  one  to  teach  all  children  to  write  and 
read  ;  and  when  any  town  shall  increase  to  one 
hundred  families  they  shall  set  up  a  grammar 
school,  the  masters  thereof  being  able  to  instruct 
youth,  so  far  as  they  may  be  fitted  for  the  uni- 
versity."— Bancroft's  tJ.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

5041.  SCHOOLS,  Christianized.  Roman. 
[About  the  beginning  of  the  third  century  the 
Church  was  in  a  prosperous  condition.]  Philos- 
ophy, her  most  dangerous  enemy,  was  now  con- 
verted into  her  most  useful  ally.  The  groves  of 
the  academy,  the  gardens  of  Epicurus,  and  even 
the  portico  of  the  Stoics,  were  almost  deserted, 
as  so  many  different  schools  of  scepticism  or  im- 
piety ;  and  many  among  the  Romans  were  de- 
sirous that  the  writings  of  Cicero  should  be  con- 
demned and  suppressed  by  the  authority  of  the 
senate.  The  prevailing  sect  of  the  new  Plato- 
nicians  judged  it  prudent  to  connect  themselves 
with  the  priests,  whom,  perhaps,  they  despised, 
against  the  Christians,  whom  they  had  reason  to 
fear. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16,  p.  59. 

5042.  SCHOOLS,  Excellence  in.  AtJienian.  The 
Attic  schools  of  rhetoric  and  philosophy  main- 
tained their  superior  reputation  from  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  war  to  the  reign  of  Justinian.  Athens, 
though  situate  in  a  barren  soil,  possessed  a  pure 
air,  a  free  navigation,  and  the  monuments  of  an- 
cient art.  That  sacred  retirement  was  seldom 
disturbed  by  the  business  of  trade  or  govern- 
ment ;  and  the  last  of  the  Athenians  were  dis- 
tinguished by  their  lively  wit,  the  purity  of  their 
taste  and  language,  their  social  manners,  and 
some  traces,  at  least,  in  discourse,  of  the  magna- 
nimity of  their  fathers.  In  the  suburbs  of  the 
city,  the  academy  of  the  Platonists,  the  lyceum 
of  the  Peripatetics,  the  portico  of  the  Stoics,  and 
the  garden  of  the  Epicureans,  were  planted  with 
trees  and  decorated  with  statues ;  and  the  phi- 
losophers, instead  of  being  immured  in  a  clois- 
ter, delivered  their  instructions  in  spacious  and 
pleasant  walks,  which,  at  different  hours,  were 
consecrated  to  the  exercises  of  the  mind  and 
body. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  40,  p.  106. 

5043.  SCHOOLS,  Perverted.  Reign  of  James  II. 
The  king  had  already  begun  to  treat  Oxford 
with  such  rigor,  that  the  rigor  shown  toward 
Cambridge  might,  by  comparison,  be  called  len- 
ity. Already  University  College  had  been  turned 
by  Obadiah  Walker  into  a  Roman  Catholic  sem- 
inary. Already  Christ  Church  was  governed  by 
a  Roman  Catholic  dean.  Mass  was  already  said 
daily  in  both  those  colleges. — Macaulay's  Eng.  , 
ch.  8,  p.  261. 

5044.  SCHOOLS,  Ragged.  In  London.  A 
Scotch  gardener,  Andrew  Walker,  attempted  to 
weed  "  The  Devil's  Acre"  [a  district  in  London 
abandoned  to  thieves,  beggars,  and  pickpockets], 
and  in  1839  set  up  a  school,  in  a  stable,  for  re- 
claiming the  wretched  children  who  swarmed 
around  him.     This  was  the  beginning  of    '  Rag- 


ged Schools"  in  London. — Knight's  Eng., vol.8, 
ch.  22,  p.  399. 

5045.    .     In  Pm'tsmouth.     [Joha 

Pounds,  a  Portsmouth  cobbler,  started  a  Ragged 
School  and  for  many  years  rescued  poor  children 
from  destruction.  He  was  a  poor  man,  but]  in 
the  course  of  his  benevolent  career  he  was  the 
gratuitous  instructor  of  five  hundred  children, 
who  without  him  would  have  swelled  the  num- 
bers of  the  criminal  population. — Knight's- 
Eng.,  vol  8,  ch.  22,  p.  399. 

5046.  SCHOOLS,  Struggle  for.  James  II.  He 
was  resolved  to  transfer  to  his  own  Church  all 
the  wealthiest  and  most  splendid  foundations  of 
England.  It  was  to  no  purpose  that  the  best 
and  wisest  of  his  Roman  Catholic  counsellors  re- 
monstrated. They  represented  to  him  that  he 
had  it  in  his  power  to  render  a  great  service  io 
the  cause  of  his  religion  without  violating  the 
rights  of  property.  [See  No.  877.] — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  263. 

5047.  SCIENCE  an  AUy.  War.  In  the  two 
sieges,  the  deliverance  of  Constantinople  may  be 
chiefly  ascribed  to  the  novelty,  the  terrors,  and 
the  real  efficacy  of  the  Greek  fire.  The  impor- 
tant secret  of  compounding  and  directing  this 
artificial  flame  was  imparted  by  Callinicus,  a 
native  of  Heliopolis,  in  Syria,  who  deserted 
from  the  service  of  the  caliph  to  that  of  the  em- 
peror. The  skill  of  a  chemist  and  engineer  was 
equivalent  to  the  succor  of  fleets  and  armies .; 
and  this  discovery  or  improvement  of  the  mili- 
tary art  was  fortunately  reserved  for  the  distress- 
ful period  when  the  degenerate  Romans  of  the 
East  were  incapable  of  contending  with  the  war- 
like enthusiasm  and  youthful  vigor  of  the  Sara- 
cens.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  63,  p.  282. 

504§.  SCIENCE  contributory  to  Art.  Navi- 
gation. His  [John  II.,  King  of  Portugal]  twO' 
physicians,  Roderigo  and  Joseph,  the  latter  a 
Jew,  the  most  able  astronomers  and  cosmogra- 
phers  of  his  kingdom,  together  with  the  cele- 
brated Martin  Behem,  entered  into  a  learned 
consultation  on  the  subject.  The  result  of  their 
conferences  and  labors  was  the  application  of 
the  astrolabe  to  navigation,  enabling  the  sea- 
man, by  the  altitude  of  the  sun,  to  ascertain  his 
distance  from  the  equator.  This  instrument  has 
since  been  improved  and  modified  into  the  mod- 
ern quadrant,  of  which,  even  at  its  first  introduc- 
tion, it  possessed  all  the  essential  advantages.  It 
is  impossible  to  describe  the  effect  produced 
upon  navigation  by  this  invention.  It  cast  it 
loose  at  once  from  its  long  bondage  to  the  land, 
and  set  it  free  to  rove  the  deep. — Irving's  Co-  ^ 
LUMBUS,  ch.  6. 

5049.  SCIENCE,  Experimental.  Baconian. 
The  year  1660,  the  era  of  the  restoration  of  the 
old  Constitution,  is  also  the  era  from  which  i 
dates  the  ascendency  of  the  new  philosophy.  In 
that  year  the  Royal  Society,  destined  to  be  a 
chief  agent  in  a  long  series  of  glonous  and  salu- 
tary reforms,  began  to  exist.  Ih'^  few  months 
experimental  science  became  all  the  mode.  The 
transfusion  of  blood,  the  ponderation  of  air,  the 
fixation  of  mercury,  succeeded  to  that  place  in 
the  public  mind  which  had  been  lately  occupied 
by  the  controversies  of  the  Rota.  Dreams  of 
perfect  forms  of  government  made  way  for 
dreams  of  wings  with  which  men  were  to  fly 


SCIENCE— SEA. 


599 


from  the  tower  to  the  Abbey,  and  of  double- 
Aeeled  ships  which  were  never  to  founder  in  the 
fiercest  storm.  All  classes  were  hurried  along 
by  the  prevailing  sentiment.  Cavalier  and 
Roundhead,  Churchman  and  Puritan,  were  for 
once  allied.  Divines,  jurists,  statesmen,  nobles, 
princes,  swelled  the  triumph  of  the  Baconian 
philosophy.  Poets  sang  with  emulous  fervor  the 
approach  of  the  Golden  Age.  .  .  .  Dryden,  with 
more  zeal  than  knowledge,  joined  his  voice  to 
the  general  acclamation,  and  foretold  things 
which  neither  he  nor  anybody  else  understood. 
The  Royal  Society,  he  predicted,  would  soon 
lead  us  to  the  extreme  verge  of  the  globe,  and 
there  delight  us  with  a  better  view  of  the  moon. 
— Macatjlay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  3,  p.  379. 

5050.  SCIENCE,  Infatuated  by.  Pliny.  In 
the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  Titus  happened  that 
most  remarkable  eruption  of  Mount  Vesuvius 
which  overwhelmed  the  cities  of  Herculaneum 
and  Pompeii,  and  in  which  the  elder  Pliny  lost 
his  life,  from  an  earnest  curiosity  to  be  a  near 
witness  of  that  striking  spectacle.  He  had  de- 
termined to  embellish  his  Natural  History  with 
a  description  of  that  most  interesting  phenome- 
non, and  for  this  purpose  rushed  eagerly  into 
that  situation  of  danger  from  which  others  were 
as  eagerly  attempting  to  escape.  He  was  there 
suffocated  by  a  cloud  of  sulphurous  vapor. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  493. 

505 1 .  SCIENCE,  Magic-like.  Admiral  Drake. 
[In  1587  Admiral  Drake  came  to  Plymouth  and 
found  the  populous  town  had  no  adequate  sup- 
ply of  fresh  water.]  At  Dartmoor  he  found  a 
leat,  or  spring,  that  he  found  was  capable  of 
being  conducted  from  the  high  ground  to  a  res- 
ervoir at  the  northern  suburb  of  Plymouth.  He 
mounted  his  horse,  says  the  local  tradition,  and 
riding  to  the  distant  hills  found  the  desired  sup- 
ply ;  and  having  pronounced  some  magical 
words,  rode  back,  and  the  stream  followed  him 
all  the  way  to  the  town.  .  .  .  Science  since  that 
time  has  uttered  many  words  which  appear 
magical. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  14,  p.  216. 

5052.  SCIENCE  the  Patron  of  Art.  Navigation. 
[See  No.  5867.]  Preparatory  to  this  remarkable 
voyage  the  Argonauts  were  furnished  with  in- 
structions by  Chiron,  the  astronomer,  who 
framed  for  their  use  a  scheme  of  the  constella- 
tions, giving  a  determined  place  to  the  solstitial 
and  equinoctial  points  ;  the  former  in  the  15th 
degrees  of  Cancer  and  Capricorn,  and  the  latter 
in  the  15th  degrees  of  Aries  and  Libra.  This  re- 
corded fact  has  served  as  the  basis  of  an  emen- 
dation of  the  ancient  chronology  by  Sir  Isaac 
Newton. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Bookl,  ch.  8,  p.  71. 

5053.  SCIENCE  and  Politics.  Julius  Ccesar. 
The  genius  of  Caesar  was  not  confined  to  the  arts 
of  government,  but  carried  its  researches  into 
every  branch  of  science  and  philosophy.  The 
duration  of  the  year  at  this  time  was  twelve 
lunar  months,  with  an  intercalation  of  twenty- 
two  or  twenty-three  days,  alternately,  at  the  end 
of  every  two  y.  trs  ;  but  the  pontiffs  either  intro- 
duced or  omitted  the  intercalation  according  to 
circumstances,  as  they  wanted  to  abridge  or 
prolong  the  time  of  the  magistrates  continuing 
in  olBce — and  thus  there  was  the  greatest  confu- 
sion in  the  calendar.  Caesar,  who  was  a  profi- 
cient in  astronomy,  and  to  whose  writings  in  that 
science  even  Ptolemy  confesses  that  he  owed  in- 


formation, corrected  the  errors  of  the  calendar 
by  fixing  the  solar  year  at  three  hundred  and 
sixty-five  days,  with  an  intercalation  of  one  day 
every  fourth  year. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4, 
ch.  2,  p.  412. 

5054.  SCOUEGING  ineffective.  Jame«JJ.  [The 
notorious  Catherine  Sedley  was  his  mistress. 
In  seasons  of  repentance  he  stimulated  his 
purpose  of  reformation  by  scourging  his  own 
shoulders.  See  No.  1133.]  James  wrote,  implor- 
ing and  commanding  her  to  depart.  He  owned 
that  he  had  promised  to  bid  her  farew^ell  in  per- 
son. "  But  I  know  too  well,"  he  added,  "  the 
power  which  you  have  over  me.  I  have  not 
strength  of  mind  enough  to  keep  my  resolution 
if  I  see  you."  He  offered  her  a  yacht  to  convey 
her  with  all  dignity  to  Flanders,  and  threatened 
that  if  she  did  not  go  quietly  she  should  be  sent 
away  by  force.  She  at  one  time  worked  upon 
his  feelings  by  pretending  to  be  ill.  Then  she 
assumed  the  airs  of  a  martyr,  and  impudently 
proclaimed  herself  a  sufferer  for  the  Protestant 
religion.  Then  again  she  adopted  the  style  of 
John  Hampden.  She  defied  the  king  to  remove 
her.  She  would  try  the  right  with  him.  "While 
the  Great  Charter  and  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act 
were  the  law  of  the  land  she  would  live  where 
she  pleased. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  67, 

5055.  SCEIPTURE  misused.  Against  Colum- 
bus. A  council  of  clerical  sages  was  convened 
in  the  collegiate  convent  of  St.  Stephen  to  in- 
vestigate the  new  theory  of  Columbus.  It  was 
composed  of  professors  of  astronomy,  geogra- 
phy, mathematics,  and  other  branches  of  science, 
together  with  various  dignitaries  of  the  church, 
and  learned  friars.  ...  At  the  very  threshold  of 
the  discussion,  instead  of  geographical  objec- 
tions, Columbus  was  assailed  with  citations  from 
the  Bible  and  the  Testament :  the  book  of  Gene- 
sis, the  psalms  of  David,  the  prophets,  the  epis- 
tles, and  the  gospels.  To  these  were  added  the 
expositions  of  various  saints  and  reverend  com- 
mentators.— Irving's  Columbus,  Book  2,  ch.  8, 

5056.  SCULPTOR,  The  mental.  Socrates.  [His 
father  was  a  sculptor.]  He  was  surprised  that  a 
sculptor  should  employ  his  whole  attention  to 
fashion  an  insensible  stone  into  the  likeness  of  a 
man,  and  that  a  man  should  take  so  little  pains 
not  to  resemble  an  insensible  stone. — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  9,  ch.  4,  §  1. 

5057.  SCULPTUEE,  Nobility  of.  Eternalise 
Fame.  It  is  the  peculiar  advantage  of  the  art  of 
sculpture  that,  being  ordinarily  employed  on 
the  most  durable  materials,  and  such  as  possess 
small  intrinsic  value,  it  bids  the  fairest  of  all  the 
arts  to  eternize  the  fame  of  the  artist.  "While  its 
works  resist  all  natural  decay  from  time,  they 
afford  no  temptation  to  alter  their  form,  in 
which  consists  their  only  value.  They  may  lie 
hid  from  neglect  in  an  age  of  ignorance,  but 
they  are  safe,  though  buried  in  the  earth  ;  and 
avarice  or  industry,  to  supply  the  demands  of  an 
after  age  of  taste,  will  probably  recover  them. — 
Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  2,  ch.  7,  p.  229. 

505S.  SEA,  Passion  for  the.  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin. Almost  from  infancy  the  boy  had  shown  a 
fondness  for  sea-stories,  and  had  often  said  that 
he  meant  to  be  a  sailor.  This  was  regarded  as  a 
boy's  fancy  that  would  soon  pass  away  ;  but 
when  he  was  but  eleven  years  old  a  circumstance 


600 


SEA-BATHING— SECTARIANISM. 


occurred  which  gave  reason  to  suppose  that  his 
taste  for  the  sea  was  something  more  than  this. 
He  had  never  yet  beheld  the  ocean,  though  it 
was  but  twelve  miles  from  his  school.  One  day. 
when  the  school  had  a  holiday,  he  and  one  of 
his  school-fellows  walked  that  twelve  miles  to 
the  shore,  for  no  other  purpose  than  to  gaze 
upon  the  sea.  All  that  he  had  ever  heard  or 
dreamed  of  the  grandeur  and  charm  of  the  ocean 
was  more  than  realized,  and  he  sat,  hour  after 
hour,  entranced  with  the  magnificence  of  the 
view.  From  that  day  he  was  never  shaken  in 
his  resolve  to  spend  his  life  upon  the  sea. — Cy- 
clopedia OF  BiOG.,  p.  390. 

5059.  SEA-BATHING  unappreciated.  Eng- 
land. In  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  centu- 
ry ..  .  there  was  no  gathering  on  the  coast,  east 
or  west,  north  or  south,  to  inhale  the  breeze  or 
float  in  the  brine.  The  sea  was  as  much  dreaded 
by  inland  dwellers  as  the  mountains  were  hate- 
ful to  the  inhabitants  of  the  plains. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  1,  p.  10. 

5060.  SEAL,  Importance  of  the.  British. 
[William  of  Orange  was  welcomed  in  England 
and  James  II.  fled  for  France.  The  Seal  of 
State  was  thrown  into  the  Thames.]  Next  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales  the  chief  object  of  anxiety 
was  the  great  seal.  To  that  symbol  of  kingly 
authority  our  jurists  have  always  ascribed  a  pe- 
culiar and  almost  mysterious  importance.  It  is 
held  that  if  the  keeper  of  the  seal  should  affix 
it,  without  taking  the  royal  pleasure,  to  a  patent 
of  peerage  or  to  a  pardon,  though  he  may  be 
guilty  of  a  high  offence,  the  instrument  cannot 
be  questioned  by  any  court  of  law,  and  can  be 
annulled  only  by  an  act  of  Parliament.  James 
seems  to  have  been  afraid  that  his  enemies  might 
get  this  organ  of  his  will  into  their  hands,  and 
might  thus  give  a  legal  validity  to  acts  which 
might  affect  him  injuriously.  [It  was  recovered.] 
— Mac AUL ay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  486. 

5061.  SECESSION,  Planned.  New  England. 
On  the  night  of  the  2d  of  February,  1812,  an 
Irishman,  named  John  Henry,  now  a  natural- 
ized citizen  of  the  United  States,  called  at  the 
President's  mansion  and  revealed  to  him  the  as- 
tounding fact  that  the  ministry  of  Great  Britain, 
co-operating  with  Sir  James  Craig,  Governor  of 
Canada,  had  been  engaged  for  some  years  in  a  trea- 
sonable scheme  to  destroy  tlie  American  Union. 
....  As  early  as  1808  the  attention  of  the  Can- 
adian governor  had  been  called  to  certain  pub- 
lished articles  written  by  Henry  against  repub- 
lican governments  ;  and  the  latter  was  summoned 
to  Montreal.  From  him  Craig  learned  of  the  in- 
tense hostility  of  the  Federal  party  to  the  ad- 
ministration, and  of  the  great  distress  of  New 
England  on  account  of  the  embargo  and  other 
restrictions  on  commerce,  .  .  .  and  he  was  prom- 
ised an  annual  salary  of  $5000  to  return  to  Bos- 
ton and  become  the  secret  agent  of  England  and 
Canada.  The  purpose  of  the  conspirators  was 
to  aggravate  the  popular  discontent  of  New  Eng- 
land until  the  Eastern  States  should  be  induced 
to  secede  from  the  Union  and  join  themselves 
with  Canada.  But  with  the  repeal  of  the  em- 
bargo and  the  subsidence  of  political  excite- 
ment, the  people  were  in  n©  humor  to  be  led 
into  rebellion.  Sir  James  Craig  died,  and  Henr3^ 
unsuccessful  and  impaid,  went,  in  1811,  to  Lon- 
don, and  presented  his  claim  for  £30,000  to  the 


English  ministers; .  .  .  but  this,  for  services  which 
had  resulted  in  nothing,  was  reckoned  a  serious 
matter,  .  .  .  and  he  was  sent  back  to  get  what  re- 
muneration he  could  from  the  successor  of  Craig 
in  Canada.  Enraged  at  his  treatment,  the  spy, 
instead  of  returning  to  Montreal,  sailed  to  Bos- 
ton, and  going  thence  to  Washington,  divulged 
the  whole  conspiracy  to  the  President,  surren- 
dered his  correspondence  with  Craig,  and  re- 
ceived therefor  $50,000  out  of  the  secret  service 
fund  of  the  United  States.  The  disclosure  of 
this  perfidious  business  contributed  greatly  to 
consolidate  public  sentiment  against  Great  Brit- 
ain and  to  strengthen  the  hands  of  the  war  par- 
ty.—Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  49,  p.  392. 

5062.  SECEECY,  Deception  in.  Lieutenant- 
Governor  Hutchinson,  Mass.  a.d.  1769.  "I 
humbly  entreat  your  Lordship  that  my  letters 
may  not  be  made  public,"  was  his  ever-renewed 
prayer  to  successive  secretaries  of  State,  so  that 
he  conducted  the  government  like  one  engaged 
in  a  conspiracy  or  an  intrigue.  But  some  of  his 
letters  .  .  .  discovered.  .  .  disclosed  that  he  had 
laid  snares  for  the  lives  of  patriots,  and  had  urged 
the  "  thorough"  of  English  liberty  in  America. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  42. 

5063.  SECRECY,  Impenetrable.  Napoleon  I. 
"1  never,"  said  Josephine,  "beheld  Napoleon 
for  a  moment  perfectly  at  ease,  not  even  with 
myself.  He  is  constantly  alert.  If  at  any  time 
he  appears  to  show  a  little  confidence,  it  is  merely 
a  feint  to  throw  the  person  with  whom  he  con- 
verses off  his  guard,  and  to  draw  forth  his  real 
sentiments ;  but  never  does  he  himself  disclose 
his  real  thoughts." — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  1,  ch.  9. 

5064.  SECEET  imperilled,  A.  Cato.  [Cato 
the  Censor  said]  that  in  all  his  life  he  never 
repented  but  of  three  things  :  the  first  was,  that 
he  had  trusted  a  woman  with  a  secret ;  the 
second,  that  he  had  gone  by  sea  when  he  might 
have  gone  by  land  ;  and  the  third,  that  he  had 
passed  one  day  without  having  his  will  in  his 
possession. — Plutarch's  "  Cato  the  Censor.*' 

5065.  SECEETS  burdensome.  Josephine.  Jo 
sephine,  frank  and  candid,  and  a  stranger  to  all 
artifice,  could  not  easily  conceal  her  knowledge 
or  her  thoughts.  Napoleon  consequently  seldom 
intrusted  to  her  any  plans  which  he  was  un- 
willing to  have  known.  "A  secret,"  he  once 
observed,  "  is  burdensome  to  Josephine." — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  9. 

5066.  SECTAEIAN,  The  Wind  a.  Reign  of 
James  II.  [The  disloyal  English  were  waiting 
to  welcome  William,  Prince  of  Orange.]  The 
general  impatience  for  the  arrival  of  the  Dutch 
became  every  day  stronger.  The  gales  which  at 
this  time  blew  obstinately  from  the  west,  and 
which  at  once  prevented  the  prince's  armament 
from  sailing  and  brought  fresh  Irish  regiments 
from  Dublin  to  Chester,  were  bitterly  cursed 
and  reviled  by  the  common  people.  The  weather, 
it  was  said,  was  popish.  Crowds  stood  in  Cheap- 
side  gazing  intently  at  the  weather-cock  on  the 
graceful  steeple  of  Bow  Church,  and  praying  for 
a  Protestant  wind. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9, 
p.  433. 

5067.  SECTAEIANISM  in  Death.  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots.  [Before  her  speedy  execution.]  She 
had  asked  for  her  almoner  Preaux  ;  two  Protes- 


SECTARIANISM— SEDUCTION. 


601 


tant  ministers  were  sent  to  her.  "Madam,  we 
come  to  console  you,"  they  said,  stepping  over 
the  threshold  of  her  chamber.  "Are you  Cath- 
olic priests?"  she  cried.  "No,"  replied  they. 
"  Then  I  will  have  no  comforter  but  Jesus,"  she 
added,  with  a  melancholy  firmness. — Lamar- 
tijse's  Queen  op  Scots,  p.  48. 

506§.  SECTARIANISM,  Narrow.  Scots.  [Wil- 
liam of  Orange  had  been  welcomed  by  the  Eng- 
lish.] Among  the  [Scotch]  insurgents  were  some 
fierce  and  moody  men  who  had  formerly  dis- 
owned Argyle,  and  who  were  now  equally  eager 
to  disown  William.  His  highness,  they  said, 
was  plainly  a  malignant.  There  was  not  a  word 
about  tne  Covenant  in  his  declaration.  The 
Dutch  were  a  people  with  whom  no  true  servant 
of  the  Lord  would  unite.  They  consorted  with 
Lutherans,  and  a  Lutheran  was  as  much  a  child 
of  perdition  as  a  Jesuit.  The  general  voice  of 
the  kingdom,  however,  effectually  drowned  the 
growl  of  this  hateful  faction.  —  Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  561. 

5069.  SECTS,  Aversion  among.  Donatists.  If 
they  obtained  possession  of  a  church  which  had 
been  used  by  their  Catholic  adversaries,  they 
purified  the  unhallowed  building  with  the  same 
zealous  care  which  a  temple  of  idols  might  have 
required.  They  washed  the  pavement,  scraped 
the  walls,  burnt  the  altar,  which  was  commonly 
of  wood,  melted  the  consecrated  plate,  and  cast 
the  Holy  Eucharist  to  the  dogs,  with  every  cir- 
cumstance of  ignominy  which  could  provoke 
and  perpetuate  the  animosity  of  religious  fac- 
tions.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  21,  p.  299. 

5070.  SECTS,  Differences  of.  Persian— Turk. 
The  national  religion  of  the  Persians  is  the  Ma- 
hometan, as  reformed  by  Sophi.  The  slender 
difference  of  opinions  between  them  and  the 
Turks  is  the  cause  of  an  aversion  much  stronger 
than  ever  subsisted  between  the  Protestants  and 
Catholics.  If  a  Persian  were  washing  his  hands 
in  a  river,  he  would  conceive  himself  contami- 
nated if  he  knew  that  a  Turk  had  bathed  in  it. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  23,  p.  331. 

5071.    .     Magnified.     [When    the 

OreeKs  and  Latins  met  to  form  a  reunion  of 
the  Catholic  church  in  the  fifteenth  century  they 
experienced  great  difficulty  and  their  labor  was 
ineffective.]  In  the  treaty  between  the  two  na- 
tions several  forms  of  consent  were  proposed, 
such  as  might  satisfy  the  Latins  without  dis- 
honoring the  Greeks  ;  and  they  weighed  the  scru- 
ples of  words  and  syllables  till  the  theological 
balance  trembled  with  a  slight  preponderance  in 
favor  of  the  Vatican.  It  was  agreed  (I  must  en- 
treat the  attention  of  the  reader)  that  the  Holy 
Ghost  proceeds  from  the  Father  and  the  Son,  as 
from  one  principle  and  one  substance  ;  that  he 
proceeds  by  the  Son,  being  of  the  same  nature 
and  substance,  and  that  he  proceeds  from  the 
Father  and  the  Son,  by  one  spiration  and  pro- 
duction.—Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  67,  p.  321. 

5072.  SEDITION,  Partisan.  "Blues"  and 
"Greens."  [Against  the  Emperor  Justinian.]  A 
Biilitary  force,  which  had  been  despatched  to  the 
aid  of  the  civil  magistrate,  was  fiercely  encoun- 
tered by  an  armed  multitude,  whose  numbers 
and  boldness  continually  increased  ;  and  the 
Heruli,  the  wildest  barbarians  in  the  service  of 
the  emDire,  overturned  *.he  priests  and  their  rel- 


ics, which,  from  a  pious  motive,  had  been  rash- 
ly interposed  to  separate  the  bloody  conflict. 
The  tumult  was  exasperated  by  this  sacrilege  ; 
the  people  fought  with  enthusiasm  in  the  cause 
of  God  ;  the  women,  from  the  roofs  and  win- 
dows, showered  stones  on  the  heads  of  the  sol- 
diers, who  darted  firebrands  against  the  houses  ; 
and  the  various  flames,  which  had  been  kindled 
by  the  hands  of  citizens  and  strangers,  spread 
without  control  over  the  face  of  the  city.  The 
conflagration  involved  the  cathedral  of  St.  So- 
phia, the  baths  of  Zeuxippus,  a  part  of  the  pal- 
ace, from  the  first  entrance  to  the  altar  of  Mars, 
and  the  long  portico  from  the  palace  to  the  fo- 
rum of  Constantine  ;  a  large  hospital,  with  the 
sick  patients,  was  consumed ;  many  churches 
and  stately  edifices  were  destroyed,  and  an  im- 
mense treasure  of  gold  and  silver  was  either  melt- 
ed or  lost.  From  such  scenes  of  horror  and  dis- 
tress the  wise  and  wealthy  citizens  escaped  over 
the  Bosphorus  to  the  Asiatic  side  ;  and  during 
five  days  Constantinople  was  abandoned  to  the 
factions,  whose  watchword,  Nika,  vanquish! 
has  given  a  name  to  this  memorable  sedition. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  40,  p.  61. 

5073.  SEDUCTION  avenged.  Boman  Emperor 
Carinus.  Carinus  possessed  arms  and  treasures 
sufllcient  to  support  his  legal  title  to  the  em- 
pire. But  his  personal  vices  overbalanced  every 
advantage  of  birth  and  situation.  ...  A  tribune, 
whose  wife  he  had  seduced,  seized  the  opportu- 
nity of  revenge,  and,  by  a  single  blow,  extin- 
guished civil  discord  in  the  blood  of  the  adul- 
terer.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12,  p.  401. 

5074.  SEDUCTION  by  Promises.  Henry  VIII. 
"  If  it  please  you,"  the  king  wrote  at  this  time 
to  Anne  Boleyn,  "  to  do  the  office  of  a  true,  loy- 
al mistress,  and  give  yourself  body  and  heart  to 
me,  who  have  been  and  mean  to  be  your  loyal 
servant,  I  promise  you  not  only  the  name,  but 
that  I  shall  make  you  my  sole  mistress,  remove 
all  others  from  my  affection,  and  serve  you 
only."  What  stirred  Henry's  wrath  most  was 
Catherine's  "  stiff  and  obstinate"  refusal  to  bow 
to  his  will.  Wolsey's  advice  that  "  your  grace 
should  handle  her  both  gently  and  doulcely" 
only  goaded  Henry's  impatience. — Hist,  of 
Eng.  People,  §  549. 

5075.  SEDUCTION,  Punishment  of.  Constan- 
tine. The  laws  of  Constantine  against  rapes  not 
only  to  the  brutal  violence  which  compelled,  but 
even  to  the  gentle  seduction  which  might  per- 
suade, an  unmarried  woman,  under  the  age  of 
twenty -five,  to  leave  the  house  of  her  parents. 
The  successful  ravisher  was  punished  with 
death  ;  and  as  if  simple  death  was  inadequate  to 
the  enormity  of  his  guilt,  he  was  either  burnt 
alive,  or  torn  in  pieces  by  wild  beasts  in  the  am- 
phitheatre. The  virgin's  declaration  that  she  had 
been  carried  away  with  her  own  consent,  instead 
of  saving  her  lover,  exposed  her  to  share  his  fate. 
The  duty  of  a  public  prosecution  was  intrusted 
to  the  parents  of  the  guilty  or  unfortunate  maid  ; 
and  if  the  sentiments  of  nature  prevailed  on  them 
to  dissemble  the  injury,  and  to  repair  by  a  sub- 
sequent marriage  the  honor  of  their  family,  they 
were  themselves  punished  by  exile  and  confisca- 
tion. The  slaves,  whether  male  or  female,  who 
were  convicted  of  having  been  accessory  to  rape 
or  seduction,  were  burnt  alive,  or  put  to  death  by 
the  ingenious  torture  of  pouring  down  their 


602 


SEEKING— SELF-ABNEGATION. 


throats  a  quantity  of  melted  lead.  . .  .  But  when- 
ever the  offence  inspires  less  horror  than  the  pun- 
ishment, the  rigor  of  penal  law  is  obliged  to  give 
way  to  the  common  feelings  of  mankind. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  14,  p.  49o. 

5076.  SEEKING  for  God.  Cromwell.  For 
my  beloved  daughter,  Bridget  Ireton,  .  .  . 
your  sister  Claypole  is,  I  trust  in  mercy,  exer- 
cised with  some  perplexed  thoughts.  She  sees 
her  own  vanity  and  carnal  mind — bewailing  it. 
She  seeks  after  (as  I  hope  also)  what  will  sat- 
isfy. And  thus  to  be  a  seeker  is  to  be  one  of  the  best 
sect  next  to  a  finder  ;  and  such  a  one  shall  every 
faithful  humble  seeker  be  at  the  end.  Happy 
seeker,  happy  finder  !  Who  ever  tasted  that 
the  Lord  is  gracious,  without  some  sense  of 
self,  vanity,  and  badness  ?  Who  ever  tasted 
that  graciousness  of  His,  and  could  go  less  in 
desire  [i.e.,  because  less  desirous],  less  pressing 
after  full  enjoyment  ?  Dear  heart,  press  on  ; 
let  not  thy  husband,  let  not  anything  cool  thy 
affections  after  Christ.  I  hope  he  [thy  husband] 
will  be  an  occasion  to  inflame  them.  That 
which  is  best  worthy  of  love  in  thy  husband  is 
that  of  the  image  of  Christ  he  bears.  Look  on 
that,  and  love  it  best,  and  all  the  rest  for  that. 
I  pray  for  thee  and  him;  do  so  for  me. — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  12,  p.  161. 

5077.  SELF,  Conquest  of.  Mahomet.  He  in- 
stituted in  each  year  a  fast  of  thirty  days,  and 
strenuously  recommended  the  observance  as  a 
discipline  which  purifies  the  soul  and  subdues 
the  body,  as  a  salutary  exercise  of  obedience 
to  the  will  of  God  and  his  apostle.  During  the 
month  of  Ramadan,  from  the  rising  to  the  set- 
ting of  the  sun,  the  Mussulman  abstains  from 
eating,  and  drinking,  and  women,  and  baths, 
and  perfumes  ;  from  all  nourishments  that  can 
restore  his  strength,  from  all  pleasure  that  can 
gratify  his  senses.  In  the  revolutions  of  the 
lunar  year  the  Ramadan  coincides,  by  turns, 
with  the  winter  cold  and  the  summer  heat  ;  and 
the  patient  martyr,  without  assuaging  his  thirst 
with  a  drop  of  water,  must  expect  the  close  of 
a  tedious  and  sultry  day.  The  interdiction  of 
wine,  peculiar  to  some  orders  of  priests  or  her- 
mits, is  converted  by  Mahomet  alone  into  a  pos- 
itive and  general  law  ;  and  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  globe  has  abjured,  at  his  command, 
the  use  of  that  salutary  though  dangerous 
liquor. — Gibbon's  Mahomet,  p.  28. 

507§.  SELF  first.  Honors.  [Battle  with 
Xerxes.]  .  .  .  When  they  came  to  the  Isth- 
mus, and  every  ofiicer  [of  the  Athenians]  took 
a  bullet  fi'om  the  altar  to  inscribe  upon  it 
the  names  of  those  that  had  done  the  best  ser- 
vice, every  one  put  himself  in  the  first  place, 
and  Themistocles  in  the  second. — Plutarch's 
"  Themistocles." 

5079.  SELF,  Mastery  of.  Alfred  the  Cheat. 
Scholar  and  soldier,  artist  and  man  of  business, 
poet  and  saint,  his  character  kept  that  perfect 
balance  which  charms  us  in  no  other  Englishman 
save  Shakespeare.  And  all  was  guided,  con- 
trolled, ennobled  by  a  single  aim.  "  So  long  as 
I  have  lived,"  said  the  king  as  life  closes  about 
him,  "  I  have  striven  to  live  worthily."  Little 
by"  little  men  came  to  know  what  such  a  life  of 
worthiness  meant.  Little  by  little  they  came  to 
recognize  in  Alfred  a  ruler  of  higher  and  no- 


bler stamp  than  the  world  had  seen.  Never  had 
it  seen  a  king  who  lived  solely  for  the  good  of 
his  people.  Never  had  it  seen  a  ruler  who  set 
aside  every  personal  aim  to  devote  himself  solely 
to  the  welfare  of  those  whom  he  ruled.  It  was 
this  grand  self-mastery  that  gave  him  his  power 
over  the  men  about  him. — Hist,  op  Eng.  Peo- 
ple, §  69. 

50S0.  SELF-ABNEGATION  in  Oratory.  De- 
mosthenes. That  which  characterizes  Demosthe- 
nes more  than  any  other  circumstance,  and  in 
which  he  has  never  been  imitated,  is  such  an 
absolute  oblivion  of  himself,  and  so  scrupulous 
and  constant  a  solicitude  to  suppress  all  osten- 
tation of  wit — in  a  word,  such  a  perpetual  care 
to  confine  the  attention  of  the  auditor  to  the 
cause,  and  not  to  the  orator,  that  he  never  suffers 
any  one  turn  of  thought  or  expression  to  escape 
him  which  has  no  other  view  than  merely 
to  please  and  shine.  This  reserve  and  modera- 
tion in  so  fine  a  genius  as  Demosthenes,  and  in 
matters  so  susceptible  of  grace  and  elegance, 
adds  perfection  to  his  merit,  and  renders  him 
superior  to  all  praises. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book 
16,  §  2. 

5081.  SELF-ABNEGATION,  Patriotic.  Regu- 
lus.  [Attilus  Regulus  led  the  Roman  army  against 
the  Carthaginians  and  was  captured.  ]  Carthage 
.  .  .  began  seriously  to  wish  for  peace.  Ambas- 
sadors for  that  purpose  were  despatched  to- 
Rome  ;  and  Regulus  was  sent  along  with  them, 
[to  encourage  the  negotiations].  They  exacted 
at  the  same  time  from  him  an  oath  that  he  would 
return  to  Carthage  in  case  there  should  neither 
be  peace  nor  an  exchange  of  prisoners.  To  the 
surprise  of  all,  this  great  and  generous  man 
used  his  utmost  endeavors  to  dissuade  his  coun- 
trymen from  agreeing  to  a  peace  ;  a  proposition 
which  he  represented  as  proceeding  solel}^  from, 
the  weakness  of  the  enemy,  whom,  by  continu- 
ing the  war,  they  would  compel  to  any  submis- 
sion. But  still  further,  he  even  dissuaded  his 
countrymen  from  consenting  to  an  exchange  of 
prisoners  ;  a  measure  which  he  endeavors  to  con- 
vince them  must  be  to  their  disadvantage,  from 
this  circumstance,  that  they  had  in  their  hands 
many  of  the  best  officers  of  the  enem3%  whom 
they  would  be  obliged  to  exchange  against  pri- 
vate men.  His  arguments  prevailed,  and  the 
negotiation  was  broken  off.  .  .  .  The  Ponti- 
f  ex  Maximus,  on  being  consulted  on  the  validity 
of  the  oath  he  had  sworn  to  return  to  Carthage, 
gave  it  as  his  opinion  that,  it  having  been  ex- 
torted by  the  necessity  of  his  situation,  he  was 
under  no  obligation  to  observe  it.  But  the  nobie 
soul  of  Regulus  could  not  admit  of  such  eva- 
sion. Disregarding  the  entreaties  of  his  f  riends» 
the  tears  of  his  wife  and  children,  the  urgent  re- 
monstrance of  the  senate  and  of  the  whole  Ro- 
man people,  this  generous  and  heroic  man  re- 
solved that  the  terror  of  consequences,  how 
dreadful  soever,  should  not  persuade  him  to  a 
violation  of  his  honor.  "  I  am  not  ignorant,  "^ 
said  he,  "  that  death  and  the  severest  tortures 
are  preparing  for  me  ;  but  what  are  these  to  the 
stain  of  an  infamous  action,  the  reproach  of  a 
guilty  mind  ?  I  have  sworn  to  retu-rn  to  Car- 
thage ;  it  is  therefore  my  duty  to  go.  Let  the 
gods  direct  the  consequence  as  to  their  wisdom 
shall  seem  best."  To  Carthage  accordingly  he 
returned,  where,  as  he  had  foreseen,  he  sufferea 


SELF-COMMAND— SELF-POSSESSION. 


COS 


a  cruel  and  ignominious  death.  — Tytler's  Hist.  , 
Book  3,  ch.  9,  p.  369. 

50§2.  SELF-COMMAND  against  Fear.  Wil- 
liam III.  One  day  when  William  III.  was  in 
the  trenches  [before  the  walls  of  Numur]  the 
deputy  governor  of  the  Bank  of  England  placed 
himself  at  his  side.  "  Mr.  Godfrey,"  said  the 
king,  "why  do  you  expose  yourself  ?"  The 
Londoner  replied,  "  Not  being  more  exposed 
than  your  Majesty,  should  I  be  excusable  if  I 
sliowed  more  concern  ?"  William,  who  had  a 
special  objection  to  men  going  beyond  their  com- 
/iiission,  replied,  "  I  am  in  my  duty  and  there- 
fore have  a  more  reasonable  claim  to  preserva- 
tion. "  A  cannon-ball  in  a  few  minutes  finish- 
ed the  career  of  the  over-zealous  amateur. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  12,  p.  181. 

50§3.  SELF-CONTROL,  Remarkable.  Duke 
Frederic.  It  is  but  justice  to  this  most  respect- 
able man  to  relate  an  anecdote,  told  by  Roger 
Ascham,  preceptor  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  who, 
when  in  Germany,  was  personally  acquainted 
with  him.  Duke  Frederic  was  '  taken  prisoner 
by  Charles  V.  in  the  battle  of  Mulberg,  and  upon 
a  representation  of  some  of  his  councillors  that 
the  exemplary  punishment  of  so  eminent  a  man 
would  prove  of  great  service  in  checking  the 
progress  of  the  Reformation,  the  emperor,  for- 
getting his  own  obligations  to  him,  condemned 
him  to  be  beheaded,  on  a  scaffold,  at  Witten- 
berg. The  warrant  for  his  execution,  signed 
by  the  emperor's  hand,  was  sent  to  Duke  Fred- 
eric the  night  before,  and  was  delivered  to  him 
while  he  was  playing  at  chess,  with  his  cousin, 
the  landgrave  of  Lithenberg.  He  read  it  over 
attentively,  and  then  folding  it  up,  "  I  perceive," 
said  he,  "that  I  fall  a  victim  to  my  religion, 
and  that  my  death  is  necessary  to  the  emperor's 
schemes  of  distinguishing  the  Protestant  faith. 
But  God  will  maintain  his  own  cause.  Come, 
sinner,"  said  he,  "  take  heed  to  your  game  ;" 
and  then,  with  the  same  composure  as  if  he  had 
received  a  private  letter  of  little  importance,  he 
continued  to  play  till  he  had  defeated  his  antag- 
onist. It  is  a  satisfaction  to  learn  that  the  em- 
peror, impressed,  as  is  said,  by  this  admirable 
example  of  fortitude,  gave  immediate  orders  for 
a  recall  of  the  warrant,  and  ever  afterward 
treated  the  elector  of  Saxony  with  the  highest 
respect  and  esteem. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  19,  p.  286. 

50§4.  SELF-DENIAL,  Conception  of.  Amer- 
ican Indian.  The  Indian,  detesting  restraint, 
was  perpetually  imposing  on  himself  extreme 
hardships,  that  by  penance  and  suffering  he 
might  atone  for  his  offences,  and  by  acts  of  self- 
denial  he  might  win  for  himself  the  powerful 
favor  of  the  invisible  world. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

50§5.  SELF-DENIAL,  Unavailing.  Bev.  Wil- 
liam Brarnwell.  [He  was  inclined  to  piety  from 
his  childhood,  but]  an  exemplary  life  could  not 
satisfy  the  demands  of  his  conscience.  He 
sought  relief  by  austerities,  which  only  exasper- 
ateof  his  sufferings  ;  he  would  bow  for  hours 
with  his  knees  bare  on  sand  which  he  spread  on 
the  floor,  confessing  his  sins  and  repeating  his 
prayers.  He  spent  his  holidays  meditating  in 
the  solitude  of  the  woods  ;  he  fasted  and  watch- 
ed, and  took  solitary  walks  throughout  the  night. 
After  protracted  struggles  he  received  better 


views  of  faith,  while  partaking  of  the  Lord's 
Supper  at  the  church  of  Preston. — Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  2,  p.  309. 

50§0.     SELF-DESTRUCTION,    Working    for. 

Making  Arms.  [In  a.d.  410  Alaric  the  Goth 
plundered  Rome.  He  was  made  master-general 
of  Eastern  Illy ri cum.]  The  use  to  which  Alar- 
ic applied  his  new  command  distinguishes  the 
firm  and  judicious  character  of  his  policy.  He 
issued  his  orders  to  the  four  magazines  and  manu- 
factures of  offensive  and  defensive  arms,  Margus, 
Ratiaria,  Naissus,  and  Thessalonica,  to  provide 
his  troops  with  an  extraordinary  supply  of 
shields,  helmets,  swords,  and  spears  ;  the  unhap- 
py provincials  were  compelled  to  forge  the  in- 
struments of  their  own  destruction  ;  and  the  bar- 
barians removed  the  only  defect  which  had  some- 
times disappointed  the  efforts  of  their  courage. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  30,  p.  198. 

50§7.  SELF-GOVERNMENT,  Basis  of.  France. 
France  had  tried  Republicanism,  and  the  exper- 
iment had  failed  [and  Napoleon  became  dicta- 
tor]. There  was  neither  intelligence  nor  virtue 
among  the  people  sufficient  to  enable  them  to 
govern  themselves.  During  ages  of  oppression 
they  had  sunk  into  an  abyss  from  whence  they 
could  not  rise,  in  a  day,  to  the  dignity  of  free- 
men. Not  one  in  thirty  of  the  population  of 
France  could  either  read  or  write.  Religion, 
with  all  its  restraints,  was  scouted  as  fanaticism. 
— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  16. 

508§.  SELF-GOVERNMENT,  Capacity  for. 
Massachusetts,  a.d.  1774.  As  the  supervision 
of  [royal]  government  disappeared,  each  man 
seemed  more  and  more  a  law  unto  himself ;  and 
as  if  to  show  that  the  world  had  been  governed 
too  much,  order  prevailed  in  a  province  where, 
in  fact,  there  existed  no  regular  government,  no 
administration  but  committees,  no  military  offi- 
cers but  those  chosen  by  the  militia.  Yet  never 
were  legal  magistrates  obeyed  with  more  alac- 
rity.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  16. 

50§9.  SELF-GOVERNMENT,  Faculty  of.  Bo- 
mans — English.  To  the  student  of  political  his- 
tory, and  to  the  English  student  above  all  oth- 
ers, the  conversion  of  the  Roman  republic  into 
a  military  empire  commands  a  peculiar  interest. 
Notwithstanding  many  differences,  the  English 
and  the  Romans  essentially  resemble  one  another. 
The  early  Romans  possessed  the  faculty  of 
self-government  beyond  any  people  of  whom  we 
have  historical  knowledge,  with  the  one  excep- 
tion of  ourselves. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  1. 

5090.  SELF-GOVERNMENT  withheld.  Vir- 
ginia Colony.  The  first  written  charter  of  a  per- 
manent American  colony,  which  was  to  be  the 
chosen  abode  of  liberty,  gave  to  the  mercantile 
corporation  nothing  but  a  desert  territory,  with 
the  right  of  peopling  and  defending  it,  and  re- 
served to  the  monarch  absolute  legislative  au- 
thority, the  control  of  all  appointments,  and  a 
hope  of  ultimate  revenue.  To  themselves  it  con- 
ceded not  one  elective  franchise,  not  one  of  the 
rights  of  self-government. — Bancroft's  Hist, 
opU.  S.,  ch.  4. 

5091.  SELF-POSSESSION,  Brave.  Admiral  Le 
Fort.  One  day,  after  a  dinner  of  unusual  ex- 
cess, he  [Peter  the  Great]  fell  into  a  dispute  with 
Admiral  Le  Fort,  and  was  so  transported  with 
fury  that  he  rushed  upon  him  sword  in  hand. 


604 


SELF-PROTECTION— SENSE. 


Le  Fort,  with  admirable  self-possession,  bared 
his  bosom  to  the  stroke,  and  stood  motionless  to 
receive  it.  The  czar,  drunk  as  he  was,  was  re- 
called to  himself  by  this  action,  put  up  his  sword, 
and,  as  soon  as  he  was  a  little  sobered,  publicly 
asked  Le  Fort's  pardon  for  his  violence.  ' '  I  am 
trying,"  said  he.  "to  reform  my  country,  and  I 
am  not  yet  able  to  reform  myself." — Cyclope- 
dia OF  BioG.,  p.  430. 

5092.  SELF-PEOTECTION  first.  War.  Gre- 
cian lawgivers  [were  wont  to]  punish  him  who 
throws  away  his  shield,  not  him  who  loses  his 
sword  or  spear ;  thus  instructing  us  that  the 
first  care  of  every  man,  especially  of  every  gov- 
ernor of  a  city,  or  commander  of  an  army,  should 
be  to  defend  himself,  and  after  that  he  is  to 
think  of  annoying  the  enemy. — Plutarch's  Pe- 

LOPIDAS. 

5093.  SELF-RELIANCE,  Excellence  in.  Due 
de  Liancourt.  Louis  Philippe  and  brothers  vis- 
ited .  .  .  Mount  Vernon.  The  amiable  Due  de 
Liancourt  bore  his  reverses  of  fortune  with  great 
magnanimity.  He  used  to  say  :  "In  the  days 
of  my  power  and  affluence,  under  the  ancient 
regime  of  France,  I  kept  fifty  servants,  and  yet 
my  coat  was  never  so  well  brushed  as  it  is  now." 
— CusTis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  23. 

5094.  SELF-RELIANCE,  Success  by.  General 
Grant.  [He  proposed  to  pass  his  gun-boats 
past  the  formidable  batteries  of  Vicksburg.] 
When  the  idea  became' known  to  those  in  his  in- 
timacy, to  his  staff,  and  to  his  corps  command- 
ers, it  seemed  to  them  full  of  danger.  To  move 
his  army  below  Vicksburg  was  to  separate  it  from 
the  North,  and  from  all  its  supplies  ...  If  fail- 
ure came  it  was  sure  to  be  overwhelming.  .  .  . 
Sherman,  McPherson,  Logan,  Wilson — all  op- 
posed his  plan.  [His  persistence  occasioned  the 
fall  of  Vicksburg.] — Headley's  Grant,  p.  104. 

5095.  SELF-SACRIFICE,  Magnanimity  of.  Al- 
exander. [When  the  army  of  Alexander  the 
Great  was  marching  against  Darius,  in  crossing 
the  deserts]  they  often  suffered  more  for  want  of 
water  than  by  fatigue  ;  many  of  the  cavalry  were 
unable  to  hold  out.  While  they  were  upon  the 
march  some  Macedonians  had  filled  their  bottles 
at  a  river,  and  were  bringing  the  water  upon 
mules.  These  people,  seeing  Alexander  greatly 
distressed  with  thirst  (for  it  was  in  the  heat  of 
the  day),  immediately  filled  a  helmet  with  water, 
and  presented  it  to  him.  He  asked  them  to 
whom  they  were  carrying  it,  and  they  said, 
"  Their  sons  ;  but  if  our  prince  does  but  live, 
we  shall  get  other  children,  if  we  lose  them." 
Upon  this  he  took  the  helmet  in  his  hands  ;  but 
looking  round,  and  seeing  all  the  horsemen  bend- 
ing their  heads,  and  fixing  their  eyes  upon  the 
water,  he  returned  it  without  drinking.  How- 
ever, he  praised  the  people  that  offered  it,  and 
said,  "  If  I  alone  drink,  these  good  men  will  be 
dispirited."  The  cavalry,  who  were  witnesses 
to  this  act  of  temperance  and  magnanimit3^  cried 
out,  "Let  us  march!  We  are  neither  weary 
nor  thirsty,  nor  shall  we  even  think  ourselves 
mortal,  while  under  the  conduct  of  such  a  king." 
At  the  same  time  they  put  spurs  to  their  horses. 
— Plutarch's  Alexander. 

5096.  SELFISHNESS,  Petulant.  Bojnan  No- 
bles. When  they  have  called  for  warm  water, 
if  a  slave  has  been  tardy  in  his  obedience,  he  is 


instantly  chastised  with  three  hundred  lashes ; 
but  should  the  same  slave  commit  a  wilful  mur- 
der, the  master  will  mildly  observe  that  he  is  a 
worthless  fellow  ;  but  that  if  he  repeats  the  of- 
fence, he  shall  not  escape  punishment. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  31,  p.  256. 

5097.  SENSATION,  Public.  Captain  John 
Smith.  [Based  on  fiction.]  Then  it  was — eight 
years  after  his  residence  with  Powhatan — that 
he  first  told  the  famous  tale  of  his  rescue  by  Poc- 
ahontas from  a  violent  death.  Doubtless  he 
told  it  to  help  the  advertising  scheme,  and  to  ex- 
cuse his  old  friend  Rolfe  for  marrying  an  Indian 
girl.  He  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Queen  of  Eng- 
land, recommending  the  "Virginia  Princess"  to 
her  Majesty,  in  which  he  used  the  following  lan- 
guage :  "After  some  six  weeks'  fatting  among 
those  savage  courtiers,  at  the  minute  of  my  exe- 
cution, she  hazarded  the  beating  out  of  her  own 
brains  to  save  mine  ;  and  not  only  that,  but  so 
prevailed  with  her  father  that  I  was  safely  con- 
ducted to  Jamestown."  The  trick  succeeded  to 
admiration.  Pocahontas  became  the  lion  of  the 
London  season.  The  king  and  queen  received 
her  at  court  with  gracious  civility  ;  the  bishop 
of  London  gave  her  a  banquet,  and  King  James 
consulted  his  council  upon  the  question,  whether 
Rolfe  had  not  committed  a  grave  offence  in 
marrying  a  princess  of  an  imperial  house  !  After 
a  year's  stay  in  England  poor  Pocahontas,  sick 
from  the  change  in  her  mode  of  living,  and  yet 
unwilling  to  go,  set  out  with  her  husband  on  her 
return  home.  While  waiting  at  Gravesend  for 
the  sailing  of  the  ship,  she  died. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BiOG.,  p.  659. 

509§.  SENSATIONALISTS  by  Singularity. 
Samuel  Johnson.  Boswell  :  "  Is  it  wrong  then, 
sir,  to  affect  singularity,  in  order  to  make  peo- 
ple stare?"  Johnson:  "Yes,  if  you  do  it  by 
propagating  error ;  and,  indeed,  it  is  wrong  in 
any  way.  There  is  in  human  nature  a  general 
inclination  to  make  people  stare  ;  and  every  wise 
man  has  himself  the  cure  of  it,  and  does  cure 
himself.  If  you  wish  to  make  people  stare  by 
doing  better  than  others,  why,  make  them  stare, 
till  they  stare  their  eyes  out.  But  consider  how 
easy  it  is  to  make  people  stare,  by  being  absurd. 
I  may  do  it  by  going  into  a  drawing-room  with- 
out my  shoes.  You  remember  the  gentleman 
in  the  Spectator,  who  had  a  commission  of 
lunacy  taken  out  against  him  for  his  extreme 
singularity,  such  as  never  wearing  a  wig,  but  a 
nightcap.  Now,  sir,  abstractedly,  the  night-cap 
was  best ;  but,  relatively,  the  advantage  was 
overbalanced  by  his  making  the  boys  run  after 
him." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  161. 

5099.  SENSE,  Eflfect  of  good.  Joan  of  Arc. 
The  originality  of  the  Pucelle,  the  secret  of  her 
success,  was  not  her  courage  or  her  visions,  but 
her  good  sense.  Amid  all  her  enthusiasm  the 
girl  of  the  people  clearly  saw  the  question,  and 
knew  how  to  resolve  it.  The  knot  which  poli- 
tician and  doubter  could  not  unloose  she  cut. 
She  pronounced,  in  God's  name,  Charles  VII.  to 
be  the  heir  ;  she  reassured  him  as  to  his  legiti- 
macy, of  which  he  had  doubts  himself,  and  she 
sanctified  this  legitimacy  by  taking  him  straight 
to  Reims,  and  by  her  quickness  gaining  over  the 
English  the  decisive  advantage  of  the  corona- 
tion.— Michelet's  Joan  of  Arc,  p.  1. 


SENSE— SENSUALITY. 


605 


51 00.  SENSE  deceived.  Gnostics.  The  Gnos- 
tics   were    distinguished     by    the     epithet    of 

^oceies,  .  .  .  and  betrayed  the    human  while 
ley  asserted  the  divine  nature  of  Clirist.  .  .  . 
['hej'^  vainly  pretended  that  the  imperfections  of 
latter  are  incompatible  with  the  purity  of  a  ce- 
lestial substance.     While  the  blood  of  Christ  yet 
smoked  on  Mount  Calvary,  the  Docetes  invented 
the  impious  and   extravagant  hypothesis  that, 
linstead  of  issuing  from  the  womb  of  the  Virgin, 
|He  had  descended  on  the  banks  of  the  Jordan  in 
the  form  of  perfect  manhood  ;  that  he  had  im- 
josedl  on  the  senses  of  His  enemies  and  of  His 
isciples,  and  that  the  ministers  of  Pilate  had 
rasted  their  impotent  rage  on  an  airy  phantom, 
7ho  seemed  to  expire  on  the  cross,  and   after 
iree  days    to   rise  from  the  dead. — Gibbon's 
ioME,  ch.  21,  p.  307. 

5101.  SENSE,  Fallacious.  Eleatie  School. 
["he  Eleatie  sect  of  philosophy .  .  .  was  founded 
t)y  Xenophanes  about  five  hundred  years  before 
Christ.    They  maintained  that  things  had  neither 

beginning,  an  end,  nop  any  change ;  that  all 
fthe  phenomena  which  we  see  of  changes  in  the 
visible  world  are  entirely  in  our  own  senses  ;  and 
that  of  the  real  essence  of  things  we  have  no  per- 
ception, and  therefore  can  attain  to  no  knowl- 
edge ;  but  as  our  senses  are  fallacious,  and  it  is 
only  through  their  medium  that  we  perceive  any- 
thing, so  we  cannot  trust  to  them,  and  therefore 
have  no  assurance  of  the  truth  of  anything  what- 
ever. Yet  upon  this  basis  of  nothing,  the  Eleat- 
ics  (strange  to  tell)  raised  a  system  of  physics, 
of  which  the  principal  doctrines  were,  that  the 
univei"se  was  a  compound  of  the  four  elements  ; 
that  the  stars  were  kindled  up  by  the  motion  of 
the  clouds  ;  that  the  sun  was  an  immense  body 
of  ignited  vapor  ;  but  that  various  suns  lighted 
various  parts  of  the  earth  ;  and,  finally  (the  only 
national  dogma,  though  not  derived  by  any  log- 
ical inference  from  premises),  that  there  is  but 
one  God,  who  rules  over  all  nature. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  265. 

5102.  SENSIBILITY,  Exquisite.  Olker  Oold- 
smith.  All  at  once  he  threw  down  his  cards, 
hurried  out  of  the  room  and  into  the  street. 
He  returned  in  an  instant,  resumed  his  seat,  and 
the  game  went  on.  Sir  William,  after  a  little 
hesitation,  ventured  to  ask  the  cause  of  his  re- 
treat, fearing  he  had  been  overcome  by  the  heat 
of  the  room.  "Not  at  all,"  replied  Gold- 
smith ;  "but  in  truth  I  could  not  bear  to  hear 
that  unfortunate  woman  in  the  street,  half  sing- 
ing, half  sobbing,  for  such  tones  could  only 
arise  from  the  extremity  of  distress  ;  her  voice 
grated  painfully  on  my  ear  and  jari-ed  my 
frame,  so  that  I  could  not  rest  until  I  had  sent 
her  away."  It  was  in  fact  a  poor  ballad-singer 
whose  cracked  voice  had  been  heard  by  others 
of  the  party,  but  without  having  the  same  effect 
on  their  sensibilities. — Irving's  Goldsmith, 
ch.  35,  p.  202. 

5103.  SENSIBILITY,  Nervous.  SoutJiey.  It 
would  not  do  for  Southey  to  burn  away  to-day 
in  some  white  flame  of  excitement  the  nerve 
which  he  needed  for  use  to-morrow.  He  could 
not  afford  to  pass  a  sleepless  night.  If  his  face 
glowed  or  his  brain  throbbed,  it  was  a  warning 
taat  he  had  gone  far  enough.  His  very  suscep- 
tibility to  nervous  excitement  rendered  caution 
the  more  requisite.  ...    "  The  truth  is,"  writes 


Southey,  ' '  that  though  some  persons,  whose 
knowledge  of  me  is  scarcely  skin-deep,  suppose 
I  have  no  nerves,  because  I  have  ^reat  self-con- 
trol as  far  as  regards  the  surface,  if  it  were  not 
for  great  self-management,  and  what  may  be 
called  a  strict  intellectual  regimen,  I  should 
very  soon  be  in  a  deplorable  state  of  what  is 
called  nervous  disease,  and  this  would  have 
been  the  case  any  time  during  the  last  twenty 
years."  And  again  :  "  A  man  had  better  break 
a  bone,  or  even  lose  a  limb,  than  shake  his  ner- 
vous system.'" — Dowden's  Southey,  ch.  4. 

5104.  SENSITIVENESS  to  Defect.  PMUp  of 
Macedon.  [He  besieged  the  city  of  Methone.] 
Aster  of  Amphipolis  had  offered  his  service  to 
Philip  as  so  excellent  a  marksman  that  he  could 
bring  down  birds  in  their  most  rapid  flight.  The 
monarch  made  this  answer  :  "  Well,  I  will  take 
you  into  my  service  when  I  make  war  upon 
starlings  ;"  which  answer  stung  the  cross-bow- 
man to  the  quick.  A  repartee  proves  often  of 
fatal  consequence  to  him  who  makes  it ;  and  it 
is  no  small  merit  to  knoAv  when  to  hold  one's 
tongue.  Aster  having  thrown  himself  into  the 
city,  he  let  fly  an  arrow,  on  which  was  written, 
"  To  Philip's  right  eye,"  and  gave  him  a  most 
cruel  proof  that  he  was  a  good  marksman  ;  for 
it  hit  him  in  his  right  eye.  Philip  sent  him 
back  the  same  arrow  with  this  inscription,  "  If 
Philip  takes  the  city,  he  will  hang  up  Aster  ;" 
and  accordingly  he  was  as  good  as  his  word.  A 
skilful  surgeon  drew  the  arrow  out  of  Philip's 
eye  with  so  much  art  and  dexterity  that  not  the 
least  scar  remained  ;  and  though  he  could  not 
save  his  eye,  he  yet  took  away  the  blemish.  But 
nevertheless  this  monarch  was  so  weak  as  to  be 
angry  whenever  any  person  happened  to  let  slip 
the  word  Cyclops,  or  even  the  word  eye,  in  his 
presence. — ^Kollin's  Hist.,  Book  14,  |  11. 

5105.  SENSUALITY,  Imperial.  Commodus. 
The  Emperor  Commodus  valued  nothing  in  sov- 
ereign power  except  the  unbounded  license  of 
indulging  his  sensual  appetites.  His  hours  were 
spent  in  a  seraglio  of  three  hundred  beautiful 
women,  and  as  many  boys,  of  every  rank  and 
of  every  province  ;  and  wherever  the  arts  of  se- 
duction proved  ineffectual,  the  brutal  lover  had 
recourse  to  violence.  The  ancient  historians 
have  expatiated  on  these  abandoned  scenes  of 
prostitution,  which  scorned  every  restraint  of 
nature  or  modesty  ;  but  it  would  not  be  easy  to 
translate  their  too  faithful  descriptions  into  the 
decency  of  modern  language. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  4,  p.  111. 

5106.  SENSUALITY,  Religious.  Pagans. 
The  temple  and  the  village  [of  Daphne]  were 
deeply  bosomed  in  a  thick  grove  of  laurels  and 
cypresses,  which  reached  as  far  as  a  circumfer- 
ence of  ten  miles,  and  formed  in  the  most  sultry 
summers  a  cool  and  impenetrable  shade.  A 
thousand  streams  of  the  purest  water,  issuing 
from  every  hill,  preserved  the  verdure  of  the 
earth  and  the  temperature  of  the  aii' ;  the  senses 
were  gratified  with  harmonious  sounds  and  aro- 
matic odors  ;  and  the  peaceful  grove  was  conse- 
crated to  health  and  joy,  to  luxury  and  love. 
The  vigorous  youth  pursued,  like  Apollo,  the 
object  of  his  desires  ;  and  the  blushing  maid 
was  warned,  by  the  fate  of  Daphne,  to  shun  the 
folly  of  unseasonable  coyness.  The  soldier  and 
the  philosopher  wisely  avoided  the  temptation 


606 


SENTIMENT— SERFAGE. 


of  this  sensual  paradise,  where  pleasure,  assum- 
ing the  character  of  religion,  imperceptibly 
dissolved  the  firmness  of  manly  virtue.  But  the 
groves  of  Daphne  continued  for  many  ages  to 
enjoy  the  veneration  of  natives  and  strangers  ; 
the  privileges  of  the  holy  ground  were  enlarged 
by  the  munificence  of  succeeding  emperors ; 
and  every  generation  added  new  ornaments  to 
the  splendor  of  the  temple. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  23,  p.  448. 

5107.  SENTIMENT  ignored.  Romam.  To 
prevent  the  risk  of  a  second  act  of  insubordina- 
tion, Sylla  [the  Dictator]  made  personal  arrange- 
ments to  attach  Pompey  directly  to  himself. 
He  had  a  step-daughter  named  .Emilia.  She 
was  already  married,  and  was  pregnant.  Pom- 
pey too  was  married  to  Antistia,  a  lady  of  good 
family  ;  but  domestic  ties  were  not  allowed  to 
stand  in  the  way  of  higher  objects.  Nor  did  it 
matter  that  Antistia's  father  had  been  murdered 
by  the  Roman  populace  for  taking  Sylla's  side, 
or  that  her  mother  had  gone  mad  and  destroyed 
herself  on  her  husband's  horrible  death.  Late 
Republican  Rome  was  not  troubled  with  senti- 
ment. Sylla  invited  Pompey  to  divorce  Antis- 
tia and  marry  Emilia.  Pompey  complied. 
Antistia  was  sent  away.  Emilia  was  divorced 
from  her  husband,  and  was  brought  into  Pom- 
pey's  house,  where  she  immediately  died. — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  8. 

5108.  SENTIMENTS,  Power  of.  Jane  MaeCrea. 
July,  1777.  Jane  MacCrea,  a  young  woman 
of  twenty,  betrothed  to  a  loyalist  in  the  British 
service  and  esteeming  herself  under  the  protec- 
tion of  British  arms,  was  riding  from  Fort  Ed- 
ward [N.  Y.]  to  the  British  camp  at  Sandy  Hill, 
escorted  by  two  Indians.  The  Indians  quarrelled 
about  the  reward  offered  on  her  safe  aiTival,  and 
at  half  a  mile  from  Fort  Edward  one  of  them 
sunk  a  tomahawk  in  her  skull.  The  incident 
was  not  of  unusual  barbarity  ;  but  this  massacre 
of  a  betrothed  girl  on  her  way  to  her  lover 
touched  the  hearts  of  all  who  heard  the  story. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  22. 

5109.  SENTIMENT,  PubUc.  Better  than 
Lawi.  Lycurgus  left  none  of  his  laws  in  writ- 
ing ;  it  was  ordered  in  one  of  the  Rhetrce  that 
none  should  be  written.  For  what  he  thought 
most  conducive  to  the  virtue  and  happiness  of  a 
city  was  principles  interwoven  with  the  man- 
ners and  breeding  of  the  people.  These  would 
remain  immovable  as  formed  in  inclination,  and 
be  the  strongest  and  most  lasting  tie ;  and  the 
habits  which  education  produced  in  the  youth 
would  answer  in  each  the  purpose  of  a  law- 
giver.— Plutarch's  "  Lycurgus." 

5110.  .       Mary   Queen  of  Scots. 

[After  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  had  married  Both- 
well,  the  supposed  murderer  of  her  previous 
husband,  she  was  soon  captured  by  a  confeder- 
acy of  nobles  who  sought  to  put  down  the  pow- 
er of  Bothwell.]  She  was  conducted  into  Edin- 
burgh amidst  the  execrations  of  an  infuriated 
populace.  The  soldiers  carried  a  banner  on 
which  was  painted  the  body  of  the  murdered 
Darnley  lying  under  the  tree  near  the  kirk  of 
Field,  and  a  child  kneeling  beside  it,  with  the 
legend  "Judge  and  avenge  my  cause,  O  Lord." 
This  terrible  flag  was  paraded  before  her  ;  and 
when  she  awoke  next  morning,  and  looked  out 
of  the  window  of  the  provost  house  in  which 


she  had  been  lodged,  the  same  dreadful  repre- 
sentation was  hung  up  to  meet  her  first  gaze.  In 
her  despair  she  attempted  to  address  the  people, 
who  were  moved  to  some  pity  at  her  agony. 
[Public  sentiment  punished  the  murderess.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  9,  p.  149. 

5111.  SENTIMENTS,  Irrepressible.  Napole- 
on  I.  [He  declared  there  was  no  nobility  but 
that  of  merit,  yet]  he  divorced  his  faithful  Jo- 
sephine and  married  a  daughter  of  the  Caesars, 
that  by  an  illustrious  alliance  he  might  avail 
himself  of  this  universal  and  innate  prejudice. 
No  power  of  reasoning  can  induce  one  to  look 
with  the  same  interest  upon  the  child  of  Caesar 
and  the  child  of  the  beggar. — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

5112.  SEPULCHRE,  Kissing  the  Holy.  Cru- 
saders. [The  Crusaders  had  taken  the  city  of 
Jerusalem.]  The  holy  sepulchre  was  now  free, 
and  the  bloody  victors  prepared  to  accomplish 
their  vow.  Bareheaded  and  barefoot,  with  con- 
trite hearts,  and  in  a  humble  posture,  they  as- 
cended the  hill  of  Calvary,  amidst  the  loud  an- 
thems of  the  clergy,  kissed  the  stone  which  had 
covered  the  Saviour  of  the  world,  and  bedewed 
with  tears  of  joy  and  penitence  the  monument 
of  their  redemption. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58, 
p.  594. 

5113.  SEPULCHRES,  Economy  in.  Atheniam. 
The  expense  was  excessive  at  the  death  of  great 
persons,  and  their  sepulchres  were  as  sumptuous 
and  magnificent  as  those  of  the  Romans  in  the 
age  of  Cicero.  Demetrius  made  a  law  to  abol- 
ish this  abuse,  which  had  passed  into  a  custom, 
and  inflicted  penalties  on  those  who  disobeyed 
it.  He  also  ordered  the  ceremonials  of  funerals 
to  be  performed  by  night,  and  none  were  per- 
mitted to  place  any  other  ornament  on  tombs 
than  a  column  three  cubits  high,  or  a  plain  tab- 
let, mensam,  and  appointed  a  particular  magis- 
trate to  enforce  the  observation  of  this  law. — 
Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  16,  §  5. 

5114.  SEPULTURE,  Preparation  for.  Spar- 
tans. The  body  of  Agesilaus  was  carried  to 
Sparta.  Those  who  were  about  him  not  having 
honey,  with  which  it  was  the  Spartan  custom  to 
cover  the  bodies  they  wished  to  embalm,  made 
use  of  wax  in  its  stead. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book 
12,  §  10. 

5115.  SERENADE,  Response  to.  Abralmm  Lin- 
coln. On  the  occasion  of  a  serenade,  the  Presi- 
dent was  called  for  by  the  crowd  assembled.  He 
appeared  at  the  window  with  his  wife  (who  is 
somewhat  below  the  medium  height),  and  made 
the  following  brief  remarks  :  "  Here  I  am,  and 
here  is  Mrs.  Lincoln.  That's  the  long  and  short 
of  it." — Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  749. 

5116.  SERFAGE,  Burdens  of.  England.  Thir- 
teenth Gentui-y.  The  troubles  of  the  time  helped 
here  as  elsewhere  the  progress  of  the  town : 
serfs,  fugitives  from  justice  or  their  lord,  the 
trader,  the  Jew,  naturally  sought  shelter  under 
the  strong  hand  of  St.  Edmund.  But  the  set- 
tlers were  wholly  at  the  abbot's  mercy.  Not  a 
settler  but  was  bound  to  pay  his  pence  to  the 
abbot's  treasury,  to  plow  a  rood  of  his  land,  to 
reap  in  his  harvest-field,  to  fold  his  sheep  in  the 
abbey  folds,  to  help  bring  the  annual  catch  of 
eels  from  the  abbey  waters.  Within  the  four 
crosses  that  bounded  the  abbot's  domain  land 


SERMON— SEVERITY, 


607 


and  water  were  his  :  the  cattle  of  the  townsmen 
paid  for  their  pasture  on  the  common  ;  if  the 
fullers  refused  the  loan  of  their  cloth,  the  cellar- 
ers would  refuse  the  use  of  the  stream,  and 
seize  their  looms  wherever  they  found  them. 
No  toll  might  be  levied  from  tenants  of  the 
abbey  farms,  and  customers  had  to  wait  before 
shop  and  stall  till  the  buyers  of  the  abbot  had 
had  the  pick  of  the  market.  There  was  little 
chance  ot  redress,  for  if  burghers  complained  in 
folk-mote  it  was  before  the  abbot's  otficers  that 
its  meeting  was  held ;  if  they  appealed  to  the 
alderman,  he  was  the  abbot's  nominee  and  re- 
ceived the  horn,  the  symbol  of  his  office,  at  the 
Abbot's  hands.  Like  all  the  greater  revolutions  of 
society,  the  advance  from  this  mere  serfage  was 
a  silent  one  ;  indeed,  its  more  galling  instances 
of  oppression  seem  to  have  slipped  uncon- 
-sciously  away. — Hist,  of  Eng  People,  §  177. 

5117.  SEEMON,  Along.  Bisho2)  Burnet.  In 
the  pulpit,  the  effect  of  his  discourses,  which 
were  delivered  without  any  notes,  was  heighten- 
ed by  a  noble  figure  and  by  pathetic  action.  He 
was  often  interrupted  by  the  deep  hum  of  his 
Audience ;  and  when,  after  preaching  out  the 
hour-glass,  which  in  those  days  was  part  of  the 
furniture  of  the  pulpit,  he  held  it  up  in  his 
hand,  the  congregation  clamorously  encouraged 
him  to  go  on  till  the  sand  had  run  off  once 
more. — ^JIacaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  163. 

5118.  SERMON,  A  queer.  Bislwp  Turner's. 
[At  the  coronation  of  James  IL]  The  sermon 
■was  made  up  of  quaint  conceits,  such  as  seventy 
years  earlier  might  have  been  admired,  but  such 
as  moved  the  scorn  of  a  generation  accustomed 
to  the  purer  eloquence  of  Sprat,  of  South,  and 
of  Tillotson.  King  Solomon  was  King  James. 
Adonijah  was  Monmouth.  Joab  was  a  Rye 
House  conspirator ;  Shimei  a  Whig  libeler ; 
Abiathar,  an  honest  but  misguided  old  Cavalier. 
One  phrase  in  the  Book  of  Chronicles  was  con- 
strued to  mean  that  the  king  was  above  the 
Parliament  [and  another  was  cited  to  prove  that 
Jhe  alone  ought  to  command  the  militia]. — Ma- 
CAUlay's  Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  441. 

5119.  SERMONS,  Soporific.  Latimer's.  The 
^ood  Latimer  is  not  very  hard  upon  those  who 
slept  at  sermons  ;  he  tells  a  story  of  a  gentle- 
woman of  London  whose  neighbor  met  her  in 
the  street  and  said,  "  Mistress,  whither  go  ye  ?" 
"  Marry,"  said  she,  "  I  am  going  to  St.  Thomas 
of  Acres  to  the  sermon.  I  could  not  sleep  all 
this  last  night,  and  1  am  going  now  thither  :  I 
never  failed  of  a  good  nap  there." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  29,  p.  491. 

5120.  SERVANT,  Devotion  of.  Maria.  The 
story  of  Maria,  the  daughter  of  the  magnificent 
Eudaemon,  is  singular  and  interesting.  In  the 
sack  of  Carthage  she  was  purchased  from  the 
Vandals  by  some  merchants  from  Syria,  who 
afterward  sold  her  as  a  slave  in  their  native  coun- 
try, A  female  attendant,  transported  in  the 
same  ship,  and  sold  in  the  same  family,  still 
continued  to  respect  a  mistress  whom  fortune 
had  reduced  to  the  common  level  of  servitude  ; 
and  the  daughter  of  Eudaemon  received  from 
her  grateful  affection  the  domestic  services 
"which  she  had  once  required  from  her  obedi- 
ence. This  remarkable  behavior  divulged  the 
real  condition  of  Maria,  who,  in  the  absence  of 


the  bishop  of  Cyrrhus,  was  redeemed  from  sla- 
very by  the  generosity  of  some  soldiers  of  the 
garrison. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  33,  p.  382. 

5121.  SERVANT,  A  useful.  Sidney  Godol- 
pMn.  Godolphin  had  been  bred  a  page  at  White- 
hall, and  had  early  acquired  all  the  flexibility 
and  the  self-possession  of  a  veteran  courtier.  He 
was  laborious,  clear-headed,  and  profoundly 
versed  in  the  details  of  finance.  Every  gov- 
ernment, therefore,  found  him  a  useful  servant ;  i 
and  there  was  nothing  in  his  opinions  or  in  his  ! 
character  which  could  prevent  him  from  serv- 
ing any  government.  "  Sidney  Godolphin," 
said  Charles,  ' '  is  never  in  the  way,  and  never 
out  of  the  way."  This  pointed  remark  goes  far 
to  explain  Godolphin's  extraordinary  success  in 
life. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  238. 

5122.  SERVICE,  Demoralized.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  The  chief  bait  which  allured  these 
men  [the  court  favorites]  into  the  [naval]  ser- 
vice was  the  profit  of  conveying  bullion  and 
other  valuable  commodities  from  port  to  port ; 
for  both  the  Atlantic  and  the  Mediterranean  were 
then  so  infested  by  pirates  from  Barbary  that 
merchants  were  not  willing  to  trust  precious 
cargoes  to  any  custody  but  that  of  a  man-of-war. 
A  captain  in  this  way  sometimes  cleared  several 
thousand  pounds  by  a  short  voyage  ;  and  for 
this  lucrative  business  he  too  often  neglected  the 
interests  of  his  country  and  the  honor  of  his 
flag,  made  mean  submission  to  foreign  powers, 
disobeyed  the  most  direct  injunctions  of  his  su- 
periors, lay  in  port  when  he  was  ordered  to 
chase  a  Sallee  rover,  or  run  with  dollars  to  Leg- 
horn when  his  instructions  directed  him  to  re- 
pair to  Lisbon  ;  and  all  this  he  did  with  impu- 
nity.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  283. 

5123.  SEVERITY,  Disgraceful.  "Bottomless 
Bagge."  There  was  one  living  in  the  West  at 
that  time,  "Bottomless  Bagge,"  Sir  James 
Bagge,  and  it  is  to  no  other  than  Archbishop 
Laud  that  he  must  be  thankful  for  his  charac- 
teristic patronymic.  He  was  Buckingham's 
choice,  and  a  most  worthy  agent  for  the  West ; 
he  had  a  profound  genius  for  servilities,  mean- 
nesses, and  rascalities  of  every  kind  ;  he  was  a 
man  who  could  lick  the  blacking  off  a  great  man's 
boots  and  swear  that  it  was  better  than  port 
wine ;  it  was  he  who  offered  the  £5  to  the 
Frenchmen  for  their  £80.  We  see  in  him  the 
cur  constantly  snapping  round  about  the  heels 
of  Eliot,  and  always  with  the  same  sinuous  sanc- 
tity— his  fragrant  name  is  an  ointment  poured 
forth  with  a  large  flavoring  of  asafoetida  ;  a 
truculent  rascal,  a  genuine  barnacle,  a  great 
high-priest  of  the  Circumlocution  Office,  em- 
bodying in  himself  a  premature  aptitude  of 
chicane  and  red  tape,  which  might  make  him  a 
study  even  in  these  modern  days.  The  rascal 
does  not  seem  to  have  got  the  worst  of  it. — 
Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  4,  p.  64. 

5124.  SEVERITY,  Parental.  Roman.  [War 
with  the  Samnites.]  The  battle  began  ;  and 
Titus  Manlius,  the  son  of  the  consul  Torquatus, 
being  challenged  by  a  Latin  captain,  accepted 
the  summons,  defeated  his  antagonist,  and  re- 
turned with  his  spoils  to  the  main  army.  His 
father,  with  a  true  Roman  severity,  ordered  his 
head  to  be  struck  off  for  disobedience. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  7,  p.  353. 


608 


SHAME— SIGNATURE. 


5125.  SHAME,  Consammate.  Queen  of  Spain. 
A.D.  1808.  [Prince]  Ferdinand  {w'ho  demanded 
the  abdication  of  his  imbecile  father  and  disso- 
lute mother,  Charles  IV.  and  Louisa  Maria]  was 
endeavoring  to  blazon  abroad  his  mother's  shame, 
and  to  bring  Godroy  [one  of  the  king's  body- 
guard] to  trial  as  his  mother's  paramour.  Napo- 
leon thus  delicately  suggested  to  him  that,  in 
dishonoring  his  mother,  he  did  but  invalidate 
the  legitimacy  of  his  own  birth.  .  .  .  The  still 
more  wretched  mother  retaliated,  as  perhaps  no 
mother  ever  retaliated  before.  She  told  her  son 
to  his  face  that  he  was  of  ignoble  birth — that 
her  husband  was  not  his  father. — Abbott's  Na- 
poleon B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  1. 

5126.  SHAMS,  Military.  American  Revolution. 
[Major  General  Stupen  wrote  of  the  disorder 
and  confusion  in  Washington's  army  at  Valley 
Forge  as  he  found  it.]  I  have  seen  a  regiment 
consisting  of  thirty  men,  and  a  company  of  one 
corporal.  [The  men  were  only  engaged  for  three, 
or  six,  or  nine  months,  so  that  it  was  impossible 
to  have  a  regiment  or  company  complete.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  24,  p.  383. 

5127.  SHOUTING  vs.  Silence.  Trojans— Greeks. 
It  appears  from  Homer's  accounts  that  the 
Greeks,  in  rushing  on  to  engagement,  preserved 
a  deep  silence,  while  the  Trojans,  like  most  other 
barbarous  nations,  uttered  hideous  shouts  at  the 
moment  of  attack. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1, 
ch.  8,  p.  78. 

512§.  SICKNESS  cured  by  Gifts,  The.  Fif- 
teenth Gentury.  The  Church  held  its  empire  over 
the  will  of  the  population,  high  and  low,  through 
the  universal  belief  in  the  efficacy  of  its  ceremo- 
nial observances  for  procuring  health  and  weal 
and  the  safety  of  souls.  A  husband  is  sick  in 
London,  and  his  anxious  wife  writes,  "My 
mother  behested  [vowed]  another  image  of  wax 
of  the  weight  of  you,  to  our  Lady  of  Walsing- 
ham  ;  and  she  sent  four  nobles  to  the  four  or- 
ders of  Friars  at  Norwich  to  pray  for  you  ;  and 
I  have  behested  to  go  on  a  pilgrimage  to  Wal- 
singham  and  St.  Leonards."  [a.d.  1450-1486.] 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  8,  p.  125. 

5129.  SICKNESS,  Friend  in.  SamuelJohnson. 
Miss  Williams  told  me  he  asked  her  to  sit  down 
by  him,  which  she  did  ;  and  upon  her  inquiring 
how  he  was,  he  answered,  "  I  am  very  ill  in- 
deed, madam.  I  am  very  ill  when  you  are  near 
me  ;  what  should  I  be  were  j^ou  at  a  distance  ?" 
— Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  519. 

5130.  SICKNESS,  Information  in.  Aristotle. 
Once,  when  he  was  sick,  he  said  to  the  doctor, 
"Do  not  treat  me  as  you  would  a  driver  of  oxen 
or  a  digger,  but  tell  me  the  cause,  and  you 
will  find  me  obedient." — Cyclopedia  op  Biog., 
p.  558. 

5131.  SICKNESS,  Saintly.  Rev.  John  W. 
Fletcher.  A  friend  went  to  visit  the  heavenly- 
minded  Fletcher  in  his  illness.  He  remarked  : 
"  I  went  to  see  a  man  with  one  foot  in  the  grave, 
but  found  him  with  one  foot  in  heaven." — Ste- 
vens' Methodism,  vol.  2,  p.  50. 

-  5132.  SIGN  of  Destiny.  Mahomet.  [The 
monk  Djerdjis,  at  an  interview]  perceived  a 
sign  below  the  neck,  between  the  shoulders  of 
Mahomet,  a  sign  regarded  by  the  Arabs  as  the 
omen  of  a  great  destiny. — Lamartine's  Turkey, 
p.  58. 


5133.  SIGNAL  for  Action.  Alexander.  In 
drawing  up  his  army  and  giving  orders,  as  well 
as  exercising  and  reviewing  it,  he  spared  Buceph- 
alus on  account  of  his  age,  and  rode  another 
horse  ;  but  he  constantly  charged  upon  him  ;  and 
he  had  no  sooner  mounted  him  than  the  signal 
was  always  given. — Plutarch's  Alexander. 

5134.  SIGNAL  mistaken.  Oildo  the  Rebel. 
Gildo  was  prepared  to  resist  the  invasion  with  aU 
the  forces  of  Africa.  .  .  .  He  proudly  reviewed 
an  army  of  70,000  men,  and  boasted,  with  the 
rash  presumption  which  is  the  forerunner  of  dis- 
grace, that  his  numerous  cavalry  would  tram- 
ple under  their  horses'  feet  the  troops  of  Mascezel, 
and  involve,  in  a  cloud  of  burning  sand,  the 
natives  of  the  cold  regions  of  Gaul  and  Germany. 
But  the  Moor,  who  commanded  the  legions  of 
Honorius  [the  Roman  Emperor],  .  .  .  fixed  his 
camp  of  5000  veterans  in  the  face  of  a  superior 
enemy  and,  after  the  delay  of  three  days,  gave 
the  signal  of  a  general  engagement.  As  Mascezel 
advanced  before  the  front  with  fair  offers  of 
peace  and  pardon,  he  encountered  one  of  the  fore- 
most standard-bearers  of  the  Africans,  and  on 
his  refusal  to  yield,  struck  him  on  the  arm  with 
his  sword.  The  arm  and  the  standard  sunk 
under  the  weight  of  the  blow  ;  and  the  imaginary 
act  of  submission  was  hastily  repeated  by  all  the 
standards  of  the  line.  At  this  signal  the  disaffected 
cohorts  proclaimed  the  name  of  their  lawful 
sovereign  ;  the  barbarians,  astonished  by  the  de- 
fection of  their  Roman  allies,  dispersed,  accord- 
ing to  their  custom,  in  tumultuary  flight ;  and 
Mascezel  obtained  the  honors  of  an  easy  and 
almost  bloodless  victory.  The  tyrant  escaped 
from  the  field. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  29,  p.  186. 

5135.  SIGNALS,  Ancient.  Greek  Empire.^  The 
language  of  signals,  so  clear  and  copious  in  the 
naval  grammar  of  the  moderns,  was  imperfectly 
expressed  by  the  various  positions  and  colors  of 
a  commanding  flag.  In  the  darkness  of  the  night, 
the  same  orders  to  chase,  to  attack,  to  halt,  to  re- 
treat, to  break,  to  form,  were  conveyed  by  the 
lights  of  the  leading  galley.  By  land,  the  fire- 
signals  were  repeated  from  one  mountain  to 
another  ;  a  chain  of  eight  stations  commanded  a 
space  of  five  hundred  miles  ;  and  Constantinople 
in  a  few  hours  was  apprised  of  the  hostile  motions 
of  the  Saracens  of  Tarsus. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  53,  p.  366. 

5136.  SIGNATURE  of  Ignorance.  "Rude 
Mark."  In  the  eighth  year  of  his  age  Theodoric 
was  reluctantly  yielded  by  his  father  to  the  pub- 
lic interest,  as  the  pledge  of  an  alliance  which 
Leo,  Emperor  of  the  East,  had  consented  to  pur- 
chase by  an  annual  subsidy  of  three  hundred 
pounds  of  gold.  The  royal  hostage  was  educated 
at  Constantinople  with  care  and  tenderness.  His 
body  was  formed  to  all  the  exercises  of  war,  his 
mind  was  expanded  by  the  habits  of  liberal  con- 
versation ;  he  frequented  the  schools  of  the  most 
skilful  masters ;  but  he  disdained  or  neglected 
the  arts  of  Greece,  and  so  ignorant  did  he  always 
remain  of  the  first  elements  of  science,  that  a 
rude  mark  was  contrived  to  represent  the  signa- 
ture of  the  illiterate  King  of  Italy. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  39,  p.  2. 

5137.  SIGNATURE,  Remarkable.  Arabs.  The 
Arabs  relate  that  Amurath,  at  the  moment  of 
ratifying  a  convention  which  engaged  the  repub- 
lic [of  Ragusa]  to  pay  a  tribute  of  five  hundred 


SIGNATURE— SILENCE. 


609 


ducats  in  gold  to  the  Sultan,  in  exchange  for  the 
liberty  of  navigation  and  commerce  in  the  Turk- 
ish seas,  dipped  the  interior  of  his  hand  in  the 
ink,  and  applying  it  to  the  parchment,  left  there- 
on the  trace  of  his  five  fingers,  as  the  lion  im- 
prints his  five  claws  on  the  sand.  By  an  accident, 
say  they,  of  the  disposition  of  the  Sultan's  hand 
in  this  gesture,  the  three  middle  fingers  were 
joined  and  extended,  the  thumb  and  the  little  fin- 
ger were  separated  fanwise.  This  signature,  say 
they  further,  was  imitated  by  the  successors  of 
the' Sultan  as  a  sign  of  power,  of  disdain,  and  of 
possession  of  the  earth. — Lamartine's  Turkey, 
p.  245. 

513§.  SIGNATUEE,  Eesponsible.  Judges  of 
Charles  I.  To  sign  the  death-warrant  was  a 
solemn  deed,  from  which  some  of  the  judges 
-were  ready  to  shrink  ;  Cromwell  concealed  the 
magnitude  of  the  act  under  an  air  of  buffoonery  ; 
thechamber  rang  with  gayety  ;  he  daubed  the 
cheek  of  one  of  the  judges  that  sat  next  him  with 
ink,  and,  amid  shouts  of  laughter,  compelled 
another,  the  wavering  Ingoldsby,  to  sign  the 
paper  as  a  jest. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11. 

5139.  SIGNATURE,  A  responsible.  Duke  of 
Monmouth.  [After  the  overthrow  of  his  rebel- 
lion] Monmouth  threw  himself  on  the  ground, 
and  crawled  to  the  king's  feet  [James  II.].  He 
wept.  He  tried  to  embrace  his  uncle's  knees 
with  his  pinioned  arms.  He  begged  for  life,  only 
life,  life  at  any  price.  ...  A  declaration,  filled 
witli  atrocious  calumnies,  had  been  put  forth. 
The  regal  title  had  been  assumed.  For  treasons 
so  aggravated  there  could  be  no  pardon  on  this 
side  of  the  grave.  The  poor  terrified  duke  vowed 
that  he  had  never  wished  to  take  the  crown,  but 
had  been  led  into  that  fatal  error  by  others.  As 
to  the  Declaration,  he  had  not  written  it.  He  had 
not  read  it.  He  had  signed  it  without  looking 
at  it.  It  was  all  the  work  of  Ferguson,  that 
bloody  villain  Ferguson.  "Do  you  expect  me 
to  believe,"  said  James,  with  contempt  but  too 
well  merited,  "  that  you  set  your  hand  to  a  paper 
of  such  moment  without  knowing  what  it  con- 
tained ?" — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  575. 

5140.  SIGNATURE,  Symbolic.  Indian  Tribes. 
[Peace  was  made  by  the  tribes  with  the  French 
and  their  allies.]  A  written  treaty  was  made,  to 
which  each  nation  drew  for  itself  a  symbol.  The 
Senecas  and  Onondaga*  drew  a  spider  ;  the  Ca- 
yugas  a  calumet ;  the  Oneidas  a  forked  stick  ;  the 
Molaawks  a  bear  ;  the  Hurons  a  beaver  ;  the  Abe- 
nakis  a  deer,  and  the  Ottawas  a  hare.  ...  It  was 
declared  that  peace  should  reach  beyond  the  Mis- 
sissippi.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  21. 

5141.  SIGNS,  Faith  in.  Oold-Seekers.  [Gold- 
seekers  went  among  the  frozen  regions  of  North 
America,  following  Frobisher's  discoveries.] 
At  one  moment  they  expected  death,  and  at  the 
next  they  looked  for  gold.  Spiders  abounded, 
and  ' '  spiders  were  a  sign  of  great  store  of  gold. " 
[The  ships  were  laden  with  valueless  earth.] — 
Bancroft's  Hist,  op  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3. 

5142.  SIGNS,  Need  of.  Reign  of  Charles  II. 
The  houses  were  not  numbered.  There  would, 
indeed,  have  been  little  advantage  in  numbering 
them  ;  for  of  the  coachmen,  chairmen,  porters, 
and  errand-boys  of  London,  a  very  small  pro- 
portion could  read.  It  was  necessary  to  use 
marks  which  the  most  ignorant  could  under- 


stand. The  shops  were  therefore  distinguished 
by  painted  signs,  which  gave  a  gay  and  grotesque 
aspect  to  the  streets.  The  walk  from  Charing 
Cross  to  Whitechapel  lay  through  an  endless 
succession  of  Saracen's  Heads,  Royal  Oaks, 
Blue  Bears,  and  Golden  Lambs,  which  disap- 
peared when  they  were  no  longer  required  for 
the  direction  of  the  common  people. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  335. 

5143.  SIGNS,  Significant.  "  Of  the  Times.' 
[After  the  marriage  of  Philip  of  Spain  to  Queen 
Mary  of  England  indications  of  a  change  in  the 
policy  of  the  government  were  soon  given.]  After 
a  few  days  of  banqueting,  Philip  and  Mary  pro- 
ceeded to  Windsor,  where  the  king  was  installed 
as  a  knight  of  the  garter  ;  "  at  which  time,"  says 
Holinshed,  "a  herald  took  down  the  arms  of 
England  at  "Windsor,  and  in  place  of  them  would 
have  set  the  arms  of  Spain,  but  he  was  command- 
ed to  set  them  up  again  by  certain  lords."  This 
was  one  sign  of  the  times. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  5,  p.  75. 

5144.  SIGNS,  Welcome.  Columbus'  First  Voy- 
age. On  the  14th  of  September  the  voyagers 
were  rejoiced  by  the  sight  of  what  they  consid- 
ered harbingers  of  land.  A  heron  and  a  tropi- 
cal bird,  called  the  Rabo  de  Junco,  neither  of 
which  is  supposed  to  venture  far  to  sea,  hovered 
about  the  ships. — Irving's  Columbus,  Book  3, 
ch.  2. 

5145.  SILENCE  enjoined.  Alexander.  [Alex- 
ander the  Great  distributed  his  favors  with  a  free 
hand.  His  mother  wrote  him  :]  "You  do  well 
in  serving  your  friends,  and  it  is  right  to  act 
nobly  ;  but  by  making  them  all  equal  to  kings,  in 
proportion  as  you  put  it  in  their  power  to  make 
friends,  you  deprive  yourself  of  that  privilege." 
Olympias  often  wrote  to  him  in  that  manner ; 
but  he  kept  all  her  letters  secret,  except  one, 
which  Hephaestion  happened  to  cast  his  eye  upon, 
when  he  went,  according  to  custom,  to  read  over 
the  king's  shoulder  ;  he  did  not  hinder  him  from 
reading  on ;  only,  when  he  had  done,  he  took 
his  signet  from  his  finger  and  put  it  to  his  mouth., 
— -♦'lutarch's  Alexander. 

5146.  SILENCE  of  Grief.  Bonaparte.  [After 
the  battle  of  Leipzig,  which  decided  the  over- 
throw of  Bonaparte's  power  in  Europe,  he  was 
seen  sitting  at  a  window  in  Freiburg],  his  head 
resting  on  his  arm  in  silent  despair.  Berthier  sat 
opposite  to  him  in  a  similar  state.  Neither  spoke, 
and  officers  who  entered  were  silently  ordered, 
by  a  wave  of  the  hand,  to  leave  the  room. — 
Steffens  in  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  31, 
p.  565. 

5147.  SILENCE  in  Misfortune.  Pompey.  After 
this  fatal  engagement  [with  Caesar],  Pompey  ex- 
perienced all  the  miseries  of  a  fugitive.  The  last 
scenes  of  the  life  of  this  illustrious  man  afford  a 
striking  picture  of  the  vicissitudes  of  fortune  and 
the  instability  of  all  human  greatness.  He  passed 
the  first  night,  after  his  defeat,  in  the  solitary 
hut  of  a  fisherman  upon  the  sea-coast.  Thence 
he  went  on  board  a  vessel,  which  landed  him 
first  at  Amphipolis  ;  whence  be  sailed  to  Lesbos, 
where  his  wife  Cornelia  was  waiting,  in  anxious 
expectation,  the  issue  of  the  late  decisive  con- 
flict. They  met  upon  the  sea-shore.  Pompey  em- 
braced her  without  uttering  a  word,  and  this 
silence  spoke  at  once  the  whole  extent  of  her  mis 


610 


SILENCE— SIN. 


fortune.  They  fled  for  protection  to  Egypt.— 
Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  4,  ch.  3,  p.  408. 

514§.  SILENCE  necessary.  Plunder.  [In 
1645,  when  the  Parliament  army  plundered  the 
Basing  House,  one  soldier  got  three  bags  of  sil- 
ver, which  (he  not  being  able  to  keep  his  own 
counsel)  grew  to  be  common  pillage  among  the 
rest,  and  the  fellow  had  but  one  half  crown  left 
to  himself  at  last.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  4,  p.  50. 

5149.  SILENCE,  Public.      Samuel  JoTiTison. 

We  talked  of  public  speaking.  Johnson  :  "We 
must  not  estimate  a  man's  powers  by  his  being 
able  or  not  able  to  deliver  his  sentiments  in  pub- 
lic. Isaac  Hawkins  Browne,  one  of  the  first  wits 
of  this  country  got  into  Parliament,  and  never 
opened  his  mouth.  For  my  own  part,  I  think 
it  is  more  disgraceful  never  to  try  to  speak  than 
to  try  it  and  fail ;  as  it  is  more  disgraceful 
not  to  fight  than  to  fight  and  be  beaten."— Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  244. 

5150.  SILENCE,  Treasonable.  Beign  of  Henry 
VIII.  As  it  was  by  terror  that  he  [Thomas 
Cromwell]  mastered  the  king,  so  it  was  by  terror 
that  he  mastered  the  people.  Men  felt  in  Eng- 
land, to  use  the  figure  by  which  Erasmus  paints 
the  time,  "  as  if  a  scorpion  lay  sleeping  under 
every  stone."  The  confessional  had  no  secrets 
for  Cromwell.  Men's  talk  with  their  closest 
friends  found  its  way  to  his  ear.  "  Words  idly 
spoken,"  the  murmurs  of  a  petulant  abbot,  the 
ravings  of  a  moon-struck  nun,  were,  as  the 
nobles  cried  passionately  at  his  fall,  "  tortured 
into  treason."  The  only  chance  of  safety  lay 
in  silence.  "Friends  who  used  to  write  and 
send  me  presents," Erasmus  tells  us,  "now  sent 
neither  letters  nor  gifts,  nor  received  any  from 
any  one,  and  this  through  fear."  But  even  the 
refuge  of  silence  was  closed  by  a  law  more  in- 
famous than  any  that  has  ever  blotted  the  statute- 
book  of  England.  Not  only  was  thought  made 
treason,  but  men  were  forced  to  reveal  their 
thoughts  on  pain  of  their  very  silence  being  pun- 
ished with  the  penalties  of  treason. — Hist,  ojp 
Eng.  People,  §  577. 

5151.  SIMONY,  A  Debauchee's.  King  of 
France.  In  order  to  gratify  his  habitual  licen- 
tiousness, Philip,  whose  private  revenues  were 
scanty,  had  recourse  to  the  scandalous  expedient 
of  offering  for  sale,  to  the  highest  bidder,  the 
bishoprics  and  other  valuable  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferments, the  proceeds  of  this  unhallowed  traffic 
being  expended  in  riot  and  debauchery. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  7.  §  14. 

5152.  SIMONY,  Papal.  Pope  Vigilius.  [The 
pope  Sylverius  was  tried  on  the  charge  of  trea- 
son.] Accused  by  credible  witnesses  and  the 
evidence  of  his  own  subscription,  the  successor 
of  St.  Peter  was  despoiled  of  his  pontifical  orna- 
ments, clad  in  the  mean  habit  of  a  monk,  and 
embarked,  without  delay,  for  a  distant  exile  in 
the  East.  At  the  emperor's  command,  the 
clergy  of  Rome  proceeded  to  the  choice  of  a  new 
bishop ;  and  after  a  solemn  invocation  of  the 
Holy  Ghost,  elected  the  deacon  Vigilius,  who 
had  purchased  the  papal  throne  by  a  bribe  of 
two  hundred  pounds  of  gold. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  41,  p.  169. 

5153.  SIMPLICITY  difficult.     Samuel  John-  1 
son.     Goldsmith  said  that  he  thought  he  could  i 


write  a  good  fable,  mentioned  the  simplicity 
which  that  kind  of  composition  requires,  and 
observed,  that  in  most  fables  the  animals  intro- 
duced seldom  talk  in  character.  "  For  instance," 
said  he,  "the  fable  of  the  little  fishes,  who  saw 
birds  fly  over  their  heads,  and  envying  them, 
petitioned  Jupiter  to  be  changed  into  birds.  The 
skill,"  continued  he,  "  consists  in  making  them 
talk  like  little  fishes."  While  he  indulged  him- 
self in  this  fanciful  revery,  he  observed  Johnson 
shaking  his  sides  and  laughing.  Upon  which 
he  smartly  proceeded,  "  Why,  Dr.  Johnson,  this 
is  not  so  easy  as  you  seem  to  think  ;  for  if  you 
were  to  make  little  fishes  talk,  they  would  talk 
like  whales." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  210. 

5154.  SIMPLICITY  preserved.  Joan  of  Arc. 
[She  had  predicted  the  coronation  of  Charles 
VII.  at  Rheims.]  With  his  coronation  the  maid 
felt  her  errand  to  be  over.  "  O  gentle  king,  the 
pleasure  of  God  is  done,"  she  cried,  as  she  flung 
herself  at  the  feet  of  Charles  and  asked  leave  to 
go  home.  "  Would  it  were  his  good  will,"  she 
pleaded  with  the  archbishop,  as  he  forced  her  to 
remain,  "  that  I  might  go  and  keep  sheep  once 
more  with  my  sisters  and  my  brothers  ;  they 
would  be  so  glad  to  see  me  again  !"  But  the 
policy  of  the  French  court  detained  her. — Hist. 
OF  Eng.  People,  §  432. 

5155.  SIMPLICITY,  Eoyal.  Julian.  [The 
ruler  of  Gaul.]  The  simple  wants  of  nature 
regulated  the  measure  of  his  food  and  sleep. 
Rejecting  with  disdain  the  delicacies  provided 
for  his  table,  he  satisfied  his  appetite  with  the 
coarse  and  common  fare  which  was  allotted  to 
the  meanest  soldiers.  During  the  rigor  of  a 
Gallic  winter,  he  never  suffered  a  fire  in  his  bed- 
chamber ;  and  after  a  short  and  interrupted  slum- 
ber, he  frequently  rose  in  the  middle  of  the 
night  from  a  carpet  spread  on  the  floor,  to  des- 
patch any  urgent  business,  to  visits  his  rounds, 
or  to  steal  a  few  moments  for  the  prosecution  of 
his  favorite  studies. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  19, 
p.  233. 

5156.  SIN,  Indulgence  in.  For  Money.  With 
more  boldness  than  ever,  the  new  Pope  Leo  had 
sent,  in  1516,  agents  through  the  world  to  sell  in- 
dulgences, and  the  man  chosen  for  Saxony, 
Tetzel  the  Dominican,  and  his  band,  were 
among  the  most  zealous  preachers  of  this  iniqui- 
ty. "I  would  not  exchange,"  said  he,  in  one  of 
his  harangues,  "  my  privilege"  (as  vender  of  the 
papal  letters  of  absolution)  "  against  those  which 
St.  Peter  has  in  heaven  ;  for  I  have  saved  more 
souls  by  my  indulgences  than  the  apostle  by  his 
sermons.  Whatever  crime  one  may  have  com- 
mitted"— naming  an  outrage  upon  the  person  of 
the  Virgin  Mary — "  let  him  pay  well,  and  he  will 
receive  pardon.  Likewise  the  sins  which  you 
may  be  disposed  to  commit  in  future  may  be 
atoned  for  beforehand." — Bunsen's  Luther, 
p.  9. 

5157.  SIN  overlooked.  Samuel  Johnson.  I 
stated  to  him  an  anxious  thought,  by  which  a 
sincere  Christian  might  be  disturbed,  even  when 
conscious  of  having  lived  a  good  life,  so  far  as 
is  consistent  with  human  infirmity ;  he  might 
fear  that  he  should  afterward  fall  away,  and  be 
guilty  of  such  crimes  as  would  render  all  his 
former  religion  vain.  Could  there  be,  upon  this 
awful  subject,  such  a  thing  as  balancing  of  ac- 
counts ?  Suppose  a  man  who  has  led  a  good  life 


SIN— SINS. 


611 


for  seven  years  commits  an  act  of  wickedness, 
and  instantly  dies  ;  will  his  former  good  life 
have  any  effect  in  his  favor  ?"  Johnson  :  "  Sir, 
if  a  man  has  led  a  good  life  for  seven  years,  and 
then  is  hurried  by  passion  to  do  what  is  wrong, 
and  is  suddenly  carried  off,  depend  upon  it  he 
will  have  the  reward  of  his  seven  years'  good 
life  :  God  will  not  take  a  catch  of  him.  Upon 
this  principle  Richard  Baxter  believes  that  a 
suicide  may  be  saved.  '  If,'  says  he,  'it  should 
be  objected  that  what  I  maintain  may  encour- 
age suicide,  I  answer,  I  am  not  to  tell  a  lie  to 
prevent  it.' " — Bos  well's  Johnson,  p.  499. 

515§.  SIN,  Remedy  for.  American  Indians. 
That  man  should  take  up  the  cross,  that  sin 
should  be  atoned  for,  are  ideas  that  dwell  in  hu- 
man nature ;  they  were  so  diffused  among  the 
savages,  that  Leclercq  believed  some  of  the 
apostles  must  have  reached  the  American  conti- 
nent.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  8,  cli.  22. 

5159.  SIN,  Unpardonable.  William  Cowper. 
Cowper  tells  us  that  ' '  to  this  moment  he  had 
fel't  no  concern  of  a  spiritual  kind  ;"  that  "  ig- 
norant of  original  sin,  insensible  of  the  guilt  of 
actual  transgression,  he  understood  neither  the 
law  nor  the  gospel — the  condemning  nature  of 
the  one,  nor  the  restoring  mercies  of  the  other." 
But  after  attempting  suicide  he  was  seized,  as  he 
well  might  be,  with  religious  horrors.  Now  it 
was  that  he  began  to  ask  himself  whether  he  had 
been  guilty  of  the  unpardonable  sin,  and  was 
presently  persuaded  that  he  had,  though  it 
would  be  vain  to  inquire  what  he  imagined 
the  unpardonable  sin  to  be. — Smith's  Cowper, 
ch.  1. 

5160.  SINCERITY,  Attractions  of.  Beign  of 
William  and  Anne.  [All  Catholic  priests  in 
parishes  were  prisoners  at  large,  all  others  were 
banished  by  law.]  The  Catholic  priest  adjuring 
his  religion,  received  a  pension  of  thirty  and 
afterward  of  forty  pounds.  And  in  spite  of  these 
laws,  there  were,  it  is  said,  four  thousand  Cath- 
oHc  clergymen  in  Ireland  ;  and  the  Catholic 
worship  gained  upon  the  Protestant,  so  attractive 
is  sincerity  when  ennobled  by  persecution. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.  ,  vol.  5,  ch.  4. 

5161.  SINCERITY,  Power  in.  Julius  Ccesar. 
He  never  misled  his  army  as  to  an  enemy's 
strength  ;  or  if  he  misstated  their  numbers,  it  was 
only  to  exaggerate.  In  Africa,  before  Thapsus, 
when  his  officers  were  nervous  at  the  reported 
approach  of  Juba,  he  called  them  together,  and 
said  briefly  :  "  You  will  understand  that  with- 
in a  day  King  Juba  will  be  here  with  the  le- 
gions, 30,000  horse,  100,000  skirmishers,  and  300 
elephants.  You  are  not  to  think  or  ask  questions. 
I  tell  you  the  truth,  and  you  must  prepare  for  it. 
If  any  of  you  are  alarmed,  I  shall  send  you 
home."  [His  army  never  lost  a  battle  while  he 
was  with  them  in  person.]— Froude's  C^sar, 
ch.  28. 

5162.  SINGULARITY,  Motive  for.  Diogenes. 
As  the  character  of  this  extraordinary  person 
was  differently  judged  of  in  his  own  time,  some 
accounting  him  the  wisest  of  men  and  others 
little  better  than  a  madman,  it  is  no  wonder  that 
his  estimation  with  the  moderns  should  be 
equally  various.  It  is  not  to  be  doubted  that 
the  love  of  singularity  was  a  powerful  motive  of 
his  conduct  and  opinions.     He  opposed  the  com-^ 


mon-sense  of  mankind,  and  affected  a  contempt 
even  of  reputation,  as  he  found  that  conduct  a 
new  mode  of  acquiring  it. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  269. 

5163.  SINNERS,  Crusade  of.  First  Crusade. 
The  French  possessed  more  of  the  spirit  of  ad- 
venture than  the  Italians.  The  design  was  no 
sooner  proposed  in  a  council  held  at  Clermont,  in 
Auvergne,  than  they  took  up  arms  with  the  most 
enthusiastic  emulation.  The  principal  nobles 
immediately  sold  their  lands  to  raise  money  for 
the  expedition,  and  the  Church  bought  them 
at  an  easy  rate,  and  thus  acquired  immense  ter- 
ritorial possessions  ;  even  the  poorest  barons  set 
out  upon  their  own  charges,  and  the  vassals  at- 
tended the  standard  of  their  lords.  Besides  these, 
whom  we  may  suppose  to  have  been  influenced 
by  the  piety  of  the  design,  an  innumerable  mul- 
titude, a  motley  assemblage  of  beggars,  slaves, 
malefactors,  strumpets,  debauchees,  and  profli- 
gates of  all  kinds  joined  the  throng,  and  hoped  to 
find  in  those  scenes  of  holy  carnage  and  desola- 
tion means  of  making  their  fortune  by  plun- 
der.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  9,  p.  154. 
[Note.] — Many  even  of  these  miscreants  had 
their  own  motives  of  piety.  Mr.  Gibbon's  ob- 
servation has  both  truth  and  wit  in  it.  "  At  the 
voice  of  their  pastor,  the  robber,  the  incendiary, 
the  homicide,  arose  by  thousands  to  redeem  their 
souls,  by  repeating  on  the  infidels  the  same 
deeds  which  they  had  exercised  against  their 
Christian  brethren." — Gibbon,  ch.  68. 

5164.  SINS,  Deliverance  from.  By  Indul- 
gences. This  warning  against  the  preachers 
of  indulgences  was  justified  by  good  reasons. 
For  in  the  neighborhood  of  Wittenberg,  at  the 
town  of  Jiiterbock,  Tetzel,  a  Dominican  monk, 
carried  on  his  traffic.  There  were  lively  times 
at  that  place,  as  at  an  annual  fair  and  market. 
The  people  danced  and  caroused,  rejoicing  that 
they  were  rid  of  their  sins.  And  large  mul- 
titudes flocked  from  Wittenberg  to  patronize 
Tetzel. — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  1,  p.  9. 

5165.  SINS  of  Others.  Jo7m  Bunyan.  Of 
himself  he  says :  "  Though  I  could  sin  with 
delight  and  ease,  and  take  pleasure  in  the  ril- 
lainies  of  my  companions,  even  then,  if  I  saw 
wicked  things  done  by  them  that  professed 
goodness,  it  would  make  my  spirit  tremble. 
Once,  when  I  was  in  the  height  of  my  vanity, 
hearing  one  swear  that  was  reckoned  a  relig- 
ious man,  it  made  my  heart  to  ache." — 
Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  1. 

5166.  SINS,  Tormenting.  John  Bunyan.  "  My 
sins,"  he  says,  "  did  so  offend  the  Lord  that 
even  in  my  childhood  He  did  scare  and  af- 
fright me  with  fearful  dreams,  and  did  terrify 
me  with  dreadful  visions.  I  have  been  in  my 
bed  greatly  afflicted,  while  asleep,  with  appre- 
hensions of  devils  and  wicked  spirits,  who  still, 
as  I  then  thought,  labored  to  draw  me  away 
with  them,  of  which  I  could  never  be  rid.  I 
was  afflicted  with  thoughts  of  the  Day  of  Judg- 
ment night  and  day,  trembling  at  the  thoughts  of 
the  fearful  torments  of  hell  fire."  When,  at 
ten  years  old,  he  was  running  about  with  his 
companions  in  "  his  sports  and  childish  vani- 
ties," these  terrors  continually  recurred  to  him, 
yet  "he  would  not  let  go  his  sins." — Froude'b 
Bunyan,  ch.  1. 


G12 


SISTER— SLANDER. 


3167.  SISTER,  A  comforting.  To  Frederick 
the  G-reat.  Amid  disastrous  defeat  in  battle 
and  increasing  and  determined  foes,  his  mother, 
"  whom  he  loved  most  tenderly,"  died.  A  few 
friends  remained  faithful  to  him,  cheering  him 
by  their  correspondence.  "  Oh,  that  Heaven 
had  heaped  all  ills  on  me  alone  !"  said  his  af- 
fectionate sister  ;  "I  would  have  borne  them 
with  firmness." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4, 
eh.  12. 

516§.  SKILL  misapplied.  Perpetual  Motioiu 
Richard  Arkwright .  .  .  had  so  little  knowledge 
of  mechanical  principles,  that  he  took  it  into  his 
head  to  invent  a  perpetual  motion.  So  infatu- 
ated was  he,  that  he  spent  most  of  his  time, 
and  soon  all  his  money,  in  making  experiments. 
Peace  fled  from  his  house,  and  plenty  from  his 
board.  His  wife  very  naturally  resented  this 
infringement  of  her  rights,  and,  on  one  unhap- 
py day,  overcome  with  sudden  anger,  she  broke 
to  pieces  his  wheels  and  levers,  and  all  the  ap- 
paratus of  his  perpetual  motion.  Violence  never 
answers  a  good  purpose  between  people  who 
live  together  in  a  relation  so  intimate — neither 
violence  of  word  nor  deed.  Richard  Arkwright 
could  not  forgive  this  cruel  stroke  ;  he  separat- 
ed himself  from  his  wife,  and  never  lived  with 
her  again. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  708. 

5169.  SKILL,  Proof  of.  Maier  BotJiscMld. 
The  Landgrave's  friend.  General  Estorflf,  had 
noticed  the  accuracy  and  good  sense  of  Maier 
Rothschild  many  j^ears  before,  when  the  bank- 
er was  a  banker's  clerk  in  Hanover.  He  recom- 
mended him  for  the  post,  and  he  was  summon- 
ed to  the  Landgrave's  residence.  When  he 
arrived,  it  chanced  that  the  mighty  monarch  was 
getting  badly  beaten  in  a  game  of  chess,  by 
General  Estorfl.  "  Do  you  understand  chess?" 
asked  the  Landgrave.  "  Yes,  your  Highness," 
said  the  banker.  "  Then  step  up  here  and  look 
at  my  game."  Rothschild  obeyed,  and  suggest- 
ed the  moves  by  which  the  game  was  easily 
won.  It  was  enough.  From  that  time  to  the 
end  of  his  life  he  managed  the  finances  of  the 
Landgrave  of  Hesse. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  567. 

5170.  SLANDER,  Defence  from.  Napoleon  I. 
When  I  have  been  asked  to  cause  answers  to  be 
written  to  them  [see  No.  24]  I  have  uniformly 
replied,  "  My  victories  and  my  works  of  public 
improvement  are  the  only  response  which  it 
becomes  me  to  make." — Abbott's  Napoleon 
B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  9. 

5171.  SLANDER  from  Envy.  John  Bunyan. 
Envy  at  his  rapidly-acquired  reputation  brought 
him  baser  enemies.  He  was  called  a  witch,  a 
Jesuit,  a  highwayman.  It  was  reported  that  he 
had  "  his  misses,"  that  he  had  two  wives,  etc. 
"  My  foes  have  missed  their  mark  in  this,"  he 
said,  with  honest  warmth  ;  "  I  am  not  the  man. 
If  all  the  fornicators  and  adulterers  in  England 
were  hanged  by  the  neck,  John  Bunyan,  the 
object  of  their  envy,  would  be  still  alive  and 
well." — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  5. 

5172.  SLANDER,  Fine  for.  $500,000.  The 
late  sheriff  [of  London],  Pinkington,  having 
said,  upon  the  duke's  [of  York,  afterward 
James  II.]  return,  "  he  had  fired  the  city  and 
was  now  come  to  cut  their  throats,"  he  caused 
him  to  be  indicted,  and  the  court  assigned  his 


Royal    Highness      £100,000     for    damages.— 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  23,  p.  370. 

5173.  SLANDER,  Opposition  by.  John  Wes- 
ley. When  the  country  was  in  general  commo- 
tion, occasioned  by  threatened  invasions  from 
France  and  Spain,  and  by  the  movements  of  the 
Scotch  Pretender,  ...  all  sorts  of  calum- 
nies against  Wesley  flew  over  the  land.  He 
had  been  seen  with  the  Pretender  in  France  ; 
had  been  taken  up  for  high  treason,  and  was  at 
last  safe  in  prison  awaiting  his  doom.  He  was 
a  Jesuit,  and  kept  Roman  priests  in  his  house  at 
Lohdon.  He  was  an  agent  of  Spain,  whence  he 
received  large  remittances,  in  order  to  raise  a 
body  of  twenty  thousand  men  to  aid  the  expect- 
ed Spanish  invasion.  He  was  an  Anabaptist  ;  a 
Quaker  ;  had  been  prosecuted  for  unlawfully 
selling  gin  ;  had  hanged  himself  ;  and,  at  any 
rate,  was  not  the  genuine  John  Wesley,  for  it 
was  well  known  that  the  latter  was  dead  and 
buried. — Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  199. 

5174.  SLANDER  of  Piety.  Comtantine.  [After 
he  became  a  Christian.]  'The  historian  Zosimus 
maliciously  asserts  that  the  emperor  had  im- 
brued his  hands  in  the  blood  of  his  eldest  son 
before  he  publicly  renounced  the  gods  of  Rome 
and  of  his  ancestors. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  20, 
p.  249. 

5175. .    Richard  Baxter's.    [Reign 

of  James  II.]  In  a  Commentary  on  the  New 
Testament,  he  had  complained,  with  some  bit- 
terness, of  the  persecution  which  the  Dissent- 
ers suffered.  That  men  who,  for  not  using  the 
Praj'^er  Book,  had  been  driven  from  their  homes, 
stripped  of  their  property,  and  locked  up  in  dun- 
geons, should  dare  to  utter  a  murmur,  was  then 
thought  a  high  crime  against  the  State  and  the 
Church.  ,  .  .  An  information  was  filed.  Baxter 
begged  that  he  might  be  allowed  some  time  to 
prepare  for  his  defence.  It  was  on  the  day  on 
which  Gates  was  pilloried  in  Palace  Yard  that 
the  illustrious  chief  of  the  Puritans,  oppressed 
by  age  and  infirmities,  came  to  Westminster 
Hall  to  make  this  request.  Jeffreys  burst  into  a 
storm  of  rage.  "  Not  a  minute,"  he  cried,  "  to 
save  his  life.  I  can  deal  with  saints  as  well  as 
with  sinners.  There  stands  Gates  on  one  side 
of  the  pillory  ;  and  if  Baxter  stood  on  the  other, 
the  two  greatest  rogues  in  the  kingdom  would 
stand  together." —  Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4, 
p.  456. 

5176.  SLANDER  punished.  By  James  I.  On 
the  3d  of  August,  1596,  John  Dickson,  an  Eng- 
lishman, was  indicted  for  uttering  calumni- 
ous and  slanderous  speeches  against  the  king. 
The  amount  of  his  offence  was  that,  being 
drunk,  he  had  allowed  a  boat  he  was  managing 
to  come  in  the  way  of  one  of  the  king's  ordnance 
vessels,  when,  being  called  upon  by  Archibald 
Gairdenar,  one  of  his  Majesty's  cannoners,  to 
give  place  to  his  Majesty's  ordnance,  "  he  fyrst 
ansserit,  that  he  would  nocht  vyre  his  boit  for 
king  or  kasard  ;  and  thairefter,  maist  proudlie, 
arrogantlie,  shlanderouslie,  and  calumniouslie 
callit  his  Majestic  ane  bastard  king  :  and  that  he 
was  nocht  worthie  to  be  obeyit."  The  jury  found 
him  guilty,  but  qualified  their  verdict  by  admit- 
ting his  drunkenness  ;  but  their  qualification  did 
not  avail ;  the  poor  fellow  was  hanged. — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  2,  p.  35. 


SLANDER— SLAVERY. 


613 


5177.  SLANDER  rewarded.  Dick  Talbot.  [He 
had  declared  Anue  Hyde's  adultery  with  him- 
self before  her  marriage  to  the  king.]  Had  her 
husband  [James  II.]  been  a  man  really  upright 
and  honorable,  he  would  have  driven  from  his 
presence  with  indignation  and  contempt  the 
wretches  that  slandered  her.  But  one  of  the  pe- 
culiarities of  James'  character  was  that  no  act, 
however  wicked  and  shameful,  which  had  been 
prompted  by  a  desire  to  gain  his  favor,  ever 
seemed  to  him  deserving  of  disapprobation.  Tal- 
bot continued  to  frequent  the  court,  appearing 
daily  with  brazen  front  before  the  princess  whose 
ruin  he  had  plotted,  and  was  installed  into  the 
lucrative  post  of  chief  panderer  to  her  husband. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  45. 

517§.  SLANDER,  Victim  of.  Colwmbus.  [Put 
in  chains.  See  No.  1648.]  From  the  early 
and  never-to-be-forgotten  outrage  upon  Castilian 
pride,  of  compelling  hidalgos,  in  time  of  emer- 
gency, to  labor  in  the  construction  of  works 
necessary  to  the  public  safety,  down  to  the  recent 
charge  of  levying  war  against  the  government, 
there  was  not  a  hardship,  abuse,  nor  sedition  in 
the  island  that  was  not  imputed  to  the  misdeeds 
of  Columbus  and  his  brothers.  Besides  the  usual 
accusations  of  inflicting  oppressive  labor,  un- 
necessary tasks,  painful  restrictions,  short  allow- 
ances of  food,  and  cruel  punishments  upon  the 
Spaniards,  and  waging  unjust  wars  against  the 
natives,  they  were  now  charged  with  preventing 
the  conversion  of  the  latter,  that  they  might 
send  them  slaves  to  Spain,  and  profit  by  their 
sale.  This  last  charge,  so  contrary  to  the  pious 
feelings  of  the  admiral,  was  founded  on  his  hav- 
ing objected  to  the  baptism  of  certain  Indians  of 
mature  age,  until  they  could  be  instructed  in  the 
doctrines  of  Christianity ;  justly  considering  it 
an  abuse  of  that  holy  sacrament  to  administer 
it  thus  blindly.  Columbus  was  charged,  also, 
with  having  secreted  pearls  and  other  precious 
articles  collected  in  his  voyage  along  the  coast. 
— Irving's  Columbus,  Book  13,  ch.  7. 

5179.  SLANDERS,  Vile.  Primitive  Church. 
There  were  many  who  pretended  to  confess  or 
to  relate  the  ceremonies  of  this  abhorred  society. 
It  was  asserted,  "  that  a  new-born  infant,  entirely 
covered  over  with  flour,  was  presented,  like 
some  mystic  symbol  of  initiation,  to  the  knife  of 
the  proselyte,  who  unknowingly  inflicted  many 
a  secret  and  mortal  wound  on  the  innocent  vic- 
tim of  his  error  ;  that  as  soon  as  the  cruel  deed 
was  perpetrated,  the  sectaries  drank  up  the 
blood,  greedily  tore  asunder  the  quivering  mem- 
l)ers,  and  pledged  themselves  to  eternal  secrecy, 
by  a  mutual  consciousness  of  guilt.  It  was  as 
•  confidently  affirmed  that  this  inhuman  sacrifice 
was  succeeded  by  a  suitable  entertainment,  in 
which  intemperance  served  as  a  provocative  to 
brutal  lust ;  till,  at  the  appointed  moment,  the 
lights  were  suddenly  extinguished,  shame  was 
banished,  nature  was  forgotten ;  and,  as  acci- 
dent might  direct,  the  darkness  of  the  night  was 
polluted  by  the  incestuous  commerce  of  sisters 
and  brothers,  of  sons  and  of  mothers." — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  16,  p.  11. 

5180.  SLAUGHTER,  Barbarous.  58,000.  The 
Numidians  had  seized  some  territories  belonging 
to  Carthage,  and  a  war  ensued,  in  which  the 
Carthaginians  were  much  weakened.  The  son 
of  Massinissa,  a  barbarian  in  every  sense,  slaugh- 


tered in  cold  blood  58,000  of  the  Carthaginians 
after  they  had  laid  down  their  arms. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  9,  p.  384. 

51§1.  SLAUGHTER,  Exterminating.  Of  Ger- 
mans. The  poor  Germans  stood  bravely  defend- 
ing themselves  as  they  could  ;  but  the  sight  of 
their  women  flying  in  shrieking  crowds,  pur- 
sued by  the  Roman  horse,  was  too  much  for 
them,  and  the  whole  host  were  soon  rushing  in 
despairing  wreck  down  the  narrowing  isthmus 
between  the  Meuse  and  the  Rhine.  They  came 
to  the  junction  at  last,  and  then  they  could  go 
no  farther.  Multitudes  were  slaughtered  ;  mul- 
titudes threw  themselves  into  the  water  and  were 
drowned.  Csesar,  who  was  not  given  to  exag- 
geration, says  that  their  original  number  was 
430,000.  The  only  survivors  of  whom  any  clear 
record  remains  were  the  detachments  who  were 
absent  from  the  battle,  and  the  few  chiefs  who 
had  come  into  Caesar's  camp  and  continued  with 
him  at  their  own  request  from  fear  of  being 
murdered  by  the  Gauls.  This  affair  was  much 
spoken  of  at  the  time,  as  well  it  might  be.  Ques- 
tions were  raised  upon  it  in  the  Senate.  Cato 
insisted  that  Caesar  had  massacred  a  defenceless 
people  in  a  time  of  truce,  that  he  had  broken 
the  law  of  nations,  and  that  he  ought  to  be  given 
up  to  the  Germans.  The  sweeping  off  the  earth 
in  such  a  manner  of  a  quarter  of  a  million  human 
creatures,  even  in  those  unscrupulous  times, 
could  not  be  heard  of  without  a  shudder. — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  16. 

5182.  SLAVERY,  Antiquity  of.  Older  than 
the  Recm'ds.  Slavery  and  the  slave-trade  are  older 
than  the  records  of  human  society  ;  they  are 
found  to  have  existed  wherever  the  savage 
hunter  began  to  assume  the  habits  of  pastoral 
or  agricultural  life  ;  and,  with  the  exception  of 
Australasia,  they  have  extended  to  every  portion 
of  the  globe.  They  pervaded  every  nation  of 
civilized  antiquity.  .  .  .  The  founder  of  the 
Jewish  nation  was  a  slaveholder  and  a  purchaser 
of  slaves.— Bancroft's  Hist,  of  U.  S.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  5. 

51  §3.  SLAVERY,  Abuses  of.  Reign  of  James 
II.  [The  rebels  captured  with  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth were  consigned  to  ten  years  of  slavery  in 
the  Indies.]  The  human  cargoes  were  stowed 
close  in  the  holds  of  small  vessels.  So  little  space 
was  allowed  that  the  wretches,  many  of  whom 
were  still  tormented  by  unhealed  wounds,  could 
not  all  lie  down  at  once  without  lying  on  one 
another.  They  were  never  suffered  to  go  on 
deck.  The  hatchway  was  constantly  watched 
by  sentinels  armed  with  hangers  and  blunder- 
busses. In  the  dungeon  below  all  was  darkness, 
stench,  lamentation,  disease,  and  death.  Of 
ninety-nine  convicts  who  were  carried  out  in  one 
vessel,  twenty- two  died  before  they  reached  Ja- 
maica, although  the  voyage  was  performed  with 
unusual  speed.  The  survivors,  when  they  ar- 
rived at  their  house  of  bondage,  were  mere  skele- 
tons. During  some  weeks  coarse  biscuit  and 
fetid  water  had  been  doled  out  to  them  in  such 
scanty  measure  that  any  one  of  them  could  easily 
have  consumed  the  ration  which  was  assigned  to 
five.  They  were,  therefore,  in  such  a  state,  that 
the  merchant  to  whom  they  had  been  consigned 
found  it  expedient  to  fatten  them  before  selling 
them. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  603. 


614 


SLAVERY. 


51S4.  SLAVERY,  Beginnings  of.  Georgia. 
Agriculture  had  not  flourished.  Commerce  had 
not  sprung  up.  The  laws  of  property  had  been 
so  arranged  that  estates  could  descend  only  to 
the  oldest  sons  of  families.  The  colonists  were 
poor,  and  charged  their  poverty  to  the  fact  that 
slave-labor  was  forbidden  in  the  province.  This 
became  the  chief  question  which  agitated  the 
people.  The  proprietary  laws  grew  more  and 
more  unpopular.  The  statute  excluding  slavery 
was  not  rigidly  enforced,  and,  indeed,  could  not 
be  enforced  when  the  people  had  determined  to 
evade  it.  Whitefield  himself  pleaded  for  the 
abrogation  of  the  law.  Slaves  began  to  be  hired 
first  for  short  terms  of  service,  then  for  longer 
periods,  then  for  a  hundred  years,  which  was 
equivalent  to  an  actual  purchase  for  life.  Finally, 
cargoes  of  slaves  were  brought  directly  from 
Africa,  and  the  primitive  free-labor  system  of 
Georgia  was  revolutionized. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  29,  p.  244. 

51  §5.  SLAVERY  of  Captives.  Eomans.  The 
captive  Barbarians,  exchanging  death  for  slavery, 
were  distributed  among  the  provincials,  and  as- 
signed to  those  districts  (in  Gaul,  the  territories 
of  Amiens,  Beauvais,  Cambray,  Treves,  Langres, 
and  Troyes  are  particularly  specified)  which  had 
been  depopulated  by  the  calamities  of  war.  They 
were  usefully  employed  as  shepherds  and  hus- 
bandmen, but  were  denied  the  exercise  of  arms, 
except  when  it  was  found  expedient  to  enroll 
them  in  the  military  service.  Nor  did  the  em- 
perors refuse  the  property  of  lands,  with  a  less 
servile  tenure,  to  such  of  the  Barbarians  as  solic- 
ited the  protection  of  Rome.  They  granted  a 
settlement  to  several  colonies  of  the  Carpi,  the 
Bastarnae,  and  the  Sarmatians  ;  and,  by  a  dan- 
gerous indulgence,  permitted  them  in  some 
measure  to  retain  their  national  manners  and 
independence. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  13,  p.  415. 

51§6.  SLAVERY  in  England.  A.D.  1215.  A 
large  portion  of  the  people  were  in  the  con- 
dition of  villanage.  Some  were  in  a  state  of 
slavery.  The  men  went  with  the  land  as  chat- 
tels.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  24,  p.  350. 

5187.  SLAVERY  introduced.  Virginia.  The 
year  1619  was  marked  by  the  introduction 
of  negro  slavery  into  Virginia.  The  servants 
of  the  people  of  Jamestown  had  hitherto  been 
persons  of  English  or  German  descent,  and  their 
term  of  service  had  varied  from  a  few  months 
to  many  years.  No  perpetual  servitude  had 
thus  far  been  recognized,  nor  is  it  likely  that  the 
English  colonists  would  of  themselves  have  in- 
stituted the  system  of  slave  labor.  In  the  month 
of  August  a  Dutch  man-of-war  sailed  up  the 
river  to  the  plantations,  and  offered  by  auction 
twenty  Africans.  They  were  purchased  by  the 
wealthier  class  of  planters,  aud  made  slaves  for 
life.  It  was,  however,  nearly  a  half  century 
from  this  time  before  the  system  of  negro  sla- 
very became  well  established  in  the  English  col- 
onies.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  11,  p.  111. 

51§8.  SLAVERY  mitigated.  Athenian.  All 
Athenian  slaves  were  allowed  to  purchase  their 
freedom  at  a  price  stipulated  by  the  magistrate. 
If  any  slave  found  his  treatment  intolerably 
severe,  and  was  unable  to  purchase  his  freedom, 
he  might  oblige  his  master  to  sell  him  to  another 
who  would  use  him  better.  The  emancipation 
of  a  slave,  however,  did  not  exempt  him  from 


all  the  duties  to  his  master. — Tytler'sHist., 
Book  1,  ch.  10,  p.  103. 

5189.    .     Jiomans.     [During  the 

times  of  Caius  Marcius  Coriolanus,  the  Romans] 
treated  their  slaves  with  great  moderation,  and 
this  was  natural,  because  they  worked  and  even 
ate  with  them.  It  was  deemed  a  great  punish- 
ment for  a  slave  who  had  committed  a  fault  to 
take  up  that  piece  of  wood  with  which  they 
supported  the  thill  of  a  wagon,  and  carry  it 
round  the  neigborhood. — Plutaech's  Caiijs 
Marcius. 

5190.  SLAVERY,  Natural.  Turks.  The  con- 
texture of  the  Turkish  government  is  such  a 
fabric  of  slavery,  that  it  is  almost  impossible 
that  any  subject  of  the  empire  should  inherit  a 
free  or  an  ingenuous  spirit.  The  grand  signior 
himself  is  born  of  a  slave  of  the  seraglio.  The 
viziers  are  often  slaves  by  birth,  and  through 
the  whole  empire  it  is  hard  to  find  any  that  derive 
their  origin  from  ingenuous  parents.  It  is  there- 
fore no  wonder  that  the  Turks  should  inherit  a 
disposition  fitted  for  the  rule  of  an  absolute 
master.  [Says  Grotius  after  Aristotle  :]  "  Thus 
some  nations  are  slaves  by  nature,  born  to  be 
governed,  not  to  govern." — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  5,  ch.  13,  p.  212. 

5191.  SLAVERY  opposed.  By  Friends.  To 
the  Society  of  Friends  in  England  belongs  the 
honor  of  the  first  united  efforts  to  prevent  the 
continuance  of  the  slave  trade,  against  which 
they  petitioned  Parliament  in  1783. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  26,  p.  466. 

5192.  SLAVERY,  Prevalence  of.  In  Rome. 
It  was  more  for  the  interest  of  the  merchant  or 
manufacturer  to  purchase  than  to  hire  his  work- 
men ;  and  in  the  country  slaves  were  employed 
as  the  cheapest  and  most  laborious  instruments 
of  agriculture.  To  confirm  the  general  obser- 
vation, and  to  display  the  multitude  of  slaves, 
we  might  allege  a  variety  of  particular  instances. 
It  was  discovered,  on  a  very  melancholj'^  occa- 
sion, that  four  hundred  slaves  were  maintained 
in  a  single  palace  of  Rome.  The  same  number 
of  four  hundred  belonged  to  an  estate  which  an 
African  widow,  of  a  very  private  condition,  re- 
signed to  her  son,  while  she  reserved  for  herself 
a  much  larger  share  of  her  property.  A  freed- 
man,  under  the  reign  of  Augustus,  though  his 
fortune  had  suffered  great  losses  in  the  civil  wars, 
left  behind  him  three  thousand  six  hundred  yoke 
of  oxen,  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  head  of 
smaller  cattle,  and  what  was  almost  included  in 
the  description  of  cattle,  four  thousand  one  hun- 
dred and  sixteen  slaves. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  2,  p.  52. 

5193.  SLAVERY  of  Prisoners.  Beign  of 
James  II.  The  number  of  prisoners  [who  had 
been  rebels  under  the  Duke  of  Monmouth]  whom 
Jeffreys  transported  was  eight  hundred  and 
forty-one.  These  men,  more  wretched  than  their 
associates  who  suffered  death,  were  distributed 
into  gangs,  and  bestowed  on  persons  who  enjoy- 
ed favor  at  court.  The  conditions  of  the  gift 
were  that  the  convicts  should  be  carried  beyond 
sea  as  slaves,  that  they  should  not  be  emancipat- 
ed for  ten  years,  and  that  the  place  of  their 
banishment  should  be  some  West  Indian  island. 
This  last  article  was  studiously  framed  for  the 
purpose  of  aggravating  the  misery  of  the  exiles. 


SLAVERY— SLAVES. 


615 


la  New  England  or  New  Jersey  they  would 
have  found  a  population  kindly  disposed  to  them, 
and  a  climate  not  unfavorable  to  their  health  and 
vigor.  It  was  therefore  determined  that  they 
should  be  sent  to  colonies  where  a  Puritan  could 
hope  to  inspire  little  sympathy.  ...  It  was 
estimated  by  Jeffreys  that,  on  an  average,  each 
of  them,  after  all  charges  were  paid,  would  be 
worth  from  ten  to  fifteen  pounds.  There  was, 
therefore,  much  angry  competition  for  grants. 
.  .  .  More  than  one  fifth  of  those  who  were 
shipped  were  flung  to  the  sharks  before  the  end  of 
the  voyage. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  602. 

5194.  SLAVERY,  Punished  by.  England.  It 
was  a  class  which  sprang  mainly  from  debt  or 
crime.  Famine  drove  men  to  "  bend  their 
Heads  in  the  evil  days  for  meat ;"  the  debtor,  un- 
able to  discharge  his  debt,  flung  on  the  ground 
his  freeman's  sword  and  spear,  took  up  the  la- 
borer's mattock,  and  placed  his  head  as  a  slave 
within  a  master's  hands.  The  criminal  whose 
kinsfolk  would  not  make  up  his  fine  became  a 
•crime-serf  of  the  plaintiff  or  the  king.  Some- 
times a  father  pressed  by  need  sold  children  or 
wife  in  bondage.  In  any  case,  the  slave  became 
part  of  the  live-stock  of  his  master's  estate,  to  be 
willed  away  at  death  with  horse  or  ox,  whose 
pedigree  was  kept  as  carefully  as  his  own.  His 
children  were  bondsmen  like  himself  ;  even  a 
freeman's  children  by  a  slave  mother  inherited 
the  mother's  taint.  "  Mine  is  the  calf  that  is 
born  of  my  cow,"  ran  an  English  proverb. 
Slave  cabins  clustered  round  the  homestead  of 
every  rich  landowner  ;  ploughman,  shepherd, 
goatherd,  swineherd,  oxherd,  and  cowherd, 
dairymaid,  barnman,  sower,  hayward,  and  wood- 
ward, were  often  slaves.  It  was  not,  indeed, 
slavery  such  as  we  have  known  in  modern  times, 
for  stripes  and  bonds  were  rare  ;  if  the  slave  was 
slain  it  was  by  an  angry  blow,  not  by  the  lash. 
But  his  master  could  slay  him  if  he  would  ;  it 
was  but  a  chattel  the  less.  The  slave  had  no 
plaoj  in  the  justice  court,  no  kinsmen  to  claim 
vengeance  or  guilt-fine  for  his  wrong.  If  a 
stranger  slew  him  his  lord  claimed  the  damages  ; 
if  guilty  of  wrong-doing,  "  his  skin  paid  for 
him,"  under  his  master's  lash.  If  he  fled  he 
might  be  chased  like  a  strayed  beast,  and  when 
caught  he  might  be  flogged  to  death.  If  the 
wrong-doer  were  a  woman-slave  she  might  be 
burned. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  15. 

5195.  SLAVERY,  Repulsive.  In  England. 
The  Saxon  race  carried  the  most  repulsive  forms 
of  slavery  to  England,  where  not  half  the  popula- 
tion could  assert  a  right  to  freedom,  and  where 
the  price  of  a  man  was  but  four  times  the  price 
of  an  ox.  ...  In  defiance  of  severe  penalties, 
the  Saxons  sold  their  own  kindred  into  slavery 
on  the  continent ;  nor  could  the  traffic  be  check- 
ed till  religion,  pleading  the  cause  of  humanity , 
made  its  appeal  to  the  conscience. — Bancroft's 
Hist,  of  U.  S.  ,  vol.  1 ,  ch.  5. 

5196.  SLAVERY,  Unchristian.  British.  How 
great  a  part  the  Catholic  ecclesiastics  subsequent- 
ly had  in  the  abolition  of  villanage  we  learn  from 
the  unexceptionable  testimony  of  Sir  Thomas 
Smith,  one  of  the  ablest  Protestant  councillors  of 
Elizabeth.  When  the  dying  slaveholder  asked 
for  the  last  sacraments,  his  spiritual  attendants 
regularly  adjured  him,  as  he  loved  his  soul,  to 
emancipate  his  brethren  for  whom  Christ  had 


died.  So  successfully  had  the  Church  used  her 
formidable  machinery,  that,  before  the  Refor- 
mation came,  she  had  enfranchised  almost  all 
the  bondmen  in  the  kingdom  except  her  own, 
who,  to  do  her  justice,  seem  to  have  been  very 
tenderly  treated. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1, 
p.  23. 

5197.  SLAVES,  Angelic.  English.  But  once 
masters  of  the  Britons,  the  Bernician  Englishmen 
turned  to  conquer  their  English  neighbors  to  the 
south,  the  men  of  Deira,  whose  first  king,  ^lla, 
was  now  sinking  to  the  grave.  The  struggle 
filled  the  foreign  markets  with  English  slaves, 
and  one  of  the  most  memorable  stories  in  our 
history  shows  us  a  group  of  such  captives  as  they 
stood  in  the  market-place  of  Rome,  it  may  be  in 
the  great  Forum  of  Trajan,  which  still  in  its  de- 
cay recalled  the  glories  of  the  Imperial  City. 
Their  white  bodies,  their  fair  faces,  their  golden 
hair,  was  noted  by  a  deacon  who  passed  by. 
' '  From  what  country  do  these  slaves  come  ?" 
Gregory  asked  the  trader  who  brought  them. 
The  slave-dealer  answered,  "They  are  English," 
or,  as  the  word  ran  in  the  Latin  form,  it  would 
bear  at  Rome,  "they  are  Angles."  The  deacon's 
pity  veiled  itself  in  poetic  humor.  ' '  Not  Angles, 
but  angels,"  he  said,  "  with  faces  so  angel-like  ! 
From  what  country  come  they  ?"  "  They  come," 
said  the  merchant,  "from  Deira."  " i)e  ird!" 
was  the  untranslatable  word-play  of  the  viva- 
cious Roman;  "ay,  plucked  from  God's  ire 
and  called  to  Christ's  mercy  !  And  what  is  the 
name  of  their  king  ?"  They  told  him,  "  ^lla," 
and  Gregory  seized  on  the  word  as  of  good  omen. 
"Alleluia  shall  be  sung  in  Ella's  laud,"  he 
said,  and  passed  on,  musing  how  the  angel-faces 
should  be  brought  to  sing  it. — Hist,  of  Eng. 
People,  §  40. 

519§.  SLAVES  of  Disbelievers.  Virginia,  a.d. 
1670.  Statute  : .  .  .  "  All  servants,  not  being  Chris- 
tians, imported  into  this  country  by  shipping, 
shall  be  slaves."  Yet  it  was  added,  "  conversion 
to  the  Christian  faith  doth  not  make  free  !" — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  14. 

5199.  SLAVES,  DociUty  of.  Civil  War.  [Pres- 
ident Lincoln's  emancipation  proclamation]  had 
shown  that  slavery  was  an  element  of  strength 
with  us  ;  that  it  had  assisted  us  in  our  struggle ; 
that  no  servile  insurrections  had  taken  place  in 
the  South,  in  spite  of  all  the  allurements  of  our 
enemy  ;  that  the  slave  had  tilled  the  soil  while  his 
master  had  fought ;  that  in  the  large  districts  un- 
protected by  our  troops,  and  with  a  white  popu- 
lation consisting  almost  exclusively  of  women 
and  children,  the  slave  had  continued  at  his 
work,  quiet,  cheerful,  and  faithful,  ,  .  .  though 
prompted  to  the  work  of  assassination  and  pil- 
lage by  the  most  brutal  examples  of  the  Yankee 
soldiery.  —  Pollard's  Second  Year  of  the 
War,  ch.  6,  p.  182. 

5200.  SLAVES,  Rebellion  of.  Roman.  They 
found  a  leader  in  a  young  Thracian  robber  chief, 
named  Spartacus,  who  was  destined  for  the 
amphitheatre,  and  who  preferred  meeting  his 
masters  in  the  field  to  killing  his  friends  to  make 
a  Roman  holiday.  Spartacus,  with  two  hundred 
of  his  companions,  burst  out  from  the  Capuan 
"  stables,"  seized  their  arms,  and  made  their  way 
into  the  crater  of  Vesuvius,  which  was  then,  aft^ 
the  long  sleep  of  the  volcano,  a  dense  jungle  of 
wild  vines.    The  slaves  of  the  adjoining  planta- 


616 


SLAVES— SLEEP. 


tions  deserted  and  joined  them.  The  fire  spread, 
Spartacus  proclaimed  universal  emancipation, 
and  in  a  few  weeks  was  at  the  head  of  an  army 
with  which  he  overran  Italy  to  the  foot  of  the 
Alps,  defeated  consuls  and  praetors,  captured  the 
eagles  of  the  legions,  wasted  the  farms  of  ftie  no- 
ble lords,  and  for  two  years  held  his  ground 
against  all  that  Kome  could  do. — Fkoude's  C^- 
SAR,  ch.  9. 

5201.  SLAVES,  White.  In  Virginia..  The 
supply  of  white  servants  became  a  regular  busi- 
ness, and  a  class  of  men,  nicknamed  spirits, 
used  to  delude  young  persons,  servants,  and  idlers 
into  embarking  for  America,  as  to  a  land  of  spon- 
taneous plenty.  White  servants  came  to  be  a 
usual  article  of  trafflc.  They  were  sold  in  Eng- 
land to  be  transported,  and  in  Virginia  were  re- 
sold to  the  highest  bidder ;  like  negroes,  they 
were  to  be  purchased  on  shipboard,  as  men  buy 
horses  at  a  fair. — Bancroft's  Hist,  of  U.  S.  , 
vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

5202.  SLAVE-TRADE  opposed.  Continental 
Congress,  a.d.  1774.  We  will  neither  support  nor 
purchase  any  slave  imported  after  the  1st  day  of 
December  next ;  after  which  time  we  will  wholly 
discontinue  the  slave-trade,  and  will  neither  be 
concerned  in  it  ourselves,  nor  will  we  hire  our 
vessels  nor  sell  our  commodities  or  manufact- 
ures to  those  who  are  concerned  in  it. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  13. 

5203.  SLAVE-TRADE  respected.  New  York. 
a.d.  1661.  We  have  seen  Elizabeth  of  England 
a  partner  in  the  commerce  of  which  the  Stuarts, 
to  the  days  of  Queen  Anne,  were  distinguished 
patrons ;  the  city  of  Amsterdam  did  not  blush 
to  own  shares  in  the  slave-ship,  to  advance  money 
for  the  outfits,  and  to  participate  in  the  returns. 
In  proportion  to  population.  New  York  had  as 
many  Africans  as  Virginia.  .  .  .  They  were  im- 
ported .  .  .  often  directly  from  Guinea,  and  were 
sold  at  public  auction  to  the  highest  bidder.  The 
average  price  Avas  less  than  $140. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

5204.  SLEEP,  Benefit  of.  Disposition.  It  was 
a  rule  with  Cato  to  have  his  slaves  either  em- 
ployed in  the  house  or  asleep,  and  he  liked  those 
best  that  slept  the  most  kindly,  believing  that 
they  were  better  tempered  than  others  that  had 
not  so  much  of  that  refreshment,  and  fitter  for 
any  kind  of  business. — Plutarch's  Cato  the 
Censor. 

5205.  SLEEP  at  Command.  Napoleon  I.  "Dif- 
ferent affairs  are  arranged  in  my  head,"  said  he, 
"  as  in  drawers.  When  I  wish  to  interrupt  one 
train  of  thought,  I  close  the  drawer  which  con- 
tains that  subject,  and  open  that  which  contains 
another.  They  do  not  mix  together  or  incon- 
venience me.  I  have  never  been  kept  awake  by 
an  involuntary  prfX)CCupation  of  mind.  If  I  wish 
for  repose,  I  shut  up  all  the  drawers,  and  I  am 
asleep.  I  have  always  slept  when  I  wanted  rest, 
and  almost  at  will." — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

5206.  SLEEP,  Deficient.  Josiah  Quincy.  This 
excellent  man  carried  one  of  his  virtues  to  ex- 
cess— early  rising.  He  rose  so  early  in  the  morn- 
ing that  he  scarcely  had  sleep  enough  ;  so  that, 
when  he  sat  down  during  the  day  for  ten  min- 
utes, he  was  very  likely  to  fall  asleep.  John 
Quincy  Adams  was  also  addicted  to  excessive 


early  rising.  One  day  these  two  distinguished 
men  went  into  Judge  Story's  lecture-room  to 
hear  him  read  his  lecture  to  his  class  in  the  law 
school.  The  judge  received  the  two  presidents 
with  his  usual  politeness,  and  placed  them  on 
the  platform  by  his  side,  in  full  view  of  the  class, 
and  then  went  on  with  his  lecture.  In  a  very 
few  minutes  both  the  presidents  were  fast  asleep. 
The  judge  paused  a  moment,  and  pointing  to 
the  two  sleeping  gentlemen,  uttered  these  words  : 
"Gentlemen,  you  see  before  you  a  melancholy 
example  of  the  evil  effects  of  early  rising."  This 
remark  was  followed  by  a  shout  of  laughter, 
which  effectually  roused  the  sleepers,  after  which 
the  judge  resumed  his  discourse. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BiOG.,  p.  758. 

5207.  SLEEP,  Exceptional.  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
Basil  Hall  reports  Scott's  having  told  him  .  .  . 
that  "  having  once  arrived  at  a  country  inn,  he 
was  told  there  was  no  bed  for  him.  '  No  place 
to  lie  down  at  all  ?'  said  he.  '  No/  said  the  peo- 
ple of  the  house  ;  '  none,  except  a  room  in  which 
there  is  a  corpse  lying.'  '  Well,'  said  he,  'did 
the  person  die  of  any  oontagious  disorder  ? '  *  Oh, 
no  ;  not  at  all,'  said  they.  '  Well,  then,'  contin- 
ued he,  '  let  me  have  the  other  bed.  So,'  said  Sir 
Walter,  '  I  laid  me  down,  and  never  had  abetter 
night's  sleep  in  my  life.'"  He  was,  indeed,  a 
man  of  iron  nerve. — Hutton's  Life  of  Scott, 
ch.  4. 

520§.  SLEEP,  Perilous.  Columbus'  First  Toy- 
age.  [Coasting  near  St.  Thomas.]  Columbus, 
who  had  hitherto  kept  watch,  finding  the  sea 
calm  and  smooth,  and  the  ship  almost  motion- 
less, retired  to  rest,  not  having  slept  the  pre- 
ceding night.  He  was,  in  general,  extremely 
wakeful  on  his  coasting  voyages,  passing  whole 
nights  upon  deck  in  all  weathers  ;  never  trusting 
to  the  watchfulness  of  others  where  there  was- 
any  difficulty  or  danger  to  be  provided  against. 
In  the  present  instance  he  felt  perfectly  secure. 
.  .  .  No  sooner  had  he  retired  than  the  steers- 
man gave  the  helm  in  charge  to  one  of  the  ship- 
boys,  and  went  to  sleep.  This  was  in  direct  vio- 
lation of  an  invariable  order  of  the  admiral,  that 
the  helm  should  never  be  intrusted  to  the  boys. 
The  rest  of  the  mariners  who  had  the  watch  took 
like  advantage  of  the  absence  of  Columbus,  and 
in  a  little  while  the  whole  crew  was  buried  in 
sleep.  In  the  mean  time  the  treacherous  cur- 
rents which  run  swiftly  along  this  coast  carried 
the  vessel  quietly,  but  with  force,  upon  a  sand- 
bank. The  heedless  boy  had  not  noticed  the 
breakers,  although  they  made  a  roaring  that 
might  have  been  heard  a  league.  [The  vessel 
was  wrecked.] — Irving's  Columbus,  Book  4, 
ch.  8. 

5209.  SLEEP,  Surprising.  Duke  of  Argyle. 
[On  the  day  appointed  for  his  decapitation  at 
Edinburgh,  for  rebellion,]  one  of  the  lords  of 
the  council,  who  had  probably  been  bred  a  Pres- 
byterian, and  had  been  seduced  by  interest  to 
join  in  oppressing  the  church  of  which  he  had 
once  been  a  member,  came  to  the  castle  with  a 
message  from  his  brethren,  and  demanded  ad- 
mittance to  the  earl.  It  was  answered  that  the  earl 
was  asleep.  The  privy  councillor  thought  that 
this  was  a  subterfuge,  and  insisted  on  entering. 
The  door  of  the  cell  was  softly  opened ;  and 
there  lay  Argyle  on  the  bed,  sleeping,  in  lii* 
irons,  the  placid  sleep  of  infancy.     The  con 


SLEEP— SOCIALISM. 


61? 


science  of  the  renegade  smote  him.  He  turned 
away,  sick  at  heart,  ran  out  of  the  castle,  and 
took  refuge  in  the  dwelling  of  a  lady  of  his  fam- 
ily who  lived  hard  by.  There  he  flung  himself 
on  a  couch,  and  gave  himself  up  to  an  agony  of 
remorse  and  shame.  His  kinswoman,  alarmed 
by  his  looks  and  groans,  thought  that  he  bad 
been  taken  sick  with  sudden  illness,  and  begged 
him  to  drink  a  cup  of  sack.  .  "  No,  no,"  he  said, 
"  that  will  do  me  no  good."  She  prayed  him  to 
tell  her  what  had  disturbed  him.  "  I  have  been," 
he  said,  "in  Argyle's  prison.  I  have  seen  him 
within  an  hour  of  eternity,  sleeping  as  sweetly 
as  ever  man  did.  But  as  for  me — " — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  eh.  5,  p.  523. 

5210.  SLEEP,  Transient.  Napoleon  I.  After 
spending  several  days  and  nights  in  preparation 
for  a  decisive  conflict,  he  has  been  known  repeat- 
edly to  fall  asleep  in  the  midst  of  the  uproar  and 
horror  of  the  field  of  battle,  and  when  the  balls 
of  the  enemy  were  sweeping  the  eminence  upon 
which  he  stood.  "  Nature  has  her  rights,"  said 
he,  "  and  will  not  be  defrauded  with  impunity. 
I  feel  more  cool  to  receive  the  reports  which  are 
brought  to  me  when  awaking  in  this  manner 
from  transient  slumber." — Abbott's  Napoleon 
B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

5211.  SLEEP,  Undisturbed.  WasJiington. 
"  How  did  you  sleep,  general  ?"  asked  [his  guest] 
the  Duke  of  Orleans  [Louis  Philippe]  one  morn- 
ing of  the  master  of  the  house.  ' '  I  always  sleep 
well,"  replied  General  Washington,  "for  I  nev- 
er wrote  a  word  in  my  life  which  I  had  after- 
ward cause  to  regret." — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  508. 

5212.  SLEEPERS,  The  Seven.  Legend.  "When 
the  Emperor  Decius  persecuted  the  Christians, 
seven  noble  youths  of  Ephesus  concealed  them- 
selves in  a  spacious  cavern  in  the  side  of  an  ad- 
jacent mountain,  where  they  were  doomed  to 
perish  by  the  tyrant,  who  gave  orders  that  the 
entrance  should  be  firmly  secured  with  a  pile  of 
huge  stones.  They  immediately  fell  into  a  deep 
slumber,  which  was  miraculously  prolonged, 
without  injuring  the  powers  of  life,  during  a 
period  of  one  hundred  and  eighty-seven  years. 
At  the  end  of  that  time,  the  slaves  of  Adolius, 
to  whom  the  inheritance  of  the  mountain  had 
descended,  removed  the  stones  to  supply  mate- 
rials for  some  rustic  edifice  ;  the  light  of  the  sun 
darted  into  the  cavern,  and  the  Seven  Sleepers 
were  permitted  to  awake.  After  a  slumber,  as 
they  thought,  of  a  few  hours,  they  were  pressed 
by  the  calls  of  hunger,  and  resolved  that  Jam- 
blichus,  one  of  their  number,  should  secretly  re- 
turn to  the  city  to  purchase  bread  for  the  ixse  of 
his  companions.  The  youth  (if  we  may  still  em- 
ploy that  appellation)  could  no  longer  recognize 
the  once  familiar  aspect  of  his  native  country  ; 
and  his  surprise  was  increased  by  the  appearance 
of  a  large  cross,  triumphantly  erected  over  the 
principal  gate  of  Ephesus.  His  singular  dress 
and  obsolete  language  confounded  the  baker,  to 
whom  he  offered  an  ancient  medal  of  Decius  as 
the  current  coin  of  the  empire  ;  and  Jamblichus, 
on  the  suspicion  of  a  secret  treasure,  was  dragged 
before  the  judge.  Their  mutual  inquiries  pro- 
duced the  amazing  discovery  that  two  centuries 
were  almost  elapsed  since  Jamblichus  and  his 
friends  had  escaped  from  the  rage  of  a  pagan 
tyrant.     The  bishop  of  Ephesus,  the  clergy,  the 


magistrates,  the  people,  and,  it  is  said,  the  Emper- 
or Theodosius  himself,  hastened  to  visit  the 
cavern  of  the  Seven  Sleepers,  who  bestowed 
their  benediction,  related  their  story,  and  at  the 
same  moment  peaceably  expired. — Gibbon,  ch.3; 
p.  383. 

5213.  SLEEPERS  in  the  Temple.  Ino.  On  the 
road  between  Octylus  and  Thalamife  ...  is 
the  temple  of  Ino.  It  is  the  custom  of  those 
who  consult  her  to  sleep  in  the  temple,  and  what 
they  want  to  know  is  revealed  to  them  in  a  dream. 
— Pausanias. 

5214.  SMILE  resented,  A.  Timour  the  Tar- 
tar. In  his  camp  before  Delhi  Timour  massa- 
cred 100,000  Indian  prisoners,  who  had  smiled 
when  the  army  of  their  countrymen  appeared 
in  sight.  .  .  .  The  people  of  Ispahan  supplied 
70,000  human  skulls  for  the  structure  of  several 
lofty  towers.  ...  A  similar  tax  was  levied  on 
the  revolt  of  Bagdad,  .  .  .  and  the  exact  ac- 
count ...  is  stated  ...  at  90,000  heads.— 
Note  in  Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  34,  p.  398. 

5215.  SMOKER,  A  female.  General  Jack- 
son's Wife.  A  more  exemplary  woman  in  all 
the  relations  of  life — wife,  friend,  neighbor,  re- 
lation, mistress  of  slaves — never  lived,  and  never 
presented  a  more  quiet,  cheerful,  and  admirable 
management  of  her  household.  She  had  the 
general's  own  warm  heart,  frank  manners,  and 
admirable  temper ;  and  no  two  persons  could 
have  been  better  suited  to  each  other,  lived  more 
happily  together,  or  made  a  house  more  attrac- 
tive to  visitors.  No  bashful  youth  or  plain  old 
man,  whose  modesty  sat  them  down  at  the  low- 
er end  of  the  table,  could  escape  her  cordial  at- 
tention, any  more  than  the  titled  gentleman  at 
her  right  and  left.  Young  persons  were  her  de- 
light, and  she  always  had  her  house  filled  with, 
them,  all  calling  her  affectionately  "  Aunt  Ra- 
chel." In  the  homely  fashion  of  the  time,  she 
used  to  join  her  husband  and  guests  in  smoking 
a  pipe  after  dinner  and  in  the  evening.  There 
are  now  living  many  persons  who  well  remem- 
ber seeing  her  smoking  by  her  fireside  a  long 
reed  pipe. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  536. 

5216.  SMUGGLING  fined.  England.  In  the 
session  of  1698  the  Parliament  proceeded  against 
some  dozen  of  opulent  merchants  with  foreign 
names,  by  impeaching  them  for  high  crimes  and 
misdemeanors,  for  fraudulently  importing  for- 
eign alamodes  and  lustrings,  and  for  illegally  ex- 
porting native  wool.  One  was  fined  £10,000 ; 
one,  £3000  ;  two,  £1500  each  ;  three,  £1000  each  ; 
and  one,  £500.  These  sums  were  applied  to 
the  building  of  Greenwich  Hospital.— Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  14,  p.  212. 

5217.  SOCIALISM  illustrated.  Samuel  John- 
son. Sir,  there  is  one  Mrs.  Macaulay  in  this  town, 
a  great  republican.  One  day  when  I  was  at  her 
house,  I  put  on  a  very  grave  countenance,  and 
said  to  her,  "  Madam,  I  am  now  become  a  con- 
vert to  your  way  of  thinking.  I  am  convinced 
that  all  mankind  are  upon  an  equal  footing  ;  and 
to  give  you  an  unquestionable  proof,  madam, 
that  I  am  in  earnest,  here  is  a  very  sensible,  civ- 
il, well-behaved  fellow-citizen,  your  footman; 
I  desire  that  he  may  be  allowed  to  sit  down  and 
dine  with  us."  I  thus,  sir,  showed  her  the  ab- 
surdity of  the  levelling  doctrine.  She  has  never 
liked  me  since.    Sir,  your  levellers  wish  to  level 


618 


SOCIALISM— SOCIETY. 


down  as  far  as  themselves  ;  but  they  cannot  bear 
levelling  up  to  themselves.  They  would  all  have 
some  people  under  them  ;  why  not,  then,  have 
some  people  above  them  ?  —  Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  124. 

521§.  SOCIALISM,  Political.  Gains  Gracchus. 
[The  Roman  tribune.]  He  brought  forward, 
and  carried  through,  with  enthusiastic  clapping 
of  every  pair  of  hands  in  Rome  that  were  hard- 
ened with  labor,  a  proposal  that  there  should  be 
public  granaries  in  the  city,  maintained  and  filled 
at  the  cost  of  the  State,  and  that  corn  should  be 
sold  at  a  rate  artificially  cheap  to  the  poor  free 
citizens.  Such  a  law  was  purely  socialistic.  The 
privilege  was  confined  to  Rome,  because  in  Rome 
the  elections  were  held,  and  the  Roman  constitu- 
ency was  the  one  depository  of  power.  The  ef- 
fect was  to  gather  into  the  city  a  mob  of  needy, 
unemployed  voters,  living  on  the  charity  of  the 
State,  to  crowd  the  circus,  and  to  clamor  at  the 
elections,  available  no  doubt  immediately  to 
strengthen  the  hands  of  the  popular  tribune, 
but  certain  in  the  long  run  to  sell  themselves  to 
those  who  could  bid  highest  for  their  voices. — 
Proude's  C^sar,  ch.  3. 

5319.  SOCIETY,  Bond  of.  Egyptians.  Perjury 
was  also  punished  with  death,  because  that  crime 
attacks  both  the  gods,  whose  majesty  is  tram- 
pled upon  by  invoking  their  name  to  a  false  oath  ; 
and  men,  by  breaking  the  strongest  tie  of  human 
society — viz. ,  sincerity  and  veracity. — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  1,  Part  2,  ch.  1. 

5230.  SOCIETY  degraded.  Gowper's  Times. 
Drunkenness  reigned  in  palace  and  cottage  alike. 
Gambling,  cock-fighting,  and  bull-fighting  were 
the  amusements  of  the  people.  Political  life, 
which,  if  it  had  been  pure  and  vigorous,  might 
have  made  up  for  the  absence  of  spiritual  influ- 
ences, was  corrupt  from  the  top  of  the  scale  to 
the  bottom  ;  its  effect  on  national  character  is 
portrayed  in  Hogarth's  "  Election."  That  proper- 
ty had  its  duties  as  well  as  its  rights,  nobody 
had  yet  ventured  to  say  or  think.  The  duty  of 
a  gentleman  toward  his  own  class  was  to  pay  his 
debts  of  honor  and  to  fight  a  duel  whenever  he 
was  challenged  by  one  of  his  own  order  ;  toward 
the  lower  class  his  duty  was  none.  Though  the 
forms  of  government  were  elective — and  Cowper 
gives  us  a  description  of  the  candidate  at  elec- 
tion-time obsequiously  soliciting  votes — society 
■was  intensely  aristocratic,  and  each  rank  was  di- 
vided from  that  below  it  by  a  sharp  line  which 
precluded  brotherhood  or  sympathy. — Smith's 
Cowper,  ch.  1. 

5221.  SOCIETY,  Deliverers  of.  Reformers. 
{See  No.  5220.]  That  the  slave-trade  was  iniqui- 
tous hardly  any  one  suspected  ;  even  men  who 
deemed  themselves  religious  took  part  in  it  with- 
out scruple.  But  a  change  was  at  hand,  and  a 
still  mightier  change  was  in  prospect.  At  the 
time  of  Cowper's  death  John  Wesley  was  twen- 
ty-eight, and  Whitefield  was  seventeen.  "With 
them  the  revival  of  religion  was  at  hand.  John- 
son, the  moral  reformer,  was  twenty-two.  How- 
ard was  born,  and  in  less  than  a  generation  "Wil- 
berforce  was  to  come. — Smith's  Cowpkr,  ch.  1. 

5222.  SOCIETY,  An  effective.  Knights  of  St. 
John.  But  the  firmest  bulwark  of  Jerusalem  was 
founded  on  the  knights  of  the  Hospital  of  St. 
John,  and  of  the  temple  of  Solomon  ;    on  the 


strange  association  of  a  monastic  and  militaiy 
life,  which  fanaticism  might  suggest,  but  which 
policy  must  approve.  The  flower  of  the  nobili- 
ty oi  Europe  aspired  to  wear  the  cross  and  to 
profess  the  vows  of  these  respectable  orders  ; 
their  spirit  and  discipline  were  immortal ;  and 
the  speedy  donation  of  twenty-eight  thousand 
f  arros,  or  manors,  enabled  them  to  support  a  reg- 
ular force  of  cavalry  and  infantry  for  the  defence 
of  Palestine. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58,  p.  598. 

5223.  SOCIETY,  Opposition  to.  Poet  Shelley. 
"  Laon  and  Cythna"  was  .  .  .  representative  of  its 
author.  All  his  previous  experiences  and  all  his 
aspirations — his  passionate  belief  in  friendship, 
his  principle  of  the  equality  of  women  with  men, 
his  demand  for  bloodless  revolution,  his  confi- 
dence in  eloquence  and  reason  to  move  nations, 
his  doctrine  of  free  love,  his  vegetarianism,  his 
hatred  of  religious  intolerance  and  tyranny — are 
blent  together  and  concentrated  in  the  glowing 
cantos  of  this  wonderful  romance.  The  hero, 
Laon,  is  himself  idealized,  the  self  which  he  im- 
agined when  he  undertook  his  Irish  campaign. 
The  heroine,  Cythna,  is  the  helpmate  he  had  al- 
ways dreamed,  the  woman  exquisitely  feminine, 
yet  capable  of  being  fired  with  male  enthusiasm. 
...  In  the  first  edition  of  the  poem  he  made  Laon 
and  Cythna  brother  and  sister,  not  because  he  be- 
lieved in  the  desirability  of  incest,  but  because  he 
wished  to  throw  a  glove  down  to  society,  and 
to  attack  the  intolerance  of  custom  in  its  strong- 
hold.— Stmonds'  Shelley,  ch.  5. 

5224.  SOCIETY,  Orderly.  Plymouth  Golony. 
House-breaking  and  highway  robbery  were  of- 
fences unknown  in  their  courts,  and  too  little 
apprehended  to  be  made  subjects  of  severe  leg- 
islation.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  ch.  8. 

5225.  SOCIETY,  Reaction  of.  Pome.  [Time  of 
Nero.]  At  the  summit  of  the  whole  decaying 
system — necessary,  yet  detested — elevated  indef- 
initely above  the  very  highest,  yet  living  in  dread 
of  the  very  lowest,  oppressing  a  population 
which  he  terrified,  and  terrified  by  the  population 
he  oppressed,  was  an  emperor  raised  to  the  divin- 
est  pinnacle  of  autocracy,  yet  conscious  that  his 
life  hung  upon  a  thread  ;  an  emperor  who,  in 
the  terrible  phrase  of  Gibbon,  was  at  once  a 
priest,  an  atheist,  and  a  god. — Farrar's  Early 
Days,  ch.  1,  p.  4. 

5226.  SOCIETY,  Reformation  of.  Impartiality. 
In  1698  .  .  .  societies  for  the  reformation  of  man- 
ners had  for  some  time  been  in  activity.  Their 
business  was  to  lay  informations  before  the  mag- 
istrates of  swearers,  drunkards.  Sabbath-break- 
ers, and  other  offenders,  and  to  appropriate  that 
portion  of  the  fines  which  were  earned  by  com- 
mon informers  to  purposes  of  charity.  The  ob- 
jection which  ever  was  and  ever  will  be  against 
the  most  honest  exertions  of  such  societies  is, 
that  they  are  not  impartial  in  their  visitations. 
Defoe  said  :  "  Till  the  nobility,  gentry,  justices 
of  the  peace,  and  clergy  will  be  pleased  to  re- 
form their  own  manners,  or  find  out  some  meth- 
od and  power  impartially  to  punish  themselves 
when  guilty,  we  humbly  crave  leave  to  object  to 
setting  any  poor  man  in  the  stocks,  or  sending 
him  to  the  House  of  Correction  for  immoralities, 
as  the  most  unjust  and  unequal  way  of  pro- 
ceeding in  the  world." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  13,  p.  205. 


SOCIETY— SOLDIER. 


619 


5227.  SOCIETY,  Unbound.  "War  of  the 
Jtoses."  The  individual  sense  of  personal  duty, 
the  political  consciousness  of  each  citizen  that 
national  order  and  national  welfare  are  essential 
to  his  own  well-being,  had  not  yet  come.  The 
bonds  which  had  held  the  world  together  through 
so  many  ages  loosened  and  broke,  only  to  leave 
man  face  to  face  with  his  o^n  selfishness.  The 
motives  that  sway  and  ennoble  the  common  con- 
duct of  men  were  powerless  over  the  ruling 
classes.  Pope  and  king,  bishop  and  noble,  vied 
with  each  other  in  greed,  in  self-seeking,  in  lust, 
in  faithlessness,  in  a  pitiless  cruelty.  It  is  this 
moral  degradation  that  flings  so  dark  a  shade  over 
the  wars  of  the  Roses.  From  no  period  in  our 
annals  do  we  turn  with  such  weariness  and  dis- 
gust. Their  savage  battles,  their  ruthless  execu- 
tions, their  shameless  treasons,  seem  all  the  more 
terrible  from  the  pure  selfishness  of  the  ends  for 
which  men  fought,  for  the  utter  want  of  all  no- 
bleness and  chivalry  in  the  contest  itself,  of  all 
great  result  in  its  close. — Hist,  of  Eng.  Peo- 
ple, §  466. 

522S.  SOLDIEE,  Christian.  "Stonewall" 
Jackson.  At  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  Jackson 
commanded  a  battery,  .  .  .  and  was  promoted 
first-lieutenant.  For  his  conduct  at  Cerro  Gordo 
he  was  brevetted  captain.  He  was  in  all  Scott's 
battles  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  behaved  so 
well  that  he  was  brevetted  major  for  his  services. 
To  his  merits  as  a  commander  he  added  the  virt- 
ues of  an  active,  humble,  consistent  Christian, 
restraining  profanity  in  his  camp,  welcoming 
army  colporteurs,  distributing  tracts,and  anxious 
that  every  regiment.  . .  should  be  supplied  with 
chaplains.  He  was  vulgarly  sneered  at  as  a  fatal- 
ist ;  his  habits  of  soliloquy  were  derided  as  super- 
stitious conversations  with  a  familiar  spirit  ;  .  .  . 
but ...  he  believed  he  had  a  distinct  mission  of 
duty,  in  which  he  should  be  spared  for  the  ends 
of  Providence. — Pollard's  First  Year  of  the 
War,  ch.  9,  p.  221. 

5229.  SOLBIEB,   Cruelty    and    Courtesy    of. 

Black  Prince.  [In  1370  the  Black  Prince  met 
the  French  in  Gascony.  His  last  warlike  act 
associates  his  name  with  the  infamous  system  of 
cruelty  that  makes  the  individual  bravery,  en- 
durance, and  courtesy  of  the  later  feudal  times 
look  like  hollow  mockery — a  miserable  impost- 
ure of  self-glorification,  trampling  upon  the 
higher  principle  that  unites  strength  with  mercy. 
Three  thousand  men,  women,  and  children  were 
^.butchered  in  cold  blood  when  Limoges  was 
iken.  A  few  knights,  who  resWved  to  battle 
the  last,  placed  their  backs  against  a  wall, 
and  long  fought  against  superior  numbers. 
These  Prince  Edward  ordered  to  be  received  to 
ransom.  This  was  chivalry. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  31. 

5230.  SOLDIEE,  Ignorant.  Beign  of  Jamea 
II.  In  June,  1686,  Tyrconnel  came.  His  com- 
mission authorized  him  only  to  command  the 
troops  ;  but  he  brought  with  him  royal  instruc- 
tions touching  all  parts  of  the  administration, 
and  at  once  took  the  real  government  of  the 
island  into  his  own  hands.  On  the  day  after  his 
arrival,  he  explicitly  said  that  commissions  must 
be  largely  given  to  Roman  Catholic  officers, 
and  that  room  must  be  made  for  them  by  dis- 
missing more  Protestants.  He  pushed  on  the 
remodeiiing  of  the  army  eagerly  and  indefatiga- 


bly.  It  was,  indeed,  the  only  part  of  the  func- 
tions of  a  commander-in-chief  which  he  was 
competent  to  perform  ;  for,  though  courageous 
in  brawls  and  duels,  he  knew  nothing  of  mili- 
tary duty.  At  the  very  first  review  which  he 
held,  it  was  evident  to  all  who  were  near  to  him 
that  he  did  not  know  how  to  draw  up  a  regi- 
ment. To  turn  Englishmen  out  and  to  put 
Irishmen  in  was,  in  his  view,  the  beginning  and 
the  end  of  the  administration  of  war. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  132. 

5231.  SOLDIEE,  A  natural.  Cromwell.  Bred 
to  peaceful  occupations,  he  had,  at  more  than 
forty  years  of  age,  accepted  a  commission  in 
the  Parliamentary  army.  No  sooner  had  he 
become  a  soldier,  than  he  discerned,  with  the 
keen  glance  of  genius,  what  Essex  and  men  like 
Essex,  with  all  their  experience,  were  unable 
to  perceive.  He  saw  precisely  where  the  strength 
of  the  Royalists  lay,  and  by  what  means  alone 
that  strength  could  be  overpowered.  He  saw 
that  it  was  necessary  to  reconstruct  the  army  of 
the  Parliament.  He  saw,  also,  that  there  were 
abundant  and  excellent  materials  for  the  pur- 
pose— materials  less  showy,  indeed,  but  more 
solid  than  those  of  which  the  gallant  squadrons 
of  the  king  were  composed.  It  was  necessary 
to  look  for  recruits  who  were  not  mere  mer- 
cenaries ;  for  recruits  of  decent  station  and  grave 
character,  fearing  God  and  zealous  for  public 
liberty.  With  such  men  he  filled  his  own  regi- 
ment, and  while  he  subjected  them  to  a  disci- 
pline more  rigid  than  had  ever  before  been  known 
in  England,  he  administered  to  their  intellectual 
and  moral  nature  stimulants  of  fearful  potency. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  109. 

5232.  SOLDIEE,  A  remarkable.  General  Lee. 
General  Lee  is,  almost  without  exception,  tha 
handsomest  man  of  his  age  I  ever  saw.  He  ia 
fifty-six  years  old,  tall,  broad-shouldered,  very 
well  made,  well  set  up — a  thorough  soldier  ic 
appearance  ;  and  his  manners  are  most  courteous 
and  full  of  dignity.  He  is  a  perfect  gentleman 
in  every  respect.  I  imagine  no  one  has  so  few 
enemies,  or  is  so  universally  esteemed.  Through- 
out the  South  all  agree  in  pronouncing  him  at 
near  perfection  as  a  man  can  be.  He  has  non^ 
of  the  small  vices,  such  as  smoking,  drinking, 
chewing,  or  swearing,  and  his  bitterest  enemy 
never  accused  him  of  the  greater  ones  .  .  .  Gen- 
eral Lee  is  a  religious  man. — [English  officer'^ 
diary,  quoted  in]  Pollard's  Second  Year  of 
THE  War,  p.  342. 

5233.  SOLDIEE,  Spirited.  Puritan.  [At  the 
battle  of  Dunbar.]  It  appears  there  were  then 
only  two  houses  and  farmsteads.  On  this  Monday 
there  had  been  some  slight  skirmishing.  Leslie's 
horse  dashed  across  those  little  huts  occupied 
by  Lambert's  or  Pride's  foot  and  horse,  and 
seized  three  prisoners,  one  a  musketeer,  a  spir- 
ited fellow,  with  a  wooden  arm.  On  being 
brought  before  Leslie,  he  was  asked,  "  Do  the 
enemy  intend  to  fight  ?"  The  man  replied, 
' '  What  do  you  think  we  come  here  for  ?  We 
come  for  nothing  else."  "  Soldier,"  said  Leslie, 
"how  will  you  fight,  when  you  have  shipped 
half  your  men  and  all  your  great  guns  ?"  The 
answer  was,  ' '  Sir,  if  you  please  to  draw  down 
your  men,  you  shall  find  both  men  and  great 
guns  too."  To  one  of  the  officers  who  asked 
him  how  he  dared  reply  so  saucily  to  the  gen- 


cao 


SOLDIER— SOLDIERS. 


eral,  he  said,  "  I  only  answer  the  question  put, 
to  me."  Leslie  sent  him  across,  free  again,  by 
a  trumpet  ;  and  making  his  way  to  Cromwell, 
he  reported  what -had  passed,  adding,  "  I  f or 
one  have  lost  twenty  shillings  by  the  business, 
plundered  from  me  in  this  skirmish."  There- 
upon the  lord-general  gave  him  two  pieces, 
which  are  forty  shillings,  and  sent  him  away  re- 
joicing.— Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  11,  p.  51. 

5234.  SOLDIER,  A  wonderful.  Hannibal.  On 
the  first  intelligence  of  the  march  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians Publius  Scipio,  the  consul,  had  taken  the 
field  with  a  large  army,  and  hoped  by  rapid 
marches  to  arrest  him  in  the  first  part  of  his 
progress,  and  to  make  the  country  of  the  Trans- 
alpine Gauls  the  theatre  of  the  war  ;  but  Hanni- 
bal had  got  the  start  of  him,  and  had  already 
passed  the  Rhone  in  the  face  of  an  opposing 
army.  He  took  his  way  along  the  eastern  banks 
of  that  river  to  Lyons,  and  thence  to  one  of  the 
chief  passes  of  the  Alps — not  improbably  that 
which  is  now  known  by  the  name  of  the  Great 
St.  Bernard.  On  proceeding  to  ascend  the 
mountains,  he  found  the  country  in  some  parts 
buried  in  snow,  and  at  every  defile  defended  by 
large  troops  of  mountaineers.  He  overcame,  by 
astonishing  perseverance,  every  difiiculty,  and, 
at  length,  in  the  space  of  fifteen  days,  penetrated 
into  that  country  which  he  had  promised  to  his 
troops  as  the  end  and  the  reward  of  their  labors. 
The  time  occupied  in  the  whole  of  this  march 
was  five  months  and  a  half.  His  army,  on  leav- 
ing Carthage,  amounted  to  50,000  foot  and 
20,000  horse;  but  of  these,  on  arriving  in  Italy, 
there  remained  only  20,000  foot  and  6000  horse. 
This  expedition  is  deservedly  reckoned  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  exploits  of  antiquity. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  9,  p.  373. 

5235.  SOLDIEB,  Choice.  Riflemen.  The  men 
[from  the  frontiers],  painted  in  the  guise  of 
savages,  were  strong  and  of  great  endurance, 
many  of  them  more  than  six  feet  high  ;  they 
wore  leggings  and  moccasins  and  an  ash-colored 
shirt  with  a  double  cape  ;  each  one  carried  a 
rifle,  a  hatchet,  a  small  axe,  and  a  hunter's 
knife.  They  could  subsist  on  a  little  parched 
corn  and  game,  killed  as  they  went  along  ;  at 
night,  wrapped  in  their  blankets,  they  willingly 
made  a  tree  their  canopy,  the  earth  their  bed. 
The  rifle  in  their  hands  sent  its  ball,  with  uner- 
ring precision,  a  distance  of  two  or  three  hun- 
dred yards.  Their  motto  was,  "Liberty  or 
Death."  They  were  the  first  troops  raised  under 
the  authority  of  the  Continental  Congress,  and  . . . 
the  best  corps  in  the  camp.  .  .  .  They  taught  the 
observing  Frederick  to  introduce  into  his  service 
light  bodies  of  sharpshooters,  and  their  exam- 
ple has  modified  the  tactics  of  European  armies. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.  ,  vol.  8,  ch.  44. 

5236.  SOLDIEB,  Colonial.  English  against 
Fl'ench.  On  the  banks  of  Lake  George  [in  1758] 
9024  provincials  .  .  .  assembled.  There  were  the 
600  New  England  rangers,  dressed  like  woods- 
men, armed  with  a  firelock  and  hatchet ;  under 
their  right  arm  a  powder-horn  ;  a  leather  bag  for 
bullets  at  their  waist ;  and  to  each  officer  a 
pocket  compass  as  a  guide  in  the  forests. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  13. 

5237.  SOLDIEES,  Dauntless.  Franks.  "The 
Franks,"  says  the  Emperor  Constantine,  "are 
bold  and  valiant  to  the  verge  of  temerity  ;  and 


their  dauntless  spirit  is  supported  by  the  con. 
tempt  of  danger  and  death.  In  the  field  and  in 
close  onset  tlie}^  press  to  the  front  and  rush 
headlong  against  the  enemy,  without  deigning 
to  compute  either  his  numbers  or  their  own. 
Their  ranks  are  formed  by  the  firm  connections 
of  consanguinity  and  friendship  •  and  their 
martial  deeds  are  prompted  by  the  desire  of 
saving  or  revenging  their  dearest  companions. 
In  their  eyes  a  retreat  is  a  shameful  flight ;  and 
flight  is  indelible  infamy. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  53,  p.  373. 

523§.  SOLDIEES,  Defensive.  Oreelc  Empire. 
Neither  authority  nor  art  could  frame  the  most 
important  machine,  the  soldier  himself  ;  and  if 
the  ceremonies  of  Constantine  always  suppose  the 
safe  and  triumphal  return  of  the  emperor,  his 
tactics  seldom  soar  above  the  means  of  escaping 
a  defeat,  and  procrastinating  the  war.  Notwith- 
standing some  transient  success,  the  Greeks  were 
sunk  in  their  own  esteem  and  that  of  their  neigh- 
bors. A  cold  hand  and  a  loquacious  tongue  was 
the  vulgar  description  of  the  nation  ;  the  author 
of  the  tactics  was  besieged  in  his  capital ;  and 
the  last  of  the  Barbarians,  who  trembled  at  the 
name  of  the  Saracens,  or  Franks,  could  proudly 
exhibit  the  medals  of  gold  and  silver  which  they 
had  extorted  from  the  feeble  sovereign  of  Con- 
stantinople.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  53,  p.  369. 

5239.  SOLDIERS,  Disobedient.  James  11. 
The  heads  of  the  corporation,  though  men  se- 
lected for  office  on  account  of  their  known  Tory- 
ism, protested  against  this  illegal  proceeding. 
The  lord-mayor  was  ordered  to  appear  before 
the  Privy  Council.  "  Take  heed  what  you  do," 
said  the  king.  "  Obey  me  ;  and  do  not  trouble 
yourself  either  about  gentlemen  of  the  long  robe 
or  gentlemen  of  the  short  robe."  .  .  .  The  chapel 
was  opened.  All  the  neighborhood  was  soon  in 
commotion.  Great  crowds  assembled  in  Cheap- 
side  to  attack  the  new  mass  house.  The  priests 
were  insulted.  A  crucifix  was  taken  out  of  the 
building  and  set  up  on  the  parish  pump.  The 
lord-mayor  came  to  quell  the  tumult,  but  was 
received  with  cries  of  "  No  wooden  gods."  The 
train-bands  were  ordered  to  disperse  the  crowd  ; 
but  they  shared  in  the  popular  feeling,  and  mur- 
murs were  heard  from  the  ranks,  "  We  cannot 
in  conscience  fight  for  popery." — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  93. 

5240.  SOLDIERS  fearful.  Romans.  Such 
was  the  horror  for  the  profession  of  a  soldier, 
which  had  affected  the  minds  of  the  degenerate 
Romans,  that  many  of  the  youth  of  Italy  and 
the  provinces  chose  to  cut  off  the  fingers  of  their 
right  hand,  to  escape  from  being  pressed  into 
the  service  ;  and  this  strange  expedient  was  so 
commonly  practised,  as  to  deserve  the  severe 
animadversion  of  the  laws,  and  a  peculiar  name 
in  the  Latin  language.  They  were  called  Murci, 
denoting  a  lazy  and  cowardly  person. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  17,  p.  130. 

5241.  SOLDIEES,  Graves  of.  Decorated.  The 
first  year  of  the  war  of  Peloponnesus  being 
now  elapsed,  the  Athenians,  during  the  winter, 
solemnized  public  funerals,  according  to  ancient 
custom, ...  in  honor  of  those  who  had  lost  their 
lives  in  that  campaign,  a  ceremony  which  they 
constantly  observed  during  the  whole  course  of 
that  war.  For  this  purpose  they  set  up,  three 
days  before,  a  tent,  in  which  the  bones  of  the 


SOLDIERS. 


G21 


ieceased  citizens  were  exposed,  and  every  per- 
son strewed  flowers,  incense,  perfumes,  and 
other  tilings  of  the  same  kind  upon  those  re- 
mains. They  afterward  were  put  on  carriages, 
in  coffins  made  of  cypress  wood,  every  tribe 
having  its  particular  coffin  and  carriage  ;  but 
in  one  of  the  latter  a  large  empty  coffin  was 
carried,  in  honor  of  those  whose  bodies  had  not 
been  found.  The  procession  marched  with  a 
grave,  majestic,  and  religious  pomp  ;  a  great 
number  of  the  inhabitants,  both  citizens  and  for- 
eigners, assisted  at  this  mournful  solemnity. 
[The  most  renowned  orators  spoke  at  their 
graves.] — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  7,  cli.  3. 

5242.  SOLDIERS,  Invulnerable.  Asiatics.  [In 
1823  the  British  army  in  Bengal  felt  the  necessity 
of  fortifying  against  the  probable  attack  of  the 
enemy.]  An  enormous  pagoda,  more  than  three 
hundred  feet  high,  became  a  citadel,  garrisoned 
b}^  a  battalion  of  British  troops.  .  .  .  On  the 
night  when  the  astrologers  had  decided  that  an 
attack  upon  this  sacred  place  would  free  th.e 
country  from  the  impious  strangers,  a  body  of 
troops,  called  Invulnerables,  advanced  to  the 
northern  gateway.  A  terrible  cannonade  was 
opened  upon  these  dense  masses,  and  they  fled 
at  once  to  the  neighboring  jungle. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  13,  p.  219. 

5243.  SOLDIERS  maimed.  Supported.  [Solon 
established  a  law]  that  "  persons  maimed  in  the 
wars  should  be  maintained  at  the  public  charge." 
— Plutarch. 

5244.  SOLDIERS  marked.  Hand— Face.  The 
armies  both  of  Sparta  and  Athens  were  com- 
posed of  four  sorts  of  troops  :  citizens,  allies, 
mercenaries,  and  slaves.  The  soldiers  were 
sometimes  marked  in  the  hand,  to  distinguish 
them  from  the  slaves,  who  had  that  charac- 
ter impressed  upon  their  forehead.  Interpre- 
tei's  believe  that  it  is  in  allusion  to  this  dou- 
ble manner  of  marking  that  it  is  said  in  the 
Revelation  that  all  were  obliged  "  to  receive 
the  mark  of  the  beast  in  the  right  hand,  or  in 
their  foreheads  ;"  and  that  St.  Paul  says  of  him- 
self :  "  I  bear  in  my  body  the  marks  of  the 
Lord  Jesus." — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  10,  ch.  2, 
§3. 

5245.  SOLDIERS  misnamed.  Beign  of  James 
II.  When  his  [General  Kirke'sJ  soldiers  dis- 
pleased him,  he  flogged  them  with  merciless 
severity  ;  but  he  indemnified  them  by  permit- 
ting them  to  sleep  on  watch,  to  reel  drunk 
about  the  streets,  to  rob,  beat,  and  insult  the 
merchants  and  the  laborers.  When  Tangier 
was  abandoned,  Kirke  returned  to  England. 
He  still  continued  to  command  his  old  soldiers, 
who  were  designated  sometimes  as  the  First  Tan- 
gier Regiment  and  sometimes  as  Queen  Catha- 
rine's Regiment.  As  they  had  been  levied  for 
the  purpose  of  waging  war  on  an  infidel  nation, 
they  bore  on  their  flag  a  Christian  emblem,  the 
Paschal  Lamb.  In  allusion  to  this  device,  and 
with  a  bitterly  ironical  meaning,  these  men,  the 
rudest  and  most  ferocious  in  the  English  army, 
were  called  Kirke's  lambs. — Macaulay'sEng., 
ch.  5,  p.  586. 

5246.  SOLDIERS,  Model.  GromicelVs.  These 
persons,  sober,  moral,  diligent,  and  accustomed 
to  reflect,  had  been  induced  to  take  up  arms, 
not  by  the  pressure  of  want,  not  by  the  love  of 


novelty  and  license,  not  by  the  arts  of  recruiting 
officers,  but  by  religious  and  political  zeal,  min- 
gled with  the  desire  of  distinction  and  promo- 
tion. The  boast  of  the  soldiers,  as  we  find  it 
recorded  in  their  solemn  resolutions,  was,  that 
they  had  not  been  forced  into  the  service,  nor  had 
enlisted  chiefly  for  the  sake  of  lucre  ;  that  they 
were  no  janizaries,  but  freeborn  Englishmen, 
who  had,  of  their  own  accord,  put  their  lives  in 
jeopardy,  for  the  liberties  and  religion  of  Eng- 
land, and  whose  right  and  duty  it  was  to  watch 
over  the  welfare  of  the  nation  which  they  had 
saved. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  113. 

5247.  SOLDIERS,  Nation  of.  Gauls.  The 
chief  was  either  hei-editary  or  elected,  or  won 
his  command  by  the  sword.  The  mass  of  the 
people  were  serfs.  The  best  fighters  were  self- 
made  nobles,  under  the  chiefs  authority.  Every 
man  in  the  tribe  was  the  chief's  absolute  sub- 
ject ;  the  chief,  in  turn,  was  bound  to  protect 
the  meanest  of  them  against  injury  from  with- 
out. War,  on  a  large  scale  or  a  small,  had  been 
the  occupation  of  their  lives.  The  son  was  not 
admitted  into  his  father's  presence  till  he  was 
old  enough  to  be  a  soldier.  When  the  call  to 
arms  went  out,  every  man  of  the  required  age 
w^as  expected  at  the  muster,  and  the  last  comer 
was  tortured  to  death  in  the  presence  of  his 
comrades  as  a  lesson  against  backwardness. — 
Froude'S  C^sar,  ch.  14. 

524S.  SOLDIERS,  Notorious.  Wilsons  Zouaves. 
[Colonel]  Billy  Wilson  .  .  .  boasted  that  when 
his  regiment  was  moved  off  [from  New  York], 
it  would  be  found  that  not  a  thief,  highway- 
man, or  pickpocket  would  be  left  in  the  city. 
— Pollard's  First  Year  of  the  War,  ch.  8, 
p.  72. 

5249.  SOLDIERS,  Odd.  Cromwell's.  The  Pu- 
ritan soldiers  of  Cromwell  are  armed  with  all 
kinds  of  weapons,  clothed  in  all  colors,  and  some- 
times in  rags.  Pikes,  halberds,  and  long  straight 
swords  are  ranged  side  by  side  with  pistols  and 
muskets.  Often  he  causes  his  troops  to  halt  that 
he  may  preach  to  them,  and  frequently  they 
sing  psalms  while  performing  their  exercise. 
The  captains  are  heard  to  cry,  "  Present,  fire  !  in 
the  name  of  the  Lord  !"  After  calling  over  the 
muster-roll,  the  officers  read  a  portion  of  the 
New  or  Old  Testament.  Their  colors  are  cov- 
ered with  symbolical  paintings  and  verses  from 
the  Scriptures.  They  march  to  the  Psalms  of 
David,  while  the  Royalists  advance  singing  loose 
bacchanalian  songs.  The  license  of  the  nobili- 
ty and  cavaliers  composing  the  king's  regular 
troops  could  not  prevail,  notwithstanding  their 
bravery,  against  these  martyrs  for  their  faith. 
The  warriors  who  believed  themselves  the  sol- 
diers of  God  must  socner  or  later  gain  the  vic- 
tory over  those  who  are  only  the  servants  of 
man.  Cromwell  was  the  first  to  feel  this  con- 
viction.— Lamartine's  Cromwell,  p.  31. 

5250.  SOLDIERS,  Piety  of.  CromwelVs.  Crom- 
well had  foreseen  the  destinies  of  the  contest,  and 
from  among  the  freeholders  and  their  sons  in  his 
own  neighborhood  he  formed  his  immortal 
troop  of  Ironsides,  those  men  who,  in  many  a 
well-fought  field,  turned  the  tide  of  conflict, 
men  who  ' '  jeopardized  their  lives  on  the  high 
places  of  the  field."  These  men  were  peculiarly 
moulded  ;  their  training  was  even  more  religious 
than  military  ;  they  were  men  of  position  and 


622 


SOLDIERS— SOLITUDE. 


character.  Oliver  preached  to  them,  prayed 
with  them,  directed  their  vision  to  all  the  des- 
perate and  diflficult  embroilments  of  the  times. 
These  men  were  Puritans  all  ;  Independents  ; 
men  who,  however  painful  it  may  be  to  our 
more  Christian  notions,  used  their  Bible  as  a 
matchlock,  and  relieved  their  guard  by  revolv- 
ing texts  of  Holy  Writ,  and  refreshed  their 
courage  by  draughts  from  God's  Book. — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  6,  p.  95. 

5251.  .      CromwelVs.      But   that 

which  chiefly  distinguished  the  army  of  Crom- 
well from  other  armies  was  the  austere  morality 
and  the  fear  of  God  which  pervaded  all  ranks. 
It  is  acknowledged  by  the  most  zealous  Royal- 
ists that,  in  that  singular  camp,  no  oath  was 
heard,  no  drunkenness  or  gambling  was  seen, 
and  that  during  the  long  dominion  of  the  sol- 
diery the  property  of  the  peaceable  citizen  and 
the  honor  of  woman  were  held  sacred.  If  out- 
rages were  committed,  they  were  outrages  of 
a  very  different  kind  from  those  of  which  a  vic- 
torious army  is  generally  guilty.  No  servant- 
girl  complained  of  the  rough  gallantry  of  the 
red-coats  ;  not  an  ounce  of  plate  was  taken  from 
the  shops  of  the  goldsmiths  ;  but  a  Pelagian 
sermon,  or  a  window  on  which  the  Virgin  and 
Child  were  painted,  produced  in  the  Puritan 
ranks  an  excitement  which  it  required  the  ut- 
most exertions  of  the  officers  to  quell. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  114. 

5252.  SOLDIEKS  described,  Poor.  Cato.  "1 
do  not  like,"  he  said  once,  "  a  soldier  who 
moves  his  hands  when  he  marches  and  his  feet 
when  he  fights,  and  who  snores  louder  in  bed 
than  he  shouts  in  battle." — Cyclopedia  of 
BioG.,  p.  422. 

5253.  SOLDIEBS,  Professional.  Lacedmrno- 
nian.  The  allies  of  Sparta  likewise  complained 
of  Agesilaus,  that  it  was  not  in  any  public 
quarrel,  but  from  an  obstinate  spirit  of  private 
resentment,  that  he  sought  to  destroy  the  The- 
bans.  For  their  part,  they  said,  they  were 
wearing  themselves  out,  without  any  occasion, 
by  going  in  such  numbers  upon  this  or  that 
y''xi)edition  every  year,  at  the  will  of  a  handful 
of  Lacedaemonians.  Hereupon  Agesilaus,  de- 
sirous to  show  them  that  the  number  of  their 
warriors  was  not  so  gi'eat,  ordered  all  the  allies 
tvO  sit  down  promiscuously  on  one  side  and  all 
the  Lacedaemonians  on  the  other.  This  done,  the 
crier  summoned  the  trades  to  stand  up  one  after 
another,  the  potters  first,  and  then  the  braziers, 
the  carpenters,  the  masons — in  short,  all  the  me- 
chanics. Almost  all  the  allies  rose  up  to  answer 
in  one  branch  of  business  or  other,  but  not  one 
of  the  Lacedaemonians  ;  for  they  were  forbidden 
to  learn  or  exercise  any  manual  art.  Then 
Agesilaus  smiled  and  said,  "You  see,  my  friends, 
we  send  more  warriors  into  the  field  than  you." 
— Plutarch's  Agesilaus. 

5254.  SOLDIEBS,  Quality  of.  Cromwell's. 
"  At  his  first  entrance  into  the  wars,"  observes 
the  Reliquim  Baxteriana,  ' '  being  but  captain  of 
horse,  he  had  especial  care  to  get  religious  men 
into  his  troops  ;  these  men  were  of  greater  un- 
derstanding than  common  soldiers,  and  there- 
fore were  more  apprehensive  of  the  importance 
and  consequences  of  the  war.  By  this  means, 
indeed,  he  sped  better  than  he  expected.  Here- 
upon he  got  a  commission  to  take  some  care  of 


the  associated  counties,  where  he  brought  his 
troop  into  a  double  regiment  of  fourteen  full 
troops,  and  all  these  as  full  of  religious  men  as 
he  could  get  ;  these,  having  more  than  ordinary 
wit  and  resolution,  had  more  than  ordinary  suc- 
cess.— Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  6,  p.  100. 

5255.  SOLDIEES,  Terrible.  Janizaries.  [Un- 
der Amurath  I.,  the  Turk.]  Vigilant  officers 
were  stationed  at  Gallipoli,  to  watch  the  passage 
and  to  select  for  his  use  the  stoutest  and  most 
beautiful  of  the  Christian  youth.  ,  .  .  Many 
thousands  of  the  European  captives  were  edu- 
cated in  religion  and  arms,  and  the  new  militia 
was  consecrated  and  named  by  a  celebrated  der- 
vis.  Standing  in  the  front  of  their  ranks,  he 
stretched  the  sleeve  of  his  gown  over  the  head 
of  the  foremost  soldier,  and  his  blessing  was 
delivered  in  these  words :  ' '  Let  them  be  called 
Janizaries  {Yengi  cheri,  or  new  soldiers)  ;  may 
their  countenance  be  ever  bright !  their  hand 
victorious  !  their  sword  keen  !  may  their  spear 
always  hang  over  the  heads  of  their  enemies  \ 
and  wheresoever  they  go,  may  they  return  with  a. 
white  face!"  Such  was  the  origin  of  these 
haughty  troops,  the  terror  of  the  nations,  and 
sometimes  of  the  sultans  themselves.- — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  64,  p.  235. 

5256.  SOLDIERS,  Unqualified.  Eeign  of 
Charles  I.  In  a  country  which  had  not,  within 
the  memory  of  the  oldest  person  living,  made 
war  on  a  great  scale  by  land,  generals  of  tried 
skill  and  valor  were  not  to  be  found.  It  was 
necessary,  therefore,  in  the  first  instance,  to  trust 
untried  men,  and  the  preference  was  naturally 
given  to  men  distinguished  either  by  their  sta- 
tion, or  by  the  abilities  which  they  had  displayed 
in  Parliament,  In  scarcely  a  single  instance, 
however,  was  the  selection  fortunate.  Neither 
the  grandees  nor  the  orators  proved  good  sol- 
diers. The  Earl  of  Stamford,  one  of  the  greatest 
nobles  of  England,  was  routed  by  the  Royalists 
at  Stratton.  Nathaniel  Fiennes,  inferior  to  none 
of  his  contemporaries  in  talents  for  civil  business, 
disgraced  himself  by  the  pusillanimous  surren- 
der of  Bristol.  Indeed,  of  all  the  statesmen 
who  at  this  juncture  accepted  high  military  com- 
mands, Hampden  alone  appears  to  have  carried 
into  the  camp  the  capacity  and  strength  of  mind 
which  had  made  him  eminent  in  politics. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  108. 

5257.  SOLITUDE,  Delight  in.  Daniel  Boone. 
Occupying  the  first  cottage  in  Kentucky,  in  the 
spring  of  1770  .  .  ,  [his]  brother  returned  to 
the  settlements  for  horses  and  supplies  of  ammu- 
nition, leaving  the  renowned  hunter  "  by  him- 
self, without  bread,  or  salt,  or  sugar,  or  even  a 
horse  or  dog."  .  .  .  He  was  no  more  alone 
than  a  bee  among  the  flowers,  but  communed 
familiarly  with  the  whole  universe  of  life.  .  .  . 
For  him  the  rocks  and  fountains,  the  leaf  and 
the  blade  of  grass,  had  life  ;  .  .  .  the  trees  stood 
up,  .  .  .  myriads  of  companions.  .  .  .  The  per- 
petual howling  of  the  wolves  by  night  round  his 
cottage,  or  his  bivouac  in  the  brake,  was  his  di- 
version. .  .  .  He  returned  to  his  wife  and  chil 
dren  fixed  in  his  purpose,  at  the  risk  of  life  and 
fortune,  to  bring  them  as  soon  as  possible  to  live 
in  Kentucky,  which  he  esteemed  a  second  Para- 
dise.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  41. 

5259.  SOLITUDE,  Moroseness  by.  Chrysostom. 
He  maintained,   from  some  considerations   of 


I 


SON— SORCERY. 


623 


health  or  ahstinence,  his  .  .  .  habits  of  taking  his 
repasts  alone ;  and  this  inhospitable  custom, 
which  his  enemies  imputed  to  pride,  contributed, 
at  least,  to  nourish  the  infirmity  of  a  morose  and 
unsocial  humor. — Gibbon,  ch.  3,  p.  343. 

5259.  SON,  A  devoted.  Confucius.  Just  as  he 
was  about  to  be  promoted  to  the  highest  digni- 
ties of  the  empire,  his  mother,  in  the  flower  of 
her  age,  suddenly  died.  Immediately,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  ancient  traditions,  he  resigned 
his  office,  and  resolved  to  pay  all  the  honors  to 
his  mother's  memory  which  the  most  rigorous 
of  the  old  customs  demanded.  After  conveying 
the  body  to  the  summit  of  a  mountain,  where  the 
ashes  of  his  father  reposed,  he  secluded  himself 
from  society,  and  passed  three  whole  years  in 
mourning  the  irreparable  loss  which  he  had  sus- 
tained, his  only  relief  being  the  study  of  phi- 
losophy.— Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  409. 

5260.  SON  like  Mother.  Emperor  Nero.  Clau- 
dius, by  the  advice  of  his  faithful  councillors, 
his  freedmen,  married  his  niece  Agrippina,  the 
daughter  of  Germanicus,  a  woman  equally 
vicious  as  Messalina,  and  more  daring  in  her 
crimes.  Her  favorite  object  was  to  secure  the 
empire  for  her  son  Domitius  ^nobarbus  [Nero]  ; 
and,  to  gain  the  freedmen  to  her  interest,  she 
made  no  scruple  to  prostitute  herself  to  them. 
In  the  prosecution  of  her  scheme  she  employed 
banishment,  poison,  murder  —  every  different 
engine  of  vice  and  inhumanity.  She  obliged 
Octavia,  the  emperor's  daughter,  to  marry  Domi- 
tius, whom  she  now  made  Claudius  adopt,  to 
the  prejudice  of  his  son  Britannicus  ;  and  Domi- 
tius was  hailed  Caesar,  with  the  titles  of  Nero 
Claudius  CcBsar  DrusiLs  Oermanicus.  .  .  .  Agrip- 
pina, having  by  these  complicated  crimes  paved 
the  way  for  the  succession  of  her  son  to  the 
throne,  now  thought  proper  to  make  way  for 
him  by  poisoning  her  husband  ;  and  Claudius, 
after  a  reign  of  fourteen  years,  was  thus  carried 
off  at  the  age  of  sixty -three. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  486. 

5261.  SON,  Eeconciling.  Themistoeles.  Ad- 
metus,  king  of  the  Molossians,  .  .  had  made  are- 
quest  to  the  Athenians,  which  being  rejected 
with  scorn  by  Themistoeles  in  the  time  of  his 
prosperity  and  influence  in  the  State,  the  king 
entertained  a  deep  resentment  against  him,  and 
made  no  secret  of  his  intention  to  revenge  him- 
self, if  ever  the  Athenian  should  fall  into  his 
power.  However,  while  he  was  thus  flying  from 
place  to  place,  he  was  more  afraid  of  the  recent 
envy  of  his  countrymen  than  of  the  conse- 
quences of  an  old  quarrel  with  the  king  ;  and 
therefore  he  went  and  put  himself  in  his  hands, 
appearing  before  him  as  a  supplicant  in  a  par- 
ticular and  extraordinary  manner.  He  took  the 
king's  son,  who  was  yet  a  child,  in  his  arms, 
aod  kneeled  down  before  the  household  gods. 
This  manner  of  offering  a  petition  the  Molos- 
sians look  upon  as  the  most  effectual,  and  the 
only  one  that  can  hardly  be  rejected. — Plu- 
tarch's TlIEMISTGCLES. 

5262.  SONG,  Enamored  by.  Jodah  Quincy. 
[While  visiting  his  aunt  in  Boston  he  met  a 
young  lady  wlio  made  no  impression  on  his 
mind  till]  she  began  to  sing  one  of  the  songs  of 
Burns  with  a  clearness  of  voice  and  with  a 
degree  of  taste  and  feeling  which  charmed  and 
excited  Mm  beyond  anything  he  had  ever  ex- 


perienced. He  immediately  threw  down  the  law 
papers  which  he  had  been  examining,  and  re- 
turned to  the  company.  Miss  Morton  sang  several 
other  songs,  to  the  great  delight  of  all  who  heard 
her,  and  to  the  unbounded  rapture  of  this  par- 
ticular young  gentleman.  When  the  singing 
was  over,  he  entered  into  conversation  with  her» 
and  discovered  her  to  be  an  intelligent,  well-in- 
formed, unaffected,  and  kind-hearted  girl.  In 
short,  he  fell  in  love  with  her  upon  the  spot,  and 
when  the  young  lady  left  Boston  a  week  after, 
he  was  engaged  to  her.  Some  time  elapsed,  how- 
ever, before  they  were  married.  She  was  a 
young  lady  of  highly  respectable  connections 
and  considerable  fortune.  The  marriage  was 
suitable  in  all  respects,  and  they  lived  together 
fifty-three  happy  years.  This  most  fortunate 
union  was,  no  doubt,  one  of  the  main  causes  of 
the  singular  peace  and  uninterrupted  happiness 
of  his  life. — Cyclopedia  gf  Bigg.,  p.  751. 

5263.  SONG,  PoUtical.  Reign  of  James  IL 
[Irish  Roman  Catholic  troops  were  brought  into 
England  to  aid  the  king  in  supplanting  the  Prot- 
estant religion.]  Thomas  Wharton  had  writ- 
ten a  satirical  ballad  on  the  administration  of  Tyr- 
connel  [lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland].  In  this  little 
poem  an  Irishman  congratulates  a  brother  Irish- 
man, in  a  barbarous  jargon,  on  the  approaching 
triumph  of  popery  and  of  the  Milesian  race.  The 
Protestant  heir  will  be  excluded.  The  Protestant 
officers  will  be  broken.  The  Great  Charter  and 
the  praters  who  appeal  to  it  will  be  hanged  in 
one  rope.  The  good  Talbot  will  shower  com- 
missions on  his  countrymen,  and  will  cut  the 
throats  of  the  English.  These  verses,  which  were 
in  no  respect  above  the  ordinary  standard  of 
street  poetry,  had  for  burden  some  gibberish 
which  was  said  to  have  been  used  as  a  watch- 
word by  the  insurgents  of  Ulster  in  1641.  The 
verses  and  the  tune  caught  the  fancy  of  the  na- 
tion. From  one  end  of  England  to  the  other  all 
classes  were  constantly  singing  this  idle  rhyme. 
.  .  .  One  of  the  characteristics  of  the  good  old 
soldier  is  his  trick  of  whistling  Lillibullero. 
Wharton  afterward  boasted  that  he  had  sung  a 
king  out  of  three  kingdoms.  But,  in  truth,  the 
success  of  Lillibullero  was  the  effect,  and  not  the 
cause,  of  that  excited  state  of  public  feeling 
which  produced  the  Revolution. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  397. 

5264.  SOECERY  condemned.  England,  a.d. 
1440.  [In  1440]  the  Witch  of  Eye  was  burned 
in  Smithfield  for  having,  in  former  daj'^s,  given 
medicines  to  Eleanor  Cobham  to  make  the  Duke 
of  Gloucester  love  her  and  wed  her.  [The  duke's 
wife  was  brought  before  an  ecclesiastical  com- 
mission by  the  political  enemies  of  her  husband, 
and]  condemned  by  the  bishops  to  all  the  humilia- 
tions of  penance  in  the  streets  of  London,  on  three 
several  days.  .  .  .  She  was  confined  at  Calais 
and  the  Isle  of  Man  for  the  remainder  of  her 
life.  [Her  offence  was  only  this  :  she  had  con- 
sulted an  astrologer]  to  know  what  should  fall 
of  her,  and  to  what  estate  she  should  come. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  6,  p.  94. 

5265.  SORCERY,  Fear  of.  By  Joan  of  Arc, 
The  only  question  was  whether  these  beings  were 
good  or  evil  angels  ;  whether  she  brought  with 
her  "airs  from  heaven  or  blasts  from  hell." 
This  question  seemed  to  her  countrymen  to  be 
decisively  settled  in  her  favor  by  the  austere 


(524 


SORCERY— SOUL. 


sanctity  of  her  life,  by  the  holiness  of  her  con- 
versation, but  still  more  by  her  exemplary  atten- 
tion to  all  the  services  and  rites  of  the  Church. 
The  dauphin  at  first  feared  the  injury  that  might 
be  done  to  his  cause  if  he  laid  himself  open  to 
the  charge  of  having  leagued  himself  with  a 
sorceress.  Every  imaginable  test,  therefore,  was 
resorted  to  in  order  to  set  Joan's  orthodoxy  and 
purity  beyond  suspicion.  At  last  Charles  and 
his  advisers  felt  safe  in  accepting  her  services  as 
those  of  a  true  and  virtuous  Christian  daugh- 
ter of  the  Holy  Church. — Decisive  Battles, 
§375. 

5266.  SORCEEY  punished.  Henry  VI.  [He 
married  his  mistress,  Eleanor  Cobham  ;  she  was 
charged  with  compassing  the  king's  death  by  sor- 
cer}'.]  Her  judges  found  that  she  had  made  a 
waxen  image  of  the  king  and  slowly  melted  it 
at  a  fire,  a  process  which  was  held  to  account  for 
Henry's  growing  weakness  both  of  body  and 
mind.  The  duchess  was  doomed  to  penance  for 
her  crime ;  she  was  led  bareheaded  and  bare- 
footed in  a  white  penance-sheet  through  the 
streets  of  London,  and  then  thrown  into  prison 
for  life. — Hist,  of  Exg.  People,  §  436. 

5267.  SOEEOW,  A  living.  Mother  of  WesUy. 
Susanna  Wesley,  ...  in  a  letter  to  her  brother, 
writes,  with  the  anguish  which  only  a  mother 
can  know,  for  the  saddest  sorrow  of  a  child : 
'  O  sir  !  O  brother  !  happy,  thrice  happy  are 
you  ;  happy  is  my  sister  that  buried  your  chil- 
dren in  infancy  secure  from  temptation,  secure 
from  guilt,  secure  from  want  and  shame,  secure 
from  the  loss  of  friends.  Believe  me,  it  is  better 
to  mourn  ten  children  dead  than  one  living, 
and  I  have  buried  many." — Stevens'  Method- 
ism, vol.  1,  p.  59. 

526S.  SOEEOW,  Sentimental.  Xerxes.  [The 
Persians  invaded  Greece.]  He  left  Sardis,  and 
directed  his  march  toward  the  Hellespont. 
Being  arrived  there,  he  wished  to  have  the 
pleasure  of  seeing  a  naval  engagement.  A  throne 
was  erected  for  him  upon  an  eminence  ;  and  in 
that  situation,  seeing  all  the  sea  crowded  with 
his  vessels,  and  the  land  covered  with  his  troops, 
he  at  first  felt  a  secret  joy  diffuse  itself  through 
his  soul,  in  surveying  with  his  own  ej^es  the  vast 
extent  of  his  power,  and  considering  himself  as 
the  most  happy  of  mortals  ;  but  reflecting  soon 
afterward,  that  of  so  many  thousands  in  a  hun- 
dred years'  time  there  would  not  be  one  living 
soul  remaining,  his  joy  was  turned  into  grief, 
and  he  could  not  forbear  weeping  at  the  uncer- 
tainty and  instability  of  human  things.  He 
might  have  found  another  subject  of  reflection, 
which  would  have  more  justly  merited  his  tears 
and  affliction,  had  he  turned  his  thoughts  upon 
himself,  and  considered  the  reproaches  he  de- 
served for  being  the  instrument  of  shortening  that 
fatal  term  to  millions  of  people,  whom  his  cruel 
ambition  was  going  to  sacrifice  in  an  unjust  and 
unnecessary  war.  [He  had  1,800,000  men.] — 
Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  2,  §  2. 

5269.  SOUL,  Divinity  of  the.  Pythagoras. 
Pythagoras  regarded  the  human  soul  as  consist- 
ing of  two  parts — the  one  a  sensitive,  which  is 
common  to  man  and  the  inferior  animals  ;  the 
other  a  rational  and  divine,  which  is  common  to 
man  with  the  Deity,  and  is  indeed  a  part  of  the 
divine  nature.  The  first  perishes  with  the  body, 
of  which  it  is  an  inseparable  adjunct ;  the  other 


survives  and  is  immortal ;  but  after  the  death  of 
one  body  it  enters  into  another,  and  so  passes 
through  an  endless  series  of  transmigrations. 
It  is  punished  by  degradation  into  the  body  of 
an  inferior  animal. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2, 
ch.  9,  p.  263. 

5270.  SOUL,  Immortality  of  the.  Socrates. 
Socrates  passed  the  rest  of  the  day  [his  last  day] 
with  his  friends,  and  conversed  with  them  with 
his  usual  .  .  .  tranquillity.  The  subject  of 
conversation  was  most  important,  and  well  suit- 
ed to  his  present  condition — that  is  to  say,  the 
immortality  of  the  soul.  What  gave  occasion 
to  this  discourse  was  a  question  introduced  in  a 
manner  by  chance,  Whether  a  true  philosopher 
ought  not  to  desire  and  take  pains  to  die  ?  This 
proposition,  taken  too  literally,  implied  an  opin- 
ion that  a  philosopher  might  kill  himself.  Soc- 
rates shows  that  nothing  is  more  unjust  than  this 
notion  ;  and  that  man,  appertaining  to  God, 
who  formed  and  placed  him  with  His  own  hand 
in  the  post  he  possesses,  cannot  abandon  it  Avith- 
out  His  permission,  nor  quit  life  without  His 
order.  What  is  it,  then,  that  can  induce  a  philos- 
opher to  entertain  this  love  for  death  ?  It  can 
be  on\j  the  hope  of  that  happiness  which  he  ex- 
pects in  another  life,  and  that  hope  can  be 
founded  only  upon  the  opinion  of  the  soul's  im- 
mortality.— Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  9,  ch.  4,  §  7. 

5271.  SOUL,  Mystery  of  the.  Mahomet.  [Ma- 
homet's wisdom  was  tested  by  the  rabbins,  who 
asked  an  answer  to  this  question,  "  What  is  the 
soul  ?"  Mahomet  demanded]  three  days  to  re- 
flect. He  then  replied  to  the  questions  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  rabbins.  As  to  the  definition 
of  the  soul,  which  does  not  fall  under  the  senses, 
and  which  cannot  be  defined  by  words  all  bor- 
rowed from  material  properties:  "The  soul," 
said  he,  "  is  a  mysterj',  of  which  God  has  re- 
served to  Himself  alone  the  knowledge.  Man 
can  know  only  what  God  vouchsafes  to  teach 
him." — Lamartines Turkey,  p.  87. 

5272.  SOUL,  Nohility  of.  Darius.  Polystra- 
tus  having  gone  aside  to  a  fountain  to  quench 
his  thirst,  saw  hard  by  a  mean  wagon,  in  which 
lay  a  wounded  man,  to  appearance  in  the  agonies 
of  death.  There  was  no  attendant  near.  On 
approaching,  he  perceived  that  it  was  the  king 
of  the  Persians,  who  lay  stretched  upon  a  skin, 
covered  with  wounds.  When  Polystratus  came 
near,  he  opened  his  eyes,  and  feebly  asked  of 
him  a  draught  of  water,  which  when  he  had  re- 
ceived, "  Whoever  thou  art,"  said  he,  "  who  hast 
done  me  this  office  of  humanity,  it  is  the  last  of 
my  misfortunes  that  I  can  offer  thee  no  return. 
But  Alexander  will  requite  thee  for  it ;  and  may 
the  gods  reward  him  for  that  generous  compas- 
sion which,  though  an  enemy,  he  has  shown  to 
me  and  to  my  unfortunate  kindred.  Take," 
said  he,  "  this  hand  as  the  pledge  of  my  gratis 
tude."  So  saying,  he  grasped  the  hand  of 
Polystratus,  and  immediately  expired.  Such 
was  the  end  of  Darius  Codomannus.  ...  Of 
this  prince  it  may  be  truly  said  that  he  merited  a 
better  fate.  The  tender  and  humane  affections 
formed  a  strong  ingredient  in  his  nature.  When 
we  consider  him  stripped  of  his  dominions,  his 
crown  and  life  sacrificed  to  the  insatiable  ambi- 
tion of  an  unprovoked  invader — to  forgive  was 
much ;  but  an  emotion  of  gratitude  to  that 
enemy,  expressed  with  his  latest  breath,  indi- 


SOUL— SPECULATION. 


62e 


cated  a  generosity  of  soul  which  is  scarcely  to  be 
paralleled. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  4, 
p.  189. 

5273.  SOTJL,  Seat  of  the.  Aristotle.  He  in- 
forms us  that,  in  his  opinion,  the  seat  of  the  soul 
is  that  portion  of  the  brain  called  the  pineal 
gland,  a  small,  solid  mass  of  nei'vous  matter  in 
the  midst  of  the  lobes  of  the  brain.  The  rea- 
son which  this  great  philosopher  gives  for  so 
thinking  is,  that  ' '  all  the  other  parts  of  the  brain 
are  double,  and  thought  is  single."  Man's  soul 
thus  being  in  the  head,  he  feels  it  necessary  to 
explain  why  we  are  provided  with  bodies  and 
limbs.  Since  the  soul  is  completely  enclosed 
within  the  skull,  why  should  we  be  encumbered 
with  such  a  great  mass  of  unspiritual  matter  ? 
Tlie  gods  foresaw,  he  tells  us,  that  the  head, 
being  round,  would  roll  down  the  hills,  and  could 
not  ascend  steep  places  ;  and  to  prevent  this, 
the  body  was  added  as  a  carrier  and  locomotive 
of  the  head. — Cyclopedia  op  Bigg.,  p.  560. 

5274.  SOUL,  Superiority  of  the.  William  III. 
[William  III.  was  for  many  years  afflicted  with 
the  asthma,  and  during  the  later  years  of  his 
life  was  greatly  opposed  and  annoyed  by  the 
partisan  spirit  in  Parliament,  which  ignored  his 
great  services  to  England,  and  his  recommenda- 
tions for  the  security  of  t^ie  State.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1701  he  appeared  in  the  last  stages  of 
bodily  feebleness,  but  the  labors  of  the  follow- 
ing autumn  appeared  to  improve  his  health.  It 
was  a  period  of  public  exigency,  arising  from  the 
aggressive  attitude  of  France.  William  seemed 
to  rise  superior  to  bodily  disease  in  preparing  for 
the  conflict  which  was  threatened.]  It  has  been 
admirably  said  by  Lord  Mahon  :  "Let  those 
who  doubt  the  dominion  of  the  soul  over  the 
bodily  powers,  who  deny  that  a  strong  mind 
can  sway  and  strengthen  and  force  onward  a 
feeble  suffering  frame — let  such  observe  whether 
in  the  last  labors  of  William  to  form  the  Alli- 
ance, or  in  the  Alliance  itself  when  formed, 
they  can  discover  any  trace  of  sickness — one 
single  mark  of  languor  or  decline. '' — Knight's 
ExG.,  vol.  5,  ch.  1«,  p.  253. 

5275.  SOVEREIGN,  An  American.  General 
Orant.  [After  sixteen  years  of  public  service  he 
proposed  a  tour  of  travel.]  A  government  vessel, 
the  Indiana,  was  placed  at  his  disposal,  with- 
out limit  as  to  time.  This  announcement 
awakened  the  liveliest  interest  in  England,  where 
he  was  lirst  to  land,  and  it  was  agitated  in  all 
the  papers  whether  the  courtesies  tendered  him 
should  be  those  accorded  to  a  sovereign  ruler  or  a 
private  citizen.  Van  Buren  and  Fillmore  had 
both  been  received  simply  as  distinguished  Amer- 
ican citizens.  At  length  Lord  Beaconsfleld  an- 
nounced that  he  should  be  received  as  a  sov- 
ereign.— Headley's  Travels  op  General 
Grant,  p.  5. 

5276.  SOVEREIGNTY,  Claims  of.  Sword  of 
Mars.  It  was  natural  enough  that  the  Scythians 
should  adore,  Avith  peculiar  devotion,  the  god  of 
war ;  but  as  they  were  incapable  of  forming 
either  an  abstract  idea  or  a  corporeal  represen- 
tation, they  worshipped  their  tutelar  deity  under 
the  symbol  of  an  iron  cimeter.  One  of  the 
shepherds  of  the  Huns  perceived  that  a  heifer 
who  was  grazing  had  wounded  herself  in  the 
foot,  and  curiously  followed  the  track  of  the 
blood,  till  he  discovered,  among  the  long  grass, 


the  point  of  an  ancient  sword,  which  he  dug  out 
of  the  ground  and  presented  to  Attila.  ^hat 
magnanimous,  or,  rather,  that  artful,  prince  ac- 
cepted, with  pious  gratitude,  this  celestial  favor; 
and,  as  the  rightful  possessor  of  the  sword  of 
Mars,  asserted  his  divine  and  indefeasible  claim 
to  the  dominion  of  the  earth. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  34,  p.  390. 

5277.  SPECIALTY,  Success  by.  Emperor  Max- 
imian.  Maximian  was  born  a  peasant,  and,  like 
Aurelian,  in  the  territory  of  Sirmium.  Ig- 
norant of  letters,  careless  of  laws,  the  rusticity 
of  his  appearance  and  manners  still  betrayed  in 
the  most  elevated  fortune  the  meanness  of  his 
extraction.  War  was  the  only  art  which  he 
professed.  .  .  .  After  the  example  of  IVIarcus,  he 
gave  himself  a  colleague  in  the  person  of  Max- 
imian, on  whom  he  bestowed  at  first  the  title  of 
CfEsar,  and  afterward  that  of  Augustus. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  13,  p.  405. 

5278.  SPECTACLE,  Magnificent.  Cleopatra. 
[She  left  her  dominions  to  visit  Antony  in  Cili- 
cia.]  She  sailed  along  the  river  Cydnus  in  a  most 
magnificent  galley.  The  stern  was  covered  with 
gold,  the  sails  were  of  purple,  and  the  oars  were 
silver.  These,  in  their  motion,  kept  time  to  the 
music  of  flutes  and  pipes  and  harj^s.  The  queen, 
in  the  dress  and  character  of  Venus,  lay  under  a 
canopy  embroidered  with  gold,  of  the  most  ex- 
quisite workmanship,  while  boys,  like  painted 
Cupids,  stood  fanning  her  on  each  side  of  the 
sofa.  Her  maids  were  of  the  most  distinguished 
beauty,  and,  habited  like  the  Nereids  and  the 
Graces,  assisted  in  the  steerage  and  conduct  of 
the  vessel.  The  fragrance  of  burning  incense 
was  diffused  along  the  shores,  which  were  cov- 
ered with  multitudes  of  people.  Some  followed 
the  procession,  and  such  numbers  went  down 
from  the  city  to  see  it,  that  Antony  was  at  last 
left  alone  on  the  tribunal.  A  rumor  was  soon 
spread  that  Venus  was  come  to  feast  with  Bac- 
chus, for  the  benefit  of  Asia.  Antony  sent  to 
invite  her  to  supper  ;  but  she  thought  it  his 
duty  to  wait  upon  her,  and  to  show  his  polite- 
ness, on  her  arrival  he  complied.  He  was  aston- 
ished at  the  magnificence  of  the  preparations, 
but  particularly  at  that  multitude  of  lights, 
which  were  raised  or  let  down  together,  and 
disposed  in  such  a  variety  of  square  and  circu- 
lar figures,  that  they  afforded  one  of  the  most 
pleasing  spectacles  that  has  been  recorded  in 
history. — Plutarch's  Antony. 

5279.  SPECULATION,  Endangered  by.  "Black 
Friday."  In  the  autumn  of  1869  occurred  the 
most  extraordinary  monetary  excitement  ever 
known  in  the  United  States,  or  perhaps  in  the 
world.  A  company  of  unscrupulous  specula- 
tors in  New  York  City,  headed  by  Jay  Gould 
and  James  Fisk,  Jr.,  succeeded  in  producing 
what  is  known  as  a  "  corner"  in  the  gold  market, 
and  brought  the  business  interests  of  the  metrop- 
olis to  the  verge  of  ruin.  During  the  civil  war 
the  credit  of  the  government  had  declined  to 
such  an  extent  that  at  one  time  a  dollar  in  gold 
was  worth  two  hundred  and  eighty-six  cents  in 
paper  currency  ;  but  after  the  restoration  of  the 
national  authority  the  value  of  paper  money  ap- 
preciated, and  in  the  fall  of  1869  the  ratio  of 
gold  to  the  greenback  dollar  had  fallen  to  about 
one  hundred  and  thirty  to  one  hundred.  There 
were  at  this  time,  in  the  banks  of  New  York, 


■ 


€26 


SPECULATION. 


fifteen  million  dollars  in  gold  coin  and  in  the 
sub-treasury  of  the  United  States  a  hundred 
millions  more.  The  plan  of  Gould  and  Fisk 
was  to  get  control,  by  purchase,  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  fifteen  millions,  to  prevent  the  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  from  selling  any  part  of  the 
hundred  millions  under  his  authority  ;  then,  hav- 
ing control  of  the  market,  to  advance  the  price 
of  gold  to  a  fabulous  figure,  sell  out  all  which 
they  held  themselves,  and  retire  from  the  field 
of  slaughtered  fortunes  with  their  accumulated 
millions  of  spoils.  . . .  Having  carefully  arranged 
all  the  preliminaries,  the  conspirators,  on  the 
13th  of  September,  began  their  work  of  pur- 
chasing gold,  at  the  same  time  constantly  ad- 
vancing the  price.  By  the  22d  of  the  month 
they  had  succeeded  in  putting  up  the  rate  to  a 
hundred  and  forty.  On  the  next  day  the  price 
rose  to  a  hundred  and  forty-four.  The  members 
of  the  conspiracy  now  boldly  avowed  their  de- 
termination to  advance  the  rate  to  two  hundred, 
and  it  seemed  that  on  the  morrow  they  would 
put  their  threat  into  execution.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  24th,  known  as  Black  Friday,  the 
hidding  in  the  Gold  Room  began  with  intense  ex- 
citement. The  brokers  of  Fisk  and  Gould  ad- 
vanced the  price  to  a  hundred  and  fifty,  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty-five,  and  finally  to  a  hundred  and 
sixty,  at  which  figure  they  were  obliged  to  pur- 
chase several  millions  by  a  company  of  mer- 
chants who  had  banded  themselves  together 
with  the  determination  to  fight  the  gold-gam- 
blers to  the  last.  Just  at  this  moment  came  a 
despatch  that  Secretary  Boutwell  had  ordered 
a  sale  of  four  millions  from  the  sub-treasury. 
There  Avas  an  instantaneous  panic.  The  price 
of  gold  went  down  twenty  per  cent  in  less  than 
as  many  minutes  !  The  speculators  were  blown 
away  in  an  uproar ;  but  they  managed,  by  ac- 
cumulated frauds  and  corruptions,  to  carry  off 
with  them  more  than  eleven  million  dollars,  as  the 
fruit  of  their  nefarious  game.  Several  months 
elapsed  before  the  business  of  the  country  re- 
covered from  the  effects  of  the  shock. — Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  68,  p.  553. 

5380.  SPECULATION,  Epidemic  of.  England, 
1720.  [Under  the  infiuence  of  the  gigantic 
South  Sea  Scheme  the  spirit  of  speculation 
in  1720  became  an  epidemic]  Companies  of 
every  character — water  companies,  fishery  com- 
panies, companies  for  various  manufactures, 
companies  for  settlements  and  foreign  trade — 
infinite  varieties,  down  to  companies  for  fatting 
hogs  and  importing  jackasses  from  Spain — 
rushed  into  the  market  amid  the  universal  cry  for 
shares,  and  more  shares.  ...  It  was  calculated 
that  the  value  of  the  stock  of  all  the  companies 
.  .  .  was  twice  as  much  as  the  fee  simple  of  all 
the  land  of  the  kingdom,  .  .  .  and  five  times  as 
much  as  the  circulating  medium  of  Europe. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  3,  p.  42. 

5281.  SPECULATION,  Imperilled  by.  Has- 
cality.  The  year  1819  was  noted  for  a  great  finan- 
cial crisis — the  first  of  many  that  have  occur- 
red to  disturb  and  distress  the  country.  With 
the  reorganization  of  the  Bank  of  the  United 
States,  in  1817,  the  improved  facilities  for  credit 
gave  rise  to  many  extravagant  speculations,  gen- 
erally conceived  in  dishonesty  and  carried .  on 
by  fraud.  The  great  branch  bank  at  Baltimore 
was  especially  infested  by  a  band  of  unscrupu- 


lous speculators,  who  succeeded,  in  connivance 
with  the  ofiicers,  in  withdrawing  from  the  in- 
stitution fully  two  millions  of  dollars  beyond  its 
securities.  President  Cheves,  however,  of  the  Su- 
perior Board  of  Directors,  adopted  a  policy 
which  exposed  the  i>revailing  rascality,  and  by 
putting  an  end  to  the  system  of  unlimited  cred- 
its, gradually  restored  the  business  of  the  coun- 
try to  a  firmer  basis.  But  for  the  time  being 
financial  affairs  were  thrown  into  confusion  ; 
and  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  itself  was 
barely  saved  from  suspension  and  bankruptcy. 
— RiDPATii's  U.  S.,  ch.  52,  p.  419. 

5282.  SPECULATION,  Mania  for.  Franc e. 
[John  Law  had  the  management  of  the  finances 
of  France.]  Dukes  and  footmen,  capitalists  and 
shop-boys,  ladies  of  the  court  and  servant-maids, 
jostled  one  another  in  their  eagerness  to  bu}'  the 
favorite  share  of  the  moment.  The  provinces 
poured  into  Paris  tens  of  thousands  of  people 
eager  to  join  in  the  maddening  game,  and  the 
mania  spread  at  last  to  all  the  countries  of  Eu- 
rope. Kings  and  princes  of  distant  lands  bought 
shares  in  Law's  delusive  schemes,  and  in  Lon- 
don the  mania  raged  almost  as  violently  as  at 
Paris.  Money  was  borrowed  in  Paris  at  the 
rate  of  a  quarter  per  cent  per  quarter  of  an 
hour,  the  lender  keeping  his  eyes  upon  his 
watch.  Desk-room  was  let  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  share-market  for  fifty  francs  a  day.  Shares, 
bonds,  and  coin  changed  in  value  fifty  times  in 
a  morning.  So  popular  was  the  magician  who 
had  conjured  up  this  state  of  things,  that  large 
sums  were  given  for  places  where  he  could  be 
seen  in  passing,  and  it  was  a  distinction  to  be 
able  to  say,  ' '  I  have  seen  John  Law. "  A  poor 
old  cobbler,  who  had  a  little  shop  in  the  street 
thus  suddenly  invested  with  so  much  impor- 
tance, cleared  two  hundred  francs  a  day  by  let- 
ting chairs  and  desks,  and  selling  pens  and 
paper.  Men  made  fortunes  in  a  few  days.  Peo- 
ple who  were  lackeys  one  week  kept  lackeys  the 
next.  Law's  own  coachman  came  to  him  one 
day  and  addressed  him  thus :  "I  am  going  to 
leave  you,  sir.  Here  are  two  young  men,  both 
of  whom,  I  answer  for  it,  are  excellent  coach- 
men. Take  your  choice,  and  I  will  keep  the 
other  myself."  .  .  .  This  madness  raged  in  Eu- 
rope eight  months,  during  which  people  thought 
the  age  of  gold  had  come  ;  for,  while  hundreds 
of  thousands  appeared  to  gain,  very  few  seemed 
to  lose.  The  constant  rise  in  price  of  shares  and 
royal  paper  appeared  to  enrich  everj-body,  and 
ruin  nobody.  .  .  .  The  reaction,  I  need  not  say, 
was  terrific.  When  first  the  suspicion  arose 
that  all  these  fine  fortunes  were  founded  upon 
paper  of  fictitious  value,  it  spread  with  alarm- 
ing rapidity.  By  various  adroit  manauvres 
Law  checked  the  progress  of  distrust,  but  he 
could  only  check  it.  The  rush  to  "realize" 
gi-ew  in  volume  and  intensity  from  day  to  day, 
until  it  became  a  universal  panic. — Cyclopedia 
OF  Bigg.,  p.  455. 

5283.  .     England.      The  age  of 

companies  came  very  soon  after  the  revolution. 
No  scheme  of  fraud,  no  delusion  of  folly,  was 
transparent  enough  to  make  its  victims  stay 
their  headlong  pursuit  of  imaginary  wealth.  The 
mania  never  stopped.  Several  years  after  the 
ruin  produced  by  the  infatuation  of  the  South 
Sea  Scheme,  the  management  of  companies  v^as 


SPECULATION— SPECULATORS. 


637 


thus  spoken  of  :  "  We  are  so  fond  of  companies, 
it  is  a  wonder  that  we  have  not  our  shoes 
blacked  by  one,  and  a  set  of  directors  made  rich 
at  the  expense  of  our  very  blackguards."  The 
fluctuations,  soon  after  the  revolution,  in  the 
price  of  shares,  not  only  of  "  new  projects  and 
schemes  promising  mountains  of  gold,"  but  of 
the  established  trading  companies,  were  so  ex- 
cessive, that  the  business  of  the  Royal  Exchange 
in  its  stock-jobbing  department  might  be  com- 
pared to  the  operations  of  a  great  gambling 
house. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  3,  p.  41. 

52§4.  SPECULATION,  Oppression  by.  France. 
[In  1TT3,  during  the  reign  of  Louis  XV  ,]  the 
distress  of  the  lower  classes  was  grievously  aug- 
mented by  a  scandalous  association  called  the 
"  Pacte  de  Famine,"  which  produced  artificially 
an  immense  rise  in  the  price  of  corn.  The  king 
himself  was  a  large  shareholder  in  this  com- 
pany, which  bought  up  the  grain  in  France, 
exported  it,  and  then  re-introduced  it  at  an  enor- 
mous profit.  The  people  were  thus  driven  to  the 
last  extremity  of  misery  ;  and  yet  no  one  vent- 
ured to  raise  his  voice  against  this  abominable 
traffic,  the  slightest  complaint  being  followed  by 
consignment  to  the  dungeons  of  the  Bastile. 
— Students'  France,  ch.  24,  §  2. 

52§5.  SPECULATION,  Prevention  of.  By  Leg- 
islation. When  Congress  convened  [in  Septem- 
ber, 1873],  a  bill  authorizing  the  issue  of  treasu- 
ry notes,  not  to  exceed  ten  millions  of  dollars, 
was  passed  as  a  temporary  expedient.  More  im- 
portant by  far  was  tlie  measure  proposed  by  the 
President,  and  brought  before  Congress,  under 
the  name  of  "  The  Independent  Treasury  Bill." 
By  the  provisions  of  this  remarkable  proj- 
ect the  public  funds  of  the  nation  Avere  to  be 
kept  on  deposit  in  a  treasury  to  be  established 
for  that  special  purpose.  It  was  argued  by  Mr. 
Van  Buren  and  his  friends  that  the  surplus 
money  of  the  country  would  drift  into  the  inde- 
pendent treasury  and  lodge  there  ;  and  that  by 
this  means  the  speculative  mania  would  be  ef- 
fectually checked,  for  extensive  speculations 
•could  not  be  carried  on  without  an  abundant 
-currency.  It  was  in  the  nature  of  the  President's 
plan  to  separate  the  business  of  the  United 
States  from  the  general  business  of  the  country. 
The  Independent  Treasury  Bill  was  passed  by 
the  Senate,  but  defeated  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives.—Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  56,  p.  438. 

52§6.  SPECULATION,  Ruinous.  Missisfdppi 
Scheme.  A  dividend  of  twelve  per  cent  was 
60on  declared  upon  the  shares,  and  an  incredible 
impulse  was  given  to  the  sale,  the  anxiety  to  ob- 
tain them  amounting  to  infatuation.  In  Octo- 
ber they  reached  the  preposterous  price  of 
10,000  francs,  twenty  times  their  original  value  ; 
it  is  even  said  that  at  last  they  were  not  to  be 
purchased  under  eighteen  or  twenty  thousand 
francs.  Enormous  fortunes  were  realized  dur- 
ing the  height  of  the  ferment  by  speculators  of 
all  classes— from  princes,  generals,  and  prelates, 
down  to  petty  shop-keepers,  clerks,  lackeys, 
waiting-maids,  and  courtesans.  A  fictitious  and 
baseless  prosperity  overspread  the  whole  king- 
dom. But  a  reaction  was  inevitable.  Such  was 
the  rage  for  obtaining  the  bank-paper,  that  Law 
found  himself  unable  to  control  its  issue  ;  its 
circulation  was  increased  to  the  portentous 
amount  of  three  thousand  millions  of  francs, 


whereas  the  whole  value  of  the  metallic  coinage 
existing  in  France  did  not  exceed  seven  hundred 
millions.  Toward  the  close  of  1719  suspicion 
began  to  gain  ground  as  to  the  solvency  both  of 
the  bank  and  of  the  company,  and  many  of  the 
largest  shareholders  prudently  converted  their 
shares  and  notes  into  investments  in  money,  jew- 
els, and  landed  property.  The  Prince  of  Contl 
gave  the  signal  for  this  assault  upon  the  public 
credit  by  extorting  from  the  bank  three  cart- 
loads of  silver  in  exchange  for  his  bank-notes. 
Every  exertion  was  now  made  by  the  regent  and 
Law  to  arrest  the  downward  movement,  but  in 
vain.  Money  payments  were  forbidden  for  sums 
above  100  francs  ;  the  currency  of  the  bank-notes 
was  made  obligatory,  and  at  last  all  payments 
in  specie  were  prohibited.  Violent  means  were 
adopted  to  enforce  these  tyrannical  decrees ;  but 
it  was  impossible  to  stem  the  tide  of  reaction  ; 
the  public  confidence  was  shaken  more  and  more 
every  day,  and  the  hollowness  of  the  whole 
system  soon  becoming  manifest,  a  universal  pan- 
ic ensued. — Students'  France,  ch.  23,  §  4. 

52§7.  SPECULATORS,  Defeat  of.  Napoleon  I. 
The  state  of  the  empire  was  now  such  that  the 
public  funds  began  to  decline,  England,  Spain, 
and  Portugal,  .  . .  Austria, .  . .  Prussia,  .  .  .  long- 
ing for  an  opportunity  to  retrieve  .  .  .  fallen  fort- 
unes. [Russia  Avas  doubtful.]  Speculators  in 
the  public  funds  endeavored  to  excite  a  panic. 
The  price  fell  from  ninety-four  as  low  as  seven- 
ty. Napoleon  immediately  roused  himself.  .  .  . 
"  I  mean,"  said  he,  "  to  make  a  campaign  against 
the  bears."-  By  means  of  judicious  purcliases, 
steadily  executed  for  one  or  two  months,  the 
speculators  for  a  fall  were  beaten.  The  public 
funds  rose  again  to  the  price  which  Napoleon 
deemed  it  a  point  of  honor  for  the  government 
to  maintain.  .  .  .  Many  of  the  speculators  .  .  . 
were  ruined. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  2. 

528§.  SPECULATORS,  Pernicious.  Virginia. 
King  Charles  [I.]  commissioned  John  Harvey  to 
assume  the  government.  He  arrived  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1629,  and  from  this  time  until  1635  the 
colony  was  distracted  with  the  presence  of  a 
most  unpopular  chief  magistrate.  He  seems  to 
have  been  disliked  on  general  principles,  but  the 
greatest  source  of  dissatisfaction  was  his  partial- 
ity to  certain  speculators  and  land  monopolists, 
who  at  this  time  infested  Virginia,  to  the  annoy- 
ance and  injury  of  the  poorer  people.  There 
were  many  old  land  grants,  covering  districts  of 
territory,  which  were  now  occupied  by  actual 
settlers,  and  between  the  holders  of  the  lands 
and  the  holders  of  the  titles  violent  altercations 
arose.  In  these  disputes  the  governor  became  a 
partisan  of  the  speculators  against  the  people, 
until  the  outraged  assembly  of  1635  passed  a  res- 
olution that  Sir  John  Harvey  be  thrust  out  of 
office,  and  Captain  West  be  appointed  in  his 
place,  "until  the  king's  pleasure  may  be  known 
in  the  matter."  A  majority  of  the  councillors 
sided  with  the  burgesses,  and  Harvey  was 
obliged  to  go  to  England  to  stand  his  trial. — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  12,  p.  115. 

52S9.  SPECULATORS,  Revenge  on.  By  the 
Poor  [During  the  Revolution.]  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  22d  of  July  [1789]  some  peasants  of 
Vitry,  near  Fontainebleau,  are  leading  into  Paris 
an  old  man  bound  with  ropes  to  the  tail  of  a 


fi28 


SPEECH. 


cart.  On  his  neck  is  fastened  a  bundle  of  grass, 
and  a  collar  of  nettles  is  round  his  neck.  It  is 
Foulon,  who  has  been  denounced  as  a  specu- 
lator in  famine — one  who  said  the  poor  should 
eat  grass  if  they  could  not  get  bread.  He  was 
hanged  to  a  lantern  at  the  corner  of  a  street. 
His  head  was  cut  off  ;  a  bundle  of  hay  was  stuffed 
into  the  mouth. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  9, 
p.  175. 

5290.  SPEECH,  Brevity  in.  General  Grant. 
[He  was  entertained  by  the  city  of  Manchester, 
England,  where  he  spoke  longer  than  usual. 
He  commonly  used  but  a  very  few  words  in  an 
address.]  In  reply  to  a  toast  of  the  mayor,  he 
said  with  a  smile  that  Englishmen  had  got 
more  and  longer  speeches  out  of  him  than  his 
own  countrymen,  but  they  were  poorer,  simply 
because  they  were  longer  than  he  was  accustom- 
ed to  make. — Headley's  Travels  of  Grant, 
p.  7. 

5291. .     General   Grant.     One  of 

his  soldier  friends,  who  is  said  to  be  almost  as  re- 
served as  himself,  was  commissioned  to  present 
the  general  with  an  elegantly  engraved  gold  cup, 
in  the  name  of  the  soldiers  who  had  served  under 
him.  The  warrior  was  introduced  into  the  Grant 
household,  bearing  the  cup.  .  .  .  He  quietly 
placed  the  cup  upon  a  sideboard,  remarking, 
' '  That's  the  cup. "  The  President  looked  at  it  in  a 
dreamy  sort  of  a  way,  and  said,  "  Thank  you." 
Then  he  offered  his  companion-in-arms  a  cigar. 
The  two  veterans  sat  down,  and  facing  each 
other,  smoked  away  in  silence,  while  the  deputa- 
tion of  soldiers  outside  waited  in  vain  for  the 
speech  which  is  usual  on  such  occasions. — 
Travels  op  General  Grant,  p.  89. 

5292.  SPEECH,  Dissembling.  Chosroes.  [The 
ruler  of  the  Turks.]  While  the  successor  of  Disa- 
bul  celebrated  his  father's  obsequies,  he  was 
saluted  by  the  ambassadors  of  the  Emperor  Tibe- 
rius, who  proposed  an  invasion  of  Persia,  and  sus- 
tained, with  firmness,  the  angry  and  perhaps 
the  just  reproaches  of  that  haughty  barbarian. 
"  You  see  my  ten  fingers,"  said  the  great  khan, 
and  he  applied  them  to  his  mouth.  "  You 
Romans  speak  with  as  many  tongues,  but  they 
are  tongues  of  deceit  and  perjury.  To  me  you 
hold  one  language,  to  my  subjects  another  ;  and 
the  nations  are  successively  deluded  by  your  per- 
fidious eloquence." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  42, 
p.  209. 

5293.  SPEECH,  Earnest.  John  Milton.  [Mil- 
ton's plea  for  the  commonwealth :]  ' '  What  I  have 
spoken  is  the  language  of  that  which  is  not  called 
amiss  the  good  old  cause.  .  ,  .  Thus  much  I 
should,  perhaps,  have  said,  though  I  were  sure  I 
should  have  spoken  only  to  trees  and  stones,  and 
had  none  to  cry  to  but  with  the  prophet, '  O  earth, 
earth,  earth  ! '  to  tell  the  very  soil  itself  what  her 
perverse  inhabitants  are  deaf  to.  Nay,  though 
what  I  have  spoken  should  happen  to  be  the  very 
last  words  of  our  expiring  liberty." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  14,  p.  233. 

5294.  SPEECH,  Irrepressible.  Lady  Fairfax. 
[When  Charles  I.  was  on  his  trial  before  the 
High  Court  of  Justice,  while  the  President  was 
addressing  the  commissioners,  and  saying  that  the 
prisoner  was  brought  before  the  court  to  answer  a 
charge  of  high  treason  and  other  crimes,  brought 
before  him,  in  the  name  of  the  people  of  Eng- 


land, a  voice  was  heard  from  the  gallery  :  "  its  ;i 
lie — not  one  half  of  them."  It  came  from  Lady 
Fairfax.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  7,  p.  109. 
5295. .  Son  of  Cro'^us.  [Cyrus  capt- 
ured Sardis.]  The  only  son  Croesus  had  living 
was  dumb.  This  young  prince,  seeing  a  soldier, 
when  the  city  was  taken,  ready  to  give  the  king, 
whom  he  did  not  know,  a  stroke  upon  the  head 
with  his  cimeter,  made  such  a  violent  effort  and 
struggle,  out  of  fear  and  tenderness  for  the  life 
of  his  father,  that  he  broke  the  string  of  his 
tongue,  and  cried  out,  "  Soldier,  spare  the  life  of 
Crojsus  !" — Rollin'sHist.,  Book  4,  ch.  1,  art.  1. 

5296.  SPEECH,  Passionate.  Emperor  Julian. 
He  sometimes  forgot  the  gravity  of  his  station, 
asked  indiscreet  or  unseasonable  questions,  and 
betrayed,  by  the  loudness  of  his  voice  and  the 
agitation  of  his  body,  the  earnest  vehemence  with 
which  he  maintained  his  opinion  against  the 
judges,  the  advocates,  and  their  clients.  But  his 
knowledge  of  his  own  temper  prompted  him  to 
encourage,  and  even  to  solicit,  the  reproof  of  his 
friends  and  ministers  ;  and  whenever  they  vent- 
ured to  oppose  the  irregular  sallies  of  his  pas- 
sions, the  spectators  could  observe  the  shame,  as 
well  as  the  gratitude,  of  their  monarch. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  22,  p.  407. 

5297.  SPEECH,  Plainness  of.  Athenians.  At 
the  close  of  an  audience  which  he  gave  to  some 
Athenian  ambassadors,  who  were  come  to  com- 
plain of  some  act  of  hostility,  he  asked  whether 
he  could  do  them  any  service.  "The  greatest 
service  thou  couldest  do  us,"  said  Demochares, 
"  would  be  to  hang  thyself."  Philip  [of  Mace- 
don],  without  the  least  emotion,  though  he  per- 
ceived that  all  the  persons  present  were  highly  of- 
fended, .  .  .  answered,  "  Go  tell  your  superiors 
that  those  who  dared  to  make  use  of  such  insolent 
language  are  more  haughty  and  less  peaceably 
inclined  than  they  w^ho  can  forgive  them."— 
Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  14,  §  8. 

529S.  SPEECH,  Eesponsibility  in  public.  Peri^ 
cles.  Such  was  the  solicitude  of  Pericles  when 
he  had  to  speak  in  public,  that  he  always  first 
addressed  a  prayer  to  the  gods  that  not  a  word 
might  unawares  escape  him  unsuitable  to  the  oc- 
casion.— Plutarch's  Pericles. 

5299.  SPEECH,  Toleration  of  free.  Frederick 
the  Great.  He  once  saw  a  crowd  staring  at  some- 
thing on  a  wall.  He  rode  up,  and  found  that 
the  object  of  curiosity  was  a  scurrilous  placard 
against  himself.  The  placard  had  been  posted 
up  so  high  that  it  was  not  easy  to  I'ead  it.  Fred- 
erick ordered  his  attendants  to  take  it  down  and 
put  it  lower.  "My  people  and  I,"  he  said, 
"have  come  to  an  agreement  which  satisfies  us 
both.  They  are  to  say  what  the}""  please,  and  I 
am  to  do  what  I  please." — Macaulay's  Fred- 
erick the  Great,  p.  48. 

5300.  SPEECH,  Unrestrainable.  Beign  of  James 
II.  [Seven  bishops  who  refused  to  please  the 
king  by  betraying  the  Protestant  religion  were 
brought  to  trial.]  It  seemed  that  at  length  this 
hard  fight  had  been  won.  The  case  for  the 
crown  was  closed.  Had  the  counsel  for  the 
bishops  remained  silent,  an  acquittal  was  cer- 
tain ;  for  nothing  which  the  most  corrupt  and 
shameless  judge  could  venture  to  call  legal  evi- 
dence of  publication  had  been  given.  The  chief 
justice  was  beginning  to  charge  the  jury,  and 


SPEECH— SPIRIT. 


639 


would  undoubtedly  have  directed  them  to  acquit 
the  defendants ;  but  Finch,  too  anxious  to  be 
perfectly  discreet,  interfered,  and  begged  to  be 
heard.  "  If  you  will  be  heard,"  said  Wriglit, 
"  you  shall  be  heard  ;  but  you  do  not  understand 
your  own  interests."  The  other  counsel  for  the 
defence  made  Finch  sit  down,  and  begged  the 
chief  justice  to  proceed.  He  was  about  to  do  so 
when  a  messenger  came  to  the  solicitor-general 
with  news  that  Lord  Sunderland  could  prove  the 
publication,  and  would  come  down  to  the  court 
immediately.  Wright  maliciously  told  the  coun- 
sel for  the  defence  that  they  had  only  themselves 
to  thank  for  the  turn  which  things  had  taken. 
The  countenances  of  the  great  multitude  fell. 
Finch  was,  during  some  hours,  the  most  unpopu- 
lar man  in  the  country.  Why  could  he  not  sit 
still,  as  his  betters.  Sawyer,  Pemberton,  and  Pol- 
lexfen  had  done  ?  His  love  of  meddling,  his 
ambition  to  make  a  fine  speech,  had  ruined  every- 
thing.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  351. 

5301.  SPEECH,  Worthy.  Indian  Chief  Canon- 
chet.  Taken  prisoner  at  last,  near  the  Blackstone, 
a  young  man  began  to  question  him.  "  Child," 
replied  he,  "you  do  not  understand  war  ;  I  will 
answer  your  chief."  His  life  was  offered  him  if 
he  would  procure  a  treaty  of  peace  ;  he  refused 
the  offer  with  disdain.  .  .  ,  Condemned  to  death, 
he  only  answered,  "  I  like  it  well  ;  I  shall  die 
before  I  speak  anything  unworthy  of  myself." — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  13. 

5302.  SPELLING,  Bad.  George  Washington. 
Washington  himself,  before  he  became  a  public 
man,  was  a  bad  speller.  People  were  not  so  par- 
ticular then  in  such  matters  as  they  are  now  ;  and 
besides,  there  really  was  no  settled  system  of 
spelling  a  hundred  years  ago.  When  the  general 
wrote  for  a  "  rheam  of  paper,"  a  beaver  "  hatt," 
a  suit  of  "  cloaths,"  and  a  pair  of  "  sattin  "  shoes, 
there  was  no  Webster  unabridged  to  keep  peo- 
ple's spelling  within  bounds. — Cyclopedia  of 
Bigg.,  p.  9. 

5303.  SPELLING,  Diverse.  Shakespeare.  In 
the  first  place,  how  did  he  spell  his  name  ? 
When  he  wrote  it,  he  spelled  it  in  various  ways  ; 
but  when  he  had  it  printed  he  spelled  it  Sliak- 
spere,  or  Shakespeare,  and  so  did  his  intimate 
friend,  Ben  Jonson.  In  his  own  day,  the  name 
was  spelled  in  thirty-three  different  ways  :  Sliax- 
pur,  Schakespeyr,  Chacksper,  Shakaspeare, 
Schakespeire,  etc. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  23. 

5304.  SPIES,  Ensnared  by.  Reign  of  Theodo- 
sius.  The  general  who  commanded  the  military 
and  naval  powers  of  the  Thracian  frontier  soon 
perceived  .  .  .  that  the  Barbarians,  awed  by  the 
presence  of  his  fleet  and  legions,  would  probably 
defer  the  passage  of  the  river  till  the  approach- 
ing winter.  The  dexterity  of  the  spies,  whom 
he  sent  into  the  Gothic  camp  [of  Alatheus],  al- 
lured the  Barbarians  into  a  fatal  snare.  They 
were  persuaded  that,  by  a  bold  attempt,  they 
might  surprise,  in  the  silence  and  darkness  of 
the  night,  the  sleeping  army  of  the  Romans  ;  and 
the  whole  multitude  was  hastily  embarked  in  a 
fleet  of  three  thousand  canoes.  The  bravest  of 
the  Ostrogoths  led  the  van  ;  the  main  body  con- 
sisted of  the  remainder  of  their  subjects  and  sol- 
diers ;  and  the  women  and  children  securely  fol- 
lowed in  the  rear.  One  of  the  nights  without  a 
moon  had  been  selected  for  the  execution  of  their 


design  ;  and  thej^  had  almost  reached  the  south- 
ern bank  of  the  Danube,  in  the  firm  confidence 
that  they  should  find  an  easy  landing  and  an  un- 
guarded camp.  But  the  progress  of  the  Barba- 
rians was  suddenly  stopped  by  an  unexpected 
obstacle  :  a  triple  line  of  vessels,  strongly  con- 
nected with  each  other,  and  which  formed  an 
impenetrable  chain  of  two  miles  and  a  half  along 
the  river.  While  they  struggled  to  force  their 
way  in  the  unequal  conflict,  their  right  flank 
was  overwhelmed  by  the  irresistible  attack  of  a 
fleet  of  galleys,  which  were  urged  down  the 
stream  by  the  united  impulse  of  oars  and  of  the 
tide. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26,  p.  67. 

5305.  SPIES,  Shameless.  Beign  of  James  IL 
John  Locke  hated  tyranny  and  persecution  as  a 
philosopher  ;  but  his  intellect  and  his  temper  pre- 
served him  from  the  violence  of  a  partisan.  .  .  . 
In  one  point,  however,  he  was  vulnerable.  He 
was  a  student  of  Christ  Church  in  the  University 
of  Oxford.  It  was  determined  to  drive  from  that 
celebrated  college  the  greatest  man  of  whom  it 
could  ever  boast ;  but  this  was  not  easy.  Locke 
had,  at  Oxford,  abstained  from  expressing  any 
opinion  on  the  politics  of  the  day.  Spies  had 
been  set  about  him.  Doctors  of  divinity  and 
masters  of  arts  had  not  been  ashamed  to  perform 
the  vilest  of  all  offices,  that  of  watching  the  lips 
of  a  companion  in  order  to  report  his  words  to 
his  ruin.  The  conversation  in  the  hall  had  been 
purposely  turned  to  irritating  topics,  to  the  Ex- 
clusion bill,  and  to  the  character  of  the  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  but  in  vain.  Locke  never  broke 
out,  never  dissembled,  but  maintained  such 
steady  silence  and  composure  as  forced  the  tools 
of  power  to  own  with  vexation  that  never  man 
was  so  complete  a  master  of  his  tongue  and  of 
his  passions.  When  it  was  found  that  treachery 
could  do  nothing,  arbitrary  power  was  used. 
After  vainly  trying  to  inveigle  Locke  into  a  fault, 
the  government  resolved  to  punish  him  without 
one.  Orders  came  from  Whitehall  that  he  should 
be  ejected,  and  those  orders  the  dean  and  canons 
made  haste  to  obey.  Locke  was  travelling  on  the 
Continent  for  his  health  when  he  learned  that 
he  had  been  deprived  of  his  home  and  of  his 
bread  without  a  trial  or  even  a  notice. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  5,  p.  505. 

5306.  SPIEIT,  An  impelling.  Geoi-ge  Fox  the 
Quaker,  a.d.  1649.  Like  Milton  and  Roger 
Williams,  his  soul  abhorred  the  hireling  min- 
istry of  diviners  for  money  ;  and  on  the  morn- 
ing of  a  first-day  he  was  moved  to  go  to  the 
great  steeple-house  and  cry  against  the  idol. 
"When  I  came  there,"  says  Fox,  "the  people 
looked  like  fallow  ground,  and  the  priest,  like  a 
great  lump  of  earth,  stood  in  the  pulpit  above. 
He  took  for  his  text  these  words  of  Peter,  '  We 
have  also  a  more  sure  word  of  prophecy,'  and 
told  the  people  this  was  the  Scriptures.  Now, 
the  Lord's  power  was  so  mighty  on  me,  and  so 
strong  in  me,  that  I  could  not  hold,  but  was  made 
to  cry  out,  '  Oh,  no,  it  is  not  the  Scriptures,  it  is 
the  Spirit.'"  .  .  .  If  cruelly  beaten,  or  set  in  the 
stocks,  or  ridiculed  as  mad,  he  still  obeyed  the 
oracles  of  the  voice  within  him. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  16. 

5307.  SPIRIT,  Teachings  of.  Quaker  Doctrine. 
The  revelation  of  truth  is  immediate.  It  springs 
neither  from  tradition  nor  from  the  senses,  but 
directly  from  the  mind.     No  man  comes  to  the 


630 


SPIRITS— SPOILS. 


knowledge  of  God  but  by  the  Spirit.  "Each 
person,"  says  Penn,  "  knows  God  from  an  infal- 
lible demonstration  in  himself,  and  not  on  the 
slender  grounds  of  men's  lo  here  interpretations, 
or  lo  there.  The  instinct  of  Deity  is  so  natural 
to  man,  that  he  can  no  more  be  without  it,  and 
be,  than  he  can  be  without  the  most  essential 
part  of  himself." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2, 
eh.  16. 

530§.  SPIRITS,  Communication  with.  Sioeden- 
borg.  In  one  of  his  letters,  he  says:  "I  have 
been  called  to  a  holy  office  by  the  Lord  Himself, 
who  most  graciously  manifested  Himself  to  me, 
His  servant,  in  the  year  1743,  when  He  opened 
my  sight  to  a  view  of  the  spiritual  world,  and 
granted  me  the  privilege  of  conversing  with 
spirits  and  angels,  which  I  enjoy  to  this  day. 
From  that  time  I  began  to  print  and  publish  vari- 
ous arcana  that  have  been  seen  by  me,  or  revealed 
to  me,  as  respecting  heaven  and  hell,  the  state 
of  man  after  death,  the  true  worship  of  God,  the 
spiritual  sense  of  the  Word,  with  many  other 
most  important  matters  conducive  to  salvation 
and  true  wisdom."  —  White's  Swedenborg, 
ch.  8,  p.  62. 

5309. .   Swederibarg.  The  Queen  of 

Sweden  asked  him  whether  his  spiritual  inter- 
course was  a  science  or  art  that  could  be  commu- 
nicated to  others.  He  said  :  "  No,  it  is  the  gift 
of  the  Lord."  "  Can  you,  then,"  said  she, 
"  speak  with  every  one  deceased,  or  only  with 
certain  persons  ?"  He  answered,  "  I  cannot  con- 
verse with  all,  but  only  with  such  as  I  have 
known  in  this  world,  with  all  royal  and  princely 
persons,  with  all  renowned  heroes,  or  great  and 
learned  men,  whom  I  have  known,  either  per- 
sonally, or  from  their  actions  or  writings  ;  con- 
sequently, with  all  of  whom  I  could  form  an 
idea ;  for  it  may  be  supposed  that  a  person 
whom  I  never  knew,  and  of  whom  I  could  form 
no  idea,  I  neither  could  nor  would  wish  to 
speak  with." — White's  Swedenborg,  ch.  11, 
p.  90. 

5310.  SPIRITS,  Intercourse  with.  New  Pla- 
tonists.  [Of  the  Alexandrian  schools.]  Consum- 
ing their  reason  in  these  deep  but  unsubstantial 
meditations,  their  minds  were  exposed  to  illu- 
sions of  fancy.  They  flattered  themselves  that 
they  possessed  the  secret  of  disengaging  the  soul 
from  its  corporeal  prison  ;  claimed  a  familiar 
intercourse  with  demons  and  spirits  ;  and,  by  a 
very  singular  revolution,  converted  the  study  of 
philosophy  into  that  of  magic.  The  ancient  sages 
had  derided  the  popular  superstition. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  13,  p.  449. 

5311.  SPIRITS,  Lying.  Swederibarg.  In  his 
diary,  written  about  this  time,  he  says  that 
"spirits  narrate  things  wholly  false,  and  lie. 
When  spirits  begin  to  speak  with  man,  care 
should  be  taken  not  to  believe  them  ;  for  almost 
everything  they  say  is  made  up  by  them,  and 
they  lie  ;  so  that  if  it  were  permitted  them  to  re- 
late what  heaven  is,  and  how  things  are  in 
heaven,  they  would  tell  so  many  falsehoods,  and 
with  such  strong  assertion,  that  man  would 
be  astonished."— White's  Swedenborg,  ch.  8, 
p.  69. 

5312.  SPIRITS,  Ministering.  Samuel  John- 
son. The  following  very  solemn  and  affecting 
prayer  was  found  after  Dr.  Johnson's  decease  : 


.  .  .  "April  26,  1752,  being  after  12  at  night 
of  the  25th.  O  Lord  !  Governor  of  heaven  and 
earth,  in  whose  hands  are  embodied  and  departed 
spirits,  if  thou  hast  ordained  the  souls  of  the 
dead  to  minister  to  the  living,  and  appointed 
my  departed  wife  to  have  care  of  me,  grant 
that  I  may  enjoy  the  good  effects  of  her  attention 
and  ministration,  whether  exercised  by  appear- 
ance, impulses,  dreams,  or  in  any  other  manner 
agreeable  to  thy  government.  Forgive  my  pre- 
sumption, enlighten  my  ignorance,  and  however 
meaner  agents  are  employed,  grant  me  the- 
blessed  influences  of  thy  holy  Spirit,  through 
Jesus  Christ  our  Lord.  Amen." — Boswell'^ 
Johnson,  p.  61. 

5313.  SPLENDOR,  Palatial.  Timour.  [On 
his  return  from  five  years  of  conquest,  Timour] 
erected  a  palace  of  marble,  transparent  like  ala- 
baster, which  intercepted  the  cold  and  let  through, 
a  softened  light  to  the  apartments.  Greek  paint- 
ers brought  from  Byzantium  painted  its  domes 
in  fresco,  presenting  colored  pages  of  the  history 
of  his  campaigns.  He  was  seen  there  in  all  hi& 
diversities  of  fortune,  from  the  condition  of  a 
Tartar  shepherd  to  that  of  sovereign  of  double 
Asia.  He  gave  this  palace  to  one  of  the  daughters 
of  his  deceased  son,  Miran-Schah,  named  Beg- 
hizi. — Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  315. 

5314.  SPOILS,  Abundant.  Romans.  In  the 
course  of  a  few  years  the  riches  of  Syracuse,  of 
Carthage,  of  Macedonia,  and  of  Asia  were 
brought  in  triumph  to  Rome.  The  treasures  of 
Perseus  alone  amounted  to  near  two  million* 
sterling,  and  the  Roman  people,  the  sovereign 
of  so  many  nations,  was  forever  delivered  from 
the  weight  of  taxes.  The  increasing  revenue  of 
the  provinces  was  found  sulBcient  to  defray  the 
ordinary  establishment  of  war  and  government, 
and  the  superfluous  mass  of  gold  and  silver  wa& 
deposited  in  the  temple  of  Saturn,  and  reserved 
for  any  unforeseen  emergency  of  the  State. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6,  p.  186. 

5315.  SPOILS,  Abundant.  Pillage  of  Constan- 
tinople. [By  Crusaders.]  Yet  the  magnitude  of 
the  prize  surpassed  the  largest  scale  of  experience 
or  expectation .  After  the  whole  had  been  equally 
divided  between  the  French  and  Venetians,  fifty 
thousand  marks  were  deducted  to  satisfy  the 
debts  of  the  former  and  the  demands  of  the 
latter.  The  residue  of  the  French  amounted  to 
four  hundred  thousand  marks  of  silver,  about 
eight  hundred  thousand  pounds  sterling ;  nor 
can  I  better  appreciate  the  value  of  that  sum  in 
the  public  and  private  transactions  of  the  age, 
than  by  defining  it  as  seven  times  the  annual  rev- 
enue of  the  kingdom  of  England.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  60,  p.  90. 

5316.  SPOILS,  Dedication  of.  Pious.  [When 
Aurelian  the  emperor  returned  from  his  con- 
quests in  the  East],  a  considerable  portion  of  his 
oriental  spoils  was  consecrated  to  the  gods  of 
Rome ;  the  Capitol  and  every  other  temple 
glittered  with  the  offerings  of  his  ostentatious, 
piety  ;  and  the  temple  of  the  Sun  alone  received 
above  fifteen  thousand  pounds  of  gold. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  11. 

5317.  SPOILS,  Division  of.  Arabs.  The  Arab 
continued  to  unite  the  professions  of  a  merchant 
and  a  robber  ;  and  his  petty  excursions  for  the 
defence  or  the  attack  of  a  caravan  insensibly 


SPORT— STATE. 


G31 


Ijrepared  his  trooj^s  for  the  conquest  of  Arabia. 
The  distribution  of  the  spoil  was  regulated  by  a 
livine  law  ;  the  whole  was  faithfully  collected 
n  one  common  mass  ;  a  fifth  of  the  gold  and 
ijilver,  the  prisoners  and  cattle,  the  movables 
md  immovables,  was  reserved  by  the  prophet 
for  pious  and  charitable  uses  ;  the  remainder 
was  shared  in  adequate  portions  by  the  soldiers 
ivho  had  obtained  the  victory  or  guarded  the 
:amp  ;  the  rewards  of  the  slain  devolved  to  their 
widows  and  orphans. — Gibbon's  Mahomet, 
p.  38. 

'  5318.  SPORT,  Magnificent.  Oriental.  [Baja- 
;et,  the  Ottoman  conqueror,  invited  some  of  his 
listinguished  guests  to  a  hunt  in  the  valleys  of 
Mount  Olympus  ]  This  chase,  which  attests  to 
what  prodigious  magnificence  the  family  of 
Othman  had  arisen  in  so  few  years,  was  con- 
iucted  by  seven  thousand  falcon-carriers  on 
horseback,  and  by  seven  thousand  gamekeepers 
of  the  imperial  forests  of  Olym.pus.  The  dogs 
were  clad  in  housings  of  purple,  and  wore  collars 
ornamented  with  precious  stones. — Lamartine's 
Turkey,  p.  299. 

5319.  SPORT,  Thoughtless.  Marriage.  In 
1393,  on  the  occasion  of  the  marriage  of  one  of  the 
■ladies  of  the  queen's  household,  a  grand  masked 
ball  was  given  at  court,  in  which  Charles  VI., 
with  five  of  his  nobles,  disguised  themselves  as 
savages,  in  close-fitting  dresses  covered  with  pitch 
and  tow  to  resemble  hair.  The  young  Duke  of 
Orleans,  excited,  no  doubt,  by  wine,  approached 
these  grotesque  figures  with  a  lighted  torch,  and, 
either  accidentally  or  from  wanton  love  of  mis- 
chief, set  their  combustible  costume  in  a  blaze. 
The  king  was  fortunately  standing  apart,  and  the 
Duchess  of  Berry  hurried  him  out  of  the  hall. 
Four  of  the  unlucky  maskers  were  burnt  to  death ; 
one  saved  his  life  by  throwing  himself  into  a 
large  tub  of  water  which  happened  to  be  at 
hand. — Students'  France,  ch.  11,  §  6. 

5320.  SPORT,  TTnenjoyed.      Martin  Luther. 

•  [While  secluded  at  Wartburg  Castle.]  On  one 
occasion  he  joined  a  hunting  party,  but  took 
no  pleasure  in  the  sport.     "  I  have  been  on  a 

'hunt,"  he  writes  to  Spalatin,  "for  the  past  two 
days,  and  have  tasted  of  that  bitter-sweet  enjoy- 
ment of  our  noble  lords  !    We  got  two  rabbits 

;  and  a  couple  of  poor  partridges.  A  worthy  oc- 
cupation, in  truth,  for  idle  people  !    I  continued 

I  my  theological  studies  amid  the  snares  and  the 
dogs  ;  and  as  much  pleasure  as  I  derived  f i"om 
viewing  such  sport,  the  more  sympathy  and  sor- 

,  row  I  had  in  thinking  of  the  mysterious  truth 
the  picture  concealed.     For  the  picture  teaches 

'  nothing  else  than  that  the  devil,  through  his  god- 
less masters  and  dogs — the  bishops  and  theolo- 
gians— secretly  hunts  and  catches  the  innocent 
little  animals — the  common  people.  It  is  the 
picture  of  simple  and  believing  souls  which  is 
thus  vividly  presented  to  my  sorrowing  heart. 
And  once  it  happened  that  a  poor  little  rabbit 
took  refuge  in  the  sleeve  of  my  coat  lying  by  the 
way.  The  dogs  in  their  pursuit  scented  its 
hiding-place,  first  wounded,  and  then  killed  it. 
Thus  the  pope  and  Satan  rage  in  their  efforts  to 
ruin  saved  souls,  without  concerning  themselves 
about  my  labors." — Rein's  Luther,  ch.  10, 
p.  95. 

5321.  SPY,  An  infamous.  Tempter.  [In  1817 
James  Willan,  a  printer  of  Dewsbury,  proved 


that  a  government  spy  named  Oliver,]  who  rep- 
resented himself  as  a  delegate  from  the  radicals 
of  London,  had  for  several  times,  for  the  space 
of  two  months,  endeavored  to  seduce  him  into 
acts  of  violence  and  situations  of  danger,  and 
that  he  had  especially  urged  him  to  attend  a 
meeting  of  "delegates,"  at  which  meeting  ten 
men  were  arrested  by  a  party  of  military.  [The 
spy  became  a  tempter.] — Knight's Eng.,  vol.  8, 
ch.  5,  p.  81. 

53*22.  STARVATION,  Depopulated  by.  Italy. 
The  twenty  years  of  the  Gothic  war  consum- 
mated the  distress  and  depopulation  of  Italy.  As 
early  as  the  fourth  campaign,  under  the  disci- 
pline of  Belisarius  himself,  fifty  thousand  labor- 
ers died  of  hunger  in  the  narrow  region  of  Pice- 
num  ;  and  a  strict  interpretation  of  the  evidence 
of  Procopius  would  swell  the  loss  of  Italy  above 
the  total  sum  of  her  present  inhabitants. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  vol.  4. 

5323.  STATE,  Bereavement  of  the.  Epami- 
nondas.  The  Theban  power  expired  with  this 
great  man,  whom  Cicero  seems  to  rank  above 
all  the  illustrious  men  Greece  ever  produced. 
Justin  is  of  the  same  opinion,  when  he  says, 
that  as  a  dart  is  no  longer  in  a  condition  to 
wound  when  the  point  of  it  is  blunted,  so  Thebes, 
after  having  lost  its  general,  was  no  longer  for- 
midable to  its  enemies,  and  its  power  seemed  to 
have  lost  its  edge  aud  to  be  annihilated  by  the 
death  of  Epaminondas.  Before  him  that  city  was 
not  distinguished  by  any  memorable  action  ;  and 
after  him  it  sunk  into  its  original  obscurity  ;  so 
that  it  saw  its  glory  take  birth  and  expire  with 
this  great  man. — Rollin'sHist.,  Book  12,  ch.  1, 
§27. 

5324.  STATE  endangered.  Criminals. 
Francis  of  La  Roque,  Lord  of  Roberval,  in  Pic- 
ardy,  was  the  next  to  undertake  the  colonization 
of  the  countries  discovered  by  the  French.  This 
nobleman  .  .  .  was  commissioned  by  the  court  of 
France  to  plant  a  colony  off  the  St.  Lawrence. 
.  .  .  'The  man,  however,  who  was  chiefly  relied 
on  to  give  character  and  direction  to  the  proposed 
colony  was  no  other  than  James  Cartier.  He 
only  seemed  competent  to  conduct  the  enterprise 
with  any  promise  of  success.  .  .  .  The  French 
peasants  and  mechanics  were  not  eager  to  em- 
bark for  a  country  which  had  nothing  better  than 
savages  and  snow.  ...  So  the  work  of  enlisting 
volunteers  went  on  slowly,  until  the  government 
adopted  the  plan  of  opening  the  prisons  of  the 
kingdom  and  giving  freedom  to  whoever  would 
join  the  expedition.  There  was  a  rush  of  rob- 
bers, swindlers,  and  murderers,  and  the  lists  were 
immediately  filled.  Only  counterfeiters  and 
traitors  were  denied  the  privilege  of  gaining  their 
liberty  in  the  New  World.— Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  5,  p.  72. 

5325.  STATE,  An  honored.  Virginia.  Vir- 
ginia is  proud  of  being  called  the  mother  of 
presidents,  and  she  has  a  right  to  the  name. 
Washington,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  and 
Harrison  were  all  her  sons.  But  she  has  many 
other  illustrious  children  whose  names  would 
have  received  no  additional  lustre  from  the  presi- 
dential office.  This  is  particularly  true  of  Gen- 
eral Sam  Houston,  the  father  and  president  of 
the  republic  of  Texas.  He  was  born  on  the  2d 
of  March,  1793,  in  Rockbridge  County.  Virginia. 
—Lester's  Sam  Houston,  p.  1. 


633 


STATE— STATESMANSHIP. 


5326.  STATE  neglected.  Cicero  said  :  "  Even 
if  I  had  no  enemies,  if  I  was  supported  as  uni- 
versally as  I  ought  to  be,  still  a  medicine  which 
will  cure  the  diseased  parts  of  the  State  is  better 
than  the  surgery  which  would  amputate  them. 
The  knights  have  fallen  off  from  the  Senate. 
The  noble  lords  think  they  are  in  heaven  when 
they  have  barbel  in  their  pounds  that  will  eat  out 
of  their  hands,  and  they  leave  the  rest  to  fate." — 
Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  12. 

5327.  STATE,  Protection  of  the.  By  Education. 
[Charondas,  the  Grecian  lawgiver,]  required  all 
children  of  the  citizens  to  be  educated  in  polite 
literature,  the  effect  of  which  is  to  soften  and 
civilize  the  minds  of  men,  inspiring  them  with 
gentleness  of  manners,  and  inclining  them  to 
virtue  ;  all  which  constitute  the  felicity  of  a 
State,  and  are  equally  necessary  to  citizens  of  all 
conditions.  In  this  view  he  appointed  salaries 
(paid  by  the  State)  for  masters  and  preceptors, 
in  order  that  learning,  by  being  communicated 
gratuitously,  might  be  acquired  by  all.  He  con- 
sidered ignorance  as  the  greatest  of  evils,  and 
the  source  whence  all  vices  flowed. — Rollix's 
Hist.,  Book  7,  ch.  2,  §2. 

532§.  STATE,  Security  of  the.  Napoleon  I. 
[He  witnessed  the  attack  of  the  mob  on  the 
palace  of  the  Tuileries.]  Napoleon  openly 
avowed  his  conviction  that  France,  without  edu- 
cation and  without  religion,  was  not  prepared 
for  the  Republicanism  of  the  United  States.  _  In 
this  sentiment  Lafayette  and  most  of  the  wisest 
men  of  the  French  nation  concurred.  ...  In 
France  at  this  time  there  was  neither  intelli- 
gence, religion,  nor  morality  among  the  masses. 
There  was  no  reverence  for  law,  neither  human 
nor  divine. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1, 
eh.  2. 

5329.  STATE,  Bights  of  the.  Nullification. 
The  reopening  of  the  tariff  question  occasioned 
great  excitement  in  Congress  and  throughout  the 
country.  In  the  session  of  1831-32  additional 
duties  Avere  levied  upon  manufactured  goods  im- 
ported from  abroad.  By  this  act  the  manufact- 
uring districts  were  again  favored  at  the  expense 
of  the  agricultural  States.  South  Carolina  was 
specially  offended.  A  great  convention  of  her 
people  was  held,  and  it  was  resolved  that  the  tar- 
iff law  of  Congress  was  unconstitutional,  and 
therefore  null  and  void.  Open  resistance  was 
threatened  in  case  the  officers  of  the  government 
should  attempt  to  collect  the  revenues  in  the  har- 
bor of  Charleston.  In  the  United  States  Senate 
the  right  of  a  State,  under  certain  circumstances, 
to  nullify  an  act  of  Congress,  was  boldly  pro- 
claimed. On  that  issue  occurred  the  famous 
debate  between  the  eloquent  Colonel  Hayne, 
Senator  from  South  Carolina,  and  Daniel  Web- 
ster, of  Massachusetts,  perhaps  the  greatest 
master  of  American  oratory.  The  former  ap- 
peared as  the  champion  of  State  Rights,  and  the 
latter  as  the  advocate  of  Constitutional  Suprem- 
acy. But  the  question  was  not  decided  by  de- 
bate. The  President  took  the  matter  in  hand, 
and  issued  a  proclamation  denying  the  right  of 
any  State  to  nullify  the  laws  of  Congress.  But 
Mr.  Calhoun,  the  Vice-President,  resigned  his  of- 
fice to  accept  a  seat  in  the  Senate,  where  he 
might  better  defend  the  doctrines  of  his  State. 
The  President  having  warned  the  people  of 
South  Carolina  against  pursuing  the  doctrines 


further,  Mr.  Clay  brought  forward  and  secured 
the  passage  of  a  [compromise]  bill  providing 
for  a  gradual  reduction  of  the  duties  complained 
of,  until,  at  the  end  of  ten  years,  they  should 
reach  the  standard  demanded  by  the  South. 
— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  54,  p.  428. 

5330.  STATES,  Rights  of.  Taxation.  July, 
1776.  The  Confederacy  [of  the  United  States] 
now  stood  in  the  place  of  the  crown  as  the  cen- 
tral authority.  ...  It  was  laid  down  as  a  fun- 
damental article  that  "  the  United  States  assem- 
bled shall  never  impose  or  levy  any  tax  or  du- 
ties," except  for  postage  ;  and  this  restriction- 
such  was  the  force  of  habit — was  accepted  with- 
out remark. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  1. 

5331.  STATESMAN,  Dangerous.  Charles  Town- 
send.  A.D.  1767.  He  died  at  the  age  of  forty-one, 
famed  alike  for  incomparable  talents  and  extreme 
instability.  [He  was  called  the  weather-cock.] 
...  If  his  indiscretion  forbade  esteem,  his  good- 
humor  dissipated  hate.  He  had  been  courted  by 
all  parties,  but  never  possessed  the  contidence 
of  any.  He  followed  no  guide,  and  he  had  no 
plan  of  his  own.  No  one  wished  him  as  an  ad- 
versary ;  no  one  trusted  him  as  an  associate.  He 
sometimes  spoke  with  boldness  ;  but  at  heart  he 
was  as  timid  as  he  was  versatile.  .  .  .  With  pow- 
er, fortune,  affection,  and  honors  clustering 
around  him,  he  fell  in  the  bloom  of  manhood, 
the  most  celebrated  statesman  who  has  left  noth- 
ing but  errors  to  account  for  his  fame. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S. ,  vol.  6,  ch.  80. 

5332.  STATESMAN,  Degeneracy  of.  English, 
Cowper  believed  that  the  public  men  of  his  time 
had  grown  degenerate — "the  age  of  virtuous 
politics  is  past." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  7, 
p.  114. 

5333.  STATESMANSHIP,  Contemptible.  Na- 
jwleon  III.  During  the  civil  war  the  Emperor 
Napoleon  III.  interfered  in  the  affairs  of  Mexico, 
and  succeeded,  by  overawing  the  people  with 
a  French  army,  in  setting  up  an  empire.  In  the 
early  part  of  1864  the  crown  of  Mexico  was  con- 
ferred on  Maximilian,  the  Archduke  of  Austria, 
who  established  his  government  and  sustained  it 
with  French  and  Austrian  soldiers.  But  the 
Mexican  President  Juarez  headed  a  revolution 
against  the  usurping  emperor  ;  the  government 
of  the  United  States  rebuked  France  for  having 
violated  the  Monroe  Doctrine  ;  Napoleon,  becom- 
ing alarmed,  withdrew  his  army,  and  Maximil- 
ian was  overthrown.  On  the  13th  of  June,  1867, 
he  was  tried  by  court-martial  and  condemned  to 
be  shot,  and  six  days  afterward  the  sentence  was 
carried  into  execution.  The  scheme  of  Napoleon, 
who  had  hoped  to  profit  by  the  civil  war  and 
gain  a  foothold  in  the  New  World,  was  thus  just- 
ly brought  to  shameful  contempt. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  67,  p.  545. 

5334.  STATESMANSHIP,  Foolish.  James  11. 
He  brought  over  Irishmen,  not,  indeed,  enough 
to  hold  down  the  single  city  of  Loudon  or  the 
single  county  of  York,"but  more  than  enough  to 
excite  the  alarm  and  rage  of  the  whole  kingdom, 
from  Northumberland  to  Cornwall.  Battalion 
after  battalion,  raised  and  trained  by  Tyrconnel, 
landed  on  the  western  coast,  and  moved  toward 
the  capital ;  and  Irish  recruits  were  imported  m 
considerable  numbers  to  fill  up  vacancies  in  the 
English  regiments.     Of  the  many  en-ors  whicb 


STATESMANSHIP— STONE. 


633 


James  committed,  none  was  more  fatal  than  this. 
Already  he  had  alienated  the  hearts  of  his  peo- 
ple by  violating  their  laws,  confiscating  their  es- 
tates, and  persecuting  their  religion.  Of  those 
who  had  once  been  most  zealous  for  monarchy, 
he  had  already  made  many  rebels  in  heart ;  yet 
he  might  still,  with  some  chance  of  success,  have 
appealed  to  the  patriotic  spirit  of  his  subjects 
against  an  Invader,  for  they  were  a  race  insular 
in  temper  as  well  as  in  geographical  position. 
Their  national  antipathies  were,  indeed,  in  that 
age  unreasonably  and  unamiably  strong.  They 
had  never  been  accustomed  to  the  control  or  in- 
terference of  any  stranger.  The  appearance  of 
a  foreign  army  on  their  soil  might  impel  them 
even  to  rally  round  a  king  whom  they  had  no 
reason  to  love.  William  might  perhaps  have  been 
.able  to  overcome  this  difficulty  ;  but  James  re- 
moved it.  Not  even  the  arrival  of  a  brigade  of 
Louis'  musketeers  would  have  exacted  such 
Tesentment  and  shame  as  our  ancestors  felt 
when  they  saw  armed  columns  of  Papists,  just  ar- 
rived from  Dublin,  moving  in  military  pomp 
along  the  highroads. — M.\c.\ulay'sEng.,  eh.  9, 
p.  393. 

5335.  STATESMANSHIP,  National.  William 
iJie  Conqueror.  Preparatory  to  William's  plan 
•of  reducing  England  entirely  under  the  feu- 
«dal  government,  he  found  it  necessary  to  en- 
gage in  and  complete  a  very  great  undertaking. 
This  was  a  general  survey  of  all  the  kingdom, 
;an  account  of  its  extent,  its  proprietors,  their 
tenures,  and  their  values ;  the  quantity  of 
meadow,  pasture,  wood,  and  arable  land  which 
they  contained ;  the  number  of  tenants,  cot- 
tagers, and  servants  of  all  denominations  who 
lived  upon  them.  Commissioners  were  appoint- 
ed for  this  purpose,  who,  after  six  years  em- 
ployed in  the  survey,  brought  him  an  exact 
account  of  the  whole  property  in  the  kingdom. 
This  monument,  called  Doomsday  Book,  the  most 
"valuable  piece  of  antiquity  possessed  by  any 
■nation,  is  at  this  day  in  existence,  and  is  pre- 
served in  the  English  Exchequer.  It  was,  in 
the  year  1783,  printed  by  an  order  of  Parliament. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  8,  p.  134. 

5336.  STATESMANSHIP,  Ruinous.  Span- 
iards. From  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  to  Philip 
III.,  Spain  had  expelled  three  millions  of  Jews 
and  Moors ;  her  inferior  nobility  emigrated  to 
America ;  in  1703  her  census  enumerated  less 
than  seven  million  souls.  The  nation  that  once 
would  have  invaded  England  had  no  navy  ; 
And,  having  the  mines  of  Mexico  and  South 
America,  it  needed  subscriptions  for  its  defence. 
^Foreigners,  by  means  of  loans  and  mortgages, 
.gained  more  than  seven  eighths  of  the  wealth 
from  America,  and  furnished  more  than  nine 
tenths  of  the  merchandise  shipped  for  the  colo- 
nies. Spanish  commerce  had  expired  ;  Spanish 
manufactures  had  declined  ;  even  agriculture 
iad  fallen  a  victim  to  mortmains  and  privilege. 
Inactivity  was  followed  by  poverty,  and  the  dy- 
iDasty  itself  became  extinct. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
Tol.  3,  ch.  31. 

5337.  STATUE,  Honored  by.  Cato.  TheAthe- 
i^nians    decreed    above    three    hundred    statues 

Demetrius  Phalereus.      Honors  thus  prodi- 
illy  lavished  are  no  proofs  of  real  merit,  but 
1'^^  the  effects  of  servile  adulation  ;  and  Demetrius 
Phaiereus  was  culpable  to  a  considerable  degree 


in  not  opposing  them  to  the  utmost  of  his  power, 
if  he  really  was  in  a  condition  to  prevent  their 
taking  place.  The  conduct  of  Cato  was  much 
more  prudent,  in  declining  several  marks  of  dis- 
tinction which  the  people  were  desirous  of  gi-ant- 
ing  him  ;  and  when  he  was  asked  one  day  why 
no  statues  had  been  erected  to  him,  when  Rome 
was  crowded  with  so  many  others,  "  I  had  much 
rather,"  said  he,  "  people  should  inquire  why  I 
have  none  than  why  I  have  any." — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  16,  §  7. 

533S.  STATUE,  Immense.  Apollo.  A  gigan- 
tic statue  of  Apollo,  or  the  sun,  seventy  cubits 
in  height,  was  erected  at  the  entrance  of  the  har- 
bor, a  monument  of  the  freedom  and  the  arts  of 
Greece.  After  standing  fifty-six  years,  the  co- 
lossus of  Rhodes  was  overthrown  by  an  earth- 
quake ;  but  the  massy  trunk  and  huge  frag- 
ments lay  scattered  eight  centuries  on  the 
ground,  and  are  often  described  as  one  of  the 
wonders  of  the  ancient  world.  They  were  col- 
lected by  the  diligence  of  the  Saracens,  and  sold 
to  a  Jewish  merchant  of  Edessa,  who  is  said  to 
have  laden  nine  hundred  camels  with  the  weight 
of  the  brass  metal ;  an  enormous  weight,  though 
we  should  include  the  hundred  colossal  figures 
and  the  three  thovasand  statues  which  adorned 
the  prosperity  of  the  city  of  the  sun. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  319. 

5339.  STATURE,  Lofty.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
Mr.  Lincoln,  as  he  shook  hands  with  the  judge 
[Kelley,  of  Pennsylvania],  inquired,  "  What  is 
your  height?"  "  Six  feet  three.  What  is  yours, 
Mr.  Lincoln  ?"  "  Six  feet  four,"  "  Then,"  said  the 
judge,  "  Pennsylvania  bows  to  Illinois,  My  dear 
man,  for  years  my  heart  has  been  aching  for  a 
President  that  I  could  lookup  to,  and  I've  found 
him  at  last  in  the  land  where  we  thought  there 
were  none  but  little  giants."  [The  distinguished 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  of  Illinois,  was  known  as 
the  "  little  giant."] — Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch,  3. 
p.  105. 

5340.  STEAMBOATS,  First.  In  England. 
Henry  Bell  had  his  steam-passage  boat  running 
on  the  Clyde  in  1811.  In  a  few  years  steamboats 
were  plying  on  the  Thames. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  8,  ch.  7,  p.  131. 

5341.  STOICISM  admired.  Sonthey.  Epic 
tetus  showed  how  life  could  be  simplified,  in- 
deed, by  bringing  it  into  obedience  to  a  perfect 
law.  Instead  of  a  quietism  haunted  by  feverish 
dreams — duty,  action,  co-operation  with  God. 
"  Twelve  years  ago,"  wrote  Southey  in  1806,  "  I 
carried  Epictetus  in  my  pocket  till  my  very  heart 
was  ingrained  with  it,  as  a  pig's  bones  become 
redder  by  feeding  him  upon  madder.  And  the 
longer  I  live,  and  the  more  I  learn,  the  more  am 
I  convinced  that  stoicism,  properly  understood, 
is  the  best  and  noblest  of  systems."  Much  that 
Southey  gained  from  stoicism  he  kept  through- 
out his  whole  life,  tempered,  indeed,  by  the  in- 
fluences of  a  Christian  faith,  but  not  lost. — 
Dowden's  Southey,  ch.  3. 

5342.  STONE,  A  sacred.  Roman  Emperor 
Bessianus  Antoninus.  The  sun  was  worshipped 
at  Emesa  under  the  name  of  Elagabalus  [from 
two  Syriac  words,  Ela,  a  god,  and  Oabal,  to 
form,  the  forming  or  plastic  god],  and  under 
the  form  of  a  black  conical  stone,  which,  as  it 
\vas  universally  believed,  had  fallen  from  heaven 


684 


STONE— STKATAGEM. 


on  that  sacred  place.  To  this  protecting  deity 
Antoninus,  not  without  some  reason,  ascribed 
his  elevation  to  the  throne.  The  display  of  su- 
perstitious gratitude  was  the  only  serious  busi- 
ness of  his  reign.  The  triumph  of  the  god  of 
Emesa  over  all  the  religions  of  the  earth  was  the 
great  object  of  his  zeal  and  vanity  ;  and  the  ap- 
pellation of  Elagabalus  (for  he  presumed  as  pon- 
tiff and  favorite  to  adopt  that  sacred  name). — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  eh.  5,  p.  170. 

5343. .     At  Mecca.  A  small  square 

edifice,  or  temple,  called  the  Caabba,  was  held 
throughout  all  Arabia  to  be  a  place  of  the  most 
supreme  sanctity.  Within  this  temple  was  a 
stone,  which  was  the  peculiar  object  of  venera- 
tion, and  was  said  to  have  descended  from 
heaven,  in  those  days  of  innocence  when  man 
was  free  from  guilt  as  he  came  from  the  hands 
of  his  Creator.  The  stone  was  then  white,  but 
gradually  became  sullied,  as  man  became  more 
wicked,  till  at  last  it  grew  entirely  black.  From 
the  pilgrimages  which  it  was  customary  to  make 
to  this  temple,  and  the  riches  it  brought  thither, 
Mecca  became  the  most  considerable  city  of 
Arabia. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  1,  p.  50. 

5344.  STORM,  A  destructive.  England.  On  the 
night  of  the  27th  of  November  [1703]  a  mighty 
wind  arose  in  the  western  and  southern  districts 
of  England  and  in  part  of  the  eastern,  which 
toppled  down  steeples,  unroofed  houses,  drove 
great  ships  from  their  anchorage,  and  swept 
away  the  watchtowers  of  the  coasts.  The  shores 
of  the  channel  were  strewn  with  wrecks.  The 
Thames  and  the  Severn  were  crowded  with  dis- 
masted merchantmen,  and  hulls  whose  crews 
had  been  swept  into  the  raging  sea.  Fourteen 
or  fifteen  men-of-war  were  cast  away,  and  fif- 
teen hundred  seamen  perished  with  them. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  17,  p.  269. 

5345.  STORM,  Terrible.  Beiffn  of  Charles  I. 
Clamor  and  debate  went  on  within  the  house 
[opposing  the  king's  effort  to  rule  by  preroga- 
tive], and  men's  hearts  failed  them  for  fear  with- 
out. While  the  Remonstrance  was  passing,  a 
wild  storm  broke  over  London.  Wind  and  hail, 
rain,  lightning,  and  thunder,  the  like  of  it  was 
never  known  in  the  memory  of  living  man  ;  the 
<;hurchyard  walls  were  broken  down,  the  earth 
rent  and  torn  from  the  graves,  revealing,  so  it  is 
said,  the  faces  of  the  dead  ;  supernatural  shapes 
in  the  mist  hung  brooding  over  the  Thames,  and 
the  superstitious  saw  misty  shape  and  storm  and 
tempest  bearing  on  and  beating  against  the  house 
of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  its  stairs,  and  its 
walls.  Storms  were  moving  toward  York  House 
too. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  3,  p.  68. 

5346.  STORM,  Unequalled.  Robert  Burns.  In 
February  of  the  ensuing  year,  1795,  his  duties  as 
supervisor  led  him  to  what  he  describes  as  the 
"unfortunate,  wicked  little  village"  of  Eccle- 
f echan,  in  Annandale.  The  night  after  he  arrived 
there  fell  the  heaviest  snowstorm  known  in 
Scotland  within  living  memory.  When  people 
awoke  next  morning  they  found  the  snow  up  to 
the  windows  of  the  second  story  of  their  houses. 
In  the  hollow  of  Cam psie  hills  it  lay  to  the  depth 
of  from  eighty  to  a  hundred  feet,  and  it  had  not 
disappeared  from  the  streets  of  Edinburgh  on  the 
king's  birthday,  the  4th  of  June.  Storm-stayed 
at  Ecclef  echan,  Burns  indulged  in  deep  potations 
and  in  song-writing.— -Shairp's  Burns,  ch.  7. 


5347.  STRANGERS,  Chilled  by.  At  8t.  Kilda^ 
Macaulay 's  ' '  History  of  St.  Kilda"  was  very  well, 
written,  except  some  foppery  about  liberty  and 
slavery.  I  mentioned  to  him  that  Macaulay  told 
me  he  was  advised  to  leave  out  of  his  book  the 
wonderful  story,  that,  upon  the  approach  of  a 
stranger,  all  the  inhabitants  catch  cold,  but  that 
it  had  been  so  well  authenticated,  he  determined 
to  retain  it.  Johnson  :  "  Sir,  to  leave  things  out 
of  a  book,  merely  because  people  tell  you  they 
will  not  be  believed,  is  meanness." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  185. 

5348.  STRATAGEM,  Credible.  Darius,  King 
of  Persia.  At  length,  after  a  siege  of  twenty 
months,  Darius  won  the  city  by  a  treacherous 
stratagem.  One  of  his  captains,  mutilating  his 
visage  with  hideous  wounds,  fled,  as  if  for  safe- 
ty, to  the  Babylonians,  and  offered  his  services 
to  avenge  himself  against  Darius,  who  had  used 
him  thus  inhumanly.  The  man  was  trusted  by 
the  credulous  Babylonians  with  a  high  com- 
mand, of  which  he  availed  himself  to  open  the 
gates  to  the  Persians.  With  aggravated  meanness 
and  cruelty  Darius  impaled  alive  three  thou- 
sand of  the  principal  citizens. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  1,  ch.  11,  p.  116. 

5349.  STRATAGEM,  Dishonorable.  King  of 
Spain.  Seeing  that  King  John  [II.]  still  mani- 
fested an  inclination  for  the  enterprise,  it  was- 
suggested  to  him  by  the  Bishop  of  Ceuta  that 
Columbus  might  be  kept  in  suspense  while  a  ves- 
sel secretly  despatched  in  the  direction  he  should 
point  out  might  ascertain  whether  there  were 
any  foundation  for  his  theory.  By  this  means, 
all  its  advantages  might  be  secured,  without 
committing  the  dignity  of  the  crown  by  formal 
negotiations  about  what  might  prove  a  mere  chi- 
mera. King  John,  in  an  evil  hour,  had  the  weak- 
ness to  permit  a  stratagem  so  inconsistent  with 
his  usual  justice  and  magnanimity.  Columbus 
was  required  to  furnish,  for  the  consideration  of 
the  council,  a  detailed  plan  of  his  proposed  voy- 
age, with  the  charts  and  documents  according* 
to  which  he  intended  to  shape  his  course.  These 
being  procured,  a  caravel  was  despatched  with 
the  ostensible  design  of  carrying  provisions  to  the 
Cape  de  Verde  Islands,  but  with  private  instruc- 
tions to  pursue  the  designated  route.  Departing 
from  those  islands,  the  caravel  stood  westward  for 
several  days,  until  the  weather  became  stormy  ;, 
when  the  pilots,  seeing  nothing  but  an  immeas- 
urable waste  of  wild,  tumbling  waves  still  ex- 
tending before  them,  lost  all  courage  and  T)ut 
back,  ridiculing  the  project  of  Columbus  as  ex- 
travagant and  irrational.  This  unworthy  attempt 
to  defraud  him  of  his  enterprise  roused  the  indig- 
nation of  Columbus,  and  he  declined  all  offers 
of  King  John  to  renew  the  negotiation. — Irv- 
ing's  Columbus,  ch.  6. 

5350.  STRATAGEM,  Success  by.  Georgia.  [In 
June  of  1742  the  Spaniards  attempted  the  reduc- 
tion of  Fort  William.]  The  English  general  had 
only  800  men  and  a  few  Indian  allies.  In  order 
to  cope  with  superior  numbers,  he  resorted  ta 
stratagem.  A  Frenchman  had  deserted  to  the 
Spaniards.  To  him  the  English  general  now 
wrote,  as  if  to  a  spy.  A  Spanish  prisoner  in  Ogle- 
thorpe's hands  was  liberated  and  bribed  to  deliver 
the  letter  to  the  deserter.  The  Frenchman  was^ 
advised  that  two  British  fleets  were  coming  to 
America,  one  to  aid  Oglethorpe  and  the  other  to 


STRATAGEM— STRENGTH. 


635 


attack  St.  Augustine.  Let  the  Spaniards  remain 
on  the  island  but  three  days  longer,  and  they 
would  be  ruined.  If  the  enemy  did  not  make 
an  immediate  attack  on  Frederica,  his  forces 
would  be  captured  to  a  man.  .  .  .  This  letter  was 
delivered  [to  the  Spanish  commander],  and  the 
astonished  Frenchman  was  arrested  as  a  spy  ;  but 
the  Spaniards  could  not  tell  whether  his  denial 
was  true  or  false.  There  was  a  council  of  war 
in  the  Spanish  camp.  Oglethorpe's  stratagem 
was  suspected,  but  could  not  be  proved.  Three 
ships  had  been  seen  at  sea  that  day  ;  perhaps 
these  were  the  first  vessels  of  the  approaching 
British  fleets.  The  Spaniards  were  utterly  per- 
plexed ;  but  it  was  finally  decided  to  take  Ogle- 
thorpe's advice,  and  make  the  attack  on  Fred- 
erica.  [They  failed.] — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  29. 
p.  342. 

5351.    STRATAGEM,    Saccessfal.       Fidelity. 
[When  Marius  had   conquered  the  people   of 
Rome,  his  fury  was  insatiable,  especially  against 
the  prominent  citizens.]  On  this  occasion  it  was 
found    that  no  obligations  of   friendship,   no 
rights  of  hospitality,  can  stand  the  stock  of  ill- 
fortune.     For  there  were  very  few  who  did  not 
betray  those  that  had   taken  refuge  in  their 
houses.     The  slaves  of  Cornutus,  therefore,  de- 
serve the  highest  admiration.     They  hid  their 
master  in  the  house,  and  took  a  dead  body  out 
of  the  street  from  among  the  slain,  and  hanged 
it  by  the  neck  ;  then  they  put  a  gold  ring  upon 
the  finger,  and  showed  the  corpse  in  that  condi- 
tion to  Marius'  executioners  ;  after  which  they 
dressed  it  for  the  funeral,  and  buried  it  as  their 
master's  body.     No  one  suspected  the  matter  ; 
and  Cornutus,  after  being  concealed  as  long  as  it 
was  necessary,  was  conveyed  by  those  servants 
into  Galatia. — Plutarch's  Caius  Marius. 
\       5352.   STRATEGY  despised.     Persians.      In 
;   fight  the  ancient  Persians  displayed  great  per- 
:   sonal  courage.     They  esteemed  it  dishonorable 
!   to  employ  any  stratagems  in  war,    and  never 
I  fought  in  the  night,  unless  when  attacked  by  the 
I  enemy. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  11.  p.  120. 
I       5353.  STRATEGY,  Needful.     Columbus.     As 
i  he  foresaw  that  the  vague  terrors  already  awak- 
;  ened  among  the  seamen  would  increase  with  the 
\  space  which  intervened  between  them  and  their 
i  homes,  he  commenced  a  stratagem  which  he 
I  continued  throughout  the  voyage.    He  kept  two 
>  reckonings  :  one  correct,  in  which  the  true  way 
of  the  ship  was  noted,  and  which  was  retained 
,  in  secret  for  his  own  government ;  in  the  other, 
!  which  was  open  to  general  inspection,  a  number 
■  of  leagues  was  daily  subtracted  from  the  sailing 
of  the  ship,  so  that  the  crews  were  kept  in  igno- 
rance of  the  real  distance  they  had  advanced. — 
Irving's  Columbus,  Book  3,  ch.  2. 

5345.  STREETS,  Darkness  of.  Reign  of 
Charles  II.  When  the  evening  closed  in,  the  dif- 
ficulty  and  danger  of  walking  about  London  be- 
came serious  indeed.  The  garret  windows  were 
opened,  and  pails  were  emptied,  with  little  re- 
gard to  those  who  were  passing  below.  Falls, 
bruises,  and  broken  bones  were  of  constant  oc- 
currence ;  for,  till  the  last  year  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  II. ,  most  of  the  streets  were  left  in  pro- 
found darkness.  Thieves  and  robbers  plied  their 
trade  with  impunity  ;  yet  they  were  hardly  so 
terrible  to  peaceable  citizens  as  another  class  of 
I  ruffians.     It  was  a  favorite  amusement  of  disso- 


lute young  gentlemen  to  swagger  by  night  about 
the  town,  breaking  windows,  upsetting  sedans, 
beating  quiet  men,  and  offering  rude  caresses  to 
pretty  women.  Several  dynasties  of  these  tyrants 
had,  since  the  Restoration,  domineered  over  the 
streets.  The  Muns  and  Tityre  Tus  had  given 
place  to  the  Hectors,  and  the  Hectors  had  been 
recently  succeeded  by  the  Scourers.  At  a  later 
period  arose  the  Nicker,  the  Hawcubite,  and  the 
yet  more  dreaded  name  of  Mohawk. — Macau- 
lay's  Hist.  ,  ch.  3,  p.  336. 

5355.  STREETS,  Filthy.  Reign  of  Charles  11. 
The  drainage  was  so  bad,  that  in  rainy  weather 
the  gutters  soon  became  torrents  ;  .  .  .  black  riv- 
ulets roared  down  Snow  Hill  and  Ludgate  Hill, 
bearing  to  Fleet  Ditch  a  vast  tribute  of  animal 
and  vegetable  filth  from  the  stalls  of  butchers 
and  green-grocers.  This  flood  was  profusely 
thrown  to  right  and  left  by  coaches  and  carts. 
To  keep  as  far  from  the  carriage  road  as  possi- 
ble was  therefore  the  wish  of  every  pedestrian. 
The  mild  and  timid  gave  the  wall ;  the  bold  and 
athletic  took  it.  If  two  roysterers  met,  they 
cocked  their  hats  in  each  other's  faces  and  push- 
ed each  other  about  till  the  weaker  was  shoved 
toward  the  kennel.  If  he  was  a  mere  bully,  he 
sneaked  off,  muttering  that  he  should  find  a  time; 
if  he  was  pugnacious,  the  encounter  probably 
ended  in  a  duel  behind  Montague  House. — ^Ma. 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  335. 

5356.  STRENGTH,  Consciousness  of.  Alexan- 
der. [At  daybreak  he  was  asleep.]  Parme- 
nio,  having  at  last  awakened  him,  and  seem- 
ing surprised  to  find  him  in  so  calm  and  sweet 
a  sleep,  just  as  he  was  going  to  flght  a  bat- 
tle, in  which  his  whole  fortune  lay  at  stake : 
"How  is  it  possible,"  said  Alexander,  "  for  us 
not  to  be  calm  since  the  enemy  is  coming  to  de- 
liver himself  into  our  hands  ?"  Immediately  he 
took  up  his  arms,  mounted  his  horse,  and  rode 
up  and  down  the  ranks,  exhorting  the  troops  to 
maintain,  and,  if  possible,  to  surpass,  their  an- 
cient fame  and  the  glory  they  had  hitherto  ac- 
quired. Soldiers,  on  the  day  of  battle,  imagine 
they  see  the  fate  of  the  engagement  painted  in 
the  face  of  their  general.  As  for  Alexander,  he 
had  never  appeared  so  calm,  so  ga}^  nor  so  res- 
olute The  serenity  and  security  which  they 
observed  in  him  were  in  a  manner  so  many  as- 
surances of  the  victory.  There  was  a  great  dif- 
ference between  the  two  armies  with  respect  to 
numbers,  but  much  more  so  with  regard  to  cour- 
age. That  of  Darius  consisted  at  least  of  600,000 
foot  and  40,000  horse,  and  the  other  of  no  more 
than  40,000  foot  and  7000  or  8000  horse  ;  but  the 
latter  was  all  fire  and  strength  ;  whereas,  on  the 
side  of  the  Persians,  it  was  a  prodigious  assem- 
blage of  men,  not  of  soldiers  ;  an  empty  phan- 
tom rather  than  a  real  army.  [Darius  was  de- 
feated.]— Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  15,  §  8. 

5357.  STRENGTH  by  Piety.  Cromwell.  Charles 
II.  fled  in  hopeless  desolation  to  France,  to  exist 
as  the  pensioned  pauper  of  the  French  king.  The 
royal  power  was  now  fairly  beaten  down  in  Eng- 
land. Let  the  malignant  sneerer,  who  has  no 
words  but  commonplace  abuse  to  bestow  upon 
the  great  English  hero,  attempt  to  realize  what 
the  land  would  have  been,  must  have  been,  with- 
out him,  rent  in  factions,  almost  all  equally 
strong.  An  army  then  without  a  leader,  dreamy 
SDeculators  determined  to  impose  their  theories 


636 


STRENGTH— STRUGGLE, 


upon  the  kingdom,  and  so  inflict  upon  the  land 
the  miseries  of  anarchy,  as  in  the  French  revolu- 
tion ;  or  the  horrors  of  persecution,  as  in  Boston 
and  the  New  England  States.  Cromwell  was 
the  power  raised  up  by  Providence  to  save  Eng- 
land from  this.  Never  in  the  history  of  the 
"world  had  a  man  a  more  difficult  task  to  perform  ; 
but  he  performed  it,  because  he  brought  to  the 
task,  in  addition  to  the  most  remarkable  combi- 
nation of  mental  requisites  ever  assembled  to- 
gether in  one  man — forming  a  sort  of  mythic 
personage,  and  reminding  us  of  Theseus  or  Her- 
cules— in  addition  to  these,  we  say,  he  brought 
piety  of  the  sublimest  order,  and  singleness  of 
purpose  lofty  as  that  of  a  Hebrew  prophet,  but 
conjoined  to  a  largeness  of  toleration  for  all  re- 
ligious differences,  for  which  we  know  not  where 
to  find  a  parallel. — Hood's  Cromvtell,  ch.  12, 
p.  163. 

535S.  STRENGTH,  Physical.  Father  of  Pres- 
ident Jefferson.  This  Peter  Jefferson  was  a  giant 
in  stature  and  strength.  It  is  said  of  him,  that 
he  could  lift  from  their  sides  to  an  upright  po- 
sition two  hogsheads  of  tobacco  at  once,  each  of 
a  thousand  pounds'  weight. — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  346. 

5359.  .     Washington.     The  power 

of  Washington's  arm  was  displayed  in  several 
memorable  instances :  in  his  throwing  a  stone 
from  the  bed  of  the  stream  to  the  top  of  the  Nat- 
ural Bridge ;  another  .  .  .  across  the  Rappa- 
hannock, at  Fredericksburg.  .  .  .  Numbers  have 
since  tried  this  feat,  but  none  have  cleared  the 
water. — Custis'  Washington,  vol.  1,  ch.  25. 

5360.  STRIFE,  Choice  in.  Enemies  or  Chil- 
dren. The  general  voice  of  the  kingdom  of 
France  was  now  for  peace  ;  and  the  once  haugh- 
ty Louis  [XIV.],  now  miserably  humbled,  sent 
his  minister  to  negotiate  in  person  at  the  Hague, 
where  he  met  with  the  most  mortifying  treat- 
ment from  Marlborough,  Eugene,  and  the  grand 
pensionary  Heinsius.  They  demanded  nothing 
less,  as  a  condition  of  peace,  than  that  the  king 
of  France  should  undertake,  at  his  own  charges, 
to  dethrone  his  grandson  Philip,  and  even  lim- 
ited him  to  the  space  of  two  months  for  the  ful- 
filling of  this  condition.  The  spirit  of  the 
aged  Louis  broke  out  into  the  most  just  indigna- 
tion at  this  inhuman  and  dishonorable  proposal. 
■"  Since,"  says  he,  "  I  must  die  fighting,  it  shall 
be  with  mine  enemies,  and  not  with  my  chil- 
dren." He  prepared,  therefore,  for  a  resolute 
continuance  of  that  war  which  was  only  to  in- 
volve him  in  fresh  misfortunes.  [War  with 
England.] — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  34, 
p.  467. 

5361.  STRIFE,  Conjugal.  Becondliation.  The 
ancient  worship  of  the  Romans  afforded  a  pe- 
culiar goddess  to  hear  and  reconcile  the  com- 
plaints of  a  married  life  ;  but  her  epithet  of  Vir- 
iplaca,  the  appeaser  of  husbands,  too  clearly  in- 
dicates on  which  side  submission  and  repentance 
are  always  expected. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44, 
p.  349. 

5362.  STRIFE,  Family.  Abominable.  It  be- 
ing the  season  when  the  pilgrimage  attracted  to 
Mecca  the  Arabs  from  all  parts  of  the  desert, 
they  agreed  to  post  themselves  upon  the  route, 
to  the  end  of  warning  the  pilgrims  against  the 
novelties  which  a  pretended  prophet,  a  nephew 


of  Aboutaleb,  was  disseminating  as  a  schism  in 
the  Kaaba.  "  Let  us  also,"  they  deliberated, 
"  be  agreed,  before  leaving  the  city,  upon  what 
we  shall  say  separately  to  the  pilgrims,  so  that 
there  may  be  no  discrepancy  between  our  sever- 
al representations."  "  Will  we  say  that  he  is  a 
diviner  ?  No,  for  he  has  neither  the  convulsive 
and  incoherent  accent,  nor  the  language  full  of 
affected  consonances  of  the  diviners.  Shall 
we  say  that  he  is  a  madman  ?  But  his  entire 
exterior  inspires  dignity  and  reflection.  Shall 
we  say  he  is  a  poet  ?  But  he  does  not  express 
himself  in  verse.  Shall  we  say,  in  fine,  that 
he  is  a  wizard  ?  But  he  does  not  work  mira- 
cles ;  he  practises  none  of  the  mysteries  of  mag- 
ic ;  his  sole  magic  lies  in  the  eloquence  and  the 
persuasion  of  his  lips.  Let  us  say,  then,  that 
he  is  a  public  enemy,  who,  by  his  artifices,  sows 
disunion  among  families,  who  poisons  the  affec- 
tions, who  severs  brother  from  brother,  son  from 
father,  wife  from  husband." — Lamartine's 
Turkey. 

5363.  STRIFE,  Premature.  Bishop  Burnet. 
[He  was  the  private  chaplain  of  the  wife  of  Will- 
iam, Prince  of  Orange.  The  English  were  con- 
sidering the  question  of  filling  the  throne  made 
vacant  by  the  flight  of  James  II.  to  France  by 
crowning  William  of  Orange  and  making  Mary 
only  queen  consort,  though  she  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  fugitive  king.]  Said  the  brave  and 
honest  divine  :  "  It  would  be  unseemly  in  me  to 
oppose  any  plan  which  may  have  your  counte- 
nance. I  therefore  desire  to  be  set  free,  that  1 
may  fight  the  princess'  battle  with  every  facul- 
ty that  God  has  given  me."  "  I  think,  doctor," 
said  William,  with  characteristic  coolness,  "that 
you  had  better  stay  where  you  are.  It  will  sure- 
ly be  time  for  you  to  quit  me  when  I  do  some- 
thing of  which  you  disapprove."  In  a  few  hours 
the  scheme  which  had  excited  Burnet's  resent- 
ment was  entirely  given  up,  and  all  those  who 
considered  James  as  no  longer  king  were  agreed 
as  to  the  way  in  which  the  throne  must  be  filled. 
William  and  Mary  must  be  king  and  queen.— 
Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  10,  p.  599. 

5364.  STRIFE,  Responsibility  for.  James  II 
The  seventeenth  century  has,  in  that  unhappy 
country,  left  to  the  nineteenth  a  fatal  heritage  ol 
malignant  passions.  No  amnesty  for  the  mutual 
wrongs  inflicted  by  the  Saxon  defenders  of  Lon- 
donderrj^  and  by  the  Celtic  defenders  of  Lim- 
erick, has  ever  been  granted  from  the  heart  by 
either  race.  To  this  day  a  more  than  Spartan 
haughtiness  alloys  the  many  noble  qualities 
which  characterize  the  children  of  the  victors, 
while  a  Helot  feeling,  compounded  of  awe  and 
hatred,  is  not  too  often  discernible  in  the  chil- 
dren of  the  vanquished.  Neither  of  the  hostile 
castes  can  justly  be  absolved  from  blame  ;  but  the 
chief  blame  is  due  to  the  short-sighted  and  head- 
strong prince  [James  II.]  who,  placed  in  a  situ- 
ation in  which  he  might  have  reconciled  them, 
employed  all  his  power  to  inflame  their  animos- 
ity, and  at  length  forced  them  to  close  in  a  grap- 
ple for  life  and  death. — Macadlay'sEng.,  ch.  6, 
p.  117. 

5365.  STRUGMJLE,  Fierce.  Paul  Jones.  On 
the  23d  of  September  Paul  Jones,  cruising  off 
the  coast  of  Scotland  with  a  flotilla  of  French 
and  American  vessels,  fell  in  with  a  fleet  of  Brit- 
ish merchantmen,  convoyed  by  two  men-of-war. 


STRUGGLE— STUDY. 


637 


The  battle  that  ensued  was  bloody  beyond  prec- 
edent in  naval  warfare.  For  an  hour  and  a 
half  the  Serapis,  a  British  frigate  of  forty-four 
guns,  engaged  the  Poor  Richard  within  musket- 
shot.  Then  the  vessels,  both  in  a  sinking  con- 
dition, were  run  alongside  and  lashed  together. 
The  marines  fought  with  the  fury  of  madmen, 
until  the  Serapis  struck  her  colors.  Jones  has- 
tily transferred  his  men  to  the  conquered  ship, 
and  the  Poor  Richard  went  down.  The  remain- 
ing British  ship  was  also  attacked  and  captured. 
So  desperate  was  the  engagement,  that  of  the  375 
men  on  board  the  fleet  of  Jones  300  were  either 
killed  or  wounded. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  43, 
p.  238. 

5366.  STRUGGLE,  Hopeless.  Battle  of  Fred- 
ericksburg. Night  came  and  ended  the  useless 
carnage.  General  Burnside  would  have  re- 
newed the  battle,  but  his  division  commanders 
finally  dissuaded  him,  and  on  the  night  of  the 
15th  [of  December]  the  Federal  army  was  si- 
lently withdrawn  across  the  Rappahannock.  The 
Union  losses  in  this  terrible  conflict  amounted  to 
1500  killed,  9100  wounded,  and  1650  prisoners 
and  missing.  The  Confederates  lost  in  killed 
595,  4061  wounded,  and  653  missing  and  pris- 
oners. Of  all  the  important  movements  of  the 
war,  only  that  of  Fredericksburg  was  under- 
taken with  no  probability  of  success.  Under  the 
plan  of  the  battle — if  plan  it  might  be  called — 
nothing  could  be  reasonably  expected  but  repulse, 
rout,  and  ruin.  Thus,  in  gloom  and  disaster  to 
the  Federal  cause,  ended  the  great  campaign  of 
1862.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  64,  p.  510. 

5367.  STUDENT,  Belated.  GJiarlemagne.  The 
literary  merits  of  Charlemagne  are  attested  by 
the  foundation  of  schools,  the  introduction  of 
arts,  the  works  which  were  published  in  his 
name,  and  his  familiar  connection  with  the  sub- 
jects and  strangers  whom  he  invited  to  his  court 
to  educate  both  the  prince  and  people.  His  own 
studies  were  tardy,  laborious,  and  imperfect ;  if 
he  spoke  Latin  and  understood  Greek,  he  de- 
rived the  rudiments  of  knowledge  from  conver- 
sation rather  than  from  books  ;  and  in  his  ma- 
ture age  the  emperor  strove  to  acquire  the 
practice  of  writing,  which  every  peasant  now 
learns  in  his  infancy. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  49, 
p.  47. 

536§.  STUDENT,  A  royal.  Charlemagne.  Char- 
lemagne was  an  indefatigable  student ;  and  the 
impulse  of  his  personal  example,  patronage, 
and  superintendence  produced  effects  which, 
considering  the  circumstances  of  the  times,  are 
truly  wonderful,  and  redound  to  his  eternal 
honor.  History  presents  to  us  few  more  strik- 
ing spectacles  than  that  of  the  great  monarch  of 
the  West,  surrounded  by  the  princes  and  prin- 
cesses of  his  family  and  the  chief  personages  of 
his  brilliant  court,  all  content  to  sit  as  learners 
at  the  feet  of  their  Anglo-Saxon  preceptor  Al- 
cuin  in  the  "school  of  the  palace"  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle. — Students'  France,  ch.  5,  S  10, 
p.  73. 

5369.  STUDENTS,  FoUy  of.  Ooldsmith.  On 
one  occasion  we  find  him  implicated  in  an  affair 
that  came  nigh  producing  his  expulsion.  A  re- 
port was  brought  to  college  that  a  scholar  was 
in  the  hands  of  the  bailiffs.  This  was  an  insult 
in  which  every  gownsman  felt  himself  involved. 
A  number  of  the  scholars  flew  to  arms,  and 


sallied  forth  to  battle,  headed  by  a  hare-brained 
fellow  nick-named  Gallows  Walsh,  noted  for 
his  aptness  at  mischief  and  fondness  for  riot. 
The  stronghold  of  the  bailiff  was  carried  by 
storm,  the  scholar  set  at  liberty,  and  the  delin- 
quent catchpole  borne  off  captive  to  the  college, 
where,  having  no  pump  to  put  him  under,  they 
satisfied  the  demands  of  collegiate  law  by  duck- 
ing him  in  an  old  cistern.  Flushed  with  this 
signal  victory.  Gallows  Walsh  now  harangued 
his  followers,  and  proposed  to  break  open  New- 
gate, or  the  Black  Dog,  as  the  prison  was  called, 
and  effect  a  general  jail  delivery.  He  was  an- 
swered by  shouts  of  concurrence,  and  away 
went  the  throng  of  madcap  youngsters,  fully 
bent  upon  putting  an  end  to  the  tyranny  of  law. 
They  were  joined  by  the  mob  of  the  city,  and 
made  an  attack  upon  the  prison  with  true  Irish 
precipitation  and  thoughtlessness,  never  having 
provided  themselves  with  cannon  to  batter  its 
stone  walls.  A  few  shots  from  the  prison 
brought  them  to  their  senses,  and  they  beat  a 
hasty  retreat,  two  of  the  townsmen  being  killed 
and  several  wounded. — Irving's  Goldsmith, 
ch.  2,  p.  24. 

5370.  STUDIES,  Ancient.  Beign  of  Theodoric. 
[Boethius  was  an  honored  scholar.]  For  the 
benefit  of  his  Latin  readers,  his  genius  submitted 
to  teach  the  first  elements  of  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences of  Greece.  The  geometry  of  Euclid,  the 
music  of  Pythagoras,  the  arithmetic  of  Nicom- 
achus,  the  mechanics  of  Archimedes,  the  as- 
tronomy of  Ptolemy,  the  theology  of  Plato,  and 
the  logic  of  Aristotle,  with  the  commentary  of 
Porphyry,  were  translated  and  illustrated  by  the 
indefatigable  pen  of  the  Roman  senator.  And 
he  alone  was  esteemed  capable  of  describing  the 
wonders  of  art,  a  sun-dial,  a  water-clock,  or  a 
sphere  which  represented  the  motions  of  the 
planets.  .  .  .  Such  conspicuous  merit  was  felt 
and  rewarded  by  a  discerning  prince  ;  the  dig- 
nity of  Boethius  was  adorned  with  the  titles  of 
consul  and  patrician,  and  his  talents  were  use- 
fully employed  in  the  important  station  of  mas- 
ter of  the  oflSces. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  39, 
p.  33. 

5371.  STUDY,  Devoted  to.  Thomas  Jefferson. 
Upon  the  completion  of  his  college  course,  he 
studied  law  for  five  years,  with  an  assiduity 
most  unusual  in  the  heir  to  a  good  estate.  He 
had  a  clock  in  his  bedroom,  and  his  rule  in 
summer  was  to  get  up  as  soon  as  he  could  see 
the  hands,  and  in  winter  he  rose  uniformly  at 
five.  Including  the  time  passed  in  music  and 
reading,  he  usually  spent  fourteen  hours  of 
every  day  at  his  studies  ;  three  of  which,  he 
tells  us,  were  sometimes  spent  in  practising  on 
the  violin.  There  has  seldom  been  a  young 
man  of  fortune  who  lived  more  purely  than  he. 
He  neither  practised  the  vices  nor  indulged  the 
passions  of  his  class  in  the  Virginia  of  that  day. 
He  never  quarrelled  ;  he  never  gambled.  His 
mouth  was  innocent  of  tobacco.  He  never 
drank  to  excess. — Cyclopedia  op  Bigg.,  p.  347. 

5372. .   President  Madison.  Of  all 

the  public  men  who  have  figured  in  public  life 
in  the  United  States,  he  was  the  most  studious 
and  thoughtful.  The  eldest  son  of  a  rich  Vir- 
ginia planter,  he  was  yet  so  devoted  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  knowledge  that,  for  months  together 
at  Princeton  College,  he  allowed  himself  but 


638 


STUDY— SUBJUGATION. 


three  hours'  sleep  out  of  the  twenty-four — an 
excess  which  injured  his  health  for  all  the  rest 
of  his  life.  He  appeared  to  live  wholly  in  the 
world  of  ideas.  Daniel  Webster  reckoned  him 
the  ablest  expounder  of  the  Constitution,  and 
Thomas  Jefferson  pronounced  him  the  best 
head  in  Virginia.  Without  being  a  brilliant  ora- 
tor, he  was  an  excellent  argumentative  speaker, 
and  always  conciliated  the  feelings  of  his  oppo- 
nents by  the  gentleness  of  his  demeanor  and 
the  courtesy  of  his  language. — Cyclopedia  of 
Bigg.,  p.  518. 

5373.  STUDY,  Preparation  ty.  John  Milton. 
With  aspirations  thus  vast,  though  unformed, 
with  "amplitude  of  mind  to  greatest  deeds," 
Milton  retired  to  his  father's  house  in  the  coun- 
try. Five  more  years  of  self-ediJcation,  added 
to  the  seven  years  of  academical  residence,  were 
not  too  much  for  the  meditation  of  projects  such 
as  Milton  was  already  conceiving.  Years  many 
more  than  twelve,  filled  with  great  events  and 
distracting  interests,  were  to  pass  over  before 
the  body  and  shape  of  "  Paradise  Lost"  was 
given  to  these  imaginings. — Pattison's  Mil- 
ton, ch.  2. 

5374. .  John  Milton.   Until  he  was 

thirty-one  John  Milton  was  a  student,  and  noth- 
ing but  a  student ;  first,  at  home,  at  his  fa- 
ther's side ;  next  at  a  great  London  grammar- 
school  ;  then  at  Cambridge  University  ;  after- 
ward at  his  father's  house  in  the  country  ;  and 
finally  in  foreign  countries.  During  all  this  long 
period  of  preparation  he  was  a  most  diligent, 
earnest,  and  intense  student.  He  was  probably 
the  best  Latin  scholar  that  ever  lived  who  was 
not  a  native  Roman  of  Cicero's  day. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BiOG.,  p.  168. 

5375. .     Napoleon  I.     [His  entire 

early  life  was  devoted  to  intense  study.  When 
twenty -two  years  of  age  he  was  promoted  to  a 
first  lieutenancy,  and  visited  his  native  land  on 
furlough.]  Upon  returning  to  the  home  of  his 
childhood,  to  spend  a  few  months  in  rural  leisure, 
the  first  object  of  his  attention  was  to  prepare 
for  himself  a  study,  where  he  could  be  secluded 
from  all  interruption.  For  this  purpose  he  se- 
lected a  room  in  the  attic  of  the  house  ...  he 
passed  days  and  nights  of  the  most  incessant 
mental  toil.  He  sought  no  recreation  ;  he  sel- 
dom went  out ;  he  seldom  saw  any  company. — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

5376.  STUPIDITY,  Hopeless.  Beign  of  James 
II.  [The  invasion  of  England  by  William  of 
Orange  was  welcomed  by  conspicuous  men  who 
deserted  James  II.]  The  impenetrable  stupidity 
of  Prince  George  served  his  turn  on  this  occa- 
sion better  than  cunning  would  have  done.  It 
was  his  habit,  when  any  news  was  told  him,  to 
exclaim  in  French,  " Est-il  possible  ?"  "Is  it 
possible  ?"  This  catchword  was  now  of  great 
use  to  him.  "  Est-il  possible  ?"  he  cried,  when 
he  had  been  made  to  imderstand  that  Churchill 
and  Grafton  [James'  generals]  were  missing. 
And  when  the  ill  tidings  came  from  Warminster 
he  again  ejaculated,  ' '  Est-il  possible  ?"  .  .  . 
Prince  George  and  Ormond  were  invited  to  sup 
with  the  king  at  Andover.  The  meal  must  have 
been  a  sad  one.  The  king  was  overwhelmed  by 
his  misfortunes.  His  son-in-law  was  the  dullest 
of  companions.  "  I  have  tried  Prince  George 
sober,"  said  Charles  II.,  "  and  I  have  tried  him 


drunk  ;  and,  drunk  or  sober,  there  is  nothing  in 
him."  Ormond,  who  was  through  life  taciturn 
and  bashful,  was  not  likely  to  be  in  high  spirits 
at  such  a  moment.  At  length  the  repast  ter- 
minated. The  king  retired  to  rest.  Horses  were 
in  waiting  for  the  prince  and  Ormond,  who,  aa 
soon  as  they  left  the  table  mounted  and  rode  off. 
[They  deserted  to  the  king's  enemy.] — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  477. 

5377.  STYLE,  Adaptation  of.  Luther.  I  would 
have  such  a  translation  as  would  deserve  to 
be  read  by  all  Christians,  for  I  hope  we  would 
be  able  to  present  to  Germany  a  better  transla- 
tion than  is  the  Latin  version.  It  is  a  great  work, 
and  worthy  of  our  united  labors,  since  it  ought 
everywhere  to  be  found  and  to  conduce  to  the 
general  welfare  of  the  people.  In  two  months 
Luther  had  completed  the  translation  of  the 
New  Testament.  ' '  I  translated  not  only  St. 
John's  Gospel,"  says  Luther,  "but  the  entire 
New  Testament,  while  I  was  in  Patmos  [his 
place  of  concealment].  And  now  Philip  (Me- 
lanchthon)  and  I  have  begun  to  polish  it  off,  and 
with  God's  help  it  will  be  a  fine  piece  of  work. 
For  my  fellow-Germans  was  I  born,  and  them 
will  I  serve  !"  And  in  order  that  he  might  do 
this  right  well,  he  questioned  the  mother  at 
home,  the  children  in  the  streets,  and  the  com- 
mon laborer  in  the  market.  The  terms  of  court 
and  palace  he  could  not  use,  said  he.  And  thus 
he  accomplished  the  completion  of  a  truly  pop- 
ular, glorious  work,  which  proved  to  be  the 
foundation  and  corner-stone  of  his  Reformation 
labors. — Rein's  L  other,  ch.  10,  p.  99. 

5378.  SUBJUGATION  intolerable.  Beign  oj 
James  II.  [Irish  troops  were  brought  over  to 
aid  James  in  supplanting  the  Protestant,  religion.] 
The  Englishman  .  .  .  knew  that  great  numbers 
of  Irish  had  repeatedly  fled  before  a  small  Eng- 
lish force,  and  that  the  whole  Irish  population 
had  been  held  down  by  a  small  English  colony  ; 
and  he  very  complacently  inferred  that  he  was 
naturally  a  being  of  a  higher  order  than  the 
Irishman  ;  for  it  is  thus  that  a  dominant  race  al- 
ways explains  its  ascendency  and  excuses  its 
tyranny.  That  in  vivacity,  humor,  and  elo- 
quence the  Irish  stand  high  among  the  nations 
of  the  world,  is  now  universally  acknowledged. 
That,  when  well  disciplined,  they  are  excellent 
soldiers,  has  been  proved  on  a  hundred  fields  of 
battle  ;  yet  it  is  certain  that,  a  century  and  a  half 
ago,  they  were  generally  despised  in  our  island 
as  both  a  stupid  and  a  cowardly  people.  And 
these  were  the  men  who  were  to  hold  England 
down  by  main  force  while  her  civil  and  ecclesi- 
astical constitution  was  destroyed.  The  blood 
of  the  whole  nation  boiled  at  the  thought. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  394. 

5379.  SUBJUGATION,  Oppressive.  Malwmei 
II.  the  Great.  The  Greeks  remained  under  the 
dominion  of  the  grand  signior  in  a  state  of  op- 
pression little  short  of  slavery  ;  they  were  suf- 
fered, however,  to  retain  their  religion  and  their 
laws.  They  were  allowed,  paying  a  small  trib- 
ute, to  carry  on  a  little  commerce  and  cultivate 
their  lands.  The  patriarch's  revenues  must,  at 
least,  have  been  considerable,  as  he  paid,  at  his 
installation,  no  less  than  8000  ducats,  one  half 
to  the  exchequer  of  the  grand  signior,  and  the 
other  to  the  officers  of  the  Porte.  The  greatest 
subjection  the  Greeks  have  been  under  was  in 


SUBLIMITY— SUCCESS. 


639 


the  tribute  of  children.  Every  father  has  been 
compelled  to  give  one  of  his  sons  to  serve  among 
the  janizaries  or  in  the  seraglio,  or  to  pay  a 
sum  for  his  ransom. — Tytleb's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  13,  p.  211. 

53§0.  SUBLIMITY,  Influence  of.  Pyramids. 
The  whole  army  instinctively  halted  and  gazed 
awe-stricken  upon  those  monuments  of  anti- 
quity. The  face  of  Napoleon  beamed  with  en- 
thusiasm. "  Soldiers,  '  he  exclaimed,  as  he  rode 
along  the  ranks,  "from  those  summits  forty 
•centuries  contemplate  your  actions  !"  The  ardor 
of  the  soldiers  was  aroused  to  the  highest  pitch. 
— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  11. 

53§1.  SUBMISSION,  Humiliating.  Richard  11. 
Though  a  prince  of  some  spirit,  he  was  pos- 
sessed of  a  very  weak  understanding,  aban- 
doned to  his  pleasures,  and  a  slave  to  unworthy 
favorites.  By  their  persuasion,  and  to  gratify 
his  revenge  as  well  as  his  avarice,  he  confiscat- 
ed, on  a  specious  pretence  of  treason,  the  estate 
of  his  uncle.  Henry  of  Lancaster,  Duke  of  Here- 
ford, a  prince  of  great  resolution  and  ability, 
and,  by  descent  from  Henry  III.,  of  no  remote 
pretensions  to  the  throne  of  England.  While 
the  king  was  employed  in  quelling  an  insurrec- 
tion in  Ireland,  Henry  of  Lancaster,  who  was 
in  high  favor  with  the  people,  found  means  to 
levy  a  very  formidable  army  ;  he  engaged  the 
Earl  of  Northumberland  in  his  interest,  and  pre- 
vailed on  York,  then  viceroy  in  the  king's  ab- 
sence, to  give  him  no  opposition  ;  while,  as  he 
pretended,  all  that  he  had  in  view  was  the  recov- 
ery of  his  estate.  Richard,  on  his  return  from 
Ireland,  found  Lancaster  at  the  head  of  his 
troops,  determined  to  wrest  from  him  the  posses- 
sion of  the  crown  ;  his  numbers  were  inconsid- 
■erable,  and  diminished  by  desertion  to  his  rival. 
Resistance  he  saw  was  vain  while  the  body  of 
the  people  were  his  enemies.  Lancaster  told 
him  he  was  a  novice  in  the  art  of  government, 
and  that  he  would  teach  him  how  to  rule  the 
people  of  England  ;  to  which  the  submissive 
monarch  is  said  to  have  replied,  "Fair  cousin, 
since  it  pleases  you,  it  pleases  us  likewise." 
Richard,  confined  in  the  Tower,  was  accused  of 
maladministration,  and  condemned  by  Parlia- 
ment, who  solemnly  deposed  him  from  the 
throne  ;  he  was  confined  a  prisoner  in  the  castle 
of  Pontefract,  and  afterward  privately  assassi- 
nated.—Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  12,  p.  201. 

5382.  SUBMISSION  of  Soul.  Penitential.  [Rev. 
Freeborn  Garretson  wasa  Maryland  farmer  when 
he  became  awakened  to  a  sense  of  his  personal 
need  of  salvation.]  Under  the  preaching  of  the 
Rev.  Daniel  Ruff  he  was  "  so  oppressed  he  could 
scarcely  support  his  burden  ;"  and  riding  home- 
ward through  a  lonely  wood,  agonized  by  a 
sense  of  his  sinfulness  and  of  the  necessity  of 
regeneration,  he  dismounted  and  began  to  pray. 
But  his  prayer  was  for  forbearance  that  he  might 
^et  delay  till  a  more  convenient  season.  Resum- 
ing his  ride,  he  was  again  arrested  with  an  over- 
powering consciousness  that  "now  is  the  ac- 
cepted time,  now  is  the  day  of  salvation."  "  I 
threw,"  he  says,  "  the  reins  of  my  bridle  on  the 
horse's  neck,  and  putting  my  hands  together, 
cried  out.  Lord,  I  submit !"  .  .  .  "  The  enmity 
of  my  heart  was  slain,  the  plan  of  salvation  was 
open  to  me."  ..."  My  soul  was  so  exceeding 
iiappy  that  it  seemed  as  if  I  wanted  to  take  wing 


and    fly  away  to  heaven." — Stevens'   M.  E. 
Church,  vol.  1,  p.  354. 

53S3.  SUBSTITUTE,  A  happy.  Persecution. 
Queen  Mary,  having  dealt  severely  with  the 
Protestants  in  England,  about  the  latter  end  of 
her  reign  signed  a  commission  for  to  take  the 
same  course  with  them  in  Ireland  ;  and  to  exe- 
cute the  same  with  greater  force,  she  nominates 
Dr.  Cole  one  of  the  commissioners.  This  doc- 
tor coming  with  the  commission  to  Chester,  on 
his  journey,  the  mayor  of  that  city,  hearing  that 
her  Majesty  was  sending  a  messenger  into  Ire- 
land, and  he  being  a  churchman,  waited  on  the 
doctor,  who,  in  discourse  with  the  mayor,  taketh 
out  of  a  cloak-bag  a  leather  box,  saying  unto 
him,  "  Here  is  a  commission  that  will  lash  the 
heretics  of  Ireland  "  (calling  the  Protestants  by 
that  title).  The  good  woman  ©f  the  house,  being 
well  affected  to  the  Protestant  religion,  and  also 
having  a  brother,  named  John  Edmonds,  of  the 
same,  then  a  citizen  in  Dublin,  was  much  trou- 
bled at  the  doctor's  words  ;  but  watching  her 
convenient  time,  while  the  maj'or  took  his  leave 
and  the  doctor  complimented  him  down-stairs, 
she  opens  the  box,  takes  the  commission  out, 
and  places  in  lieu  thereof  a  sheet  of  paper  with 
a  pack  of  cards  wrapped  up  therein,  the  knave 
of  clubs  being  faced  uppermost.  The  doctor 
coming  up  to  his  chamber,  suspecting  nothing 
of  what  had  been  done,  put  up  the  box  as  for- 
merly. The  next  day,  going  to  the  water-side, 
wind  and  weather  serving  him,  he  sails  toward 
Ireland.  .  .  .  He  presents  the  box  unto  the  lord 
deputy,  who  causing  it  to  be  opened,  that  the 
secretary  might  read  the  commission,  there  was 
nothing  save  a  pack  of  cards,  with  the  knave  of 
clubs  uppermost ;  which  not  only  startled  the 
lord  deputy  and  council,  but  the  doctor,  who 
assured  them  he  had  a  commission,  but  knew 
not  how  it  was  gone.  Then  the  lord-deputy 
made  answer,  ' '  Let  us  have  another  commission, 
and  we  will  shuifle  the  cards  in  the  mean  while. " 
The  doctor,  being  troubled  in  his  mind,  went 
away,  and  returned  into  England. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  20,  p.  303. 

53§4.  SUCCESS,  Changes  by.  Columbus.  One 
can  hardly  recognize  in  the  individual  thus  made 
the  companion  of  princes,  and  the  theme  of  gen- 
eral wonder  and  admiration,  the  same  obscure 
stranger  who  but  a  short  time  before  had  been 
a  common  scoff  and  jest  in  this  very  court,  de- 
rided by  some  as  an  adventurer,  and  pointed  at 
by  others  as  a  madman.  Those  who  had  treated 
him  with  contumely  during  his  long  course  of 
solicitation  now  sought  to  efface  the  remem- 
brance of  it  by  adulations.  Every  one  who  had 
given  him  a  little  cold  countenance  or  a  few 
courtly  smiles  now  arrogated  to  himself  the 
credit  of  having  been  a  patron  and  of  having 
promoted  the  discovery  of  the  New  World. — 
Irving's  Columbus,  Book  5,  ch.  7. 

5385.  SUCCESS,  Dangerous.  Rivalry.  It  was 
in  1813,  when,  in  consequence  of  the  presence 
of  two  large  armies,  a  malignant  typhus  fever 
raged,  and  the  sick  became  so  numerous  that  it 
was  n^essary  to  divide  them  among  the  city 
physicians.  Seventy -three  cases  fell  to  the  share 
of  Dr.  Hahnemann,  all  of  whom  he  treated  on 
the  homoeopathic  system,  and  all  of  whom  re- 
covered, except  one  old  man.  This  striking 
success,  while  it  increased  the  number  of  his  dis- 


640 


SUCCESS. 


ciples,  inflamed  the  fury  of  his  enemies,  and  he 
could  not  go  into  the  streets  without  being  hoot- 
ed at  and  insulted.  Compelled  again  to  take 
flight,  he  found  refuge  at  the  obscure  capital  of 
one  of  his  disciples,  the  Duke  of  Anhalt.  But 
even  there  he  was  not  safe  from  persecution. 
Several  times  the  windows  of  his  house  were 
broken,  and  he  seldom  ventured  out  of  doors. — 
Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  275. 

5386. .    Alcibiades.  WhenTimon, 

famed  for  his  misanthropy,  saw  Alcibiades 
.  .  .  conducted  home  with  great  honor  from 
the  place  of  assembly,  he  did  not  shun  him, 
as  he  did  other  men,  but  went  up  to  him,  and 
shaking  him  by  the  hand,  thus  addressed  him  : 
"  Go  on,  my  brave  boy,  and  prosper  ;  for  your 
prosperity  will  bring  on  the  ruin  of  all  this 
crowd."  This  occasioned  several  reflections  ; 
some  laughed,  some  railed,  and  others  were  ex- 
tremely moved  at  the  saying.  So  various  were 
the  judgments  formed  of  Alcibiades,  by  reason  of 
the  inconsistency  of  his  character. — Plutarch's 
Alcibiades. 

53§7.  SUCCESS,  Dangers  of.  Demoralization. 
Dundee  knew  the  qualities  of  the  race  [Highland- 
ers] which  he  was  going  to  lead  against  the  regu- 
lar troops  of  the  new  government  [that  of  William 
III.].  They  were  most  to  be  feared  in  the  hour 
of  success.  "  In  battle  the  point  to  which  they 
bend  their  utmost  efforts,  and  which  they  are 
most  anxious  to  carry,  is  their  enemies'  baggage. 
If  that  once  falls  into  their  hands,  disregarding 
all  discipline  and  oaths,  and  leaving  their  colors, 
home  they  run." — Cunningham,  in  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  6,  p.  93. 

53§8.  SUCCESS,  Delusive.  Charles  Goodyear. 
[He  met  many  discouragements  in  experimenting 
with  india-rubber,  and  was  brought  to  bitterest 
poverty.]  Another  time  Mr.  Goodyear  thought 
he  had  succeeded  in  curing  india-rubber  by  mix- 
ing it  with  quicklime.  He  made  some  specimens 
of  india-rubber  cloth,  which  had  an  elegant  ap- 
pearance ;  but  after  enjoying  his  triumph  a  few 
days  he  found,  to  his  dismay,  that  the  weakest 
acid,  such  as  apple-juice,  orange-juice,  or  vinegar 
and  water,  dropped  upon  his  cloth,  dissolved 
it  into  soft  gum  again. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog., 
p.  217. 

53§9.  SUCCESS  deserved.  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin in  Philadelphia.  On  the  deep  foundations  of 
sobriety,  frugality,  and  industry  the  young  [run- 
away] journeyman  [seventeen  years  old]  built  his 
fortunes  and  his  fame  ;  and  he  soon  came  to  have 
a  printing-office  of  his  own.  Toiling  early  and 
late,  with  his  own  hands  he  set  types  and  worked 
at  the  press  ;  with  his  own  hands  he  would  trun- 
dle to  the  office  in  a  wheelbarrow  the  reams  of 
paper  which  he  was  to  use.  His  ingenuity  was 
such  that  he  could  form  letters,  make  types  and 
woodcuts,  and  engrave  vignettes  in  copper.  The 
assembly  of  Pennsylvania  respected  his  merit, 
and  chose  him  its  printer. — Bancroft's  TJ.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  23. 

5390.  SUCCESS,  Disaster  a.  Queen  Anne's 
War.  A. D.  1711.  [An  English  squadroi^  under 
Sir  Hovenden  Walker,  ascended  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  attack  Quebec.  By  his  incompetency 
and  obstinacy]  eight  ships  had  been  wrecked  and 
eight  hundred  and  eighty-four  men  drowned.  A 
council  of  war  voted  unanimously  that  it  was 


impossible  to  proceed.  ' '  Had  we  arrived  safe  at 
Quebec,"  wrote  the  admiral,  "ten  or  twelve  thou 
sand  men  must  have  been  left  to  perish  of  cold 
and  hunger  ;  by  the  loss  of  part.  Providence- 
saved  all  the  rest!"  and  he  expected  public  honors- 
for  his  successful  retreat,  which  to  him  seemed 
as  glorious  as  a  victory. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  21. 

5391.  SUCCESS  by  DupJ^city.  Louis  XL  He 
was  a  consummate  master  of  the  arts  of  dissimu- 
lation and  duplicity  ;  he  made  it  the  main  busi- 
ness of  his  life  to  overreach  and  circumvent 
others,  and  accounted  successful  fraud  the  most 
conspicuous  proof  of  talent.  Where  his  prede- 
cessors would  have  employed  violence,  Louis- 
trusted  to  cajolery,  corruption,  and  perfidy.  He 
understood  to  perfection  how  to  play  off  one 
class  of  interest  against  another  ;  how  to  scatter 
the  seeds  of  division  and  estrangement  so  as  to 
profit  afterward  by  the  discord  he  had  foment- 
ed. Louis  realized  his  objects  as  a  sovereign  by 
sacrificing  without  scruple  all  his  obligations  as- 
aman. — Students'  France,  ch.  12,  §  1. 

5392.  SUCCESS,  Encouraging.  Battle  of  Tren- 
ton. About  the  20th  of  December  the  weather 
became  very  cold,  and  by  the  evening  of  the  25th 
the  river  was  filled  with  floating  ice.  .  .  .  Wash- 
ington's division  succeeded  in  getting  over,  but 
the  passage  was  delayed  till  three  o'clock  in  the 
morning.  All  hope  of  reaching  Trenton  before 
daybreak  was  at  an  end  ;  but  Washington,  be- 
lieving that  the  Hessians  would  sleep  late  after 
their  revels,  divided  his  army  into  two  columns, 
and  pressed  forward.  One  division,  led  by  Sul- 
livan, passed  down  the  river  to  attack  the  town 
on  the  west ;  the  other,  commanded  by  Washing- 
ton and  Greene,  made  a  circuit  to  the  Princeton 
road  The  movement  was  entirely  successful. 
Nearly  a  thousand  of  the  dreaded  Hessians  threw 
down  their  arms  and  begged  for  mercy.  Before 
nightfall  Washington,  with  his  victorious  men 
and  the  whole  body  of  .captives,  was  safe  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Delaware.  The  battle  of  Tren- 
ton roused  the  nation  from  despondency.  Confl 
dence  in  the  commander  and  hope  in  the  ultimate 
success  of  the  American  cause  were  everywhere 
revived. — Ridpath'sU.  S.,  ch.  39,  p.  316. 

5393.  SUCCESS,  Fortunate.  Roman  Emperor 
Honorius.  The  remainder  of  the  reign  of  Ho- 
norius  was  undisturbed  by  rebellion  ;  and  it  may 
be  observed  that,  in  the  space  of  five  years, 
seven  usurpers  had  yielded  to  the  fortune  of  a. 
prince,  who  was  himself  incapable  either  of 
counsel  or  of  action. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31, 
p.  307. 

5394.  SUCCESS,  Genius  for.  Frederick  tlie 
Great.  'The  net  seemed  to  have  closed  complete- 
ly round  him.  The  Russians  were  in  the  field, 
and  were  spreading  devastation  through  his 
eastern  provinces.  Silesia  was  overrun  by  the 
Austrians.  A  great  French  army  was  advancing 
from  the  west  under  the  command  of  Marshal 
Soubise,  a  prince  of  the  great  Armorican  house 
of  Rohan.  Berlin  itself  had  been  taken  and 
plundered  by  the  Croatians.  Such  was  the  sit- 
uation from  which  Frederick  extricated  himself, 
with  dazzling  glory,  in  the  short  space  of  thirty 
days.  [He  defeated  the  French  November  5,. 
and  the  Austrians  on  December  5.]  —  Macau- 
lay's  Frederick  the  Great,  p.  97. 


SUCCESS. 


641 


5395.  SUCCESS  by  Gentleness.     Missionaiies. 

;  On  a  low  island  of  barren  gneiss-rock  oflf  the 
I   west  coast  of  Scotland  an  Irish  refugee,  Colum- 
i    ba,  had  raised  the  famous  mission-station  of  lona. 
'   It  was  within  its  walls  that  Oswald  in  youth 
[   found  refuge,  and  on  his  accession  to  the  throne 
I  of  Northumbria  he  called  for  missionaries  from 
;  ;among  its  monks.     The  first  preacher  sent  in 
answer  to  his  call  obtained  little  success.     He 
declared  on  his  return  that  among  a  people  so 
i   stubborn  and  barbarous  as  the  Northumbrian 
:   folk  success  was  impossible.      "Was  it  their 
;   stubbornness  or  your  severity  ?"  asked  Aidan,  a 
■  Tjrother  sitting  by  ;  "  did  you  forget  God's  word 
i   to  give  them  the  milk  first  and  then  the  meat  ?" 
i   All  eyes  turned  on  the  speaker  as  fittest  to  un- 
dertake the  abandoned  mission,  and  Aidan,  sail- 
i   jng  at  their  bidding,  fixed  his  bishop's  see  in  the 
island-peninsula  of  Lindisfarne.   Thence,  from  a 
I   monastery  which  gave  to  this  spot  its  after  name 
j  of  Holy  Island,  preachers  poured  forth  over  the 
heathen  realms.  [He  had  great  success.] — Hist. 
•OF  Eng.  People,  §  50. 

5396.  SUCCESS  vs.  Happiness.  Ci/rus.  Cyrus 
■wanted  this  kind  of  glory.  He  himself  informs 
us,  that  during  the  whole  course  of  his  life, 
which  was  pretty  long,  the  happiness  of  it  was 
never  interrupted  by  any  unfortunate  accident ; 
and  that  in  all  his  designs  the  success  had  an- 
swered his  utmost  expectation.  But  he  acquaints 
us  at  the  same  time  with  another  thing  almost 
incredible,  and  which  was  the  source  of  all  that 
moderation  and  evenness  of  temper  so  conspicu- 
ous in  him,  and  for  which  he  can  never  be  sufii- 
•ciently  admired — namely,  that  in  the  midst  of 
his  uninterrupted  prosperity  he  still  preserved  in 
his  heart  a  secret  fear,  proceeding  from  the  ap- 
prehension of  the  changes  and  misfortunes  that 
might  happen ;  and  this  prudent  fear  was  not 
only  a  preservative  against  insolence,  but  even 
against  intemperate  joy. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book 
4,  art.  3,  §  3. 

5397.  SUCCESS,  Jealousy  of.  Columbus.  Co- 
lumbus sailed  a  second  time,  with  a  fleet  of  seven- 
teen ships,  and  returned  after  the  discovery  of 
the  Caribbee  Islands  and  of  Jamaica.  But  his 
enemies,  jealous  of  the  reputation  he  had  ac- 
quired, had  prevailed  on  the  court  of  Spain  to 
send  along  with  his  fleet  an  officer,  who,  in  the 
character  of  justiciary,  might  establish  such  reg- 
ulations in  the  new  colonies  as  were  most  for 
the  advantage  of  the  Spanish  Government.  This 
officer,  on  account  of  some  differences  between 
Columbus  and  his  soldiers,  put  the  admiral  in 
irons  on  board  his  own  ship,  and  returned  with 
him  a  prisoner  to  Spain.  The  court,  it  is  true, 
repaired  this  affront  in  the  best  manner  possible. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  31,  p.  805. 

539§.  SUCCESS,  Joys  of.  Columbus.  Ashe 
«.pproached  the  shore,  Columbus,  who  was  dis- 
posed for  all  kinds  of  agreeable  impressions,  was 
delighted  with  the  purity  and  suavity  of  the  at- 
mosphere, the  crystal  transparency  of  the  sea, 
and  the  extraordinary  beauty  of  the  vegetation. 
He  beheld  also  fruits  of  an  unknown  kind  upon 
the  trees  which  overhung  the  shores.  On  land- 
ing he  threw  himself  on  his  knees,  kissed  the 
earth,  and  returned  thanks  to  God  with  tears  of 
joy.  His  example  was  followed  by  the  rest, 
whose  hearts  indeed  overflowed  with  the  same 
feelings  of  gratitude.  .  .  .     The  feelings  of  the 


crew  now  burst  forth  in  the  most  extravagant 
transports.  They  had  recently  considered  them- 
selves devoted  men,  hurrying  forward  to  destruc- 
tion ;  they  now  looked  upon  themselves  as  fa> 
vorites  of  fortune,  and  gave  themselves  up  to  th& 
most  unbounded  joy.  They  thronged  around 
the  admiral  with  overflowing  zeal,  some  embrac- 
ing him,  others  kissing  his  hands.  Those  who 
had  been  most  mutinous  and  turbulent  during 
the  voyage  were  now  most  devoted  and  enthu- 
siastic.— Irving's  Columbus,  Book  3,  ch.  5. 

5399.  SUCCESS,  Lines  of.  General  Grant. 
[After  fifteen  years'  military  service  he  resigned 
his  commission,  and  became  a  farmer  near  St. 
Louis.]  His  farming  did  not  seem  to  prosper 
much,  for  his  crops  were  not  enough  to  keep  the 
farm  going  ;  so  he  hauled  wood  in  winter  to  Ca- 
rondelet,  and  sold  it  by  the  cord.  .  .  ,  But  even 
this  was  not  sufficient  to  support  him  comfort- 
ably, and  so  he  became  collector  of  other  peoples' 
debts.  But  he  was  such  a  poor  hand  at  dun- 
ning .  .  .  there  seemed  a  very  poor  lookout  for 
him.  [He  succeeded  in  war,  if  not  in  peace.]-^ 
Headley's  General  Grant,  p.  41. 

5400.  SUCCESS,  Misunderstood.  Hannibal. 
After  this  great  success  [in  vanquishing  the  Ro- 
man army]  Hannibal's  friends  advised  him  to 
pursue  his  fortune,  and  to  enter  Rome  along 
with  the  fugitives,  assuring  him  that  in  five  days 
he  might  sup  in  the  Capitol.  It  is  not  easy  to 
conjecture  what  his  reason  was  for  not  taking 
this  step.  Most  probably  some  deity  opposed  it, 
and  therefore  inspired  him  with  this  hesitation 
and  timidity.  On  this  account  it  was  that  a 
Carthaginian,  named  Barca,  said  to  him,  with 
some  heat,  "  Hannibal,  you  know  how  to  gain  a 
victory,  but  not  how  to  use  it." — Plutarch's 
Fabius  Maximus. 

5401.  SUCCESS  a  Necessity.  Revolution.  The 
news  of  the  execution  of  Louis  XVI.  was  re- 
ceived in  France  with  awe  and  terror,  and  ex- 
cited throughout  Europe  an  outcry  of  grief  and 
indignation.  Apart  from  its  scandalous  injustice 
and  cruelty,  the  crime  was  regarded,  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  as  an  act  of  hostile  defiance 
launched  against  all  thrones  and  all  established 
governments  ;  it  placed  France  in  a  position  of 
universal  aggression  and  antagonism.  "  There 
is  no  going  back  now,"  exclaimed  [Jean  Paul] 
Marat;  "we  must  either  prevail  or  perish!" 
And  the  army  sent  a  deputation  to  thank  the 
Convention  for  having  reduced  them  to  the  neces- 
sity of  conquering. — Students'  France,  ch.  17, 
§1. 

5402.  SUCCESS  overruled.  Alexander.  Alex- 
ander, after  having  left  Patala,  marched  through 
the  country  of  the  Oritae.  . .  .  Here  he  was  in 
such  want  of  provisions,  that  he  lost  a  great  num- 
ber of  soldiers,  and  brought  back  from  India 
scarce  the  fourth  part  of  his  army,  which  had 
consisted  of  120,000  foot  and  15,000  horse. 
Sickness,  bad  food,  and  the  excessive  heats  had 
swept  them  away  in  multitudes ;  but  famine 
made  a  still  greater  havoc  among  the  troops  in 
this  barren  country,  which  was  neither  ploughed 
nor  sowed,  its  inhabitants  being  savages,  who 
fared  very  hard,  and  led  a  most  uncomfortable 
life.  After  they  had  eaten  all  the  palm-tree  roots 
that  could  be  met  with,  they  were  obliged  to 
feed  upon  the  beasts  of  burden,  and  next  upon 
their  war  horses  ;  and  when  they  had  no  beasts 


642 


SUCCESS. 


left  to  carry  their  baggage,  they  were  forced  to 
burn  those  rich  spoils,  for  the  sake  of  which  the 
Macedonians  had  run  to  the  extremities  of  the 
earth.  The  plague,  the  usual  attendant  upon 
famine,  completed  the  calamity  of  the  soldiers, 
and  destroyed  great  numbers  of  them. — Rol- 
lin's  Hist.,  Book  15,  §  17. 

5403.  SUCCESS  by  Perseverance.  Demosthe- 
nes. The  first  essay  of  his  eloquence  was  against 
his  guardians,  whom  he  obliged  to  refund  a 
part  of  his  fortune.  Encouraged  by  this  suc- 
cess, he  ventured  to  speak  before  the  people, 
but  with  very  ill  fortune.  He  had  a  weak  voice, 
an  impediment  in  his  speech,  and  a  very  short 
breath  ;  notwithstanding  which,  his  periods  were 
so  long,  that  he  was  often  obliged  to  stop  in  the 
midst  of  them  to  take  breath.  This  occasioned 
his  being  hissed  by  the  whole  audience,  from 
whence  he  retired  discouraged,  and  determined 
to  renounce  forever  a  function  of  which  he  be- 
lieved himself  incapable.  One  of  his  auditors, 
who,  through  all  these  imperfections,  had  ob- 
served an  excellent  fund  of  genius  in  him,  and 
a  kind  of  eloquence  which  came  very  near  that 
of  Pericles,  gave  him  new  spirit  from  the  grate- 
ful idea  of  so  glorious  a  resemblance,  and  the 
good  advice  which  he  added  to  it.  He  ventured, 
therefore,  to  appear  a  second  time  before  the 
people,  and  was  no  better  received  than  before. 
As  he  withdrew,  hanging  down  his  head,  and  in 
the  utmost  confusion,  Satyrus,  one  of  the  most 
excellent  actors  of  those  times,  who  was  his 
friend  [gave  him  encouragement  and  advice]. 
He  stammered  to  such  a  degree,  that  he  could 
not  pronounce  some  letters,  among  others  that 
with  which  the  name  of  the  art  he  studied  be- 
gins ;  and  he  was  so  short-breathed  that  he  could 
not  utter  a  whole  period  without  stopping.  He 
at  length  overcame  these  obstacles  by  putting 
small  pebbles  into  his  mouth,  and  pronouncing 
several  verses  in  that  manner  without  interrup- 
tion ;  and  that  even  when  walking,  and  going 
up  steep  and  difficult  places  ;  so  that,  at  last,  no 
letter  made  him  hesitate,  and  his  breath  held  out 
through  the  longest  periods.  He  went  also  to 
the  seaside,  and  while  the  waves  were  in  the 
most  violent  agitation  he  pronounced  harangues, 
to  accustom  himself,  by  the  confused  noise  of  the 
waters,  to  the  roar  of  the  people  and  the  tumul- 
tuous cries  of  public  assemblies.  Demosthenes 
took  no  le3s  care  of  his  actions  than  of  his  voice. 
He  had  a  large  looking-glass  in  his  house,  which 
served  to  teach  him  gesture,  and  at  which  he 
used  to  declaim  before  he  spoke  in  public.  To 
correct  a  fault  which  he  had  contracted  by  an  ill 
habit,  of  continually  shrugging  his  shoulders, 
he  practised  standing  upright  in  a  kind  of  very 
narrow  pulpit  or  rostrum,  over  which  hung  a 
halbert,  in  such  a  manner  that,  if  in  the  heat  of 
action  that  motion  escaped  him,  the  point  of  the 
weapon  might  serve  at  the  same  time  to  admon- 
ish and  correct  him. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  13, 

5404.  SUCCESS,  Premature.  Charles  Ooodyear. 
Coming  to  his  shop  one  morning,  an  Irishman  in 
his  employ  met  him  at  the  door  in  high  spirits, 
saying  that  he  had  found  out  the  great  secret 
and  beaten  a  Yankee,  pointing  to  his  trousers, 
which  he  had  dipped  into  one  of  the  barrels  of 
sap.  They  were  so  nicely  coated  over  with  the 
glistening  gum,  that  for  a  moment  Mr.  Good- 


year thought  that  perhaps  Jerry  had  blundered 
into  the  secret.  The  man  sat  down  to  his  work 
on  the  top  of  a  cask.  On  attempting  to  rise,  a 
few  minutes  after,  he  found  himself  glued  to  his- 
seat,  and  his  legs  stuck  tight  together.  He  had 
to  be  cut  out  of  his  trousers,  amid  the  laugh- 
ter of  the  bystanders. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.» 
p.  217. 

5405.  SUCCESS,  Proof  of.  Elias  Howe.  All 
the  winter  of  1844-45  Mr.  Howe  worked  at  his- 
machine.  His  conception  of  what  he  intended 
to  produce  was  so  clear  and  complete,  that  he 
was  little  delayed  by  failures,  but  worked  on 
with  almost  as  much  certainty  and  steadiness  as. 
though  he  had  a  model  before  him.  In  April  he 
sewed  a  seam  by  his  machine.  By  the  middle  of 
May,  1845,  he  had  completed  his  work.  In  July 
he  sewed  by  his  machine  all  the  seams  of  two 
suits  of  woollen  clothes — one  suit  for  Mr.  Fisher 
and  the  other  for  himself,  the  sewing  of  both 
of  which  outlasted  the  cloth. — Cyclopedia  of 
Bigg.,  p.  682. 

5406.  SUCCESS,  Remarkable.  Civil  War. 
From  the  20th  of  June  to  the  1st  of  December 
[1861]  General  Price's  army  marched  over 
eight  hundred  miles  [in  Missouri],  averaging- 
10,000  men  during  the  time.  .  .  .  They  fought 
five  battles  and  at  least  thirty  skirmishes.  .  .  . 
Not  a  week  passed  without  engagements  of  some- 
sort.  They  started  without  a  dollar,  without  a 
wagon  or  team,  without  a  cartridge  [having 
rifles,  shotguns,  etc.], without  a  bayonet-gun.  Ou 
the  1st  of  September  they  had  about  eight  thou- 
sand bayonet-guns,  fifty  pieces  of  cannon,  four 
hundred  tents,  ...  for  nearly  all  of  which  they 
were  indebted  to  their  own  strong  arms  in  battle- 
and  to  the  prodigality  of  the  enemy. — Pollard's- 
First  Year  of  the  War,  ch.  5,  p.  153. 

5407. .     Ooethe.     A  man  who,  in 

early  life,  rising  almost  at  a  single  bound  into- 
the  highest  reputation  over  all  Europe  ;  by  grad- 
ual advances,  fixing  himself  more  and  mora 
firmly  in  the  reverence  of  his  countrymen,  as- 
cends silently  through  many  vicissitudes  to  the 
supreme  intellectual  place  among  them  ;  and 
now,  after  half  a  century,  distinguished  by  con- 
vulsions, political,  moral,  and  poetical,  still 
reigns,  full  of  years  and  honors,  with  a  soft,  un- 
disputed sway  ;  still  laboring  in  his  vocation, 
still  forwarding,  as  with  kingly  benignity,  what- 
ever can  profit  the  culture  of  his  nation  ;  such  a. 
man  might  justly  attract  our  notice,  were  it  only 
by  the  singularity  of  his  fortune. — Carlyle's- 
Goethe,  ch.  1. 

540§.  SUCCESS,  Reputation  by.  Washington. 
When  [Louis]  Kossuth  visited  the  tomb  of 
Washington,  he  stood  silent  before  it  for  several 
minutes,  and  then  said,  as  he  turned  to  leave  the 
place,  "How  necessary  it  is  to  be  successful !" 
— Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  306. 

5409.  SUCCESS,  Reputation  by.  English  Yan- 
kees. Yorkshiremen  are  the  Yankees  of  old  Eng- 
land ;  they  are  sharper,  tougher,  more  enter- 
prising and  persevering,  less  amiable  and  po- 
lite, than  the  people  of  the  more  southern  coun- 
ties of  England.  Some  of  them  are  exceedingly 
hard  bargainers,  and  very  rough  in  their  man- 
ners. Take  them  for  all  in  all,  however,  they 
are  the  people  that  contribute  most  to  the  strength 
and  prosperity  of  the  British  empire  ;  and  it  i* 
not  uncommon  to  meet  among  them  men  ii> 


SUCCESS— SUFFRAGE. 


643 


whom  are  happily  united  the  force  of  a  York- 
shireman  with  the  suavity  of  a  man  of  Kent  or 
Sussex. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  306. 

5410.  SUCCESS,  Steps  to.  Dr.  Morton.  [In 
the  discovery  of  ether.  ]  The  thought  occurred  to 
the  young  man  one  day,  that  perhaps  a  way 
might  be  discovered  of  lessening  human  sensi- 
bility to  pain.  He  had  not  received  a  scientific 
education,  nor  had  he  more  scientific  knowledge 
than  an  intelligent  young  man  would  naturally 
possess  who  had  passed  through  the  ordinary 
schools  of  a  New  England  town.  Instead  of  re- 
sorting to  books,  or  consulting  men  of  science, 
he  began,  from  time  to  time,  to  experiment  with 
various  well-known  substances.  First  he  tried 
draughts  of  wine  and  brandy,  sometimes  to  the 
intoxication  of  the  patient ;  but  as  soon  as  the 
instrument  was  applied,  consciousness  revived, 
and  long  before  the  second  tooth  was  out,  the  pa- 
tient, though  not  perfectly  aware  of  what  was 
going  on,  was  roaring  with  agony.  He  tried 
laudanum  in  doses  of  two  hundred  and  three 
hundred  drops,  and  opium  in  masses  of  ten 
grains,  frequently  renewing  the  dose  until  the 
patient  would  be  in  a  condition  truly  deplorable. 
Dr.  Morton  records  in  his  diary,  that  on  one  oc- 
casion he  gave  a  lady  five  hundred  drops  of  lau- 
danum in  forty-five  minutes,  which  did  indeed 
lessen  the  pain  of  the  operation,  but  it  took  her 
a  whole  week  to  recover  from  the  effects  of  the 
narcotic. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  635. 

5411.  SUCCESS,  Surprising.  Bomans.  [The 
first  Punic  war.]  Thus,  the  Romans,  after  a  war 
of  twenty -four  years,  begun  under  every  disad- 
vantage, destitute  of  finances,  totally  unprovided 
with  a  fleet,  and,  of  course,  ignorant  of  naviga- 
tion, were,  at  length,  able  to  prescribe  the  most 
humiliating  terms  to  Carthage,  the  first  maritime 
power  in  the  world. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3, 
ch.  9,  p.  371. 

5412.  SUCCESS  vs.  Tactics.  iV<*p(9Zeo/j-i.  [After 
the  battle  of  Lodi]  said  an  Austrian  general  in- 
dignantly:. .  .  "This  beardless  boy  ought  to  have 
been  beaten  over  and  over  again  ;  for  who  ever 
saw  such  tactics  !  The  blockhead  knows  nothing 
of  the  rules  of  war.  To-day  he  is  in  our  rear, 
to-morrow  on  our  flank,  and  the  next  day  again 
in  our  front.  Such  gross  violations  of  the  estab- 
lished principles  of  war  are  insufferable." — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

5413.  SUCCESS,  Unenjoyed.  Julius  Gcesar. 
He  was  growing  weary  of  the  thankless  burden. 
He  was  heard  often  to  say  that  he  had  lived  long 
enough.  Men  of  high  nature  do  not  find  the 
task  of  governing  their  fellow-creatures  particu- 
larly delightful.— Froude's  C^sab,  ch.  26. 

5414.  SUCCESS,  Want  of.  General  Grant.  A 
strong  man  by  nature,  ...  he  had  to  learn  by 
failures  how  to  win  ultimate  success.  .  .  .  We 
find  that  both  he  and  Sherman,  who,  at  the  close 
of  the  war,  stood  up  as  our  foremost  generals, 
came  very  near  being  removed  from  command 
for  their  mistakes,  or,  at  least,  want  of  success. 
.  .  .  The  Government  was  determined  to  consign 
Grant  to  disgrace,  and  would  have  done  so  but 
for  the  strenuous,  persistent  efforts  of  a  single 
friend,  Mr.  Washburne. — Headley's  General 
Grant,  p.  25. 

5415.  SUCCESS  by  "Weakness.  BritisJi.  Dur- 
ing many  years  the  great  British  monarchy, 


under  four  successive  princes  of  the  house  of 
Stuart,  was  scarcely  a  more  important  member 
of  the  European  system  than  the  little  kingdoni 
of  Scotland  had  previously  been.  This,  how- 
ever, is  little  to  be  regretted.  Of  James  I.,  as  of 
John,  it  may  be  said,  that  if  his  administration 
had  been  able  and  splendid,  it  would  probably 
have  been  fatal  to  our  country,  and  that  we  owe 
more  to  his  weaknesses  and  meannesses  than  to 
the  wisdom  and  courage  of  much  better  sover- 
eigns.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  65. 

5416.  SUCCESS,  Well-earned.  Andrew  John- 
son. On  the  day  after  the  assassination  of  Mr. 
Lincoln,  Andrew  Johnson  took  the  oath  of  of- 
fice, and  became  President  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  a  native  of  North  Carolina,  born  in  Ra- 
leigh on  the  29th  of  December,  1808.  With  no  ad- 
vantages of  education,  he  passed  his  boyhood  in 
poverty  and  neglect.  In  1826  he  removed  with  his 
mother  to  Tennessee,  and  settled  at  Greenville. 
Here  he  was  married  to  an  intelligent  lady,  who 
taught  him  to  write  and  cipher.  Here,  by  dint 
of  native  talent,  force  of  will,  and  strength  of 
character,  he  first  earned  the  applause  of  his  fel- 
low-men.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  67,  p.  544. 

5417.  SUFFERINGS,  Unspeakable.  Dr.  Mott. 
He  was  one  of  the  eminent  men  commissioned 
by  the  government  to  examine  the  prisoners  of 
war  whom  Jefferson  Davis  had  starved  and  tort- 
ured at  Andersonville,  Salisbury,  and  Belle  Isle. 
On  his  return,  he  was  asked  whether  the  newspa- 
per reports  of  their  condition  were  exaggerated. 
"My  dear  boy,"  he  exclaimed,  with  horror  de- 
picted on  his  countenance,  "you  can  form  no 
idea  of  the  poor,  shrivelled,  wasted  victims.  In 
the  whole  course  of  my  surgical  experience,  not 
excepting  the  most  painful  operations  on  de- 
formed limbs,  I  have  never  suffered  so  much  in 
my  life  at  the  sight  of  anything,  I  care  not  what 
it  is.  It  unnerved  me.  I  felt  sick."  This,  re- 
member, was  the  testimony  of  a  man  who,  for  a 
period  of  sixty-five  years,  had  been  in  the  con- 
stant habit  of  witnessing  human  suffering  in 
every  form,  who  had  lived  in  the  hospitals  of 
the  great  cities,  and  who  was  a  gentleman  of  un- 
impeachable veracity. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  532. 

541  §.  SUFFRAGE,  Perils  of  universal.  Peter 
Stuyvesant.  a.  d.  1653.  [The  colonists  demand- 
ed] ' '  that  no  new  laws  should  be  enacted  but 
with  the  consent  of  the  people,  that  none  shall 
be  appointed  to  office  but  with  the  approbation 
of  the  people." . .  .  Stuyvesant  was  taken  by  sur- 
prise. He  had  .  .  .  doubts  of  man's  capacity  for 
self-government.  .  .  .  His  reply,  ..."  Shall  the 
people  elect  their  own  officers  ?  If  .  .  .  the  elec- 
tion of  magistrates  be  left  to  the  rabble,  every 
man  will  vote  for  one  of  his  own  stamp.  The 
thief  will  vote  for  a  thief,  the  smuggler  for  a 
smuggler,  and  fraud  and  vice  will  become  priv- 
ileged."— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  15. 

5419.  SUFFRAGE,  Universal.  Virginia.  Vir- 
ginia was  the  first  State  in  the  world,  composed 
of  separate  boroughs,  diffused  over  an  extensive 
surface,  where  the  government  was  organized  on 
the  principle  of  universal  suffrage.  All  free- 
men, without  exception,  were  entitled  to  vote. 
An  attempt  was  once  made  to  limit  the  right  to 
house-keepers  ;  but  the  public  voice  reproved 
the  restriction  ;  the  very  next  year  it  was  decided 
to  be  "hard,  and  unagreeable  to  reason,  that 


644 


SUICIDE. 


any  person  should  pay  equal  taxes,  and  yet  have 
no  votes  in  elections ;"  and  the  electoral  fran- 
chise "Was  restored. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1, 
oh.  6. 

5420.  SUICIDE  averted.  Napoleon  I.  [He 
had  been  degraded  in  rank  after  arrest  on  false 
charges.  He  sought  military  employment,  and 
was  set  aside  for  the  favorites  of  the  govern- 
ment. He  was  impoverished,  humiliated,  and 
discouraged.]  Urged  by  animal  instinct  to  escape 
prospects  so  gloomy,  and  from  sorrows,  I  wan- 
dered along  the  bank  of  the  river,  feeling  that 
it  was  unmanly  to  commit  suicide,  and  yet  un- 
able to  resist  the  temptation  to  do  so.  In  a  few 
more  moments  I  should  have  thrown  myself  into 
the  water,  when  I  ran  against  an  individual 
dressed  like  a  simple  mechanic.  [It  proved  to  be 
a  former  comrade  in  his  artillery  regiment.]  He 

4  had  emigrated,  and  had  returned  to  France  in 
disguise  to  see  his  aged  mother.  [He  offered 
Napoleon  a  belt  of  gold  for  the  relief  of  his  ex- 
iled mother,  which  was  joyfully  accepted,  .  .  . 
and  afterward  repaid  tenfold.] — Abbott's  Na- 
poleon B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  3. 

5421.  SUICIDE,  Cause  of.  Samuel  Johnson. 
We  talked  of  the  melancholy  end  of  a  gentleman 
who  had  destroyed  himself.  Johnson  :"  It 
was  owing  to  imaginary  difficulties  in  his  affairs, 
which,  had  he  talked  of  with  any  friend,  would 
soon  have  vanished."  Boswell  :  "Do  you 
think,  sir,  that  all  who  commit  suicide  are  mad?" 
Johnson  :  "  Sir,  they  are  often  not  universally 
disordered  in  their  intellects,  but  one  passion 
presses  so  upon  them,  that  they  yield  to  it,  and 
commit  suicide,  as  a  passionate  man  will  stab 
another." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  209. 

5422.  SUICIDE,  Cowardice  of.  American  Ind- 
ians. The  savage  believed  that  to  every  man 
there  is  an  appointed  time  to  die  ;  to  anticipate 
that  period  by  suicide  was  the  meanest  kind  of 
cowardice. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

5423.  SUICIDE  deterred.  Benjamin  Abbott. 
[One  of  the  most  useful  Methodist  ministers  dur- 
ing his  Christian  life  was  an  exceedingly  wicked 
man  in  his  previous  life.  He  long  struggled  with 
an  awakened  conscience].  "  Satan  suggested  to 
me  that  my  day  of  grace  was  over  ;  therefore  I 
might  pray  and  cry,  but  he  was  sure  of  me  at 
last."  In  passing  through  a  lonely  wood  at  night 
he  was  tempted  to  commit  suicide  ;  biit  while 
looking  for  a  suitable  place  for  the  deed,  he  was 
deterred  by  an  inward  voice,  which  said,  "  This 
torment  is  nothing  compared  to  hell."  —  Ste- 
TENs'  M.  E.   Church,  vol.  1,  p.  198. 

5424.  SUICIDE,  Dyspeptic's.     Mr.  Beauclerk 

said  [to  Samuel  Johnson] :  Mr. ,  who  loved 

buttered  muffins,  but  durst  not  eat  them  because 
they  disagreed  with  his  stomach,  resolved  to 
shoot  himself ;  and  then  he  eat  three  buttered 
muffins  for  breakfast,  before  shooting  himself, 
knowing  that  he  should  not  be  troubled  with  in- 
digestion ;  he  had  two  charged  pistols  ;  one  was 
found  lying  charged  upon  the  table  by  him, 
after  he  had  shot  himself  with  the  other. — Bos- 
well's Johnson,  p.  410. 

5425.  SUICIDE,  Escape  by.  Demosthenes.  [Hav- 
ing, in  the  downfall  of  Greece,  fled  for  sanc- 
tuary to  the  temple  of  Neptune.  Soldiers  came 
to  arrest  him.  He  asked  them  to  wait  until  he 
had  sent  his  last  message  to  his  family.]    Then 


he  retired  into  the  inner  part  of  the  temple  ;  and 
taking  some  paper,  as  if  he  meant  to  write,  he 
put  the  pen  in  his  mouth,  and  bit  it  a  consider- 
able time,  as  he  used  to  do  when  thoughtful 
about  his  composition  ;  after  which  he  covered 
his  head  and  put  it  in  a  reclining  posture.  The 
soldiers  who  stood  at  the  door,  apprehending 
that  he  took  these  methods  to  put  off  the  fatal 
stroke,  laughed  at  him,  and  called  him  a  coward. 
Archias  then  approaching  him  desired  him  to 
rise,  and  began  to  repeat  the  promises  of  making 
his  peace  with  Antipater.  Demosthenes,  who 
by  this  time  felt  the  operation  of  the  poison  he 
had  taken  strong  upon  him,  uncovered  his  face, 
and  looking  upon  Archias,  "  Now,"  said  he, 
"  you  may  act  the  part  of  Creon  in  the  play  as 
soon  as  you  please,  and  cast  out  this  carcass  of 
mine  unburied.  For  my  part,  O  gracious  Nep- 
tune !  I  quit  thy  temple  with  my  breath  within 
me.  But  Antipater  and  the  Macedonians  would 
not  have  scrupled  to  profane  it  with  murder." 
By  this  time  he  could  scarcely  stand,  and  there- 
fore desired  them  to  support  him.  But,  in  at- 
tempting to  walk  out,  he  fell  by  the  altar,  and 
expired  with  a  groan. — Plutarch. 

5426.  SUICIDE,  Glorification  of.  Stoicism. 
Its  favorite  theme  was  the  glorification  of  suicide, 
which  wiser  moralists  had  severely  reprobated, 
but  which  many  Stoics  belauded  as  the  one  sure 
refuge  against  oppression  and  outrage.  It  was 
a  philosophy  which  was  indeed  able  to  lacerate 
the  heart  with  a  righteous  indignation  against 
the  crimes  and  follies  of  mankind,  but  which 
vainly  strove  to  resist,  and  which  scarcely  even 
hoped  to  stem,  the  ever-swelling  tide  of  vice  and 
misery.  For  wretchedness  it  had  no  pity  ;  on 
vice  it  looked  with  impotent  disdain. — Farrar's 
Early  Days,  ch.  1,  p.  9. 

5427.  SUICIDE,  Mania  for.  William  Cowper. 
First  he  bought  laudanum,  and  had  gone  out  into 
the  fields  with  the  intention  of  swallowing  it, 
when  the  love  of  life  suggested  another  way  of 
escaping  the  dreadful  ordeal.  He  mi^ht  sell  all 
he  had,  fly  to  France,  change  his  religion,  and 
bury  himself  in  a  monastery.  He  went  home  to 
pack  up  ;  but  while  he  was  looking  over  his  port- 
manteau, his  mood  changed,  and  he  again  re- 
solved on  self-destruction.  Taking  a  coach,  he 
ordered  the  coachman  to  drive  to  the  Tower 
Wharf,  intending  to  throw  himself  into  the  river. 
But  the  love  of  life  once  more  interposed,  under 
the  guise  of  a  low  tide  and  a  porter  seated  on  the 
quay.  Again  in  the  coach,  and  afterward  in 
his  chambers,  he  tried  to  swallow  the  laudanum  ; 
but  his  hand  was  paralyzed  by  ' '  the  convincing 
Spirit,"  aided  by  seasonable  interruptions  from 
the  presence  of  his  laundress  and  her  husband, 
and  at  length  he  threw  the  laudanum  away.  On 
the  night  before  the  day  appointed  for  the  ex- 
amination before  the  Lords,  he  lay  some  time 
with  the  point  of  his  penknife  pressed  against 
his  heart,  but  without  courage  to  drive  it  home. 
Lastly,  he  tried  to  hang  himself  ;  and  on  this  oc- 
casion he  seems  to  have  been  saved  not  by  the 
love  of  life,  or  by  want  of  resolution,  but  by 
mere  accident.  He  had  become  insensible,  when 
the  garter  by  which  he  was  su^ended  broke, 
and  his  fall  brought  in  the  laundress,  who  sup- 
posed him  to  be  in  a  fit.  He  sent  her  to  a  friend, 
to  whom  he  related  all  that  had  passed.— 
Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  1. 


r 


SUICIDE— SUPERSTITION. 


645 


542§.  SUICIDE,  Philosophic.  Marcus  Porcius 
Cato.  [Caesar  had  defeated  the  army  of  Pompey 
and  Cato  near  Utica.  ]  The  spirits  of  his  party  were 
not  equal  to  his  own,  and  some  of  his  friends 
venturing  to  hint  a  wish  for  a  timely  capitula- 
tion, Cato  counselled  them  to  provide  as  they 
judged  best  for  their  own  safety.  After  supper, 
during  which  he  conversed  with  his  usual  cheer- 
fulness, he  retired  to  his  apartment,  and  for  a 
while  occupied  himself  in  perusing  Plato's  "  Dia- 
logue on  the  Immortality  of  the  Soul."  He  then 
composed  himself  to  sleep,  and  after  a  short  re- 
pose, inquiring  whether  his  friends  had  saved 
themselves  by  flight,  and  being  assured  that  all 
was  well,  he  calmly  fell  upon  his  sword. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book 4,  ch.  2,  p.  413. 

5429.  SUICIDE,  Remorseful.  Slielley's  first 
Wife.  The  life  that  once  was  dearest  to  him  had 
ended  thus  in  misery,  desertion,  want.  The 
mother  of  his  two  children,  abandoned  by  both 
her  husband  and  her  lover,  and  driven  from  her 
father's  home,  had  drowned  herself  after  a  brief 
struggle  with  circumstance.  However  Shelley 
may  have  felt  that  his  conscience  was  free  from 
blame,  however  small  an  element  of  self-reproach 
may  have  mingled  with  his  grief  and  horror, 
there  is  no  doubt  that  he  suffered  most  acutely. 
His  deepest  ground  for  remorse  seems  to  have 
been  the  conviction  that  he  had  drawn  Harriet 
into  a  sphere  of  thought  and  feeling  for  which 
she  was  not  qualified,  and  that  had  it  not  been 
for  him  and  his  opinions,  she  might  have  lived 
a  happy  woman  in  some  common  walk  of  life. 
One  of  his  biographers  asserts  that  ' '  he  con- 
tinued to  be  haunted  by  certain  recollections, 
partly  real  and  partly  imaginative,  which  pursu- 
ed him  like  an  Orestes." — Symonds'  Shelley, 
ch.  4. 

5430.  SUMMER,  Land  of.  North  Carolina. 
In  spite  of  Locke's  grand  model  and  the  Tus- 
carora  war,  in  spite  of  the  threatened  Spanish 
invasion  of  1744,  the  northern  colony  had  greatly 
prospered.  The  intellectual  development  of  the 
people  had  not  been  as  rapid  as  the  growth  in 
numbers  and  in  wealth.  Little  attention  had 
been  given  to  questions  of  religion.  There  was 
no  minister  in  the  province  until  1703.  Two 
years  later  the  first  church  was  built.  The  first 
court-house  was  erected  in  1722,  and  the  printing- 
press  did  not  begin  its  work  until  1754.  But  the 
people  were  brave  and  patriotic.  They  loved 
their  country,  and  called  it  the  "Land  of  Sum- 
mer." In  the  farm-house  and  the  village,  along 
the  banks  of  the  rivers  and  the  borders  of  the 
primeval  forests,  the  spirit  of  liberty  pervaded 
every  breast.  The  love  of  freedom  was  intense, 
and  hostility  to  tyranny  a  universal  passion.  In 
the  times  of  Sothel  it  was  said  of  the  North 
Carolinians  that  they  w^ould  not  pay  tribute  e«e?2. 
to  C«sar.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  27,  p.  229. 

5431.  SUMMONS,  Exasperating.  The  Black 
Prince.  The  success  of  Henry  of  Trastamara 
decided  him  to  take  immediate  action,  and  in 
1369  he  summoned  the  Black  Prince,  as  Duke  of 
Aquitaine,  to  meet  the  appeal  of  the  Gascon 
lords  in  his  court.  The  prince  was  maddened  by 
the  summons.  "  I  will  come,"  he  replied,  "  but 
with  helmet  on  head,  and  with  sixty  thousand 
men  at  my  back." — Hist.  opEng.  People,  §353. 

5432.  SUN,  Worship  of  the.  Persians.  The 
Persians  of  every  age  have  denied  the  charge. 


and  explained  the  equivocal  conduct,  which 
might  appear  to  give  a  color  to  it.  The  elements, 
and  more  particularly  fire,  light,  and  the  sun, 
whom  they  called  Mithra,  were  the  objects  of 
their  religious  reverence,  because  they  considered 
them  as  the  purest  symbols,  the  noblest  produc- 
tions, and  the  most  powerful  agents  of  the  Di- 
vine power  and  nature. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  8, 
p.  233. 

5433.  SUNDAY,  Burdensome.  Samuel  John- 
son. It  was  a  heavy  day  with  me  when  I  w^as  a 
boy.  My  mother  confined  me  on  that  day,  and 
made  me  read  "  The  Whole  Duty  of  Man,"  from 
a  great  part  of  which  I  could  derive  no  instruc- 
tion. When,  for  instance,  I  had  read  the  chap- 
ter on  theft,  which,  from  my  infancy,  I  had 
been  taught  was  wrong,  I  Avas  no  more  convinced 
that  theft  was  wrong  than  before  ;  so  there  was- 
no  accession  of  knowledge. — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  13. 

5434.  SUNDAY-SCHOOLS,  Earmers'.  John  Bun- 
yan.  If  religion  was  not  taught  at  school,  it 
was  taught  with  some  care  in  the  cottages  and 
farm-houses  by  parents  and  masters.  It  was 
common  in  many  parts  of  England,  as  late  as 
the  end  of  the  last  century,  for  the  farmers  to 
gather  their  apprentices  about  them  on  Sunday 
afternoons,  and  to  teach  them  the  Catechism. 
Rude  as  was  Bunyan's  home,  religious  notions 
of  some  kind  had  been  early  and  vividly  im- 
pressed upon  him. — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  1. 

5435.  SUNDAY-SCHOOLS,  Fruit.  EnglaiuL. 
In  1816  ...  a  new  order  of  politicians  was  called 
into  action.  "The  Sunday-schools  of  the  pre- 
ceding thirty  years  had  produced  many  work- 
ing men  of  sufficient  talent  to  become  readers, 
writurs,  and  speakers  in  the  village  meetings  for 
Parliamentary  Reform.  ...  By  such  various 
means,  anxious  listeners  at  first,  and  then  zeal- 
ous proselytes,  were  drawn  from  the  cottages  of 
quiet  nooks  and  dingles,  to  the  weekly  read- 
ings and  discussions  of  the  Hampden  clubs." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  5,  p.  73. 

5436.  SUPERSTITION,  Absurdity  of.  Papal. 
[Pope]  Alexander  VI.  .  .  .  and  his  favorite  son, 
Caesar  Borgia,  continued  to  practise  every  effort 
of  ambitious  villainy  to  increase  their  power  and 
accumulate  wealth.  The  personal  estate  of  the 
cardinals  on  their  death  devolved  to  the  pope, 
and  many  an  unhappy  cardinal  died  suddenly 
during  this  pontificate.  Borgia,  by  force  of 
arms,  made  himself  master  of  the  territories  of 
some  of  the  richest  of  the  Italian  nobles.  Four 
of  them  he  invited  to  a  friendly  conference, 
under  the  most  solemn  protestations  of  amica- 
ble intentions,  and  he  massacred  two  of  them 
by  ambuscade.  Vitelli,  one  of  these  wretched 
victims,  is  said  to  have  entreated  Borgia,  his- 
murderer,  to  ask  of  the  pope,  his  father,  a  plen- 
ary indulgence  for  him  in  the  agonies  of  death. 
Such  is  the  deplorable  weakness  of  superstition, 
that  can  attribute  to  the  most  abandoned  of  men 
the  power  of  pardoning  all  offences  against  the 
Deity. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  14,  p.  221. 

5437.  SUPERSTITION,  Aid  of.  Charles  VII. 
[He  was  opposed  by  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  one 
of  the  most  powerful  princes  in  Europe.  When 
he  recovered  his  father's  throne]  the  kingdom 
was  nearly  exhausted  by  war.  ...  In  this  dis- 
tressed situation  of  France,   Charles,   availing: 


SUPERSTITION. 


himself  of  the  superstition  of  the  age,  projected 
an  extraordinary  scheme  for  the  recovery  of  his 
kingdom,  by  feigning  an  interposition  from 
Heaven  in  his  favor.  A  gentleman,  of  the  name 
of  Baudricourt,  saw  a  young  servant  maid  at  an 
inn  in  Lorraine,  whom  he  immediately  conceived 
to  be  a  lit  person  for  playing  a  very  extraordi- 
nary part.  She  was  taught  her  cue,  and  made 
to  counterfeit  a  divine  inspiration.  They  car- 
ried her  before  the  king,  where  the  answers  that 
were  put  in  her  mouth  and  the  demeanor  which 
she  assumed  convinced  everybody  that  she  was 
inspired.  Orleans  was,  at  this  time,  besieged  by 
the  English.  Joan  of  Arc,  this  heroic  maid, 
who  had  now  assumed  the  dress  of  a  man,  un- 
dertook to  relieve  the  town  and  compel  the  Eng- 
lish to  abandon  the  enterprise.  She  put  herself 
at  the  head  of  the  French  troops,  attacked,  beat, 
and  dispersed  the  English,  who  believed  her  to 
be  the  devil  himself,  delivered  Orleans,  and 
placed  the  crown  upon  Charles'  head  in  the 
church  of  Rheims.  She  proceeded  for  some  time 
in  this  career  of  success,  till  she  was  at  last  taken 
prisoner  at  Compiegne.  The  regent  Bedford, 
either  in  a  fit  of  passion,  or  to  satisfy  the  revenge 
of  the  English,  instead  of  respecting,  as  he  ought 
to  have  done,  this  singular  instance  of  intrepidity 
in  one  of  her  sex,  was  prompted  to  behave  with 
meanness  and  cruelty.  She  was  tried  as  a  here- 
tic and  sorceress  by  an  ecclesiastical  tribunal, 
and  condemned  and  burnt  at  Rouen. — Tytleb's 
Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  13,  p.  306. 

5438. .  Athenians.  A  considera- 
ble party  of  the  citizens,  however,  were  secretly 
hostile  to  the  usurpation  of  Pisistratus.  The 
faction  of  the  Alecmseonidae,  of  whom  the  chiefs 
were  Megacles  and  Lycurgus,  gained  at  length 
so  much  strength  as  to  attack  and  expai  the 
usurper  from  the  city.  The  stratagem  by  which 
he  regained  his  power  is  a  singular  instance  of 
the  force  of  superstition.  He  procured  a  beauti- 
ful female  to  personate  the  goddess  of  Minerva. 
Seated  on  a  lofty  chariot,  she  drove  into  the  city, 
while  her  attendants  proclaimed  aloud  that  their 
tutelary  deity  had  deigned  in  person  to  visit 
them,  and  to  demand  the  restoration  of  her  fa- 
Torite  Pisistratus.  A  general  acclamation  hailed 
the  auspicious  presence,  and  all  paid  obedience 
to  the  heavenly  summons. — Tytleb's  Hist., 
Book  1,  ch.  10,  p.  110. 

5439.  SUPEESTITION,  Alarm  of.  Eurcype. 
The  summer  which  followed  the  close  of  the 
American  war  is  described  as  "an  amazing  and 
portentous  one."  There  were  alarming  meteors 
and  tremendous  thunder-storms.  For  many 
weeks  of  June,  July,  and  August  the  sun  was 
clouded  over  with  a  smoky  fog  that  proceeded 
from  whatever  quarter  the  wind  blew.  At  noon 
it  cast  "a  rust-colored,  ferruginous  light ;"  at  ris- 
ing and  setting  it  was  ' '  lurid  and  blood-colored. " 
The  phenomena  prevailed  over  the  whole  of  Eu- 
rope. The  people  looked  with  superstitious  awe 
on  the  "  disastrous  twilight." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  7,  ch.  1,  p.  1. 

5440.  SUPERSTITION,  Appeal  to.  Boman 
Ehnperor  Constantino.  [Ambassadors  from  the 
usurper  Magnentius  asking  alliance.]  Such  prop- 
ositions and  such  arguments  appeared  to  de- 
serve the  most  serious  attention  ;  the  answer 
of  Constantius  was  deferred  till  the  next  day ; 
and  as  he  had  reflected  on  the  importance  of 


justifying  a  civil  war  in  the  opinion  of  the  peo- 
ple, he  thus  addressed  his  council,  who  listened 
with  real  or  affected  credulity  :  "  Last  night," 
said  he,  "  after  I  retired  to  rest,  the  shade  of  the 
great  Constantine,  embracing  the  corpse  of  my 
murdered  brother,  rose  before  my  eyes  ;  his 
well-known  voice  awakened  me  to  revenge,  for- 
bade me  to  despair  of  the  republic,  and  assured 
me  of  the  success  and  immortal  glory  which 
would  crown  the  justice  of  my  arms." — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  18,  p.  190. 

5441. .     John  Smith.     He  fought 

like  a  lion  at  bay,  tied  one  of  his  guides  to  his 
left  arm  for  a  buckler,  ran  and  fired  by  turns, 
stumbled  into  a  morass,  and  was  finally  over- 
taken. The  savages  were  still  wary  of  their 
dangerous  antagonist  until  he  laid  down  his  gun, 
made  signs  of  surrender,  and  was  pulled  out  of 
the  mire.  Without  exhibiting  the  least  signs  of 
fear,  Smith  demanded  to  see  the  Indian  chief, 
and  on  being  taken  into  the  presence  of  that 
dignitary,  began  to  excite  his  interest  and  curios- 
ity by  showing  him  a  pocket  compass  and  a 
watch.  These  mysterious  instruments  struck 
the  Indians  with  awe  ;  and  profiting  by  the  mo- 
mentary advantage,  the  prisoner  began  to  draw 
figures  on  the  ground,  and  to  give  his  captors 
some  rude  lessons  in  geography  and  astronomy. 
The  savages  were  amazed,  and  listened  for  an 
hour,  but  then  grew  tired,  bound  their  captive 
to  a  tree,  and  prepared  to  shoot  him.  At  the 
critical  moment  he  flourished  his  compass  in  the 
air,  as  though  performing  a  ceremony,  and  the 
Indians  forbore  to  shoot.  His  sagacity  and 
courage  had  gained  the  day,  but  the  more  ap- 
palling danger  of  torture  was  yet  to  be  avoided. 
The  savages,  however,  were  thoroughly  super- 
stitious, and  became  afraid  to  proceed  against 
him,  except  in  the  most  formal  manner.  He 
was  regarded  by  them  as  an  inhabitant  of 
another  world,  whom  it  was  dangerous  to  touch. 
— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  9,  p.  99. 

5442.  SUPEESTITION— ASTEOLOGY.  Charles 
II.  [In  1647  Charles  II.,  when  about  to  flee 
his  kingdom,  consulted  by  a  female  agent  an 
astrologer  to  ascertain  where  he  should  seek 
refuge.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  5,  p.  82. 

5443.  SUPEESTITION,  Beneficial.  Pestilence. 
The  priests,  to  put  a  stop  to  this  calamity,  which 
threatened  to  depopulate  the  city,  tried  every 
expedient  which  policy  or  superstition  could 
devise.  A  Lectisternium  was  celebrated,  and 
scenic  representations  were  for  the  first  time  in- 
troduced at  Rome,  borrowed,  it  is  said,  from 
Etruria.  But  all  was  to  no  purpose.  The 
plague,  however,  is  recorded  to  have  yielded  at 
last  to  the  ceremony  of  driving  a  nail  into  the 
temple  of  Jupiter.  This,  a  French  writer  re- 
marks, was  curing  one  contagious  disease  by 
another  yet  more  contagious ;  meaning,  no 
doubt,  that  the  encouragement  of  superstition  is 
worse  than  the  pestilence — a  sentiment  which  is 
not  happily  applied  to  the  case  of  a  rude  people, 
whose  superstitious  prejudices  are  the  safeguard 
of  their  morals,  and  will  be  cherished  by  a  wise 
legislator  as  an  engine  of  good  policy. — Tyt- 
leb's Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  6,  p.  351. 

5444.  SUPEESTITION,  Common.  England. 
A.D.  1642.  All  men  had  a  touch  of  superstition. 
Evelyn  looks  with  wonder  upon ' '  a  shining  cloud 
in  the  air,  in  shape  resembling  a  sword."    Aftei' 


SUPERSTITION. 


647 


the  battle  of  Edgehill,  "  in  the  very  place  where 
the  battle  was  stricken,  have  since  and  doth  ap- 
pear strange  and  portentous  apparitions  of  two 
jarring  and  contrary  armies."  So  records  a 
tract  in  which  the  apparitions  and  prodigious 
noises  of  war  and  battles  are  certified  by  a  jus- 
tice of  the  peace,  a  preacher,  and  other  persons 
^f  quality. — Knight's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  §  30,  p.  494. 

5445.  SUPEBSTITION,  Controlled  by.  West 
Indians.  [Columbus  was  shipwrecked  on  his 
third  voyage,  aged,  sick,  and  famishing.]  They 
withheld  all  provisions,  in  hopes  either  of  starv- 
ing the  admiral  and  his  people,  or  of  driving 
them  from  tht  island.  In  this  extremity  a 
fortunate  idea  presented  itself  to  Columbus. 
From  his  knowledge  of  astronomy,  he  ascer- 
tained that,  within  three  days,  there  would  be  a 
total  eclipse  of  the  moon  in  the  early  part  of  the 
night.  He  sent,  therefore,  an  Indian  of  His- 
paniola,  who  served  as  his  interpreter,  to  sum- 
mon the  principal  caciques  to  a  grand  confer- 
ence, appointing  for  it  the  day  of  the  eclipse. 
When  all  were  assembled,  he  told  them  by  his 
interpreter  that  he  and  his  followers  were  wor- 
shippers of  a  Deity  who  dwelt  in  the  skies,  who 
favored  such  as  did  well.  This  great  Deity,  he 
added,  was  incensed  against  the  Indians  who  re- 
fused to  furnish  his  faithful  worshippers  with 
provisions,  and  intended  to  chastise  them  with 
famine  and  pestilence.  Lest  they  should  disbe- 
lieve this  warning,  a  signal  would  be  given  that 
night.  They  would  behold  the  moon  change  its 
color  and  gradually  lose  its  light — a  token  of  the 
fearful  punishment  which  awaited  them. — Irv- 
ing's  Columbus,  Book  16,  ch.  3. 

5446.  SUPEBSTITION,  Cowardice  of.    Mexi- 

•eans.     Scarce  had   Cortez  appeared  upon  the 
frontier,  when  a  sudden  consternation  seized  the 
whole  empire,  and  paved  the  way  for  an  easy 
•conquest.     The  ships,  the  arms,  the  dress  of  the 
Spaniards,  made  the  Americans  regard  them  at 
first  as  beings  of  a  superior  nature.     When  Cor- 
tez arrived  at  the  city  of  Mexico,  he  was  re- 
ceived by  the  prince,  Montezuma,  with  every 
,  mark  of  reverence  and  submission. — Tytlek's 
I  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  21,  p.  309. 
I     5447.   SUPERSTITION,  Credulity  of.     Zerah 
\  Coleburn.    [The  wonderful  mathematician.    See 
I  2fo.  3532.]  Some  people  thought  him  a  conjurer. 
[  A  woman  came  to  him  one  day,  saying  that 
I  twenty  years  ago  she  had  had  some  spoons  stolen, 
I  and  asked  him  where  they  were.     One  good 
''  lady  said  that,  in  her  opinion,  God  had  endowed 
I  the  child  with  a  miraculous  gift  in  order  that  he 
•  might  explain  the  mysterious  numbers  of  the 
I  prophecies.     Some  people  manifested  a  certain 
[degree  of  terror  in  his  presence,  as  though  he 
I  were  possessed  of  the  devil.    What  added  to  the 
I  marvel  was,  that  the  boy  was  totally  unable  to 
I  explain  the  processes  by  which  he  effected  his 
calculations.  ..."  God  put  it  into  my  head," 
^  he  said,  one  day,  to  an  inquisitive  lady,  "  but  I 
cannot  put  it  into  yours." — Cyclopedia  of 
-BioG.,  p.  81. 

i     544§.  .     American   Indian.     The 

medicine  man  boasts  of  his  power  over  the  ele- 
ments ;  he  can  call  water  from  above,  beneath, 
and  around  ;  he  can  foretell  a  drought,  or  bring 
rain,  or  guide  the  lightning ;  ...  he  conjures 
the  fish  ;  ...  he  can  pronounce  spells  .  . .  which 
"Will  compel  the  beaver  to  rise  up  from  beneath 


the  water  ;  ...  he  can  .  .  .  draw  the  heart  of 
a  woman.  ...  If  an  evil  spirit  has  introduced 
disease,  .  .  .  the  medicine  man  can  put  it  to 
flight. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

5449.  SUPERSTITION,  Depressed  by.  Alex- 
ander. The  Chaldean  priests  of  Babylon  had 
appropriated  to  their  own  use  the  riches  and  rev- 
enue of  the  temple  of  Belus,  which  was  the  or- 
nament of  that  city,  and  a  great  object  of  super- 
stitious veneration.  Alexander  had  expressed  a 
purpose  of  reforming  this  abuse,  and  the  Chal- 
deans, to  avert  his  design,  had  published  a  pre- 
diction that  his  entry  into  Babylon  would  be 
fatal  to  the  conqueror  of  the  East.  Alexander 
probably  saw  through  this  artifice,  and  despised 
it.  He  entered  Babylon  in  triumph,  and  was  so 
delighted  with  the  splendor  of  that  great  city, 
that  he  declared  his  purpose  of  making  it  the 
capital  of  his  empire.  He  there  received  am- 
bassadors from  various  regions  of  the  earth,  con- 
gratulating him  on  his  conquests,  and  soliciting 
his  friendship  and  alliance  ;  but  mark  the  force 
of  superstition  even  in  the  greatest  minds. 
The  Chaldean  prophecy,  in  spite  of  reason,  de- 
pressed his  spirits  to  such  a  degree  as  to  force 
him  to  drown  reflection  by  every  species  of  riot 
and  debauchery.  The  consequence  was  an  in- 
flammatory fever,  which,  after  a  few  days'  con- 
tinuance, put  an  end  to  his  life,  in  the  thirty- 
third  year  of  his  age. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3, 
ch.  4,  p.  193. 

5450.  STTPERSTITION  from  Ignorance.  An- 
cient Oermans.  The  same  ignorance  which  ren- 
ders barbarians  incapable  of  conceiving  or  em- 
bracing the  useful  restraints  of  laws,  exposes 
them  naked  and  unarmed  to  the  blind  terrors  of 
superstition.  The  German  priests,  improving 
this  favorable  temper  of  their  countrymen,  had 
assumed  a  jurisdiction,  even  in  temporal  con- 
cerns, which  the  magistrate  could  not  venture  to 
exercise  ;  and  the  haughty  warrior  patiently  sub- 
mitted to  the  lash  of  correction  when  it  was  in- 
flicted, not  by  any  human  power,  but  by  the  im- 
mediate order  of  the  god  of  war. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  270. 

5451.  SUPERSTITION,  Incredible.  First  Cm- 
sade.  Above  eighty  thousand  ranged  themselves 
under  the  banner  of  Peter  the  Hermit,  who 
walked  at  their  head  with  a  rope  about  his  waist, 
and  sandals  on  his  feet.  Peter's  lieutenant  was 
Walter  the  Penny]  ess,  and  in  the  van  of  his  troops 
were  carried  a  sacred  goose  and  a  goat,  which, 
(monstrous  to  believe  !)  were  said  to  be  filled  with 
the  Holy  Ghost.  This  immense  and  disorderly 
multitude  began  their  march  toward  the  East  in 
the  year  1095.  They  made  the  first  essay  of 
their  arms,  not  upon  the  unbelievers,  but  on 
their  fellow-Christians.  The  first  exploit  which 
signalized  the  expedition  was  the  taking  of  a 
small  Christian  city  in  Hungary,  which  had  re- 
fused to  starve  its  own  inhabitants  by  supplying 
such  a  tribe  of  hungry  locusts  with  provisions. 
This  impious  city  was  stormed  and  pillaged,  and 
the  inhabitants  massacred. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  9,  p.  154. 

5452.  SUPERSTITION,  Inhumanity  of.  Sylla. 
Sylla  gave  the  people  a  magnificent  entertain- 
ment, on  account  of  his  dedicating  the  tenth  of 
his  substance  to  Hercules.  The  provisions  were 
so  overabundant,  that  a  great  quantity  was 
thrown  every  day  into  the  river ;  and  the  wine 


648 


SUPERSTITION. 


that  was  drank  was  forty  years  old  at  least.  In 
the  midst  of  this  feasting,  which  lasted  many 
days,  Metella  sickened  and  died.  As  the  priests 
forbade  him  to  approach  her,  and  to  have  his 
house  defiled  with  mourning,  he  sent  her  a  bill 
of  divorce,  and  ordered  her  to  be  carried  to  an- 
other house  while  the  breath  was  in  her  body. 
His  superstition  made  him  very  punctilious  in 
observing  these  laws  of  the  priests. — Plutarch's 
Sylla. 

5453.  SUPEBSTITION,  Inventions  of.  King 
Philip's  Wa?\  The  minds  of  the  English  were 
appalled  by  the  horrors  of  the  impending  con- 
flict, and  superstition  indulged  in  its  wild  inven- 
tions. At  the  time  of  the  eclipse  of  the  moon 
you  might  have  seen  the  figure  of  an  Indian 
scalp  imprinted  on  the  centre  of  the  disk.  The 
perfect  form  of  an  Indian  bow  appeared  in  the 
sky.  The  sighing  of  the  wind  was  like  the 
whistling  of  bullets.  Some  distinctly  heard  in- 
visible troops  of  horses  gallop  through  the  air  ; 
while  others  found  the  prophecy  of  calamities  in 
the  howling  of  the  wolves. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
ch.  12. 

5454.  SUPEBSTITION,  Omens  of.  Meteor. 
On  the  12th  of  December,  1680,  John  Evelyn 
writes  :  "  This  evening,  looking  out  of  my  cham- 
ber window  toward  the  west,  I  saw  a  meteor  of 
an  obscure  bright  color,  very  much  in  shape  like 
the  blade  of  a  sword,  the  rest  of  the  sky  being 
very  serene  and  clear.  What  this  may  portend 
God  only  knows.  But  such  another  phenomena 
I  remember  to  have  seen  in  1640,  about  the 
trial  of  the  great  Earl  of  Strafford  preceding 
our  bloody  revolution." — Knight's Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  22,  p.  360. 

5455.  SUPEBSTITION,  ReUgions.  Cures. 
A  notable  instance  of  superstitious  frenzy  was 
that  connected  with  an  ecclesiastic  named  Paris, 
who,  having  fallen  a  victim,  at  an  early  age,  to 
the  excess  of  his  ascetic  rigor,  was  venerated  af- 
ter death  as  a  saint  by  devout  crowds  who  came 
to  pray  at  his  tomb.  .  .  .  Soon  it  began  to  be 
rumored  that  miracles  had  been  wrought  by  his 
remains ;  instantaneous  cures  were  effected; 
the  lame,  the  impotent,  the  paralytic,  seized  with 
convulsive  spasms,  and  raised  to  a  state  of  pre- 
ternatural ecstasy,  suddenly  recovered  the  use 
of  their  limbs  ;  various  nervous  diseases  disap- 
peared under  the  same  influence ;  it  was  even 
pretended  that  obstinate  wounds  and  cancerous 
ulcers  had  been  healed.  These  strange  phenom- 
ena increased  to  such  an  extent  that  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Paris  published  a  brief  in  which  he 
attributed  them  to  the  agency  of  Satan. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  22,  §  5. 

5456.  SUPERSTITION  removed.  At  Alex- 
andria. A  great  number  of  plates  of  different 
metals,  artificially  joined  together,  composed  the 
majestic  figure  of  the  deity,  who  touched  on 
either  side  the  walls  of  the  sanctuary.  The  as- 
pect of  Serapis,  his  sitting  posture,  and  the  scep- 
tre which  he  bore  in  his  left  hand  were  extreme- 
ly similar  to  the  ordinary  representations  of  Ju- 
piter. It  was  confidently  reported  that  if  any 
Impious  hand  should  dare  to  violate  the  majesty 
of  the  god,  the  heavens  and  the  earth  would  in- 
stantly return  to  their  original  chaos.  An  intrep- 
id soldier,  animated  by  zeal,  and  armed  with  a 
weighty  battle-axe,  ascended  the  ladder ;  and 
even  the  Christian  multitude  expected  with  some 


anxiety  the  event  of  the  combat.  He  aimed  a. 
vigorous  stroke  against  the  cheek  of  Serapis ; 
the  cheek  fell  to  the  ground  ;  the  thunder  was- 
still  silent,  and  both  the  heavens  and  the  earth 
continued  to  preserve  their  accustomed  order 
and  tranquillity.  The  victorious  soldier  repeat- 
ed his  blows  ;  the  huge  idol  was  overthrown  and 
broken  in  pieces,  and  the  limbs  of  Serapis  were 
ignominiously  dragged  through  the  streets  of  Al- 
exandria. His  mangled  carcass  was  burnt  in  the 
amphitheatre,  amid  the  shouts  of  the  populace  ; 
and  many  persons  attributed  their  conversion  to 
this  discovery  of  the  impotence  of  the  tutelar 
deity. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  4,  p.  10. 

5457.  SUPERSTITION,  Ridiculous.  Egyp- 
tians. The  superstitions  of  the  Egyptians  were 
a  copious  subject  of  ridicule  to  other  nations  of 
antiquity,  and  contributed  to  degrade  them  in 
the  opinion  of  those  whose  objects  of  religious 
worship,  if  not  fundamentally  more  rational, 
were  less  ludicrous,  less  childish  and  unmanly. 
What  could  they  think  of  a  nation  where,  as 
Herodotus  tells  us,  if  a  house  was  on  fire,  the 
father  of  a  family  would  take  more  pains  to  save 
his  cats  than  his  wife  and  children  ;  where  a 
mother  would  be  transported  with  joy  at  the 
news  of  her  child  being  devoured  by  a  crocodile ;. 
or  where  the  soldiers,  returning  from  a  military 
expedition,  would  come  home  loaded  with  a  pre- 
cious booty  of  dogs,  cats,  hawks,  and  vultures  ?" 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4,  p.  47. 

5458.  SUPERSTITION,  Safety  by.  Captain 
John  Smith.  [In  1608  John  Smith  was  pre- 
served by  the  Indians  who  had  butchered  his 
companions.  He  exhibited  a  pocket  compass, 
and  showed  how  it  always  pointed  to  one  quar- 
ter. See  No.  5441.]  He  requested  that  a  letter 
should  be  conveyed  to  Jamestown  ;  and  when  it 
was  known  that  he  could  so  endue  a  piece  of  pa- 
per with  intelligence  as  to  speak  to  his  distant 
companions,  he  was  beheld  with  superstitious 
awe. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22,  p.  344. 

5459.  SUPERSTITION  of  Scholars.  ^.D.  1653. 
[The  learned  and  the  scientific  were  not  free  from 
it.]  Mr.  [William]  Oughtred,  a  renowned  math- 
ematician, .  .  .  had  strong  apprehensions  of  some 
extraordinary  event  to  happen  the  following 
year,  from  the  calculation  of  coincidence  witli 
the  diluvian  period  ;  and  added  that  it  might 
possibly  be  to  convert  the  Jews  by  our  Saviour's 
visible  appearance,  and  to  judge  the  world. 
The  almanac-makers  of  that  time  were  deluding 
the  people  with  those  prophecies,  which  they 
continued  to  swallow  for  two  centuries.  .  .  On 
the  29th  of  April,  1652,  the  people  were  terribly 
frightened  by  an  eclipse  of  the  sun.  This  day 
was  called  Mirk  Monday,  and  the  dread  of  it  so> 
exceedingly  alarmed  the  whole  nation,  that  hard- 
ly any  one  would  work  or  stir  out  of  their 
houses. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  11,  p.  175. 

5460.  SUPERSTITION  of  Soldiers.  Spirits. 
[The  Earl  of  Surrey  writes  from  Scotland  in 
1523 :]  About  eight  o'clock  the  horses  of  his- 
company  suddenly  brake  loose  and  suddenly  run 
out  of  his  field  in  such  numbers  that  it  caused  a 
marvellous  alarm  in  our  field  ;  and  our  standing 
watch  being  set,  the  horses  came  running  along 
the  camp,  at  whom  were  shot  above  one  hundred 
sheaves  of  arrows  and  divers  guns,  thinking  that 
they  would  have  been  Scots  that  would  have  as- 
saulted the  camp.     Finally  the  horses  were  so 


SUPERSTITION— SURPRISE. 


649 


mad  that  they  ran  like  wild  deer  into  the  field, 
above  fifteen  hundred  at  least  in  divers  compa- 
nies, and  in  one  place  above  fifty  ran  down  a 
great  rock  and  slew  themselves  i  and  above  two 
hundred  and  fifty  ran  into  the  town,  being  on 
fire,  and  by  the  women  taken  and  carried  away, 
right  evil  brent ;  and  many  were  taken  again, 
and  finally  by  what  I  can  esteeme  by  the  number 
of  them  that  I  saw  go  on  foot  the  next  day,  I 
think  there  is  lost  above  eight  hundred  horses, 
and  all  with  folly  for  lack  of  not  lying  within 
the  camp.  I  dare  not  write  the  wonders  that  my 
Lord  Dacre  and  all  his  company  do  say  they  saAv 
that  night,  six  times,  of  spirits  and  fearful  sights. 
And  universally  all  their  company  say  plainly 
the  devil  was  that  night  among  them  six  times, 
which  misfortune  hath  blemished  the  best  jour- 
ney that  was  made  in  Scotland  many  years. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  18,  p.  299. 

5461.  SUPEESTITION  vs.  Wisdom.  Julian. 
In  fact,  Julian  was,  as  a  pagan,  blinded  by  the 
most  bigoted  superstition.  His  belief  in  omens 
was  ridiculous  ;  his  sacrifices  were  so  numerous 
that  cattle  were  wanting  to  supply  him  with 
victims.  The  expense  of  these  religious  rites 
became  burdensome  to  the  State,  and  was  uni- 
versally complained  of.  He  was  even  accused 
of  the  horrid  abomination  of  human  sacrifices. 
His  enthusiasm  and  fanaticism,  acknowledged 
even  by  his  greatest  panegyrists,  "  almost  de- 
grade him  to  the  level  of  an  Egyptian  monk." 
"  Notwithstanding  his  own  modest  silence  upon 
the  subject,"  says  Mr.  Gibbon,  "  we  may  learn 
from  his  faithful  friend,  the  orator  Libanius,  that 
he  lived  in  a  perpetual  intercourse  with  the  gods 
and  goddesses  ;  that  they  descended  upon  earth 
to  enjoy  the  conversation  of  their  favorite  hero  ; 
that  they  gently  interrupted  his  slumbers  by 
touching  his  hand  or  his  hair  ;  that  they  warned 
him  of  any  impending  danger,  and  conducted 
him  by  their  infallible  wisdom  in  every  action  of 
his  life  ;  and  that  he  had  acquired  such  an  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  his  heavenly  guests,  as  read- 
ily to  distinguish  the  voice  of  Jupiter  from  that  of 
Minerva,  and  the  form  of  Apollo  from  the  fig- 
ure of  Hercules."  In  short,  this  wise  and  phil- 
osophic emperor  was,  in  matters  of  religion,  one 
of  the  weakest,  most  bigoted,  and  superstitious 
of  mankind. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  3, 
p.  519. 

5462.  SUPPLIANT,  An  abject.  Beign  of 
James  II.  [Rochester,  the  lord-treasurer,  was 
a  Protestant  whom  the  king  proposed  to  dismiss 
from  office.]  "  It  is  whispered,  "  he  said,  "that 
if  I  do  not  do  as  your  Majesty  would  have  me, 
I  shall  not  be  suffered  to  continue  in  my  present 
station.  "  The  king  said,  with  some  general  ex- 
pressions of  kindness,  that  it  was  difficult  to 
prevent  people  from  talking,  and  that  loose  re- 
ports were  not  to  be  regarded.  These  vague 
phrases  were  not  likely  to  quiet  the  perturbed 
mind  of  the  minister.  His  agitation  became  vio- 
lent, and  he  began  to  plead  for  his  place  as  if  he 
had  been  pleading  for  his  life.  "  Your  Majesty 
sees  that  I  do  all  in  my  power  to  obey  you.  In- 
deed, I  will  do  all  that  I  can  to  obey  you  in 
everything.  I  will  serve  you  in  your  own  way. 
Nay,"  he  cried,  in  an  agony  of  baseness,  "I 
will  do  what  I  can  to  believe  as  you  would  have 
jne.  But  do  not  let  me  be  told,  while  I  am  try- 
ing to  bring  my  mind  to  this,  that  if  I  find  it 


impossible  to  comply,  I  must  lose  all." — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  142. 

5463.  SUPREMACY,  Meritorious.  Late  in  Sev- 
enteenth Century.  France  united  at  that  time  al- 
most every  species  of  ascendency.  Her  military 
glory  was  at  the  height.  She  had  vanquished 
mighty  coalitions.  She  had  dictated  treaties. 
She  had  subjugated  great  cities  and  provinces. 
She  had  forced  the  Castilian  pride  to  yield  her 
the  precedence.  She  had  summoned  Italian 
princes  to  prostrate  themselves  at  her  footstool. 
Her  authority  was  supreme  in  all  matters  of 
good  breeding,  from  a  duel  to  a  minuet.  She 
determined  how  a  gentleman's  coat  must  be  cut, 
how  long  his  peruke  must  be,  whether  his  heels 
must  be  high  or  low,  and  whether  the  lace  on 
his  hat  must  be  broad  or  narrow.  In  literature 
she  gave  law  to  the  world.  The  fame  of  her 
great  writers  filled  Europe. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  3,  p.  369. 

5464.  SURGEEY,  Brave.  Duke  Leopold. 
[The  Austrian  crusader.]  Leopold  had  stuff 
in  him  too.  He  died,  for  example,  in  this  man- 
ner :  falling  with  his  horse,  I  think  in  some 
siege  or  other,  he  had  got  his  leg  hurt,  which 
hindered  him  in  fighting.  Leg  could  not  be 
cured  :  "  Cut  it  off,  then  !"  said  Leopold.  This 
also  the  leech  could  not  do,  durst  not,  and  would 
not,  so  that  Leopold  was  come  quite  to  a  halt. 
Leopold  ordered  out  two  squires,  put  his  thigh 
upon  a  block,  the  sharp  edge  of  an  axe  at  the 
right  point  across  his  thigh  :  "  Squire  first,  hold 
that  axe  ;  steady  !  Squire  second,  smite  you  on 
it  with  forge-hammer,  with  all  your  strength, 
heavy  enough  !"  Squire  second  struck  heavy 
enough,  and  the  leg  flew  off  ;  but  Leopold  took 
inflammation,  died  in  a  day  or  two,  as  the  leech 
had  predicted. — Carlyle's  Fkedebick  the 
Great,  Book  2,  ch.  6,  p.  83. 

5465.  SUEGERY,  Skill  in.  Dr.  Valentine 
Mott.  In  1828  he  performed  what  is  universally 
allowed  to  be  the  most  difficult  feat  ever  attempt- 
ed in  surgery,  A  clergyman  was  afflicted  with 
an  enormous  tumor  in  the  neck,  in  which  were 
embedded  and  twisted  many  of  the  great  arte- 
ries. In  removing  this  tumor,  it  was  necessary 
to  take  out  entire  one  of  the  collar-bones,  to  lay 
bare  the  membrane  enclosing  the  lungs,  to  dissect 
around  arteries  displaced  by  the  tumor  and  em- 
bedded in  it,  to  apply  forty  ligatures,  and  re- 
move an  immense  mass  of  diseased  matter.  All 
this  was  done  without  the  aid  of  chloroform. 
The  patient  survived  the  operation,  and  is  now 
living  and  discharging  the  duties  of  his  profes- 
sion. Dr.  Mott  was  the  first  to  operate  success- 
fully for  immovability  of  the  lower  jaw,  and  the 
first  to  entirely  remove  the  lower  jaw.  He  was 
the  first  to  succeed  in  sewing  up  a  slit  in  a  large 
vein. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  530. 

5466.  SURPRISE,  Mutual.  American  Bewlu- 
tion.  After  the  fall  of  Charleston  General  Gates 
was  appointed  to  command  in  the  South.  [He 
took  post  at  Clermont,  thirteen  miles  from  Cam- 
den, where  the  British  forces  were  concentrat- 
ed.] By  a  singular  coincidence  Corn wallis  and 
Gates  each  formed  the  design  of  surprising  his 
antagonist  in  the  night.  Accordingly,  on  the 
evening  of  the  15th  of  August,  Gates  set  out 
for  Camden,  and  at  the  same  time  Cornwallis 
moved  toward  Clermont.  About  daydawn  the 
two  armies  met  midway  on   Sander's   Creek. 


B50 


SURPRISE— SURRENDER. 


Both  generals  were  surprised,  but  both  made 
immediate  preparations  for  l>attle.  [The  Amer- 
icans were  badly  defeated.] — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  43,  p.  341. 

5467.  STJEPRISE,  Success  by.  Colonel  Barton. 
•On  the  10th  of  July  a  brilliant  exploit  was  per- 
formed in  Rhode  Island.  Colonel  William  Bar- 
ton, of  Providence,  learning  that  Major-Gen- 
eral  Prescott  was  quartered  at  a  farm-house  near 
Newport,  apart  from  his  division,  determined 
to  capture  him.  On  the  night  of  the  10th  of 
July  the  daring  colonel,  with  forty  volunteers, 
•embarked  at  Providence,  dropped  down  the  bay, 
:a,nd  reached  the  island  near  Prescott's  lodgings. 
The  movement  was  not  discovered.  The  Brit- 
ish sentinel  was  deceived  with  a  plausible  state- 
ment, and  then  threatened  with  death  if  he  did 
not  remain  quiet.  The  patriots  rushed  forward, 
burst  open  Prescott's  door,  seized  him  in  bed, 
and  hurried  him  half  clad  to  the  boats.  The 
.alarm  was  raised  ;  a  squad  came  hurrying  to  the 
water's  edge  ;  but  the  provincials  were  already 
paddling  out  of  sight  with  their  prisoner.  This 
lucky  exploit  gave  the  Americans  an  officer  of 
equal  rank  to  exchange  for  General  Lee.  Colo- 
nel Barton  was  rewarded  with  promotion  and 
an  elegant  sword. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  40, 
p.  320. 

546S.  SUEBENSEB  to  Beath.  Boges.  Boges 
was  governor  of  it  [Eion]  under  the  King  of  Per- 
sia, and  acted  with  such  a  zeal  and  fidelity  for 
his  sovereign  as  have  few  examples.  When 
besieged  by  Cimon  and  the  Athenians,  it  was  in 
his  power  to  have  capitulated  upon  honorable 
terms,  and  to  have  returned  to  Asia  with  his 
family  and  all  his  effects.  However,  being 
persuaded  he  could  not  do  this  with  honor,  he 
resolved  to  die  rather  than  surrender.  The  city 
was  assaulted  with  the  utmost  fury,  and  he  de- 
fended it  with  incredible  bravery.  Being  at  last 
in  the  utmost  want  of  provisions,  he  ihre\7  from 
the  walls  into  the  river  Strymon  all  the  gold  and 
silver  in  the  place  ;  then  caused  fire  to  be  set  to 
a  pile,  and  having  killed  his  wife,  his  children, 
and  his  whole  family,  he  threw  them  into  the 
midst  of  the  flames,  and  afterward  rushed  into 
them  himself. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  7,  §  3. 

5469.  SUSSENDEB  demanded.  Ethan  Allen. 
This  daring  and  eccentric  man  was  chosen  col- 
.onel  by  a  company  of  two  hundred  and  seventy 
patriots.  To  capture  Ticonderoga,  with  its  vast 
magazine  of  stores,  was  the  object  of  Allen  and 
the  audacious  mountaineers  of  whom  he  was  the 
leader.  Benedict  Arnold  left  Cambridge,  and 
joined  the  expedition  as  a  private.  On  the 
evening  of  the  9th  of  May  .  .  .  they  reached 
the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  opposite 
Ticonderoga.  Only  a  few  boats  could  be  pro- 
cured, and  when  day  broke  on  the  following 
morning  but  eighty-three  men  had  succeeded 
in  crossmg.  With  this  mere  handful — for  the 
rest  could  not  be  waited  for — Allen,  with  Arnold 
by  his  side,  made  a  dash,  and  gained  the  gate- 
way of  the  fort.  The  sentinel  was  driven  in, 
closely  followed  by  the  mountaineers,  who  set 
up  such  a  shout  as  few  garrisons  had  ever 
heard.  Allen's  men  hastily  faced  the  barracks, 
and  stood  ready  to  fire  ;  he  himself  rushed  to  the 
quarters  of  Delaplace,  the  commandant,  and 
shouted  for  the  incumbent  to  get  up.  The 
-startled  official  thrust  out  his  head.  "  Surren- 


der this  fort  instantly,"  said  Allen.  "  By  what 
authority  ?"  inquired  the  astounded  officer. 
"  In  the  name  of  the  great  Jehovah  and  the 
Continental  Congress  !"  said  Allen,  flourishing, 
his  sword.  Delaplace  had  no  alternative.  The 
garrison,  numbering  forty -eight,  were  made 
prisoners  and  sent  to  Connecticut.  A  fortress 
which  had  cost  Great  Britain  eight  million 
pounds  sterling  was  captured  in  ten  minutes  by 
a  company  of  undisciplined  provincials.  .  .  . 
A  hundred  and  twenty  cannon  and  vast  quanti- 
ties of  military  stores  fell  int(^  the  hands  of  the 
Americans. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  38,  p.  298. 

5470.  SUBBENDEB,  Disgracefal.  Manchester. 
[When  Charles  Edward,  grandson  of  James  II., 
was  endeavoring  to  recover  the  throne,  his 
Highlanders  were  near  to  Manchester,  into 
which  preceded  them  a  sergeant,  his  mistress, 
and  his  drummer,  and  the  town  yielded.]  "  Man- 
chester," says  volunteer  Ray,  "was  taken  by  a 
sergeant,  a  drum,  and  a  woman,  about  two 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon."  —  Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  6,  ch.  9,  p.  145. 

5471.  SUBBENDEB,  Final.  Civil  War.  On 
the  7th  of  April  [1865]  .  .  .  General  Grant,  now 
at  Farmville,  addressed  a  note  to  the  Confeder- 
ate commander,  expressing  a  desire  that  the  fur- 
ther effusion  of  blood  might  be  saved  by  the  sur- 
render of  the  Confederate  army.  To  this  General 
Lee  replied  by  declaring  his  desire  for  peace,  but 
adding  that  the  occasion  for  the  surrender  of  the 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia  had  not  arrived.  On 
the  morning  of  the  9th,  however,  when  it  became 
known  that  the  left  wing  of  the  Union  army  had 
secured  the  line  of  the  Lynchburg  Railroad, 
when  the  wreck  of  Longstreet's  veterans,  attempt- 
ing to  continue  the  retreat,  were  confronted  and 
driven  back  by  Sheridan,  then  the  iron-souled 
Confederate  leader,  seeing  the  utter  uselessness 
of  a  further  struggle,  sent  General  Grant  a  note, 
asking  for  a  meeting  preliminary  to  a  surrender. 
The  Union  commander  immediately  complied 
with  the  request.  At  two  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon of  Palm  Sunday,  the  9th  of  April,  1865,  the 
two  great  generals  met  each  other  in  the  par- 
lor of  William  McLean  at  Appomattox  Court- 
House.  There  the  terms  of  surrender  were  dis- 
cussed and  settled.  It  was  agreed  that  General 
Grant  should  put  his  proposition  in  the  form  of 
a  military  note  [which  he  did].  To  this  .  .  . 
General  Lee  responded  as  follows  :  "  Head  Quar- 
ters Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  April  9th,  1865. 
General :  I  received  your  letter  of  this  date,  con- 
taining the  terms  of  the  surrender  of  the  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia,  as  proposed  by  you.  As 
they  are  substantially  the  same  as  those  ex- 
pressed in  your  letter  of  the  8th  instant,  they  are 
accepted.  I  will  proceed  to  designate  the  prop- 
er officers  to  carry  the  stipulation  into  effect. — 
R.  E.  Lee,  General."    Thus  the  work  was  done. 

.  .  .  After  four  dreadful  years  of  bloodshed,  de- 
vastation, and  sorrow,  the  civil  war  in  the 
United  States  was  at  an  end. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  66,  p.  539. 

5472.  SUBBENDEB,  Impossible  to.  "The  Old 
Guard."  [When  the  remnant  of  the  French 
army  was  retreating  from  Waterloo,  two  battal- 
ions covered  the  retreat  against  the  re-enforced 
and  victorious  allies.]  Weary  of  the  butchery, 
they  suspended  for  a  moment  their  fire,  and  sent 
a  flag  of  truce  demanding  a  capitulation.  G«ner- 


SURRENDER— SUSPICION. 


651 


til  Cambronne  returned  the  immortal  reply, 
" '  The  Guard  dies  ;  it  never  surrenders. "  [Soon 
they]  mowed  them  all  down — Abbott's  Napo- 
1.EON  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  27. 

5473.  SUERENDER,  Indignant.  Peter  Stuy- 
■vesant.  [On  the  28th  of  August,  1664,  the 
English  demanded  the  surrender  of  New  Neth- 
erland  and  an  immediate  acknowledgment  of  the 
sovereignty  of  England.]  It  was  clear  that  the 
burgomasters  meant  to  surrender.  The  stormy 
old  governor  exhorted  them  to  rouse  to  action 
and  fight ;  some  one  replied  that  the  Dutch 
West  India  company  was  not  worth  fighting 
for.  Burning  with  indignation,  Stuyvesant 
snatched  up  the  written  proposal  of  Nicolls  and 
tore  it  to  tatters  in  the  presence  of  his  council. 
It  was  all  in  vain.  The  brave  old  man  was 
forced  to  sign  the  capitulation  ;  and  on  the  8th 
of  September,  1664,  New  Netherland  ceased  to 
«xist.  The  English  flag  was  hoisted  over  the 
fort  and  town,  and  the  name  of  New  York  was 
substituted  for  New  Amsterdam. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,ch.  19,  p.  171. 

5474.  SURRENDER  prevented.  Charter  Oak. 
Attended  by  an  armed  guard,  Andros  proceeded 
to  Connecticut.  Arriving  at  Hartford  in  Octo- 
l)er  of  1687,  he  found  the  assembly  of  the  prov- 
ince in  session,  and  demanded  the  surrender  of 
•the  colonial  charter.  The  instrument  was  brought 
in  and  laid  upon  the  table.  A  spirited  debate 
•ensued,  and  lasted  until  evening.  When  it  was 
about  to  be  decided  that  the  charter  should  be 
.given  up,  the  lamps  were  suddenly  dashed  out. 
Other  lights  were  brought  in,  but  the  charter 
iiad  disappeared.  Joseph  Wads  worth,  snatching 
lip  the  precious  parchment,  bore  it  off  through 
the  darkness,  and  concealed  it  in  a  hollow  tree, 
■ever  afterward  remembered  with  affection  as  The 
•Charter  Oak.  But  the  assembly  was  overawed 
and  the  free  government  of  Connecticut  sub- 
verted.—Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  15,  p.  146. 

5475.  SUSPENSION,  Financial.  Bank  of  Eng- 
land. [In  1797,  after  a  continued  run  on  the 
hank  for  specie  in  exchange  for  its  notes,  it  was 
compelled  to  pay  in  sixpences,  and  then,  by  com- 
mand of  George  III.,  to  suspend  specie  payments. 
Tlie  next  day]  there  was  a  great  meeting  of 
merchants  at  the  Mansion  House,  when  a  unani- 
mous resolution  passed,  that  "  we  will  not  refuse 
io  receive  bank-notes  in  payment  of  any  sum  of 
money  to  be  paid  to  us,  and  will  use  our  utmost 
.endeavor  to  make  all  our  payments  in  a  similar 
manner."  The  stocks  immediately  rose.  A 
weight  was  suddenly  taken  off  the  wheels  of  in- 
dustry. .  ,  .  But  a  chronic  malady  was  induped 
which  lasted  during  a  generation — a  malady 
•which  defied  every  attempt  to  cure  till  the  prin- 
ciple of  a  convertible  paper  currency  was  again 
firmly  established.  Of  the  lasting  effects  of  this 
measure,  which  was  only  intended  to  be  tempo- 
rary, the  government  of  1797  could  have  no  con- 
ception. [Specie  payments  were  resumed  in 
1833.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  19,  p.  334. 

5476.  SUSPICION,  Above.  Cmai^s  Wife.  [See 
No.  1652.]  Clodius  was  not  yet  the  danger- 
ous desperado  which  he  afterward  became  ;  and 
immorality,  though  seasoned  with  impiety, 
might  easily,  it  was  thought,  be  made  too  much 
of.  Caesar  himself  did  not  press  for  punishment. 
As  president  of  the  college,  he  had  acquiesced  in 


their  decision,  and  he  divorced  the  unfortunate 
Pompeia  ;  but  he  expressed  no  opinion  as  to  the 
extent  of  her  criminality,  and  he  gave  as  his 
reason  for  separating  from  her,  not  that  she  was 
guilty,  but  that  Caesar's  wife  must  be  above 
suspicion. — Fkoude's  C^sar,  ch.  12. 

5477.  SUSPICION,  Clamorous.  Free  Masons. 
William  Morgan,  a  resident  of  western  New 
York,  having  threatened  to  publish  the  secrets 
of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  suddenly  disappeared  from  home,  and 
was  never  heard  of  afterward.  The  Masons  fell 
under .  the  suspicion  of  having  abducted  and 
murdered  him.  A  great  clamor  was  raised 
against  them  in  New  York,  and  the  excitement 
extended  to  other  parts  of  the  country.  The  is- 
sues between  the  Masons  and  their  enemies  be 
came  a  political  one,  and  many  eminent  men  were 
embroiled  in  the  controversy.  For  several  years 
the  anti-Masonic  party  exercised  a  considerable 
influence  in  the  elections  of  the  country.  De 
Witt  Clinton,  one  of  the  most  prominent  and 
valuable  statesmen  of  New  York,  had  to  suffer 
much,  in  loss  of  reputation,  from  his  member- 
ship in  the  order.  His  last  days  were  clouded 
with  the  odium  which  for  the  time  being  at- 
tached to  the  Masonic  name. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  53,  p.  425. 

5478.  SUSPICION  of  Conspiracy.  Constantine. 
An  edict  of  Constantine,  published  about  this 
time,  manifestly  indicates  his  real  or  affected 
suspicions  that  a  secret  conspiracy  had  been 
formed  against  his  person  and  government.  By 
all  the  allurements  of  honors  and  rewards,  he  in- 
vites informers  of  every  degree  to  accuse  with- 
out exception  his  magistrates  or  ministers,  his 
friends  or  his  most  intimate  favorites,  protest- 
ing, with  a  solemn  asseveration,  that  he  himself 
will  listen  to  the  charge,  that  he  himself  will 
revenge  his  injuries  ;  and  concluding  with  a 
prayer,  which  discovers  some  apprehension  of 
danger,  that  the  providence  of  the  Supreme 
Being  may  still  continue  to  protect  the  safety 
of  the  emperor  and  of  the  empire. — Gibbon's 
RoMiE,  ch.  18,  p.  159. 

5479.  SUSPICION  diverted.  Emperor  Nero. 
Nero  was  so  secure  in  his  absolutism,  he  had 
hitherto  found  it  so  impossible  to  shock  the 
feelings  of  the  people  or  to  exhaust  the  terrified 
adulation  of  the  Senate,  that  he  was  usually  in- 
different to  the  pasquinades  which  were  con- 
stantly holding  up  his  name  to  execration  and 
contempt.  But  now  he  felt  that  he  had  gone  too 
far,  and  that  his  power  would  be  seriously  im- 
perilled if  he  did  not  succeed  in  diverting  the 
suspicions  of  the  populace.  He  was  perfectly 
aware  that  when  the  people  in  the  streets  cursed 
those  who  set  fire  to  the  city,  they  meant  to 
curse  him.  If  he  did  not  take  some  immediate 
step  he  felt  that  he  might  perish,  as  Gains  had 
perished  before  him,  by  the  dagger  of  the  assas- 
sin. It  is  at  this  point  of  his  career  that  Nero 
becomes  a  prominent  figure  in  the  history  of  the 
Church.  .  .  .  For  Nero  endeavored  to  fix  the 
odious  crime  of  having  destroyed  the  capital  of 
the  world  upon  the  most  innocent  and  faithful 
of  his  subjects — upon  the  only  subjects  who 
offered  heartfelt  prayers  on  his  behalf — the  Ro- 
man Christians.  They  were  the  defenceless 
victims  of  this  horrible  charge  ;  for  though  they 
were  the  most  harmless,  they  were  also  the  most 


652 


SUSPICION— SWINDLER. 


hated  and  the  most  slandered  of  living  men. — 
Farrar's  Early  Days,  ch.  4,  p.  33. 

5480.  SUSPICION  diverted.  King  of  Portugal. 
[Each  of  the  monarchs  was  preparing  expedi- 
tions of  discovery  for  the  New  World.]  Resende, 
in  his  history  of  King  John  II. ,  informs  us  that 
the  Portuguese  monarch,  by  large  presents,  or 
rather  bribes,  held  certain  of  the  confidential 
members  of  the  Castilian  cabinet  in  his  interest, 
who  informed  him  of  the  most  secret  councils 
of  their  court.  The  roads  were  thronged  with 
couriers  ;  scarce  was  an  intention  expressed  by 
Ferdinand  to  his  ministers,  but  it  was  conveyed 
to  his  rival  monarch.  The  result  was  that  the 
Spanish  sovereigns  seemed  as  if  under  the  influ- 
ence of  some  enchantment.  King  John  antici- 
pated all  their  movements,  and  appeared  to  dive 
into  their  very  thoughts.  ...  As  a  surmise  of 
treachery  in  the  cabinet  might  naturally  arise. 
King  John,  while  he  rewarded  his  agents  in  se- 
cret, endeavored  to  divert  suspicions  from  them 
upon  others,  making  rich  presents  of  jewels  to 
the  Duke  de  Infantado  and  other  Spanish  gran- 
dees of  incorruptible  integrity. — Irving's  Co- 
lumbus, Book  5,  ch.  9. 

5481.  SUSPICION,  Effect  of.  Bsign  of  Gom- 
modus.  That  assembly,  whom  Marcus  had  ever 
considered  as  the  great  council  of  the  nation,  was 
composed  of  the  most  distinguished  of  the  Ro- 
mans :  and  distinction  of  every  kind  soon  became 
criminal.  The  possession  of  wealth  stimulated 
the  diligence  of  the  informers  ;  rigid  virtue  im- 
plied a  tacit  censure  of  the  irregularities  of  Cora- 
modus  ;  important  services  implied  a  dangerous 
superiority  of  merit ;  and  the  friendship  of  the 
father  always  insured  the  aversion  of  the  son.  Sus- 
picion was  equivalent  to  proof  ;  trial  to  condem- 
nation.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  4,  p.  105. 

5482.  SUSPICION,  Perilous.  Emperor  Nero. 
A  conspiracy,  which  was  at  this  time  discovered, 
gave  Nero  ample  scope  for  the  gratification  of 
the  natural  cruelty  of  his  disposition.  The  slight- 
est suspicion  of  guilt  was  now  punished  with  im- 
mediate death.  It  was  a  sufficient  crime  if  a  man 
was  seen  to  have  saluted  a  suspected  person. 
Seneca,  among  others,  was  accused  of  having 
been  privy  to  tliis  conspiracy  ;  and  as  a  mark  of 
the  emperor's  gratitude  for  the  past  services  of 
his  preceptor,  he  was  permitted  to  choose  the 
manner  of  his  death.  He  chose  to  expire  in  a 
warm  bath,  after  having  his  veins  opened. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  488. 

5483.  SUSPICION  sown.  In  War.  As  Them- 
istocles  sailed  along  the  coasts,  wherever  he  saw 
any  harbors  or  places  proper  for  the  enemy's 
ships  to  put  in  at,  he  took  such  stones  as  he  hap- 
pened to  find,  or  caused  to  be  brought  thither 
for  that  purpose,  and  set  them  up  in  the  ports 
and  watering-places,  with  the  following  inscrip- 
tion engraved  in  large  characters,  and  addressed 
to  the  lonians.  "  Let  the  lonians,  if  it  be  possi- 
ble, come  over  to  the  Greeks,  from  whom  they 
are  descended,  and  who  now  risk  their  lives  for 
their  liberty.  If  this  be  impracticable,  let  them 
at  least  perplex  the  barbarians,  and  put  them  in 
disorder  in  time  of  action."  By  this  he  hoped 
either  to  bring  the  lonians  over  to  his  side,  or  to 
sow  discord  among  them  by  causing  them  to  be 
suspected  by  the  Persians.— Plutarch's  Them- 

ISTOCLE8. 


5484.  SUSPICION,  Weakness  of.  Dionysius. 
[Dionysius  the  tyrant]  was  so  suspicious  of  all 
mankind,  and  so  wretchedly  timorous,  that  he. 
would  not  suffer  a  barber  to  shave  him,  but  had 
his  hair  singed  off  with  a  live  coal  by  one  of  his. 
own  attendants.  Neither  his  brother  nor  his  son 
were  admitted  into  his  chamber  in  their  own 
clothes,  but  were  first  stripped  and  examined  by 
the  sentinels,  and  after  that  were  obliged  to  put. 
on  such  clothes  as  were  provided  for  them. 
When  his  brother  Leptines  was  once  describing 
the  situation  of  a  place,  he  took  a  spear  fronx 
one  of  the  guards  to  trace  the  plan,  upon  which 
Dionysius  was  extremely  offended,  and  caused 
the  soldier  who  had  given  up  his  spear  to  be  put 
to  death.  He  was  afraid,  he  said,  of  the  sense 
and  sagacity  of  his  friends,  because  he  knew 
they  must  think  it  more  eligible  to  govern  than 
to  obey.  He  slew  Marsyas,  whom  he  had  ad- 
vanced to  a  considerable  military  command, 
merely  because  Marsyas  dreamed  that  he  killed 
him ;  for  he  concluded  that  this  dream  by 
night  was  occasioned  by  some  similar  sugges- 
tion of  the  day.  Yet  even  this  timorous  and  sus- 
picious wretch  was  offended  with  Plato,  because 
he  would  not  allow  him  to  be  the  most  valiant 
man  in  the  world  ! — Plutarch. 

5485.  SWEAEING,  Admired.  General  Charles- 
Scott.  [He]  had  a  most  inveterate  habit  of  swear- 
ing ;  whether  in  private  or  public,  .  .  .  every 
other  word  was  an  oath.  .  .  .  After  the  war  a 
friend,  .  .  .  anxious  to  reform  his  evil  habits, 
asked  him  whether  it  was  possible  that .  .  .  the 
admired  Washington  ever  swore.  Scott  reflected 
for  a  moment,  and  then  exclaimed  :  "  Yes,  once. 
It  was  at  Monmouth,  and  on  a  day  that  would 
have  made  any  man  swear.  Yes,  sir,  he  swore 
on  that  day  till  the  leaves  shook  on  the  trees — 
charming,  delightful.  Never  have  I  enjoyed 
such  swearing  before  or  since.  Sir,  on  that  ever- 
memorable  day  he  swore  like  an  angel  from 
heaven."  The  reformer  abandoned  the  gener- 
al in  despair.  —  Custis'  Washington,  vol.  1, 
ch.  31. 

5486.  SWEAEING,  Eeproof  for.  John  Bunyan. 
One  day,  as  I  was  standing  at  a  neighbor's  shop- 
window,  and  there  cursing  and  swearing  after 
my  wonted  manner,  there  sat  within  the  woman 
of  the  house  and  heard  me,  who,  though  she  was 
a  loose  and  ungodly  wretch,  protested  that  I 
swore  and  cursed  at  such  a  rate  that  she  trem- 
bled to  hear  me.  I  was  able  to  spoil  all  the 
youths  in  a  whole  town.  At  this  reproof  I  was 
silenced  and  put  to  secret  shame,  and  that  too, 
as  I  thought,  before  the  God  of  heaven.  I  stood 
hapging  down  my  head,  and  wishing  that  I 
might  be  a  little  child,  that  my  father  might 
learn  me  to  speak  without  this  wicked  sin  of 
swearing ;  for,  thought  I,  I  am  so  accustomed 
to  it  that  it  is  vain  to  think  of  a  reformation. — 
Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  2. 

5487.  SWINDLEE,  A  Eoyal.  Henry  VIL 
The  ingrained  covetousness  and  cunning  of  the 
man — for  "  of  nature,  assuredly,  he  coveted  to 
accumulate  treasure,"  and  "neither  did  he  care 
how  cunning  they  were  that  he  did  employ,  for 
he  thought  himself  to  have  the  master-reach." 
These  qualities  made  him,  to  use  plain  words,  a 
royal  swindler.  He  went  far  beyond  his  age  as  an 
exaggerated  representative  of  the  new-born  spirit 
of  money-making,  as  opposed  to  the  ancient 


SWINDLER— SYMPATHY. 


653 


iirit  of  violence.  He  carried  it  forward  into 
that  unscrupulous  passion  for  wealth,  which  has 
rendered  the  grasping  accumulator  so  detestable 
-at  all  times. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  eh.  15, 
p.  238. 

54§8.  _ .  Henry  VIII.  [Parlia- 
ment in  1544  prepared  Henry  VIII.  for  the 
•expense  of  wars  with  Scotland  and  with  France, 
by  declaring  that  all  loans  made  to  the  king 
in  the  two  previous  years  of  his  reign  be  en- 
tirely remitted  and  released,  and  securities  for 
the  same  be  utterly  void.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  2,  ch.  27,  p.  442. 

54  §9. .  Richard  I.  [To  raise  money, 

he  ordered  the  great  seal  to  be  broken,  and  proc- 
lamation to  be  made  that  no  grant  under  that 
.seal  would  be  valid,  unless  the  fees  due  to  the 
crown  were  paid  the  second  time  for  affixing 
the  new  seal.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  22, 
p.  330. 

5490.  SWOED  vs.  Banner.  Joan  of  Arc.  She 
wore  at  her  side  a  small  battle-axe  and  the  con- 
.-secrated  sword,  marked  on  the  blade  with  five 
crosses,  which  had  at  her  bidding  been  taken 
for  her  from  the  shrine  of  St.  Catharine  at  Fier- 
bois.  A  page  carried  her  banner,  which  she  had 
caused  to  be  made  and  embroidered  as  her  Voices 
•enjoined.  It  was  white  satin,  strewn  withj^ewr*- 
de-lis,  and  on  it  were  the  words  "Jesus  Ma- 
ria," and  the  representation  of  the  Saviour  in 
His  glory.  Joan  afterward  generally  bore  her 
banner  herself  in  battle  ;  she  said  that  though 
she  loved  her  sword  much,  she  loved  her  banner 
forty  times  as  much  ;  and  she  loved  to  carry  it, 
because  it  could  not  kill  any  one. — Decisive 
Battles,  §  378. 

5491.  SWOED  in  Religion.  Mahomet.  "The 
sword,"  says  Mahomet,  "is  the  key  of  heaven 
and  of  hell ;  a  drop  of  blood  shed  in  the  cause 
of  God,  a  night  spent  in  arms,  is  of  more  avail 
than  two  months  of  fasting  or  prayer  ;  whoso- 
ever falls  in  battle,  his  sins  are  forgiven  ;  at  the 
•day  of  judgment  his  wounds  shall  be  resplendent 
as  vermilion  and  odoriferous  as  musk  ;  and  the 
loss  of  his  limbs  shall  be  supplied  by  the  wings 
-of  angels  and  cherubim."  —  Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  50,  p.  124. 

5492.  SWOED,  Worship  of  the.  Scythians.  It 
Is  certain  that  the  nomadic  tribes  of  Northern 
Asia,  whom  Herodotus  described  under  the  name 
of  Scythians,  from  the  earliest  times  worshipped 
as  their  god  a  bare  sword.  That  sword-god  was 
supposed,  in  Attila's  time,  to  have  disappeared 
from  earth  ;  but  the  Hunnish  king  now  claimed 
1o  have  received  it  by  special  revelation.  It  was 
said  that  a  herdsman,  who  was  tracking  in  the 
desert  a  wounded  heifer  by  the  drops  of  blood, 
found  the  mysterious  sword  standing  fixed  in 
the  ground,  as  if  it  had  darted  down  from  heaven. 
The  herdsman  bore  it  to  Attila,  who  henceforth 
was  believed  by  the  Huns  to  wield  the  Spirit  of 
Death  in  battle,  and  their  seers  prophesied  that 
that  sword  was  to  destroy  the  world. — Decisive 
Battles,  §  235. 

5493.  SYMPATHY  by  Experience.  Samuel 
Johnson.  Johnson,  whose  robust  frame  was  not 
in  the  least  affected  by  the  cold,  scolded  me,  as 
if  my  shivering  had  been  a  paltry  effeminacy, 
saying,  "Why  do  you  shiver?"  Sir  William 
ficott,  of  the  Commons,  told  me  that  when  he 


complained  of  a  headache  in  the  post-chaise,  as 
they  were  travelling  together  to  Scotland,  John* 
son  treated  him  in  the  same  manner  :  "At  your 
age,  sir,  I  had  no  headache."  It  is  not  easy  to 
make  allowance  for  sensations  in  others  which 
we  ourselves  have  not  at  the  time.  We  must  all 
have  experienced  how  very  differently  we  are  af- 
fected by  the  complaints  of  our  neighbors  when 
we  are  well  and  when  we  are  ill.  In  full  health 
we  can  scarceljr  believe  that  they  suffer  much, 
so  faint  is*  the  image  of  pain  upon  our  imagina 
tion ;  when  softened  by  sickness,  we  readily 
sympathize  with  the  sufferings  of  others. — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  128. 

5494.  SYMPATHY,  Freaks  of.  Napole<m  I. 
Napoleon  could  look  with  perfect  composure 
upon  the  carnage  of  the  field  of  battle,  and  order 
movements  without  the  tremor  of  a  nerve  which 
he  knew  must  consign  thousands  to  a  bloody 
death  ;  but  when  [some  one  fell  overboard]  .  . . 
his  sympathies  were  aroused  to  the  highest  de 
gree. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  10. 

5495.  SYMPATHY  for  the  Friendless.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  Among  the  .  .  .  persons  in  waiting .  .  . 
was  a  small,  pale,  delicate-looking  boy  about 
thirteen  years  old.  The  President  saw  him, .  ,  . 
and  said,  "  Come  here,  my  boy,  and  tell  me  what 
you  want."  .  .  .  With  bowed  head  and  timid 
accents,  he  said  :  "  Mr.  President,  I  have  been  a 
drummer-boy  in  a  regiment  for  two  years,  and 
ray  colonel  got  angry  with  me  and  turned  m« 
off  ;  I  was  taken  sick,  and  have  been  a  long  tima 
in  hospital.  This  is  the  first  time  I  have  been 
out,  and  I  came  to  see  if  you  cannot  do  some" 
thing  for  me."  The  President  looked  at  him  .  . . 
tenderly,  and  asked  him  where  he  lived.  "  I 
have  no  home,"  answered  the  boy.  "  Where  i» 
your  father  ?"  "  He  died  in  the  army,"  was  th* 
reply.  "  Where  is  your  mother?"  ...  "  M J 
mother  is  dead  also.  I  have  no  mother,  no  father, 
no  brothers,  no  sisters,"  and,  bursting  into  tears, 
"  no  friends — nobody  cares  for  me."  Mr.  Lin- 
coln's eyes  were  filled  with  tears,  and  he  said  to 
him,  "  Can't  you  sell  newspapers  ?"  "  No,"  said 
the  boy  ;  "  I  am  too  weak,  and  the  surgeon  of  the 
hospital  told  me  I  must  leave,  and  I  have  no 
money  and  no  place  to  go  to."  The  scene  wa« 
wonderfully  affecting.  The  President  drew 
forth  a  card  and  .  .  .  gave  special  directions  "  to 
care  for  this  poor  boy." — Raymond's  Lincoln, 
p.  740. 

5496.  SYMPATHY,  Mutual.  Napoleon  I.  [A( 
St.  Helena  the  captive  emperor  found]  a  poor 
negro  slave  working  in  Mr.  Balcombe's  garden, 
in  whose  history  and  welfare  the  emperor  be- 
came deeply  interested.  He  was  a  Malay  Indian, 
of  prepossessing  appearance.  He  had  been  stolen 
from  his  native  land  by  the  crew  of  a  British 
vessel.  The  emperor's  sympathies  were  deeply 
moved  by  the  old  man's  story.  Poor  Toby  be- 
came very  much  attached  to  the  emperor.  .  .  . 
They  were  fellow-captives. — Abbott's  Napo- 
leon B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  30. 

5497.  SYMPATHY  for  the  Poor.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  As  a  distinguished  citizen  of  Ohio  en- 
tered the  vestibule  of  the  White  House,  his  at- 
tention was  attracted  by  a  poorly  clad  young 
woman  who  was  violently  sobbing.  .  .  .  She 
had  been  ordered  away  by  the  servants,  after 
vainly  endeavoring  for  many  hours  to  see  the 
President  about  her  only  brother,  who  had  been 


654 


SYMPATHY— TALENT. 


condemned  to  death  [for  desertion].  .  .  .  She 
had  passed  the  lon^  hours  of  two  days  trying  in 
vain  to  get  an  audience.  [He  aided  lier  admis- 
sion to  the  office,  and  at  his  suggestion  she  forced 
her  way  between  himself  and  Mr.  Lincoln,  and 
insisted  on  his  examination  of  the  papers  she 
brought.]  Mr.  Lincoln  was  at  first  somewhat 
surprised  at  the  apparent  forwardness  ;  .  .  .  com- 
menced an  examination  of  the  document ;  .  .  . 
his  eye  fell  upon  her  scanty  but  neat  dress.  In- 
stantly his  face  lighted  up.  "  My  poor  girl," 
said  he,  "  you  have  come  here  with  no  governor, 
or  senator,  or  member  of  Congress  to  plead 
your  cause.  You  seem  honest  and  truthful, 
and  you  don't  wear  hoops  ;  and  I  will  be  whipped 
but  I  will  pardon  your  brother." — Raymond's 
Lincoln,  p.  739. 

5498.  SYMPATHY,  Religious.  Puntans  of 
New  England.  The  sympathies  of  the  colonists 
were  wide  ;  a  regard  for  Protestant  Germany  is 
as  old  as  emigration  ;  and  during  the  Thirty 
Years'  War  the  whole  people  of  New  England 
held  fasts  and  offered  prayers  for  the  success  of 
their  Saxon  brethren. — Banckoft'sU.  S.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  10. 

5499.  SYMPATHY,  Unmanned  by.  Columbus. 
[Moved  by  envy,  and  sustained  by  vilest  slanders, 
Bobadilla  sent  him  to  Spain  in  irons.  Great  in- 
dignation and  release  followed.]  When  the  queen 
beheld  this  venerable  man  approach,  and  thought 
on  all  he  had  deserved  and  all  he  had  suffered, 
she  was  moved  to  tears.  Columbus  had  borne 
up  firmly  against  the  rude  conflicts  of  the  world  ; 
he  had  endured  with  lofty  scorn  the  injuries  and 
insults  of  ignoble  men  ;  but  he  possessed  strong 
and  quick  sensibility.  When  he  found  himself 
thus  kindly  received  by  his  sovereigns,  and  be- 
held tears  in  the  benign  eyes  of  Isabella,  his  long- 
suppressed  feelings  burst  forth  ;  he  threw  him- 
self on  his  knees,  and  for  some  time  could  not 
utter  a  word  for  the  violence  of  his  tears  and  sob- 
bings.— Irving's  Columbus,  Book  14,  ch.  1. 

5500.  SYSTEM,  Living  by.  Alfred  the  Great. 
Alfred  was  himself,  for  that  age,  a  most  accom- 
plished scholar  ;  and  considering  the  necessary 
toils  and  constant  active  employment,  it  is  sur- 
prising how  much  he  employed  himself  in  the 
pursuits  of  literature.  He  is  said  to  have  di\'ided 
his  time  into  three  equal  parts  :  one  was  allotted 
to  the  despatch  of  the  business  of  government ; 
another  to  diet,  exercise,  and  sleep  ;  and  a  third 
to  study  and  devotion.  By  this  admirable  regu- 
larity of  life  he  found  means,  notwithstanding 
his  constant  wars,  and  the  care  of  entirely  new 
modelling  and  civilizing  his  kingdom,  to  com- 
pose a  variety  of  ingenious  and  learned  works. 
— Tytleb's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  5,  p.  111. 

5501.  TACT,  Lack  of.  President  John  Adams. 
The  same  qualities  which  made  him  a  bad  nego- 
tiator prevented  his  acquiring  credit  as  the  chief 
magistrate  of  the  nation.  He  was  a  bad  judge 
of  men,  and  he  was  wedded  to  certain  ancient 
and  unpopular  ideas  which  prevented  his  retain- 
ing the  confidence  of  the  masses.  He  was  a  kind 
of  republican  tory,  at  a  time  when  the  feeling  of 
the  nation  was  setting  powerfully  in  the  opposite 
direction.  At  the  same  time,  his  vanity,  his 
quickness  of  temper,  his  total  want  of  manage- 
ment, his  blind  trust  in  some  men  and  his  blind 
distrust  of  others,  continually  estranged  from 
him  those  who  would  naturally  have  been  his 


friends  and  supporters.  After  serving  four  years,, 
he  was  whirled  from  his  place  by  a  tornado  of 
democratic  feeling. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  178. 

5502.  TACT,  Natural.  Henry  Sidney.  [He- 
was  the  agent  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  nego- 
tiating for  the  revolution  with  the  peers  of  Eng- 
land. J  Sidney,  with  a  sweet  temper  and  winning 
manners,  seemed  to  be  deficient  in  capacity  and 
knowledge,  and  to  be  sunk  in  voluptuousness 
and  indolence.  His  face  and  form  were  eminently 
handsome.  In  his  youth  he  had  been  the  terror 
of  husbands  ;  and  even  now,  at  near  fifty,  he  was- 
the  favorite  of  women  and  the  envy  of  younger 
men.  He  had  formerly  resided  at  the  Hague  in 
a  public  character,  and  had  then  succeeded  in 
obtaining  a  large  share  of  William's  [Prince  of 
Orange]  confidence.  Many  wondered  at  this  ;  for 
it  seemed  that  between  the  most  austere  of  states- 
men and  the  most  dissolute  of  idlers  there  could 
be  nothing  in  common.  . . .  There  is  a  certain  tact, 
resembling  an  instinct,  which  is  often  wanting  ta 
great  orators  and  philosophers,  and  which  is  of  tea 
found  in  persons  who,  if  judged  by  their  conver- 
sation or  by  their  writings,  would  be  pronounced 
simpletons.  Indeed,  when  a  man  possesses  this, 
tact,  it  is  in  some  sense  an  advantage  to  him  that 
he  is  destitute  of  those  more  showy  talents  which 
would  make  him  an  object  of  admiration,  of 
envy,  and  of  fear.  Sidney  was  a  remarkable  in- 
stance of  this  truth.  Incapable,  ignorant,  and 
dissipated  as  he  seemed  to  be,  he  understood,  or 
rather  felt,  with  whom  it  was  necessary  to  be  re- 
served, and  with  whom  he  might  safely  venture 
to  be  communicative.  The  consequence  was, 
that  he  did  what  Mordaunt,  with  all  his  vivacity 
and  invention,  or  Burnet,  with  all  his  multifarious 
knowledge  and  fluent  elocution,  never  could 
have  done. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  373. 

5503.  TALENT  without  Character.  Frederick 
the  Great.  By  the  public  the  King  of  Prussia 
was  considered  as  a  politician  destitute  alike  of 
morality  and  decency,  insatiably  rapacious,  and 
shamelessly  false  ;  nor  was  the  public  much  in 
the  wrong.  He  was  at  the  same  time  allowed  to 
be  a  man  of  parts — a  rising  general,  a  shrewd 
negotiator  and  administrator.  —  Macaulay's- 
Frederick  the  Great,  p.  42. 

5504.  TALENT,  Discovery  of.  Napoleon  I. 
He  had  ordered  some  very  difficult  and  important 
works  to  be  executed  on  a  bridge  of  the  canal  of 
Languedoc.  The  engineer  had  admirably  ac- 
complished the  arduous  achievement.  [Napoleon 
inspected  the  work,  and  asked  many  questions  of 
the  engineer.]  The  engineer  seemed  embarrassed, 
and  replied  with  hesitation  and  confusion.  Soon 
the  prefect  appeared.  Napoleon  promptly  said 
to  him:  "I  am  not  correctly  informed.  The 
bridge  was  not  made  by  that  man.  Such  a  work 
is  beyond  his  capacity."  The  prefect  then  con- 
fessed that  the  chief  engineer  was  neither  the 
originator  of  the  plan  nor  the  author  of  the 
works,  but  they  both  belonged  to  a  modest,  subor- 
dinate man  unknown  to  fame.  .  .  .  He  appointed 
the  young  man  .  .  .  chief  engineer,  and  took  him 
to  Paris. — Abbott's  N.4.poleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  2. 

5505.  TALENT,  Education  of.  Alexander. 
Alexander  owed  all  these  advantages  to  the  ex- 
cellent education  which  Aristotle  gave  him.  He 
had  also  a  taste  for  the  whole  circle  of  arts,  but 
such  as  becomes  a  prince — that  is,  he  knew  the 


TALENT— TASTE. 


655 


value  and  usefulness  of  them.  Music,  painting, 
sculpture,  architecture,  flourished  in  his  reign, 
because  they  found  in  him  both  a  skilful  judge 
and  a  generous  protector,  who  was  able  to  dis- 
tinguish and  reward  rnerit  wherever  displayed. 
But  he  despised  certain  trifling  feats  of  dexterity 
that  were  of  no  use.  Much  admiration  was  lav- 
ished on  a  man  who  employed  himself  very 
earnestly  in  throwing  small  peas  through  the  eye 
of  a  needle,  which  he  would  do  at  a  considerable 
distance,  and  without  once  missing.  Alexander 
seeing  him  thus  engaged,  ordered  him,  as  we  are 
told,  a  present  suitable  to  his  employment — viz., 
a  basket  of  peas. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  15, 
§1. 

5506.  TALENT,  Indications  of.  Mathematics. 
Carlyle  says  that  the  best  indication  in  a  boy  of 
a  superior  understanding  is  a  turn  for  mathe- 
matics. When  a  boy,  in  addition  to  a  decided 
mathematical  gift,  possesses  also  a  natural  dex- 
terity in  handling  tools,  and  an  inclination  to  ob- 
serve nature,  there  is  ground  for  believing  that, 
if  properly  aided,  he  will  become  a  man  of 
science.  We  were  led  to  these  remarks  by  ob- 
serving that  the  four  men  of  modern  times  who 
did  most  to  increase  the  sum  of  knowledge — 
Copernicus,  Columbus,  Galileo,  and  Newton — 
were  all  natural  mathematicians,  and  owed  their 
discoveries  directly  to  mathematics.  All  of  them, 
also,  possessed  that  manual  dexterity  and  that 
love  of  observing  nature  of  which  we  have 
spoken.  They  were  alike  in  other  respects  :  all 
of  than  were  endowed  with  an  amazing  patience. 
All  of  them  were  men  of  childlike  simplicity  of 
character.  All  of  them  were  good  citizens,  as 
well  as  sublime  geniuses.  All  of  them,  but  Colum- 
bus perhaps,  were  even  sound  men  of  business 
— prudent  and  successful  in  the  management  of 
their  private  aifairs. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  204. 

5507.  TALENT,  Lack  of.  Confederate  Con- 
gress. The  Confederate  congress  ...  of  1863. 
It  is  not  to  be  disguised  that  this  body  fell  below 
the  spirit  and  virtue  of  the  people,  and  was  re- 
markable for  its  destitution  of  talents  and  ability. 
Not  a  single  speech  that  has  yet  been  made  in  it 
will  live. — Pollard's  Second  Year  of  the 
War,  ch.  9,  p.  226. 

550S.  TALENT  overestimated.  Napoleon  I. 
[Entering  unannounced,  he  discovered  the  Em- 
press Maria  Louisa  making  an  omelet.]  "  How," 
exclaimed  the  emperor,  "are  you  making  an 
omelet  ?  You  know  nothing  about  it.  I  will 
show  you  how  it  is  done."  He  immediately  took 
his  place  at  the  table,  and  went  to  work.  .  .  .  The 
omelet  was  at  last  made,  and  one  side  was  fried. 
Now  came  the  diiflculty  of  turning  it  by  tossing 
it  over  with  artistic  skill  in  the  frying-pan.  Na- 
poleon in  the  attempt  awkwardly  tossed  it  upon 
the  floor.  Smiling  he  said,  "  I  have  given  myself 
credit  for  more  exalted  talents  than  I  possess  ;" 
and  he  left. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  11. 

5509.  TALENT,  Untaught.  Zerah  Colburn. 
He  was  able,  during  the  later  years  of  his  youth, 
to  explain  the  processes  by  which  he  performed 
his  calculations,  some  of  which  were  so  simple 
that  they  have  since  been  employed  in  the  New 
England  schools.  We  have  seen  a  class  of  boys, 
not  more  than  twelve  years  of  age,  multiply  six 
figures  by  six  figures,  without  slate  and  pencil,  by 


the  method  of  Zerah  Colburn.  His  mode  of  ex- 
tracting the  square  root  also  can  be  acquired 
by  boys  quick  at  figures.  But  this  does  not  les- 
sen our  astonishment  that  a  boy  of  seven  years, 
wholly  untaught,  should  have  discovered  meth- 
ods in  calculation  that  had  escaped  the  vigilance 
of  mathematicians,  from  the  days  of  Euclid  to 
our  own  time. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  83. 

5510.  TALENTS  misjudged.  Charles  XIL 
No  one,  it  appears,  expected  much  of  this  youth- 
ful monarch.  He  had  no  vices,  it  is  true ;  he 
neither  drank  nor  gormandized  nor  gambled. 
A  Spartan  soldier  was  not  more  temperate,  nor 
more  hardy,  nor  more  chaste  than  he.  But 
he  was  haughty,  reserved,  and  obstinate,  and 
seemed  to  care  for  nothing  but  hunting  and  the 
drilling  of  his  troops.  The  ambassadors  residing 
at  his  court  wrote  home  to  their  masters  that  this 
new  king  was  stupid,  and  was  not  likely  ever  to 
be  formidable  to  his  neighbors.  His  own  sub- 
jects, seeing  that  he  did  nothing  but  hunt  and  at- 
tend parades,  considered  him  inferior  to  his  an- 
cestors. [He  became  one  of  the  great  rulers  and 
captains  of  Europe.] — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  434. 

5511.  TALISMANS,  Belief  in.  West  India/ns. 
Besides  the  Zemes,  each  cacique  had  three  idols 
or  talismans,  which  were  mere  stones,  but  which, 
were  held  in  great  reverence  by  themselves  and 
their  subjects.  One  they  supposed  had  the  power 
to  produce  abundant  harvests,  another  to  remove 
all  pain  from  women  in  travail,  and  the  third  to 
call  forth  rain  or  sunshine.  Three  of  these  were 
sent  home  by  Columbus  to  the  sovereigns. — 
Irving's  Columbus,  Book  6,  ch.  10. 

5512.  TAEIFr,  Protection  by.  First  Congress. 
They  did  not  even  wait  for  the  inauguration  of 
President  Washington,  but  began  nearly  a  month 
before  that  important  event  to  prepare  a  revenue 
bill,.  .  .  declaring  that  "  it  is  necessary  for  the 
support  of  the  government,  for  the  discharge 
of  the  debts  of  the  United  States,  and  for  the 
encouragement  and  protection  of  manufactures, 
that  duties  be  laid  on  imported  goods,  wares, 
and  merchandise." — Blaine's  Twenty  Years, 
ch.  9,  p.  183. 

5513.  TASTE  conditioned.  Climate.  It  may 
be  said,  therefore,  in  praise  of  Epaminondas,  that 
he  falsified  the  proverb  which  treated  the  Boeo- 
tians as  boorish  and  stupid.  This  was  the  notion 
commonly  entertained  of  them  ;  and  it  was  im- 
puted to  the  gross  air  of  the  country,  as  the  Athe- 
nian delicacy  of  taste  was  attributed  to  the  sub- 
tlety of  the  air  they  breathed. — Rollin's  Hist., 
Book  12,  ch.  1,  §  7. 

5514.  TASTE  for  Literature.  Alexander.  After 
the  battle  of  Arbela  the  Macedonians  had  found 
among  the  spoils  of  Darius  a  gold  casket  (en- 
riched with  precious  stones),  in  which  the  ex- 
quisite perfumes  used  by  that  prince  were  put ; 
Alexander,  who  was  quite  covered  with  dust,  and 
regardless  of  essences  and  perfumes,  destined 
this  rich  casket  to  hold  Homer's  poems,  which 
he  considered  the  most  perfect  and  the  most 
precious  production  of  the  human  mind.  He  ad- 
mired particularly  the  Iliad,  which  he  called 
"  the  best  provision  for  a  warrior."  He  always 
had  with  him  that  edition  of  Homer  which  Ans- 
totle  had  revised  and  corrected,  and  to  which  the 
title  of  the  "  Edition  of  the  Casket "  was  given  ; 


656 


TAX— TAXATION. 


and  he  laid  it,  with  his  sword,  eve~y  night  under 
his  pillow. — RoLLusr's  Hist.,  Book  15,  §  1. 

5515.  TAX  on  Consumption.  English  Colonies. 
After  two  years'  discussion,  an  act  of  Parlia- 
ment .  .  .  imposed  a  duty  of  ninepence  on  every 
gallon  of  rum,  sixpence  on  every  gallon  of  molas- 
ses, and  five  shillings  on  every  hundred  weight  of 
sugar  imported  from  foreign  colonies  into  any 
of  the  British  plantations.  .  .  .  Duty  on  molasses 
liad  all  the  effect  of  a  prohibition,  and  led  only 
to  clandestine  importations. — Bancroft's  U.  S. 

5516.  TAX,  Enormous.  Henry  VIIL  [In 
1523  Parliament  voted  a  tax  of  two  shillings  on 
a,  pound,  on  the  valuation  of  goods  or  land. 
Goods  valued  at  less  than  twenty  pounds  to  pay 
sixteen  pence  on  a  pound.  And  if  worth  less 
than  forty  shillings,  the  tax  would  be  eight- 
pence.  In  1525  a  subsidy  was  demanded  by  the 
king  without  the  intervention  of  Parliament.] 
Commissioners  were  appointed  to  levy  the  ille- 
gal claim  of  the  sixth  part  of  every  man's  sub- 
stance. .  .  .  The  resistance  was  universal.  [It 
was  not  collected.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  18,  p.  296. 

5517.  TAX,  Excise.  Beign  of  Oeorge  III. 
A.  D.  1763.  [An  excise  on  cider  and  perry  was 
proposed  by  George  Grenville  in  Parliament.] 
The  cider  counties  were  in  a  flame  ;  the  city  of 
London,  proceeding  beyond  all  precedent,  peti- 
tioned commons,  lords,  and  king  against  the 
measure  ;  and  the  cities  of  Exeter  and  Worces- 
ter instructed  their  members  to  oppose  it.  The 
House  of  Lords  divided  upon  it,  and  two  pro- 
tests against  it  appeared  on  the  journals. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  5. 

55 1§.  TAXATION,  Exemption  from.  Clergy. 
{Reign  of  Constantine.]  The  whole  body  of  the 
Catholic  clergy,  more  numerous  perhaps  than 
the  legions,  was  exempted  by  the  emperors  from 
all  service,  private  or  public,  all  municipal  offi- 
ces, and  all  personal  taxes  and  contributions, 
which  pressed  on  their  fellow-citizens  with  in- 
tolerable weight ;  and  the  duties  of  their  holy 
profession  were  accepted  as  a  full  discharge 
of  their  obligations  to  the  republic. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  20,  p.  283. 

5519.  TAXATION  inevitable.  Reign  of  Gale- 
rius.  A  very  minute  survey  appears  to  have 
T)een  taken  of  their  real  estates  ;  and  wherever 
there  was  the  slightest  suspicion  of  concealment, 
torture  was  very  freely  employed  to  obtain  a 
sincere  declaration  of  their  personal  wealth.  .  .  . 
The  conquest  of  Macedonia,  as  we  have  already 
observed,  had  delivered  the  Roman  people  from 
the  weight  of  personal  taxes.  Though  they  had 
experienced  every  form  of  despotism,  they  had 
now  enjoyed  that  exemption  near  five  hundred 
years  ;  nor  could  they  patiently  brook  the  inso- 
lence of  an  Illyrian  peasant,  who,  from  his  dis- 
tant residence  in  Asia,  presumed  to  number 
Rome  among  the  tributary  cities  of  his  empire. 
The  rising  fury  of  the  people  was  encouraged 
by  the  authority,  or  at  least  the  connivance,  of 
the  senate,  and  the  feeble  remains  of  the  Prseto- 
Tian  guards. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  14,  p.  460. 

5520.  TAXATION,  Odious.  Stamp  Act.  [Its 
previsions  were  briefly  these  :]  Every  note,  bond, 
■deed,  mortgage,  lease,  license,  and  legal  docu- 
ouent  of  whatever  sort  required  in  the  colonies 


should,  after  the  first  day  of  the  following  No 
vember,  be  executed  on  paper  bearing  an  English 
stamp.  This  stamped  paper  was  to  be  furnished 
by  the  British  governmenj;,  and  for  each  sheet 
the  colonists  were  required  to  pay  a  sum  vary- 
ing, according  to  the  nature  of  the  document, 
from  threepence  to  six  pounds  sterling.  Every 
colonial  pamphlet,  almanac,  and  newspaper  was 
required  to  be  printed  on  paper  of  the  same  sort, 
the  value  of  the  stamps  in  this  case  ranging  from 
a  half -penny  to  f  ourpence  ;  every  advertisement 
was  taxed  two  shillings.  No  contract  should  be 
of  any  binding  force  unless  written  on  paper 
bearing  the  royal  stamp.  The  news  of  the  hate- 
ful act  swept  over  America  like  a  thundercloud. 
.  .  .  The  muffled  bells  of  Philadelphia  and 
Boston  rung  a  funeral  peal ;  and  the  people  said 
it  was  the  death-knell  of  liberty.  In  New  York 
a  copy  of  the  Stamp  Act  was  carried  through 
the  streets  with  a  death's-head  nailed  to  it,  and  a 
placard  bearing  this  inscription  :  "  The  Folly  of 
England  and  the  Ruin  of  America." — Rid- 
path's  U.  8.,  ch.  37,  p.  289. 

5521.  TAXATION  by  Bepresentatives.  Amer- 
ican Revolution.  The  more  immediate  cause  of 
the  Revolution  was  the  passage  by  Parliament  of 
a  number  of  acts  destructive  of  colonial  liberty. 
These  acts  were  resisted  by  the  colonies,  and  the 
attempt  was  made  by  Great  Britain  to  enforce 
them  with  the  bayonet.  The  subject  of  this  un- 
just legislation,  which  extended  over  a  period  of 
twelve  years  just  preceding  the  war,  was  the 
question  of  taxation.  It  is  a  well-grounded  prin- 
ciple of  English  common  law  that  the  people,  by 
their  representatives  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
have  the  right  of  voting  whatever  taxes  and 
customs  are  necessarj-^  for  the  support  of  the 
kingdom.  The  American  colonists  claimed  the 
full  rights  of  Englishmen.  With  good  reason 
it  was  urged  that  the  general  assemblies  of  colo- 
nies held  the  same  relation  to  the  American  peo- 
ple as  did  the  House  of  Commons  to  the  people 
of  England.  The  English  ministers  replied  that 
Parliament  and  not  the  colonial  assemblies  was 
the  proper  body  to  vote  taxes  in  any  and  all 
parts  of  the  British  empire.  "  But  we  are  not 
represented  in  Parliament,"  was  the  answer  of  the 
Americans  ;  "  the  House  of  Commons  may  there- 
fore justly  assess  taxes  in  England,  but  not  in 
America."  "  Many  of  the  towns,  boroughs,  and 
shires  in  these  British  isles  have  no  representa- 
tives in  Parliament,  and  yet  the  Parliament 
taxes  them,"  replied  the  ministers,  now  driven  to 
sophistry.  ' '  If  any  of  your  towns,  boroughs,  and 
shires  are  not  represented  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, they  ought  to  be,"  was  the  American  re- 
joinder ;  and  there  the  argument  ended.  Such 
were  the  essential  points  of  the  controversy. — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  37,  p.  286. 

5522.  TAXATION  resisted,  Illegal.  New  Hamp- 
shire Colony,  1684.  [Charles  II.  appointed  Ed- 
ward Canfield,  a  notorious  fortune-seeker,  gov- 
ernor, who  expected  a  harvest  of  fines  and  for- 
feitures.] Illegal  taxes  could  not  be  gathered  ; 
associations  were  formed  for  mutual  support  in 
resisting  their  collection.  At  Exeter  the  sheriff 
was  driven  off  with  clubs,  and  the  farmers'  wives 
had  prepared  hot  water  to  scald  his  officer  if  he 
had  attempted  to  attach  property  in  the  hous© 
At  Hampton  he  was  beaten,  robbed  of  his 
sword,  seated  upon  a  horse,  with  a  rope  round 


TAXATION— TAXES. 


65? 


his  neck,  and  conveyed  out  of  the  province.  .  .  . 
Rioters  .  .  .  were  rescued  by  a  new  riot ;  if  .  .  . 
the  militia  were  ordered  out,  not  a  man  obeyed 
the  summons.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  12. 

5523.  TAXATION,  Ruinous.  France.  As  if 
the  protection  of  manufactui-es  needed  restric- 
tions on  the  exchanges  of  the  products  of  the 
earth,  the  withering  prohibition  of  the  export  of 
grain  had  doomed  large  tracts  of  land  to  lie  des- 
olately fallow.  Indirect  taxes,  to  the  number  of 
at  least  ten  thousand,  bringing  with  them  cus- 
tom-houses between  provinces,  and  custom- 
houses on  the  frontier,  and  a  hundred  thousand 
tax-gatherers,  left  little  "to  the  peasant  but 
eyes  to  weep  with."— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  5, 
ch.  2. 

5524.  TAXATION  by  Stamps.  Stamp-tax  in 
Coloiiiea.  Unless  stamps  were  used,  marriages 
would  be  null,  notes  of  hand  valueless,  ships  at 
sea  prizes  to  the  first  captors,  suits  at  law  impos- 
sible, transfers  of  real  estate  invalid,  inheritances 
irreclaimable. — Bancroft's U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  10. 

5525.  TAXES,  Destructive.  Constantine.  To 
these  grievances  may  be  added  the  oppressive 
taxes.  The  word  indiction,  which  serves  to  as- 
certain the  chronology  of  the  middle  ages,  was 
derived  from  the  practice  of  the  emperor's  sign- 
ing with  his  own  hand  an  edict  prescribing  the 
annual  measure  of  tho  tribute  to  be  levied,  and 
the  term  allowed  for  payment  of  it.  The  meas- 
ure or  quantity  was  ascertained  by  a  census,  or 
survey,  made  by  persons  appointed  for  that  pur- 
pose, through  all  the  provinces,  who  measured 
the  lands,  took  account  of  their  nature,  whether 
arable,  pasture,  wood,  or  vineyard,  and  made  an 
estimate  of  their  medium  value,  from  an  average 
produce  of  five  years.  The  numbers  of  slaves 
and  of  cattle  were  likewise  reported,  and  the 
proprietors  were  examined  on  their  oath  as  to 
the  true  state  of  their  affairs.  Part  of  the  trib- 
ute specified  by  the  indiction  was  paid  in  money, 
and  part  in  the  produce  of  the  land  ;  and  so  ex- 
orbitant were  these  taxes,  that  the  husbandmen 
found  it  their  interest  to  let  their  fields  lie  uncul- 
tivated, as  the  burdens  increased  in  a  greater 
proportion  to  the  produce  than  their  profits. 
Hence  the  agriculture  of  the  Roman  provinces 
was  almost  ruined,  and  population,  which  keeps 
pace  with  plenty,  gradually  diminished. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  3,  p.  515. 

5526. .     To  Agriculture.     Malmes- 

bury  writes  thus  of  the  year  1092  :  "  On  account 
of  the  heavy  tribute  which  the  king  [William 
II.],  while  in  Normandy,  had  levied,  agriculture 
failed ;  of  which  failure  the  immediate  conse- 
quence was  a  famine.  This  also  gaining  ground, 
a  mortality  ensued,  so  general  that  the  dying 
wanted  attendance  and  the  dead  burial."  [The 
king  had  taken  all  the  stores  for  seeding  the 
following  year.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  16, 
p.  225. 

5527.  TAXES,  Disturbances  from,  France. 
[When  Anne  of  Austria  held  the  regency  of 
France,  she  replenished  her  empty  treasury  by 
levying  a]  tax  upon  all  articles  of  merchandise 
brought  for  sale  to  the  capital,  whether  by  land 
or  water,  levied  indiscriminately  upon  all  classes  ; 
and  it  is  curious  that  this  impost,  less  open  to 
objection  than  others  on  the  score  of  equity, 
should  have  been  the  proximate  cause  of  the  vio- 


lent disturbances  which  followed. — Students'     . 
France,  ch.  20,  ^  5. 

552§.  TAXES  legislated.  British.  That  the 
king  could  not  impose  taxes  without  the  consent 
of  Parliament  is  admitted  to  have  been,  from 
time  immemorial,  a  fundamental  law  of  Eng- 
land. It  was  among  the  articles  which  John 
was  compelled  by  the  barons  to  sign.  Edward 
I.  ventured  to  break  through  the  rule ;  but 
able,  powerful,  and  popular  as  he  was,  he  en- 
countered an  opposition  to  which  he  found  it 
expedient  to  yield.  He  covenanted  according- 
ly, in  express  terms,  for  himself  and  his  heirs^ 
that  they  would  never  again  levy  any  aid  with- 
out the  assent  and  good-will  of  the  estates  of 
the  realm.  His  powerful  and  victorious  grand- 
son attempted  to  violate  this  solemn  compact  j 
but  the  attempt  was  strenuously  withstood.  At 
length  the  Plantagenets  gave  up  the  point  ir^ 
despair. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1,  p.  29. 

5529.  TAXES,  Merciless.  Agriculture.  Ead- 
ner  relates  that  in  the  merciless  taxation  of  that 
reign  [of  Henry  I.]  the  very  doors  were  taken  off 
the  houses  when  the  people  could  no  longer  pay  ; 
and  another  contemporary  writer  says  that  a 
troop  of  unhappy  cultivators  came,  on  one  oc- 
casion, to  the  king's  palace,  and  threw  down  their 
ploughshares  at  his  feet,  for  the  capital  was  ex- 
hausted which  alone  could  set  the  ploughs  at 
work. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  17,  p.  247. 

5530.  TAXES  multiplied.  Romans  in  Britain. 
The  great  "procurator,"  or  revenue  officer,  of 
the  province  had  his  subordinates  in  every  city 
to  look  after  the  "curiales"  [official  persons  of 
landed  property,  residing  within  city  walls] ,  and 
to  take  special  care  that  no  lenity  interfered  with 
the  rigid  collection  of  the  poll-tax,  the  funeral- 
tax,  the  auction-tax,  the  tax  on  the  sale  of  slaves, 
the  tithe  of  mining  produce,  and  the  tribute  of 
corn,  hay,  and  cattle.  Sometimes  the  levy  wa» 
just ;  often  it  was  frightfully  oppressive.  .  .  . 
The  curia  were  bound  to  collect  what  was  im- 
posed, and  were  responsible  for  any  deficiency. 
[Date  about  a.d.  300.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol  1,, 
ch.  3,  p.  45. 

5531.  TAXES,  Odious.  Reign  of  Charles  11. 
The  tax  on  chimneys,  though  less  productive^ 
raised  far  louder  murmurs.  The  discontent  ex- 
cited by  direct  imposts  is,  indeed,  almost  always- 
out  of  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  money  which 
they  bring  into  the  Exchequer  ;  and  the  tax  on> 
chimneys  was,  even  among  direct  imposts,  pe- 
culiarly odious,  for  it  could  be  levied  only  by 
means  of  domiciliary  visits,  and  of  such  visits- 
the  English  have  always  been  impatient  to  a  de- 
gree which  the  people  of  other  countries  can  but 
faintly  conceive.  The  poorer  householders  were 
frequently  unable  to  pay  their  hearth  money  to 
the  day.  When  this  happened,  their  furniture 
was  distrained  without  mercy  ;  for  the  tax  was 
farmed  ;  and  a  farmer  of  taxes  is,  of  all  creditors, 
proverbially  the  most  rapacious.  The  collectors 
were  loudly  accused  of  performing  their  unpop- 
ular duty  with  harshness  and  insolence.  It  was 
said  that,  as  soon  as  they  appeared  at  the  thresh- 
old of  a  cottage,  the  children  began  to  wail,  and 
the  old  women  ran  to  hide  their  earthen  ware. 
Nay,  the  single  bed  of  a  poor  family  had  some- 
times been  carried  away  and  sold.  The  net  an- 
nual receipt  from  this  tax  was  £200,000. — Ma^^ 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  268. 


658 


TAXES— TEACHER. 


5533.  TAXES,  Oppressive.  Roman.  The  Ro- 
man tax,  or  capitation,  on  the  proprietors  of 
land  would  have  suffered  a  rich  and  numerous 
class  of  free  citizens  to  escape.  With  the  view 
of  sharing  that  species  of  wealth  which  is  derived 
from  art  or  labor,  and  which  exists  in  money 
or  in  merchandise,  the  emperors  imposed  a  dis- 
tinct and  personal  tribute  on  the  trading  part  of 
their  subjects.  Some  exemptions,  very  strictly 
confined  both  in  time  and  place,  were  allowed  to 
the  proprietors  who  disposed  of  the  produce  of 
their  own  estates.  Some  indulgence  was  grant- 
ed to  the  profession  of  the  liberal  arts  ;  but  ev- 
ery other  branch  of  commercial  industry  was  af- 
fected by  the  severity  of  the  law.  The  honora- 
ble merchant  of  Alexandria,  who  imported  the 
gems  and  spices  of  India  for  the  use  of  the  west- 
ern world  ;  the  usurer,  who  derived  from  the  in- 
sterest  of  money  a  silent  and  ignominious  profit ; 
the  ingenious  manufacturer,  the  diligent  mechan- 
ic, and  even  the  most  obscure  retailer  of  a  se- 
questered village,  were  obliged  to  admit  the  of- 
ficers of  the  revenue  into  the  partnership  of  their 
gain  ;  and  the  sovereign  of  the  Roman  empire, 
who  tolerated  the  profession,  consented  to  share 
the  infamous  salary  of  public  prostitutes.  As 
this  general  tax  upon  industry  was  collected  ev- 
ery fourth  year,  it  was  styled  the  Lustral  Gontn- 
bution  ;  and  the  historian  Zosimus  laments  that 
the  approach  of  the  fatal  period  was  announced 
by  the  tears  and  terrors  of  the  citizens,  who  were 
often  compelled  by  the  impending  scourge  to  em- 
brace the  most  abhorred  and  unnatural  meth- 
ods of  procuring  the  sum  at  which  their  prop- 
erty had  been  assessed. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  17, 
p.  149. 

5533. .     New    York.      "When  the 

Swedes,  naturally  a  quiet  and  submissive  people, 
resisted  the  actions  of  the  government,  they  were 
visited  with  additional  severity.  If  there  is  any 
more  murmuring  against  the  taxes,  make  them 
«o  heavy  that  the  people  can  do  nothing  but 
think  how  to  pay  them,  said  Lovelace  [the 
second  Governor  of  New  York]  in  his  instruc- 
tions to  his  deputy. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  20, 
p.  173. 

5534.  TAXES,  Bebellion  against.  Duty  on 
Gloih.  [In  1381  a]  bloody  riot  took  place  at  Rou- 
en, in  consequence  of  the  proposal  of  a  new  duty 
upon  cloth ;  the  burghers  rushed  to  arms,  and 
having  proclaimed  a  wealthy  clothier  King  of 
Rouen,  insisted  on  his  issuing  an  edict  repealing 
the  tax,  and  holding  up  the  ofl5cers  of  the  rev- 
enue to  public  execration.  The  unfortunate  col- 
lectors were  plundered,  insulted,  and  violently 
driven  from  the  city  ;  an  attack  was  next  made 
upon  the  castle,  in  which  the  governor  was  kill- 
ed ;  the  clergy  were  also  assaulted  and  maltreat- 
ed. ..  .  The  chief  authors  of  the  revolt  were 
executed,  and  the  duty  upon  cloth  was  levied  by 
threats  and  force.  .  .  ,  Emboldened  by  this  suc- 
cess, the  court  attempted  to  enforce  at  Paris  an 
excise-duty  upon  produce  exposed  for  sale  in  the 
markets.  The  step  was  energetically  resisted ; 
the  popular  wrath  exploded  at  once,  and  the  cap- 
ital was  in  full  insurrection.  ...  No  sooner  had 
the  ferment  subsided  than  arrests  were  made  in 
every  part  of  Paris,  and  the  wretched  prisoners, 
without  any  public  condemnation,  were  dis- 
patched by  a  secret  and  odious  mode  of  execu- 
4ion — they  were  inclosed  in  sacks,  and  thrown 


at  dead  of  night  into  the  Seine.— Students' 
France,  ch.  11,  §  1. 

5535.  TAXES,  Ruinous.  France,  a.  D.  1774. 
[Reign  of  Louis  XVI.]  The  annual  expenses 
largely  exceeded  the  revenue,  and  extortions  to 
meet  the  deficit  fell  on  the  humble  and  the  weak. 
Yet  the  chief  financial  officers  grew  enormously 
rich.  .  .  .  The  land  tax,  the  poll  tax,  the  best 
tithes  of  the  produce  for  the  priest,  twentieths, 
military  service,  taxes  on  consumption,  labor  on 
the  highways,  crushed  the  pea.santry.  The  in- 
direct taxes  were  farmed  out  to  commissioners, 
who  had  power  to  enforce  extortionate  demands 
by  summarily  sending  demurrers  to  the  galleys 
or  the  scaffold.  — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  7,  ch.  7. 

5536.  TEACHEB  punished.  The.  By  Scholars. 
A  schoolmaster,  designing  to  betray  the  Fale- 
rians  by  means  of  their  children,  took  them  every 
day  out  of  the  city  to  exercise,  keeping  pretty 
close  to  the  walls  at  first,  and  when  their  exer- 
cise was  over  led  them  in  again.  By  degrees  he 
took  them  out  farther,  accustoming  them  to  di- 
vert themselves  freely,  as  if  they  had  nothing  to 
fear.  At  last,  having  got  them  altogether,  he 
brought  them  to  the  Roman  advanced  guard,  and 
delivered  them  up  to  be  carried  to  Camillus. 
When  he  came  into  his  presence,  he  said  he 
was  the  schoolmaster  of  Falerii,  but  preferring 
his  favor  to  the  obligations  of  duty,  he  came  to 
deliver  up  those  children  to  him,  and  in  them 
the  whole  city.  This  action  appeared  very 
shocking  to  Camillus,  and  he  said  to  those  that 
were  by,  "  War  at  best  is  a  savage  thing,  and 
wades  through  a  sea  of  violence  and  injustice  ; 
yet  even  war  itself  has  its  laws,  which  men  of 
honor  will  not  depart  from  ;  nor  do  they  so  pur- 
sue victoiy  as  to  avail  themselves  of  acts  of  vil- 
lainy and  baseness.  For  a  great  general  should 
only  rely  on  his  own  virtue,  and  not  upon  the 
treachery  of  others."  Then  he  ordered  the  lie- 
tors  to  tear  off  the  wretch's  clothes,  to  tie  his 
hands  behind  him,  and  furnish  the  boys  with 
rods  and  scourges,  to  punish  the  traitor,  and 
whip  him  into  the  city. — Plutarch. 

5537.  TEACHEB,  Belation  of.  Aristotle.  [King 
Philip  secured  him  to  be  the  teacher  of  young 
Alexander.  See  No.  3589.]  Alexander  likewise 
discovered  no  less  esteem  for  his  master,  whom 
he  believed  himself  bound  to  love  as  much  as  if 
he  had  been  his  father,  declaring  that  he  was 
indebted  to  the  one  for  living,  and  to  the  other 
for  living  well.  The  progress  of  the  pupil  was 
equal  to  the  care  and  abilities  of  the  preceptor. 
He  grew  passionately  fond  of  philosophy,  and 
learned  the  several  branches  of  it,  but  with  the 
discrimination  suitable  to  his  birth.  Aristotle 
endeavored  to  improve  his  judgment  by  laying 
down  sure  and  certain  rules,  by  which  he  might 
distinguish  just  and  solid  reasoning  from  what 
is  merely  specious,  and  by  accustoming  him  to 
separate  in  discourse  all  such  parts  as  only 
dazzle  from  those  which  are  truly  solid,  and 
should  constitute  its  whole  value. — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  15,  §1. 

553§.  TEACHEB,  Besnonsibility  of.  Philip  oj 
Macedon.  His  queen  Olympias  .  .  .  was  deliv- 
ered ...  of  a  son,  Alexander,  justly  denomi- 
nated the  Great.  On  this  event,  Philip  wrote  to 
the  philosopher  Aristotle  in  these  emphatic 
words,  truly  worthy  of  a  king  :  ' '  Know  that  a 
son  is  born  to  us.     We  thank  the  gods,  first,  for 


TEACHER— TEMPERANCE. 


659 


their  excellent  gift,  and,  secondly,  that  it  is  be- 
.stowed  in  the  age  of  Aristotle,  who,  we  trust, 
will  render  him  a  son  worthy  of  his  father,  and 
^  prince  worthy  of  Macedonia." — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  3,  p.  170. 

5539.  TEACHEE,  Value  of.  To  Alexander.  I 
do  not  know  whether  any  prince  in  the  world 
had  a  nobler  education  than  Alexander.  He 
was  very  conversant  in  eloquence,  poetry,  polite 
learning,  the  whole  circle  of  arts,  and  the  most 
abstracted  and  most  sublime  sciences.  How 
happy  was  he  in  meeting  with  so  great  a  precep- 
tor !  None  but  an  Aristotle  was  fit  for  an  Alex- 
ander. I  am  overjoyed  to  find  the  disciple  pay 
.so  illustrious  a  testimony  of  respect  to  his  mas- 
ter, by  declaring  he  was  more  indebted  to  him  in 
-one  sense  than  to  his  father.  A  man  who  thinks 
and  speaks  in  this  manner  must  be  fully  sensi- 
ble of  the  great  advantages  of  a  good  education. 
— Rollin's  Hist.  ,  Book  15,  §  19. 

5540.  TEACHEES,  Pay  of.  AtJienian.  The 
Athenian  professors  were  paid  by  their  disciples, 
:according  to  their  mutual  wants  and  abilities  ; 
the  price  appears  to  have  varied  from  a  mina  to 
&  talent ;  and  Isocrates  himself,  who  derides  the 
avarice  of  the  sophists,  required,  in  his  school  of 
rhetoric,  about  £30  from  each  of  his  hundred 
pupils.  The  wages  of  industry  are  just  and  hon- 
<orable,  yet  the  same  Isocrates  shed  tears  at  the 
first  receipt  of  a  stipend  ;  the  Stoic  might  blush 
when  he  was  hired  to  preach  the  contempt  of 
money  ;  and  I  should  be  sorry  to  discover  that 
Aristotle  or  Plato  so  far  degenerated  from  the 
example  of  Socrates  as  to  exchange  knowledge 
for  gold.  But  some  property  of  lands  and 
houses  was  settled  by  the  permission  of  the  laws, 
and  the  legacies  of  deceased  friends,  on  the 
philosophic  chairs  of  Athens.  Epicurus  be- 
queathed to  his  disciples  the  gardens  which  he 
had  purchased  for  eighty  minae,  or  £250,  with  a 
fund  sufficient  for  their  frugal  subsistence  and 
monthly  festivals,  and  the  patrimony  of  Plato 
afforded  an  annual  rent,  which,  in  eight  cen- 
turies, was  gradually  increased  from  three  to 
•one  thousand  pieces  of  gold. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
<;h.  40,  p.  106. 

5541.  TECHNICALITIES,  Strenuous  for.  Abra- 
ham Lincoln.   "  Judge ,"  said  he,  "held  the 

•strongest  ideas  of  rigid  government  and  close 
construction  that  I  ever  met.  It  was  said  of  him 
on  one  occasion  that  he  would  hang  a  man  for 
blowing  his  nose  in  the  street,  but  he  would 
quash  the  indictment  if  it  failed  to  specify  which 
Jiand  he  blew  with."  —  Raymond's  LiNCOiiN, 
p.  754. 

5542.  TELEGEAPH,  Value  of.  Treaty  of 
Ghent.  On  the  18th  of  February  the  treaty  was 
ratified  by  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  and 
peace  was  publicly  proclaimed.  It  was  in  the 
interim  between  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty  and 
the  reception  of  the  news  in  the  United  States 
that  the  battle  of  New  Orleans  was  fought.  A 
telegram  would  have  saved  all  the  bloodshed. — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  51,  p.  414. 

5543.  TEMPEE,  Command  of.  Themistocles. 
Eurybiades  said  :  "  Do  not  you  know,  Themis- 
tocles, that  in  the  public  games  such  as  rise  up 
before  their  turn  are  chastised  for  it  ?"  "  Yes," 
answered  Themistocles ;  "yet  such  as  are  left 
i)ehind  never  gain  the  crown."    Eurvbiades, 


upon  this,  lifting  up  his  staff,  as  if  he  intended 
to  strike  him,  Themistocles  said  :  "  Strike  if  you 
please,  but  hear  me."  The  Lacedaemonians,  ad- 
miring his  command  of  temper,  bade  him  speak 
what  he  had  to  say. — Plutarch's  Themisto- 
cles. 

5544.  TEMPEEAMENT,  Changeful.  Henry  II. 
[Henry  II.]  is   described  as   a    lamb  when  in 
good  humor,  but  a  lion  or  worse  than  a  lion 
when  seriously  angry. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1 
ch.  19,  p.  279. 

5545.  TEMPEEANCE,  Allies  of.  Tea  and 
Coffee.  While  tea  and  coffee  were  taxed  in 
their  liquid  state,  and  families  sent  to  the  coffee- 
house for  a  quart  of  the  precious  infusions,  it 
was  observed  excess  in  drinking,  especially 
about  London,  was  somewhat  lessened  through 
their  use. — Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  5,  ch.  3,  p.  38. 

5546.  TEMPEEANCE  of  Athletes.  Grecian. 
Those  who  were  designed  for  this  profession  fre- 
quented, from  their  most  tender  age,  the  Gym- 
nasia or  Palaestrae,  which  were  a  kind  of  acade- 
mies maintained  for  that  purpose  at  the  public 
expense.  In  these  places,  such  young  people 
were  under  the  direction  of  different  masters, 
who  employed  the  most  effectual  methods  to 
inure  their  bodies  for  the  fatigues  of  the  public 
games,  and  to  train  them  for  the  combats.  The 
regimen  they  were  under  was  very  hard  and 
severe.  At  first  they  had  no  other  nourishment 
than  dried  figs,  nuts,  soft  cheese,  and  a  coarse 
heavy  sort  of  bread,  called  fiaZ,a.  They  were  ab- 
solutely forbidden  the  use  of  wine,  and  enjoined 
continence. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  10,  ch.  3, 
p.  424. 

5547.  TEMPEEANCE,  Beginning  in.  Firat 
Organization.  The  earliest  organization  to  stem 
the  torrent  of  intemperance  in  this  republic 
would  seem  to  have  been  that  of  "  The  Temper- 
ate Society  of  Moreau  and  Northumberland" 
(Saratoga  Co.,  N.  Y.),  which  was  instigated  by 
Dr.  B.  J.  Clark,  of  Moreau,  in  March,  1808,  and 
constituted  by  the  signature  of  forty -three  mem- 
bers, mainly  substantial  farmers  of  the  two 
towns  named.  Their  constitution  stipulated  that 
"No  member  shall  drink  rum,  gin,  whiskey, 
wine,  or  any  distilled  spirits,  or  compositions  of 
the  same,  or  any  of  them,  except  by  the  advice 
of  a  physician,  or  in  case  of  actual  disease  (also 
excepting  wine  at  public  dinners),  under  penalty 
of  twenty -five  cents.  Provided,  that  this  article 
shall  not  infringe  on  any  religious  ordinance." 
And  further,  that  "  No  member  shall  be  intoxi- 
cated under  penalty  of  fifty  cents."  And  again: 
"No  member  shall  offer  any  of  said  liquors  to 
any  other  member,  or  urge  any  other  person  to 
drink  thereof,  under  penalty  of  twenty-five  cents 
for  each  offence." — Appleton's  Cyclopedia, 
"Abstinence." 

5548.  TEMPEEANCE,  German.  Respected..  It 
was  not  enough  to  have  driven  the  Germans  out 
of  Gaul.  Caesar  respected  their  character.  Head- 
mired  their  abstinence  from  wine,  their  courage, 
their  frugal  habits,  and  their  pure  morality.  But 
their  virtues  made  them  only  more  dangerous ; 
and  he  desired  to  show  them  that  the  Roman  arm 
was  long  and  could  reach  them  even  in  their 
own  homes. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  16,  p.  39. 

5549.  TEMPEEANCE  and  Justice.  King 
Philip.    Philip,  rising  from  an  entertainment  at 


660 


TEMPERANCE. 


"which  he  had  sitten  several  hours,  was  addressed 
by  a  woman,  who  begged  him  to  examine  her 
cause,  and  to  hear  several  reasons  she  had  to  al- 
lege, which  were  not  pleasing  to  him.  He  ac- 
cordingly heard  it,  and  gave  sentence  against 
her  ;  upon  which  she  replied  very  calmly  :  "  I 
appeal."  "How!"  says  Philip,  "from  your 
king?  To  whom,  then  ?"  "  To  Philip  when  fast- 
ing," replied  the  woman.  The  manner  in  which 
he  received  this  answer  would  do  honor  to  the 
most  sober  prince.  He  gave  the  cause  a  second 
hearing,  acknowledged  the  injustice  of  his  sen- 
tence, and  condemned  himself  to  make  amends 
for  it. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  14,  §  7. 

5550.  TEMPERANCE  by  Legislation.  Spar- 
tans. Particular  care  was  taken  to  educate  the 
youth  according  to  the  laws  and  manners  of  the 
country,  in  order  that,  by  being  early  engrafted 
into  them,  and  confirmed  by  long  habitude,  they 
might  become,  as  it  were,  a  second  nature.  The 
hard  and  sober  manner  in  which  they  were 
brought  up  inspired  them  during  the  rest  of 
their  lives  with  a  natural  taste  for  frugality  and 
temperance  that  distinguished  them  from  all 
other  nations,  and  wonderfully  adapted  them  to 
support  the  fatigues  of  war.  Plato  observes 
that  this  salutary  custom  had  banished  from 
Sparta  and  all  the  territory  dependent  upon  it 
drunkenness,  debauchery,  and  all  the  disorders 
that  ensue  from  them  ;  insomuch  that  it  was  a 
crime  punishable  by  law  to  drink  wine  to  excess 
even  in  the  Bacchanalia,  which  everywhere  else 
were  days  of  license,  and  on  which  whole  cities 
gave  themselves  up  to  the  last  excesses. — Rol- 
lin's Hist.,  Book  10,  ch.  1,  §  1. 

5551.  TEMFEBANCE,  Legislation  against. 
First  Congress.  The  manufacture  of  glass  had 
been  started  in  Maryland,  and  the  members  from 
that  State  secured  a  duty  on  the  foreign  article 
after  considerable  discussion,  and  with  the  signifi- 
cant reservation,  in  deference  to  popular  habits, 
that  "  black  quart  bottles"  should  be  admitted 
free. — Blaine's  Twenty  Years,  ch.  9,  p.  184. 

5552.  TEMPERANCE  by  Legislation.  Eng- 
land, 1736.  A  petition  against  the  excessive  use 
of  spirituous  liquors  was  presented  to  the  House 
of  Commons  from  the  justices  of  the  peace  for 
Middlesex.  The  drinking  of  Geneva  [gin],  it 
was  alleged,  had  excessively  increased  among 
the  people  of  inferior  rank  ;  the  constant  and 
excessive  use  of  distilled  spirituous  liquors  had 
already  destroyed  thousands,  and  rendered  great 
numbei-s  of  others  unfit  for  labor,  debauching 
their  morals,  and  driving  them  into  every  vice. 
[A  tax  of  20«.  a  gallon  was  laid  on  gin,  and  every 
retailer  was  required  to  take  out  an  annual 
license  costing  £50.  The  measure  was  opposed 
by  the  government,  because  it  would  reduce  the 
revenue  by  reducing  the  consumption.  It  was 
opposed  because  it  was  a  sumptuary  law.]  Yet 
the  magnitude  of  the  evil  certainly  warranted 
some  strong  legislative  measure.  It  was  stated 
that  within  the  bills  of  mortality  there  were 
twenty  thousand  houses  for  retailing  spirituous 
liquors.  Sudden  deaths  from  excessive  gin- 
drinking  were  continually'  reported  in  the  news- 
papers. The  bill  was  passed,  and  to  come  into 
operation  after  the  29th  of  Sept.  On  that  day 
the  signs  of  the  liquor-shops  were  put  in  mourn- 
ing. Hooting  mobs  were  assembled  around  the 
dens  where  they  could  no  longer  get  "  drunk 


for  a  penny  and  dead-drunk  for  twopence." 
The  last  rag  was  pawned  to  carry  oflE  a  cheap- 
quart  or  gallon  of  the  beloved  liquor.  The  act 
was  evaded.  Hawkers  sold  a  colored  mixture  in 
the  streets,  and  pretended  chemists  opened  shops 
for  the  sale  of  "  Cholick-water."  Fond,  playful 
names,  such  as  "Tom  Row,"  "Make-shift," 
"  The  Ladies'  Delight,"  "  The  Baulk,"  attracted 
customers  to  the  old  haunts.  Informers  were 
rolled  in  the  mud,  or  pumped  upon,  or  thrown 
into  the  Thames.  It  became  necessary  in  1743, 
when  the  consumption  of  gin  had  positive- 
ly increased,  to  reduce  the  excessive  duty. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  5,  p.  78. 

5553. .  Against  the  Poor.  [Parlia- 
ment passed  an  act  in  1606]  for  repressing  the 
odious  vice  of  drunkenness,  which  vice  was 
described  as  the  overthrow  of  many  good  arts 
and  manual  trades,  the  disabling  of  divers  work- 
men, and  the  general  impoverishing  of  many 
good  subjects.  [The  statute  was  directed  against 
the  sins  of  the  humble.  The  fine  of  a  convicted 
di-unkard  was  five  shillings.  The  king  and  his 
court  set  the  example  by  their  intemperance,  but 
their  only  fine  was  the  odium  of  public  opinioa 
directed  against  them.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  22,  p.  339. 

5554.  TEMPERANCE,  Mechanical.  "  Pegs  in 
Cup."  The  interference  of  [St.Dunstan]  the  arch- 
bishop with  the  social  customs  of  the  people 
is  one  of  the  stories  told  to  his  honor.  They 
were  in  the  habit  of  quarrelling  about  the  quan- 
tity that  each  man  should  drink  out  of  the  com- 
mon cup  ;  and  he  enacted  that  pegs  should  be 
put  in  the  vessels,  that  no  thirsty  soul  should 
take  more  than  his  just  proportion.  [He  was. 
prime-minister  to  King  Edgar,  a.d.  958-975.} 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch  10,  p.  146. 

5555.  TEMPERANCE  and  Politics.  John  Locke, 
[William  III.  offered  him  a  mission  to  Branden- 
burg, which  he  declined.]  "  If  I  have  reason  ta 
apprehend  the  cold  air  of  the  country,  there  is  yet 
another  thing  in  it  as  inconsistent  with  my  con- 
stitution, and  that  is  their  warm  drinking.  .  .  . 
I  imagine,  whatever  I  may  do  there  myself,  the 
knowing  what  others  are  doing  is  at  least  one 
half  of  my  business,  and  I  know  no  such  rack  in 
the  world  to  draw  out  men's  thoughts  as  a  well- 
managed  bottle.  If,  therefore,  it  were  fit  for  me 
to  advise  in  this  case,  I  should  think  it  more  for 
the  king's  interest  to  send  a  man  of  equal  part* 
that  could  drink  his  share  than  the  soberest  man 
in  the  kingdom." — Fowler's  Locke,  ch.  4. 

5556.  TEMPERANCE  possible.  Prohibition. 
[In  1652  the  House  of  Commons  voted  that  no 
wines  should  be  imported  into  the  common- 
wealth. The  French  minister  told  the  council 
"  they  could  not  do  without  our  wines."  They 
answered  him  jocosely  that  men  soon  got  ac- 
customed to  anything  ;  and  that  as  they  had,^ 
without  inconvenience,  dispensed  with  a  king, 
contrary  to  the  general  belief,  so  they  could 
also  dispense  with  French  wines.] — Knight's? 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  10,  p.  152. 

5557.  TEMPERANCE,  Practical.  Napoleon  I. 
The  emperor  and  empress  usually  dined  alone. 
The  dinner  consisted  of  but  one  course,  pro- 
longed by  the  dessert.  The  only  wine  he  drank 
was  a  light  French  wine  mingled  with  water. 
Ardent  spirits  he  never  drank.    The  dinner  usa- 


TEMPERANCE— TEMPTATION. 


661 


;ally  lasted  not  more  than  twenty  minutes. — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  29. 

555§.  TEMPEEANCE  by  Prohibition.  London. 
In  the  statutes  of  London  [a.d.  1290]  "it  is 
enjoined  that .  .  .  after  curfew  bell  tolled  .  .  . 
none  keep  a  tavern  open  for  wine  or  ale." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  25,  p.  386. 

5559.  TEMPEEANCE  by  Eeaction.  Lacedce- 
moniam.  Anachonis,  the  philosopher,  being 
asked  by  what  means  a  man  might  best  guard 
against  the  vice  of  drunkenness,  answered,  "  By 
bearing  constantly  in  his  view  the  loathsome,  in- 
decent behavior  of  such  as  are  intoxicated." 
Upon  this  principle  was  founded  the  custom  of 
the  LacedfEmonians,  of  exposing  their  di'unken 
slaves  to  their  children,  who  by  that  means  con- 
ceived an  early  aversion  to  a  vice  which  makes 
men  appear  so  monstrous  and  irrational. 

5560. .  Young  Cyrus.  [Young  Cy- 
rus visited  his  grandfather  Astyages,  the  king 
of  the  Medes,  and  playfully  served  as  a  cup-bear- 
er.] Astyages  embraced  him  with  great  fond- 
ness, and  said.  "  I  am  mighty  well  pleased,  my 
dear  child  ;  nobody  can  serve  me  with  a  better 
grace  ;  but  you  have  forgotten  one  essential  cere- 
mony, which  is  that  of  tasting."  And  indeed  the 
cup-bearer  was  used  to  pour  some  of  the  liquor 
into  his  left  hand,  and  to  taste  it,  before  he  pre- 
sented it  to  the  king.  "  No,"  replied  Cyrus,  "  it 
is  not  through  forgetfulness  that  I  omitted  that 
ceremony."  "  Why,  then,"  said  Astyages,  "for 
what  reason  did  you  do  it  ?"  "  Because  I  appre- 
hended there  was  poison  in  the  liquor."  "  Poi- 
.son,  child  !  How  could  you  think  so  ?"  "  Yes, 
poison,  papa  ;  for  not  long  ago,  at  an  entertain- 
ment you  gave  to  the  lords  of  your  court,  after 
the  guests  had  drunk  a  little  of  that  liquor,  I  per- 
"Ceived  all  their  heads  were  turned — they  sung, 
made  a  noise,  and  talked  they  did  not  know 
what ;  you  yourself  seemed  to  have  forgotten  that 
j'ou  were  king,  and  they  that  they  were  subjects  ; 
and  when  you  would  have  danced,  you  could 
not  stand  upon  your  legs."  "  Why,"  says  Asty- 
ages," have  you  never  seen  the  same  thing  hap- 
pen to  your  father  ?"  "  No,  never,"  says  Cyrus. 
"  How  is  it  with  him  when  he  drinks  ?"  "  Why, 
when  he  has  drunk,  his  thirst  is  quenched,  and 
that's  all." — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  1,  §  2. 

5561.  TEMPEEANCE  Eeformation.  Father 
Mathew.  Those  unexpected  scenes  at  Limerick 
decided  Father  Mathew's  future  career.  He  be- 
came the  Apostle  of  Temperance.  In  some  of 
the  densely  peopled  counties  of  Ireland  he  ad- 
ministered the  pledge  to  fifty  thousand  persons 
a  day  for  some  days  together.  Three  millions  of 
^he  people  of  Ireland,  it  is  computed,  vowed 
%emselves  to  total  abstinence  in  his  presence  ; 
Hnd  in  America  his  success  was  not  less  aston- 
ishing.— Cyclopedia  op  Bigg.,  p.  112. 

5562.  TEMPEEANCE,  Eeligious.  Mahomet. 
'The  interdiction  of  wine,  peculiar  to  some  orders 
•of  priests  or  hermits,  is  converted  by  Mahomet 

alone  into  a  positive  and  general  law  ;  and  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  globe  has  abjured,  at  his 
command,  the  use  of  that  salutary  though  dan- 
gerous liquor.  These  painful  restraints  are, 
doubtless,  infringed  by  the  libertine  and  elud- 
•ed  by  the  hypocrite. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  50, 
p.  116. 


5563.  TEMPEEANCE,  Standard  of.  Washing- 
ton. He  dressed  and  dined  at  three.  At  this 
meal  he  ate  heartily.  ...  He  partook  sparingly 
of  dessert,  drank  a  home-made  beverage,  and 
from  four  to  five  glasses  of  Madeira  wine.  When 
the  cloth  was  removed,  with  old-fashioned  cour- 
tesy he  drank  to  the  health  of  every  person 
present,  and  then  gave  his  toast — his  only  toast 
— "  All  our  friends." — CcsTts'  Washington, 
vol.  1,  ch.  2. 

5564.  TEMPEEANCE,  Strict.  Mohammedans. 
[Under  Abubeker,  the  reformer.]  The  abuse,  or 
even  the  use,  of  wine  was  chastised  by  fourscore 
strokes  on  the  soles  of  the  feet,  and,  in  the  fervor 
of  their  primitive  zeal,  many  secret  sinners  re- 
vealed their  fault,  and  solicited  their  punish- 
ment.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  190. 

5565.  TEMPLE,  Furniture  of  the.  Jewish. 
The  holy  instruments  of  the  Jewish  worship, 
the  gold  table  and  the  gold  candlestick  with 
seven  branches,  originally  framed  according  to 
the  particular  instructions  of  God  Himself,  and 
which  were  placed  in  the  sanctuary  of  His  tem- 
ple, had  been  ostentatiously  displayed  to  the  Ro- 
man people  in  the  triumph  of  Titus.  They  were 
afterward  deposited  in  the  temple  of  Peace  ;  and 
at  the  end  of  four  hundred  years  the  spoils  of  Je- 
rusalem were  transferred  from  Rome  to  Carthage 
by  a  Barbarian  who  derived  his  origin  from  the 
shores  of  the  Baltic. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  36, 
p.  464. 

5566.  TEMPTATION  dismissed.  Martyr  Hoc- 
per.  [After  Hooper's  condemnation,  the  ru- 
mor went  forth  that  the  fear  of  death  had  pre- 
vailed over  his  constancy.  He  wrote  a  letter  to 
rebut  such  rumors,  and  made  this  affirmation 
therein :]  "I  have  taught  the  truth  with  my 
tongue  and  with  my  pen  heretofore,  and  here- 
after shall  shortly  confirm  the  same,  by  God's 
grace,  with  my  blood."  .  .  .  When,  at  the 
stake,  he  listened  to  the  bitter  laments  of  the 
common  people,  who  greatly  loved  him  ;  a  par- 
don was  offered  him  if  he  would  recant ;  but  he 
exclaimed,  "  If  you  love  my  soul,  take  it  away." 
When  he  was  fastened  by  hoops  of  iron  to  the 
stake,  he  said  the  trouble  was  needless,  for  God 
would  give  him  strength  to  abide  the  extremity 
of  the  fire  without  bands.  His  sufferings  were 
of  the  most  lingering  nature  ;  but  he  remained 
calm  and  still  to  the  last,  and  while  flames 
were  slowly  consuming  him,  died  as  quietly. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  3,  ch.  6. 

5567.  TEMPTATION,  Intentional.  Samuel 
Johnson.  There  is  a  very  good  story  told  of  Sir 
Godfrey  Kneller,  in  his  character  of  a  justice  of 
the  peace.  A  gentleman  brought  his  servant 
before  him,  upon  an  accusation  of  having  stolen 
some  money  from  him  ;  but  it  having  come  out 
that  he  had  laid  it  purposely  in  the  servant's 
way,  in  order  to  try  his  honesty.  Sir  Godfrey 
sent  the  master  to  prison.  Johnson:  "  To  re- 
sist temptation  once  is  not  a  sufficient  proof  of 
honesty.  If  a  servant,  indeed,  were  to  resist  the 
continued  temptation  of  silver  lying  in  a  win- 
dow, as  some  people  let  it  lie,  when  he  is  sure 
his  master  does  not  know  how  much  there  is  of 
it,  he  would  give  a  strong  proof  of  honesty. 
But  this  is  a  proof  to  which  you  have  no  right 
to  put  a  man.  You  know,  humanly  speaking 
there  is  a  certain  degree  of  temptation  which 
will  overcome  any  virtue.     Now,  in  so  far  as 


663 


TEMPTATION— TESTIMONY. 


you  approach  temptation  to  a  man,  you  do  him 
an  injury  ;  and  if  he  is  overcome,  you  share  his 
guilt." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  363. 

5568.  TEMPTATION,  Morbid.  John  Bunyan. 
He  had  gained  Christ,  as  he  called  It.  He  was 
now  tempted  "  to  sell  and  part  with  this  most 
blessed  Christ,  to  exchange  Him  for  the  things 
of  this  life — for  anything.  If  there  had  been  any 
real  prospect  of  worldly  advantage  before  Bun- 
yan, which  he  could  have  gained  by  abandoning 
his  religious  profession,  the  words  would  have 
had  a  meaning.  .  .  .  And  yet  he  says,  "  It 
lay  upon  me  for  a  year,  and  did  follow  me  so 
continually  that  I  was  not  rid  of  it  one  day  in  a 
month,  sometimes  not  an  hour  in  many  days 
together,  unless  when  I  was  asleep.  I  could 
neither  eat  my  food,  stoop  for  a  pin,  chop  a 
stick  nor  cast  my  eye  to  look  on  this  or  that,  but 
still  the  temptation  would  come,  '  Sell  Christ 
for  this,  sell  Him  for  that  !  Sell  Him  !  Sell 
Him  ! '  " — Froxjde's  Bunyan,  ch.  3. 

5569.  TENDERNESS  with  Courage.  QaH- 
baldi.  As  a  boy  he  was  chiefly  remarkable  for 
an  extreme  tenderness  of  feeling.  When  he  was 
a  very  little  boy,  he  happened,  in  playing  with 
a  grasshopper,  to  break  one  of  its  legs,  which 
afflicted  him  to  such  a  degree  that  he  could  not 
go  on  with  his  play.  He  went  to  his  room, 
where  he  remained  for  several  hours  mourning 
over  the  irreparable  injury  he  had  done  the 
poor  insect.  But  this  excessive  tenderness  did 
not  proceed  from  weakness  of  character.  Not 
long  after,  while  playing  on  the  banks  of  one  of 
those  wide  and  deep  ditches  which  they  have  in 
Italy  for  irrigating  the  fields,  he  saw  a  poor 
washerwoman,  who  had  fallen  into  the  ditch, 
struggling  for  her  life,  and  in  imminent  danger 
of  drowning.  He  sprang  to  her  assistance,  and, 
young  as  he  was,  he  actually  succeeded  in  getting 
the  woman  out.  He  has  to  this  day  a  lively 
recollection  of  the  ecstasy  which  he  experienced 
upon  seeing  her  safe  on  the  bank.  In  affairs  of 
this  nature,  calling  for  the  sudden  risk  of  one 
life  for  the  preservation  of  another,  he  has  never 
hesitated,  nor  even  so  much  as  thought  of  his 
own  danger  till  the  danger  was  over. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BiOG. ,  p.  493. 

5570.  TENDERNESS  with  Resoluteness.  Oliver 
Cromwell.  [Cromwell  exhibited  great  tenderness 
in  every  domestic  relation,  as  son,  husband  and 
father.  In  1648  iiis  eldest  son  was  killed  in 
battle,  and  ten  years  later  he  calls  up  bitter  re- 
membrances out  ^f  the  sacred  depths  of  his 
heart.  He  was  fourteen  days  by  the  bedside  of 
his  dying  daughter.  Lady  Claypole,  ' '  unable  to 
attend  to  any  public  business  whatever."  He 
daily  visited  his  mother  in  her  old  age.]^ 
Knight,  vol.  4,  ch.  13,  p.  214. 

5571.  TENANTS,  Regard  for.  John  Howard. 
As  often  as  he  had  a  cottage  completed,  he 
looked  about  for  a  sober  and  diligent  tenant 
for  it  ;  so  that  his  cottage-building  furnished  a 
most  powerful  inducement  to  reform.  Besides 
this,  he  let  his  cottages  on  certain  conditions  fa- 
vorable to  virtue  and  good  order.  One  was,  that 
the  tenant  should  go  to  church  once  every  Sun- 
day ;  another,  that  he  should  never  go  to  the  ale- 
house ;  another,  that  he  should  never  gamble ; 
another,  that  he  should  let  his  children  go  to  the 
school  which  he  had  established  for  them.  It  was 
80  exceedingly  desirable  to  a  poor  man  to  have 


one  of  his  cottages,  with  a  garden  attached,  at  a 
rent  of  about  ten  dollars  a  year,  that  he  had  no- 
difliculty  in  inducing  the  villagers  to  comply 
with  his  conditions. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog., 
p.  37. 

5572.  TERROR  vs.  Happiness.  Damocles, 
[Damocles,  a  courtier  of  Dionysius  the  tyrant, 
was]  always  repeating,  that  never  man  was  hap- 
pier than  Dionysius.  "  Since  you  are  of  that 
opinion,"  said  the  tyrant,  "  will  you  taste  and 
make  proof  of  my  felicity  in  person  ?"  The  offer 
was  accepted  with  joy.  Damocles  was  placed 
on  a  golden  couch,  covered  with  carpets,  richly 
embroidered.  The  sideboards  were  loaded  with 
vessels  of  gold  and  silver.  The  most  beauti- 
ful slaves  in  the  most  splendid  habits  stood 
around,  ready  to  serve  him  at  the  slightest  signal. 
The  most  exquisite  essences  and  perfumes  had 
not  been  spared.  The  table  was  spread  with 
proportionate  magnificence.  Damocles  was  all 
joy,  and  looked  upon  himself  as  the  happiest 
man  in  the  world  ;  when,  unfortunately,  casting: 
up  his  eyes  he  beheld  over  his  head  the  point  of 
a  sword,  which  hung  from  the  roof  only  by  a. 
single  horse-hair.  He  was  immediately  seized 
with  a  cold  sweat ;  everything  disappeared  in  ait 
instant ;  he  could  see  nothing  but  the  sword, 
nor  think  of  anything  but  his  danger.  In  the- 
height  of  his  fear  he  desired  permission  to  retire, 
and  declared  he  would  be  happy  no  longer. — 
Rollin'sHist.,  Book  9,  ch.  1,  §  4. 

5573.  TERROR,  Reign  of.  France.  The 
Committee  of  Public  Safety  .  .  .  commenced 
by  proclaiming  a  new  and  hastily  framed  con- 
stitution, of  an  absurdly  democratic  and  imprac- 
ticable character,  which  was  inaugurated  at  a. 
national  fete  with  pagan  and  atheistical  ceremo- 
nies on  the  10th  of  August.  Next  followed  a 
decree  for  a  levy  en  masse  of  all  citizens  capa- 
ble of  bearing  arms  ;  another  for  a  forced  loaa 
amounting  to  nearly  one  year's  revenue  ;  anoth- 
er extorting  from  all  landowners  and  farmers  a. 
contribution  of  two-thirds  of  their  produce  in 
grain  for  the  consumption  of  the  army  ;  another 
imposing  a  maximum — that  is,  a  fixed  arbitrary 
price  above  which  no  provisions  could  be  sold — 
upon  bread,  meat,  wine,  salt,  wood,  and  other- 
articles.  A  farther  measure — the  famous  "  lot 
des  suspects" — placed  the  liberty  and  prop- 
erty of  the  whole  population  of  France  at  the 
uncontrolled  disposal  of  the  government,  and 
soon  filled  the  prisons  with  upward  of  two  hun- 
dred thousand  miserable  captives. — Students' 
France,  ch.  27,  §  4. 

5574.  TEST  for  Office.  Beligious.  [Of  Par- 
liament enacted  under  Charles  II.]  the  Test. 
Act  provided  that  all  persons  holding  any  office,, 
civil  or  military,  should  take  the  Oath  of  Su- 
premacy, should  subscribe  a  declaration  against 
transubstantiation,  and  should  publicly  receive- 
the  sacrament  according  to  the  rites  of  the- 
Church  of  England.  The  preamble  expressed 
hostility  only  to  the  Papists,  but  the  enacting 
clauses  were  scarcely  more  unfavorable  to  the 
Papists  than  to  the  most  rigid  class  of  Puritans. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  2,  p.  208. 

5575.  TESTIMONY,  Christian.  For  John 
Bunyan.  "  One  daj^  in  a  street  in  Bedford,  a& 
he  was  at  work  in  his  calling,  he  fell  in  with 
three  or  four  poor  women  sitting  at  a  door  in  the 
sun  talking  about  the  things  of  God."    He  wa» 


IP 


TESTIMONY— THANKSGIVING. 


663 


himself  at  that  time  "  a  brisk  talker  "  about  the 
matters  of  religion,  and  he  joined  these  women. 
Their  expressions  were  wholly  unintelligible  to 
him.  "  They  were  speaking  of  the  wretched- 
ness of  their  own  hearts — of  their  unbelief,  of 
their  miserable  state."  Bunyan  left  the  women, 
and  went  about  his  work,  but  their  talk  went 
with  him.  "  He  was  greatly  affected."  "He 
saw  that  he  wanted  the  true  tokens  of  a  godly 
man. "  He  sought  them  out  and  spoke  with  them 
again  and  again.  He  could  not  stay  away,  and 
the  more  he  went  the  more  he  questioned  his 
condition. — Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  2. 

5576.  TESTIMONY,  Imaginative.  Columbus. 
He  mentions  in  his  journal  that  he  saw  three 
mermaids  [in  the  West  Indies]  which  elevated 
themselves  above  the  surface  of  the  sea,  and  he 
observes  that  he  had  before  seen  such  on  the  coast 
of  Africa.  He  adds  that  they  were  by  no 
means  the  beautiful  beings  they  had  been  repre- 
sented, although  they  possessed  some  traces  of 
the  human  countenance.  It  is  supposed  that 
these  must  have  been  manati  or  sea-calves  seen 
indistinctly  and  at  a  distance  ;  and  that  the  im- 
agination of  Columbus,  disposed  to  give  a  won- 
derful character  to  everything  in  this  new  world, 
had  identified  these  misshapen  animals  with  the 
sirens  of  ancient  story. — Ikving's  Columbus, 
Book  5,  ch.  1. 

5577.  TESTIMONY,  Trial  of.  Middle  Ages. 
The  ignorance  of  the  judges,  as  well  as  the 
weakness  of  their  authority  in  those  rude  ages, 
laid  a  natural  foundation  for  another  singularity 
in  their  legal  forms,  which  was  the  judgment 
of  God.  A  party  accused  of  a  crime  was  al- 
lowed to  produce  a  certain  number  of  wit- 
nesses, more  or  fewer  according  to  the  measure 
of  the  offence  ;  and  if  these  declared  upon  oath 
their  belief  in  the  innocence  of  the  accused,  it 
was  accounted  a  sufficient  justification.  Seven- 
ty-two compurgators  were  required  to  absolve 
an  incendiary  or  murderer  ;  and  Gregory  of  Tours 
relates,  that  when  the  chastity  of  a  queen  of 
Prance  was  suspected,  three  hundred  nobles 
swore,  without  hesitation,  that  the  infant  prince 
had  been  actually  begotten  by  her  deceased  hus- 
band. It  is  not  improbable  that  the  notorious 
perjuries  occasioned  by  this  absurd  practice 
gave  rise  to  another  equally  preposterous,  and 
much  more  dangerous  to  the  unhappy  criminal. 
It  was  in  the  option  of  the  judge  to  condemn  the 
party  accused  to  undergo  the  trial  of  cold  water, 
of  boiling  water,  or  of  red-hot  iron.  They  began 
with  the  performance  of  the  mass,  and  the  ac- 
cused person  solemnly  took  the  sacrament.  If  the 
trial  was  by  cold  water,  the  priest  gave  his  bene- 
diction to  the  water,  and  performed  exorcism,  to 
expel  evil  spirits.  The  culprit,  tied  hand  and  foot, 
was  then  thrown  into  a  pool  of  water  ;  where,  if 
he  sank  to  the  bottom,  and  probably  was  drown- 
ed, it  was  a  proof  of  his  innocence ;  but  if  he 
swam  above,  he  was  accounted  certainly  guilty, 
and  condemned  to  death  accordingly.  The  trial 
by  hot  water  was  performed  by  making  the  ac- 
cused person  plunge  his  naked  arm  into  a  ves- 
sel of  boiling  water,  and  fetch  from  the  bottom 
a  consecrated  ring.  The  arm  was  immediately 
put  into  a  bag,  and  sealed  up  by  the  judge,  to 
be  opened  after  three  days  ;  when,  if  there  were 
no  marks  of  burning,  the  culprit,  was  declared 
innocent.     It  is  well  known  that  there  are  compo- 


sitions which  powerfully  resist  the  immediate 
effects  of  fire,  and  which,  in  all  probability, 
were  not  unknown  in  those  days  when  there  was. 
so  much  occasion  for  them.  The  third  proof 
was  by  holding  in  the  hand,  for  a  certain  space 
of  time,  a  red-hot  iron,  or  by  walking  bare- 
footed over  several  burning  ploughshares  or 
bars  of  iron.  Perhaps  it  might  be  possible  to 
elude  even  the  dangers  of  this  experiment, 
though  certainly  more  difficult  than  the  last. 
Another  ordeal  was  of  a  gentler  sort  ;  it  was 
performed  by  consecrating  a  piece  of  barley- 
bread  and  cheese,  and  giving  it  to  the  accused  to 
eat,  who,  if  he  was  not  choked  by  it,  was  de- 
clared innocent. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3, 
p.  79. 

557§.  THANKS  expressed.  S.  Johnson.  Mr. 
Sheridan  told  me  that  when  he  communicated 
to  Dr.  Johnson  that  a  pension  was  to  be  granted 
him,  he  replied  in  a  fervor  of  gratitude,  "  The 
English  language  does  not  afford  me  terms  ade- 
quate to  my  feelings  on  this  occasion.  I  must 
have  recourse  to  the  French.  I  am  penetre  with 
his  Majesty's  goodness." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  103. 

5579.  THANKSGIVING,  Duty  of.  Neglected. 
[Henry  Dorsey  Gough,  a  wealthy  Maryland 
planter,]  was  riding  to  one  of  his  plantations  un- 
der a  state  of  religious  awakening.  He  heard 
the  voice  of  prayer  and  praise  in  a  cabin,  and, 
listening,  discovered  that  a  negro  from  a  neigh- 
boring estate  was  leading  the  devotions  of  his 
own  slaves,  and  offering  fervent  thanksgivings 
for  the  blessings  of  their  depi*essed  lot.  His 
heart  was  touched,  and,  with  emotion,  he  ex- 
claimed, "  Alas,  O  Lord,  I  have  my  thousands, 
and  tens  of  thousands,  and  yet,  ungrateful  wretch 
that  I  am,  I  never  thanked  Thee,  as  this  poor 
slave  does,  who  has  scarcely  clothes  to  put  on, 
or  food  to  satisfy  his  hunger  !"  [He  never  for- 
got the  lesson.] — Stevens'  M.  E.  Church, 
vol.  1,  p.  236. 

55§0.  THANKSGIVING,  Threefold.  Thalea. 
[He  was  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece.] 
He  used  to  thank  the  gods  for  three  things  : 
that  he  was  born  a  reasonable  creature,  and  not 
a  beast ;  a  man,  and  not  a  woman  ;  a  Greek,  and 
not  a  Barbarian.  Upon  his  mother's  pressing 
him  to  marry  when  he  was  young,  he  told  her  it 
was  then  too  soon  ,  and,  after  several  years  were 
elapsed,  he  told  her  it  was  then  too  late. — Rol- 
lin's  Hist.  ,  Book  5,  art.  9. 

5581.  THANKSGIVING  for  Victory.  Span- 
ish Armnda.  [In  1589,  after  the  dispersion  of  the 
famous  Spanish  Armada  by  the  British  fleet  of 
one  half  its  tonnage,  a  national  thanksgiving 
celebrated  the  victory.]  On  Sunday  the  24th  of 
November,  Elizabeth  rode  in  a  chariot  to  Saint 
Paul's,  in  the  most  magnificent  of  dresses  ;  and 
the  streets  were  hung  with  blue  cloth  ;  and  the 
companies  of  the  city  stood  on  both  sides  in 
goodly  order,  and  the  trophies  were  carried  in 
procession  ;  and  the  great  captains  of  England's 
Salamis  were  about  their  queen  ;  and  she  gra- 
ciously saluted  them  by  name  ;  and  a  solemn 
thanksgiving  was  offered  up,  and  the  glory 
given  to  God  only.  On  that  day  there  were  also 
given  in  every  church  in  the  land  "  public  and 
general  thanks  unto  God,  with  all  devotion  and 
inward  affection  of  heart  and  humbleness  for  His 
gracious  favor  extended  toward  us  in  our  de. 


€64 


THEATRES— THEATRICALS. 


liverance  and  defence,  in  the  wonderful  over- 
throw and  destruction  shown  by  His  mighty 
hand  on  our  malicious  enemies,  the  Spaniards, 
who  had  thought  to  evade  and  make  a  con- 
quest of  the  realm." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  15,  p.  237. 

55  §2.  THEATEES,  Corrupted.  English.  Eigh- 
teenth Century.  In  theatrical  representations 
of  life  there  was  scarcely  an  attempt  to  exhibit 
a  woman  of  sense  and  modesty. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  27. 

55§3.  THEATBES,  Dangers  of.  8.  Johnson. 
He  for  a  considerable  time  used  to  frequent  the 
Oreen-room,  and  seemed  to  take  delight  in  dis- 
sipating his  gloom  by  mixing  in  the  sprightly 
chit-chat  of  the  motley  circle  then  to  be  found 
there.  Mr.  David  Hume  related  to  me  from 
Mr.  Garrick,  that  Johnson  at  last  denied  himself 
that  amusement,  from  consideration  of  rigid 
virtue,  saying  :  ' '  I'll  come  no  more  behind  your 
scenes,  David  ;  for  the  silk  stockings  and  white 
bosoms  of  your  actresses  excite  my  amorous 
propensities." — Boswkll's  Johnson,  p.  51. 

55§4.  THEATRES,  Licentiousness  and.  Eng- 
■land.  Not  the  least  of  the  opposing  influences 
(against  the  promotion  of  Christian  knowl- 
edge) was  the  licentiousness  of  the  stage.  In 
1697,  Sunderland  as  Lord  Chamberlain  had  is- 
sued an  order  to  prevent  the  profaneness  and 
immorality  of  the  acted  drama.  The  Master  of 
the  Revels  probably  made  no  attempt  to  remon- 
strate against  performances  of  which  the  whole 
structure  of  the  action  was  to  represent  chastity 
as  the  thin  disguise  of  scheming  women,  and 
the  pursuit  of  adultery  as  the  proper  business 
of  reflned  gentlemen  ;  to  make  the  sober  citizen 
the  butt  of  the  profligates  who  invaded  his  do- 
mestic hearth  ;  to  exhibit  the  triumphs  of  intellect 
in  the  schemes  of  venal  lackeys  to  aid  the  in- 
trigues of  their  masters,  and  of  odious  waiting- 
maids  to  surround  their  mistresses  with  opportu- 
nities of  temptation.  Burnet  was  pretty  right 
in  his  antithesis — "The  stage  is  the  great  cor- 
rupter of  the  town,  and  the  bad  people  of  the 
town  have  been  the  chief  corrupters  of  the 
3." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  13,  p.  206. 


55§5.  THEATRES,  Opposition  to.  Dr.  Daw- 
son. [In  one  of  the  churches  in  London,  about 
1630,  one  Dr.  Dawson  read  the  "  Book  of  Sports," 
and  presently  after  read  the  Ten  Commandments, 
then  said]  :  "  Dearly  Beloved,  you  have  heard 
now  the  commandments  of  God  and  man,  obey 
which  you  please. "  [The  '  'Book  of  Sports  "  de- 
fined certain  amusements  as  lawful.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  26,  p.  415. 

55§6. .  Punished.  [In  1633,  Will- 
iam Prynne  was  fined  £5000,  had  his  ears  cut 
-off,  and  his  book  "  Histrio-Mastix,  the  Player's 
Scourge,"  burned  by  the  hangman  under  his 
nose  ;  he  was  also  sentenced  to  perpetual  im- 
prisonment. This  was  the  punishment  inflicted 
by  the  Star  Chamber  for  writing  against  "  Stage 
Plays."] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  26,  p.  411. 

55§7.  THEATRES  restored.  The  Restoration. 
A.D.  1662.  The  drama  came  back  in  the  shame- 
less garb,  and  with  the  brazen  look,  and  the 
drunken  voice  of  the  lowest  strumpet.  The 
people  were  to  be  taught  that  Shakespeare  was  a 
barbarian,  and  not  to  be  tolerated  in  his  own 
dsimpliclty.     He  was,  if  heard  at  all.  to  furnish 


the  libretto  of  an  opera,  to  be  got  up  with 
dresses  and  decorations  by  Sir  William  D'Aven- 
ant.  .  .  .  The  theatre  was  at  the  height  of 
fashion  when  it  was  most  shameless.  The  ac- 
tresses were  removed  from  "The  King's  House," 
to  become  the  mistresses  of  the  king,  by  their 
gradual  promotion  from  being  the  mistresses 
of  the  king's  servants. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4, 
ch.  17,  p.  296. 

558§.  THEATRES  and  Sensuality.  Roman. 
Ovid  employs  two  hundred  lines  in  the  research 
of  places  the  most  favorable  to  love.  Above  all, 
he  considers  the  theatre  as  the  best  adapted  to 
collect  the  beauties  of  Rome,  and  to  melt  them 
into  tenderness  and  sensuality. — Note  in  Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  268. 

55§9.  THEATRES  vicious.  Reign  of  Charles 
II.  The  play-houses,  shut  by  the  meddling  fa- 
natic in  the  day  of  his  power,  were  again  crowd- 
ed. [After  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.]  The 
fascination  of  sex  was  called  in  to  aid  the  fasci- 
nation of  art  ;  and  the  young  spectator  saw, 
with  emotions  unknown  to  the  contemporaries  of 
Shakespeare  and  Jonson,  tender  and  sprightly 
heroines  personified  by  lovely  women.  From 
the  day  on  which  the  theatres  were  reopened, 
they  became  seminaries  of  vice,  and  the  evil 
propagated  itself.  The  profligacy  of  the  repre- 
sentations soon  drove  away  sober  people.  The 
frivolous  and  dissolute  who  remained  required 
every  year  stronger  and  stronger  stimulants. 
Thus,  the  artists  corrupted  the  spectators,  and 
the  spectators  the  artists,  till  the  turpitude  of  the 
drama  became  such  as  must  astonish  all  who 
are  not  aware  that  extreme  relaxation  is  the  nat- 
ural effect  of  extreme  restraint,  and  that  an  age 
of  hypocrisy  is,  in  the  regular  course  of  things, 
followed  by  an  age  of  impudence.  Nothing  is 
more  characteristic  of  the  times  than  the  care 
with  which  the  poets  contrived  to  put  all  their 
loosest  verses  into  the  mouths  of  women.  The 
compositions  in  which  the  greatest  license  was 
taken  were  the  epilogues.  They  were  almost 
always  recited  by  favorite  actresses  ;  and  nothing 
charmed  the  depraved  audience  so  much  as  to 
hear  lines  grossly  indecent  repeated  by  a  beau- 
tiful girl,  who  was  supposed  to  have  not  yet 
lost  her  innocence." — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3, 
p.  373. 

5590. .     English.  1774.     The  stage 

at  this  period  was  either  a  school  of  immorality 
or  a  vehicle  of  slander. — Massey,  in  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  5,  p.  98. 

5591.  THEATRICALS  in  Churches.  Scriptural 
Events.  [The  plays  in  the  sixteenth  century  were 
mostly  representative  of  Scripture  events  and 
characters,  even  the  most  sacred  ;  they  were 
originally  performed  in  the  churches,  and  the 
priests  were  often  the  performers.  It  was  com- 
mon to  the  pleasure-seekers  of  that  day  to  wit- 
ness the  Creation  and  the  Fall  ;  the  Flood  ;  the 
Israelites  in  Egypt ;  the  Salutation  and  Adora- 
tion of  the  Shepherds  ;  Christ  before  Pilate  ;  the 
Resurrection ;  the  Ascension  and  Doomsday. 
The  great  festival  days  were  usually  selected  for 
their  performance.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  29,  p.  494. 

5592.  THEATRICALS  condemned.  By  Solon. 
[Solon  was  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece.] 
Solon  went  among  the  rest  for  the  sake  of  hear 


THEFT— THEOLOGY. 


G65 


in^  Thespis,  who  acted  himself,  according  to 
the  custom  of  the  ancient  poets.  When  the 
play  was  ended,  he  called  to  Thespis,  and  asked 
him,  "Whether  he  was  not  ashamed  to  utter 
such  lies  before  so  many  people  ?"  Thespis 
made  answer,  ' '  That  there  was  no  harm  in  lies 
of  that  sort,  and  in  poetical  fictions,  which  were 
made  only  for  diversion."  "  No,"  replied  Solon, 
giving  a  great  stroke  with  his  stick  upon  the 
ground  ;  ' '  but  if  we  suffer  and  approve  of  lying 
tor  our  own  diversion,  it  will  quickly  find  its 
way  into  our  serious  engagements,  and  all  our 
business  and  affairs." — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  5, 
art.  8. 

5593.  THEFT,  Adroit.  Oylippus.  Lysander 
liad  sent  Gylippus,  who  had  commanded  the 
army  in  Sicily,  before  him,  to  carry  the  money 
and  spoils,  which  were  the  fruit  of  his  glorious 
campaigns,  to  Lacedaemon.  The  money,  with- 
out reckoning  the  innumerable  crowns  of  gold 
given  him  by  the  cities,  amounted  to  1500  tal- 
ents, that  is  to  say,  1,500,000  crowns.  Gylippus, 
who  carried  this  considerable  sum,  could  not  re- 
sist the  temptation  of  converting  some  part  of  it 
to  his  own  use.  The  bags  were  sealed  up  care- 
fully and  did  not  seem  to  leave  any  room  for 
theft.  He  unsewed  them  at  the  bottom  ;  and, 
after  having  taken  out  of  each  of  them  what 
money  he  thought  fit,  to  the  amount  of  300  tal- 
ents, he  sewed  them  up  again  very  neatly,  and 
thought  himself  perfectly  safe.  But  when  he 
arrived  at  Sparta,  the  accounts  which  had  been 
put  up  in  each  bag  discovered  him.  To  avoid 
punishment,  he  banished  himself  from  his  coun- 
try. [It  occasioned  a  decree  that  punishing 
with  death  any  citizen  having  in  his  possession 
gold  coin.] — Rollin's  Hist.,   Book  8,  ch.   2, 

5594.  THEFT,  Cautious.  Spartans.  An  Iren 
was  one  that  had  been  two  years  out  of  the 
class  of  boys  ;  a  Melliren  one  of  the  oldest  lads. 
This  Iren,  then,  a  youth  twenty  years  old,  gives 
orders  to  those  under  his  command,  in  their  lit- 
tle battles,  and  has  them  to  serve  him  at  his 
house.  He  sends  the  oldest  of  them  to  fetch 
wood,  and  the  younger  to  gather  pot-herbs  : 
these  they  steal  where  they  can  find  them,  either 
slyly  getting  into  gardens,  or  else  craftily  and 
warily  creeping  to  the  common  tables.  But  if 
any  one  be  caught,  he  is  severely  flogged  for 
negligence  or  want  of  dexterity.  They  steal  too, 
whatever  victuals  they  possibly  can,  ingeniously 
contriving  to  do  it  when  persons  are  asleep  or 
keep  but  indifferent  watch.  If  they  are  discov- 
ered, they  are  punished  not  only  with  whipping, 
but  with  hunger.  Indeed,  their  supper  is  but 
slender  at  all  times,  that,  to  fence  against  want, 
they  may  be  forced  to  exercise  their  courage  and 
address.  .  .  .  The  boys  steal  with  so  much  cau- 
tion, that  one  of  them  having  conveyed  a  young 
fox  under  his  garment,  suffered  the  creature  to 
tear  out  his  bowels  with  his  teeth  and  claws, 
•choosing  rather  to  die  than  to  be  detected. — 
Plutarch's  "Lycurgus." 

5595.  THEFT,  Educated  for.  Spartans. 
Theft  was  a  part  of  the  system  of  education  at 
Lacedaemon.  Children  were  sent  out  to  steal 
ivom  the  public  markets  and  gardens,  from  the 

\  butchers'  stalls,  and  even  from  private  houses. 
If  unsuccessful,  they  were  pimished  with  the 
"loss  of  a  meal  ;  if  detected  in  the  theft,  they 


were  scourged  with  severity.  It  is  a  lame  apol- 
ogy for  an  institution  of  this  kind  to  say  that  it 
habituated  them  early  to  stratagems  of  war,  to 
danger,  and  to  vigilance.  The  talents  of  a  thief 
are  very  different  from  the  virtues  of  a  warrior. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  9,  p.  95. 

5596.  THEFT,  Punishment  of.  Prince.  When 
a  prince  of  the  royal  blood  of  France  disgraced 
himself  by  committing  robbery  and  murder  in 
the  streets  of  Paris,  Louis  XV.  would  not  grant 
a  pardon,  though  eagerly  solicited  to  do  so  by  a 
deputation  from  the  Parliament  of  Paris,  who 
tried  him  and  suspended  their  sentence  until  the 
royal  pleasure  should  be  known.  "My  lords 
and  counsellors,"  said  the  king,  "  return  to 
your  chambers  of  justice,  and  promulgate  your 
decree."  "  Consider,"  said  the  first  President, 
"  that  the  unhappy  prince  has  your  Majesty's 
blood  in  his  veins."  "Yes,"  said  the  king, 
"  but  the  blood  has  become  impure,  and  justice 
demands  that  it  should  be  let  out ;  nor  would  I 
spare  my  own  son,  for  a  crime  for  which  I 
should  be  bound  to  condemn  the  meanest  of  my 
subjects."  The  prince  was  executed  on  the 
scaffold  in  the  court  of  the  Grand  Chatelet,  on 
the  12th  of  August,  1729. 

5597.  THEOCRACY,  American.  Jews — Puri- 
tans. New  England,  like  Canaan,  had  been  set- 
tled by  fugitives.  Like  the  Jews,  they  had  fled 
to  a  wilderness  ;  like  the  Jews,  they  looked  to 
Heaven  for  a  light  to  lead  them  on  ;  like  the 
Jews,  they  had  no  supreme  ruler  but  God  ;  like 
the  Jews,  they  had  heathen  for  their  foes  ;  and 
they  derived  their  legislation  from  the  Jewish 
code. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  19. 

559§.  THEOLOGY,  Difficulties  in.  Infinite  Deity. 
Hiero  .  .  .  asked  Simonides  his  opinion  with 
regard  to  the  nature  and  attributes  of  the  Deity. 
The  latter  desired  one  day's  time  to  consider  of 
it ;  the  next  day  he  asked  two,  and  went  on  in- 
creasing in  the  same  proportion.  The  prince 
pressing  him  to  give  his  reasons  for  these  delays, 
he  confessed  that  the  subject  was  above  his 
comprehension  and  that  the  more  he  reflected, 
the  more  obscure  it  appeared  to  him. — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  7,  ch.  2,  §  1. 

5599.  THEOLOGY,  EflFects  of.  Cromwell. 
Was  not  merely  his  speech,  but  deep,  far  be- 
neath his  speech,  lay  his  great  thoughts  of  God  • 
and  unless  you  understand  his  inner  depth  of 
vital  conviction,  you  will  have  no  comprehension 
of  the  man.  .  .  .  Manton,  himself  one  of  the 
greatest  of  these  writers,  says  Cromwell  had  a 
large  and  well -selected  library.  Many  of  our 
most  famous  pieces  were  then  unwritten ;  but 
there  were  some  pieces  of  Smith,  Caudray, 
Adams,  Owen,  Goodwin,  and  Mede,  and  the 
earlier  fathers,  and  Calvin,  and  Hooker,  and 
Herbert's  lyrics.  We  think  such  were  the  men 
with  whom  Cromwell  walked  and  mused,  and 
whose  writings  shed  light  into  his  soul.  — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  1,  p.  21. 

5600.  THEOLOGY,  Philosopher's.  Anaxag- 
oras.  Anaxagoras,  .  .  .  deviating  most  from 
the  vulgar  errors  and  superstition,  .  .  .  was 
accused  of  impiety.  He  taught  that  the  first  efll- 
cient  principle  of  all  things  was  an  immaterial 
and  intelligent  Being,  existing  from  all  eternity  ; 
that  the  substratum,  or  subject  of  His  operations, 
was  matter,  which  likewise  existed  from  all  ete]> 


6t6 


THEOLOGY— THEORETICAL. 


nity  in  a  chaotic  state,  compreliending  the  con- 
fused rudiments  of  all  different  substances,  which 
the  intelligent  mind  of  the  Creator  first  sepa- 
rated, and  then  combined  for  the  formation  of  the 
universe,  and  of  all  bodies,  animate  and  inani- 
mate. It  is  true  that  Thales  propagated  the 
doctrine  of  an  eternal  mind,  the  Creator  and 
Ruler  of  the  universe  ;  but  he,  like  most  of  the 
ancient  philosophers,  seemed  to  consider  this 
mind  as  united  to  matter,  which  was  animated 
by  it,  as  the  body  is  by  the  soul. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  262. 

5601.  .  Plato.  The  most  cele- 
brated of  the  disciples  of  Socrates  was  Plato,  a 
philosopher  whose  doctrines  have  had  a  more 
extensive  and  a  more  lasting  empire  over  the 
minds  of  mankind  than  those  perhaps  of  any 
other  of  the  ancients.  Plato,  a  native  of  ^gina, 
and  thus  by  his  country  an  Athenian,  was  born 
about  430  B.C.  .  .  .  It  was  Plato's  fundamental 
doctrine  that  from  nothing,  nothing  can  proceed. 
Believing,  therefore,  in  the  eternal  existence  of 
the  Deity,  he  believed  likewise  in  the  eternity 
of  matter,  as  the  substratum ...  of  the  Deity's  op- 
erations. This  matter,  however,  was  in  a  cha- 
otic state,  and  endowed  with  no  qualities  what- 
ever, till  the  eternal  mind  conferred  these  quali- 
ties upon  it,  reduced  it  into  order,  and  thus 
formed  the  beautiful  fabric  of  the  universe,  of 
which  the  idea  or  archetype  had  existed  from  all 
eternity  in  Himself.  But  in  chaotic  matter  Plato 
conceived  that  as  there  was  an  original  deform- 
ity, so  there  was  a  natural  resistance  to  that  per- 
fect order  and  excellence  which  the  Deity 
sought  to  produce,  but  which  He  could  not  en- 
tirely overcome ;  and  hence  the  origin  of  that 
evil  which  partially  contaminates  His  works  . 
yet  here  the  philosopher  seems  himself  to  per- 
ceive the  objection  from  the  boundless  power  of 
the  Divinity,  as  he  expresses  himself  with  great 
obscurity  on  the  subject.  His  notions  of  God, 
however,  are  not  only  most  sublime,  but  ex- 
tremely refined.  He  conceived  that  the  divine 
nature  consisted  of  three  distinct  essences,  states, 
or  hypostases  :  the  first  a  pure  and  self-existent 
Essence,  whose  sole  attribute  was  goodness, .  .  . 
the  second  he  conceived  to  be  Mind,  the  wisdom 
or  reason  of  the  first,  and  the  proper  Creator  of 
the  universe. .  .  .  the  third  he  conceived  to  be  the 
Soul  of  the  world  ;  as  he  conceived  the  activity  of 
created  matter  to  infer  an  inhabiting  mind,  .  .  . 
simply . .  .  (the  soul)  or . .  .soul  of  the  world.  The 
second  hypostasis  he  supposed  to  be  an  emanation 
from  the  first,  and  the  third  from  both.  Such  is 
the  Platonic  Trinity,  bearing,  in  its  general  de- 
scription, a  strong  resemblance  to  the  Christian  ; 
but  differing  in  this  material  point,  that  in  the 
former  the  second  and  third  persons  are  sub- 
ordinate and  inferior  to  the  first. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  271. 

5602. .  Stoics.  The  Stoical  doc- 
trines have  had  a  very  extensive  prevalence  and 
duration ;  and  though  in  some  particulars  pal- 
pably erroneous,  may  be  accounted,  on  the 
whole,  more  consonant  to  right  reason  and  more 
favorable  to  the  practice  of  virtue  than  those  of 
any  other  sect  of  the  philosophy  of  the  ancients. 
According  to  the  Stoics,  the  whole  universe, 
and  God  Himself,  the  Creator  and  soul  of  that 
universe,  are  regulated  by  certain  laws,  which 
are  immutable,   and  resulting  from  necessity. 


The  actions  of  God  Himself  are  regulated  by 
those  general  laws  ;  yet  in  one  sense  they  may 
be  considered  as  free  and  voluntary,  viz. ,  that 
as  there  is  nothing  external  of  the  universe 
which  God  pervades,  and  which  His  soul  regu- 
lates, there  is  nothing  external  of  Himself  which 
can  impel  or  necessitate  him.  Man,  according 
to  the  notions  of  the  Stoics,  is  a  part  of  the  Di- 
vinity. The  human  soul  is  a  portion  of  that  great 
soul  which  pervades  the  universe.  The  will  of 
man  is  subject,  like  the  divine  will,  to  unalter 
able  laws  ;  yet  it  is  virtually  free,  because  man 
believes  himself  a  free  agent,  and  his  conduct  is. 
influenced  by  that  belief.  He  obeys  voluntarily 
and  from  inclination  that  destiny  which  he  must 
have  obeyed  ab  ante,  though  he  had  not  inclined 
it.  Man  being  a  part  of  the  universe  which  is 
regulated  by  God,  cannot  complain  that  he  is 
bound  by  the  same  laws  which  regulate  and 
bind  universal  nature,  and  even  God  Himself. 
The  wise  man,  therefore,  never  considers  what 
is  good  or  evil  with  respect  to  himself.  What- 
ever happened  to  him  must  necessarily  have  hap- 
pened according  to  the  order  of  nature  ;  because 
had  it  not  been  neccessary,  it  would  not  have 
happened.  The  pains  and  pleasures  of  an  indi- 
vidual are,  therefore,  imworthy  of  the  regard  of 
Him  who  attends  to  the  universal  good  ;  his. 
pains  and  pleasures  are  determined  by  the  same 
law  which  determined  his  existence.  He  can- 
not repine  that  he  exists,  for  at  whom  shall  he 
repine  ?  He  existed  by  the  necessity  of  nature. 
Virtue,  in  the  opinion  of  a  Stoic,  was  nothing 
more  than  a  manly  resolution  to  accommodate 
the  unalterable  laws  of  nature.  Vice  was  a 
weak  and  dastardly  endeavor  to  oppose  those 
laws.  Vice,  therefore,  was  folly,  and  virtue  the 
only  true  wisdom. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2, 
ch.  9,  p    278. 

5603.  THEOLOGY  ridiculous.  Egyptian. 
In  theology,  too,  while  the  superstitious  worship 
of  the  common  people  was  so  grossly  absurd  as 
to  draw  on  them  the  ridicule  of  all  other  nations, 
the  secret  doctrines  of  the  priests  are  generally 
allowed  to  have  been  pure,  refined,  and  ration- 
al. One  Great  Intelligence  was  supposed  to- 
preside  over  all  nature.  Subordinate  spirits, 
portions  of  that  Intelligence,  presided  over  the 
actions  of  mankind,  as  the  guardians  of  the  hu- 
man soul,  which  was  derived  from  the  same 
divine  original,  but  was  destined  to  undergo  a 
certain  nuipber  of  transmigrations  through  dif- 
ferent bodies,  before  it  was  reunited  to  the  great 
parent-spirit.  They  believed  in  the  immortality 
of  the  soul.  Diodorus  tells  us  that  they  es- 
teemed the  present  state  of  existence  to  be  of  no 
value  in  comparison  with  that  which  was  to 
come,  and  which  was  to  be  the  reward  of  a  life 
spent  in  this  world  in  the  practice  of  virtue. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  4,  p.  43. 

5604.  THEOEETICAL  vs.  Practical.  Webster 
— Clay.  "While  Mr.  Webster  is  so  honorably 
perpetuated  by  his  elaborate  and  masterly  dis- 
cussion of  great  principles  in  the  Senate,  he  did 
not  connect  himself  with  a  single  historic  meas- 
ure. While  Mr.  Clay's  speeches  remain  unread, 
his  memory  is  lastingly  identified  with  issues- 
that  are  still  vital  and  powerful.  He  advanced 
the  doctrine  of  protection  to  the  stately  dignity 
of  the  American  system.  —  Blaine's  Twenty 
Years  of  Congress,  p.  107. 


THIEVES— TIME. 


667 


5605.  THIEVES  protected.  By  Law.  a.d.  1194. 
Chester  fair,  iu  the  time  of  John,  was  a  great  re- 
sort of  vagabonds  ;  for  by  the  charter  of  the 
city  no  one  could  be  there  apprehended  for  any 
theft  or  misdeed,  except  it  were  committed  in  the 
fair. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  22,  p.  329. 

5606.  THOUGHT  conditioned.  By  Respira- 
tion. Swedenborg,  with  amazing  observation 
and  sagacity,  has  made  a  regular  study  of  this 
ratio  between  the  respiration  and  the  thoughts 
and  emotions  ;  he  shows  in  detail  that  the  two 
correspond  exactly ,  and,  moreover,  that  their  cor- 
respondence is  one  of  the  long-sought  links  be- 
tween the  soul  and  the  body,  whereby  every 
thought  is  represented  and  carried  out  momenta- 
neously  in  the  expanse  of  the  human  frame.  It 
is  difficult  to  give  a  more  plain  or  excellent  rea- 
son of  the  tie  between  the  body  and  the  soul, 
than  that  the  latter  finds  the  body  absolutely  to 
its  mind ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  living 
body  clings  to  the  soul,  because  it  wants  a 
friendly  superior  life  to  infuse  and  direct  its  life. 
— White's  Swedenborg,  ch.  6,  p.  53. 

5607.  THOUGHT,  Flexibility  of.  Jiifcra.  [The 
Emperor  Julian  was]  an  author,  a  pontiff,  a 
magistrate,  a  general,  and  a  prince.  In  one  and 
the  same  day  he  gave  audience  to  several  am- 
bassadors, and  wrote,  or  dictated,  a  great  num- 
ber of  letters  to  his  generals,  his  civil  magis- 
trates, his  private  friends,  and  the  different  cities 
of  his  dominions.  He  listened  to  the  memorials 
which  had  been  received,  considered  the  sub- 
ject of  the  petitions,  and  signified  his  intentions 
more  rapidly  than  they  could  be  taken  in  short- 
hand by  the  diligence  of  the  secretaries  He 
possessed  such  flexibility  of  thought  and  such 
firmness  of  attention  that  he  could  employ  his 
hand  to  write,  his  ear  to  listen,  and  his  voice  to 
dictate,  and  pursue  at  once  three  several  trains 
of  ideas  without  hesitation  and  without  error. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  22,  p.  394. 

560§.  THOUGHT,  Food  for.  Observation.  As 
the  fall  of  apples  from  a  tree  led  Newton  to  the 
theory  of  gravitation,  so  the  slow  and  uniform 
swinging  of  a  lamp,  suspended  from  the  roof  of 
the  Pisa  cathedral,  suggested  to  Galileo  the  idea 
of  the  pendulum  as  a  measurer  of  time  and  as 
a  motive-power  of  clocks.  It  was  fifty  years 
later,  however,  before  he  actually  constructed  a 
pendulum  clock. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg.,  p.  262. 

5609.  THOUGHT  suggested.  Sir  Robert  Peel. 
Farmers  in  those  days  generally  used  pewter 
plates  at  table.  It  happened  one  day  that  Robert 
Peel  drew  a  pattern  for  calico  on  the  back  of 
one  of  his  dinner-plates,  and  while  he  was  look- 
ing at  it,  the  thought  occurred  to  him  that  per- 
haps if  he  should  spread  color  upon  it,  and  ap- 
ply the  requisite  degree  of  pressure,  he  could 
get  an  impression  on  calico.  In  a  cottage  close 
to  his  farm-house  lived  a  woman  who  had  one 
of  those  machines  for  smoothing  fabrics  which 
worked  by  rollers.  Having  applied  color  to  his 
pattern,  and  placed  calico  over  it,  he  passed  his 
])late  between  the  rollers  of  this  calendering  ma- 
chine. He  was  delighted  to  find  that  an  excel- 
lent impression  was  made  upon  the  calico,  and 
thus  was  begun  the  invention  of  the  process 
by  which  to  this  day  calico  is  printed. — Cyclo- 
pedia OP  BioG.,  p.  714. 

5610.  THOUGHTS,  Serious.  Samuel  John- 
son,   "  Alas  !  sir,"  said  Johnson,  speaking,  when 


in  another  mood,  of  grand  houses,  fine  gardens, 
and  splendid  places  of  public  amusement, ' '  alas  I 
sir,  these  are  only  struggles  for  happiness. 
When  I  first  entered  Ranelagh  it  gave  an  expan- 
sion and  gay  sensation  to  my  mind  such  as  I 
never  experienced  anywhere  else.  But  as  Xer- 
xes when  he  viewed  his  immense  army,  and  con- 
sidered that  not  one  of  that  gi-eat  multitude 
would  be  alive  a  hundred  years  afterward,  so  it 
went  to  my  heart  to  consider  that  there  was  not 
one  in  all  that  brilliant  circle  that  was  not  afraid 
to  go  home  and  think." — Note  in  Irving's 
Goldsmith,  ch.  35,  p.  203. 

5611.  THREATS,  Government  by.  Cardinal 
Wolsey.  [When  Cardinal  Wolsey,  in  1525,  resort- 
ed to  the  old  trick  of  voluntary  "  benevolence," 
the  rich  yielded  to  the  irregular  exactions]  in  the 
form  of  gifts  and  loans,  under  the  terror  of  such 
speeches  as  one  which  Wolsey  made  to  the 
mayor  and  aldermen  of  London  :  "  It  were  better 
that  some  should  suffer  indigence  than  the  king 
at  this  time  should  lack  ;  and  therefore  beware, 
and  resist  not,  nor  ruffle  not  in  this  case,  for 
it  may  fortune  to  cost  some  their  heads." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  19,  p.  303. 

5612.  THREATS  ridiculed.  Napoleon  I.  [After 
defeating  200,000  Austrians,  he  marched  against 
the  pope's  terrified  army,  under  Cardinal  Busca, 
intrenched  upon  the  banks  of  the  Senio.]  Senio 
.  .  .  sent  a  flag  of  truce,  who  very  pompously 
.  .  .  declared,  in  the  name  of  the  cardinal-in- 
chief,  that  if  the  French  continued  to  advance 
he  should  certainly  fire  upon  them.  The  terrible 
menace  was  reported  through  the  French  lines, 
and  was  received  with  perfect  peais  of  merri- 
ment. Napoleon  replied  that  he  should  be  ex- 
ceedingly sorry  to  expose  himself  to  the  cardi- 
nal's fire,  and  that,  therefore,  as  the  army  was 
very  much  fatigued,  with  the  cardinal's  leave  it 
would  take  up  its  quarters  for  the  night. — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  7. 

5613.  TIME,  Changes  by.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Mr.  Wilkes  has,  however,  favored  me  with  one 
repartee  of  Pope.  .  .  .  Johnson,  after  justly 
censuring  him  for  having  "  nursed  in  his  mind  a 
foolish  disesteem  of  kings,"  tells  us,  "  yet  a  little 
regard  shown  him  by  the  Prince  of  Wales  melted 
his  obduracy  :  and  he  had  not  much  to  say  when 
he  was  asked  by  his  Royal  Highness  how  he 
could  love  a  prince,  while  he  disliked  kings. 
The  answer  which  Pope  made  was,  "  The  young 
lion  is  harmless,  and  even  playful ;  but  when 
his  claws  are  full  grown  he  becomes  cruel, 
dreadful,  and  mischievous." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  444. 

5614.  TIME,  Detention  of.  Napoleon  I.  [He 
arrived  with  his  battle- worn  army  on  the  plains 
of  Waterloo  too  late  in  the  evening  to  accomplish 
his  desire.]  As  the  light  was  fading  away  he 
pointed  toward  the  visible  sun,  and  said,  "  What 
would  I  not  give  to  be  this  day  possessed  of  the 
power  of  Joshua,  and  enabled  to  retard  thy 
march  for  two  hours !" — Abbott's  Napoleon 
B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  27. 

5615.  TIME,  Estimate  of.  Napoleon  I.  [He, 
with  30.000  men,  defeated  50,000  Austrians  at 
the  battle  of  Rivoli.]  "  The  Austrians,"  said  he, 
' '  manoeuvred  admirably,  and  failed  only  be- 
cause they  are  incapable  of  calculating  the  value 
of  minutes." — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  7. 


«68 


TIME— TITLE. 


5616.  TIME,  Investment  of.  Napoleon  I.  [Na- 
poleon, with  othyrs,  was  quartered  at  the  house 
of  a  barber  at  Auxoune.  Some  spent  their  time 
coquetting  with  the  barber's  pretty  wife  ;  he  with 
his  books  in  hard  study.]  A  few  years  after,  as 
Napoleon,  then  commaiider  of  the  army  of  It- 
aly, was  on  his  way  to  Marengo,  ...  he  stopped 
at  the  door  of  the  barber's  shop,  and  asked  his 
former  hostess  if  she  remembered  a  young  officer 
by  the  name  of  Bonaparte  wlio  was  once  quar- 
tered in  her  family.  "Indeed,  I  do,"  was  her 
pettish  reply,  "  ani  a  very  disagreeable  inmate 
he  was.  He  was  always  either  shut  up  in  his 
room,  or,  if  he  walked  out,  he  never  conde- 
scended to  speak  to  any  one."  "  Ah  !  my  good 
womad,"  Napoieon  rejoined,  "  had  I  passed  my 
time  as  you  wished  to  have  me,  I  should  not 
now  have  been  in  command  of  the  army  of 
Italy." — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

5617.  TIME,  Purchase  of.  Valuable.  [When 
the  armj'-  of  Sertorius  came  to  the]  mountains 
adjoining  Spain,  the  Barbarians  insisted  that 
he  should  pay  toll,  and  purchase  his  passage 
•over  them.  Those  that  attended  him  were  fired 
with  indignation,  and  thought  it  an  insufferable 
thing  for  a  Roman  proconsul  to  pay  toll  to  such 
a  crew  of  Barbarians.  But  he  made  light  of  the 
seeming  disgrace,  and  said  time  was  ^he  thing 
he  purchased,  than  which  nothing  in  the  world 
could  be  more  precious  to  a  man  engaged  in 
^eat  attempts.  He  therefore  satisfied  the  de- 
mands of  the  mountaineers,  and  passed  over  into 
Spain  without  losing  a  moment. — Plutarch's 
Sertorius. 

5618.  TIME  saved.  Washington.  General 
Henry  Lee  once  observed  to  the  chief  :  "  We  are 
amazed,  sir,  at  the  vast  amount  of  work  that  you 
accomplish."  Washington  replied  :  "  Sir,  I  rise 
at  four  o'clock,  and  a  great  deal  of  my  work  is 
done  while  others  are  asleep."  [He  retired  at 
nine  o'clock.] — Custis'  Washington,  vol.  1, 
ch.  22. 

5619.  TIME,  Systematized.  Petronius  Maxi- 
Tnus.  The  private  life  of  the  senator  Petronius 
Maximus  was  often  alleged  as  a  rare  example  of 
human  felicity.  His  birth  was  noble  and  illustri- 
ous, since  he  descended  from  the  Anician  fami- 
ly ;  his  dignity  was  supported  by  an  adequate 
patrimony  in  land  and  money  ;  and  these  advan- 
tages of  fortune  were  accompanied  with  liberal 
arts  and  decent  manners,  which  adorn  or  imitate 
the  inestimable  gifts  of  genius  and  virtue.  The 
luxury  of  his  palace  and  table  was  hospitable 
and  elegant.  Whenever  Maximus  appeared  in 
public  he  was  surrounded  by  a  train  of  grateful 
and  obsequious  clients ;  and  it  is  possible  that 
among  these  clients  he  might  deserve  and  pos- 
sess some  real  friends.  His  merit  was  rewarded 
by  the  favor  of  the  prince  and  senate  ;  he  thrice 
exercised  the  office  of  Praetorian  prsefect  of  It- 
aly ;  he  was  twice  invested  with  the  consulship, 
and  he  obtained  the  rank  of  patrician.  These 
civil  honors  were  not  incompatible  with  the  en- 
joyment of  leisure  and  tranquillity ;  his  hours, 
according  to  the  demands  of  pleasure  or  reason, 
were  accurately  distributed  by  a  water-clock  ; 
and  this  avarice  of  time  may  be  allowed  to  prove 
the  sense  which  Maximus  entertained  of  his  own 
happiness. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  36,  p.  460. 

5620.  TIMES,  Unfavorable.  EigJiteenth  Cen- 
iury.     One  of  the  grand  difficulties  in  a  history 


of  Frederick  is,  all  along,  this  same,  that  he  lived 
in  a  century  which  has  no  history,  and  can  have 
little  or  none.  A  century  so  opulent  in  accumu- 
lated falsities — sad  opulence  descending  on  it  by 
inheritance,  always  at  compound  interest,  and 
always  largely  increased  by  fresh  acquirement 
on  such  immensity  of  standing  capital — opulent 
in  that  bad  way  as  never  century  before  was ! 
Which  had  no  longer  the  consciousness  of  being 
false,  so  false  had  it  grown  ;  and  was  so  steeped 
in  falsity,  and  impregnated  with  it  to  the  very 
bone,  that,  in  fact,  the  measure  of  the  thing  was 
full,  and  a  French  Revolution  had  to  end  it.  To 
maintain  much  veracity  in  such  an  element,  es- 
pecially for  a  king,  was  no  doubt  doubly  remark- 
able. But  now,  How  extricate  the  man  from  his 
century  ?  How  show  the  man,  who  is  a  reality 
worthy  of  being  seen,  and  yet  keep  his  century, 
as  a  hypocrisy  worthy  of  being  hidden  and  for- 
gotten, in  the  due  abeyance  ?  To  resuscitate  the 
eighteenth  century,  or  call  into  men's  view,  be- 
yond what  is  necessary,  the  poor  and  sordid  per- 
sonages and  transactions  of  an  epoch  so  related 
to  us,  can  be  no  purpose  of  mine  on  this  occa- 
sion. The  eighteenth  century,  it  isAvell  known, 
does  not  figure  to  me  as  a  lovely  one,  needing  to 
be  kept  in  mind,  or  spoken  of  unnecessarily.  To 
me  the  eighteenth  century  has  nothing  grand  in 
it,  except  that  grand  universal  suicide,  named 
French  Revolution,  by  which  it  terminated  its 
otherwise  most  worthless  existence  with  at  least 
one  worthy  act — setting  fire  to  its  old  home  and 
self,  and  going  up  in  flames  and  volcanic  explo- 
sions in  a  truly  memorable  and  important  man- 
ner. A  very  fit  termination,  as  I  thankfully  feel, 
for  such  a  century. — Carlyle's  Frederick 
the  Great,  Book  1,  ch.  1,  p.  7. 

5621.  TIMIDITY  in  Government.  Co7isian- 
tine.  The  same  timid  policy,  of  dividing  what- 
ever is  united,  of  reducing  whatever  is  eminent, 
of  dreading  every  active  power,  and  of  expect- 
ing  that  the  most  feeble  will  prove  the  most  obe- 
dient, seems  to  pervade  the  institutions  of  sev- 
eral princes,  and  particularly  those  of  Constan- 
tine. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  17,  p.  12. 

5622.  TITLE  authorized.  Temugin  the  Tar- 
tar. The  ambition  of  Temugin  condescended  to 
employ  the  arts  of  superstition  ;  and  it  was  from 
a  naked  prophet,  who  could  ascend  to  heaven  on 
a  white  horse,  that  he  accepted  the  title  of  Zin- 
gis,  the  most  great,  and  a  divine  right  to  the  con- 
quest and  dominion  of  the  earth.  In  a  general 
couroultai,  or  diet,  he  was  seated  on  a  felt,  which 
was  long  afterward  revered  as  a  relic,  and  sol- 
emnly proclaimed  great  khan,  or  emperor,  of  the 
Moguls  aud  Tartars. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  64, 
p.  205. 

5623.  TITLE,  Indifference  to.  Napoleon  I. 
[On  his  way  to  St.  Helena.]  The  orders  given 
by  the  [British]  Government  ,  .  .  were  very  ex- 
plicit, that  Napoleon  should  not  be  recognized 
as  emperor,  but  simply  as  general.  .  .  .  When 
informed  of  the  decree,  he  simply  remarked, 
"  They  cannot  prevent  me  from  being  myself." 
— Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  2,  ch.  29. 

5624.  TITLE,  Nominal.  France  and  England. 
The  first  and  greatest  cause  of  the  [French  and 
Indian  war]  was  the  conflicting  territorial  claims 
of  the  two  nations.  England  had  colonized  the 
sea-coast ;  France  had  colonized  the  interior  of 
the  continent.    In  making  grants  of  territory, 


TITLE— TOIL. 


669 


'  the  English  kings  had  always  proceeded  upon 
i  the  theory  that  the  voyage  of  Sebastian  Cabot 
;  had  given  to  England  a  lawful  right  to  the  coun- 
i  try  from  one  ocean  to  the  other. — Ridpath's 
'     U.  S.,  ch.  30,  p.  247. 

'■  5625.  TITLE,  A  papal.  Africa.  The  enthusi- 
I     asm  of  Prince  Henry  was  redoubled  by  the  suc- 

■  cess  of  these  experiments,  and  he  resolved  to 

■  employ  the  operation  of  a  new  and  very  power- 
i     ful  motive  to  the  prosecution  of  his  schemes  of 

discovery.  He  applied  to  the  Pope,  Eugene  IV. , 
and  representing  that  the  chief  object  of  his  pious 
wishes  was  to  spread  the  knowledge  of  the  Chris- 

'  tian  religion  among  those  barbarous  and  idola- 
trous nations  which  occupied  the  greatest  part 
of  the  continent  of  Africa,  he  procured  a  bull, 

i  conferring  on  the  Portuguese  an  exclusive  right 
to  all  the  countries  which  they  had  discovered, 
or  might  discover,  between  Cape  Non  and  the 
continent  of  India.  Ridiculous  as  such  a  dona- 
tion appears  to  us,  it  was  never  doubted  at  that 
time  that  the  pope  had  a  right  to  confer  it,  and, 
what  is  very  singular,  all  the  European  powers, 
for  a  considerable  space  of  time,  paid  the  most 
implicit  deference  to  the  grant,  and  acknowl- 
edged the  exclusive  title  of  the  Portuguese  to 
almost  the  whole  continent  of  Africa. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  18,  p.  268. 

5626.  TITLE,  Terrible.  "  Scourge  of  God."  It 
was  during  the  retreat  from  Orleans  that  a  Chris- 
tian hermit  is  reported  to  have  approached  the 
Hunnish  king,  and  said  to  him,  "Thou  art  the 
Scourge  of  God  for  the  chastisement  of  the  Chris- 
tians." Attila  instantly  assumed  this  new  title 
of  terror,  which  thenceforth  became  the  appel- 
lation by  which  he  was  most  widely  and  most 
fearfully  known. — Decisive  Battles,  §  248. 

5627.  TITLE  by  the  Sword.  Scottish  Barons. 
Edward  I. ,  having  forfeited  the  estates  of  many 
of  the  Scottish  barons,  granted  them  to  his  Eng- 
lish subjects.  These  were  expelled  by  the  Scots, 
who  seized  their  lands.  Amid  such  frequent 
changes,  many  held  their  possessions  by  titles 
extremely  defective,  and  Robert  formed  on  this 
ground  a  scheme  for  checking  the  growing  pow- 
er and  wealth  of  his  nobles.  He  summoned  them 
to  appear,  and  show  by  what  rights  they  held 
their  lands.  "  By  this  right,"  said  each  of  them, 
laying  his  hand  upon  his  sword  ;  "  by  the  sword 
we  gained  them,  and  by  that  we  will  defend 
them."  Robert,  apprehensive  of  the  conse- 
quences of  exasperatinej  this  resolute  spirit  of  his 
nobles,  wisely  dropped  the  scheme. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  14,  p.  230. 

562§.  TITLES,  Pompous.  Romans.  [During 
the  reign  of  Constantine]  the  principal  officers 
of  the  empire  were  saluted,  even  by  the  sove- 
reign himself,  with  the  deceitful  titles  of  your 
Sincenty,  your  Oravity,  your  Excellency,  your 
Eminence,  your  Sublime  and  wonderful  Magni- 
tude, your  Illustrious  and  magnificent  Highness. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16,  p.  108. 

5629.  TITLES,  Sale  of.  James  II.  [Sir  An- 
tony Shirley  invented  a  wholesale  mode  of  ob- 
taining supplies  for  King  James  I.,  by  the  sale  of 
honors.  One  hundred  thousand  pounds  were  ob- 
tained by  the  sale  of  baronets.  A  title  interme- 
diate between  a  knight  and  a  baron  was  bestowed 
at  the  price  of  £1095.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3, 
ch.  22,  p.  355. 


5630.  TITLES,  Significant.  State.  [The  Arab 
rulers  gave  to  some  of  their  servants  the  title  of 
Pasha,  which  was  derived  from  two  Persian 
words,  pai  and  schah,  which  signify  foot  of 
the  Shah.]  This  Asiatic  denomination  goes  back 
to  Cyrus.  He  gave,  by  extension  of  his  au- 
thority, to  his  principal  officers  the  name  of  one 
of  the  members  of  his  person.  The  administra- 
tors were  his  eyes  ;  the  tax-collectors  his  hands  ; 
the  police  his  ears ;  the  judges  his  tongue ;  the 
governors,  the  viziers,  the  visitors  of  the  prov- 
inces, Mrs,  feet  or  his  pashas. — Lamartine's  Tur- 
key, p.  235. 

5631.  TITLES,  Strange.  Army.  [The  Jan- 
issaries, a  fanatical  band  of  Islamites,]  placed 
between  the  cap  and  the  turban  a  wooden  spoou 
instead  of  a  buckle — thus  glorifying  themselves, 
in  presence  of  the  volunteer  and  unpaid  troops, 
at  their  distinction  of  being  paid  and  fed  too  by 
the  Emir.  Thay  gave  to  all  the  grades  of  their 
privileged  corps  titles  relative  to  the  subsistence 
of  the  troops  in  the  campaign.  The  colonel  re- 
ceived the  name  of  grand  distributer  of  soup  ; 
the  superior  and  subaltern  officers  were  called, 
the  one  head  cook,  the  other  first  water-carrier. 
Next  to  the  standard  of  this  band,  which  bore, 
embroidered  in  wool,  the  crescent  and  the  dou- 
ble-pointed sabre,  the  cooking  pot  became  the 
sacred  symbol  of  confraternity  with  the  Janis- 
saries, their  sign  for  rallying  for  council,  and 
more  often  for  sedition. — Lamartine's  Turkey, 
p.  212. 

5632.  TITLES,  Superfluous.  William  Pitt.  la 
ceasing  to  be  the  great  Commoner  [to  become  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Lords  as  Earl  of  Chat- 
ham] he  veiled  his  superiority.  "My  friend," 
said  Frederick  of  Prussia  on  hearing  of  it,  "  has 
harmed  himself  by  accepting  a  peerage. "  "It  ar- 
gues," said  the  King  of  Poland,  "a  senselessness 
to  glory  to  forfeit  the  name  of  Pitt  for  any  title." 
.  .  .  His  popularity  vanished,  and  with  it  the 
terror  of  his  name. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  26. 

5633.  TITLES,  Undeserved.  Degrees.  Vices- 
imus  Knox,  ...  a  distinguished  fellow  of  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford,  a  Master  of  Arts,  de- 
scribes . . .  the  most  absurd  forms  of  ease  and  cred- 
it as  the  finest  genius,  in  one  stage  of  the  process  ; 
and  in  another,  when  "the  examiners  and  the 
candidates  often  converse  on  the  last  drinking 
bout,  or  read  the  newspaper,  or  a  novel,  or  di- 
vert themselves  as  well  as  they  can  in  any  man- 
ner, till  the  clock  strikes  eleven,  when  all  par- 
ties descend,  and  the  testimonium  is  signed  by 
the  masters."  So  much  for  the  Bachelor's  de- 
gree, which  is  attained  after  four  years'  term- 
keeping.  For  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  three 
more  years  must  be  employed  in  trumpery  for- 
malities ;  and  then,  "  after  again  taking  oaths  by 
wholesale,  and  paying  the  fees,"  the  academic  is- 
sues into  the  world  with  an  "undeniable  pass- 
port to  carry  him  through  it  with  credit." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  6,  p.  111. 

5634.  TOBACCO  opposed.  James  I.  [King 
James  I.  wrote  a  treatise  entitled  a  "  Counter- 
blast to  Tobacco."  He  hated  tobacco-smokers, 
but  did  not  check  the  increase  of  the  fashionable 
indulgence.]— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  22, 
p.  340. 

5635.  TOIL,  Contentment  in.  Abdolonymus. 
He  was  so  poor  that  he  was  obliged  to  get  liis 


670 


TOIL— TOLERATION. 


bread  by  day  labor  in  a  garden  without  the  city. 
His  honesty  and  integrity  had  reduced  him,  as 
well  as  many  more,  to  such  extreme  poverty. 
Solely  intent  upon  his  labor,  he  did  not  hear  the 
clashing  of  the  arms  which  had  shaken  all  Asia. 
[Being  of  royal  blood,  Alexander  made  him  king 
of  the  Sidonians].  .  .  .  Alexander  commanded 
the  newly  elected  prince  to  be  sent  for,  and  after 
surveying  him  attentively  a  long  time,  spoke 
thus  :  ' '  Thy  air  and  mien  do  not  contradict  what 
is  related  of  thy  extraction  ;  but  I  should  be  glad 
to  know  with  what  frame  of  mind  thou  didst 
bear  thy  poverty."  "  Would  to  the  gods,"  re- 
plied he,  ' '  that  I  may  bear  this  crown  with  equal 
fortitude  !  These  hands  have  procured  me  all  I 
desired  ;  and  while  I  possessed  nothing,  I  want- 
ed nothing."  This  answer  gave  Alexander  a 
high  idea  of  Abdolonymus'  virtue,  so  that  he 
presented  him  not  only  with  all  the  rich  furni- 
ture which  had  belonged  to  Strato,  but  with  part 
of  the  Persian  plunder,  and  likewise  annexed 
one  of  the  neighboring  provinces  to  his  domin- 
ions.— Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  15,  §  6. 

5636.  TOIL,  Rewards  of.  Cyrus.  "Every- 
thing charms  and  transports  me  in  this  place," 
said  Lysander,  addressing  himself  to  Cyrus ; 
"  but  what  strikes  me  most  is  the  exquisite  taste 
and  elegant  industry  of  the  person  who  drew  the 
plan  of  the  several  parts  of  this  garden,  and  gave 
it  the  fine  order,  wonderful  disposition,  and  hap- 
piness of  symmetry,  which  I  cannot  sufficiently 
admire."  Cyrus,  infinitely  pleased  with  this  dis- 
course, replied,  "It  was  I  that  drew  the  plan, 
and  entirely  marked  it  out ;  and  many  of  the 
trees  which  you  see  were  planted  with  my  own 
hands."  "  What  \"  replied  Lysander,  consider- 
ing him  from  head  to  foot,  "  is  it  possible,  with 
these  purple  robes  and  splendid  vestments,  those 
strings  of  jewels  and  bracelets  of  gold,  those  bus- 
kins so  richly  embroidered,  that  you  could  play 
the  gardener,  and  employ  your  royal  hands  in 
planting  trees  ?"  "  Does  that  surprise  you  ?" 
said  Cyrus.  "I  swear  by  the  god  Mithras,  that 
when  my  health  admits  I  never  sit  down  to  ta- 
ble without  having  made  myself  sweat  with  some 
fatigue  or  other,  either  in  military  exercise,  ru- 
ral labor,  or  some  other  toilsome  employment, 
to  which  I  apply  with  pleasure  and  without 
sparing  myself."  Lysander  was  amazed  at  this 
discourse,  and  pressing  him  by  the  hand — "  Cy- 
rus," said  he,  "you  are  truly  happy,  and  deserve 
your  high  fortune." — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  9, 
oh.  1. 

5637.  TOLEBANCE,  Impracticable.  Relig- 
ious. Mr.  Hallam  has  truly  said,  "  Tolerance  in 
religion,  it  is  well  known,  so  unanimously  ad- 
mitted (at  least  verbally),  even  by  the  theologians 
in  the  present  century,  was  seldom  considered 
as  practicable,  much  less  as  a  matter  of  right  dur- 
ing the  period  of  the  Reformation. " — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  3,  p.  39. 

563§.  TOLEEATION,  Apostle  of.  Roger  Will- 
iams. To  this  man  belongs  the  shining  honor 
of  being  first  in  America  or  in  Europe  to  pro- 
claim the  full  gospel  of  religious  toleration.  He 
declared  to  his  people  that  the  conscience  of  man 
may  in  no  wise  be  bound  by  the  authority  of  the 
magistrate  ;  that  civil  government  has  only  to 
do  with  civil  matters,  such  as  the  collection  of 
taxes,  the  restraint  and  punishment  of  crime, 
and  the  protection  of  all  men  in  the  enjoyment 


of  equal  rights.  For  these  noble  utterances  he 
was  obliged  to  quit  the  ministry  of  the  church 
at  Salem  and  retire  to  Plymouth.  Finally,  in 
1634,  he  wrote  a  paper  in  which  the  declaration 
was  made  that  grants  of  land,  though  given  by 
the  king  of  England,  were  invalid  until  the  na- 
tives were  justly  recompensed.  This  was  equiv- 
alent to  saying  that  the  colonial  charter  itself 
was  void,  and  the  people  were  really  living  upon 
the  land  of  the  Indians.  Great  excitement  was 
occasioned  by  the  publication,  and  Williams  con- 
sented that,  for  the  sake  of  public  peace,  the  pa- 
per should  be  burned .  But  he  continued  to  teach 
his  doctrines,  saying  that  compulsory  attendance 
at  religious  worship,  as  well  as  toleration  for  the 
support  of  the  ministry,  was  contrary  to  the  teach- 
ings of  the  gospel.  When  arraigned  for  these 
bad  doctrines,  he  crowned  his  offences  by  telling 
the  court  that  a  test  of  church-membership  in  a 
voter  or  a  public  officer  was  as  ridiculous  as  the 
selection  of  a  doctor  of  physic  or  the  pilot  of  a 
ship  on  account  of  his  skill  in  theology.  These 
assertions  raised  such  a  storm  in  court  that  Will- 
iams was  condemned  for  heresy  and  banished 
from  the  colon3\  In  the  dead  of  winter  he  left 
home,  and  became  an  exile  in  the  desolate  forest. 
For  fourteen  weeks  he  wandered  on  through  the 
snow,  sleeping  at  night  on  the  ground  or  in  a 
hollow  tree,  living  on  parched  corn,  acorns,  and 
roots.  He  carried  with  him  one  precious  treas- 
ure, a  private  letter  from  Governor  Winthrop, 
giving  him  words  of  cheer  and  encouragement. 
.  .  .  With  five  companions  who  had  joined  him 
in  banishment,  he  embarked  in  a  canoe,  passed 
down  the  river,  and  crossed  to  the  west  side  of 
the  bay.  Here  he  was  safe  ;  his  enemies  could 
hunt  him  no  farther.  A  tract  of  land  was  hon- 
orably purchased  from  Canonicus  ;  and  in  June 
of  1636  the  illustrious  founder  of  Rhode  Island 
laid  out  the  city  of  Providence. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,ch.  13,  p.  128. 

5639.  TOLEEATION  commended.  Cromwell. 
Cromwell's  whole  ideas  of  religious  liberty  rose 
and  ranged  far  beyond  those  of  most  of  the  men 
of  his  age.  How  impressively  this  comes  out  in 
his  correspondence  with  the  Scotch  commission- 
ers and  Presbyterian  clergymen  after  the  battle 
of  Dunbar  !  "  You  say,"  he  writes,  "that  you 
have  just  cause  to  regret  that  men  of  civil  employ- 
ments should  usurp  the  calling  and  employment 
of  the  ministry  to  the  scandal  of  the  Reformed 
kirks.  Are  you  troubled  that  Christ  is  preached  ? 
Is  preaching  so  exclusively  your  function  ?  I 
thought  the  Covenant  and  these  professors  of  it 
could  have  been  willing  that  any  should  speak 
good  of  the  name  of  Christ ;  if  not,  it  is  no  cove- 
nant of  God's  approving  ;  nor  are  these  kirks  you 
mention  in  so  much  the  spouse  of  Christ.  Where 
do  you  find  in  the  Scripture  a  ground  to  warrant 
such  an  assertion  that  preaching  is  exclusively 
your  function  ?" — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  5, 
p.  193. 

5640.  TOLERATION  condemned.  By  Puritans. 
The  treatise  of  Thomas  Edwards,  ...  in  his 
"Gangrena"  [published  in  time  of  Cromwell, 
and  disapproved  by  him,  says  :]  "A  toleration 
is  the  grand  design  of  the  devil — his  masterpiece, 
and  chief  engine  he  has  at  this  time,  to  uphold  his 
tottering  kingdom.  It  is  the  most  compendious, 
ready,  sure  way  to  destroy  all  religion,  lay  all 
waste,  and  bring  in  all  evil.     It  is  a  most  tran- 


TOLERATION— TORTURE. 


671 


scendent,  catholic,  and  fundamental  evil  for  this 
kingdom  of  any  that  can  be  imagined.  As  origi- 
nal sin  is  the  most  fundamental  sin,  having  the 
seed  and  spawn  of  all  in  it,  so  a  toleration  hath 
all  errors  in  it,  and  all  evils.  It  is  against  the 
whole  stream  and  current  of  Scripture,  both  in 
the  Old  and  New  Testament,  both  in  matters  of 
faith  and  manners,  both  general  and  particular 
commands.  It  overthrows  all  relations,  political, 
ecclesiastical,  and  ecommiical.  And  whereas 
other  evils,  whether  of  judgment  or  practice,  be 
but  against  some  one  or  two  places  of  Scripture, 
or  relation,  this  is  against  all — this  is  the  Abad- 
don, Apollyon,  the  destroyer  of  all  religion,  the 
abomination  of  all  desolation  and  astonishment, 
the  liberty  of  perdition,  and  therefore  the  devil 
follows  it  night  and  day,  working  mightily  in 
many  by  writing  books  for  it,  and  other  ways — 
all  the  devils  in  hell  and  their  instruments  be- 
ing at  work  to  promote  a  toleration." — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  5,  p.  193. 

564 1 .  TOLEEATION,  Edict  of.  First  in  France. 
An  edict  was  published  at  St.  Germains  in  Janu- 
ary, 1562,  by  which  permission  was  given  to  the 
Huguenots  throughout  the  kingdom  to  hold 
meetings  for  religious  worship  outside  the  walls 
of  towns,  and  all  penalties  enacted  against  them 
were  abolished.  They  were  required,  on  the 
other  hand,  to  restore  to  the  dominant  commun- 
ion all  churches  of  which  they  had  wrongfully 
taken  possession ;  to  abstain  from  preaching 
against  the  Catholic  faith  ;  and  to  leave  the  clergy 
in  peaceable  enjoyment  of  their  tithes  and  other 
endowments.  This  was  the  first  official  recogni- 
tion of  the  principle  of  religious  toleration  in 
France. — Students'  France,  ch.  16,  §  4. 

5642.  TOLERATION  forgotten.  Puritans. 
The  Puritan  and  republican  party  in  Maryland 
had  grown  sufficiently  strong  to  defy  the  pro- 
prietor and  Catholics.  A  Protestant  assembly 
was  convened  at  Patuxent  in  October  of  1654. 
The  first  act  was  to  acknowledge  the  supremacy 
of  Cromwell  ;  the  next  to  disfranchise  the  Catho- 
lics and  to  deprive  them  of  the  protection  of  the 
laws.  The  ungrateful  representatives  seemed  to 
forget  that  if  Lord  Baltimore  had  beenequally  in- 
tolerant not  one  of  them  would  have  had  even  a 
residence  within  the  limits  of  Maryland.  It  would 
be  difficult  to  find  a  more  odious  piece  of  legisla- 
tion than  that  of  the  assembly  at  Patuxent.  Of 
course  the  Catholic  party  would  not  submit  to  a 
code  by  which  they  were  virtually  banished  from 
their  own  province.  Civil  war  ensued.  Governor 
Stone  organized  and  armed  the  militia,  seized 
the  records  of  the  colony,  and  marched  against 
the  opposing  forces.  A  decisive  battle  was  fought 
just  across  the  estuary  from  the  present  site  of 
Annapolis.  The  Catholics  were  defeated,  with  a 
loss  of  fifty  men  in  killed  and  wounded.  Stone 
himself  was  taken  prisoner,  and  was  only  saved 
from  death  by  the  personal  friendship  of  some 
of  the  insurgents.  Three  of  the  Catholic  leaders 
were  tried  by  a  court-martial,  and  executed. — 
RiDPATH's  U.  S. ,  ch.  26,  p.  222. 

5643.  TOLERATION,  Partiality  in.  Cromioell. 
We  wonder  at  some  things  in  Cromwell's  history. 
We  wonder  that  in  his  after  years,  while  his  soul 
was  so  blessed  by  a  large  toleration,  he  so  reso- 
lutely and  intolerantly  hated  Romanism.  We 
must  remember,  as  we  have  already  said,  that 
when  Oliver  was  six  years  old  there  came  to  his 


father's  house  in  Huntingdon  the  news  of  the 
Gunpowder  Plot ;  we  must  remember  that  a 
feline  Jesuitism  was  sneaking  over  the  whole  of 
England,  and  round  the  courts  of  Europe  and 
through  its  kingdoms  ;  we  must  remember  that 
when  he  was  only  eleven  years  old  the  brave 
Henry  of  Navarre  was  murdered  in  the  streets 
of  Paris — fine  defender  of  Protestantism  that  he 
was  !  Pieces  of  news  like  these  were  calculated 
to  sting  a  boy's  memoiy,  and  to  remain  there, 
and  to  leave  a  perpetual  irritation.  Popery  was 
to  be  hated  then  ;  we  now  may  afford  to  forgive 
what  Popery  has  done. — Hood's  Cromwell, 
ch.  2,  p.  33. 

5644.  TOLERATION,  Popular.  Oliver  Crom- 
well. [He  was  very  bitter  against  priests,  and 
would  not  have  the  mass,  but  he  says  :J  As  for 
the  people,  what  thoughts  have  they  in  matters 
of  religion,  in  their  own  breasts,  I  cannot  reach  ; 
but  shall  think  it  my  duty,  if  they  walk  honestly 
and  peaceably,  not  to  cause  them  in  the  least  to 
suffer  for  the  same  ;  and  shall  endeavor  to  walk 
patiently  and  in  love  toward  them,  to  see  if  it 
shall  please  God  to  give  them  another  or  a  better 
mind. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  9,  p.  126. 

5645.  TOLERATION,  Remarkable.  Timour. 
One  circumstance  which  strongly  marks  a  great- 
ness of  character  in  this  Tartar  potentate  was 
his  toleration.  He  believed  himself  neither  in 
the  sect  of  the  Lama  nor  in  the  faith  of  Mahomet, 
but  acknowledged  one  Supreme  Being,  without 
any  mixture  of  superstitious  observances  ;  yet  he 
suffered  all  men,  both  Mussulmans  and  idolaters, 
to  exercise  their  own  religious  worship  ;  and 
while  he  was  passing  Mount  Libanus,  he  is 
said  to  have  even  assisted,  with  reverence,  at  the 
religious  ceremonies  of  some  of  the  Christian  an- 
chorets who  dwelt  on  that  mountain. — Tytleb's 
Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  13,  p.  208. 

5646.  TOMB  of  Pleasure  seeker.  Sardana- 
palus.  [Alexander  came  to  Anchiala,  built  by 
Sardanapalus.]  His  tomb  was  still  to  be  seen  in 
that  city,  with  this  inscription  :  ' '  Sardanapalus 
built  Anchiala    and   Tarsus   in   one  day :  go, 

PASSENGER,  EAT.  DRINK,  AND  REJOICE,  FOR  THE 
REST   IS  NOTHING." — RoLLIN'S  HiST.,  Book  15, 

§5- 

5647.  TOMBS,  Empty.  Pyramids.  These  pyra- 
mids were  tombs  ;  and  there  is  still  to  be  seen  in 
the  middle  of  the  largest  an  empty  sepulchre,  cut 
of  one  entire  stone,  about  three  feet  deep  and 
broad,  and  a  little  above  six  feet  long.  Thus  all 
this  bustle,  all  this  expense,  and  all  the  labors  of 
so  many  thousand  men  for  so  many  years  ended 
in  procuring  for  a  prince,  in  this  vast  and  almost 
boundless  pile  of  building,  a  little  vault  six  feet 
in  length.  Besides,  the  kings  who  built  these 
pyramids  had.it  not  in  their  power  to  be  buried 
in  them,  and  so  did  not  enjoy  the  sepulchre  they 
had  built.  The  public  hatred  which  they  in- 
curred, by  reason  of  their  unheard-of  cruelties  to 
their  subjects,  in  laying  such  heavy  tasks  upon 
them,  occasioned  their  being  interred  in  some 
obscure  place,  to  prevent  their  bodies  from  being 
exposed  to  the  fury  and  vengeance  of  the  popu- 
lace.— Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  2,  §  2. 

564§.  TORTURE  of  Criminals.  France. 
[Louis  XV.  Avas  stabbed  with  a  penknife  in  the 
hand  by  a  crazy  fanatic  named]  Damiens,  who  de- 
clared that  his  purpose  was  to  punish  the  king  for 
his  tyrannical  treatment  of  the  Parliament,  and  to 


672 


TORTURE— TRADE. 


force  him  to  take  measures  for  preventing  the 
refusal  of  the  sacraments.  After  being  cruelly 
tortured,  the  wretched  criminal  was  executeci 
with  all  the  frightful  barbarities  which  the  law 
denounced  on  parricides :  his  limbs  were  torn 
with  red-hot  pincers,  and  boiling  melted  lea-d  was 
poured  into  the  wounds  ;  after  which  his  body 
was  dragged  in  pieces  by  four  horses,  and  the 
remains  burnt  and  scattered  to  the  winds. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  24,  §  2. 

5649.  TORTURE,  Punishment  by.  Iron  Boot. 
[It  was  a  boot  of  iron  put  on  the  leg,  and  wedges 
were  driven  in,  commonly  against  the  calf,  but 
sometimes  on  the  shin-bone.  Officers  of  the  Eng- 
lish Government  used  it  to  punish  disloyal  or 
suspected  Scotchmen  in  Edinburgh.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  17,  p.  394. 

5650.  TORTURE,  Terrible.  Garibaldi.  He 
became  involved  in  one  of  those  wars  between 
Republicans  and  Absolutists  which  desolated  the 
countries  of  South  America  for  so  many  years. 
He  fought  on  sea  and  on  land.  He  was  wounded 
and  shipwrecked.  He  commanded  fleets  and 
regiments.  He  was  victorious  and  defeated. 
Once,  being  taken  a  prisoner,  he  was  cruelly 
beaten  with  a  club,  then  hung  by  his  hands  to  a 
beam  for  two  hours,  and  when  cut  down  fell 
helpless  to  the  earth. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  495. 

5651.  TORTURE,  Testimony  by.  John  How- 
ard. In  all  the  prisons  of  the  Continent  he  found 
one  horror  which  was  unknown  in  England — a 
torture  chamber.  It  was  a  custom  then,  in  all 
the  countries  of  Europe,  except  Prussia,  to  sub- 
ject criminals  to  the  torture,  in  order  to  compel 
them  to  confess  their  crimes  and  reveal  their  ac- 
complices. This  chamber  was  usually  under 
ground,  that  the  cries  of  the  sufferer  might  not 
be  heard.  Clad  only  in  a  long  flannel  gown,  the 
trembling  victim  was  led  to  this  apartment, 
where  were  assembled  the  magistrates,  the  exe- 
cutioners, a  surgeon,  and  a  secretary  ;  and  there 
he  was  tortured  till  his  agony  had  wrung  from 
him  a  confession,  real  or  fictitious.  Sometimes 
it  was  the  thumb-screw,  sometimes  the  boot, 
sometimes  a  chair  with  blunt  spikes  in  the  seat ; 
sometimes  it  was  a  machine  for  dislocating  the 
arms  ;  sometimes  it  was  the  lash  or  the  shower- 
bath,  that  tried  the  endurance  of  the  accused. 
These  chambers  of  torture  Howard  visited,  but 
he  purposely  forebore  to  lend  a  false  attraction 
to  his  book  by  describing  them. — Cyclopedia 
OF  BiOG.,  p.  50. 

565*2.  TRACTS  effective.  Religious.  [Dr. 
Coke,  in  1785,  gave  a  tract,  being  an  extract  of 
Mr.  Law's  "Treatise  on  the  Nature  and  Design  of 
Christianity,"  to  a  family  named  Cowles,  in  Wil- 
liamsburgh,  Va.]  By  means  of  it  they  were  so 
stirred  up  to  seek  the  Lord,  that  the  father,  the 
mother,  and  six  children,  who  were  married,  with 
their  husbands  and  wives — fourteen  in  all — were 
converted.  The  man  who  received  the  tract  be- 
came a  preacher. — Stevens'  M.  E.  Church, 
vol.  3,  p.  287. 

5653.  TRADE,  Contempt  for.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Being  solicited  to  compose  a  funeral  sermon 
for  the  daughter  of  a  tradesman,  he  naturally  in- 
quired into  the  character  of  the  deceased  ;  and 
being  told  she  was  remarkable  for  her  humility 
and  condescension  to  inferiors,  he  observed  that 


those  were  very  laudable  qualities,  but  it  might 
not  be  so  easy  to  discover  who  the  lady's  inferi- 
ors were. — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  175. 

5654.  TRADE,  Illicit.  American  Colonies. 
A.D.  1763.  It  was  thought  that  of  a  million  and 
a  half  pounds  of  tea  consumed  annually  in  the 
colonies,  not  more  than  one-tenth  part  was  sent 
from  England.  Grenville  [prime-minister]  held 
that  the  contraband  was  all  stolen  from  the  com- 
merce and  part  of  it  from  the  manufactures  of 
Great  Britain,  against . .  .  the  law. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  9. 

5655.  TRADE,  Inhuman.  Slave  Trade.  By 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht  England  gained  the  monop- 
oly of  the  slave  trade  in  Spanish  and  British 
America.  Controlling  the  trade  in  slaves,  who 
cost  nothing  but  trinkets  and  toys  and  refuse 
arms,  England  gained,  by  the  sale  of  the  children 
of  Africa  into  bondage  in  America,  the  capital 
which  built  up  and  confirmed  a  British  empire 
in  Hindostan. — Bancroft's  U.  S.  ,  vol.  3,  ch.  21. 

5656.  TRADE,  Laws  for.  England.  [In 
1509]  the  complaint  of  the  Commons,  that  hat- 
makers  and  cap-makers  "sell  their  hats  and 
caps  at  an  outrageous  price,"  averring  that  what 
they  buy  for  sixteen-pence  they  sell  for  three  shil- 
lings, is  simply  evidence  of  lack  of  competition. 
[It  was  enacted  that  no  hatter  should  sell  the 
best  hat  above  the  price  of  twenty -pence.  But 
the  purchaser  really  obtained  no  cheaper  com- 
modity ;  he  lost  in  quality  what  he  gained  in 
price.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  15,  p.  251. 

5657.  TRADE,  Overreaching  in.  Egyptians. 
The  general  character  of  the  Egyptians,  with  re- 
spect to  morals,  contributed  likewise  to  draw 
upon  them  the  disesteem  of  other  nations.  They 
have  been  generally  accused  by  the  ancients  of 
great  cunning  and  insincerity  in  their  dealings. 
The  term  AvyoTCTea^eiv ,  to  play  the  Egyptian,  was 
proverbially  used  by  the  Greeks  to  signify  cozen- 
ing and  overreaching. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1, 
ch.  4,  p.  47. 

565§.  TRADE  regulated.  Fixed  Prices.  An 
edict  was  issued  in  the  name  of  the  four  Caesars — 
Diocletian,  Maximian,  Constantius,  and  Gale- 
rius.  It  fixed  a  maximum  of  prices  throughout 
the  empire  for  all  the  necessaries  and  commodi- 
ties of  life.  The  preamble  insists,  with  great 
vehemence,  on  the  extortion  and  inhumanity  of 
the  venders  and  merchants.  .  .  .  The  edict,  as 
Colonel  Leake  clearly  shows,  was  issued  a.c.  303. 
Among  the  articles  of  which  the  maximum  value 
is  assessed  are  oil,  salt,  honey,  butchers'  meat, 
poultry,  game,  fish,  vegetables,  fruit,  the  wages 
of  laborers  and  artisans,  schoolmasters  and  ora- 
tors, and  clothes. — Milman's  Note  in  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  13,  p.  410. 

5659. .     Boman  Emperor  Julian. 

When  the  luxurious  citizens  of  Antioch  com- 
plained of  the  high  price  of  poultry  and  fish,  Ju- 
lian publicly  declared  that  a  frugal  city  ought 
to  be  satisfied  with  a  regular  supply  of  wine,  oil, 
and  bread.  .  .  .  The  emperor  ventured  on  a  very 
dangerous  and  doubtful  step,  of  fixing,  by  legal 
authority,  the  value  of  corn.  He  enacted  that, 
in  a  time  of  scarcity,  it  should  be  sold  at  a  price 
which  had  seldom  been  known  in  the  most  plen- 
tiful years.  .  .  .  The  consequences  might  have 
been  foreseen,  and  were  soon  felt.  The  Imperial 
wheat  was  purchased  by  the  rich  merchants  ;  the 


TRADE— TRAINING. 


673 


proprietors  of  land,  or  of  corn,  withheld  from 
the  city  the  accustomed  supply,  and  the  small 
quantities  that  appeared  in  the  market  were 
secretly  sold  at  an  advanced  and  illegal  price. 
Julian  still  continued  to  applaud  his  own  pol- 
icy, and  treated  the  complaints  of  the  people  as  a 
vain  and  ungrateful  murmur. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  34,  p.  466. 

5660. .     England.     [In  1548  the] 

sellers  of  victuals  were  to  be  punished  for  con- 
spiring and  covenanting  to  sell  their  commodities 
at  unreasonable  prices.  It  required  three  quarters 
of  a  century  to  show  that  such  legislation  was  a 
mistake. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  12,  p.  185. 

5661.  TBADE,  Tricks  in.  England  in  1547. 
[The  dealer  puts]  a  strike  of  good  malt  in  the 
bottom  of  the  sack,  two  strikes  of  bad  malt  in  the 
middle,  and  a  good  strike  in  the  sack's  mouth  ; 
the  cloth-maker  stretches  his  eighteen  yards  of 
cloth  to  twenty -seven,  and  then  thickens  it  with 
"  flock  powder,"  the  "  devil's  dust "  of  modern 
times. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  29,  p.  486. 

5662.  TRADES  UNION,  Objection  to.  CasU. 
In  the  towns  the  organization  of  trades,  with 
their  strict  laws  of  apprenticeship  and  their 
guilds,  excluded  from  competition  with  the  rec- 
ognized artisan  all  those  who  had  not  the  claim 
of  caste — for  caste  it  was,  when  a  workman  must 
have  been  brought  up  to  a  calling,  and  could 
follow  that  calling  and  no  other. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  17,  p.  267. 

5663.  TRADES  UNION,  Opposition  of.  James 
Watt.  Although  there  were  no  mathematical- 
instrument-makers  in  Glasgow  [where  he  first 
established  himself  in  business],  he  was  opposed 
by  the  corporation  of  the  hammermen,  on  the 
ground  that  he  was  neither  the  son  of  a  burgess 
nor  had  served  an  apprenticeship  within  the  bor- 
ough.— Smiles'  Brief  Biographies,  p  13. 

5664.  TRADES-UNION,  Oppressive.  James 
Watt.  [When  James  Watt  went  to  Glasgow  to 
establish  a  shop  for  the  manufacture  of  mathe- 
matical instruments,]  the  worshipful  company 
of  hammermen,  in  that  spirit  of  exclusiveness 
which  the  lapse  of  a  century  has  scarcely  eradi- 
cated where  guilds  and  corporations  have  any 
remnant  of  antiquated  privileges,  resolved  to  pre- 
vent James  Watt  exercising  his  art. — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  3,  p.  59. 

5665.  TRADES-UNION  prohibited.  England. 
[It  was  enacted  in  1423,]  Whereas  by  the  yearly 
congregations  and  confederacies  made  by  the 
masons  in  their  general  chapiters  assembled,  the 
good  course  and  effect  of  the  statutes  of  laborers 
be  openly  violated  and  broken,  in  subversion  of 
the  law,  and  to  the  great  damage  of  all  the  com- 
mons, our  said  lord,  the  king,  willing  in  this 
case  to  provide  remedy,  hath  ordained  and  es- 
tablished that  such  chapiters  and  congregations 
shall  not  be  hereafter  holden  ;  and  if  any  such 
be  made,  they  that  cause  such  chapiters  to  be  as- 
sembled and  holden,  if  they  therefore  be  con- 
vict, shall  be  judged  for  felons.  And  all  the 
other  masons  that  come  to  such  chapiters  and  con- 
gregations be  punished  by  imprisonment  of  their 
bodies,  and  make  fine  and  reason  at  the  king's 
will. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  8,  p.  116. 

5666. .  England.  [In  1548]  com- 
binations of  workmen  were  prohibited  under 


severe  penalties.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6.  ch.  12. 
p.  185. 

5667.  TRADITION,  Worthless.  Cromwell. 
[Charles  I.  fled  at  the  battle  of  Dunbar.]  They 
still  remember  that  day  in  Worcester,  and  still 
point  out  many  of  the  places  connected  with  the 
story  of  the  battle  ;  and  in  Perry  Wood,  where 
Cromwell  first  took  up  his  position,  there  is  a  tree, 
which  the  peasant  shows  to  those  who  desire  to 
see  it,  where  the  devil,  Cromwell's  intimate 
friend,  appeared  to  him,  and  gave  him  the  prom- 
ise of  victory. — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  13, 
p.  170. 

566§.  TRAINING  for  Greatness.  Alexander. 
So  ripe  a  judgment  in  this  young  prince  was 
owing  as  much  to  the  good  education  which  had 
been  given  him  as  to  the  excellence  of  his  natural 
abilities.  Several  preceptors  were  appointed  to 
teach  him  whatsoever  was  worthy  the  heir  to  a 
great  kingdom  ;  and  the  chief  of  these  was  Leoni- 
das,  a  relation  of  the  queen,  and  a  person  of  the 
most  severe  morals.  Alexander  himself  related 
afterward,  that  this  Leonidas,  in  their  journeys 
together,  used  frequently  to  look  into  the  trunks 
where  his  bed  and  clothes  were  laid,  in  order  to 
see  if  Olympias,  his  mother,  had  not  put  some- 
thing superfluous  into  them,  which  might  admin- 
ister to  delicacy  and  luxury. — Rollin's  Hist., 
Book  15,  §  1. 

5669.  TRAINING,  Lack  of.  Military.  It  is 
the  misfortune  of  men  of  superior  military  ability 
that  their  subordinates  are  generally  failures 
when  trusted  with  independent  commands.  Ac- 
customed to  obey  implicitly  the  instructions  of 
their  chief,  they  have  done  what  they  have  been 
told  to  do,  and  their  virtue  has  been  in  never 
thinking  for  themselves.  They  succeed,  and  they 
forget  why  they  succeed,  and  in  part  attribute 
their  fortune  to  their  own  skill.  With  Alexander's 
generals,  with  Caesar's,  with  Cromwell's,  even 
with  some  of  Napoleon's,  the  story  has  been  the 
same.  They  have  been  self-confident,  yet  when 
thrown  upon  their  own  resources  they  have 
driven  back  upon  a  judgment  which  has  been 
inadequately  trained.  The  mind  which  guided 
them  is  absent.  The  instrument  is  called  on  to 
become  self-acting,  and  necessarily  acts  unwise- 
ly.— FrOUDE's  CiESAR,  ch.  25. 

5670.  TRAINING,  Lasting.  Scott's  Mother. 
Sir  Walter's  mother,  who  was  a  Miss  Rutherford, 
the  daughter  of  a  physician,  had  been  better  edu- 
cated than  most  Scotchwomen  of  her  day,  in  spite 
of  having  been  sent  "  to  be  finished  off  "  by  "  the 
honorable  Mrs.  Ogilvie,"  whose  training  was  so 
effective,  in  one  direction  at  least,  that  even  in 
her  eightieth  year  Mrs.  Scott  could  not  enjoy  a 
comfortable  rest  in  her  chair,  but  "  took  as  much 
care  to  avoid  touching  her  chair  with  her  back 
as  if  she  had  still  been  under  the  stern  eyes  of 
Mrs.  Ogilvie." — Hutton's  Life  of  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott,  ch.  1. 

5671.  TRAINING  by  Obedience.  Spartans. 
They  accustomed  the  children  from  their  earliest 
infancy  to  an  entire  submission  to  the  laws,  mag- 
istrates, and  all  in  authority  ;  and  their  edu- 
cation, properly  speaking,  was  no  more  than  an 
apprenticeship  of  obedience.  It  was  for  this  rea- 
son that  Agesilaus  advised  Xenophon  to  send  his 
children  to  Sparta,  as  to  an  excellent  school, 
where  they  might  learn  the  greatest  and  most 


674 


TRAINING— TRAMPS. 


noble  of  all  sciences,  to  obey  and  to  command, 
for  the  one  naturally  leads  on  to  the  other. — 
Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  10,  eh.  1,  §  1. 

5672.  TEAINING,  Physical.  Momans.  In 
treating  of  the  system  of  Roman  education,  we 
have  taken  notice  of  those  exepcises  of  the  body  to 
which  all  the  youth  of  the  republic  were  accus- 
tomed from  their  earliest  infancy.  By  the  con- 
stant practice  of  wrestling,  boxing,  launching 
the  javelin,  running,  and  swimming  they  were 
inured  from  their  cradle  to  that  species  of  life 
which  a  soldier  leads  in  the  most  active  campaign 
in  the  field.  They  were  accustomed  to  the  mili- 
tary place — that  is,  to  walk  twenty  miles,  and 
sometimes  twenty-four,  in  four  hours.  During 
these  marches  they  carried  burdens  of  sixty 
pounds'  weight  ;  and  the  weapons  with  which 
they  were  armed  were  double  the  weight  of  those 
which  were  used  in  the  actual  field  of  battle. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  5,  p.  452. 

5673.  TRAINING,  Success  without.  William 
Prince  of  Orange.  The  faculties  which  are  nec- 
essary for  the  conduct  of  great  affairs  ripened  in 
him  at  a  time  of  life  when  they  have  scarcely 
begun  to  blossom  in  ordinary  men.  Since  Oc- 
tavius  the  world  had  seen  no  such  instance  of 
precocious  statesmanship.  Skilful  diplomatists 
were  surprised  to  hear  the  weighty  observations 
which  at  seventeen  the  prince  made  on  public 
affairs,  and  still  more  surprised  to  see  the  lad,  in 
situations  in  which  he  might  have  been  expected 
to  betray  strong  passion,  preserve  a  composure 
as  imperturbable  as  their  own.  At  eighteen  he 
sat  among  the  fathers  of  the  Commonwealth, 
grave,  discreet,  and  judicious  as  the  oldest 
among  them.  At  twenty -one,  in  a  day  of  gloom 
and  terror,  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  ad- 
ministration. At  twenty-three  he  was  renowned 
throughout  Europe  as  a  soldier  and  a  politician. 
He  had  put  domestic  factions  under  his  feet ;  he 
was  the  soul  of  a  mighty  coalition  ;  and  he  had 
contended  with  honor  in  the  field  against  some 
of  the  greatest  generals  of  the  age. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  153. 

5674.  TRAITOE,  Political.  Mr.  Huske  in 
Parliament,  a.d.  1763.  A  native  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, educated  at  Boston,  now  member  [of  Par- 
liament] from  Maiden,  .  .  ,  boasted  that  taxes 
might  be  laid  on  the  colonies  to  yield  £5,000,000 
[only  £200,100  were  proposed  by  the  ministry], 
which  would  secure  the  promised  relief  to  the 
country  gentlemen.  This  sum,  he  insisted,  the 
Americans  were  well  able  to  pay ;  and  he  was 
heard  by  the  House  with  great  joy  and  attention, 
betraying  his  native  land  for  the  momentary 
pleasure  of  being  cheered  by  the  aristocracy, 
which  was  so  soon  to  laugh  at  him. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  9. 

5675.  TRAITOR  punished.  By  Mother.  The 
great  Pausanias,  who  had  beaten  the  Persians  in 
the  battle  of  Plataea,and  who  on  many  occasions 
had  behaved  with  great  generosity  as  well  as 
moderation,  at  last  degenerated  and  fell  into  a 
scandalous  treaty  with  the  Persians,  in  hopes, 
through  their  interest,  to  make  himself  sovereign 
of  Greece.  As  soon  as  he  had  conceived  these 
strange  notions,  he  fell  into  the  manners  of  the 
Persians,  affected  all  their  luxury,  and  derided 
the  plain  customs  of  his  country,  of  which  he 
had  formerly  been  so  fond.  The  Ephori  waited 
some  time  for  clear  proof  of  his  treacherous  de- 


signs, and  when  they  had  obtained  it,  determined 
to  imprison  him.  But  he  fled  into  the  temple 
of  Minerva  Chalcioicos,  and  they  besieged  him 
there.  They  walled  up  all  the  gates,  and  his  own 
mother  laid  the  first  stone.  When  they  had  al- 
most starved  him  to  death,  they  laid  hands  on 
him,  and  by  the  time  they  had  got  him  out  of 
the  temple  he  expired. — Note  in  Plutarch's 
Lives. 

5676.  TRAITOR,  Shameless.  Reign  of  James 
II.  [Lord  Sunderland,  the  prime-minister,  was 
apprehensive  of  retribution  when  the  revolution 
should  take  place.]  There  was  yet  one  way  in 
which  he  might  escape — a  way  more  terrible  to 
a  noble  spirit  than  a  prison  or  a  scaffold.  He 
might  still,  by  a  well-timed  and  useful  treason, 
earn  his  pardon  from  the  foes  (jf  the  government. 
It  was  in  his  power  to  render  to  them  at  this 
conjuncture  services  beyond  all  price  ;  for  he  had 
the  royal  ear  ;  he  had  great  influence  over  the 
Jesuitical  cabal ;  and  he  was  blindly  trusted  by 
the  French  ambassador.  .  .  Whenever  he  wished 
to  transmit  a  secret  message  to  Holland,  he  spoke 
to  his  wife ;  she  wrote  to  Sidney,  and  Sidney 
communicated  her  letter  to  William.  One  of  her 
communications  was  intercepted  and  carried  to 
James.  She  vehemently  protested  that  it  was  a 
forgery.  Her  husband,  with  characteristic  in- 
genuity, defended  himself  by  representing  that 
it  was  quite  impossible  for  any  man  to  be  so  base 
as  to  do  what  he  was  in  the  habit  of  doing. 
"Even  if  this  is  Lady  Sunderland's  hand,"  he 
said,  "  that  is  no  affair  of  mine.  Your  Majesty 
knows  my  domestic  misfortunes.  The  footing 
on  which  my  wife  and  Mr.  Sidney  are  is  but  too 
public.  Who  can  believe  that  I  would  make  a 
confidant  of  the  man  who  has  injured  my  honor 
in  the  tenderest  point — of  the  man  whom,  of  all 
others,  I  ought  most  to  hate  ?"  This  defence 
was  thought  satisfactory  ;  and  secret  intelligence 
was  still  transmitted  from  the  wittol  to  the  adul- 
teress, from  the  adulteress  to  the  gallant,  and 
from  the  gallant  to  the  enemies  of  James. — Ma- 
caulay's Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  411. 

5677.  TRAMPS,  Philosophic.  Cynics.  The 
morality  of  Socrates  .  .  .  was  pushed  the  length 
of  extravagance  by  the  Cynics.  The  founder  of 
this  sect  was  Antisthenes,  a  pupil  of  Socrates.  .  .  . 
To  evince  his  contempt  of  luxury,  he  chose  to 
wear  an  old  and  tattered  cloak.  ' '  Whj^  so  os- 
tentatious 1"  said  Socrates.  "  Through  your  rag- 
ged coat  I  see  your  vanity."  Virtue,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Cynics,  consisted  in  renouncing 
all  the  conveniences  and  comforts  of  life.  They 
clothed  themselves  in  rags,  disdained  to  live  in  a 
house,  slept  in  the  streets,  ate  nothing  but  what 
was  coarse  and  insipid,  and  wandered  about  the 
country  with  a  stick  and  a  knapsack.  They  de- 
cried all  the  arts  as  either  useless  or  dangerous. 
Science  was  altogether  fruitless  and  unnecessary  ; 
for  a  virtuous  man  had  attained  to  the  perfec- 
tion of  his  nature,  and  had  no  need  to  learn  any- 
thing. From  voluntary  ignorance  they  advanced 
to  impudence  ;  and  having  nothing  to  lose,  while 
they  scorned  all  gain,  they  indulged  themselves 
in  satire  and  in veclive  without  restraint.  .  .  .  The 
vices  with  which  Diogenes  has  been  reproached 
are  hardly  to  be  believed,  when  we  know  tliat 
some  of  the  most  virtuous  of  the  Greeks  were 
his  admirers  and  disciples.  —  Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  269. 


TRANCE— TRAVEL. 


675 


5678,  TBANCE,    Continuous.      Swedenborg. 

A  short  time  before  his  death  he  lay  for  some 
weeks  in  a  trance,  without  any  sustenance. — 
White's  Swedenborg,  ch.  28,  p.  260. 

5679.  TEANCES,  Punished  for.  Elizabeth 
Barton.  [Elizabeth  Barton,  the  nun  of  Kent, 
claimed  to  have  been  miraculously  restored  to 
health.  She  had  been  long  sick,  and  could  not  eat 
or  drink  by  a  long  space,  and  in  the  violence  of 
her  infirmity  she  seemed  to  be  in  trances,]  and 
spoke  and  uttered  many  foolish  and  idle  words. 
[She  commenced,  about  1525,  to  have]  trances 
and  revelations.  She  had  revelations  and  special 
knowledge  concerning  Cardinal  Wolsey,  and 
also  the  king's  highness,  concerning  his  marriage, 
so  that  she  said  if  he  did  marry  another  woman 
his  grace  should  not  reign  king  past  one  month 
afterward.  .  .  .  She  saw  the  king,  Anne  Boleyn, 
and  the  Earl  of  Wiltshire  walking  in  a  garden  ; 
and  a  little  devil  whispering  in  the  lady's  ear  to 
send  her  father  with  a  great  bribe  to  the  em- 
peror. She  saw  evil  spirits  struggling  for  Wol- 
sey's  soul  after  his  decease.  She  saw  persons 
whom  the  angel  of  God  had  appointed  to  be  at 
her  death  when  she  should  receive  the  crown  of 
martrydom.  [She  was  executed  for  conspiracy 
of  treason,  and  involved  Bishop  Fisher  and  Sir 
Thoma-5  More  in  a  similar  fate.]  —  Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  22,  p.  352. 

56S0.  TRAVEL,  Benefits  of.  Crusaders.  The 
contempt  with  which,  in  the  last  century,  it 
was  fashionable  to  speak  of  the  pilgrimages,  the 
sanctuaries,  the  crusades,  and  the  monastic  in- 
stitutions of  the  Middle  Ages.  In  times  when 
men  were  scarcely  ever  induced  to  travel  by 
liberal  curiosity,  or  the  pursuit  of  gain,  it  was 
better  that  the  rude  inhabitant  of  the  north 
should  visit  Italy  and  the  east  as  a  pilgrim,  than 
that  he  should  never  see  anything  but  those 
squalid  cabins  and  uncleared  woods  among 
which  he  was  born. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1, 
p.  7. 

56§1.  TRAVEL,  Dangers  of.  Swedenborg.  In 
the  year  1710  I  set  out  for  Gottenburg,  that  I 
might  be  conveyed,  by  ship,  thence  to  London. 
On  the  voyage  my  life  was  in  danger  four 
times  :  first  on  some  shoals,  toward  which  we 
were  driven  by  a  storm,  until  we  were  within  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  raging  breakers,  and 
we  thought  we  should  all  perisli.  Afterward 
we  narrowly  escaped  some  Danish  pirates  under 
French  colors ;  and  the  next  evening  we  were  ' 
fired  into  from  a  British  ship,  which  mistook  us  | 
for  the  same  pirates,  but  without  much  damage.  I 
Lastly,  in  London  itself,  I  was  exposed  to  a  more  ' 
serious  danger.  While  we  were  entering  the 
harbor,  some  of  our  countrymen  came  to  us  in  a 
boat,  and  persuaded  me  to  go  with  them  into  the 
city.  Now,  it  was  known  in  London  that  an  epi- 
demic was  raging  in  Sweden,  and  therefore  all 
who  arrived  from  Sweden  were  forbidden  to 
leave  their  ships  for  six  weeks,  or  forty  days  ;  so 
I,  having  transgressed  this  law,  was  very  near 
being  hanged,  and  was  only  freed  under  the 
condition  that,  if  any  one  attempted  the  same 
thing  again,  he  should  not  escape  the  gallows. — 
White's  Swedenborg,  ch.  11,  p.  26. 

5682.  TRAVEL,  Difficulties  of.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  The  rich  commonly  travelled  in  their 
own  carriages,  with  at  least  four  horses.  ...  A 
coach  and  six  is  in  our  time  never  seen,  except 


as  part  of  some  pageant.  The  frequent  mention, 
therefore,  of  such  equipages  in  old  books  is  like- 
ly to  mislead  us.  We  attribute  to  magnificence 
what  was  really  the  effect  of  a  very  disagreeable 
necessity.  People  in  the  time  of  Charles  II. 
travelled  with  six  horses,  because  with  a  smaller 
number  there  was  great  danger  of  sticking  fast 
in  the  mire.  Nor  were  even  six  horses  always 
sufficient. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  351. 

5683.  TRAVEL,  Effects  of.  Emulation.  The 
Russian  traders  had  seen  the  magnificence  and 
tasted  the  luxury  of  the  city  of  the  Csesars.  A 
marvellous  tale  and  a  scanty  supply  excited  the 
desires  of  their  savage  countrymen  ;  they  envied 
the  gifts  of  nature  which  their  climate  denied  ; 
they  coveted  the  works  of  art  which  they  were 
too  lazy  to  imitate  and  too  indigent  to  purchase  ; 
the  Varangian  princes  unfurled  the  banners  of 
piratical  adventure,  and  their  bravest  soldiers 
were  drawn  from  the  nations  that  dwelt  in  the 
northern  isles  of  the  ocean. -^Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  55,  p.  428. 

5684.  TRAVEL  expedited.  Romans.  Cities 
were  connected  with  each  other  and  with  the 
capital  by  the  public  highways,  which,  issuing 
from  the  forum  of  Rome,  traversed  Italy,  per- 
vaded the  provinces,  and  were  terminated  only 
by  the  frontiers  of  the  empire.  If  we  carefully 
trace  the  distance  from  the  wall  of  Antoninus  to 
Rome,  and  from  thence  to  Jerusalem,  it  will  be 
found  that  the  great  chain  of  communication 
from  the  north-west  to  the  south-east  point  of  the 
empire  was  drawn  out  to  the  length  of  four 
thousand  and  eighty  Roman  miles.  The  public 
roads  were  accurately  divided  by  mile-stones, 
and  ran  in  a  direct  line  from  one  city  to  another, 
with  very  little  respect  for  the  obstacles  either  of 
nature  or  private  property.  Mountains  were 
perforated,  and  bold  arches  thrown  over  the 
broadest  and  most  rapid  streams.  The  middle 
part  of  the  road  was  raised  into  a  terrace  which 
commanded  the  adjacent  country,  consisted  of 
several  strata  of  sand,  gravel,  and  cement,  and 
was  paved  with  large  stones,  or,  in  some  places 
near  the  capital,  with  granite.  Such  was  the 
solid  construction  of  the  Roman  highways, 
whose  firmness  has  not  entirely  yielded  to  the 
effort  of  fifteen  centuries. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  2,  p.  63. 

5685.  .     Stage-Coach.    To  the  very 

beginning  of  the  Revolution  the  people  lived 
apart,  isolated  and  dependent  on  their  own  re- 
sources for  life  and  enjoyment.  When,  in  1766, 
an  express  wagon  made  the  trip  from  New  York 
to  Philadelphia  in  two  days,  it  was  considered  a 
marvel  of  rapidity.  Six  years  later  the  first 
stage-coach  began  to  run  regularly  between 
Boston  and  Providence.  —  Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  36,  p.  283. 

5686.  TRAVEL,  Indifference  to.  Roman  Em- 
peror Antoninus  Pius.  The  tranquil  life  of  An- 
toninus Pius  was  spent  in  the  bosom  of  Italy ; 
and  during  the  twenty-three  years  that  he  di- 
rected the  public  administration,  the  longest 
journeys  of  that  amiable  prince  extended  no 
farther  than  from  his  palace  in  Rome  to  the 
retirement  of  his  Lanuvian  villa. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  1,  p.  9. 

5687.  TRAVEL,  Objects  in.  To  See  Men.  It  will 
be  observed  that  when  giving  me  advice  as  to 


€76 


TRAVEL— TREASON. 


my  travels,  Dr.  [Samuel]  Johnson  did  not  dwell 
■upon  cities,  and  palaces,  and  pictures,  and 
shows,  and  Arcadian  scenes.  He  was  of  Lord 
Essex's  opinion,  who  advises  his  kinsman,  Roger 
Earl  of  Rutland,  "  rather  to  go  a  hundred  miles 
to  speak  with  one  wise  man  than  five  miles  to 
see  a  fair  town." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  119. 

56§§.  TRAVEL,  Slow.  Stage-Coach.  On  the 
10th  of  July  [1754]  Benjamin  Franklin  laid  be- 
fore the  commissioners  the  draft  of  a  federal  con- 
stitution. His  vast  and  comprehensive  mind  had 
realized  the  true  condition  and  wants  of  the 
country :  the  critical  situation  of  the  colonies 
demanded  a  central  government.  How  else 
could  revenues  be  raised,  an  army  be  organized, 
and  the  common  welfare  be  provided  for  ?  Ac- 
cording to  the  proposed  plan  of  union,  Philadel- 
phia, a  central  city,  was  to  be  the  capital.  It  was 
urged  in  behalf  of  this  clause  that  the  delegates 
of  New  Hampshire  and  Georgia — the  colonies 
most  remote — could  reach  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment in  fifteen  or  twenty  days. — Ridpath's  U.  S.  , 
ch.  31,  p.  257. 

56§9.  TEAVEL,  Suppression  of.  Beign  of 
Charles  II.  [Stage-coaches  were  introduced  be- 
tween Exeter  and  London.]  Many  persons  were, 
from  mere  stupidity  and  obstinacy,  disposed  to 
clamor  against  the  innovation,  simply  because  it 
was  an  innovation.  It  was  vehemently  argued 
that  this  mode  of  conveyance  would  be  fatal  to 
the  breed  of  horses  and  to  the  noble  art  of  horse- 
manship ;  that  the  Thames,  which  had  long  been 
an  important  nursery  of  seamen,  would  cease  to 
be  the  chief  thoroughfare  from  London  up  to 
Windsor  and  down  to  Gravesend  ;  that  saddlers 
and  spurriers  would  be  ruined  by  hundreds ; 
that  numerous  inns,  at  which  mounted  travellers 
had  been  in  the  habit  of  stopping,  would  be  de 
serted,  and  would  no  longer  pay  any  rent ;  that 
the  new  carriages  were  too  hot  in  summer  and 
too  cold  in  winter ;  that  the  passengers  were 
grievously  annoyed  by  invalids  and  crying 
ciiildren  ;  that  the  coach  sometimes  reached  the 
inn  so  late  that  it  was  impossible  to  get  supper, 
and  sometimes  started  so  early  that  it  was  im- 
possible to  get  breakfast.  On  these  grounds  it 
was  gravely  recommended  that  no  public  car- 
riage should  be  permitted  to  have  more  than 
four  horses,  to  start  of tener  than  once  a  week,  or 
to  go  more  than  thirty  miles  a  day. — Macau- 
i.ay's  Eng.,  ch.  11,  p.  353.  . 

5690.  TREACHERY,  Base.  Philip  VI.  Fif- 
teen of  the  most  powerful  barons  of  Brittany, 
Whom  the  king  had  invited  to  a  grand  tourna- 
ment, were  suddenly  arrested  and  thrown  into 
the  ChStelet,  upon  a  vague  charge  of  intriguing 
with  the  English ;  and  after  a  brief  detention 
they  were  brought  out  and  beheaded,  without 
anjr  form  of  trial,  on  the  29th  of  November, 
1343.  Early  in  the  next  year  three  barons  of 
Normandy  were  in  like  manner  seized  and  put 
to  death,  in  utter  violation  of  all  rules  of  justice. 
— Students'  France,  ch.  10,  §  7. 

5691.  TREACHERY,  Consummate.  Charles  11. 
Charles  II.  was,  perhaps,  in  a  deeper  degree  than 
any  of  his  ancestors  or  descendants,  false,  treach- 
erous, and  licentious.  He  signed  the  Solemn 
League  and  Covenant  of  Scotland,  supporting 
the  Protestant  religion,  at  the  very  moment 
he  was  in  attempted  negotiation  with  Rome  for 
befriending  the  Papacy.     He  was,  however,  pro- 


claimed king  of  the  Scots,  and  the  Scots  had  a 
perfect  right  to  elect  him  to  be  their  monarch  ; 
but  he  aimed  at  the  recovery  of  Scotland  in  order 
to  recover  the  crowns  of  the  three  kingdoms. 
To  win  Scotland  to  help  him  in  this,  he  would 
not  only  sign  the  Covenant ;  he  proffered  to  sign 
a  declaration  by  which  he  renounced  all  Papacy 
and  Episcopacy.  But  pledged  word  or  oath 
were  of  very  little  account  with  him. — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  12,  p.  149. 

5692.  TREACHERY,  Gold  for.  Benedict  Ar- 
nold. About  midnight  of  the  21st  [of  September 
Andre]  went  ashore  from  the  Vulture,  a  sloop  of 
war,  and  met  Arnold  in  a  thicket,  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  river,  two  miles  below  Haverstraw. 
Day-dawn  approached,  and  the  conspirators  were 
obliged  to  hide  themselves.  In  doing  so,  they 
entered  the  American  lines.  Arnold  gave  the  pass- 
word, and  Andre,  disguising  himself,  assumed 
the  character  of  a  spy.  During  the  next  day  the 
traitor  and  his  victim  remained  concealed  at  the 
house  of  a  Tory  named  Smith.  Here  the  awful 
business  was  completed.  Arnold  was  to  surren- 
der West  Point,  its  garrisons  and  stores,  and  to 
receive  for  his  treachery  £10,000  and  a  commis- 
sion as  brigadier  in  the  British  army.  All  pre- 
liminaries being  settled,  papers  containing  a  full 
description  of  West  Point,  its  defences,  and  the 
best  method  of  attack,  were  made  out  and  given 
to  Andr6,  who  secreted  the  dangerous  docu- 
ment in  his  stockings. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  43, 
p.  344. 

5693.  TREACHERY,  Message  of.  Emperor 
Alexander  I.  [He  professed  ardent  and  lasting 
friendship  for  Napoleon,  yet  when  nearly  all 
Europe  was  arrayed  against  him  he  proved  to 
be  an  enemy.]  An  Austrian  courier  was  taken 
prisoner.  There  was  found  in  his  possession  a 
letter  from  the  commander  of  the  Russian  forces, 
addressed  to  the  Archduke  Ferdinand,  congratu- 
lating him  upon  his  victory,  and  expressing  tTie 
hope  that  very  soon  the  Russian  army  would  be 
permitted  to  co-operate  with  the  Austnans  against 
the  French.  Napoleon  immediately  sent  the  let- 
ter to  Alexander,  without  note  or  comment. — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.  ,  vol.  2,  ch.  7. 

5694.  TREASON,  Cry  of.  Patnck  Henry.  [He 
was  a  young  man  and  new  member  of  the  legis- 
lature of  Virginia  when  the  Stamp  Act  was  pro- 
claimed.] Lifted  beyond  himself,  "  Tarquin," 
he  cried,  "  and  Caesar  had  each  his  Brutus ; 
Charles  the  First  his  Cromwell,  and  George  the 
Third — "  "  Treason  !"  shouted  the  speaker. 
"  Treason,  treason !"  was  echoed  round  the 
house,  while  Henry,  fixing  his  eye  on  the  first 
interrupter,  continued,  without  faltering,  "  may 
profit  by  their  example." — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  5,  ch.  13. 

5695.  TREASON  defined.  Reign  of  James  II. 
The  Tories  of  the  Lower  House  proceeded  to 
introduce  what  they  called  a  bill  for  the  preser- 
vation of  the  king's  person  and  government. 
They  proposed  that  it  should  be  high  treason  to 
say  that  Monmouth  was  legitimate,  to  utter  any 
words  tending  to  bring  the  person  or  government 
of  the  sovereign  into  hatred  or  contempt,  or  to 
make  any  motion  in  Parliament  for  changing  i 
the  order  of  succession.  Some  of  these  provi- 
sions excited  general  disgust  and  alarm.  The 
Whigs,  few  and  weak  as  they  were,  attempted 
to  rally,  and  found  themselves  re-enforced  by  a 


TREASON— TRIAL. 


677" 


considerable  number  of  moderate  and  sensible 
Cavaliers.  Words,  it  was  said,  may  easily  be  mis- 
understood by  an  honest  man.  They  may  easily 
be  misconstrued  by  a  knave.  What  was  spoken 
metaphorically  may  be  apprehended  literally. 
What  was  spoken  ludicrously  may  be  appre- 
hended seriously.  A  particle,  a  tense,  a  mood, 
an  emphasis,  may  make  the  whole  difference  be- 
tween guilt  and  innocence. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  5,  p.  540. 

5696.  TREASON,  Incipient.  War  of  1812. 
Under  a  rigorous  blockade  the  foreign  commerce 
of  the  Eastern  States  was  totally  destroyed.  The 
beacons  in  the  light-houses  were  allowed  to  burn 
out,  and  a  general  gloom  settled  over  the  coun- 
try. From  the  beginning  many  of  the  people  of 
New  England  had  opposed  the  war.  Their  in- 
terests centred  in  ships  and  factories ;  the  for- 
mer were  captured  at  sea,  and  the  latter  came 
to  a  standstill.  Industry  was  paralyzed.  Tlie 
members  of  the  Federal  party  cried  out  against 
the  continuance  of  the  contest.  The  legislature 
of  Massachusetts  advised  the  calling  of  a  con- 
vention. The  other  Eastern  States  responded  to 
the  call,  and  on  the  14th  of  December  [1814]  the 
delegates  assembled  at  Hartford.  The  objects  of 
the  convention  were  not  very  clearly  expressed, 
but  opposition  to  the  war  and  the  policy  of  the 
Administration  was  the  leading  principle.  The 
leaders  of  the  Democratic  party,  who  supported 
the  war  policy  of  the  government,  did  not  hesi- 
tate to  say  that  the  purposes  of  the  assembly 
were  disloyal  and  treasonable.  Be  that  as  it 
may,  the  convention  ruined  the  Federal  party. 
After  remaining  in  session  with  closed  doors  for 
nearly  three  weeks,  the  delegates  published  an 
address  more  moderate  and  just  than  had  been 
expected,  and  then  adjourned.  But  little  hope 
of  political  preferment  remained  for  those  who 
had  participated  in  the  Hartford  convention. — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  51,  p.  412. 

5697.  TBEASON,  Punishment  of.  Romans. 
This  measure  of  an  agrarian  law  we  shall  ob- 
serve, from  this  time  forward,  to  be  a  source  of 
domestic  dissensions,  down  to  the  very  end  of 
the  commonwealth.  Cassius  was  the  first  pro- 
poser of  it,  and  it  cost  him  his  life.  His  office 
of  consul  was  no  sooner  at  an  end  than  he  was 
solemnly  accused  of  aspiring  at  royalty  ;  and,  by 
sentence  of  the  popular  assembly,  he  was  thrown 
from  the  Tarpeian  Rock,  the  usual  punishment  of 
treason. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  4,  p.  324. 

569§.  TBEASON,  Retribution  of.  Romans. 
[When  Rome  was  besieged]  Tarpeia,  the  govern- 
or's daughter,  charmed  with  the  golden  brace- 
lets of  the  Sabines,  betrayed  the  fort  into  their 
hands,  and  asked,  in  return  for  her  treason, 
what  they  wore  on  their  left  arms.  Tatius  agree- 
ing to  the  condition,  she  opened  one  of  the  gates 
by  night,  and  let  in  the  Sabines.  .  .  .  Such  were 
the  sentiments  of  Tatius  with  regard  to  Tarpeia 
when  he  ordered  the  Sabines  to  remember  their 
promise,  and  to  grudge  her  nothing  which  they 
had  on  their  left  arms.  He  was  the  first  to  take 
off  his  bracelet  and  throw  it  to  her,  and  with 
that  his  shield.  As  every  one  did  the  same,  she 
was  overpowered  by  the  gold  and  shields  thrown 
upon  her,  and  sinking  under  the  weight,  ex- 
pired.— Plutarch's  "Romulus." 

5699.  TREASURE,  Hope  a.  Alexander.  Be- 
fore he  set  out  on  his  expedition  [against  the 


Persians]  he  settled  the  affairs  of  Macedon,  over 
which  he  appointed  Antipater  as  viceroy,  with 
12,000  foot,  and  nearly  the  same  number  of 
horse.  He  also  inquired  into  the  domestic  affairs 
of  his  friends,  giving  to  one  an  estate  in  land, 
to  another  a  village,  to  a  third  the  revenues  of  a 
town,  to  a  fourth  the  toll  of  a  harbor.  And  as 
all  the  revenues  of  his  demesnes  were  already 
employed  and  exhausted  by  his  donations,  Per- 
diccas  said  to  him,  "  My  lord,  what  is  it  you 
reserve  for  yourself  ?"  Alexander  replying, 
"Hope,"  "The  same  hope,"  says  Perdiccas, 
"ought  therefore  to  satisfy  us,"  and  very  gen- 
erously refused  to  accept  of  what  the  king  had 
assigned  to  him. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  15,  §3. 

5700.  TREATY,  An  observed.  William  Penn's. 
The  treaty  with  the  red  men — the  only  treaty 
that  was  never  sworn  to  and  never  broken,  says 
Voltaire — was  one  of  friendship  and  brother- 
hood and  of  mutual  defence. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  4,  ch.  23,  p.  379. 

5701.  TREE,  Delivering.  Second  Crusade. 
The  vanguard,  which  bore  the  royal  banner  and 
the  oriflamme  of  St.  Denys,  had  doubled  their 
march  with  rash  and  inconsiderate  speed  ;  and 
the  rear,  which  the  king  commanded  in  person, 
no  longer  found  their  companions  in  the  evening 
camp.  In  darkness  and  disorder  they  were  en- 
compassed, assaulted,  and  overwhelmed  by  the 
innumerable  host  of  Turks,  who,  in  the  art  of 
war,  were  superior  to  the  Christians  of  the 
twelfth  century.  Louis  [VII.],  who  climbed  a 
tree  in  the  general  discomfiture,  was  saved  by 
his  own  valor  and  the  ignorance  of  his  adversa- 
ries ;  and  with  the  dawn  of  day  he  escaped  alive, 
but  almost  alone,  to  the  camp  of  the  vanguard. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  59,  p.  10. 

5702.  TRIAL  abandoned,  Scipio  Africanus. 
He  incited  two  of  the  tribunes,  the  Petilii,  to 
bring  a  formal  accusation  against  Scipio  Afri- 
canus,  as  guilty  of  peculation  in  converting  large 
sums  gained  in  his  foreign  conquests  to  his  owa 
instead  of  the  public  use.  The  behavior  of 
Scipio  on  this  occasion  was  consonant  to  the 
magnanimity  of  his  character.  On  the  first  day 
of  his  citation  before  the  assembly  of  the  people, 
when  his  accusation  was  read,  appearing  not  to 
have  listened  to  it,  he  entered  into  an  ample  de- 
tail of  all  the  illustrious  services  he  had  rendered 
his  country.  His  accusers  made  no  reply,  not 
daring  to  controvert  a  single  word  which  he  had 
uttered,  but  contented  themselves  with  adjourn- 
ing the  assembly  to  the  next  day.  On  the  mor- 
row, while  an  immense  multitude  crowded  the 
forum,  Scipio  pressed  forward  to  the  tribunal, 
and  making  a  signal  for  silence,  "My  country- 
men," said  he,  "  it  was  on  this  very  day  that  I 
fought  bravely  for  you  against  Hannibal  and  the 
Carthaginians  in  the  field  of  Zama,  and  gained 
a  glorious  victory.  Is  it  thus  you  celebrate  that 
anniversary  ?  Come,  let  us  repair  instantly  to 
the  Capitol,  and  give  our  solemn  thanks  to  all  the 
gods  for  the  republic  preserved  through  my 
means."  With  one  universal  acclamation,  the 
whole  multitude  followed  him  while  he  led  the 
way  to  the  temple  of  Jupiter — and  the  tribunes 
were  left  alone  in  the  forum. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  9,  p.  279. 

5703.  TRIAL  by  Combat.  Assise  of  Jerusalem. 
The  trial  by  battle  was  established  in  all  criminal 
cases  which  affected  the  life  or  limb  or  honor 


678 


TRIAL— TRIBUTE. 


of  any  person,  and  in  all  civil  transactions,  of 
or  above  the  value  of  one  mark  of  silver.  It  ap- 
pears that  in  criminal  cases  the  combat  Mras  the 
privilege  of  the  accuser,  who,  except  in  a  charge 
of  treason,  avenged  his  personal  injury,  or  the 
death  of  those  persons  w^hom  he  had  a  right  to 
represent ;  but  wherever,  from  the  nature  of  the 
change,  testimony  could  be  obtained,  it  was 
necessary  for  him  to  produce  witnesses  of  the 
fact.  In  civil  cases  the  combat  was  not  allowed 
as  the  means  of  establishing  the  claim  of  the  de- 
mandant, but  he  was  obliged  to  produce  wit- 
nesses who  had,  or  assumed  to  have,  knowledge 
of  the  fact.  The  combat  was  then  the  privilege 
of  the  defendant,  because  he  charged  the  wit- 
ness with  an  attempt  by  perjury  to  take  away 
his  right.  He  came  therefore  to  be  in  the  same 
situation  as  the  appellant  in  criminal  cases.  It 
was  not  then  as  a  mode  of  proof  that  the  combat 
was  received,  nor  as  making  negative  evidence 
(according  to  the  supposition  of  Montesquieu), 
but  in  every  case  the  right  to  offer  battle  was 
founded  on  the  right  to  pursue  by  arms  the  re- 
dress of  an  injury  ;  and  the  judicial  combat  was 
fought  on  the  same  principle,  and  with  the  same 
spirit,  as  a  private  duel. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58, 
p.  603. 

5704.  TEIAL  by  Ordeal.  Fire.  Under  the 
reign  of  Justice  and  Vataces  a  dispute  arose  be- 
tween two  officers,  one  of  whom  accused  the 
other  of  maintaining  the  hereditary  right  of  the 
Palseologi.  .  .  .  He  was  pursued  by  the  whis- 
pers of  malevolence  ;  and  a  subtle  courtier,  the 
Archbishop  of  Philadelphia,  urged  him  to  accept 
the  judgment  of  God  in  the  fiery  proof  of  the 
ordeal.  Three  days  before  the  trial  the  patient's 
arm  was  enclosed  in  a  bag,  and  secured  by  the 
royal  signet ;  and  It  was  incumbent  on  him  to 
bear  a  red-hot  ball  of  iron  three  times  from  the 
altar  to  the  rails  of  the  sanctuary,  without  arti- 
fice and  without  injury.  Palaeologus  eluded  the 
dangerous  experiment  with  sense  and  pleasantry. 
' '  I  am  a  soldier, "  said  he,  "and  will  boldly  enter 
the  lists  with  my  accusers  ;  but  a  layman,  a 
sinner  like  myself,  is  not  endowed  with  the  gift 
of  miracles.  Your  piety,  most  holy  prelate,  may 
deserve  the  interposition  of  Heaven,  and  from 
your  hands  I  will  receive  the  fiery  globe,  the 
pledge  of  my  innocence."  The  archbishop  start- 
ed ;  the  emperor  smiled  ;  and  the  absolution  or 
pardon  of  Michael  was  approved  by  new  rewards 
and  new  services.  —  Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  62, 
p.  147. 

5705.  TRIAL,  Right  of.  Disregarded.  [In 
1603  James  I.  showed  both  ignorance  'and  des- 
potism in  his  contempt  of  the  ordinary  course  of 
justice.]  "  I  hear  our  new  king,"  writes  Harring- 
ton, "  hath  hanged  one  man  before  he  was  tried  ; 
'tis  strangely  done  ;  now,  if  the  wind  bloweth 
thus,  why  may  not  a  man  be  tried  before  he 
hath  offended  ?"— Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  3,  ch.  20, 
p.  308. 

5706.  TRIAL,  A  severe.  John  Bunyan.  [He 
was  arrested  for  preaching  to  Dissenters,  and 
urged  to  promise  to  desist.]  Remonstrances  and 
entreaties  were  equally  useless,  and,  with  ex- 
treme unwillingness,  they  committed  him  to 
Bedford  jail  to  wait  for  the  sessions.  ...  To 
himself,  at  any  rate,  his  trial  was  at  the  moment 
most  severe.  He  had  been  left  a  widower  a  year 
or  two  before,  with  four  young  children,  one  of 


them  blind.  He  had  lately  married  a  second 
time.  His  wife  was  pregnant.  The  agitation  at 
her  husband's  arrest  brought  on  premature  labor, 
and  she  was  lying  in  his  house  in  great  danger. 
He  was  an  affectionate  man,  and  the  separation 
at  such  a  time  was  peculiarly  distressing. — 
Froude's  Bunyan,  ch.  5. 

5707.  TRIALS,  Fellowship  in.  Napoleon  I. 
[His  Egyptian  army,  with  immense  suffering, 
crossed  the  desert  from  Alexandria  to  Cairo.] 
He  toiled  along  on  foot  at  the  head  of  the  column, 
sharing  the  fatigue  of  the  most  humble  soldiers. 
Like  them,  he  threw  himself  upon  the  sands  at 
night,  with  the  sand  for  his  pillow,  and  secreting 
no  luxuries  for  himself,  he  ate  the  coarse  beans 
which  constituted  the  only  food  for  the  army. — 
Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  11. 

5708.  TRIALS,  Improvement  under.  Abra- 
ham Lincoln.  [To  a  friend]  he  said  cheerfully  : 
' '  I  am  very  sure  that  if  I  do  not  go  away  from 
here  a  wiser  man,  I  shall  go  away  a  better  man, 
for  having  learned  here  what  a  very  poor  sort  of 
man  I  am."  Afterward,  referring  to  what  he 
called  a  change  of  heart,  he  said  he  did  not  re- 
member any  precise  time  when  he  passed  through 
any  special  change  of  purpose  or  of  heart ;  but 
he  would  say  that  his  own  election  to  office  and 
the  crisis  immediately  following  influentially 
determined  him  in  what  he  called  ' '  a  process 
of  crystallization  then  going  on  in  his  mind." — 
Raymond's  Lincoln,  p.  734. 

5709.  TRIBUTE  of  Friendship.  Melanchthon. 
Luther  is  too  great,  too  wonderful  for  me  to 
depict  in  words.  If  there  be  a  man  on  earth  I 
love  with  my  whole  heart,  that  man  is  Luther. 
One  is  an  interpreter,  one  a  logician,  another  an 
orator,  affluent  and  beautiful  in  speech,  but  Lu- 
ther is  all  in  all — whatever  he  writes,  whatever 
he  utters,  pierces  to  the  soul,  fixes  itself  like  ar- 
rows in  the  heart — he  is  a  miracle  among  men. 
— Rein's  Luther,  p.  210. 

5710.  TRIBUTE  scorned.  To  France.  [In  1797 
the  French  Directory  grew  insolent,  and  began 
to  demand  an  alliance  against  Great  Britain,  and 
soon  afterward  issued  instructions  to  French 
men-of-war  to  assail  the  commerce  of  the  United 
States,  and  ordered  [Mr.  Charles  C.  Pinckney, 
the  American  minister,  to  leave  the  territory  of 
France].  These  proceedings  were  equivalent  to 
a  declaration  of  war.  The  President  convened 
Congress  in  extraordinary  session,  and  measures 
were  devised  for  repelling  the  aggressions  of  the 
French.  Elbridge  Gerry  and  John  Marshall 
were  directed  to  join  Mr.  Pinckney  in  a  ilnal 
effort  for  a  peaceable  adjustment  of  the  diffi- 
culties. But  the  effort  was  fruitless.  The  Direc- 
tory of  France  refused  to  receive  the  ambassa- 
dors except  upon  condition  that  they  would 
pledge  the  payment  into  the  French  treasury  of  ] 
a  quarter  of  a  million  of  dollars.  Pinckney  an- 
swered with  the  declaration  that  the  United 
States  had  millions  for  defence,  but  not  a  cent  for 
tribute.  The  envoys  were  then  ordered  to  leave 
the  country. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  47,  p.  373. 

5711.  TRIBUTE,  Shamefal.  To  Pirates.  For  a 
long  time  Algerine  pirates  had  infested  the  Med- 
iterranean, preying  upon  the  commerce  of  civil- 
ized nations  ;  and  those  nations,  in  order  to  pur- 
chase exemption  from  such  ravages,  had  adopted 
the  ruinous  policy  of  paying  the  Dey  of  Algiers 


I 


TRIBUTE— TRUCE. 


679 


an  annual  tribute.  In  consideration  of  the  trib- 
ute, tlie  dey  agreed  that  his  pirate  ships  should 
confine  themselves  to  the  Mediterranean,  and 
should  not  attack  the  vessels  of  such  nations  as 
made  the  payment.  Now,  however,  with  the 
purpose  of  injuring  France,  Great  Britain 
winked  at  the  agreement  with  the  dey  by  which 
the  Algerine  sea-robbers  were  turned  loose  on 
the  Atlantic.  By  their  depredations  American 
commerce  suffered  greatly,  and  the  government 
of  the  United  States  was  obliged  to  purchase 
safety  by  paying  the  shameful  tribute.  —  Rid- 
path's  U.  S.,  ch.  46,  p.  370. 

5712.  TRIBUTE  in  Women.  Tartars.  A  select 
band  of  the  fairest  maidens  of  China  was  an- 
nually devoted  to  the  rude  embraces  of  the  Huns ; 
and  the  alliance  of  the  haughty  Tanjous  [the  Tar- 
tar princes]  was  secured  by  their  marriage  with 
the  genuine,  or  adopted,  daughters  of  the  Impe- 
rial family,  which  vainly  attempted  to  escape 
the  sacrilegious  pollution.  The  situation  of  these 
unhappy  victims  is  described  in  the  verses  of  a 
Chinese  princess,  who  laments  that  she  had  been 
condemned  by  her  parents  to  a  distant  exile, 
under  a  Barbarian  husband  ;  who  complains  that 
sour  milk  was  her  only  drink,  raw  flesh  her  only 
food,  a  tent  her  only  palace  ;  and  who  expresses, 
in  a  strain  of  pathetic  simplicity,  the  natural 
wish,  that  she  were  transformed  into  a  bird,  to 
fly  back  to  her  dear  country,  the  object  of  her 
tender  and  perpetual  regret. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  26,  p.  19. 

5713.  TRICK  miscarried,  A.  Persian.  [The 
Persian  satrap]  Sarbar  still  maintained  the  im- 
portant station  of  Chalcedon  ;  but  the  jealousy 
of  Cliosroes  or  the  artifice  of  Heraclius  [both 
Persian  monarchs]  soon  alienated  the  mind  of 
that  powerful  satrap  from  the  service  of  his  king 
and  country.  A  messenger  was  intercepted  with 
a  real  or  fictitious  mandate  to  the  cadarigan,  or 
second  in  command,  directing  him  to  send,  with- 
out delay,  to  the  throne  the  head  of  a  guilty  or 
unfortunate  general.  The  despatches  were  trans- 
mitted to  Sarbar  himself  ;  and  as  soon  as  he  read 
the  sentence  of  his  own  death,  he  dexterously 
inserted  the  names  of  four  hundred  officers,  as- 
sembled a  military  council,  and  asked  the  cada- 
rigan whether  he  was  prepared  to  execute  the 
commands  of  their  tyrant.  The  Persians  unan- 
imously declared  that  Chosroes  had  forfeited 
the  sceptre  ;  a  separate  treaty  was  concluded 
with  the  government  of  Constantinople. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  46,  p.  478. 

5714.  TRIFLERS,  Diplomatic.  French.  The 
American  Government  held  an  old  claim  against 
France  for  damages  done  to  the  commerce  of  the 
United  States  in  the  wars  of  Napoleon.  In  1831 
the  French  king  had  agreed  to  pay  $5,000,000 
for  the  alleged  injuries  ;  but  the  dilatory  govern- 
ment of  France  postponed  and  neglected  the 
payment,  until  the  President,  becoming  wrath- 
ful, recommended  to  Congress  to  make  reprisals 
on  French  commerce,  and  at  the  same  time  di- 
rected the  American  minister  at  Paris  to  demand 
his  passports  and  come  home.  These  measures 
had  the  desired  effect,  and  the  indemnity  was 
promptly  paid.  The  government  of  Portugal 
was  brought  to  terms  in  a  similar  manner. — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  54,  p.  435. 

5715.  TRIFLES,  Effect  of.  Battle.  [A  great 
battle  between  the  Macedonians  and  the  Romans, 


in  which  25,000  of  the  former  were  slain,  was 
brought  on  by  ^milius  in  this  way  :]  Toward 
evening  he  availed  himself  of  an  artifice,  to  make 
the  enemy  begin  the  fight.  It  seems  he  turned 
a  horse  loose  without  a  bridle,  and  sent  out  some 
Romans  to  catch  him,  who  were  attacked  while 
they  were  pursuing  him,  and  so  the  engagement 
began. — Plutakch's  JSmilius. 

5716.  TRIFLES,  Power  of.  Social  Life.  Mar- 
cus Fabius  Ambustus  had  given  one  of  his  daugh- 
ters in  marriage  to  Licinius  Stolo,  a  plebeian,  and 
the  other  to  Servius  Sulpitius,  a  patrician,  and 
at  that  time  one  of  the  military  tribunes.  One 
day,  when  the  wife  of  the  plebeian  was  at  her 
sister's  house,  the  lictor  who  walked  before  Sul- 
pitius, on  his  return  from  the  senate,  knocked 
loudly  at  the  door  with  the  staff  of  the  fasces,  to 
give  notice  that  the  magistrate  was  coming  in. 
This  noise,  to  which  the  wife  of  Licinius  was  not 
accustomed,  threw  her  into  a  panic.  Her  sister 
laughed  at  her  alarm,  and  threw  out  a  malicious 
jest  on  the  inequality  of  their  conditions.  A  very 
small  matter,  says  Livy,  is  sufiicient  to  disturb 
the  quiet  of  a  woman's  mind.  The  younger  Fa- 
bia  took  this  affront  most  seriously  to  heart.  She 
complained  to  her  father,  who,  to  comfort  her, 
promised  that  he  would  do  his  utmost  endeavor 
that  her  husband  should  have  his  lictor  as  well 
as  her  elder  sister's.  This  trifling  circumstance 
is  said  to  have  been  the  cause  of  the  admission 
of  the  plebeian  order  to  the  consular  dignity. — 
Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  3,  ch.  6,  p.  348. 

5717.  TRIMMER,  Political.  Loi'd  Halifax. 
Halifax  was  known  as  the  Trimmer — one  who 
was  selected  to  tender  the  crown  to  William  and 
Mary,  but  who  had  taken  no  part  in  the  first 
steps  which  deprived  James  of  the  crown. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  5,  ch.  5,  p.  68. 

571  §.  TRIUMPH,  Fleeting.  JVaj^oZeoft  J.  [The 
great  campaigns  of  Bonaparte  were  productive 
of  triumphs  which  endured  but  three  months. 
The  allies  under  Suwaroff  reconquered  the  Cis- 
alpine territory.]— Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  7,  ch.  22, 
p.  382. 

5719.  TRIUMPH,  Honors  of.  Pompey.  "When 
Pompey  landed  at  Brindisi  his  dreaded  legions 
were  disbanded,  and  he  proceeded  to  the  Capi- 
tol with  a  train  of  captive  princes,  as  the  sym- 
bols of  his  victories,  and  wagons  loaded  with 
treasure  as  an  offering  to  his  country.  He  was 
received  as  he  advanced  with  the  shouts  of  ap- 
plauding multitudes.  He  entered  Rome  in  a  gal- 
axy of  glory.  A  splendid  column  commemorat- 
ed the  cities  which  he  had  taken,  the  twelve 
million  human  beings  whom  he  had  slain  or  sub- 
jected. His  triumph  was  the  most  magnificent 
which  the  Roman  citizens  had  ever  witnessed, 
and  by  special  vote  he  was  permitted  to  wear  his 
triumphal  robe  in  the  Senate  as  often  and  as  long 
as  might  please  him.  The  fireworks  over,  and 
with  the  aureole  of  glory  about  his  brow,  the 
great  Pompey,  like  another  Samson  shorn  of 
his  locks,  dropped  into  impotency  and  insignifi- 
cance.— Froude's  C^sab,  ch.  12. 

5720.  TRUCE,  The  h«ly.  Mahometan.  An  an- 
nual festival  of  two,  perhaps  of  four,  months, 
was  observed  by  the  Arabs  before  the  time  of 
Mahomet,  during  which  their  swords  were  relig- 
iously sheathed  both  in  foreign  and  domestic 
hostility ;  and  this  partial  truce  is  more  strongly 


680 


TRUTH. 


expressive  of  the  habits  of  anarchy  and  warfare. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  49,  p.  89. 

5721.  TRUTH,  Boldness  for  the.  John  How- 
ard.  Dining  ...  at  the  house  of  the  English 
ambassador,  Sir  Robert  Murray  Keith,  where  a 
large  company  of  Austrian  princes  and  nobles 
were  assembled,  the  conversation  turned  upon 
the  absurd  iniquity  of  the  torture,  when  one  of 
the  Austrians  observed  that  the  glory  of  abol- 
ishing the  torture  in  the  Austrian  dominions  be- 
longed to  his  present  Imperial  Majesty  Joseph  II. 
"Pardon  me,"  said  Howard;  "his  Imperial 
Majesty  has  only  abolished  one  species  of  tort- 
ure to  establish  another  in  its  place  more  cruel ; 
for  the  torture  which  he  abolished  lasted  at  the 
most  only  a  few  hours  ;  but  that  which  he  has 
appointed  lasts  many  weeks — nay,  sometimes 
years.  The  poor  wretches  are  plunged  into  a 
noisome  dungeon  as  black  as  the  Black  Hole  of 
Calcutta,  from  which  they  are  taken  only  if  they 
confess  what  is  laid  to  their  charge."  "  Hush  !" 
said  the  ambassador;  "your  words  will  be 
reported  to  his  Majesty."  "  What !"  cried  How- 
ard, ' '  shall  my  tongue  be  tied  from  speaking 
truth  by  any  king  or  emperor  in  the  world  ?  I 
repeat  what  I  asserted,  and  maintain  its  verac- 
ity." The  company  appeared  awestruck  at  his 
boldness,  and  admired  it ;  but  no  one  ventured 
to  make  any  observation  whatever,  and  a  dead  si- 
lence ensued.  They  were  not,  perhaps,  aware 
that  he  had  said  the  same  thing  to  the  emperor 
himself. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  55. 

5722.  TRUTH  vs.  Falsehood.  Samuel  John- 
son. An  animated  debate  took  place  whether 
Martinelli  should  continue  his  History  of  Eng- 
land to  the  present  day.  Goldsmith  :  "  To  be 
sure  he  should."  Johnson  :  "  No,  sir  ;  he  would 
give  great  offence.  He  would  have  to  tell  of  al- 
most all  the  living  great  what  they  do  not  wish 
told".  .  .  .  Goldsmith:  "  There  are  people  who 
tell  a  hundred  political  lies  every  day,  and  are  not 
hurt  by  it.  Surely,  then,  one  may  tell  truth  with 
safety."  Johnson  :  "  Why,  sir,  in  the  first 
place,  he  who  tells  a  hundred  lies  has  disarmed 
the  force  of  his  lies.  But  besides,  a  man  had 
rather  have  a  hundred  lies  told  of  him  than  one 
truth  which  he  does  not  wish  to  be  told."  Gold- 
smith :  "  For  my  part,  I'd  tell  the  truth,  and 
shame  the  devil."  Johnson  :  "  Yes,  sir  ;  but  the 
devil  will  be  angry.  I  wish  to  shame  the  devil 
as  much  as  you  do,  but  I  should  choose  to  be 
out  of  the  reach  of  his  claws."  Goldsmith  : 
"His  claws  can  do  you  no  harm  when  you  have 
the  shield  of  truth." — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  207. 

5723.  TRUTH  vs.  Fiction.  James  II.  A  dram- 
atist would  scarcely  venture  to  bring  on  the  stage 
a  grave  prince,  in  the  decline  of  life,  ready  to 
sacrifice  his  crown  in  order  to  serve  the  interests 
of  his  religion,  indefatigable  in  making  prose- 
lytes, and  yet  deserting  and  insulting  a  wife  who 
had  youth  and  beauty,  for  the  sake  of  a  profli- 
gate paramour  who  had  neither.  Still  less,  if 
possible,  would  a  dramatist  venture  to  introduce 
a  statesman  stooping  to  the  wicked  and  shame- 
ful part  of  a  procurer,  and  calling  in  his  wife  to 
aid  him  in  that  dishonorable  office,  yet,  in  his 
moments  of  leisure,  retiring  to  his  closet,  and 
there  secretly  pouring  out  his  soul  to  his  God  in 
penitent  tears  and  devout  ejaculations. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  68. 


5724.  TRUTH  honored.  Frederick  II  Fred- 
erick is  by  no  means  one  of  the  perfect  demi-gods, 
and  there  are  various  things  to  be  said  against 
him  with  good  ground.  To  the  last  a  question- 
able hero,  with  much  in  him  which  one  could 
have  wished  not  there,  and  much  wanting  which 
one  could  have  wished.  But  there  is  one  feature 
which  strikes  you  at  an  early  period  of  the  in- 
quiry, that  in  his  way  he  is  a  reality  ;  that  he  al- 
ways means  what  he  speaks  ;  grounds  his  actions, 
too,  on  what  he  recognizes  for  the  truth  ;  and, 
in  short,  has  nothing  whatever  of  the  hypocrite 
or  phantasm — which  some  readers  will  admit  to 
be  an  extremely  rare  phenomenon. — Carlyle's 
Frederick  the  Great,  Book  1,  ch.  1,  p.  13. 

5725.  TRUTH,  Liberty  hy  the.  Martin  Luther. 
At  his  bidding  truth  leaped  over  the  cloister 
walls,  and  challenged  every  man  to  make  her  his 
guest ;  aroused  every  intelligence  to  acts  of  pri- 
vate judgment  ;  changed  a  dependent,  recipient 
people  into  a  reflecting,  inquiring  people  ;  lifted 
each  human  being  out  of  the  castles  of  the  Mid- 
dle Age,  to  endow  him  with  individuality,  and 
to  summon  man  to  stand  forth  as  man.  The 
world  heaved  with  the  fervent  conflict  of  opin- 
ion.— Bancropt's  U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  6. 

5726.  TRUTH,  Moral.  From  within.  Thus 
did  the  mind  of  George  Fox  arrive  at  the  con- 
clusion that  truth  is  to  be  sought  by  listening  to 
the  voice  of  God  in  the  soul.  Not  the  learning 
of  the  university,  not  the  Roman  see,  not  the 
English  Church,  not  Dissenters,  not  the  whole 
outward  world,  can  lead  to  a  fixed  rule  of  mo- 
rality. The  law  in  the  heart  must  be  received 
without  prejudice,  cherished  without  mixture, 
and  obeyed  without  fear. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  2,  ch.  16. 

5727.  TRUTH  ontraged.  Inquisition.  Galileo 
was  thus  compelled  to  choose  between  a  solemn 
denial  of  demonstrated  truth  or  the  most  agoniz- 
ing of  deaths.  What  he  ought  to  have  done  in 
these  circumstances  is  a  question  in  morals  which 
has  been  discussed  for  two  hundred  years  with- 
out result,  since  it  is  a  question  which  every  one 
decides  according  to  his  own  character.  He  de- 
cided to  recant.  On  his  knees,  with  one  hand 
upon  the  Gospel,  he  pronounced  the  form  of 
words  required :  "I  abjure,  curse,  and  detest 
the  error  and  heresy  of  the  motion  of  the  earth, 
and  promise  that  I  will  never  more  teach,  ver- 
bally or  in  writing,  that  the  sun  is  the  centre  of 
the  universe,  and  immovable,  and  that  the  earth 
is  not  the  centre  of  the  universe  and  movable. " 
Rising  from  his  knees,  indignant  at  the  outrage 
done  to  truth  through  him,  he  muttered  between 
his  teeth  the  words  which  will  never  be  forgot- 
ten— "The  earth  moves,  notwithstanding!" — 
Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  264. 

5728.  TRUTH,  Perilous.  A.D.  408.  The  sen- 
ators loudly  declared,  in  regular  speeches  or  in 
tumultuary  acclamations,  that  it  was  unworthy 
of  the  majesty  of  Rome  to  purchase  a  precarious 
and  disgraceful  truce  from  a  Barbarian  king ; 
and  that,  in  the  judgment  of  a  magnanimous 
people,  the  chance  of  ruin  was  always  preferable 
to  the  certainty  of  dishonor.  .  .  .  The  tumult  of 
virtue  and  freedom  subsided  ;  and  the  sum  of 
four  thousand  pounds  of  gold  was  granted,  under 
the  name  of  a  subsidy,  to  secure  the  peace  of  It- 
aly and  to  conciliate  the  friendship  of  the  king 
of  the  Goths.  Lampadius  alone,  one  of  the  most 


TRUTH— TYRANNY. 


681 


illustrious  members  of  the  assembly,  still  persist- 
ed in  his  dissent ;  exclaimed,  with  a  loud  voice, 
"  This  is  not  a  treaty  of  peace,  but  of  servitude  ;" 
and  escaped  the  danger  of  such  bold  opposi- 
tion by  immediately  retiring  to  the  sanctuary  of 
a  Christian  church. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  30, 
p.  231. 

5729.  TRUTH,  Perversion  of.  Habit.  [Mr. 
Hallam  says  of  Charles  II.  he]  "had  unhappily 
long  been  in  the  habit  of  perverting  his  natural 
acuteness  to  the  mean  subterfuges  of  equivocal 
language."  .  .  .  [Knight  says  :]  "  In  no  situation 
or  difficulty  could  this  unfortunate  king  give  up 
his  system  of  double-dealing  and  half-confi- 
dence." [When  he  was  making  treaties  for  the 
pacification  of  Ireland,  and  promised  that  dur- 
ing the  negotiations  all  hostilities  for  his  cause 
should  end,  at  the  very  same  time  he  wrote  to 
Ormond,  the  general  in  command,]  "  Obey  my 
wife's  orders,  and  not  mine,  until  I  shall  let  you 
know  I  am  free  from  all  restraint ;  nor  trouble 
yourself  about  my  concessions  as  to  Ireland  ; 
they  will  lead  to  nothing." — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  4,  ch.  1. 

5730.  TRUTH,  Power  of  speculative.  Quakers. 
[William]  Penn  exults  that  the  message  [from 
the  inner  voice]  came  without  suspicion  of  hu- 
man wisdom.  It  was  wonderful  to  witness  the 
energy  and  the  unity  of  mind  and  character 
which  the  strong  perception  of  speculative  truth 
imparted  to  the  most  illiterate  mechanics  ;  they 
delivered  the  oracles  of  conscience  with  fearless 
freedom  and  natural  eloquence  ;  and  with  happy 
unconscious  sagacity  spontaneously  developed 
the  system  of  moral  truth  which,  as  they  be- 
lieved, existed  as  an  incorruptible  seed  in  every 
soul. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  16. 

5731.  TRUTH,  Vitality  of  the.  Political. 
Truth  once  elicited  never  dies.  As  it  descends 
through  time  it  may  be  transmitted  from  State 
to  State,  from  monarch  to  commonwealth,  but 
its  light  is  never  extinguished,  and  never  per- 
mitted to  fall  to  the  ground.  A  great  truth,  if 
no  existing  nation  would  assume  its  guar- 
dianship, has  power — such  is  God's  providence 
— to  call  a  nation  into  being  and  life  by  the  life 
it  imparts. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.   3,  ch.  21. 

5732.  TRUTHS,  Preparatory.  Inventions.  A 
century  before  the  Christian  era  the  mighty 
power  of  steam  had  been  observed,  and  some 
attempts  had  been  made  to  turn  it  to  account. 
But  a  great  invention,  as  we  have  before  re- 
marked, is  the  growth  of  ages.  Many  ingen- 
ious men  had  labored  to  perfect  this  one,  the 
greatest  of  all,  and  they  had  brought  it  on  so 
far,  that  a  single  improvement  alone  was  wanting 
to  make  it  available.  It  was  just  so  with  Sir 
Isaac  Newton's  sublime  discovery  of  the  attrac- 
tion of  gravitation.  Previous  philosophers  had 
made  discoveries  that  only  needed  combining  to 
produce  the  final  truth,  which,  in  a  happy 
hour,  flashed  upon  the  mind  of  Newton. — Cy- 
clopedia OF  BioG. ,  p.  142. 

5733.  TRUTHS,  Uncertain.  Sophists.  Greece 
was,  in  the  days  of  Socrates,  overrun  with 
Sophists — pretended  philosophers,  whose  whole 
science  consisted  in  a  certain  futile  logic ;  an 
artificial  apparatus  of  general  arguments,  which 
they  could  apply  to  every  topic,  and  by  which 
they  could  maintain,   with  an  appearance  of 


plausibility,  either  side  of  any  proposition.  It 
was  usual  for  these  philosophers  to  get  up  in 
the  public  assemblies  or  in  the  theatres  and  offer 
to  argue  or  make  an  oration  on  any  subject  that 
should  be  named.  The  Athenians,  a  superficial 
people,  fond  of  everything  new  and  extraordi- 
nary, were  quite  captivated  with  this  kind  of 
jugglery.  The  Sophists  passed  for  the  wisest 
and  most  eloquent  of  men,  and  the  youth 
flocked  in  crowds  to  their  schools,  where  the 
rudiments  of  this  precious  art  were  explained 
and  communicated.  The  sober  part  of  the 
Athenians  judged  this  to  be  a  very  useless  disci- 
pline ;  but  the  wiser  Socrates  saw  the  pernicious 
tendency  of  this  new  art  of  philosophizing, 
which  made  everything  uncertain  and  problem- 
atical ;  and  his  penetrating  intellect  easily  per- 
ceived the  method  by  which  it  was  to  be  exposed 
and  destroyed. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9, 
p.  267. 

5734.  TYRANNY,  Cruelty  of.  Xei-xes.  [Py- 
thius,  a  prince  of  Lydia  (see  No.  4881),]  who 
had  made  such  obliging  offers  to  Xerxes,  having 
desired  as  a  favor  of  him,  some  time  afterward, 
that  out  of  his  five  sons  who  served  in  his  army 
he  would  be  pleased  to  leave  him  the  eldest,  in 
order  to  be  a  support  and  comfort  to  him  in  his 
old  age,  the  king  was  so  enraged  at  the  propo- 
sal, though  so  reasonable  in  itself,  that  he  caused 
the  eldest  son  to  be  killed  before  the  eyes  of 
his  father,  giving  him  to  understand  that  it  was 
a  favor  that  he  spared  the  lives  of  him  and  the 
rest  of  his  children  ;  and  then  causing  the  dead 
body  to  be  cut  in  two,  and  one  part  to  be  placed 
on  the  right  and  the  other  on  the  left,  he  made 
the  whole  array  pass  between  them,  as  if  he 
meant  to  purge  and  purify  it  by  such  a  sacrifice. 
— Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  2,  §  2. 

5735.  TYRANNY,  Ecclesiastical.  Catholic . 
The  childhood  of  the .  European  nations  was 
passed  under  the  tutelage  of  the  clergy.  The 
ascendency  of  the  sacerdotal  order  was  long 
the  ascendency  which  naturally  and  properly  be- 
longs to  intellectual  superiority.  "The  priests, 
with  all  their  faults,  were  by  far  the  wisest  por- 
tion of  society.  It  was,  therefore,  on  the  whole, 
good  that  they  should  be  respected  and  obej^ed. 
The  encroachments  of  the  ecclesiastical  power 
on  the  province  of  the  civil  power  produced 
much  more  happiness  than  misery,  while  the 
ecclesiastical  power  was  in  the  hands  of  the  only 
class  that  had  studied  history,  philosophy,  and 
public  law,  and  while  the  civil  power  was  in 
the  hands  of  savage  chiefs,  who  could  not  read 
their  own  grants  and  edicts.  But  a  change  took 
place.  Knowledge  gradually  spread  among  lay- 
men. At  the  commencement  of  the  sixteenth 
century  many  of  them  were  in  every  intellectual 
attainment  fully  equal  to  the  most  enlightened 
of  their  spiritual  pastors.  Thenceforward  that 
dominion  which,  during  the  Dark  Ages,  had 
been,  in  spite  of  many  abuses,  a  legitimate  and 
a  salutary  guardianship,  became  an  unjust  and 
noxious  tyranny. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  1, 
p.  44. 

5736.  TYRANNY,  Emblem  of.  The  Bastile. 
The  destruction  of  the  Bastile  was  the  type  of 
the  fall  of  tyranny  to  Englishmen  and  English- 
women. Hannah  More  writes  to  Horace  Wal- 
pole  :  "  Poor  France  !  though  I  am  sorry  that 
the  lawless  rabble  are  so  triumphant,  I  caimot 


683 


TYRANNY. 


help  hoping  that  some  good  will  arise  from  the 
sum  of  human  misery  having  been  so  considera- 
bly lessened  at  one  blow  by  the  destruction  of 
the  Bastile."  Dumont  says  that  in  England  .  .  . 
the  destruction  of  the  Bastile  had  caused  a 
general  joy. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  10, 
p.  183. 

5737.  TYEANNY,  Insurrection  against.  Peas- 
ants. The  frightful  insurrection  called  the  Jac- 
querie was  a  general  rising  of  the  enslaved  peas- 
ants of  the  provinces  against  the  nobles,  prompt- 
ed not  so  much  by  the  love  of  liberty  as  by  the 
desperation  of  utter  and  hopeless  misery,  and  a 
ferocious  thirst  of  vengeance  upon  their  tyrants. 
The  revolt  of  the  Jacques,  as  they  were  called 
(from  the  familiar  nickname  of  Jacques  Bon- 
homme,  applied  to  the  French  peasantry),  com- 
menced in  the  neighborhood  of  Clermont  and 
Beauvais,  in  May,  1358,  and  quickly  overspread 
the  northern  and  western  districts.  It  was  a 
war  of  wholesale  extermination  ;  the  feudal 
chateaus  were  assailed,  sacked,  burnt,  and  razed 
to  the  ground,  and  their  inmates,  down  to  the 
youngest  infant,  put  to  the  sword  with  every 
circumstance  of  almost  incredible  barbarity. — 
Students'  France,  ch.  10,  §  13. 

573§.  TYRANNY,  Legislative.  Long  Parlia- 
ment. Like  Rome  under  its  decemviri,  Eng- 
land was  enslaved  by  its  legislators  ;  English  lib- 
erty had  become  the  patrimony  of  the  Commons ; 
the  forms  of  government,  the  courts  of  justice, 
peace  and  war — all  executive,  all  legislative, 
power  rested  with  them.  They  were  irresponsi- 
ble, absolute,  and  apparently  never  to  be  dis- 
solved but  at  their  own  pleasure. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11. 

5739.  TYRANNY  of  Liberty.  Frerich  Revo- 
Ivtion.  On  June  10  [1794]  resolutions  were 
presented  to  the  convention  by  Couthon  for  con- 
ferring increased  and  m.onstrous  powers  on  the 
revolutionary  tribunal.  It  was  to  be  divided  into 
four  courts,  for  the  more  expeditious  despatch 
of  business  ;  the  "  enemies  of  the  republic," 
against  whom  it  was  to  act,  were  defined  in 
the  most  vague,  arbitrary,  and  comprehensive 
terms  ;  the  juries  were  empowered  to  convict 
without  examining  witnesses  or  hearing  counsel, 
and  upon  any  proof,  material  or  moral,  verbal 
or  written,  which  they  might  deem  sufficient ; 
and  the  sole  penalty  to  be  inflicted  for  all  offences 
was  death.  This  frightful  proposition,  which 
.  .  .  placed  the  lives  ...  of  the  whole  French 
nation  at  the  absolute  disposal  of  Robespierre, 
.  .  .  was  ultimately  adopted.  Its  effects  were 
appalling.  Between  the  10th  of  June  and  the 
27th  of  July,  1794,  upward  of  fourteen  hundred 
victims  perished  by  the  hands  of  the  execu- 
tioner. The  daily  batches  (fournees)  frequently 
included  fifty,  and  even  sixty,  seventy,  and 
eighty  individuals.  Fouquier-Tinville,  the  pub- 
lic accuser,  at  length  proposed  to  erect  the 
guillotine  in  a  hall  adjoining  the  tribunal,  and 
to  despatch  five  hundred  prisoners  in  one  day. 
—Students'  France,  ch.  27,  §  6,  p.  572. 

5740.  .  "  Revolutionary  Tribu- 
nal." [On  the  10th  of  March,  1793,  forty-eight 
days  after  the  execution  of  Louis  XVI.,  this 
tribunal  was  formed.  It  was]  composed  of  five 
judges,  who  were  to  be  bound  by  no  forms  of 
precedure,  and  of  a  permanent  jury.  These 
jurymen  were  to  satisfy  themselves  as  to  facts 


in  any  way  that  they  could,  and  to  vote  audibly 
in  the  presence  of  a  Paris  mob.  To  direct  the 
proceedings  of  this  awful  tribunal,  from  whose 
decrees  there  was  no  appeal,  a  public  accuser 
was  appointed.  .  .  .  He  had  only  one  remedy 
for  the  cure  of  lukewarmness  toward  the  Revo- 
lution—death. He  was  in  so  great  a  hurry  to  do 
his  work,  that  identity  of  person  was  sometimes 
unnecessary  when  an  accused  stood  before  him. 
Two  women  of  the  same  name  having  been  ar- 
rested, he  settled  the  accounts  of  both,  for  fear 
of  a  mistake. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  15, 
p.  272. 

5741.  TYRANNY,  Parental.  Frederick  Will- 
iam I.  [Princess  Wilhelmina  received  his  spe- 
cial displeasure.  Her  brother  Fritz  (Frederick 
the  Great)  had  vainly  endeavored  to  escape  his 
father's  tyranny  by  flight,  and  was  under  ar- 
rest.] "  We  learned  from  some  attendant  that 
at  least  my  brother  was  not  dead.  The  king 
now  came  back.  We  all  ran  to  kiss  his  hands  ; 
but  me  he  no  sooner  noticed  than  rage  and  fury 
took  possession  of  him.  He  became  black  in 
the  face,  his  eyes  sparkling  fire,  his  mouth 
foaming.  '  Infamous  canaille,'  said  he  ;  '  darest 
thou  show  thyself  before  me  ?  Go,  keep  thy 
scoundrel  of  a  brother  company  ! '  And,  so  say- 
ing, he  seized  me  with  one  hand,  slapping  me 
on  the  face  with  the  other,"  clenched  as  a  fist 
( poing),  ' '  several  blows,'  one  of  which  struck  me 
on  the  temple,  so  that  I  fell  back,  and  should 
have  split  my  head  against  a  corner  of  the  wain- 
scot had  not  Madame  de  Sonsfeld  caught  me  by 
the  headdress  and  broken  the  fall.  I  lay  on  the 
ground  without  consciousness.  The  king,  in  a 
frenzy,  was  for  striking  me  with  his  feet,  had 
not  the  queen,  my  sisters,  and  the  rest  ran  be- 
tween, and  those  who  were  present  prevented 
him.  They  all  ranked  themselves  round  me, 
which  gave  Mesdames  de  Kamecke  and  Sonsfeld 
time  to  pick  me  up.  They  put  me  in  a  chair  in 
the  embrasure  of  a  window  ;  threw  water  on 
my  face  to  bring  me  to  life,  which  care  I  lament- 
ably reproached  them  with,  death  being  a  thou- 
sand times  better  in  the  pass  things  had  come 
to.  The  queen  kept  shrieking ;  her  firmness 
had  quite  left  her  ;  she  wrung  her  hands,  and 
ran  in  despair  up  and  down  the  room.  The 
king's  face  was  so  disfigured  with  rage  it  was 
frightful  to  look  upon.  The  little  ones  were  on 
their  knees  begging  forme." — Carlyle's  Fred- 
erick THE  Great,  Book  7,  ch.  7,  p.  205. 

5742.  TYRANNY,  Recompensed  for.  France. 
It  is  to  Louis  XI.,  who  was  a  vicious,  unprinci- 
pled tyrant,  that  France  owed  the  extension  of 
her  commerce,  the  establishment  of  posts  through 
the  kingdom,  and  the  regular  administration  of 
justice. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  13,  p.  214. 

5743.  TYRANNY,  Self-destructive.  Reign  of 
Gommodus.  [The  Roman  emperor]  Commodus 
had  now  attained  the  summit  of  vice  and  infamy. 
Amid  the  acclamations  of  a  flattering  court,  he 
was  unable  to  disguise  from  himself  that  he  had 
deserved  the  contempt  and  hatred  of  every  man 
of  sense  and  virtue  in  his  empire.  His  ferocious 
spirit  was  irritated  by  the  consciousness  of  that 
hatred,  by  the  envy  of  eveiy  kind  of  merit,  by 
the  just  apprehension  of  danger,  and  by  the 
habit  of  slaughter,  which  he  contracted  in  his 
daily  amusements.  History  has  preserved  a  long 
list  of  consular  senators  sacrified  to  his  wanton 


TYRANNY— UNBELIEF. 


683 


suspicion,  which  sought  out,  with  peculiar  anx- 
iety, those  unfortunate  persons  connected,  how- 
ever remotelj^,  with  the  family  of  Antoninus, 
without  spanng  even  the  ministers  of  his  crimes 
or  pleasures.  His  cruelty  proved  at  last  fatal  to 
himself.  He  had  shed  with  impunity  the  noblest 
blood  of  Rome  ;  he  perished  as  soon  as  he  was 
dreaded  by  his  own  domestics.  Marcia,  his  fa- 
vorite concubine,  Eclectus,  his  chamberlain,  and 
Laetus,  his  pretorian  prefect,  alarmed  by  the 
fate  of  their  companions  and  predecessors,  re- 
solved to  prevent  the  destruction  which  every 
hour  hung  over  their  heads,  either  from  the  mad 
caprice  of  the  tyrant,  or  the  sudden  indignation 
of  the  people.  [They  poisoned  him.  J — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  4,  p.  115. 

5744.  TYRANNY,  Shameful.  At  Sa.n  Domin- 
go. [Columbus  had  been  slandered  and  sent 
home  in  irons.]  Las  Casas  gives  an  indignant 
picture  of  the  capricious  tyranny  exercised  over 
the  Indians  by  worthless  Spaniards,  many  of 
whom  had  been  transported  convicts  from  the 
dungeons  of  Castile.  These  wretches,  who  in 
their  own  countries  had  been  the  vilest  among 
the  vile,  here  assumed  the  tone  of  grand  cava- 
liers. They  insisted  upon  being  attended  by 
trains  of  servants.  They  took  the  daughters  and 
female  relations  of  caciques  for  their  domestics, 
or  rather  for  their  concubines,  nor  did  they 
limit  themselves  in  number.  When  they  trav- 
elled, instead  of  using  horses  and  mules  with 
which  they  were  provided,  they  obliged  the 
natives  to  transport  them  upon  their  shoulders 
in  litters,  or  hammocks,  with  others  attending 
to  hold  umbrellas  of  palm-leaves  over  their 
heads  to  keep  off  the  sun,  and  fans  of  feathers 
to  cool  them  ;  and  Las  Casas  affirms  that  he  has 
seen  the  backs  and  shoulders  of  the  unfortunate 
Indians  who  bore  these  litters  raw  and  bleeding 
from  the  task.  When  these  arrogant  upstarts 
arrived  at  an  Indian  village  they  consumed  and 
lavished  away  the  provisions  of  the  inhabitants, 
seizing  upon  whatever  pleased  their  caprice,  and 
obliging  the  cacique  and  his  subjects  to  dance 
before  them  for  their  amusement. — Irving's 
Columbus,  Book  14,  ch.  3. 

5745.  TYRANNY,  Terrible.  aUdo.  Gildo, 
the  brother  of  the  tyrant  Firmus, . . ,  was  invested 
with  the  command  of  Africa.  His  ambition  soon 
usurped  the  administration  of  justice  and  of  the 
finances,  without  account  and  without  control. 
.  .  .  During  those  twelve  years  [of  his  reign} 
the  provinces  of  Africa  groaned  under  the  domin- 
ion of  a  tyrant.  .  .  .  The  forms  of  law  were 
often  superseded  by  the  use  of  poison  ;  and  if 
the  trembling  guests  who  were  invited  to  the 
table  of  Gildo  presumed  to  express  their  fears, 
the  insolent  susjjicion  served  only  to  excite  his 
fury,  and  he  loudly  summoned  the  ministers  of 
death.  Gildo  alternately  indulged  the  passions 
of  avarice  and  lust ;  and  if  his  days  were  terrible 
to  the  rich,  his  nights  were  not  less  dreadful  to 
husbands  and  parents.  The  fairest  of  their  wives 
and  daughters  were  prostituted  to  the  embraces 
of  the  tyrant,  and  afterward  abandoned  to  a 
ferocious  troop  of  Barbarians  and  assassins,  the 
black,  or  swarthy,  natives  of  the  desert,  whom 
Gildo  considered  as  the  only  guardians  of  his 
throne. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  29,  p.  181. 

5746.  UMPIRE,  A  dangerous.  Scotland. 
There  appeared  two  illustrious  competitors  for 


the  crown — Robert  Bruce,  son  of  Isabella,  sec- 
ond daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  and 
John  Baliol,  grandson  of  Margaret,  the  earl's 
eldest  daughter.  As  the  rules  of  succession  are 
n/yw  understood,  the  right  of  Baliol,  the  grand- 
son of  the  eldest  daughter,  was  clearly  prefera- 
ble. But  in  those  days  the  order  of  succession 
was  not  so  certainly  established,  and  each  com- 
petitor had  his  pretensions  supported  by  a  for- 
midable party  in  the  kingdom.  To  avoid  a  civil 
war,  which  must  otherwise  have  taken  place,  the 
candidates  agreed  to  a  measure  which  had  very 
near  proved  fatal  to  the  independence  of  the 
kingdom.  They  chose  Edward  I.  of  England  to 
be  umpire  of  the  contest ;  and  this  ambitious  and 
artful  prince  determined  to  avail  himself  of  the 
powers  thus  bestowed  on  him,  and  to  arrogate 
to  himself  the  sovereignty  of  Scotland.  He  sum- 
moned all  the  Scottish  barons  to  attend  him  at 
the  castle  of  Norham,  in  Northumberland  ;  and 
having  gained  some  and  intimidated  others,  he 
prevailed  on  the  whole  assembly  to  acknowledge 
Scotland  a  fief  of  the  English  crown,  and  to 
swear  allegiance  to  him  as  their  sovereign  oi 
liege  lord.  He  next  demanded  possession  of 
the  kingdom,  that  he  might  be  able  to  deliver  it 
to  him  whose  right  should  be  found  preferable  ; 
and  such  was  the  dastardly  pusillanimity  of  all 
present,  whom  Edward  had  intimidated  by 
bringing  with  him  a  very  formidable  army,  that 
this  exorbitant  demand  was  likewise  complied 
with,  both  by  the  barons  and  the  competitors  for 
the  crown.  One  man  alone,  worthy  of  an  eter- 
nal memorial,  Gilbert  de  Umphraville,  Earl  of 
Angus,  sustained  the  honor  of  his  country,  and 
peremptorily  refused  to  deliver  up  those  castles 
which  he  held  from  the  Scottish  kings.  Edward, 
who  believed  Baliol  the  least  formidable  of  the 
competitors,  adjudged  the  question  in  his  favor, 
and  put  him  in  possession  of  the  kingdom,  after 
making  him  solemnly  take  the  oath  of  fidelity  to 
himself  as  lord  paramount,  and  subscribe  to  every 
condition  which  he  thought  proper  to  require. 
But  the  Scots  were  not  long  patient  under  their 
state  of  subjection. — Tttler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  12,  p.  190. 

5747.  UNANIMITY  in  Wrong-doing.  Taxing 
Colonies.  On  the  9th  of  March,  1764,  George 
Grenville  made  his  first  appearance  in  the  House 
of  Commons  as  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer, 
to  unfold  the  budget.  ...  He  gave  notice .  .  . 
that  it  was  his  intention,  in  the  next  session,  to 
bring  in  a  bill  imposing  stamp-duties  in  America. 
.  .  .  The  opposition  were  publicly  called  upon 
to  deny,  if  they  thought  it  fitting,  the  right  of 
the  legislature  to  impose  any  tax,  internal  or  ex- 
ternal, on  the  colonies  ;  not  a  single  person  ven- 
tured to  controvert  that  right.  —  Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  5,  ch.  9. 

5748.  UNBELIEF,  Vicious.  Samuel  Johnson. 
I  described  to  him  an  impudent  fellow  from 
Scotland,  who  aflfected  to  be  a  savage,  and  .  .  . 
maintained  that  there  was  no  distinction  between 
virtue  and  vice.  Johnson  :  "  Why,  sir,  if  the 
fellow  does  not  think  as  he  speaks,  he  is  lying  ; 
and  I  see  not  what  honor  he  can  propose  to  him- 
self from  having  the  character  of  a  liar.  But  if 
he  does  really  think  that  there  is  no  distinction 
between  virtue  and  vice,  why,  sir,  when  he 
leaves  our  houses  let  us  count  our  spoons."— 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  119. 


684 


UNION— USURY. 


5749.  UNION  by  Intercourse.  Christians. 
[In  1655]  the  Quakers,  who  were  hunted  and 
persecuted  by  every  other  sect/found  a  friend  in 
Cromwell.  George  Fox,  who  had  been  seized  in 
his  preachings  and  carried  to  London,  man- 
aged to  see  the  Protector,  and  exhorted  him  to 
keep  in  the  fear  of  God  ;  and  Cromwell,  having 
patiently  listened  to  his  lecture,  parted  with  him, 
saying,  "  Come  again  to  my  house.  If  thou  and  I 
were  but  an  hour  of  the  day  together,  we  should 
be  nearer,  one  to  the  other.  I  wish  no  more  harm 
to  thee  than  I  do  to  my  own  soul." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  13,  p.  193. 

5750.  UNION  by  Peril,  Reign  of  James  II. 
The  amity  of  the  Whigs  and  Tories  had  not 
survived  the  peril  which  had  produced  it.  On 
several  occasions,  during  the  prince's  march 
from  the  west,  dissension  had  appeared  among 
his  followers.  While  the  event  of  his  enterprise 
was  doubtful,  that  dissension  had,  by  his  skil- 
ful management,  been  easily  quieted.  But 
from  the  day  on  which  he  entered  Saint  James' 
in  triumph,  such  management  could  no  longer 
be  practised.  His  victory,  by  relieving  the  na- 
tion from  the  strong  dread  of  popish  tyranny, 
had  deprived  him  of  half  his  influence.  Old 
antipathies,  which  had  slept  when  bishops  were 
in  the  Tower,  when  Jesuits  were  at  the  council 
board,  when  loyal  clergymen  were  deprived  of 
their  bread  by  scores,  when  loyal  gentlemen 
were  put  out  of  the  commission  of  the  peace  by 
hundreds,  were  again  strong  and  active. — Ma- 
caulay's  Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  563. 

5751.  UNION,  Primitive.  Christian.  The  con- 
tempt of  the  world  exercised  them  in  the  habits  of 
humility,  meekness,  and  patience.  The  more 
they  were  persecuted,  the  more  closely  they  ad- 
hered to  each  other.  Their  mutual  charity  and 
unsuspecting  confidence  has  been  remarked  by 
infidels,  and  was  too  often  abused  by  perfidious 
friends. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  15,  p.  546. 

5752.  UNRULINESS,  Childish.  Fredenek  11 
His  governess,  the  Dame  Montbail,  having  or- 
dered him  to  do  something  which  was  intolera- 
ble to  the  princely  mind,  the  princely  mind  re- 
sisted in  a  very  strange  way  :  the  princely  body, 
namely,  flung  itself  suddenly  out  of  a  third-story 
window,  nothing  but  the  hands  left  within  ;  and 
hanging  on  there  by  the  sill,  and  fixedly  resolute 
to  obey  gravitation  rather  than  Montbail,  soon 
brought  the  poor  lady  to  terms ;  upon  which, 
indeed,  he  had  been  taken  from  her,  and  from 
the  women  altogether,  as  evidently  now  needing 
rougher  government. — Caklyle's  Frederick 
THE  Great,  Book  1,  ch.  3,  p.  8. 

5753.  UNWORTHINESS,  Depressed  by.  Bun- 
yan.  His  judgment  was  in  the  main  satisfied 
that  the  Bible  was,  as  he  had  been  taught,  the 
Word  of  God.  This,  however,  helped  him  little  ; 
for  in  the  Bible  he  read  his  own  condemnation. 
The  weight  which  pressed  him  down  was  the 
sense  of  his  unworthiness.  What  was  he  that 
God  should  care  for  him  ?  He  fancied  that  he 
heard  God  saying  to  the  angels,  "This  poor, 
simple  wretch  doth  hanker  after  me,  as  if  I  had 
nothing  to  do  with  my  mercy  but  to  bestow  it 
on  such  as  he.  Poor  fool,  how  art  thou  deceived ! 
it  is  not  for  such  as  thee  to  have  favor  with  the 
Highest." — Froude's  BuNYAN,  ch.  8.  .   I 


5754.  USAGE  not  Law.  Ecclesiastical.  [When 
the  Commons  were  resisting  the  exactions  of  the 
clergy  in  1529,  the  representatives  of  the  Church 
defended  the  severe  extortions  on  the  ground  of 
usage.]  The  laity  retorted  in  the  words  of  a  bar- 
rister of  Gray's  Inn  :  "  The  usage  hath  ever  been 
of  thieves  to  rob  on  Shooter's  hill — ergo,  it  is 
lawful." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  20. 

5755.  USE  or  Abuse.  Money.  [The  father  of 
Herod  the  Great]  must  have  ended  his  life  in 
poverty  and  contempt,  had  he  not  discovered  an 
immense  treasure  buried  under  an  old  house,  the 
last  remains  of  his  patrimony.  According  to  the 
rigor  of  the  law,  the  emperor  might  have  assert- 
ed his  claim,  and  the  prudent  Atticus  prevented, 
by  a  frank  confession,  the  officiousness  of  in- 
formers. But  the  equitable  Nerva,  who  then 
filled  the  throne,  refused  to  accept  any  part  of  it, 
and  commanded  him  to  use,  without  scruple,  the 
present  of  fortune.  The  cautious  Athenian  still 
insisted  that  the  treasure  was  too  considerable 
for  a  subject,  and  that  he  knew  not  how  to  use 
it.  "  Abuse  it,  then,"  replied  the  monarch,  with, 
a  good-natured  peevishness,  "for  it  is  your 
own." — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  2,  p.  57. 

5756.  USEFULNESS,  Survival  of.  Monks. 
[Reign  of  Henry  VIII.]  Master  of  convocation, 
absolute  master  of  the  bishops,  Henry  had  be- 
come master  of  the  monastic  orders  through  the 
right  of  visitation  over  them  which  had  been 
transferred  by  the  act  of  supremacy  from  the 
papacy  to  the  crown.  The  monks  were  soon  to 
know  what  this  right  of  visitation  implied  in  the 
hands  of  the  vicar-general.  As  an  outlet  for  re- 
ligious enthusiasm,  monasticism  was  practically 
dead.  The  friar,  now  that  his  fervor  of  devo- 
tion and  his  intellectual  energy  had  passed  away., 
had  sunk  into  a  mere  beggar.  The  monks  had 
become  mere  land-owners.  Most  of  the  religious' 
houses  were  anxious  only  to  enlarge  their  reve- 
nues and  to  diminish  the  number  of  those  who 
shared  them.  In  the  general  carelessness  which 
prevailed  as  to  the  spiritual  objects  of  their  trust, 
in  the  wasteful  management  of  their  estates,  in 
the  indolence  and  self-indulgence  which  for  the 
most  part  characterized  them,  the  monastic  es- 
tablishments simply  exhibited  the  faults  of  all 
corporate  bodies  that  have  outlived  the  work 
which  they  were  created  to  perform. — Hist,  op 
Eng.  People,  §  573. 

5757.  USURYinevitable.  ^.D.  408.  At  Rome 
commerce  was  always  held  in  contempt ;  but  the 
senators,  from  the  first  age  of  the  republic,  in- 
creased their  patrimony  and  multiplied  their 
clients  by  the  lucrative  practice  of  usury  ;  and 
the  obsolete  laws  were  eluded,  or  violated,  by  the 
mutual  inclinations  and  interest  of  both  parties. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31,  p.  251. 

575§.  USURY,  Law  of.  Boman.  Usury,  the 
inveterate  grievance  of  the  city,  had  been  dis- 
couraged by  the  Twelve  Tables  and  abolished 
by  the  clamors  of  the  people.  It  was  revived  by 
their  wants  and  idleness,  tolerated  by  the  discre- 
tion of  the  praetors,  and  finally  determined  by 
the  code  of  Justinian.  Persons  of  illustrious 
rank  were  confined  to  the  moderate  profit  of  four 
per  cent ;  six  was  pronounced  to  be  the  ordinary 
and  legal  standard  of  interest ;  eight  was  allowed 
for  the  convenience  of  manufacturers  and  mer- 
chants ;  twelve  was  granted  to  nautical  insur- 
ance, which  the  wiser  ancients  had  not  attempted 


USURY— VALOR. 


685 


to  define ;  but,  except  in  this  perilous  adven- 
ture, the  practice  of  exorbitant  usurj'^  was  severe- 
ly restrained. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  368. 

5759. .    Lucullus.    [He  found  the 

cities  of  Asia  vphich  he  conquered  in  great  dis- 
tress.] In  the  first  place,  he  ordered  the  cred- 
itors not  to  take  above  one  in  the  hundred  for  a 
month's  interest ;  in  the  next  place,  he  abolished 
all  interest  that  exceeded  the  principal ;  the  third 
and  most  important  regulation  was,  that  the 
creditor  should  not  take  above  a  fourth  part  of 
the  debtor's  income.  And  if  any  one  took  inter- 
est upon  interest,  he  was  to  lose  all.  By  these 
means,  in  less  than  four  years,  all  the  debts  were 
paid,  and  the  estates  restored  free  to  the  proprie- 
tors.— Plutarch's  Lucullus. 

5760.  USUEY,  Laws  against.  Fifteenth  Cen- 
tury. [It  was]  enacted,  ' '  that  all  manner  of  per- 
sons lending  money  to  and  for  a  time,  taking  for 
the  same  loan  anything  more  besides  or  above 
the  money  lent,  by  way  of  contract  or  covenant 
at  the  time  of  the  said  loan,  should  forfeit  half 
the  money  so  lent." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2, 
ch.  15,  p.  249. 

5761.  UTILITY  vs.  Beauty.  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
[Political  speech.]  "  We  in  this  district,"  he 
said,  "  are  proud,  and  with  reason,  that  the  first 
chain-bridge  was  the  work  of  a  Scotchman.  It 
still  hangs  where  he  erected  it  a  pretty  long  time 
ago.  The  French  heard  of  our  invention,  and  de- 
termined to  introduce  it,  but  with  great  improve- 
ments and  embellishments.  ...  It  was  on  the 
Seine  at  Marly.  The  French  chain-bridge  looked 
lighter  and  airier  than  the  prototype.  Every 
Englishman  present  was  disposed  to  confess  that 
we  had  been  beaten  at  our  own  trade.  But  by 
and  by  the  gates  were  opened,  and  the  multitude 
were  to  pass  over.  It  began  to  swing  rather  for- 
midably beneath  the  pressure  of  the  good  com- 
pany ;  and  by  the  time  the  architect,  who  led 
the  processson  in  great  pomp  and  glory,  reached 
the  middle,  the  whole  gave  way,  and  he — wor- 
thy, patriotic  artist — was  the  first  that  got  a 
ducking.  They  had  forgot  the  middle  bolt — or 
rather  this  ingenious  person  had  conceived  that 
to  be  a  clumsy-looking  feature,  which  might 
safely  be  dispensed  with,  while  he  put  some  in- 
visible gimcrack  of  his  own  to  supply  its  place." 
— Hutton's  Scott,  ch.  12. 

5762.  VACCINATION  opposed.  Edward  Jen- 
Tier.  For  thirty  years  after  this  antidote  for  the 
small-pox  was  first  practised  in  1800,  the  wholly 
ignorant  and  imperfectly  educated  still  stood  in 
the  way  of  this  great  blessing.  [Edward  Jenner 
was  the  discoverer.] — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8, 
ch.  7,  p.  130. 

5763.  VAGRANTS,  Imposition  of.  England. 
[A  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  in 
1816,  obtained  evidence  respecting  mendicity 
and  vagrancy  in  London  and  its  vicinity.]  The 
chief  tendency  of  the  evidence  was  to  show  how 
the  sturdy  beggar  was  a  capitalist  and  an  epi- 
cure ;  ate  fowls  and  beefsteaks  for  supper  and 
despised  broken  meat ;  had  money  in  the  funds, 
and  left  handsome  legacies  to  his  relations.  The 
witnesses  had  famous  stories  of  a  lame  impostor 
who  tied  up  his  leg  in  a  wooden  frame,  and  a 
blind  one  who  wrote  letters  in  the  evening  for 
his  unlettered  brethren  ;  of  a  widow  who  sat  for 


ten  years  with  twins  who  never  grew  bigger. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  4,  p.  66. 

5764.  VALOB,  Military.  Derar  the  Saracen. 
His  single  lance  maintained  a  flying  fight  against 
thirty  Romans,  who  were  detached  by  Werdan  ; 
and,  after  killing  or  unhorsing  seventeen  of  their 
number,  Derar  returned  in  safety  to  his  applaud- 
ing brethren.  When  his  rashness  was  mildly  cen- 
sured by  the  general,  he  excused  himself  with 
the  simplicity  of  a  soldier.  "  Nay,"  said  Derar, 
"  I  did  not  begin  first ;  but  they  came  out  to  take 
me,  and  I  was  afraid  that  God  should  see  me 
turn  my  back  ;  and  indeed  I  fought  in  good  ear- 
nest, and  without  doubt  God  assisted  me  against 
them  ;  and  had  I  not  been  apprehensive  of  dis- 
obeying your  orders,  I  should  not  have  come 
away  as  I  did  ;  and  I  perceive  already  that  they 
will  fall  into  our  hands." — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  51,  p.  195. 

5765.  VALOR,  Xntual.  Ancient  Germans.  In 
the  hour  of  danger  it  was  shameful  for  the  chief 
to  be  surpassed  in  valor  by  his  companions — 
shameful  for  the  companions  not  to  equal  the 
valor  of  their  chief.  To  survive  hia  fall  in  battle 
was  indelible  infamy.  To  protect  his  person 
and  to  adorn  his  glory  with  the  trophies  of  their 
own  exploits  were  the  most  sacred  of  their 
duties. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  266. 

5766.  VALOR,  Proof  of.  Ticonderoga  taken. 
A.D.  1775.  [Ethan  Allen,  his  Green  Mountain 
boys,  and  others  to  the  number  of  eighty-three, 
arrived  at  daybreak  without  discovery.]  Allen 
addressed  them:  "Friends  and  fellow-soldiers, 
we  must  this  morning  quit  our  pretensions  for 
valor,  or  possess  ourselves  of  this  fortress  ;  and  in- 
asmuch as  it  is  a  desperate  attempt,  I  do  not  urge 
it  on,  contrary  to  will.  You  that  will  undertake 
voluntarily,  poise  your  firelocks."  .  .  .  Every 
firelock  was  poised.  "  Face  to  the  right,"  cried 
Allen.  .  .  .  [They]  marched  to  the  gate,  .  .  . 
rushed  into  the  fort,  .  .  .  raising  the  Indian  war- 
whoop,  and  .  .  .  formed  ...  in  hollow  square, 
[Being  summoned.  Captain]  Delaplace,  the  com- 
mander, came  out,  undressed,  with  his  breeches 
in  his  hand.  "  Deliver  to  me  the  fort  instantly," 
said  Allen.  "  By  what  authority  ?"  .  .  .  "In 
the  name  of  the  Great  Jehovah  and  the  Conti- 
nental Congress."  What  cost  the  British  nation 
eight  millions  sterling  .  .  .  and  many  lives  was 
won  in  ten  minutes  by  a  few  undisciplined  men, 
without  loss.  [Nearly  50  prisoners,  100  cannon, 
one  thirteen-inch  ^ortar,  a  number  of  swivels, 
stores,  and  small  arms  were  captured.] — Ban- 
croft'sU.  S.,vo1.  7,  ch.  32. 

5767.  VALOR,  Spur  to.  Reputation.  Audit 
seems  to  me  that  the  ancients  did  not  think  that 
valor  consists  in  the  exemption  from  fear,  but, 
on  the  contrary,  in  the  fear  of  reproach  and  the 
dread  of  infamy  ;  for  those  who  stand  most  in 
fear  of  the  law  act  with  the  greatest  intrepidity 
against  the  enemy  ;  and  they  who  are  most  ten- 
der of  their  reputation  look  with  the  least  con- 
cern upon  other  dangers. — Plutarch's  Cleo- 
menes. 

576§.  VALOR,  Wonderful.  Constantine.  [We 
might]  relate  a  wonderful  exploit  of  Constantine, 
which,  though  it  can  scarcely  be  paralleled 
either  in  poetry  or  romance,  is  celebrated,  not 
by  a  venal  orator  devoted  to  his  fortune,  but  by 
an  historian,  the  partial  enemy  of  his  fame.    We 


686 


VALUE— VANITY. 


are  assured  that  the  valiant  emperor  threw  him- 
self into  the  river  Hebrus,  accompanied  only 
by  twelve  horsemen,  and  that  by  the  effort  or  ter- 
ror of  his  invincible  arm  he  broke,  slaughtered, 
and  put  to  flight  a  host  of  150,000  men. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch,  14,  p.  499. 

5769.  VALUE,  Change  in.  Manhattan  Island. 
In  January  of  1626  Peter  Minuit,  of  Wesel,  was 
regularly  appointed  by  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company  as  governor  of  New  Netherland. 
Until  this  time  the  natives  had  retained  the  own- 
ership of  Manhattan  Island  ;  but  on  Minuit's  ar- 
rival, in  May,  an  offer  of  purchase  was  made 
and  accepted.  The  whole  island,  containing 
more  than  twenty  thousand  acres,  was  sold  to 
the  Dutch  for  twenty-fovu*  dollars. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  18,  p.  162. 

5770. .    Ti/rian  Purple.    The  Tyr- 

ian  purple  is  celebrated  by  all  the  ancient  au- 
thors. The  color  was  the  pure  juice  of  a  partic- 
ular kind  of  shell-fish,  and  being  produced  in 
very  small  quantities,  came  thence  to  be  of  great 
value.  The  moderns  are  not  unacquainted  with 
the  fish,  but  make  no  use  of  it,  as  a  richer  color 
is  produced  at  much  less  expense  from  the  coch- 
ineal insect. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  6, 
p.  51. 

5771.  VALUES,  Conventional.  West  Indians. 
[Columbus'  first  voyage.]  The  avarice  of  the 
discoverers  was  quickly  excited  by  the  sight  of 
small  ornaments  of  gold,  worn  by  some  of  the 
natives  in  their  noses.  These  the  latter  gladly 
exchanged  for  glass  beads  and  hawks'  bells  ;  and 
both  parties  exulted  in  the  bargain,  no  doubt 
admiring  each  other's  simplicity. — Ibving's  Co- 
lumbus, Book,  4,  ch.  1. 

5772.  VANITY,  Excessive.  Boman  Emperor 
Diocletian.  The  Asiatic  pomp  which  had  been 
adopted  by  the  pride  of  Diocletian  assumed  an 
air  of  softness  and  effeminacy  in  the  person  of 
Constantine.  He  is  represented  with  false  hair 
of  various  colors,  laboriously  arranged  by  the 
skilful  artists  of  the  times  ;  a  diadem  of  a  new 
and  more  expensive  fashion ;  a  profusion  of 
gems  and  pearls,  of  collars  and  bracelets,  and  a 
variegated  flowing  robe  of  silk,  most  curiously 
embroidered  with  flowers  of  gold.  In  such  ap- 
parel, scarcely  to  be  excused  by  the  youth  and 
folly  of  Elagabalus,  we  are  at  a  loss  to  discover 
the  wisdom  of  an  aged  monarch  and  the  sim- 
plicity of  a  Roman  veteran. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  18,  p.  156. 

5773.  VANITY,  Folly  of.  Madman.  One 
day,  as  Art^xerxes  was  hunting,  Tiribazus 
showed  him  a  rent  in  his  robe,  upon  which  the 
king  said,  "  What  shall  I  do  with  it  ?"  "Put 
on  another,  and  give  that  to  me,"  said  Tiribazus. 
" It  shall  be  so,"  said  the  king  ;  "I  give  it  thee, 
but  I  charge  thee  not  to  wear  it."  Tiribazus, 
who,  though  not  a  bad  man,  was  giddy  and 
vain,  disregarding  the  restriction,  soon  put  on 
the  robe,  and  at  the  same  time  tricked  himself 
out  with  some  golden  ornaments,  fit  only  for 
queens.  The  court  expressed  great  indignation, 
because  it  was  a  thing  contrary  to  their  laws  and 
customs ;  but  the  king  only  laughed,  and  said 
to  him,  "  I  allow  thee  to  wear  the  trinkets  as  a 
woman,  and  the  robe  as  a  madman." — Plu- 
tabch's  Artaxerxes. 


5774.  VANITY,  Foolish.  Ferguson.  rRebellion 
of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  against  James  II.} 
One  of  the  insurgent  chiefs  was  named  Fer- 
guson.] .  .  .  With  this  man's  knavery  was 
strangely  mingled  an  eccentric  vanity  which  re- 
sembled madness.  The  thought  that  he  had 
raised  a  rebellion  and  bestowed  a  crown  had 
turned  his  head.  He  swaggered  about,  bran- 
dishing his  naked  sword,  and  crying  to  the  crowd 
of  spectators  who  had  assembled  to  see  the  army 
march  out  of  Taunton,  "Look  at  me!  You 
have  heard  of  me.  I  am  Ferguson,  the  famous 
Ferguson,  the  Ferguson  for  whose  head  so 
many  hundred  pounds  have  been  offered."  And 
this  man,  at  once  unprincipled  and  brain-sick, 
had  in  his  keeping  the  understanding  and  the 
conscience  of  the  unhappy  Monmouth. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  548. 

5775.  VANITY  with  Greatness.  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth. A  happy  retort  or  a  finished  compliment 
never  failed  to  win  her  favor.  She  hoarded 
jewels.  Her  dresses  were  innumerable.  Her 
vanity  remained,  even  to  old  age,  the  vanity  of 
a  coquette  in  her  teens.  No  adulation  was  too 
fulsome  for  her,  no  flattery  of  her  beauty  too 
gross.  She  would  play  with  her  rings  that  her 
courtiers  might  note  the  delicacy  of  her  hands, 
or  dance  a  coranto  that  an  ambassador,  hidden 
dexterously  behind  a  curtain,  might  report  her 
sprightliness  to  his  master. — Hist,  of  Eng. 
People,  §  710. 

5776.  VANITY  rebuked.  ••  Fine  Coat."  A  fo]^- 
pish  physician  once  reminded  [Samuel]  John- 
son of  his  having  been  in  company  with  him 
on  a  former  occasion.  "  I  do  not  remember  it, 
sir."  The  physician  still  insisted,  adding  that 
he  that  day  wore  so  fine  a  coat  that  it  must  have 
attracted  his  notice.  "  Sir,"  said  Johnson,  "  had 
you  been  dipped  in  Pactolus,  I  should  not  have 
noticed  you." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  530. 

5777. .  Oliver  Goldsmith's.  Gold- 
smith, to  divert  the  tedious  minutes,  strutted 
about,  bragging  of  his  dress,  and  I  believe  was 
seriously  vain  of  it,  for  his  mind  was  wonder- 
fully prone  to  such  impressions.  "  Come,  come," 
said  Garrick,  "  talk  no  more  of  that.  You  are, 
perhaps,  the  worst — eh,  eh  !"  Goldsmith  was 
eagerly  attempting  to  interrupt  him,  when  Gar- 
rick went  on,  laughing  ironically,  "Nay,  you 
will  always  look  like  a  gentleman  ;  but  I  am 
talking  of  being  well  or  ill  dressed."  "  Well,  let 
me  tell  you,"  said  Goldsmith,  "  when  my  tailor 
brought  home  my  bloom-colored  coat,  he  said, 
'  Sir,  I  have  a  favor  to  beg  of  you.  When  any- 
body asks  you  who  made  your  clothes,  be 
pleased  to  mention  John  Filby,  at  the  Harrow, 
in  Water  Lane. ' "  Johnson:  "  Why,  sir,  that 
was  because  he  knew  the  strange  color  would 
attract  crowds  to  gaze  at  4t,  and  thus  they  might 
hear  of  him,  and  see  how  well  he  could  make  a 
coat,  even  of  so  absurd  a  color." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  163. 

577§. .    Plato.  Archytas,  who  had 

engaged  for  Plato's  safety,  when  he  understood 
his  danger  [from  Dionysius  the  tyrant],  sent 
a  galley  to  demand  him  ;  and  the  tyrant,  to 
palliate  his  enmity,  previous  to  his  departure 
made  pompous  entertainments.  At  one  of  them, 
however,  he  could  not  help  saying,  "  I  suppose, 
Plato,  when  you  return  to  your  companions  in 
the  academy,  my  faults  wUl  often  be  the  subject 


VANITY— VENGEANCE. 


687 


bf  your  conversation."  "I  hope,"  answered 
Plato,  ' '  we  shall  never  be  so  much  at  a  loss  for 
subjects  in  the  academy  as  to  talk  of  you." — 
Plutarch's  Dionysius. 

5779. .    Menecrates.    [He  assumed 

the  title  Menecrates  Jupiter.  He  was  a  physi- 
cian.] King  Philip  hit  upon  a  remedy  for  his 
visionary  correspondent.  Philip  invited  him  to 
a  grand  entertainment.  Menecrates  had  a  sep- 
arate table,  where  nothing  was  served  up  to  him 
but  incense  and  perfume,  while  all  the  other 
guests  fed  upon  the  most  exquisite  dainties. 
The  first  transports  of  joy  with  which  he  was 
seized,  when  he  found  his  divinity  acknowl- 
edged, made  him  forget  that  he  was  a  man ; 
but  hunger  afterward  forcing  him  to  recollect 
his  being  so,  .  .  .  he  took  leave  of  the  company 
abruptly. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  14,  §  8. 

57§0.  VANITY,  Eidiculous.  Mo numental. 
The  triumphal  arch  of  Constantine  still  remains 
a  melancholy  proof  of  the  decline  of  the  arts, 
and  a  singular  testimony  of  the  meanest  vanity. 
As  it  was  not  possible  to  find  in  the  capital  of 
the  empire  a  sculptor  who  was  capable  of  adorn- 
ing that  public  monument,  the  arch  of  Trajan, 
without  any  respect  either  for  his  memory  or 
for  the  rules  of  propriety,  was  stripped  of  its 
most  elegant  figures.  The  difference  of  times 
and  persons,  of  actions  and  characters,  was  to- 
tally disregarded.  The  Parthian  captives  ap- 
pear prostrate  at  the  feet  of  a  prince  who  never 
carried  his  arms  beyond  the  Euphrates  ;  and 
curious  antiquarians  can  still  discover  the  head 
of  Trajan  on  the  trophies  of  Constantine.  The 
new  ornaments  which  it  was  necessary  to  intro- 
duce between  the  vacancies  of  ancient  sculpture 
are  executed  in  the  rudest  and  most  unskilful 
manner. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  14,  p.  483. 

57§1.  VANITY,  Victim  of.  Alexander.  His 
only  fault  [in  conversation]  was  his  retaining  so 
much  of  the  soldier  as  to  indulge  a  troublesome 
vanity.  He  would  not  only  boast  of  his  own 
actions,  but  suffered  himself  to  be  cajoled  by 
flatterers  to  an  amazing  degree.  These  wretches 
were  an  intolerable  burden  to  the  rest  of  the 
company,  who  did  not  choose  to  contend  with 
them  in  adulation,  nor  yet  to  appear  behind 
them  in  their  opinion  oi  their  king's  achieve- 
ments. — Plutarch's  Alexander. 

5782.  VASSALAGE,  Humiliating.  Charles  II. 
to  Louis  XIV.  Since  the  king  was  bent  on 
emancipating  himself  from  the  control  of  Par- 
liament, and  since,  in  such  an  enterprise,  he 
could  not  hope  for  effectual  aid  at  home,  it 
followed  that  he  must  look  for  it  abroad.  The 
power  and  wealth  of  the  King  of  France  might 
be  equal  to  the  arduous  task  of  establishing  ab- 
solute monarchy  in  England.  Such  an  ally 
would  undoubtedly  expect  substantial  proofs 
of  gratitude  for  such  a  service.  Charles  must 
descend  to  the  rank  of  a  great  vassal,  and  must 
make  peace  and  war  according  to  the  directions 
of  the  government  which  protected  him.  .  .  . 
His  relation  to  Louis  would  closely  resemble 
that  in  which  the  Rajah  of  Nagpore  and  the 
King  of  Oude  now  stand  to  the  British  Govern- 
ment. Those  princes  are  bound  to  aid  the  East 
India  Company  in  all  hostilities,  defensive  and 
offensive,  and  to  have  no  diplomatic  relations 
but  such  as  the  East  India  Company  shall  sanc- 
tion. The  Company,  in  return,  guarantees  them 


against  insurrection. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2, 
p.  191. 

57§3.  VEGETARIAN,  Trials  of  the.  Joseph 
Bitson.  John  Leyden's  great  antipathy  was  Rit- 
son,  an  ill-conditioned  antiquarian,  of  vegeta- 
rian principles,  whom  Scott  alone  of  all  the  anti- 
quarians of  that  day  could  manage  to  tame  and 
tolerate.  In  Scott's  absence  one  day,  during  his 
early  married  life  at  Lasswade,  Mrs.  Scott  inad- 
vertently offered  Ritson  a  slice  of  beef,  when 
that  strange  man  burst  out  in  such  outrageous 
tones  at  what  be  choose  to  suppose  an  insult, 
that  Leyden  threatened  to  ' '  thraw  his  neck"  if 
he  were  not  silent — a  threat  which  frightened 
Ritson  out  of  the  cottage.  On  another  occasion, 
simply  in  order  to  tease  Ritson,  Leyden  com- 
plained that  the  meat  was  overdone,  and  sent  to 
the  kitchen  for  a  plate  of  literally  raw  beef,  and 
ate  it  up  solely  for  the  purpose  of  shocking  his 
crazy  rival  in  antiquarian  research. — Hutton's 
Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  ch.  6. 

57§4.  VENGEANCE,  Cry  for.  Mari/  Queen 
of  Scots.  The  lords  conducted  the  queen  as  a 
prisoner  to  Edinburgh  Castle.  In  passing  through 
the  army  she  was  assailed  with  the  imprecations 
of  the  military  and  the  populace.  The  soldiers 
waved  before  her  horse  a  banner,  on  which  was 
represented  the  dead  body  of  Darnley  [her  mur- 
dered husband,  whose  death  she  had  caused]  ly- 
ing beside  his  page  in  the  orchard  of  Kirk  o' 
Field,  and  the  little  King  James  on  his  knees  in- 
voking the  vengeance  of  Heaven  against  his  moth- 
er and  the  murderer  of  his  unhappy  father,  in 
these  words  of  the  royal  poet  of  Israel,  "  Judge 
and  avenge  my  cause,  O  Lord  !"  "  By  this  royal 
hand,"  she  said  to  Lord  Lindsay,  who  had  aided 
in  the  unpardonable  murder  of  her  first  favorite, 
Rizzio,  "  I'll  have  your  heads  for  this  !" — Lam- 
artine's  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  p.  33. 

5785.    .     Against  Murderers.     It 

was  a  law  of  the  State,  that  any  man  invested 
with  a  military  command  might  frustrate  any 
charge  brought  against  him  by  going  on  service. 
Sylla  therefore  defeated  the  purpose  of  his  ene- 
mies by  repairing  immediately  to  his  army,  and 
commencing  the  campaign  against  Mithridates. 
His  partisans  at  Rome,  in  the  mean  time,  took 
advantage  of  a  series  of  violent  and  illegal  pro- 
ceedings of  Cinna,  to  procure  his  deposition 
from  office,  and  his  expulsion  from  the  city. 
Marius,  returning  to  Italy  at  this  juncture, 
found  means  to  levy  a  considerable  army,  and 
joining  his  forces  to  those  of  Cinna,  they  laid 
siege  to  Rome,  at  that  time  reduced  to  great  dis- 
tress by  famine.  In  this  situation,  the  Senate 
capitulated  with  these  traitors  in  arms,  repealed 
the  attainder  of  Marius,  and  restored  Cinna  to 
his  consular  function.  They  entered  the  city  tri- 
umphantly at  the  head  of  the  army,  and  imme- 
diately gave  orders  for  a  general  massacre  of  all 
those  citizens  whom  they  regarded  as  their  ene- 
mies. The  scene  was  horrible  beyond  all  de- 
scription. The  heads  of  the  senators,  streaming 
with  blood,  were  stuck  up  before  the  rostra  /  "  a 
dumb  senate,"  says  an  ancient  writer,  "but 
which  yet  cried  aloud  to  Heaven  for  vengeance." 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  1,  p.  394. 

5786.  VENGEANCE  demanded.  Virtue  dis- 
honored. [Tarquinius']  son  Sextus,  lawless  and 
flagitious,  had  committed  a  rape  on  Lucretia,  the 
wife  of  Collatinus,  and  the  injured  matron,  un- 


688 


VENGEANCE— VENTURE. 


able  to  survive  her  dishonor,  stabbed  herself  in 
the  presence  of  her  husband  and  kindred.  Bru- 
tus, a  witness  to  this  shocking  scene,  drew  the 
dagger  from  her  breast,  and  swore  by  the  eter- 
nal gods  to  be  the  avenger  of  her  death— an  oath 
immediately  taken  by  all  who  were  present.  The 
dead  body  of  the  violated  Lucretia  was  brought 
into  the  forum,  and  Brutus,  throwing  off  his  as- 
sumed disguise  of  insanity,  appeared  the  passion- 
ate advocate  of  a  just  revenge,  and  the  animated 
orator  in  the  cause  of  liberty  against  tyrannical 
oppression.  The  people  were  roused  in  a  mo- 
ment, and  were  prompt  and  unanimous  in  their 
procedure  Tarquinius  was  at  this  time  absent 
from  the  city,  engaged  in  a  war  with  the  Rutu- 
lians.  The  Senate  was  assembled,  and  pro- 
nounced a  decree  which  banished  forever  the 
tyrant,  and  at  the  same  time  utterly  abolished 
the  name  and  office  of  king. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  2,  p.  302, 

5r§r.  VENGEANCE,  Diabolical.  John  Wilkes 
Booth.  He  had  been  from  the  outbreak  of  the 
rebellion  one  of  the  most  fanatical  devotees  ;  and 
as  its  strength  and  prospects  of  success  began  to 
grow  less  and  less,  his  mind  was  absorbed  in  des- 
perate schemes  for  reviving  its  fortunes  and  se- 
curing its  triumph.  .  .  .  What  was  [at  first]  ,  .  . 
a  desire  to  aid  the  rebellion  became,  after  this 
was  hopeless,  a  desperate  determination  to  avenge 
its  downfall.  He  plotted  the  murder  of  Mr.  Lin- 
coln and  of  the  leading  members  of  the  govern- 
ment.— Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch.  21,  p.  713. 

578§.  VENGEANCE,  FooUsh,  Jaines  IT.  [He 
was  fleeing  from  his  English  subjects,  whom  he 
had  exasperated  by  his  oppressions.]  At  three 
in  the  morning  of  Tuesday,  the  11th  of  Decem- 
ber, James  rose,  took  the  great  seal  in  his  hand, 
laid  his  commands  on  Northumberland  not  to 
open  the  door  of  the  bed-chamber  till  the  usual 
hour,  and  disappeared  through  a  secret  passage. 
.  .  .  Sir  Edward  Hales  was  in  attendance  with 
a  hackney  coach.  James  was  conveyed  to  Mil- 
bank,  where  he  crossed  the  Thames  in  a  small 
wherry.  As  he  passed  Lambeth  he  flung  the 
great  seal  into  the  midst  of  the  stream,  whence, 
after  many  months,  it  was  accidentally  caught 
by  a  fishing-net  and  dragged  up. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  9,  p.  509. 

57§9.  VENGEANCE  of  God.  Appeal  to.  [A 
Protestant]  nobleman  named  Villemongis,  when 
brought  to  the  scaffold  [at  Amboise],  dipped 
his  hands  in  the  blood  of  his  slaughtered  com- 
rades, and,  raising  them  to  Heaven,  exclaimed, 
"  Lord,  behold  the  blood  of  thy  children  ;  Thou 
wilt  take  vengeance  for  them  !"  —  Students' 
France,  ch.  16,  §  2. 

5790.  VENGEANCE,  Maternal.  Hannah  Dus- 
tin.  The  town  of  Haverhill,  on  the  Merrimac, 
was  captured  under  circumstances  of  special 
atrocity.  Nearly  forty  persons  were  butchered 
in  cold  blood  ;  only  a  few  were  spared  for  cap- 
tivity. Among  the  latter  was  Mrs.  Hannah  Dus- 
tin.  Her  child,  only  a  week  old,  was  snatched 
out  of  her  arms  and  dashed  against  a  tree.  The 
heartbroken  mother,  with  her  nurse  and  a  lad 
named  Leonardson  from  "Worcester,  was  taken 
by  the  savages  to  an  island  in  the  Merrimac,  a 
short  distance  above  Concord.  Here,  while  their 
captors,  twelve  in  number,  were  asleep  at  night, 
the  three  prisoners  arose,  silently  armed  them- 
selves with  tomahawks,    and  with  one  deadly 


blow  after  another  crushed  in  the  temples  of  the 
sleeping  savages  until  ten  of  them  lay  still  in 
death  ;  then  embarking  in  a  canoe  the  captives 
dropped  down  the  river,  and  reached  the  Eng- 
lish settlement  in  safety,  Mrs.  Dustin  carried 
home  with  her  the  gun  and  tomahawk  of  the 
savage  who  had  destroyed  her  family,  and  a  bag 
containing  the  scalps  of  her  neighbors.  It  is  no* 
often  that  the  mother  of  a  murdered  babe  has 
found  such  ample  vengeance. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  16,  p.  150. 

5791.  VENGEANCE,  Merciless.  James  12,  [Af- 
ter subduing  the  rebellion  in  Scotland,  led  by  tLe 
Duke  of  Argyle.]  The  vengeance  of  the  con- 
querors was  mercilessly  wreaked  on  the  people 
of  Argyleshire.  Many  of  the  Campbells  were 
hanged  without  a  trial  by  Athol.  .  .  .  More  than 
three  hundred  rebels  and  malcontents  were  trans- 
ported to  the  colonies.  Many  of  them  were  also 
sentenced  to  mutilation.  On  a  single  day  the 
hangman  of  Edinburgh  cut  off  the  ears  of  thir- 
ty-five prisoners.  Several  women  were  sent 
across  the  Atlantic  after  being  first  branded  in 
the  cheek  with  a  hot  iron.— Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  5,  p.  527. 

5792.  VENGEANCE,  Monument  for.  Atheni. 
ans.  [After  the  battle  at  Marathon.]  With 
presumptuous  confidence,  the  Persians  had 
brought  marble  from  Asia  to  erect  a  triumphal 
monument  on  the  subjugation  of  their  enemies. 
The  Athenians  caused  a  statue  of  Nemesis,  the 
Goddess  of  Vengeance,  to  be  formed  out  of  this 
marble,  by  the  celebrated  Phidias ;  and  tablets 
to  be  erected,  on  which  were  recorded  the 
names  of  the  heroes  who  had  fallen  in  the  fight, 
—Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  1,  p,  130, 

5793.  VENGEANCE,  Passionate.  Governor 
William  Berkeley.  [In  the  early  history  of  Vir- 
ginia the  tyranny  of  Governor  Berkeley  was  re- 
sisted, and  he  hung  twenty -two  patriots  ;]  nor  is 
it  certain  when  the  vengeful  tyrant  would  have 
stayed  his  hand,  had  not  the  assembly  met  and 
passed  an  edict  that  no  more  blood  should  be 
spilt  for  past  offences.  One  of  the  burgesses 
from  the  county  of  Northampton  said  in  the  de- 
bate that  if  the  governor  were  let  alone  he  would 
hang  half  the  country.  When  Charles  II.  heard 
of  Berkeley's  ferocity,  he  exclaimed,  "The  old 
fool  has  taken  away  more  lives  in  that  naked 
country  than  I  for  the  murder  of  my  father ;" 
and  the  saying  was  true. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  12,  p.  121. 

5794.  VENGEANCE  for  Vengeance.  "  War  of 
the  Roses."  The  head  of  Duke  Richard,  crowned 
in  mockery  with  a  diadem  of  paper,  is  said  to 
have  been  impaled  on  the  walls  of  York.  His 
second  son,  Lord  Rutland,  fell  crying  for  mercy 
on  his  knees  before  Clifford.  But  Clifford's 
father  [Lord  Clifford]  had  been  the  first  to  fall 
in  the  battle  of  St.  Alban's,  which  opened  the 
struggle.  "  As  your  father  killed  mine,"  cried 
the  savage  baron,  while  he  plunged  his  dagger  in 
the  young  noble's  breast,  "  I  will  kill  you  1" 
The  brutal  deed  was  soon  to  be  avenged. — Hist. 
OP  Eng.  People,  §  449. 

5795.  VENTTJEE,  An  instmctive.  Captive 
Party  of  Franks.  [A  colony  of  captive  Franks] 
had  been  established  by  Probus  [the  emperor] 
on  the  sea-coast  of  Pontus,  with  a  view  of 
strengthening  the  frontier  against  the  inroads  of 


VERDICT— VICE. 


689 


the  Alani.  A  fleet  stationed  in  one  of  the  harbors 
of  the  Euxine  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Franks  ; 
and  they  resolved,  through  unknown  seas,  to  ex- 
plore their  way  from  the  mouth  of  the  Phasis  to 
that  of  [their  native  country]  the  Rhine.  They 
easily  escaped  through  the  Bosphorus  and  the 
Hellespont,  and  cruising  along  the  Mediterra- 
nean, indulged  their  appetite  for  revenge  and 
plunder  by  frequent  descents  on  the  unsuspect- 
ing shores  of  Asia,  Greece,  and  Africa.  The 
opulent  city  of  Syracuse,  in  whose  port  the  na- 
vies of  Athens  and  Carthage  had  formerly  been 
sunk,  was  sacked  by  a  handful  of  barlaarians, 
who  massacred  the  greatest  part  of  the  trem- 
bling inhabitants.  From  the  Island  of  Sicily  the 
Franks  proceeded  to  the  columns  of  Hercules, 
trusted  themselves  to  the  ocean,  coasted  round 
Spain  and  Gaul,  and  steering  their  triumphant 
course  through  the  British  Channel,  at  length 
finished  their  surprising  voyage  by  landing  in 
safety  on  the  Batavian  or  Frisian  shores.  The 
example  of  their  success,  instructing  their 
countrymen  to  conceive  the  advantages  and  to 
despise  the  dangers  of  the  sea,  pointed  out  to 
their  enterprising  spirits  a  new  road  to  wealth  and 
glory. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  12,  p.  384. 

5796.  VERDICT,  A  welcome.  Reign  of  James 
II.  [Jeifreys  tried  Lord  Delamere  for  treason.] 
All  the  triers,  from  Churchill,  who,  as  junior 
baron,  spoke  first,  up  to  the  treasurer,  pro- 
nounced, on  their  honor,  that  Delamere  was  not 
guilty.  .  .  .  The  public  joy  at  the  acquittal  of 
Delamere  was  great.  The  reign  of  terror  was 
over.  ,The  innocent  began  to  breathe  freely,  and 
false  accusers  to  tremble.  One  letter  written  on 
this  occasion  is  scarcely  to  be  read  without  tears. 
The  widow  of  Russell,  in  her  retirement,  learned 
the  good  news  with  mingled  feelings.  "  I  do 
bless  God,"  she  wrote,  "  that  He  has  caused  some 
stop  to  be  put  to  the  shedding  of  blood  in  this 
poor  land.  Yet  when  I  should  rejoice  with  them 
that  do  rejoice,  I  seek  a  corner  to  weep  in." — 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  37. 

5797.  VETO,  Power  of.  Romans.  The  first 
tribunes  of  the  people  were  created  two  hundred 
and  sixty  years  after  the  foundation  of  Rome, 
and  seventeen  years  after  the  abolition  of  the  re- 
gal government.  These  magistrates  were  habit- 
ed like  simple  citizens  ;  they  had  no  exterior  en- 
signs of  power  ;  they  had  neither  tribunal  nor 
jurisdiction  as  judges  ;  they  had  no  guards  nor 
attendants,  unless  a  single  domestic  termed 
Viator  or  Apparitor.  They  stood  without  the 
senate-house,  nor  durst  they  enter  it  unless  they 
Were  called  in  by  the  consuls ;  but  possessing 
._.  .  the  power  of  suspending  or  annulling,  by  a 
lingle  veto,  the  most  solemn  decrees  of  that 
body,  their  influence  and  authority  were  very 
great.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  4,  p.  319. 

579§.  VICE  concealed.  Bacchanalians.  [This 
society  of  young  people  of  both  sexes  met  for 
purposes  professedly  pious,  and  at  their  frequent 
meetings  indulged  in  every  species  of  promis- 
cuous'debauchery,]  and  even  in  the  commission 
of  the  most  atrocious  crimes  ;  for  the  youth  of 
either  sex  whom  they  trepanned  to  their  abomi- 
nable purposes,  if  unwilling  victims,  usually  paid 
the  forfeit  of  life.  A  freed  woman,  anxious  for 
the  safety  of  her  lover,  disclosed  the  mysteries 
to  the  consul,  Postumius,  and  to  him  and  to  his 
colleague  the  Senate  committed  full  power  to 


take  every  necessary  measure  for  the  detection 
and  punishment  of  all  concerned  in  this  horrid  as- 
sociation, both  in  Rome  and  in  the  other  cities  of 
Italy.  The  number  was  found  to  exceed  seven 
thousand.  Of  these  the  most  guilty  were  capi- 
tally punished  ;  others  betook  themselves  to  vol- 
untary banishment ;  and  not  a  few,  from  con- 
scious guilt  and  the  terror  of  punishment,  laid 
violent  hands  on  themselves.  The  Senate  passed 
a  solemn  decree  that  henceforward  no  individual 
should  presume  to  offer  a  sacrifice  to  Bacchus, 
at  which  more  than  five  persons  assisted,  with- 
out a  previous  permission  granted  by  their  body 
in  full  assembly. — Tytlek's  Hist.,  Book  3, 
ch.  9,  p.  381. 

5799.  VICE,  Disqualified  for.  Englishman. 
The  Englishman  is  held  to  be  "  the  most  unsuc- 
cessful rake  in  the  world.  He  is  at  variance 
with  himself.  He  is  neither  brute  enough  to 
enjoy  his  appetites  nor  man  enough  to  govern 
them." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  4,  p.  54. 

5§00.  VICE,  Patron  of.  Henry  III  Henry 
abandoned  himself  without  restraint  to  those 
disgraceful  vices  and  outrageous  buffooneries 
which  were  the  bane  of  his  character  and  his 
reign,  and  Avhich  inflicted  a  deep  and  lasting  in- 
jury on  the  social  condition  of  France.  The 
court  became  alternately  the  scene  of  unbridled 
sensuality  and  of  fierce  brawls,  bloody  duels,  and 
licensed  assassination.  On  one  occasion  three  of 
the  king's  minions,  who  were  not  deficient  in 
personal  valor,  fought  publicly  with  three  crea- 
tures of  the  Duke  of  Guise.  Four  of  the  com- 
batants were  killed  on  the  spot,  among  whom 
were  two  of  Henry's  favorites.  Over  their  dead 
bodies  the  monarch  made  a  most  preposterous 
and  degrading  exhibition  of  effeminate  sorrow 
and  fondness,  and  erected  for  them  a  sumptuous 
mausoleum  in  the  church  of  St.  Paul  at  Paris. — 
Students'  France,  ch.  18,  §  4. 

5801.  VICE,  Pleasure  in.  Epicureans.  It 
might  have  been  the  chief  pleasure  of  Epicurus 
to  be  honest  and  just  in  his  dealings,  but  others 
find  pleasure  in  fraud  and  chicane.  In  short, 
there  is  no  vice  or  crime  that  might  not  find  an 
apology,  or  rather  a  recommendation.  Had  It 
not  afforded  pleasure  it  would  not  have  been 
practised  or  committed.  "  If  it  is  allowable  for 
me,"  we  shall  suppose  the  disciple  of  Epicurus 
to  say  to  his  master — "  if  it  is  allowable  for  me 
to  pursue  pleasure  as  my  chief  object,  it  is,  of 
consequence,  allowable  for  me  to  be  vicious,  if 
I  find  pleasure  in  it. "  ' '  But  you  are  punished," 
says  Epicurus,  "in  the  consequence;  and  you 
will  find  vice  productive  of  pain  instead  of. 
pleasure."  "  Of  that,"  says  the  disciple,  "  I  take 
my  risk  ;  I  look  to  the  consequence,  and  I  find 
it  overbalanced  by  my  present  gratification  ;  I 
find  pleasure  in  this  action,  notwithstanding  the 
hazard  of  its  consequence  ;  it  is  therefore  allow- 
able for  me  to  commit  it. "  Epicurus  must  grant 
that  the  conclusion  is  fair  and  legitimate. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  280. 

5§02.  VICE  by  Reaction.  From  Puritanism. 
Because  he  had  covered  his  failings  with  the 
mask  of  devotion,  men  were  encouraged  to  ob- 
trude with  cynic  impudence  all  their  most  scan- 
dalous vices  on  the  public  eye.  Because  he  had 
punished  illicit  love  with  barbarous  severity, 
virgin  purity  and  conjugal  fidelity  were  to  be 
made  a  jest.      To  that  sanctimonious  jargon, 


VICE— VICTORY. 


"which  was  his  Shibboleth,  was  opposed  another 
jargon  not  less  absurd  and  much  more  odious. 
As  he  never  opened  his  mouth  except  in  scrip- 
tural phrase,  the  new  breeds  of  wits  and  fine 
gentlemen  never  opened  their  mouths  without 
uttering  ribaldry  of  which  a  porter  would  now 
be  ashamed,  and  without  calling  on  their  Maker 
to  curse  them,  sink  them,  confound  them,  blast 
them,  and  damn  them. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  3,  p.  372. 

5S03.  VICE,  Schools  of.  Drinking  Places. 
[After  the  assassination  of  Lincoln  and  the  at- 
tempted assassination  of  Mr.  Seward  at  the  same 
hour,]  orders  were  instantly  given  to  close  all 
drinking-shops  and  all  places  of  public  resort  in 
the  city. — Raymond's  Lencoln,  ch.  21,  p.  701. 

5  §04. .  PiHsons.  In  this  apart- 
ment all  the  inmates  of  the  prison,  men  and 
women,  debtors  and  felons,  passed  the  day.  As 
the  jailer  had  the  privilege  of  selling  beer  and 
liquors  to  the  prisoners,  they  were  supplied  with 
just  as  much  drink  as  they  could  pay  for  ;  and, 
consequently,  this  day-room  often  presented  a 
scene  of  riotous  debauchery.  Every  new-comer 
had  to  treat  the  whole  company  ;  and  all  fines, 
bets,  and  penalties  were  discharged  by  pots  of 
ale  and  bowls  of  punch.  As  no  employment  was 
provided  for  the  prisoners,  nor  any  books,  most 
of  them  spent  the  day,  and  every  day,  in  playing 
cards  and  in  drinking  the  beer  and  brandy  which 
were  the  invariable  stakes.  The  presence  of 
women  was  frequently  the  occasion  of  excesses 
still  more  abominable.  In  this  school  of  deprav- 
ity, maintained  at  the  expense  of  the  virtuous 
portion  of  the  community,  youthful  offenders, 
whom  judicious  treatment  could  easily  have  res- 
cued, were  rendered  in  a  few  weeks  adepts  in  all 
the  arts  by  which  crime  preys  upon  virtue.  There 
murderers  recounted  tales  of  butchery,  highway 
robbers  vaunted  their  exploits  on  the  road,  house- 
breakers unfolded  their  secrets  and  magnified 
their  gains.  There  young  women,  imprisoned 
on  suspicion  of  a  trifling  theft,  were  thrown 
among  the  most  abandoned  of  their  own  sex  and 
the  most  brutal  of  ours. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  43. 

5805.  VICES,  Dishonored  for.  Roman  Em- 
j)eror  Elagabalus.  [See  No.  1829.]  Elagabalus 
was  massacred  by  the  indignant  Praetorians, 
his  mutilated  corpse  dragged  through  the  streets 
of  the  city,  and  thrown  into  the  Tiber.  His 
memory  was  branded  with  eternal  infamy  by 
the  Senate,  the  justice  of  whose  decree  has  been 
ratified  by  posterity. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6, 
p.  174. 

5S06.  VICES,  Victim  of.  Charles  James  Fox. 
[He  opposed  the  subjugation  of  the  colonies  by 
masterly  speeches  in  Parliament.]  "With  talents, 
good-nature,  and  truthfulness  he  had  no  restrain- 
ing principles,  and  looked  down  with  contempt 
on  those  who  had.  Priding  himself  on  ignorance 
of  every  self-denying  virtue,  an  adept  in  debauch, 
and  vain  in  his  excesses,  he  feared  nothing.  Un- 
lucky at  the  gaming-table,  .  .  .  draining  the  cup 
of  pleasure  to  the  dregs,  fond  of  loose  women 
and  beloved  by  them,  the  delight  of  profligates, 
the  sport  of  usurers,  impoverished  by  his  vices,  he 
braved  scandal,  and  gloried  in  a  lordly  reckless- 
ness of  his  inability  to  pay  his  debts.  ...  He 
had  a  strong  will,  but  never  used  it  to  bridle  his 


passions,  even  though  their  indulgence  wronged 
his  own  father  or  corrupted  his  young  admirers. 
— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  8. 

5§07.  VICTORIES  endangered.  Sherman's 
Army.  When,  on  the  19th  of  March  [1865],  Qen- 
eral  Sherman  was  incautiously  approaching  Ben- 
tonsville,  he  was  suddenly  attacked  by  the  ever- 
vigilant  Johnston,  and  for  a  while  the  Union 
army,  after  all  its  marches  and  victories,  was  in 
danger  of  destruction.  But  the  tremendous 
fighting  of  General  Jefferson  C.  Davis'  division 
saved  the  day,  and  on  the  21st  Sherman  entered 
Goldsborough  unopposed. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  66,  p.  530. 

5S0§.  VICTORIES  of  Genius.  Frederick  the 
Oreat.  The  king's  fame  filled  all  the  world.  He 
had,  during  the  last  year,  maintained  a  contest, 
on  terms  of  advantage,  against  three  powers,  the 
weakest  of  which  had  more  than  three  times  his 
resources.  He  had  fought  four  great  pitched 
battles  against  superior  forces.  Three  of  these 
battles  he  had  gained  ;  and  the  defeat  of  Kolin, 
repaired  as  it  had  been,  rather  raised  than  low- 
ered his  military  renown.  The  victory  of  Leu- 
then  is  to  this  day  the  proudest  on  the  roll  of 
Prussian  fame.  [Battles  of  Kolin,  Rosbach,  and 
Leuthen  ;  the  first  and  last  against  the  Austrians, 
the  second  against  the  French.] — Macaulay's 
Frederick  the  Great,  p.  98. 

5S09.  VICTORIES,  Succession  of.  Napoleon  I. 
The  Austrians  were  now  driven  out  of  Italy. 
[a.  d.  1797.  ]  Napoleon  commenced  the  campaign 
with  30,000  men.  He  received  during  th§  prog- 
ress of  these  destructive  battles  25,000  recruits. 
Thus  in  ten  months  Napoleon,  with  55,000  men, 
had  conquered  five  armies  under  veteran  generals 
and  composed  of  more  than  200,000  highly  dis- 
ciplined Austrian  troops.  He  had  taken  100,000 
prisoners,  and  killed  and  wounded  35,000  men. 
These  were  great  victories,  and  "  a  great  vic- 
tory," said  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  nobly,  "ia 
the  most  awful  thing  in  the  world  except  a  great 
defeat." — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  7, 

5§10.  VICTORY,  Bloodless.  Pizarro  in  Peru. 
The  Peruvian  inca  said  :  "  I  desire  to  be  a  vassal 
of  the  gods  alone.  I  know  nothing  about  the  pope, 
nor  his  pretended  right  to  dispose  of  my  king- 
dom ;  and  as  to  renouncing  the  religion  of  my 
ancestors,  it  will  be  time  to  do  that  when  you 
have  proved  to  me  the  truth  of  yours."  As  soon 
as  the  [Spanish]  priest  returned  with  this  reply 
[from  the  inca],  Pizarro  ordered  his  artillery  to 
open.  A  short  but  desperate  and  bloody  battle 
ensued.  Rushing  himself  upon  the  litter  of  the 
inca,  Pizarro  overturned  it  and  took  the  monarch 
prisoner.  Then  the  Peruvians  fled,  leaving  be- 
hind them  their  king,  2000  killed,  3000  prisoners, 
and  an  immense  booty.  Pizarro  was  wounded 
in  the  hand,  but  he  lost  not  a  man  of  his  little 
army.  This  single  battle  made  Pizarro  master 
of  Peru,  which  he  ruled  for  the  next  eight  years 
with  sovereign  sway. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  327. 

5811.  VICTORY,  Costless.  Roman.  Belisarius, 
the  Roman  general,  met  the  Vandals,  who  had 
conquered  Carthage,  above  twenty  miles  from 
that  city,  in  a  decisive  battle.  Yet  no  more  than 
fifty  Romans  and  800  Vandals  were  found  on 
the  field  of  battle  ;  so  inconsiderable  was  the 
carnage  of  a  day  which  extinguished  a  nation 


VICTORY. 


691 


and  transferred  the  empire  of  Africa. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  41,  p.  132. 

5§12.    VICTOKY,    Costly.      To    ConstanUua. 

tHe  fought  the  usurper  Magentius  at  Mursa  in 
lungary.]  The  number  of  the  slain  was  com- 
puted at  54,000  men,  and  the  slaughter  of  the 
conquerors  was  more  considerable  than  that  of 
the  vanquished  ;  a  circumstance  which  proves 
the  obstinacy  of  the  contest,  and  justifies  the  ob- 
servation of  an  ancient  writer,  that  the  forces 
of  the  empire  were  consumed  in  the  fatal  battle 
of  Mursa,  by  the  loss  of  a  veteran  army,  suflScient 
to  defend  the  frontiers,  or  to  add  new  triumphs 
to  the  glory  of  Rome. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  18, 
p.  196. 

5813.  VICTOKY,  Decisive.  Saratoga.  On  the 
9th  of  October  [1777]  Burgoyne  reached  Sarato- 
ga, and  attempted  to  escape  to  Fort  Edward.  But 
Gates  and  Lincoln  now  commanded  the  river, 
and  the  proud  Briton  was  hopelessly  hemmed  in. 
He  held  out  to  the  last  extremity,  and  finally, 
when  there  were  only  three  days  between  his 
soldiers  and  starvation,  was  driven  to  surrender. 
On  the  17th  of  October  terms  of  capitulation 
were  agreed  on,  and  the  whole  army,  numbering 
5791,  became  prisoners  of  war.  Among  the  cap- 
tives were  six  members  of  the  British  Parliament. 
A  splendid  train  of  brass  artillery,  consisting  of 
42  pieces,  together  with  nearly  5000  muskets  and 
an  immense  quantity  of  ammunition  and  stores, 
was  the  further  fruit  of  the  victory.  The  valor 
of  the  patriots  had  fairly  eclipsed  the  warlike 
renown  of  Great  Britain. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  40,  p.  324. 

5§14.  VICTORY  by  Enthusiasm.  Surrender  of 
Burgoyne,  October  1777.  [At  the  battle  of  Sara- 
toga.] The  cause  of  the  great  result  was  the 
courage  and  the  determined  love  of  freedom. 
...  So  many  of  the  rank  and  file  were  free- 
holders, or  freeholders'  sons,  that  they  gave  a 
character  to  the  whole  army.  .  .  .  When  the 
generals  who  should  have  directed  them  [Gen- 
erals Gates  and  Lincoln]  remained  in  camp,  their 
common  zeal  created  a  harmonious  correspond- 
ence of  movement,  and  baffled  the  high  officers 
and  veterans  opposed  to  them. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  24. 

5815.  VICTORY,  Expensive.  PyrrTius.  [Pyr- 
rhus  withstood  the  Romans  at  Asculum,  where 
he  was]  wounded  in  the  arm  with  a  javelin,  and 
the  Samnites  plundered  his  baggage  ;  and  the 
number  of  the  slain,  counting  the  loss  on  both 
sides,  amounted  to  above  15,000  men.  When 
they  had  all  quitted  the  field,  and  Pyrrhus  was 
congratulated  on  the  victory,  he  said:  "Such 
another  victory  and  we  are  undone."  For  he 
had  lost  great  part  of  the  forces  which  he  brought 
with  him  and  all  his  friends  and  officers,  except 
a  very  small  number.  He  had  no  others  to  send 
for  to  supply  their  place,  and  he  found  his  con- 
federates here  very  cold  and  spiritless  ;  whereas 
the  Romans  filled  up  their  legions  with  ease  and 
despatch  from  an  inexhaustible  fountain  which 
they  had  at  home  ;  and  their  defeats  were  so  far 
from  discouraging  them,  that  indignation  gave 
them  fresh  strength  and  ardor  for  the  war. — 
Plutarch's  Pyrrhus. 

5816.  VICTORY  by  Fortune.  Pompey.  The 
great  Pompey  might  inscribe  on  his  trophies 
that  he  had  defeated  in  battle  two  millions  of  ene- 


mies and  reduced  fifteen  hundred  cities  from 
Lake  Maeotis  to  the  Red  Sea  ;  but  the  fortune  of 
Rome  flew  before  his  eagles  ;  the  nations  were 
oppressed  by  their  own  fears,  and  the  invincible 
legions  which  he  commanded  had  been  formed 
by  the  habits  of  conquest  and  the  discipline  of 
-Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  42,  p.  190. 


5817.  VICTORY  by  Generalship.  Battle  of 
Princeton.  Washington's  position  was  critical 
in  the  extreme.  To  attempt  to  recrosss  the  Dela- 
ware was  hazardous.  To  retreat  in  any  direc- 
tion was  to  lose  all  that  he  had  gained  by  his 
recent  victory.  To  be  beaten  in  battle  was  utter 
ruin.  In  the  great  emergency  he  called  a  coun- 
cil of  war,  and  announced  his  determination  to 
leave  the  camp  by  night,  make  a  circuit  to  the 
east,  pass  the  British  left  flank,  and  strike  the  de- 
tachment at  Princeton  before  his  antagonist  could 
discover  or  impede  his  movement.  Orders  were 
immediately  issued  for  the  removal  of  the  bag- 
gage to  Burlington.  In  order  to  deceive  the 
enemy,  the  camp-fires  along  the  Assanpink  were 
brightly  kindled  and  a  guard  left  to  keep  them 
burning  through  the  night.  Then  the  army  was 
put  in  motion  by  the  circuitous  route  to  Prince- 
ton. Everything  was  done  in  silence,  and  the 
British  sentries  walked  their  beats  until  the 
morning  light  showed  them  a  deserted  camp. 
Just  then  the  roar  of  the  American  cannon,  thir- 
teen miles  away,  gave  Cornwallis  notice  of  how 
he  had  been  outgeneralled.  At  sunrise  Washing- 
ton was  entering  Princeton.  At  the  same  mo- 
ment the  British  regiments  stationed  there  were 
marching  out  by  the  Trenton  road  to  re-enforce 
Cornwallis.  The  Americans  met  them  in  the 
edge  of  the  village,  and  the  battle  at  once  began. 

.  .  .  The  valor  of  Washington  never  shone  with 
brighter  lustre.  He  spurred  among  his  flying 
men,  who  rallied  at  his  call.  He  rode  between 
the  hostile  lines,  and  reined  his  horse  within  thirty 
yards  of  the  enemy's  column.  .  .  .  [The  Brit- 
ish were  defeated.]  —  Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  40, 
p.  317. 

5818.  VICTORY,  Genius  for.  Cromwell.  Two 
thirds  of  the  field  were  gained  for  Rupert  and 
for  Charles.  Lord  Fairfax  was  defeated.  He 
fled  through  the  field,  through  the  hosts  of  the 
Cavaliers,  who  supposed  him  to  be  some  Royal- 
ist general ;  he  posted  on  to  Cawood  Castle,  ar- 
rived there,  and  in  the  almost  or  entipely  desert- 
ed house  he  unbooted  and  unsaddled  himself, 
and  went  like  a  wise  old  soldier  to  bed.  But 
amid  all  that  rout,  carnage,  and  flying  confu- 
sion, one  man  held  back  his  troops.  Cromwell, 
there  to  the  left,  when  he  saw  how  the  whole 
Royalist  force  attacked  the  centre,  restrained  the 
fiery  impatience  of  his  Ironsides  ;  he  drew  them 
off  still  farther  to  the  left ;  his  eye  blazed  all  on 
fire,  till  the  moment  he  uttered  his  short,  shaip, 
passionate  word  to  the  troops,  "  Charge,  in  the 
name  of  the  Most  High  I"  Beneath  the  clouds, 
beneath  the  storm,  beneath  the  night  heavens 
flying  along,  he  scattered  the  whole  mass.  We 
know  it  was  wondrous  to  see  him  in  those  moods 
of  highly- wrought  enthusiasm  ;  and  his  watch- 
word always  struck  along  the  ranks.  "  Truth 
and  Peace  I"  he  thundered  along  the  lines ; 
"  Truth  and  Peace  1"  in  answer  to  the  Royalist 
cries  of  "  God  and  the  King  1"  "  Upon  them — 
upon  them  !"  That  hitherto  almost  unknown 
man  and  his  immortal  hosts  of  Puritans  poured 


692 


VICTORY. 


upon  the  Cavaliers.  The  air  was  alive  with  ar- 
tillery. Cromwell  seized  the  very  guns  of  the 
Royalists,  and  turned  them  upon  themselves. 
Thus,  when  the  Royalists  returned  from  the 
scattering  the  one  wing  of  their  foes,  they  found 
the  ground  occupied  by  victors.  The  fight  was 
fought  again,  but  fought  in  vain ;  in  vain  was 
Rupert's  rallying  cry,  "For  God  and  for  the 
King !" — Hood's  Cromwell,  ch.  8,  p.  115. 

5§19. .     Coesar.     [At  the  siege  of 

Alesia  immense  armies  gathered  against  him.] 
Out  of  the  60,000  that  had  sallied  forth  in  the 
morning,  all  but  a  draggled  remnant  lay  dead 
on  the  hill-sides.  Seventy-four  standards  were 
brought  to  Caesar.  The  besieged  retired  into 
Alesia  again  in  despair.  The  vast  hosts  that 
were  to  have  set  them  free  melted  away.  In  the 
morning  they  were  streaming  over  the  country, 
making  back  for  their  homes,  with  Caesar's  cav- 
alry behind  them,  cutting  them  down  and  cap- 
turing them  in  thousands.  The  work  was  done. 
The  most  daring  feat  in  the  military  annals  of 
mankind  had  been  successfully  accomplished. 
A  Roman  army  which  could  not  at  the  utmost 
have  amounted  to  50,000  men  had  held  block- 
aded an  army  of  80,000 — not  weak  Asiatics,  but 
European  soldiers,  as  strong  and  as  brave  indi- 
vidually as  the  Italians  were  ;  and  they  had  de- 
feated, beaten,  and  annihilated  another  army 
which  had  come  expecting  to  overwhelm  them, 
five  times  as  large  as  their  own. — Froude's 
C^SAR,  ch.  19. 

5§20.  VICTORY,  Honorable.  Alexander.  In 
the  month  of  September  there  happened  an 
eclipse  of  the  moon,  about  the  beginning  of  the 
festival  of  the  great  mysteries  at  Athens.  The 
eleventh  night  after  that  eclipse  the  two  armies 
being  in  view  of  each  other,  Darius  kept  his  men 
under  arms,  and  took  a  general  review  of  his 
troops  by  torchlight.  Meantime  Alexander  suf- 
fered his  Macedonians  to  repose  themselves,  and 
with  his  soothsayer  Aristander  performed  some 
private  ceremonies  before  his  tent,  and  offered 
sacrifices  to  Fear.  The  oldest  of  his  friends, 
and  Parmenio  in  particular,  when  they  beheld 
the  plain  between  Niphates  and  the  Gordrean 
Mountains  all  illumined  with  the  torches  of  the 
Barbarians,  and  heard  the  tumultuary  and  ap- 
palling noise  from  their  camp,  like  the  bellow- 
ings  of  an  immense  sea,  were  astonished  at  their 
numbers,  and  observed  among  themselves  how 
arduous  an  enterprise  it  would  be  to  meet  such  a 
torrent  of  war  in  open  day.  They  waited  upon 
the  king,  therefore,  when  he  had  finished  the 
sacrifice,  and  advised  him  to  attack  the  enemy  in 
the  night,  when  darkness  would  hide  what  was 
most  dreadful  in  the  combat.  Upon  which  he 
gave  them  that  celebrated  answer,  "  I  will  not 
steal  a  victory." — Plutarch's  Alexander. 

5§21.  VICTORY,  Inexpensive.  Battle  of  Dun- 
bar. Terrible  was  the  awakening  of  the  Scottish 
soldiers  ;  and  their  matches  all  out ;  tlie  battle- 
cry  rushed  along  the  lines — "The  Covenant  I 
The  Covenant  !"  but  it  soon  became  more  and 
more  feeble,  while  yet  high  and  strong,  amid  the 
war  of  the  trumpets  and  the  musketry,  arose  the 
watchword  of  Cromwell :  ' '  The  Lord  of  Hosts  I 
The  Lord  of  Hosts  I"  The  battle-cry  of  Luther 
was  in  that  hour  the  charging  word  of  the  Eng- 
lish Puritans.  Terrible  I  but  short  as  terrible  ! 
Cromwell  had  seized  the  moment  and  the  place^ 


The  hour  and  the  man  met  there  ;  in  overthrow- 
ing the  one  flank  of  the  enemy's  line,  he  made 
them  the  authors  of  their  own  defeat.  A  thick 
fog,  too,  had  embarrassed  their  movements; 
their  very  numbers  became  a  source  of  confu 
sion.  But  now  over  St.  Abb's  Head  the  sun  sud- 
denly appeared,  crimsoning  the  sea,  scattering 
the  fogs  away.  The  Scottish  army  were  seen 
flying  in  all  directions — flying,  and  so  brief  a 
fight !  "  They  run  !"  said  Cromwell ;  "I  pro- 
test they  run  !"  and  catching  inspiration,  doubt- 
less, from  the  bright  shining  of  the  daybeam, 
"  Inspired,"  says  Mr.  Forster,  "  by  the  thought 
of  a  triumph  so  mighty  and  resistless,  his  voice 
was  again  heard,  '  Now  let  God  arise,  and  let 
His  enemies  be  scattered  I ' "  It  was  a  won- 
derful victory — w^onderful  even  among  won- 
derful triumphs  !  To  hear  the  shout  sent  up  by 
the  united  English  army ;  to  see  the  general 
make  a  halt,  and  sing  the  one  hundred  and  sev- 
enteenth psalm  upon  the  field.  Wonderful  that 
that  immense  army  should  thus  be  scattered — 
10,000  prisoners  taken,  about  3000  slain,  200 
colors,  15,000  stand  of  arms,  and  all  the  artille- 
ry ! — and  that  Cromwell  should  not  have  lost  of 
his  army  twenty  men  ! — Hood's  Cromwell, 
ch.  12,  p.  154. 

5S22.  .  Coesar's.  The  most  re- 
markable feature  in  Caesar's  campaigns,  and 
that  which  indicates  most  clearly  his  greatness 
as  a  commander,  was  the  smallness  of  the  num- 
ber of  men  that  he  ever  lost,  either  by  the 
sword  or  by  wear  and  tear.  No  general  was  ever 
so  careful  of  his  soldiers'  lives. — Froude's  Cm- 
SAR,  ch.  14. 

5§23.  VICTORY,  Inglorious.  Commodus.  We 
read  that  Commodus  descended,  sword  in  hand, 
into  the  arena  against  a  wretched  gladiator, 
armed  only  with  a  foil  of  lead,  and,  after  shed- 
ding the  blood  of  the  helpless  victim,  struck 
medals  to  commemorate  the  inglorious  victory. 
— Macaulay's  Frederick  the  Great,  p.  56. 

5824.  VICTORY,  Miraculous.  Apparently. 
[Clovis,  the]  victorious  king  of  the  Franks,  pro- 
ceeded without  delay  to  the  siege  of  Angou- 
leme.  At  the  sound  of  his  trumpets  the  walls 
of  the  city  imitated  the  example  of  Jericho,  and 
instantly  fell  to  the  ground  ;  a  splendid  miracle, 
which  may  be  reduced  to  the  supposition  that 
some  clerical  engineers  had  secretly  undermined 
the  foundations  of  the  rampart.  —  Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  38,  p.  585. 

5§25.  VICTORY,  Moderation  in.  General 
Grant.  Grant,  with  true  delicacy  of  feeling,  re- 
fused to  be  present  at  the  terrible  humiliation  of 
his  foe  [surrender  of  General  Lee].  .  .  .  Gov- 
erned by  the  same  feelings,  he  made  no  victori- 
ous entrance  into  the  Confederate  capital.  — ' 
Headley's  Grant,  p.  233. 

5§26.  VICTORY,  Opportunity  for.  Alfred  the 
Great.  The  Saxons  were  reduced  to  siich  de- 
spair that  many  left  their  country,  fled  into  the 
mountains  of  Wales,  or  escaped  beyond  sea. 
Alfred  himself  was  obliged  to  relinquish  his 
crown.  He  concealed  himself  in  the  habit  of  a 
peasant,  and  lived  for  some  time  in  the  house  of 
a  neatherd.  ...  A  chief  of  Devonshire,  a  man 
of  great  spirit  and  valor,  had,  with  a  handful  of 
his  followers,  routed  a  large  party  of  Danes,  and 
tjiken  a  consecrated  or  enchanted  standard,  in 


VICTORY— VINDICTIVENESS. 


693 


which,  they  reposed  the  utmost  confidence.  Al- 
fred, observing  this  symptom  of  reviving  spirit 
in  his  subjects,  left  his  retreat ;  but  before  hav- 
ing recourse  to  arms,  he  resolved  to  inspect  him- 
self the  situation  of  the  enemy.  Assuming  the 
disguise  of  a  harper,  he  passed  without  suspicion 
into  the  Danish  camp,  where  his  music  and  drol- 
lery obtained  him  so  favorable  a  reception  that 
he  was  kept  there  for  several  days,  and  even 
lodged  in  the  tent  of  their  prince.  Here,  having 
remarked  their  careless  security,  their  contempt 
of  the  English,  and  their  own  real  weakness,  he 
immediately,  by  private  emissaries,  summoned  a 
rendezvous  of  the  bravest  of  the  Saxon  nobles. — 
Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  6,  ch.  5,  p.  108. 

5827.  VICTORY  a  Preparation.  'Napoleon  I. 
"  Such  a  rapid  succession  of  brilliant  victories," 
said  Las  Casas  to  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena,  ' '  fill- 
ing the  world  with  your  fame,  must  have  been 
a  source  of  great  delight  to  you."  "By  no 
means,"  Napoleon  replied  ;  "  they  who  think  so 
know  nothing  of  the  peril  of  our  situation.  The 
victory  of  to-day  was  instantly  forgotten  in  prep- 
aration for  the  battle  M^hich  was  to  be  fought  on 
the  morrow.  The  aspect  of  danger  was  before 
me.  I  enjoyed  not  one  moment  of  peace. " — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  5. 

582§.  VICTORY  presumed.  Pompey.  After 
one  doubtful  engagement,  in  which  the  advan- 
tage was  rather  on  the  side  of  Pompey,  [Julius] 
Caesar  led  him  on  to  Macedonia,  where  he  had 
two  additional  legions  under  his  lieutenant  Calvi- 
nus.  Pompey,  who  was  easily  elated  with  every 
af:)pearance  of  success,  flattered  himself  that  this 
was  a  retreat  upon  the  part  of  his  enemy.  He 
was,  therefore,  anxious  to  come  up  with  him, 
and  eager  to  terminate  the  war  by  a  general  en- 
gagement. This  was  exactly  what  Caesar  wished. 
This  impoi'tant  battle  was  fought  in  the  field  of 
Pharsalia.  The  army  of  Pompey  amounted  to 
45,000  foot  and  7000  horse,  which  was  more 
than  double  that  of  his  rival ;  and  so  confident 
of  victory  were  the  former,  that  they  had  adorned 
their  tents  with  festoons  of  laurel  and  myrtle, 
and  prepared  a  splendid  banquet  against  their 
return  from  the  battle.  Vain  and  presumptuous 
preparations  !  Of  this  immense  army,  15,000 
were  left  dead  on  the  field  and  24,000  surren- 
dered themselves  prisoners  of  war,  and  cheerful- 
ly incorporated  themselves  into  the  army  of  the 
victor,  whose  loss,  in  all,  did  not  exceed  200 
nien.  Caesar  found  in  the  camp  of  Pompey  all 
his  papers,  containing  the  correspondence  he  car- 
ried on  with  the  chief  of  his  partisans  at  Rome. 
The  sagacious  and  magnanimous  chief  com- 
mitted them  unopened  to  the  flames,  declaring 
that  he  wished  rather  to  be  ignorant  who  were 
his  enemies  than  be  obliged  to  punish  them. — 
Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  6,  ch.  2,  p.  409. 

5829.  VICTORY,  An  unfortunate.  Battle  of 
Manassas.  The  justice  of  history  compels  us  to 
state  that  two  causes — the  overweening  confi- 
dence of  the  South  in  the  superior  valor  of  its 
people,  induced  by  the  unfortunate  victory  at 
Manassas,  and  the  vain  delusion  .  .  .  that  Euro- 
pean interference  was  certain,  and  that  peace  was 
near  at  hand — conspired  about  this  time  [close 
of  1861]  to  reduce  the  Southern  cause  to  a  crit- 
ical condition  of  apathy.  —  Pollard's  First 
Year  of  the  War,  ch.  8,  p.  210. 


5830.  VICTORY,  Victims  of.  Indians.  [John 
Donelson,  the  father  of  General  Jackson's  wife, 
and  other  pioneer  emigrants  were  floating  down 
the  Tennessee  River,  seeking  homes  in  the  wil- 
derness.] On  board  one  boat,  containing  twenty- 
eight  persons,  the  small-pox  raged.  As  this  boat 
always  sailed  at  a  certain  distance  behind  the 
rest,  it  was  attacked  by  Indians,  who  captured  it, 
killed  all  the  rrien,  and  carried  off  the  women  and 
children.  The  Indians  caught  the  small-pox,  of 
which  some  hundreds  died  in  the  course  of  the 
season. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  533.     . 

5831.  VILLAINY,  Reward  of.  Titus  OaU». 
On  the  day  in  which  he  was  brought  to  the  bar, 
Westminster  Hall  was  crowded  with  spectators, 
among  whom  were  many  Roman  Catholics, 
eager  to  see  the  misery  and  humiliation  of  their 
persecutor.  A  few  years  earlier  his  short  neck, 
his  legs  uneven  as  those  of  a  badger,  his  forehead 
low  as  that  of  a  baboon,  his  purple  cheeks,  and 
his  monstrous  length  of  chin,  had  been  familiar 
to  all  who  frequented  the  courts  of  law.  He  had 
then  been  the  idol  of  the  nation.  Wherever  he 
had  appeared  men  had  uncovered  their  heads 
to  him.  The  lives  and  estates  of  the  magnates 
of  the  realm  had  been  at  his  mercy.  Times  had 
now  changed  ;  and  many  who  had  formerly  re- 
garded him  as  the  deliverer  of  his  country  shud- 
dered at  the  sight  of  those  hideous  features  on 
wliich  villainy  seemed  to  be  written  by  the  hand 
of  God. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  4,  p.  448. 

5832.  VINDICATION,  Audacious.  Bothwell. 
[He  directed  the  assassins  of  Darnley,  Queen 
Mary's  despised  h  usband.  They  assassinated  him 
that  Bothwell  might  take  his  place.]  Bothwell 
was  accused  of  regicide  before  the  judges  of 
Edinburgh,  at  the  instance  of  the  Earl  of  Lennox, 
the  king's  father.  The  favorite,  with  undaunted 
audacity,  supported  by  the  queen  and  by  the 
troops  devoted,  as  usual,  to  the  reigning  power, 
appeared  in  arms  before  the  judges,  and  inso- 
lently exacted  from  them  an  acquittal.  The 
same  day  he  rode  forth,  mounted  on  one  of 
Darnley's  favorite  horses,  which  the  people 
recognized  with  horror  bearing  his  murderer. 
The  queen  saluted  him  from  her  balcony  with 
a  gesture  of  encouragement  and  tenderness. — 
Lamartine's  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  p.  30. 

5833.  VINDICTIVENESS,  Prelatical.  Arch- 
bishop Sharpe.  [Archbishop  Sharpe  was  shot  at 
in  Scotland,  and  afterward  recognized  his  would- 
be  assassin.  His  name  was  Mitchel.  After  being 
tortured  by  the  "iron  boot,"]  he  was  brought 
before  the  council,  and  after  a  solemn  promise 
that  his  life  should  be  spared,  confessed  his 
guilt.  The  council  doomed  him  to  perpetual  im- 
prisonment on  the  Bass  Rock.  [Three  or  four 
years  later]  it  was  determined  to  bring  him  to 
trial.  He  was  brought  to  Edinburgh,  and  his 
own  confession  was  urged  against  him.  The 
promise  on  which  that  confession  was  extorted 
was  suppressed.  The  archbishop  denied  it.  The 
council  books  were  not  allowed  to  be  produced. 
The  man  was  convicted.  A  distinct  record  of 
the  promise  was  found  in  the  council  books  im- 
mediately after  conviction,  yet  he  was  executed 
Burnet  says  :  "It  was  such  a  combination  of 
treachery,  perjury,  and  cruelty  as  the  like  had 
perhaps  not  been  known."  —  Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  4,  ch.  21,  p.  348. 


694 


VIOLENCE— VIRTUE. 


5§34.  VIOLENCE,  Error  of.  Christians.  The 
successful  example  of  Luther  gave  rise  to  reform- 
ers of  different  kinds,  and  among  the  rest  two 
fanatics  of  Saxony,  whose  names  were  Stork  and 
Muncer,  pretended  to  reform  both  the  Catholics 
and  the  Lutherans.  It  was  their  notion  that  the 
gospel  gave  them  a  warrant  for  propagating  their 
tenets  by  force  of  arms,  which  thej'  grounded  on 
these  words  of  Scripture:  "lam  come  not  to 
send  peace,  but  a  sword."  They  condemned  the 
baptism  of  infants,  and  rebaptized  their  disciples 
when  they  were  come  to  the  age  of  manhood, 
whence  they  got  the  name  of  Anabaptists.  They 
preached  up  an  universal  equality  among  man- 
kind, and  strenuously  contended  both  for  relig- 
ious and  civil  liberty  ;  but  it  was  their  error  to  be 
too  violent.  They  had  not  strength  to  support 
their  sanguinary  notion  of  converting  men  by 
the  sword  ;  and  after  committing  some  horrible 
outrages,  they  were  defeated  by  the  regular 
troops  of  the  empire,  and  Muncer  and  several  of 
his  associates  had  their  heads  cut  off  upon  a  scaf- 
fold at  Mulhausen. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
ch.  30,  p.  397. 

5§35.  VIRGINITY  dedicated.  Pulcheria.  Pul- 
cheria,  the  sister  of  Theodosius,  .  .  .  received,  at 
the  age  of  sixteen,  the  title  Augusta.  .  .  .  She 
continued  to  govern  the  Eastern  empire  near  for- 
ty years  :  during  the  long  minority  of  her  broth- 
er, and  after  his  death  in  her  own  name,  and  in 
the  name  of  Marcian,  her  nominal  husband. 
From  a  motive  either  of  prudence  or  religion, 
she  embraced  a  life  of  celibacy  ;  and  notwith- 
standing some  aspersions  on  the  chastity  of  Pul- 
cheria, this  resolution,  which  she  communicated 
to  her  sisters  Arcadia  and  Marina,  was  celebrated 
by  the  Christian  world  as  the  sublime  effort  of 
heroic  piety.  In  the  presence  of  the  clergy  and 
people  the  three  daughters  of  Arcadius  dedicat- 
ed their  virginity  to  God  ;  and  the  obligation  of 
their  solemn  vow  was  inscribed  on  a  tablet  of 
gold  and  gems,  which  they  publicly  offered  in 
the  great  church  of  Constantinople.  Their  pal- 
ace was  converted  into  a  monastery ;  and  all 
males,  except  the  guides  of  their  conscience,  the 
saints  who  had  forgotten  the  distinction  of  sexes, 
were  scrupulously  excluded  from  the  holy  thresh- 
old. Pulcheria,  her  two  sisters,  and  a  chosen 
train  of  favorite  damsels  formed  a  religious  com- 
munity ;  they  renounced  the  vanity  of  dress  ; 
interrupted,  by  frequent  fasts,  their  simple  and 
frugal  diet  ;  allotted  a  portion  of  their  time  to 
works  of  embroidery,  and  devoted  several  hours 
of  the  day  and  night  to  the  exercises  of  prayer 
and  psalmody.  The  piety  of  a  Christian  virgin 
was  adorned  by  the  zeal  and  liberality  of  an  em- 
press. Ecclesiastical  history  describes  the  splen- 
did churches  which  were  built  at  the  expense  of 
Pulcheria  in  all  the  provinces  of  the  East ;  her 
charitable  foundations  for  the  benefit  of  strangers 
and  the  poor  ;  the  ample  donations  which  she 
assigned  for  the  perpetual  maintenance  of  mo- 
nastic societies,  and  the  active  severity  with 
which  she  labored  to  suppress  the  opposite  her- 
esies of  Nestorius  and  Eutyches. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  33,  p.  367. 

5836.  VIEGINITY,  Faith  in.  Joan  of  Are. 
[After  her  capture  by  the  British  she  was  tried 
by  the  University  of  Paris  as  a  sorceress.  They 
were  under  restraint  because  of  her  professed 
virginity.]     They  pronounced  as  their  opinion 


that  it  was  lawful  to  have  recourse  to  the  young 
maiden.  The  Archbishop  of  Embrun,  who  had 
been  consulted,  pronounced  similarly,  support- 
ing his  opinion  by  showing  how  God  had  fre- 
quently revealed  to  virgins — for  instance,  to  the 
sibyls — what  he  concealed  from  men  ;  how  the 
demon  could  not  make  a  covenant  Vith  a  vir- 
gin ;  and  recommending  it  to  be  ascertained 
whether  Jehanne  were  a  virgin.  Thus,  being 
pushed  to  extremity,  and  either  not  being  able  or 
being  unwilling  to  explain  the  delicate  distinc- 
tion betwixt  good  and  evil  revelations,  knowl- 
edge humbly  referred  a  ghostly  matter  to  a  cor- 
poreal test,  and  made  this  grave  question  of  the 
spirit  depend  on  woman's  mysteiy.  As  the  doc- 
tors could  not  decide,  the  ladies  did ;  and  the 
honor  of  the  Pucelle  was  vindicated  by  a  jury, 
with  the  good  Queen  of  Sicily,  the  king's  moth- 
er-in-law, at  their  head. — Michelet's  Joan  op- 
Arc,  p.  10. 

5837.  VIEGINITY,  Sacred.  Joan  pf  Arc.  She 
was  said  to  be  a  virgin,  and  it  was  a  notorious 
and  well-ascertained  fact  that  the  devil  could 
not  make  a  compact  with  a  virgin.  The  coolest 
head  among  the  English,  Bedford,  the  regent, 
resolved  to  have  the  point  cleared  up  ;  and  his. 
wife,  the  duchess,  intrusted  the  matter  to  some 
matrons,  who  declared  Jehanne  to  be  a  maid — 
a  favorable  declaration,  which  turned  against  her, 
by  giving  rise  to  another  superstitious  notion — to 
wit,  that  her  virginity  constituted  her  strength, 
her  power,  and  that  to  deprive  her  of  it  was  to 
disarm  her,  was  to  break  the  charm,  and  lower 
her  to  the  level  of  other  women. — Michelet's 
Joan  of  Arc,  p.  53. 

583§.  VIETUE,  False.  Wife  of  Constantine. 
They  ascribe  the  misfortunes  of  Crispus  to  the 
arts  of  his  stepmother,  Fausta,  whose  implacable 
hatred,  or  whose  disappointed  love,  renewed  in 
the  palace  of  Constantine  the  ancient  tragedy  of 
Hippolitus  and  of  Phaedra.  Like  the  daughter  of 
Minos,  the  daughter  of  Maximian  accused  her 
son-in-law  of  an  incestuous  attempt  on  the  chas- 
tity of  his  father's  wife,  and  easily  obtained,  from 
the  jealousy  of  the  emperor,  a  sentence  of  death 
against  a  young  prince  whom  she  considered 
with  reason  as  the  most  formidable  rival  of  her 
own  children.  But  Helena,  the  aged  mother  of 
Constantine,  lamented  and  revenged  the  untime- 
ly fate  of  her  grandson  Crispus  ;  nor  was  it  long: 
before  a  real  or  pretended  discovery  was  made, 
that  Fausta  herself  entertained  a  criminal  connec- 
tion with  a  slave  belonging  to  the  imperial  sta- 
bles.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  18,  p.  168. 

5839.  VIETUE,  Political.  Reign  of  James 
II.  Rochester  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Hertford- 
shire. All  his  little  stock  of  virtue  had  been  ex- 
pended in  his  struggle  against  the  strong  temp- 
tation to  sell  his  religion  for  lucre.  He  was  still 
bound  to  the  court  by  a  pension  of  £4000  a 
year,  and  in  return  for  this  pension  he  was 
willing  to  perform  any  service,  however  illegal 
or  degrading,  provided  only  that  he  were  not  re- 
quired to  go  through  the  forms  of  a  reconciliation 
with  Rome.  He  had  readily  undertaken  to  man- 
age his  country ;  and  he  exerted  himself,  as 
usual,  with  indiscreet  heat  and  violence.  But 
his  anger  was  thrown  away  on  the  sturdy  squires 
to  whom  he  addressed  himself.  They  told  him 
with  one  voice  that  they  would  send  up  no  man 
to  Parliament  who  would  vote  for  taking  away 


VIRTUE— VISION. 


695 


the  safeguards  of  the  Protestant  religion. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  302. 

5840.  VIETUE,  Protection  of.  Capture  of 
Borne.  A  Roman  lady,  of  sin|:ular  beauty  and 
orthodox  faith,  had  excited  the  impatient  desires 
of  a  young  Goth,  who,  according  to  the  sagacious 
remark  of  Sozomen,  was  attached  to  the  Arian 
heresy.  Exasperated  by  her  obstinate  resistance, 
he  drew  his  sword,  and,  with  the  anger  of  a 
lover,  slightly  wounded  her  neck.  The  bleeding 
heroine  still  continued  to  brave  his  resentment 
and  to  repel  his  love,  till  the  ravisher  desisted 
from  his  unavailing  efforts,  respectfully  conduct- 
ed her  to  the  sanctuary  of  the  Vatican,  and  gave 
six  pieces  of  gold  to  the  guards  of  the  church,  on 
condition  that  they  should  restore  her  inviolate 
to  the  arms  of  her  husband. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  3,  p.  285. 

5§41.  VIRTUE,  Public.  Pertinax.  [When 
Pertinax  was  raised  to  the  throne  of  the  Roman 
Empire]  he  found  a  nobler  way  of  condemning 
his  predecessor's  memory,  by  the  contrast  of  his 
own  virtues  with  the  vices  of  Commodus.  On 
the  day  of  his  accession  he  resigned  over  to  his 
wife  and  son  his  whole  private  fortune,  that  they 
might  have  no  pretence  to  solicit  favors  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  State.  He  refused  to  flatter  the  van- 
ity of  the  former  with  the  title  of  Augusta,  or 
to  corrupt  the  inexperienced  youth  of  the  latter 
by  the  rank  of  Caesar.  Accurately  distinguishing 
between  the  duties  of  a  parent  and  those  of  a 
sovereign,  he  educated  his  son  with  a  severe  sim- 
plicity," which,  while  it  gave  him  no  assured 
prospect  of  the  throne,  might  in  time  have  ren- 
dered him  worthy  of  it.  In  public  the  behavior  of 
Pertinax  was  grave  and  affable.  He  lived  with 
the  virtuouapart  of  the  Senate  (and,  in  a  private 
station,  he  had  been  acquainted  with  the  true 
character  of  each  individual),  without  either 
pride  or  jealousy  ;  considered  them  as  friends 
and  companions,  with  whom  he  had  shared  the 
dangers  of  the  tryanny,  and  with  whom  he 
wished  to  enjoy  the  security  of  the  present  time. 
He  very  frequently  invited  them  to  familiar  en- 
tertainments, the  frugality  of  which  was  ridi- 
culed by  those  who  remembered  and  regretted 
the  luxurious  prodigality  of  Commodus. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  4,  p.  119. 

5§42.  VIRTUE,  Severity  in.  Stoics.  The 
virtue  of  Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus  was  of  a 
severe  and  laborious  kind.  It  was  the  well-earned 
harvest  of  many  a  learned  conference,  of  many 
a  patient  lecture,  and  many  a  midnight  lucu- 
bration. At  the  age  of  twelve  years  he  embraced 
the  rigid  system  of  the  Stoics,  which  taught  him 
to  submit  his  body  to  his  mind,  his  passions  to 
his  reason  ;  to  consider  virtue  as  the  only  good, 
vice  as  the  only  evil,  all  things  external  as  things 
indifferent.  His  meditations,  composed  in  the 
tumult  of  a  camp,  are  still  extant ;  and  he  even 
condescended  to  give  lessons  of  philosophy,  in 
a  more  public  manner  than  was  perhaps  consis- 
tent with  the  modesty  of  a  sage  or  the  dignity  of 
an  emperor.  But  his  life  was  the  noblest  com- 
mentary on  the  precepts  of  Zeno.  He  was  severe 
to  himself,  indulgent  to  the  imperfection  of  oth- 
ers, just  and  beneficent  to  all  mankind. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  3,  p.  95. 

5§43.  VIRTUE,  Superior.  Phocion.  He  was 
one  of  the  greatest  men  that  Greece  ever  pro- 
duced, in  whose  person  every  kind  of  merit  was 


united.  He  had  been  educated  in  the  school  of 
Plato  and  Xenocrates,  and  formed  his  manners 
upon  the  most  perfect  plan  of  pagan  virtue,  to 
which  his  conduct  was  always  conformable.  It 
would  be  difficult  for  any  person  to  carry  disin- 
terestedness higher  than  this  extraordinary  man, 
which  appeared  from  the  extreme  poverty  in 
which  he  died,  after  the  many  great  offices  he 
had  filled.  How  many  opportunites  of  acquir- 
ing riches  has  a  general  always  at  the  head  of 
armies,  who  acts  against  rich  and  opulent  ene- 
mies ;  sometimes  in  countries  abounding  with  all 
things,  and  which  seem  to  invite  the  plunderer  I 
But  Phocion  would  have  thought  it  infamous 
had  he  returned  from  his  campaigns  laden  with 
any  acquisition  but  the  glory  of  his  exalted  ac- 
tions and  the  grateful  benedictions  of  the  peo- 
ple he  had  spared. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  16, 
§5- 

5S44.  VIRTUE,  Uncertain.  Samuel  Johnson. 
I  asked  whether  a  man  naturally  virtuous,  or 
one  who  has  overcome  wicked  inclinations,  is 
the  best.  Johnson:  "  Sir,  to  ?/om,  the  man  who 
has  overcome  wicked  inclinations  is  not  the 
best.  He  has  more  merit  to  himself;  I  would  rath- 
er trust  my  money  to  a  man  who  has  no  hands, 
and  so  a  physical  impossibility  to  steal,  than 
to  a  man  of  the  most  honest  principles.  There 
is  a  witty  satirical  story  of  Foote.  He  had  a 
small  bust  of  Garrick  placed  upon  his  bureau. 
'  You  may  be  surprised,'  said  he,  '  that  I  allow 
him  to  be  so  near  my  gold ;  but  you  will  ob- 
serve he  has  no  hands.' " — Boswell's  Johnson, 
p.  499. 

5845.  VISION,  Fanciful.  Phantom  City.  [Sol- 
yman,  an  Ottoman  emir,  was  made  ruler  of  the 
ancient  Mysia,  where  also  were  the  ruins  of  the 
once  opulent  city  of  Cyzicus.]  One  night  that 
Solyman,  seated  on  the  brink  of  the  sea,  was 
contemplating,  in  a  solemn  mood,  these  ruins  of 
temples  and  of  palaces,  illuminated  like  fantas- 
tic monuments  by  the  glimmering  light  of  a  moon 
in  its  first  quarter,  a  transparent  mist,  rolled 
along  by  the  north  wind,  came  to  diffuse  itself 
upon  these  ruins,  and  to  impress  upon  them,  by 
its  undulations,  the  appearance  of  life  and  move- 
ment. He  fancied  that  the  phantom  city  was 
shaking  off  its  shroud  and  lifting  itself  out  of 
its  sepulchre.  The  murmuring  of  the  waves  at 
his  feet,  augmenting  the  illusion,  seemed  like 
the  hum  of  a  great  city  when  awaking  in  the 
morning.  He  called  to  mind  that  prophetic 
moon  which,  issuing  formerly  in  a  dream  from 
the  side  of  Edebali,  and  representing  the  beauti- 
ful and  prolific  Malkatoun,  had  appeared  to  his 
grandsire  Otham  in  the  gorges  of  Phrygia.  This 
second  apparition  of  the  moon,  illuminating  at 
the  same  time  Asia  and  Europe  in  a  scene  of  such 
solemnity,  appeared  to  him  a  confirmation  of  the 
promise  made  his  forefather,  and  a  reproach  of 
the  temporization  of  his  father  Orkhan.  Thus 
the  credulous  simplicity  of  the  shepherd  is  always 
blended  in  the  Turk  with  the  heroism  of  a  war- 
rior. The  East  has  dreams  in  all  its  histories. 
It  is  a  moon  that  conducts  the  Ottomans  first  to 
Phrygia,  then  to  Europe. — Lamartine's  Tur- 
key, p.  229. 

5846.  VISION,  Horrible.  Marcus  Brutus.  A 
little  before  he  left  Asia  he  was  sitting  alone  in 
his  tent,  by  a  dim  light,  and  at  a  late  hour.  The 
whole  army  lay  in  sleep  and  silence,  while  the 


696 


VISION— VOTE. 


general,  wrapped  in  meditation,  tliouglit  he  per- 
ceived sometliing  enter  his  tent ;  turning  toward 
the  door,  he  saw  a  horrible  and  monstrous  spec- 
tre standing  silently  by  his  side.  "What  art 
thou  ?"  said  he,  boldly  ;  "art  thou  god  or  man  ? 
And  what  is  thy  business  with  me  ?"  The  spec- 
tre answered,  "I  am  thy  evil  genius,  Brutus! 
Thou  wilt  see  me  at  Philippi."  To  which  he 
calmly  replied,  "I'll  meet  thee  there."  When 
the  apparition  was  gone,  he  called  his  servants, 
who  told  him  they  had  neither  heard  any  noise 
nor  had  seen  any  vision. — Plutakch's  Marcus 
Bkutus. 

5847.  VISION,  Spiritual.  Swedenborg.  There 
is  a  natural  body,  and  there  is  a  spiritual  body  ; 
and,  as  a  consequence,  there  is  a  natural  sight, 
and  there  is  a  spiritual  sight.  .  .  .  Now,  it  is  pos- 
sible for  the  spiritual  body  to  be  raised  partially 
above  the  natural  body,  without  causing  death, 
or  the  entire  withdrawal  of  its  life  from  the  nat- 
ural body.  This  partial  withdrawal  of  the  spir- 
itual body,  and  the  enjoyment  of  sight  in  the 
spiritual  world,  is  what  is  meant  by  the  opening 
of  the  spiritual  sight. — White's  Swedenborg, 
ch.  8,  p.  71. 

o§4§.  VISION  of  War.  Hannibal.  His  strong 
sense  of  being  the  devoted  instrument  of  his 
country's  gods  to  destroy  their  enemies  haunted 
him  by  night  as  they  possessed  him  by  day. 
In  his  sleep,  so  he  told  Silenus,  he  fancied  that 
the  supreme  god  of  his  fathers  had  called  him 
into  the  presence  of  all  the  gods  of  Carthage, 
who  were  sitting  on  their  thrones  in  council. 
There  he  received  a  solemn  charge  to  invade  It- 
aly ;  and  one  of  the  heavenly  council  went  with 
him  and  with  his  army,  to  guide  him  on  his  way. 
He  went  on,  and  his  divine  guide  commanded 
him,  "  See  that  thou  look  not  behind  thee  !"  But 
after  a  while,  impatient  of  the  restraint,  he  turn- 
ed to  look  back  ;  and  there  he  beheld  a  huge  and 
monstrous  form,  thick  set  all  over  with  serpents  ; 
wherever  it  moved  orchards  and  woods  and 
houses  fell  crashing  before  it.  He  asked  his 
guide  in  wonder  what  that  monster  form  was. 
The  god  answered,  "  Thou  seest  the  desolation  of 
Italy  ;  go  on  thy  way,  straight  forward,  and  cast 
no  look  behind." — Arnold's  Hannibal,  p.  7. 

5§49.  VISIONS,  Effective.  Joan  of  Arc.  One 
summer's  day,  a  fast-day,  Jeanne  being  at  noon- 
tide in  her  father's  garden,  close  to  the  church, 
saw  a  dazzling  light  on  that  side,  and  heard  a 
voice  say,  "  Jeanne,  be  a  good  and  obedient 
child  ;  go  often  to  church."  The  poor  girl  was 
exceedingly  alarmed.  Another  time  she  again 
heard  the  voice  and  saw  the  radiance ;  and  in 
the  midst  of  the  effulgence  noble  figures,  one  of 
which  had  wings,  and  seemed  a  vixseprud'homme. 
"  Jeanne,"  said  this  figure  to  her,  "go  to  the 
succor  of  the  King  of  France,  and  thou  shalt  re- 
store his  kingdom  to  him."  She  replied,  all 
trembling,  "  Messire,  I  am  only  a  poor  girl  ;  I 
know  not  how  to  ride  or  lead  men-at-arms."  The 
voice  replied,  "  Go  to  M.  de  Baudricourt,  cap- 
tain of  Vaucouleurs,  and  he  will  conduct  thee  to 
the  king.  St.  Catharine  and  St.  Marguerite  will 
be  thy  aids."  She  remained  stupefied  and  in 
tears,  as  if  her  whole  destiny  had  been  revealed 
to  her.  The  prud'hamme  was  no  less  than  St. 
Michael,  the  severe  archangel  of  judgments  and 
of  battles.  He  reappeared  to  her,  inspired  her 
with  courage,  and  told  her  "the  pity  for  the 


kingdom  of  France."  Then  appeared  sainted 
women,  all  in  white,  with  countless  lights  around, 
rich  crowns  on  their  heads,  and  their  voices  soft 
and  moving  unto  tears  ;  but  Jeanne  shed  them 
much  more  copiously  when  saints  and  angels 
left  her.  "  I  longed,"  she  said,  "for  the  angels 
to  take  me  away,  too." — Michelet's  Joan, 
p.  5. 

5§50.  VISIONS,  Fictitious.  Siege  of  Constan- 
tinople. [By  Amurath  II.]  The  strength  of  the 
walls  resisted  an  army  of  200,000  Turks.  .  .  . 
The  enthusiasm  of  the  dervis,  who  was  snatched 
to  heaven  in  visionary  converse  with  Mahomet, 
was  answered  by  the  credulity  of  the  Christians, 
who  beheld  the  Virgin  Mary,  in  a  violet  garment, 
walking  on  the  rampart  and  animating  their 
courage. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65,  p.  285. 

5§51.  VISITOE,  Welcome.  Lafayette.  Great 
was  the  joy  of  the  American  people  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1824.  The  venerated  Lafayette,  now 
aged  and  gray,  returned  once  more  to  visit  the 
land  for  whose  freedom  he  lud  shed  his  blood. 
The  honored  patriots  who  had  fought  by  his 
side  came  forth  to  greet  him.  The  younger  he- 
roes came  forth  to  greet  him.  In  every  city  and 
on  every  battle-field  which  he  visited  he  was 
surrounded  by  a  throng  of  shouting  freemen. 
His  journey  through  the  country  was  a  triumph. 
It  was  a  solemn  and  sacred  moment  when  he 
stood  alone  by  the  grave  of  Washington.  Over 
the  dust  of  the  great  dead  the  patriot  of  France 
paid  the  homage  of  his  tears.  In  September  of 
1825  he  bade  a  final  adieu  to  the  people  who  had 
made  him  their  guest,  and  then  sailed  for  his  na- 
tive land.  At  his  departure  the  frigate  Brandy- 
wine — a  name  significant  for  him — was  prepared 
to  bear  him  away. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  52, 
p.  422. 

5552.  VOICE,  A  powerful.  Colonel  Henry 
Knox.  He  had  one  excellent  quality  of  an  ar- 
tillery officer — a  voice  of  stentorian  power. 
When  General  Washington  crossed  the  Dela- 
ware, Colonel  Knox,  it  is  said,  was  of  the  great- 
est assistance,  from  the  fact  that  his  orders  could 
be  heard  from  one  side  of  the  river  to  the  other. 
—Cyclopedia  op  Biog.  ,  p.  460. 

5553.  VOICE,  Training  of.  Demosthenes.  The 
hesitation  and  stammering  of  his  tongue  he  cor- 
rected by  practising  to  speak  with  pebbles  in  his 
mouth  ;  and  he  strengthened  his  voice  by  run- 
ning or  walking  up-hill,  and  pronouncing  some 
passage  in  an  oration  or  poem  during  the  diffi- 
culty of  breath  which  that  caused.  He  had, 
moreover,  a  looking-glass  in  his  house,  before 
which  he  used  to  declaim  and  adjust  all  his  mo- 
tions.— Plutarch's  Demosthenes. 

5§54.  VOICE,  Well-preserved.  Old  Age. 
[When  Rev.  John  Wesley  was  seventy  years  oid 
he  preached  in  a  magnificent  natural  amphi- 
theatre at  Gwennap  to  more  than  30,000  people, 
by  whom  he  was  easily  heard  in  the  still  even- 
ing.]— Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  2,  p.  119. 

5S55.  VOTE,  Only  one.  Oliver  Cromwell.  [He 
was  returned  to  Parliament  from  the  borough  of 
Huntingdon.]  He  took  his  seat  in  the  fourth  Par- 
liament of  Charles  I.  for  Cambridge.  His  elec- 
tion was  most  obstinately  contested,  and  he  was 
returned  at  last  by  the  majority  of  a  single  vote  ; 
his  antagonist  was  Cleaveland,  the  poet.  "  That 


VOTE— vow. 


697 


vote,"  exclaimed  Cleaveland,  "  hath  ruined  both 
Churcli  and  kingdom  !" — Hood's  Cromwell, 
ch.  4,  p.  82. 

5S56.  VOTE,  Power  of  one.  Sparta.  Sparta 
enjoyed  a  longer  period  of  prosperous  duration 
than  any  other  State  of  antiquity.  So  long  as 
her  original  constitution  remained  inviolate, 
which  was  for  the  period  of  several  centuries,  the 
Lacedaemonians  were  a  virtuous,  a  happy,  and 
a  respectable  people.  Frugality,  we  know,  was 
the  soul  of  Lycurgus'  establishment.  The  lux- 
urious disposition  of  a  single  citizen  introduced 
the  poison  of  con-uption.  Lysander,  whose  mil- 
itary talents  raised  his  country  to  a  superiority 
over  all  the  Grecian  States,  sent  home,  after  the 
conquest  of  Athens,  the  wealth  of  that  luxurious 
republic  to  Lacedaemon.  It  was  debated  in  the 
Senate  whether  it  should  be  received  ;  the  best 
and  wisest  of  that  order  considered  it  as  a  most 
dangerous  breach  of  the  institutions  of  their  leg- 
islator ;  but  others  were  dazzled  with  the  lustre 
of  that  gold,  with  which  they  were,  till  now, 
unacquainted,  and  the  influence  of  Lysander 
prevailed  for  its  reception.  It  was  decreed  to 
receive  the  money  for  the  use  of  the  State,  while 
it  was  at  the  same  time  declared  a  capital  crime 
for  any  of  it  to  be  found  in  the  possession  of  a 
private  citizen — a  weak  resolution,  which  in  ef- 
fect was  consecrating  and  making  respectable 
in  the  eyes  of  the  citizens  that  very  thing  of 
which  it  was  necessary  to  forbid  them  to  aspire 
at  the  possession.  ...  A  single  voice  in  the 
Senate,  perhaps,  decided  the  fate  of  that  illus- 
trious commonwealth.  Had  there  been  one  other 
virtuous  man,  whose  negative  would  have  caused 
the  rejection  of  that  pernicious  measure,  Sparta 
might  have  continued  to  exist  for  ages  frugal, 
warlike,  virtuous,  and  uncorrupted. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  6,  p.  471. 

5 §5 7. .     Battle  of  Mar atlwn.     One 

officer  in  the  council  of  war  had  not  yet  voted. 
This  was  Callimachus,  the  war-ruler.  The  votes 
of  the  generals  were  five  and  live,  so  that  the 
voice  of  Callimachus  would  be  decisive.  On 
that  vote,  in  all  human  probability,  the  destiny 
of  all  the  nations  of  the  world  depended.  Mil- 
tiades  turned  to  him,  and  in  simple  soldierly 
eloquence  ...  the  great  Athenian  thus  adjured 
his  countrymen  to  vote  for  giving  battle:  "It 
now  rests  with  you,  Callimachus,  either  to  en- 
slave Athens,  or,  by  assuring  her  freedom,  to 
win  yourself  an  immortality  of  fame,  such  as 
not  even  Harmodius  and  Aristogeiton  have  ac- 
quired ;  for  never,  since  the  Athenians  were  a 
people,  were  they  in  such  danger  as  they  are  in 
at  this  moment.  If  they  bow  the  knee  to  these 
Medes,  they  are  to  be  given  up  to  Hippias, 
and  you  know  what  they  then  will  have  to  suf- 
fer. But  if  Athens  comes  victorious  out  of  this 
contest,  she  has  it  in  her  to  become  the  first  city 
of  Greece.  Your  vote  is  to  decide  whether  we 
are  to  join  battle  or  not.  If  we  do  not  bring  on 
a  battle  presently,  some  factious  intrigue  will 
disunite  the  Athenians,  and  the  city  will  be  be- 
trayed to  the  Medes.  But  if  we  fight  before 
there  is  anything  rotten  in  the  State  of  Athens,  I 
Ijelieve  that,  provided  the  gods  will  give  fair  play 
and  no  favor,  we  are  able  to  get  the  best  of  it  in 
an  engagement."  The  vote  of  the  brave  war- 
ruler  was  gained  ;  the  council  determined  to  give 
battle.— Decisive  Battles,  §  15. 


.')§5§.  VOTES,  Soliciting.  William  W.  Gren- 
mile.  [Candidate  for  House  of  Commons.]  We 
were  sitting, ...  the  two  ladies  and  myself , ...  in 
our  snug  parlor,  one  lady  knitting,  the  othernet- 
ting,  and  the  gentlemen  winding  worsted,  when  to 
our  unspeakable  surprise  a  mob  appeared  before 
the  window  ;  a  smart  rap  was  heard  at  the  door, 
the  boys  bellowed,  and  the  maid  announced  Mr. 
Grenville.  Puss  was  unfortunately  let  out  of 
her  box,  so  that  the  candidate,  with  all  his  good 
friends  at  his  heels,  was  refused  admittance  at 
the  grand  entry,  and  referred  to  the  back  door, 
as  the  onlv  possible  way  of  approach.  ...  I  told 
him  I  had  no  vote,  for  which  he  readily  gave 
me  credit.  I  assured  him  I  had  no  influence, 
which  he  was  not  equally  inclined  to  believe, 
and  the  less,  no  doubt,  because  Mr.  Ashburner, 
the  draper,  addressing  himself  to  me  at  this  mo- 
ment, informed  me  that  I  had  a  great  deal.  .  .  . 
Thus  ended  the  conference.  Mr.  Grenville 
squeezed  me  by  the  hand  again,  kissed  the  la- 
dies, and  withdrew.  He  kissed,  likewise,  the 
maid  in  the  kitchen,  and  seemed,  upon  the 
whole,  a  most  loving,  kissing,  kind-hearted  gen- 
tleman. [William  Cowper's  letter  to  Rev.  John 
Newton.] — Smith's  Cowper,  ch.  7. 

5§59.  VOTING  for  Christ.  Boman  Senate. 
In  a  full  meeting  of  the  [Roman]  Senate,  the 
emperor  proposed,  according  to  the  forms  of  the 
republic,  the  important  question.  Whether  the 
worship  of  Jupiter  or  that  of  Christ  should  be 
the  religion  of  the  Romans.  The  liberty  of  suf- 
frages, which  he  affected  to  allow,  was  destroyed 
by  the  hopes  and  fears  that  his  presence  inspired  ; 
and  the  arbitrary  exile  of  Symmachus  was  a 
recent  admonition  that  it  might  be  dangerous 
to  oppose  the  wishes  of  the  monarch.  On  a 
regular  division  of  the  Senate,  Jupiter  was  con- 
demned and  degraded  by  the  sense  of  a  very 
large  majority,  [a.d.  388.]— Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  28,  p.  137. 

5§60.  VOW  of  Gratitude.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
Immediately  after  the  battle  of  Antietam .  . .  [the 
President  said  to  his  Cabinet :]  "  The  time  for  the 
annunciation  of  the  Emancipation  policy  could 
no  longer  be  delayed."  Public  sentiment,  he 
thought,  would  sustain  it ;  many  of  his  warm- 
est friends  and  supporters  demanded  it,  and  he 
had  promised  his  Ood  that  he  would  do  it. .  .  .  "I 
made  a  solemn  vow  before  God  that  if  General 
Lee  were  driven  back  from  Pennsylvania  I 
would  crown  the  result  by  the  declaration  of 
freedom  to  the  slaves." — Raymond's  Lincoln, 
p.  765. 

5§61.  VOW,  A  sudden.  Martin  Luther. 
Another  circumstance  happened  which  hastened 
his  decision  to  seek  his  soul's  salvation  in  the 
monastic  holiness  recommended  by  the  church. 
He  had  been  on  a  visit  to  his  parents.  On  his 
return  to  the  universitj'-  he  had  reached  the  vil- 
lage of  Stotternheim,  near  Erfurt,  when  a  furious 
thunderstorm  burst  over  him,  and  he  fell  fright- 
ened to  the  earth,  crying  out,  "  Deliver  me,  St. 
Ann,  and  I  will  become  a  monk."  Though  he 
regretted  having  made  this  vow,  he  felt  himself 
bound  to  keep  it.  And  this  impelled  him  to 
monkhood,  for,  as  he  said  himself,  he  never 
could  find  comfort  in  his  Christian  baptism,  and 
was  always  much  concerned  to  obtain  the  favor 
of  God  through  his  own  piety. — Rein's  Lutheb, 
ch.  3,  p.  29. 


698 


VOWS— WAGES. 


5§62.  VOWS,  Forced.  Convent.  [Matilda 
became  the  wife  of  Henry  I.  of  England.] 
Matilda  appeared  before  his  court  to  tell  her 
tale  in  words  of  passionate  earnestness.  She  had 
been  veiled  in  her  childhood,  she  asserted,  only 
to  save  her  from  the  insults  of  the  rude  soldiery 
who  infested  the  land  ;  had  flung  the  veil  from 
her  again  and  again,  and  had  yielded  at  last  to 
the  unwomanly  taunts,  the  actual  blows  of  her 
aunt.  "As  often  as  I  stood  in  her  presence," 
the  girl  pleaded,  "  I  wore  the  veil,  trembling  as 
I  wore  it  with  indignation  and  grief.  But  as 
soon  as  I  could  get  out  of  her  sight  I  used  to 
snatch  it  from  my  head,  fling  it  on  the  ground, 
and  trample  it  under  foot.  That  was  the  way, 
and  none  other,  in  which  I  was  veiled."  Anselm 
at  once  declared  her  free  from  conventual  bonds, 
and  the  shout  of  the  English  multitude  when  he 
set  the  crown  on  Matilda's  brow  drowned  the 
murmur  of  churchman  or  of  baron. — Hist,  op 
Eng.  People,  §  117. 

5§63.  VOWS,  EeligiouB.  In  Sickness.  In  1244 
Louis  IX.  .  .  .  was  reduced  to  the  borders  of 
the  grave.  While  lying  in  this  desperate  condi- 
tion at  the  chateau  of  Pontoise,  and  expecting 
each  moment  to  be  his  last,  he  demanded  of  his 
attendants  a  crucifix,  which  he  placed  upon  his 
breast,  and  sunk  immediately  into  a  state  of  death- 
like lethargy.  This  was  the  crisis  of  the  disease. 
To  the  astonishment  and  joy  of  all,  the  danger 
passed,  and  from  that  hour  Louis  began  to  re- 
cover. It  soon  transpired  that  in  his  extremity 
he  had  solemnly  vowed  that,  should  his  life  be 
spared,  he  would  proceed  on  a  crusade  to  the 
Holy  Land. — Students'  Fkance,  ch.  9,  §  4. 

5§64. .  Columbus.  [See  No.  5865.] 

The  tempest  still  raging  with  unabated  violence, 
the  admiral  and  all  the  mariners  made  a  vow 
that,  if  spared,  wherever  they  first  landed  they 
would  go  in  procession  barefooted  and  in  their 
shirts  to  offer  up  prayers  and  thanksgivings  in 
Bome  church  dedicated  to  the  Holy  Virgin. 
Besides  these  general  acts  of  propitiation,  each 
one  made  his  private  vow,  binding  himself  to 
some  pilgrimage  or  vigil  or  other  rite  of  peni- 
tence and  thanksgiving  at  his  favorite  shrine. 
The  heavens,  however,  seemed  deaf  to  their 
vows  ;  the  storm  grew  still  more  wild  and  fright- 
ful, and  each  man  gave  himself  up  for  lost. — 
Irving's  Columbus,  Book  5,  ch.  2. 

5865. .     Columbus.  [On  his  return 

voyage  a  terrific  storm  threatened  the  destruction 
of  all.]  Seeing  all  human  skill  baffled  and  con- 
founded, Columbus  endeavored  to  propitiate 
heaven  by  solemn  vows  and  acts  of  penance.  By 
his  orders  a  number  of  beans,  equal  to  the 
number  of  persons  on  board,  were  put  into  a 
cap,  on  one  of  which  was  cut  the  sign  of  the 
cross.  Each  of  the  crew  made  a  vow  that  should 
he  draw  forth  the  marked  bean  he  would  make 
a  pilgrimage  to  the  shrine  pf  Santa  Maria  de 
Guadalupe,  bearing  a  wax  taper  of  five  pounds' 
weight.  The  admiral  was  the  first  to  put  in 
his  hand,  and  the  lot  fell  upon  him.  From  that 
moment  he  considered  himself  a  pilgrim,  bound 
to  perform  the  vow.  [The  storm  continued. 
See  No.  5864.]  —  Irving's  Coluaibus,  Book  5, 
ch.  2. 

5S66.  VOWS,  Tlnjust.  Are  null.  [A  Bedouin 
woman,  mounted  on  a  dromedary,  ran  toward 
Mahomet.]     "The  enemy,"  said  she,   "have 


seized  upon  my  flock,  that  I  was  pasturing  in 
the  desert ;  I  mounted  this  dromedary,  and  made 
a  vow  to  immolate  it  in  your  presence  to  God 
should  I  succeed  in  escaping  through  its  speed. 
I  come  to  fulfil  the  vow."  "  But,"  said  the 
prophet,  smiling,  "would  it  not  be  ingratitude 
to  the  generous  animal  to  whom  thou  owest  thy 
safety  V  Thy  vow  is  null,  because  it  is  unjust ; 
the  animal  which  thou  hast  consecrated  to  me 
is  thine  no  more,  it  is  mine  ;  I  gave  it  in  trust  to 
thee  ;  go  and  console  thy  family." — Lamar- 
tine's  Turkey,  p.  121. 

5867.  VOYAGE,  A  celebrated.  Greeks.  The 
Argonauts,  under  the  command  of  Jason,  set 
sail  from  the  coast  of  Thessaly.  Their  expedition 
was  lengthened  by  unfavorable  weather,  unskil- 
ful seamen,  and  theconsequentnecessity  of  keep- 
ing as  near  as  possible  to  the  coasts.  .  .  .  The 
outlines  of  their  expedition  may  be  very  shortly 
detailed.  From  the  isle  of  Lemnos,  where  they 
made  some  stay,  they  proceeded  to  Samothrace. 
Thence  sailing  round  the  Chersonesus,  they  en- 
tered the  Hellespont ;  keeping  along  the  coast  of 
Asia,  touched  at  Cyzicus,  and  spent  some  time  on 
the  coast  of  Bithynia  ;  thence  they  entered  the 
Thracian  Bosphorous,  and  proceeding  onward 
through  the  Euxine,  at  length  discovered  Cau- 
casus at  its  eastern  extremity.  This  mountain 
was  their  landmark,  which  directed  them  to  the 
port  of  Phasis  near  to  Oea,  then  the  chief  city  of 
Colchis,  which  was  the  ultimate  object  of  their 
voyage.  Following  the  Argonauts  through  this 
tract  of  sea,  and  coasting  it  as  they  must  have 
done,  it  appears  evident  that  they  performed  a 
voyage  of  at  least  four  hundred  and  forty 
leagues.  Those  who  considered  not  the  times  and 
the  circumstances  in  which  the  Greeks  accom- 
plished this  navigation,  have  not  perceived  the 
boldness  of  the  enterprise.  These  daring  Greeks 
had  been  but  recently  taught  the  art  of  sail- 
ing, by  the  example  of  foreigners  ;  it  was  their 
first  attempt  to  put  it  in  practice.  They  were 
utterly  ignorant  of  navigation  as  a  science,  and 
they  went  to  explore  an  extent  of  sea  that  was 
altogether  unknown  to  them.  Let  us  do  those 
heroes  justice,  and  freely  acknowledge  that  the 
voyage  of  the  Argonauts  was  a  noble  enterprise 
for  the  times  in  which  it  was  executed,  [b.c. 
1280,  Usher's  Chronology.] — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  1,  ch.  8.  p.  71. 

586§.  VOYAGE,  Preparation  for  a.  Church. 
[Jacques  Cartier  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery.]  In  the  following  spring 
three  ships  lay  in  the  harbor  of  St.  Malo,  ready 
for  a  voyage  of  discovery.  In  those  simple  old 
days  no  man  was  audacious  enough  to  venture 
out  upon  the  broad  ocean  without  first  going  to 
church  and  commending  his  soul  and  his  enter 
prise  to  God  ;  and  the  man  who,  on  his  return 
home,  neglected  to  repair  instantly  to  church  to 
offer  thanks,  was  regarded  as  a  graceless  wretch. 
This  custom  prevailed  as  late  as  a  hundred  years 
ago  in  almost  all  countries,  and  still  prevails  in 
some  Catholic  nations.  So,  brave  Captain  Car- 
tier  and  his  companions  went  in  solemn  proces- 
sion to  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Malo,  where  the 
bishop  said  mass,  and  gave  them  his  parting 
benediction. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  371. 

5869.  WAGES  advanced.  Reign  of  Cha/rles  II. 
In  the  course  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  years  the 
daily  earnings  of  the  bricklayer  have  risen  from 


WAGES— WAR. 


699 


half  a  crown  to  four  and  tenpence,  those  of  the 
mason  from  half  a  crown  to  five  and  threepence, 
those  of  the  carpenter  from  half  a  crown  to  five 
and  fivepence,  and  those  of  the  plumber  from 
three  shillings  to  five  and  sixpence.  It  seems 
clear,  therefore,  that  the  wages  of  labor,  esti- 
mated in  money,  were,  in  1685,  not  more  than 
half  of  what  they  now  are  ;  and  there  were  few 
articles  important  to  the  workingman  of  which 
the  price  was  not,  in  1685,  more  than  half  of 
what  it  now  is.  Beer  was  undoubtedly  much 
cheaper  in  that  age  than  at  present. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  390. 

5§70.  WAGES,  Exorbitant.  So  called. 
Knyghton,  a  chronicler  of  the  time,  .  .  .  mentions 
as  exorbitant  wages  a  shilling  a  day  with  his 
food,  to  a  mower,  and  eightpence  a  day  to  a 
reaper.  .  .  .  The  shilling  a  day  was  equal  to  fif- 
teen shillings  of  our  present  money.  .  .  .  Five- 
pence  was  equal  to  half  a  bushel  of  wheat. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  1,  ch.  30,  p.  473. 

5§71.  WAGES,  Legal.  Eeign  of  Charles  II. 
About  the  beginning  of  the  year  1685  the  jus- 
tices of  Warwickshire,  in  the  exercise  of  a  power 
intrusted  to  them  by  an  act  of  Elizabeth,  fixed, 
at  their  quarter  sessions,  a  scale  of  wages  for 
their  county,  and  notified  that  every  employer 
who  gave  more  than  the  authorized  sum,  and 
every  workingman  who  received  more,  would 
be  liable  to  punishment.  The  wages  of  the  com- 
mon agricultural  laborer,  from  March  to  Sep- 
tember, they  fixed  at  the  precise  sum  mentioned 
by  [Sir  William]  Petty — namely,  four  shillings  a 
week  without  food.  From  September  to  March 
the  wages  were  to  be  only  three  and  sixpence 
a  week. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  386. 

5§72.  WAGES  by  Popularity.  Charioteer's. 
pEarly  in  the  sixth  century]  games  were  exhib- 
ited at  the  expense  of  the  republic,  the  magis- 
trates, or  the  emperors ;  but  the  reins  were 
abandoned  to  servile  hands  ;  and  if  the  profits  of 
a  favorite  charioteer  sometimes  exceeded  those 
of  an  advocate,  they  must  be  considered  as  the 
effects  of  popular  extravagance  and  the  high 
wages  of  a  disgraceful  profession. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  40,  p.  56. 

5§73.  WAGES,  Small.  Fifteenth  Century. 
The  summer  wages  of  the  free-mason  and  master 
carpenter,  of  five  and  one  quarter  pence  without 
food,  were  reduced  to  fourpence  in  the  winter. 
The  lower  artificers  and  laborers,  who  received 
three  and  one  quarter  pence  in  the  summer  with- 
out meat  and  drink,  were  to  serve  for  three- 
pence in  the  winter,  [a.  d.  1450-1485.  Multi- 
plying these  amounts  by  fifteen — the  supposed  re- 
lation of  present  to  ancient  money-value— we 
have  the  amount  in  money  of  to-day.]  — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  7,  p,  114. 

5§74. .     Beign  of  Charles  II.     Sir 

William  Petty,  whose  mere  assertion  carries 
great  weight,  informs  us  that  a  laborer  was  by 
no  means  in  the  lowest  state  who  received  for  a 
day's  work  fourpence  with  food,  or  eightpence 
without  food.  Four  shillings  a  week,  there- 
fore, were,  according  to  Petty's  calculation,  fair 
agricultural  wages. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3, 
p.  386. 

5S75. .     Thirteenth  Century.   The 

domestic  servants  of  the  [Bishop]  Swinfield  es- 
tablishments were  fed,   clothed,  and    lodged. 


They  received  in  addition  half-yearly  wages. 
The  confidential  members  of  the  household,  who 
were  of  gentle  blood,  with  names  derived  from 
places,  received  ten  shillings.  .  .  .  There  were 
two  clerks,  probably  lay,  at  half  a  crown.  The 
highest -paid  servant  was  John  the  farrier,  at  half 
these  wages.  John  the  carter,  Robert  the  carter, 
Harpin  the  falconer,  and  William  the  porter 
had  each  three  and  fourpence.  Ywon  (Evan) 
the  launder,  Thomas  the  palfreyman,  and  Rob- 
erlard  the  butler  had  each  half  a  crown  ;  and 
so  had  John  the  messenger. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  1,  ch.  26,  p.  398. 

5876.  WALKING,  Benefit  of.  Alexander. 
This  lady  [Ada],  as  a  testimony  of  the  deep  sense 
she  had  of  the  favors  received  from  Alexander, 
sent  him  every  day  meats  dressed  in  the  most  ex- 
quisite manner ;  delicious  pastry  of  all  sorts  ; 
and  the  most  excellent  cooks  of  every  kind.  Al- 
exander answered  the  queen  on  this  occasion, 
"that  all  this  train  was  of  no  service  to  him, 
for  that  he  was  possessed  of  much  better  cooks, 
whom  Leonidas  his  governor  had  given  him  ; 
one  of  whom  prepared  him  a  good  dinner,  and 
that  was,  walking  a  great  deal  in  the  morning 
very  early  ;  and  the  other  prepared  him  an  excel- 
lent supper,  and  that  was,  dining  very  moder- 
ately.— Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  15,  §  4. 

5877.  WANTS,  Fewness  of.  Diogenes.  Alex- 
ander, attended  by  all  his  courtiers,  made  him  a 
visit.  The  philosopher  was  at  that  time  lying 
down  in  the  sun  ;  but  seeing  so  great  a  crowd  of 
people  advancing  toward  him,  he  sat  up,  and 
fixed  his  eyes  on  Alexander.  This  prince,  sur- 
prised to  see  so  famous  a  philosopher  reduced  to 
such  extreme  poverty,  after  saluting  him  in  the 
kindest  manner,  asked  whether  he  wanted  any- 
thing. Diogenes  replied  :  "  Yes,  that  you  would 
stand  a  little  out  of  my  sunshine."  This  answer 
raised  the  contempt  and  indignation  of  all  the 
courtiers  ;  but  the  monarch,  struck  with  the 
philosopher's  greatness  of  soul  :  ' '  Were  I  not 
Alexander,"  says  he,  "I  would  be  Diogenes."  A 
very  profound  sense  lies  hid  in  this  expression, 
which  shows  perfectly  the  bent  and  disposition 
of  the  heart  of  man.  Alexander  is  sensible  that 
he  is  formed  to  possess  all  things  ;  such  is  his 
destiny,  in  which  he  makes  his  happiness  consist; 
but  then,  in  case  he  should  not  be  able  to  com- 
pass his  ends,  he  is  also  sensible  that  to  be 
happy,  he  must  endeavor  to  bring  his  mind  to 
such  a  frame  as  to  want  nothing.  In  a  word, 
all  or  nothing  presents  us  with  the  true  image  of 
Alexander  and  Diogenes.  How  great  and  power- 
ful soever  that  prince  might  think  himself,  he 
could  not  on  this  occasion  deny  himself  to  be 
inferior  to  a  man  to  whom  he  could  give,  and 
from  w^hom  he  could  take,  nothing. — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  15,  §  2. 

5878.  WAE,  Ancestors'  Lore  of.  Early  Eng- 
lishmen. They  were  at  heart  fighters,  and  their 
world  was  a  world  of  war.  Tribe  warred  with 
tribe,  and  village  with  village  ;  even  within  the 
township  itself  feuds  parted  household  from 
household,  and  passions  of  hatred  and  ven- 
geance were  handed  on  from  father  to  son.  Their 
mood  was,  above  all,  a  mood  of  fighting  men, 
venturesome,  self-reliant,  proud,  with  a  dash  of 
hardness  and  cruelty  in  it,  but  ennobled  by  the 
virtues  which  spring  from  war,  by  personal 
courage  and  loyalty  to  plighted  word;  by  a  high 


(00 


WAR. 


and  stern  sense  of  manhood  and  the  worth  of 
man.  A  grim  joy  in  hard  fighting  was  ah'eady 
a  characteristic  of  the  race.  War  was  the  Eng- 
lishman's "shield-play"  and  "  sword -game  ;" 
the  gleeman's  verse  took  fresh  fire  as  he  sang  of 
the  rush  of  the  host  and  the  crash  of  the  shield- 
line.  Their  arms  and  weapons,  helmet  and 
mailshirt,  tall  spear  and  javelin,  sword  and  seax, 
the  short,  broad  dagger  that  hung  at  each  war- 
rior's girdle,  gathered  to  them  much  of  the.  leg- 
end and  the  art  which  gave  color  and  poetry  to 
the  life  of  Englishmen. — Hist.  ofEng.  People, 
§33. 

5879.  "WAE  by  Avarice.  East  Indian.  It  was 
one  of  the  charges  of  ' '  high  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors" against  Warren  Hastings  [Governor  of 
Bengal]  that  he  entered  into  a  private  engage- 
ment with  the  nabob  of  Oude,  "  to  furnish  him, 
for  a  stipulated  sum  of  money,  to  be  paid  to  the 
East  India  Company,  with  a  body  of  troops  for 
the  declared  purpose  of  thoroughly  extirpating 
the  nation  of  the  Rohillas — a  nation  from  whom 
the  company  had  never  received,  or  pretended  to 
receive  or  apprehend,  any  injury  whatever." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  7,  p.  135. 

5§§0.  WAR,  Aversion  toward.  General 
Grant.  [When  he  visited  Germany,  Bismarck 
regretted  the  emperor's  illness  did  not  permit  his 
majesty  to  review  his  soldiers  in  person.]  Gen- 
eral Grant  accepted  the  crown  prince's  invitation 
to  a  review  for  next  morning,  but  with  a  smile 
continued  :  "  The  truth  is,  I  am  more  a  farmer 
than  a  soldier.  I  take  little  or  no  interest  in 
military  affairs  ;  and  although  I  entered  the  army 
thirty-five  years  ago,  and  have  been  in  two 
wars — in  Mexico  as  a  young  lieutenant,  and  lat- 
er— I  never  went  into  the  army  without  regret, 
and  never  retired  without  pleasure. " — General 
Grant's  Travels,  p.  335. 

5§81.  WAR,  Beginning  of.  American  Bevo- 
lution.  About  midnight  the  [British,]  under 
command  of  Colonel  Smith  and  Major  Pitcairn, 
set  out  for  Concord.  The  people  of  Boston, 
Charlestown,  and  Cambridge  were  roused  by  the 
ringing  of  bells  and  the  firing  of  cannons.  Two 
hours  before  the  vigilant  Joseph  Warren  had 
despatched  William  Dawes  and  Paul  Revere  to 
ride  with  all  speed  to  Lexington  and  to  spread 
the  alarm  through  the  country;.  Against  two 
o'clock  in  the  morning  the  minute-men  were 
under  arms,  and  a  company  of  a  hundred  and 
thirty  had  assembled  on  the  common  at  Lexing- 
ton. The  patriots  loaded  their  guns,  and  stood 
ready  ;  but  no  enemy  appeared,  and  it  was 
agreed  to  separate  until  the  drum-beat  should 
announce  the  hour  of  danger.  At  five  o'clock 
the  British  van,  under  command  of  Pitcairn, 
came  in  sight.  The  provincials,  to  the  number 
of  seventy,  reassembled  ;  Captain  Parker  was 
their  leader.  Pitcairn  rode  up,  and  exclaimed  : 
"  Disperse,  ye  villians  !  Throw  down  your 
arms,  ye  rebels,  and  disperse  \"  The  minute- 
men  stood  still  ;  Pitcairn  discharged  his  pistol  at 
them,  and  with  a  loud  voice  cried,  "  Fire  !"  The 
first  volley  of  the  Revolution  whistled  through 
the  air,  and  sixteen  of  the  patriots — nearly  a 
fourth  of  the  whole  number — fell  dead  or 
wounded.  The  rest  flred  a  few  random  shots, 
and  dispersed. — Ridpath'sU.  S.,ch.  38,  p.  397. 

5§82.  WAR,  Beneficial.  To  National  Char- 
acter.    [William  Pitt,  in  Parliament,  on  contin- 


uing the  Seven  Years'  War.]  "  This  war,  though 
it  has  cut  deep  into  our  pecuniary  means,  has 
augmented  our  military  faculties.  Set  that 
against  the  debt — that  spirit  which  has  made 
us  what  we  are."  [The  debt  had  been  increased 
sixty  millions.  Knight  says  a  compensation 
for  the  burden  of  a  great  debt  is  made]  when  a 
nation  is  awakened  by  war  out  of  a  degraded 
condition  ;  when  the  principle  of  an  exalted  pa- 
triotism and  a  generous  loyalty  takes  the  place 
of  a  venal  self-seeking  and  a  miserable  abnega- 
tion of  public  ^wXy. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  16,  p.  355. 

5883.  WAR,  Blessings  of.  National  Prog- 
ress. For  three  years  after  the  fall  of  Montreal 
the  war  between  France  and  England  lingered 
on  the  ocean.  The  English  fleets  were  every- 
where victorious.  On  the  10th  of  February, 
1763,  a  treaty  of  peace  was  made  at  Paris.  All 
the  French  possessions  in  North  America  east- 
ward of  the  Mississippi,  from  its  source  to  the 
river  Iberville,  and  thence  through  Lakes  Maure- 
pas  and  Pontchartrain  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
were  surrendered  to  Great  Britain.  At  the  same 
time  Spain,  with  whom  England  had  been  at  war, 
ceded  East  and  West  Florida  to  the  English 
Crown.  As  reciprocal  with  this  provision, 
France  was  obliged  to  make  a  cession  to  Spain 
of  all  that  vast  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi 
known  as  the  province  of  Louisiana.  By  the 
sweeping  provisions  of  the  treaty,  the  French 
king  lost  Ms  entire  possessions  in  the  new  world. 
Thus  closed  the  French  and  Indian  war,  one  of 
the  most  important  in  the  history  of  mankind. 
By  this  conflict  it  was  decided  that  the  decaying 
institutions  of  the  Middle  Ages  should  not  pre- 
vail in  the  West,  and  that  the  powerful  language, 
laws,  and  liberties  of  the  English  race  should 
be  planted  forever  in  the  vast  domains  of  the 
New  World.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  35,  p.  379. 

5884.  WAR,  Brutality  in.  Pillage  of  Magde- 
burg. [By  the  army  of  Wallenstein.]  Here  com- 
menced a  scene  of  horrors  for  which  history  has 
no  language,  poetry  no  pencil.  Neither  innocent 
childhood  nor  helpless  old  age — neither  youth, 
sex,  rank,  nor  beauty  could  disarm  the  fury  of 
the  conquerors.  Wives  were  abused  in  the  arms 
of  their  husbands,  daughters  at  the  feet  of  their 
parents  ;  and  the  defenceless  sex  exposed  to  the 
double  sacrifice  of  virtue  and  life.  No  situation, 
however  obscure  or  however  sacred,  escaped  the 
rapacity  of  the  enemy.  In  a  single  church  fifty- 
three  women  were  found  beheaded.  The  Croats 
amused  themselves  with  throwing  children  into 
the  flames  :  Pappenheim's  Walloons  with  stab- 
bing infants  at  the  mother's  breast.  Some  ofll- 
cers  of  the  League,  horror-struck  at  this  dread- 
ful scene,  ventured  to  i-emind  [General]  Tilly  that 
he  had  it  in  his  power  to  stop  the  carnage.  "  Re-i 
turn  in  an  hour,"  was  his  answer  ;  "I  will  seti 
what  I  can  do  ;  the  soldier  must  have  some  re 
ward  for  his  danger  and  toils."  ...  In  les 
than  twelve  hours  this  strong,  populous,  anc 
flourishing  city,  one  of  the  finest  in  Germany^ 
was  reduced  to  ashes,  with  the  exception  of  two 
churches  and  a  few  houses,  .  .  the  living 
crawling  from  under  the  dead,  children  wanderj 
ing  about  with  heartrending  cries,  calling  for 
their  parents,  and  infants  still  sucking  the  breast' 
of  their  lifeless  mothers.  More  than  six  thoi 
sand  bodies  were  thrown  into  the  Elbe  to  clea 


WAR. 


701 


Lthe  streets ;  a  much  greater  number  had  been 
consumed  by  the  flames.     The  whole  number  of 
le  slain  was  reckoned  at  not  less  than  thirty 
thousand. — Thirty  Years'  War,  §  282. 

5 §85. .  Indiscriminate.  A  dread- 
ful massacre  followed  in  the  streets  of  Paris  on 
the  night  of  the  12th  of  June  [1418]  ;  the  Con- 
stable d'Armagnac,  several  prelates,  and  num- 
bers of  the  nobility  were  cruelly  murdered  ;  and 
the  mob,  breaking  open  the  prisons,  butchered 
indiscriminately  all  that  they  contained.  The 
cut-throat  Cabochiens  reappeared,  and  for  three 
days  Paris  was  given  up  to  atrocities  too  revolt- 
ing to  bear  recital.  The  ruffians  cut  strips  of 
flesh  from  the  bleeding  bodies  of  the  Armagnacs, 
in  brutal  derision  of  the  scarf  or  band  which 
symbolized  their  party.  The  numbers  of  the 
slain  were  estimated  at  near  three  thousand. — 
Students'  France,  ch.  10,  §  12. 

5§§6.  WAR,  Burden  of.  Continuous.  [A  hun- 
dred years  after  the  Seven  Years'  War  two  shil- 
lings a  head  was  paid  annually  by  every  one  of 
the  twenty-five  millions  of  the  British  popula- 
tion] toward  the  perpetual  burden  of  taxation 
created  by  that  war.  [The  same  burden  con- 
tinues to  this  day.]  —  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6, 
ch.  16,  p.  258. 

5§§7.  WAR,  Small  Cause  of.  An  Ear.  [In  1731 
Captain  Robert  Jenkins  testified  that  he  was 
boarded  by  a  Spanish  guarda  costa  not  far  from 
Havana.]  No  contraband  goods  were  found.  He 
was  threatened  with  death  if  he  did  not  confess 
where  his  gold  and  unlawful  merchandise  was 
hidden.  The  Spaniards  slashed  him  with  their 
cutlasses ;  they  hung  him  up  to  the  yard-arm. 
Before  he  was  quite  exhausted  they  let  him  down, 
and  again  bade  him  confess.  He  spoke  of  his 
Britannic  Majesty's  flag,  of  the  high  seas,  in  a 
mild  assertion  of  the  injustice  he  was  receiv- 
ing. His  ear  had  been  half  cut  off  when  the 
ship  was  boarded  ;  and  now  the  miscreants  tore 
the  ear  out  of  his  head,  exclaiming,  "  Carry 
that  to  your  king."  The  ear  of  Jenkins  drove 
England  to  war. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  6, 
p.  93. 

5§88.  WAR,  Causes  of  the.  Rebellion.  First, 
the  different  construction  put  upon  the  national 
constitution  by  the  people  of  the  North  and  the 
South.  .  .  .  Second,  the  different  system  of  labor 
in  the  North  and  in  the  South.  .  .  .  The  inven- 
tion of  the  cotton-gin,  .  .  .  which  added  a  thou- 
sand millions  of  dollars  to  the  revenue  of  the 
South.  .  .  .  Slave  labor  became  important  and 
slaves  valuable.  .  .  .  The  Missouri  agitation, 
,  .  .  because  of  the  proposed  rejection  of  Mis- 
souri as  a  slave-holding  State.  .  .  .  The  nulli- 
fication acts  of  South  Carolina.  .  .  .  The  an- 
nexation of  Texas,  with  the  consequent  enlarge- 
ment of  the  domain  of  slavery.  .  .  .  The  Kan- 
sas-Nebraska bill  was  passed.  Thereby  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise  was  repealed.  Third,  the 
want  of  intercourse  between  the  people  of  the 
North  and  the  South.  The  great  railroads  and 
thoroughfares  ran  east  and  west.  .  .  .  Fourth, 
the  publication  of  sectional  books.  Fifth,  the 
evil  influence  of  demagogues,  .  .  .  the  leader- 
ship of  bad  men. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  62. 

5889.  WAR,  Civil.  John  Cantacuzeni.  [The 
Greek  regent.]  Near  six  years  the  flame  of  dis- 
cord burnt  with  various  success  and  unabated 


rage  :  the  cities  were  distracted  by  the  faction  of 
the  nobles  and  the  plebeians — the  Cantacuzeni 
and  Palseologi ;  and  the  Bulgarians,  the  Servians, 
and  the  Turks  were  invoked  on  both  sides  as 
the  instruments  of  private  ambition  and  the  com- 
mon ruin.  The  regent  deplored  the  calamities 
of  which  he  was  the  author  and  victim  ;  and  his 
own  experience  might  dictate  a  just  and  lively 
remark  on  the  different  nature  of  foreign  and 
civil  war.  "  The  former,"  said  he,  "  is  the  ex- 
ternal warmth  of  summer,  always  tolerable,  and 
often  beneficial ;  the  latter  is  the  deadly  heat  of 
a  fever,  which  consumes  without  a  remedy  the 
vitals  of  the  constitution." — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  68,  p.  188. 

5890.  WAR,  Civilization  by.  Britain.  That 
the  first  real  civilizer  of  Britain  was  the  military 
arm,  is  evident  from  every  incidental  relation  of 
the  Roman  conquest. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  3,  p.  36. 

5891.  WAR,  Compensations  of.  Thirty  Tears\ 
Fearful  indeed  and  destructive  was  the  first 
movement  in  which  this  general  political  sym- 
pathy announced  itself  ;  a  desolating  war  of 
thirty  years,  which,  from  the  interior  of  Bohemia 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Scheldt,  and  from  the  banks 
of  the  Po  to  the  coasts  of  the  Baltic,  devastated 
whole  countries,  destroyed  harvests,  and  reduced 
towns  and  villages  to  ashes ;  which  opened  a 
grave  for  many  thousand  combatants,  and  for 
half  a  century  smothered  the  glimmering  sparks 
of  civilization  in  Germany,  and  threw  back  the 
improving  manners  of  the  country  into  their 
pristine  barbarity  and  wildness.  Yet  out  of  this 
fearful  war  Europe  came  forth  free  and  inde- 
pendent. In  it  she  first  learned  to  recognize  her- 
self as  a  community  of  nations  ;  and  this  inter- 
communion of  States,  which  originated  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,  would  alone  be  sufficient  to 
reconcile  the  philosopher  to  its  horrors.  All  this 
was  effected  by  religion.  Religion  alone  could 
have  rendered  possible  all  that  was  accomplished, 
but  it  was  far  from  being  the  sole  motive  of  the 
war.  Had  not  private  advantages  and  State 
interests  been  closely  connected  with  it,  vain  and 
powerless  would  have  been  the  arguments  of 
theologians ;  and  the  cry  of  the  people  would 
never  have  met  with  princes  so  willing  to  es- 
pouse their  cause,  nor  the  new  doctrines  have 
found  such  numerous,  brave,  and  persevering 
champions. — Thirty  Years'  War,  §  3. 

5892.  WAR,  Contempt  of .  Hangman-in- Chief. 
[Charles  Mordaunt,  Earl  of  Peterborough,  the 
successful  commander  of  the  allied  expedition 
against  Spain,  afterward  looked  with  contempt 
upon  his  military  vocation.]  He  said  :  "  A  gen- 
eral is  only  a  hangman-in-chief." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  19,  p.  298. 

5893.  WAR,  Cruelties  of.  Scotland.  The  .  .  . 
exploits  of  Surrey  in  Scotland  are  thus  recorded 
in  a  letter  of  Wolsey  :  "  The  Earl  of  Surrey  so 
devastated  and  destroyed  all  Tweedale  and 
March,  that  there  is  left  neither  house,  fortress, 
village,  tree,  cattle,  corn,  nor  other  succor  for 
man  ;  insomuch  that  some  of  the  people  that 
fled  from  the  same,  afterward  returning  and 
finding  no  sustenance,  were  compelled  to  come 
into  England  begging  bread,  which  oftentimes 
when  they  do  eat  they  die  incontinently  for  the 
hunger  passed.  And  with  no  imprisonment, 
cutting  off  their  ears,  burning  them  in  the  faces. 


702 


WAR. 


1 


or  otherwise,  can  be  kept  away." — Knight's 
Eng.,vo1.  3,  ch.  18,  p.  299. 

5S94.  WAE,  Cruelty  in.  Timour  the  Tartar. 
[Timour  did  not]  forget  that  dream  of  all  con- 
querors, India.  He  overran  it  this  time  from  the 
Indus  to  Delhi,  from  the  ocean  to  Thibet.  His 
army  marched  with  a  people  of  slaves  in  its  train, 
the  prize  of  his  first  victories,  and  who  might 
compromise  him  in  other  battles.  An  atrocious 
order  delivered  one  hundred  thousand  of  them  to 
death  in  a  single  night.  Each  Tartar  soldier  was 
constrained  to  immolate  his  portion  with  his  own 
hand.  Remorse,  pity,  indignation,  seized  the 
army.  The  imans  presaged  the  wrath  of  Heaven. 
Timour  responded  to  this  revolt  of  conscience  of 
his  warriors  only  by  the  conquest  and  massacre 
of  Delhi. — Lamaktine's  Turkey,  p.  315. 

5§95. .   Antioch.     Mameluke  Emir 

Bibars  rapidly  reduced  the  principal  Latin  fort- 
resses, and  on  the  29th  of  May,  1268,  planted 
his  standards  on  the  walls  of  Antioch.  The  fall 
of  this  capital  was  fatal  to  the  Christian  power  ; 
17,000  of  the  inhabitants  were  massacred,  and 
upward  of  100,000  sold  into  slavery. — Students' 
France,  ch.  9,  §  6,  p.  172. 

5§96.  WAR,  Declaration  of.  Ambassador. 
[The  Roman  ambassador  went  to  Carthage.] 
Their  orders  were  simply  to  demand  that  Han- 
nibal and  his  principal  officers  should  be  given 
up  for  their  attack  upon  the  allies  of  Rome,  in 
breach  of  the  treaty,  and,  if  this  were  refused, 
to  declare  war.  The  Carthaginians  tried  to  dis- 
cuss the  previous  question,  whether  the  attack 
on  Saguntum  was  a  breach  of  the  treaty  ;  but  to 
tills  the  Romans  would  not  listen.  At  length 
M.  Fabius  gathered  up  his  toga,  as  if  he  were 
wrapping  up  something  in  it,  and  holding  it  out 
thus  together,  he  said  :  "  Behold,  here  are  peace 
and  war;  take  which  you  choose  I"  The  Car- 
thaginian suffete,  or  judge,  answered:  "Give 
whichever  thou  wilt."  Hereupon  Fabius  shook 
out  the  folds  of  his  toga,  saying  :  "  Then  here 
we  give  you  war ;"  to  which  several  members 
of  the  council  shouted  in  answer,  "  "With  all  our 
hearts  we  welcome  it."  Thus  the  Roman  am- 
bassador left  Carthage,  and  returned  straight  to 
Rome. — Arnold's  Hannibal,  p.  6. 

5§97.  WAE  degraded;  A  Trade.  In  the 
purer  ages  of  the  commonwealth  the  use  o^ 
arms  was  reserved  for  those  ranks  of  citizens 
who  had  a  country  to  love,  a  property  to  defend, 
and  some  share  in  enacting  those  laws  which  it 
was  their  interest  as  well  as  duty  to  maintain. 
But  in  proportion  as  the  public  freedom  was 
lost  in  extent  of  conquest,  war  was  gradually 
improved  into  an  art,  and  degraded  into  a  trade. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  1,  p.  10. 

589§.  WAR,  Destructive.  Omar's.  Plutarch 
tells  us  that  in  the  course  of  this  extraordinary 
contest,  which  lasted  eight  years,  Caesar  took  by 
force  more  than  800  towns,  subdued  300  distinct 
tribes  or  states,  and  conquered  3,000,000  of 
fighting  men,  of  whom  1,000,000  perished  on 
the  field  of  battle,  and  another  million  were  sold 
into  slavery. — Students'  France,  ch.  1,  §  8, 
p.  10. 

5S99. .   Of  Life.     [At  the  battle  of 

ChS,lons,  by  Attila  against  Theodoric,  the]  num- 
ber of  the  slain  amounted  to  162,000,  or,  accord- 
ing to  another  account,  300,000  persons ;  and 


these  incredible  exaggerations  suppose  a  real  and 
effective  loss  sufiicient  to  justify  the  historian's 
remark,  that  whole  generations  may  be  swept 
away,  by  the  madness  of  kings,  in  the  space  of 
a  single  hour. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  35,  p.  446. 

5900. .     Bonaparte's.     From  Sep> 

tember,  1805,  to  the  15th  of  November  (1814), 
the  Senate  had  given  Bonaparte  authority  to  de- 
vote to  what  was  called  the  glory  of  France  no 
less  a  number  than  2,103,000  of  her  sons. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  7,  ch.  31,  p.  568. 

5901  WAR,  Emblem  of.  Indian.  Other 
chiefs  followed  the  example  of  the  great  sachem, 
and  entered  into  friendly  relations  with  the 
[Plymouth]  colony.  Nine  of  the  leading  tribes 
acknowledged  the  sovereignty  of  the  English 
king.  One  chieftain  threatened  hostilities,  but 
Standish's  army  obliged  him  to  beg  for  mercy. 
Canonicus,  king  of  the  Narragansetts,  sent  to 
William  Bradford,  who  had  been  chosen  govern- 
or after  the  death  of  Carver,  a  bundle  of  arrows 
wrapped  in  the  skin  of  a  rattlesnake  ;  but  the 
undaunted  governor  stuffed  the  skin  with  pow- 
der and  balls,  and  sent  it  back  to  the  chief,  who 
did  not  dare  to  accept  the  dangerous  challenge. 
The  hostile  emblem  was  borne  about  from  tribe 
to  tribe,  until  finally  it  was  returned  to  Plym- 
outh.—Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  13,  p.  124. 

5902.  WAR  absurdly  ended.  Treaty  of  Ghent. 
There  never  was  a  more  absurd  treaty  than  that 
of  Ghent.  Its  only  significance  was  that  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States,  having  been  at 
war,  agreed  to  be  at  peace.  Not  one  of  the  dis- 
tinctive issues  to  decide  which  the  war  had  been 
undertaken  was  settled,  or  even  mentioned.  Of 
the  impressment  of  American  seamen  not  a 
word  was  said.  The  wrongs  done  to  the  com- 
merce of  the  United  States  were  not  referred  to. 
The  rights  of  neutral  nations  were  left  as  unde- 
termined as  before.  Of  "  free-trade  and  sailors' 
rights,"  which  had  been  the  battle-cry  of  the 
American  navy,  no  mention  was  made.  The 
principal  articles  of  the  compact  were  devoted 
to  the  settlement  of  unimportant  boundaries  and 
the  possession  of  some  petty  islands  in  the  Bay 
of  Passamaquoddy.  There  is  little  doubt,  how- 
ever, that  at  the  time  of  the  treaty  Great  Britain 
gave  the  United  States  a  private  assurance  that 
impressment  and  the  other  wrongs  complained 
of  by  the  Americans  should  be  practised  no 
more.  For  the  space  of  sixty  years  vessels  bear- 
ing the  flag  of  the  United  States  have  been  se- 
cure from  such  insults  as  caused  the  war  of  1812.  ■ 
Another  advantage  gained  by  America  was  the 
recognition  of  her  naval  power.  It  was  no 
longer  doubtful  that  American  sailors  were  the 
peers  in  valor  and  patriotism  of  any  seamen  in 
the  world. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  51,  p.  415. 

5903.  WAR,  Enemies  in.  Hunger.  Barba- 
rossa's  army  of  Crusaders  did  not  come  home 
again,  any  more  than  Barbarossa.  They  were 
stronger  than  Turk  and  Saracen,  but  not  than 
hunger  and  disease.  Leaders  did  not  know 
then,  as  our  little  friend  at  Berlin  came  to  know, 
that  "an  army,  like  a  serpent,  goes  upon  its 
belly."  After  fine  fighting  and  considerable  vic- 
tories, the  end  of  this  Crusade  was,  it  took  to 
"besieging  Acre,"  and,  in  reality,  lay  perishing, 
as  of  murrain,  on  the  beach  at  Acre,  without 
shelter,  without  medicine,  without  food.  Not 
even  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  and  his  best  prow- 


WAR. 


703 


ess  and  help  could  avert  such  issue  from  it. — 
Carlyle's  Frederick  the  Great,  Book  2, 
ch.  6,  p.  83. 

5904.  WAE,  Famine  by.  The  Innocent.  [In 
1418,  during  the  siege  of  Rouen,  the  population 
were  shut  up  for  twenty  weeks.  Famine  came. 
An  English  chronicler  writes :]  And  ever  they 
of  the  town  hoped  to  have  been  rescued,  but  it 
would  not  be  ;  and  many  hundreds  died  for  hun- 
ger, for  they  had  eaten  all  the  cats,  horses,  hounds, 
rats,  mice,  and  all  that  might  be  eaten  ;  and  oft- 
times  the  men-at-arms  driving  out  the  poor  peo- 
ple at  the  gates  of  the  city,  for  spending  of  vic- 
tual, anon  our  men  drove  them  in  again ;  and 
young  children  lay  dead  in  the  streets,  hanging 
on  the  dead  mothers'  paps,  that  pity  was  to  see. 
— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  5,  p.  70. 

5905.  WAR,  Famous  in.  William  of  Normandy. 
"  No  knight  under  heaven,"  his  enemies  owned, 
"  was  William's  peer."  Boy  as  he  was  at  Val-es- 
dunes,  horse  and  man  went  down  before  his 
lance.  All  the  fierce  gayety  of  his  nature  broke 
out  in  the  warfare  of  his  youth,  in  his  rout  of 
fifteen  Angevins  with  but  five  men  at  his  back,  in 
his  defiant  ride  over  the  ground  which  Geoflry 
Martel  claimed  from  him — a  ride  with  hawk  on 
fist,  as  if  war  and  the  chase  were  one.  No  man 
could  bend  William's  bow.  His  mace  crashed 
its  way  through  a  ring  of  English  warriors  to  the 
foot  of  the  standard.  He  rose  to  his  greatest 
height  at  moments  when  other  men  despaired. 
His  voice  rang  out  as  a  trumpet  when  his  soldiers 
fled  before  the  English  charge  at  Senlac,  and  his 
rally  turned  the  flight  into  a  means  of  victory. — 
Hist,  op  Eng.  People,  §  107. 

5906.  WAR  futile.  England  and  Spain.  The 
bells  were  ringing  in  October,  1739,  upon  the  dec- 
laration of  hostilities  against  Spain.  They  were 
ringing  in  April,  1748,  upon  the  conclusion  of 
the  treaty  of  Aix  la  Chapelle,  by  which  not  a  sin- 
gle point  was  gained  for  which  England  had  been 
fighting  with  Spain  and  France  for  eight  years. 
[England  declared  the  war.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  6,  ch.  12,  p.  181. 

5907, .     "  Seven  Tears' ."    [On  the 

15th  of  February,  1763,  peace  was  concluded  be- 
tween the  Empress  Maria  Theresa,  the  Elector  of 
Saxony,  and  the  King  of  Prussia.  The  Seven 
Years'  War  ended  by  replacing  the  parties  to 
this  great  quarrel  in  the  exact  position  in  regard 
to  territory  in  which  they  stood  before  its  com- 
mencement.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  16, 
p.  257. 

590§.  WAR,  Glory  in.  American  Indians. 
War  alone  was  the  avenue  to  glory.  All  other  em- 
ployment seemed  unworthy  of  human  dignity  ; 
in  warfare  against  the  brute  creation,  but  still 
more  against  man,  they  sought  liberty,  happiness, 
and  renown  ;  thus  was  gained  an  honorable  ap- 
pellation, while  the  mean  and  obscure  among 
them  had  not  even  a  name. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  22. 

5909.  WAR  vs.  Gospel.  Massachusetts.  [In 
the  summer  of  1622  a  company  of  immigrants 
began  a  new  settlement  called  Weymouth.]  In- 
stead of  working  with  their  might  to  provide 
against  starvation,  they  wasted  the  fall  in  idle- 
ness, and  attempted  to  keep  up  their  stock  of 
provisions  by  defrauding  the  Indians.  Thus  pro- 
voked to  hostility,  the  natives  formed  a  plan  to 


destroy  the  colony  ;  but  Massasoit,  faithful  to 
his  pledges,  went  to  Plymouth  and  revealed  the 
plot.  Standish  marched  to  Weymouth  at  the 
head  of  his  regiment,  now  increased  to  eight 
men,  attacked  the  hostile  tribe,  killed  several  war- 
riors, and  carried  home  the  chief's  head  on  a  pole. 
The  tender-hearted  John  Robinson  wrote  from 
Leyden  :  "  I  would  that  you  had  converted  some 
of  them  before  you  killed  any." — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  13,  p.  125. 

5910.  WAR  for  Honor.  Ih'ojan  War.  The  im- 
mediate cause  of  the  war  is  generally  allowed  to 
have  been  the  rape  of  Helen,  the  wife  of  Mene- 
laus,  by  Paris,  the  son  of  Priam,  King  of  Troy ; 
although  prior  to  that  motive  an  animosity  had 
subsisted  between  the  Greeks  and  Trojans  for 
many  generations.  It  is  not  otherwise  probable 
that  a  quarrel  which  interested  only  Menelaus 
and  his  brother  Agamemnon  should  have  been 
readily  espoused  by  all  the  princes  of  Greece. 
The  preparations  for  this  war  are  said  to  have 
occupied  no  less  than  ten  years,  a  length  of  time 
which  ought  not  to  surprise  us,  when  we  con- 
sider that  this  was  the  first  war  in  which  the 
whole  nation  had  engaged. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  1,  ch.  8,  p.  76. 

5911.  WAR,  Incapacity  for.  Lord  Loudoun. 
Ever  since  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  the  French  had 
retained  Cape  Breton  ;  and  the  fortress  at  Louis- 
burg  had  been  made  one  of  the  strongest  on  the 
continent.  On  the  20th  of  June  Lord  Loudoun 
sailed  from  New  York,  with  an  army  of  6000 
regulars.  By  the  1st  of  July  he  was  at  Halifax, 
where  he  was  joined  by  Admiral  Holburn,  with 
a  powerful  fleet  of  sixteen  men-of-war.  There 
were  on  board  5000  additional  troops  fresh  from 
the  armies  of  England.  Never  was  such  a  use 
made  of  a  splendid  armament.  Loudoun  landed 
before  Halifax,  cleared  off  a  mustering  plain, 
and  set  his  officers  to  drilling  regiments  already 
skilled  in  every  manoeuvre  of  war.  To  heighten 
the  absurdity,  the  fields  about  the  city  were  plant- 
ed with  onions,  for  it  was  said  that  the  men  might 
take  a  scurvy.  By  and  by  the  news  came  that 
the  French  vessels  in  the  harbor  of  Louisburg 
outnumbered  by  one  the  ships  of  the  English 
squadron.  To  attack  a  force  that  seemed  supe- 
rior to  his  own  was  not  a  part  of  Loudoun's 
tactics.  Ordering  the  fleet  to  go  cruising  around 
Cape  Breton,  he  immediately  embarked  with  his 
army,  and  sailed  for  New  York.  Arriving  at  this 
place,  he  proposed  to  his  officers  to  fortify  Long 
Island,  in  order  to  defend  the  continent  against 
an  enemy  whom  he  outnumbered  four  to  one. — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  34,  p.  269. 

5912.  WAR,  Inhumanity  in.  Romans.  [The 
Goths  had  been  driven  by  the  Romans  to  the  de- 
fences of  Ravenna.]  These  fortifications  were, 
indeed,  impregnable  to  the  assault  of  art  or  vio- 
lence ;  and  when  Belisarius  invested  the  capital 
he  was  soon  convinced  that  famine  only  could 
tame  the  stubborn  spirit  of  the  Barbarians.  The 
sea,  the  land,  and  the  channels  of  the  Po  were 
guarded  by  the  vigilance  of  the  Roman  general ; 
and  his  morality  extended  the  rights  of  war  to 
the  practice  of  poisoning  the  waters  and  secret- 
ly firing  the  granaries  of  a  besieged  city. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  63,  p.  179. 

5913.  WAR,  Injury  by.  Civil.  The  effect  of 
the  constant  progress  of  wealth  has  been  to  make 
insurrection  far  more  terrible  to  thinking  men 


704 


WAR. 


than  maladministration  :  .  .  wealth  would  he  ex- 
posed to  imminent  risk  of  spoliation  and  destruc- 
tion. Still  greater  would  be  the  risk  to  public 
credit,  on  which  thousands  of  families  directly 
depend  for  subsistence,  and  with  which  the  cred- 
it of  the  whole  commercial  world  is  insepara- 
bly connected.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that 
a  civil  war  of  a  week  on  English  ground  would 
now  produce  disasters  which  would  be  felt  from 
the  Hoang-Ho  to  the  Missouri,  and  of  which  the 
traces  would  be  discernible  at  the  distance  of  a 
century.— Mac AUL ay's  Hist.,  ch.  1,  p.  33. 

5914.  WAR,  Instinct  for.  Napoleon  I.  There 
is  still  preserved  upon  the  island  of  Corsica,  as 
an  interesting  relic,  a  small  brass  cannon,  weigh- 
ing about  thirty  pounds,  which  was  the  early 
and  favorite  plaything  of  Napoleon.  Its  loud 
report  was  music  to  his  childish  ears.  In  imag- 
inary battle  he  saw  whole  squadrons  mowed 
down  by  the  discharges  of  his  formidable  piece 
of  artiller3^ — Abbott's  Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1, 
ch.  1. 

5915  WAR,  Love  of.  Lord  Nelson.  [During 
the  battle  of  Copenhagan,  Nelson's  most  terrible 
conflict,  he]  was  walking  the  quarter-deck,  which 
was  slippery  with  blood  and  covered  with  the 
dead,  who  could  not  be  removed  as  fast  as  they 
fell.  .  .  .  He  looked  upon  the  devastation  around 
him,  and  sternly  smiling,  said,  "  This  is  warm 
work,  and  this  day  may  be  the  last  to  any  of  us 
in  a  moment.  But  mark  me,  I  would  not  be 
elsewhere  for  thousands."  This  was  heroic,  but 
it  was  not  noble. — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  1,  ch.  22. 

5916. .     Fi-anks.     Although  they 

were  strongly  actuated  by  the  allurements  of  ra- 
pine, they  professed  a  disinterested  love  of  war, 
which  they  considered  as  the  supreme  honor  and 
felicity  of  human  nature  ;  and  their  minds  and 
bodies  were  so  completely  hardened  by  perpet- 
ual action,  that,  according  to  the  lively  expres- 
sion of  an  orator,  the  snows  of  winter  were  as 
pleasant  to  them  as  the  flowers  of  spring. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  20,  p.  239. 

5917. .   The  Alani.  [A  people  who 

inhabited  the  deserts  of  Scythia.]  The  mixture 
of  Samatic  and  German  blood  had  contributed 
to  improve  the  features  of  the  Alani.  .  .  .  They 
considered  war  and  rapine  as  the  pleasure  and 
the  glory  of  mankind.  A  naked  cimeter  fixed 
in  the  ground  was  the  only  object  of  their  re- 
ligious worship  ;  the  scalps  of  their  enemies 
formed  the  costly  trappings  of  their  horses ; 
and  they  viewed  with  pity  and  contempt  the 
pusillanimous  warriors  who  patiently  expected 
the  infirmities  of  age. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  26, 
p.  25. 

591  §.  WAR,  Miseries  of.  Battle  of  Freder- 
icksburg. Little  children  with  blue  feet  trod 
painfully  over  the  frozen  ground,  and  those 
whom  they  followed  knew  as  little  as  themselves 
where  to  seek  food  and  shelter.  Hundreds  of 
ladies  wandered  homeless  over  the  frozen  high- 
way with  bare  feet  and  thin  clothing,  knowing 
not  where  to  find  a  place  of  refuge.  Delicately 
nurtured  girls,  with  slender  forms,  upon  which 
no  rain  had  beat,  which  no  wind  had  ever  visit- 
ed too  roughly,  walked  hurriedly,  with  unsteady 
feet,  upon  the  road,  seeking  only  some  place 
where  they  could  shelter  themselves.    Whole 


families  sought  sheds  by  the  wayside,  or  made 
roofs  of  fence-rails  and  straw,  not  knowing 
whither  to  fly. — Pollard's  Second  Year  of 
THE  War,  ch.  6,  p.  190. 

5919. .      Desolation.     There   is  a 

letter  .  .  .  dated  from  Bologna,  December  12, 
1530,  which  presents  as  striking  a  picture  as 
was  ever  drawn  of  the  widespread  misery  pro- 
duced by  the  contests  of  ambition.  In  trav- 
elling fifty  miles  they  saw  no  creature  stirring 
in  rural  industry,  except  three  women  gathering 
grapes  rotting  upon  the  vines.  In  Pavia  the 
children  were  crying  about  the  streets  for  bread. 
There  was  neither  horse  meat  nor  man's  meat  to 
be  found.  "  There  is  no  hope  [for]  many  years 
that  Italia  shall  be  restored,  for  want  of  people." 
—Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  20,  p.  330. 

5920.  WAR,  Monument  of.  "Heads."  Ti- 
mour  the  Tartar  erected  on  the  ruins  of  Bagdad 
a  pyramid  of  ninety  thousand  heads ;  again 
visited  Georgia,  and  encamped  on  the  banks  of 
the  Araxes. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65,  p.  263. 

5921.  WAR,  Murderous.  Battle  of  Toicton. 
[In  1461,]  on  the  eve  of  Palm  Sunday,  began 
the  cruel  battle  of  Towton,  at  four  o'clock,  when 
the  armies  [of  the  Yorkists  and  Lancastrians] 
joined.  Through  all  the  night,  amid  a  fall  of 
snow,  these  fierce  men  madly  fought  till  the  af- 
ternoon of  the  next  day.  Then  33,000  men  lay 
dead  on  the  field  of  battle.  ...  It  is  affirmed 
that  there  was  no  quarter  given  in  the  battle. 
.  .  .  The  triumph  of  the  Yorkists  was  com- 
plete.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  9,  p.  148. 

5922*  WAR,  Partisan.  Ccesar  and  Pomjiey, 
[See  No.  4230.]  They  were  now  declared  ene- 
mies, and  each  prepared  to  assert,  by  arms,  his 
title  to  an  unrestrained  dominion  over  his  coun- 
try. It  is  not  a  little  surprising  that  the  citi- 
zens of  Rome  should  deliberately  prepare  to 
sacrifice  their  lives  and  fortunes  in  the  decision 
of  such  a  contest,  with  all  the  zeal  of  men  who 
fight  for  their  most  valuable  rights  and  posses- 
sions.— Tytler's   Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  2,  p.  406. 

5923.  WAR,  Patriotism  in.  Defensive.  [The 
threatened  invasion  of  England  by  the  Spanish 
Armada,  and  the  conflicts  which  followed  the 
dispersion  of  that  immense  and  powerful  fleet, 
proved  to  be  beneficial  to  the  nation.]  There 
was  a  higher  result  of  such  a  warfare  than  the 
taking  of  ships  and  the  burning  of  towns.  A 
grand  spirit  of  devotion  to  their  country  was 
engendered  in  the  people.  The  energies  called 
forth  in  that  stirring  time  produced  a  corre- 
sponding elevation  of  the  national  character. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  15,  p.  239. 

5924.    .       American    Revolution. 

Where  eminent  statesmen  hesitated,  the  in- 
stinctive action  of  the  multitude  revealed  the 
counsels  of  magnanimity.  ...  A  nation  without 
union,  without  magazines  and  arsenals,  without 
a  treasury,  without  credit,  without  government, 
fought  successfully  against  the  whole  strength 
and  wealth  of  Great  Britain.  An  army  of  veter- 
an soldiers  capitulated  to  insurgent  husband- 
men.— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  1. 

5925.  WAR,  Piety  in.  Joan  of  Arc.  At  the 
sight  of  the  Holy  Maid  and  her  banner  they  ral- 
lied and  renewed  the  assault.  Joan  rode  for- 
ward at  their  head,  waving  her  banner  and 
cheering   them    on.    The    English    quailed    at 


WAR. 


705 


_>hat  they  believed  to  be  the  charge  of  hell  ; 
Saint  Loup  was  stormed,  and  its  defenders  put  to 
the  sword,  except  some  few  whom  Joan  suc- 
ceeded in  saving.  All  her  woman's  gentleness 
returned  when  the  combat  was  over.  It  was 
the  first  time  that  she  had  ever  seen  a  battle-field. 
She  wept  at  the  sight  of  so  many  bleeding 
corpses  ;  and  her  tears  flowed  doubly  when  she 
reflected  that  they  were  the  bodies  of  Christian 
men  who  had  died  without  confession. — Deci- 
sive Battles,  §  383. 

5926.  WAR,  Politicians  in.  Romans.  To 
draw  him  into  more  open  ground,  Caesar  had 
shifted  his  camp  continually.  Pompey  had 
followed  cautiously,  still  remaining  on  his 
guard.  His  political  advisers  were  impatient 
of  these  dilatory  movements.  They  taunted 
him  with  cowardice.  They  insisted  that  he 
should  set  his  foot  on  this  insignificant  adver- 
sary promptly  and  at  once  ;  and  Pompey,  gath- 
ering courage  from  their  confidence,  and  trust- 
ing to  his  splendid  cavalry,  agreed  at  last  to  use 
the  first  occasion  that  presented  itself.  .  .  . 
[Pompey's]  beaten  army,  which  a  few  hours 
before  were  sharing  in  imagination  the  lands 
and  offices  of  their  conquerors,  fled  out  through 
the  opposite  gates,  throwing  away  their  arms, 
flinging  down  their  standards,  and  racing, 
officers  and  men,  for  the  rocky  hills  which 
at  a  mile's  distance  promised  them  shelter. — 
Froude's  CvEsar,  ch.  22. 

5927.  WAR  prayed  for.  Its  Miseries.  In 
1514  Lord  Dacre,  describing  the  "  robbing, 
spoiling,  and  vengeance  in  Scotland,"  [adds,] 
"  which  I  pray  our  Lord  God  to  continue." 
[Thus  men  appealed  to  the  Author  of  all  good 
in  support  of  their  perpetration  of  all  evil.] — 

»  Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  17,  p.  274. 
592§.  WAR,  Propensity  for.  American  Ind- 
ians. Next  among  the  propensities  of  the  red 
men  was  tlie  passion  for  icar.  Their  wars,  how- 
ever, were  always  undertaken  for  the  redress  of 
grievances,  real  and  imaginary,  and  not  for  con- 
quest. But  with  the  Indian  a  redress  of  griev- 
ances meant  a  personal,  vindictive,  and  bloody 
vengeance  on  the  defender.  The  Indian's  prin- 
ciples of  war  were  easily  understood,  but  irre- 
concilable with  justice  and  humanity.  The  for- 
giveness of  an  injury  was  reckoned  a  weakness 
and  a  shame.  Revenge  was  considered  among 
the  nobler  virtues.  The  open  honorable  battle 
of  the  field  was  an  event  unknown  in  Indian 
warfai'e.  Fighting  was  limited  to  the  surprise, 
the  ambuscade,  the  massacre  ;  and  military 
strategy  consisted  of  cunning  and  treachery. 
Quarter  was  rarely  asked  and  never  granted  ; 
those  who  were  spared  from  the  fight  were  only 
reserved  for  a  barbarous  captivity,  ransom  or 
the  stake.  In  the  torture  of  his  victims  all  the 
diabolical  ferocity  of  the  savage  warrior's  nature 
burst  forth  without  restraint. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  1,  p.  44. 

5929.  WAR,  Romance  in.  Tliirty  Tears' 
War.  Duke  Christian,  passionately  enamored  of 
the  Electress  Palatine,  with  whom  he  had  be- 
come acquainted  in  Holland,  and  more  disposed 
for  war  than  ever,  led  back  his  army  into  Lower 
Saxony,  bearing  that  princess'  glove  in  his  hat, 
and  on  his  standards  the  motto,  "  All  for  God 
and  Her." — Thirty  Years'  War,  §  174. 


5930.  WAR  of  the  Roses.  England.  [The 
Duke  of  York  claimed  the  succession  to  the 
English  throne,  which  the  House  of  Lords  prom- 
ised at  the  death  of  King  Henry.]  But  the  open 
display  of  York's  pretensions  at  once  united  the 
partisans  of  the  royal  house  in  a  vigorous  re- 
sistance ;  and  the  deadly  struggle  which  received 
the  name  of  the  Wars  of  the  Roses  from  the 
white  rose  which  formed  the  badge  of  the  house 
of  York,  and  the  red  rose  which  was  the  cogni- 
zance of  the  house  of  Lancaster,  began  ia  a 
gathering  of  the  north  round  Lord  Clifford  and 
of  the  west  round  Henry,  Duke  of  Somerset. — 
Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §449. 

5931.  WAR  for  Spoils.  Athenians.  One 
day  Agesilaus  ordered  his  commissaries  to  sell 
the  prisoners,  but  to  strip  them  first.  Their 
clothes  found  many  purchasers  ;  but  as  to  the 
prisoners  themselves,  their  skins  being  soft  and 
white  by  reason  of  their  having  lived  so  much 
within  doors,  the  spectators  only  laughed  at 
them,  thinking  they  would  be  of  no  service  as 
slaves.  Whereupon  Agesilaus,  who  stood  by  at 
the  auction,  said  to  his  troops  :  "  These  are  the 
persons  whom  you  fight  with  ;"  and  then  point- 
ing to  the  rich  spoils,  ' '  Those  are  the  things  ye 
fight  for." — Plutarch's  Agesilaus. 

5932.  WAR,  Study  of.  Honorable.  Antigo- 
nus  being  asked  who  was  the  greatest  gen- 
eral, answered,  "  Pyrrhus  would  be,  if  he  lived 
to  be  old."  Antigonus,  indeed,  spoke  only  of  the 
generals  of  his  time  ;  but  Hannibal  said  that,  of 
all  the  world  had  ever  beheld,  the  first  in  jrenius 
and  skill  was  Pyrrhus,  Scipio  the  secon<i,  and 
himself  the  third.  .  .  .  This  was  the  only  science 
he  applied  himself  to  ;  this  was  the  subject  of 
his  thoughts  and  conversation  ;  for  he  considered 
it  as  a  royal  study,  and  looked  upon  other  arts  as 
mere  trifling  amusements.  And  it  is  reported 
that  when  he  was  asked  whether  he  thought 
Python  or  Caephisias  the  best  musician,  "  Poly- 
sperchon,"  said  he,  "  is  the  general  ;  "  intimating 
that  this  was  the  only  point  Avhich  it  became  a 
king  to  inquire  into  or  know. — Plutarch's  Pyr- 
rhus. 

5933.  WAR,  Sufferers  by.  TJie  Innocent.  [In 
1070  William  the  Conqueror  destroyed  the  coun- 
try for  a  hundred  miles  about  York.]  Malmes- 
bury,  writing  half  a  century  afterward,  says : 
"Thus  the  resources  of  a  province,  once  flour- 
ishing, were  cut  off,  by  fire,  slaughter,  and  de- 
vastation. The  ground  for  more  than  sixty 
miles,  totally  uncultivated  and  unproductive,  re- 
mains bare  to  the  present  day."  Ordericus  winds 
up  the  lamentable  story  with  these  words: 
' '  There  followed  consequently  so  great  a  scarcity 
in  England  in  the  ensuing  years,  that  severe 
famine  involved  the  innocent  and  unarmed  popu 
lation  in  so  much  misery,  that  .  .  .  more  than, 
a  hundred  thousand  souls  of  both  sexes  perished 
of  want." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  14,  p.  193. 

5934.  WAR,  Supplies  in.  Second  Crusade. 
The  army  was  reviewed  near  to  Nicaea,  where  it 
was  found  to  consist  of  600,000  foot,  including 
women,  and  100,000  horse.  We  have  no  accounts 
transmitted  to  us  how  such  multitudes  procure 
subsistence  when  once  they  had  come  into  a  hos- 
tile country.  It  is  difficult  to  conceive  that  they 
could  have  procured  it  by  plunder  without  such  a 
total  dispersion  as  must  have  rendered  all  their 
enterprises  ineffectual  against  such  a  formidable 


706 


WAR. 


enemy  as  the  Mohammedans.  ...  It  is  highly 
probable  that  the  greatest  part  of  the  calamities 
and  misfortunes  which  the  Crusaders  underwent 
must  have  arisen  from  a  scarcity  of  provisions. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  9,  p.  176. 

5935.  WAR,  Solitary  Survivor  of.  Afghan.  [In 
1841  a  British  army  was  sent  into  Afghan,  where, 
after  a  complete  success,  it  was  placed  in  great 
peril  by  the  treachery  of  the  natives.  A  retreat 
was  finally  begun,  and  of  4500  soldiers  only  one 
was  brought  in  to  Jelalabad,  and  he  Avounded 
and  exhausted.  It  was  Dr.  Brydon.] — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  8,  ch.  25,  p.  458. 

5936.  WAR,  Terrors  of  Civil.  To  Wellington. 
[The  Duke  of  Wellington  said  in  Parliament  on 
the  4th  of  April,  1829  :]  My  Lords,  I  am  one  of 
those  who  have  passed  a  longer  period  of  my 
life  engaged  in  war  than  most  men,  and  princi- 
pally, I  may  say,  in  civil  war  ;  and  I  must  say 
this,  that  if  I  could  avoid  by  any  sacrifice  what- 
ever even  one  month  of  civil  war  in  the  country 
to  which  I  am  attached,  I  would  sacrifice  my 
life  in  order  to  do  it.  I  say  that  there  is  nothing 
that  destroys  property  and  prosperity  and  de- 
moralizes character  to  the  degree  that  civil  war 
does  ;  by  it  the  hand  of  man  is  raised  against  his 
neighbor,  against  his  brother,  and  against  his 
father ;  the  servant  betrays  his  master,  and  the 
whole  scene  ends  in  confusion  and  devastation. 
—Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  8,  ch.  13,  p.  239. 

5937.  WAR,  Toleration  in.  Mahometan. 
[When  Abou-Bekr,  the  successor  of  Mahomet, 
was  about  to  march  his  Arabian  warriors  into 
Syria,  he  gathered  them  round  him  in  a  circle.] 
"Warriors  of  Islam,"  said  he,  "attend  a  mo- 
ment, and  listen  well  to  the  precepts  which  I  am 
about  to  promulge  to  you  for  observation  in 
times  of  war.  Fight  with  bravery  and  loyalty. 
Never  use  artifice  or  perfidy  toward  your  en- 
emies ;  do  not  mutilate  the  fallen  ;  do  not  slay 
the  aged,  nor  the  children,  nor  the  women  ;  do 
not  destroy  the  palm  trees ;  do  not  burn  the 
crops  ;  do  not  cut  the  fruit  trees  ;  do  not  slaugh- 
ter the  animals,  except  what  will  be  necessary  for 
your  nourishment.  You  will  find  upon  your 
route  men  living  in  solitude,  in  meditation,  in 
the  adoration  of  God  ;  do  them  no  injury,  give 
them  no  offence."  —  Lamartine's  Turkey, 
p.  158. 

593§.  WAR,  Trained  for.  Franks.  The  lofty 
stature  of  the  Franks,  and  their  blue  eyes,  de- 
noted a  Germanic  origin  ;  their  close  apparel  ac- 
curately expressed  the  figure  of  their  limbs ;  a 
weighty  sword  was  suspended  from  a  broad 
belt ;  their  bodies  were  protected  by  a  large 
shield ;  and  these  warlike  Barbarians  were 
trained,  from  their  earliest  youth,  to  run,  to  leap, 
to  swim  ;  to  dart  the  javelin,  or  battle-axe,  with 
unerring  aim  ;  to  advance,  without  hesitation, 
against  a  superior  enemy ;  and  to  maintain, 
either  in  life  or  death,  the  invincible  reputation 
of  their  ancestors. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  35, 
p.  429. 

5939.  WAR,  Trophies  of.  Ghastly.  From  the 
permanent  conquest  of  Russia  the  Tartars  made  a 
deadly  though  transient  inroad  into  the  heart  of 
Poland,  and  as  far  as  the  borders  of  Germany. 
The  cities  of  Lublin  and  Cracow  were  obliter- 
ated ;  they  approached  the  shores  of  the  Baltic  ; 
and  in  the  battle  of  Lignitz  they  defeated  the 


dukes  of  Silesia,  the  Polish  palatines,  and  the 
great  master  of  the  Teutonic  order,  and  filled 
nine  sacks  with  the  right  ears  of  the  slain. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  64,  p.  218. 

5940.  WAR,  Uncertainties  of.  Rebellion.  Jef^ 
ferson  Davis  had  himself  declared,  .  .  .  when- 
ever the  war  should  open,  the  North  and  not  the 
South  should  be  the  field  of  battle.  ...  L.  P. 
Walker,  the  rebel  secretary  of  war,  had  said  .  .  . 
he  would  prophesy  that  the  flag  which  now 
flaunts  the  breeze  here  would  float  over  the 
dome  of  the  old  Capitol  at  Washington  before 
the  first  of  May,  and  that  it  might  float  event- 
ually over  Faneuil  Hall  itself.  —  Raymond's 
Lincoln,  ch.  6,  p.  178. 

5941. .  American  Bevolution.  Three 

daj's  after  his  victory  [at  Trenton]  Washington 
again  crossed  the  Delaware,  and  took  post  at 
Trenton.  .  .  .  The  British  fell  back  from  their 
outposts  on  the  Delaware,  and  concentrated  in 
great  force  at  Princeton.  Cornwallis  took  com- 
mand in  person,  and  resolved  to  attack  and  over- 
whelm Washington  at  Trenton.  So  closed  the 
year.  Ten  days  previously  Howe  only  waitea 
for  the  freezing  up  of  the  Delaware  before  taking 
up  his  quarters  in  Philadelphia.  Now  it  was  a 
question  whether  he  would  be  able  to  hold  a 
single  town  in  New  Jersey. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  39,  p.  316. 

5942.  WAR  unhindered.  King  Philip's  War. 
The  Indians  were  not  idle.  "  We  will  fight," 
said  they,  "these  twenty  years;  you  have 
houses,  barns,  and  corn  ;  we  have  now  nothing 
to  lose." — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  2,  ch.  12. 

5943.  WAR,   Waste   of.     Devastation.      The 
Emperor  Charles  [V.],  whose  recent  triumphs 
had  inspired  him   with  unbounded   self-confi- 
dence, expressed  the  utmost  disdain  for  the  mili- 
tary resources  and  tactics  of  his  adversary,  and, 
vowing  that  he  would  bring  the   [Francis  I.] 
King  of  France  as  low  as  the  poorest  gentleman 
in  his  dominions,  he  crossed  the  Var  and  invaded 
Provence,  at  the  head  of  50,000  men,  on  the 
25th  of  July.     The  French  army,  led  by  the 
Constable   Montmorency,  took    post  at  Avig- 
non, which  commands  both  the  Rhone  and  the 
Durance.     The  population  was  ordered  to  retire 
into  the  fortified  towns ;    property  and  provi- 
sions of  all  kinds  were  hastily  withdrawn,  and 
the  entire  district  in  the  route  of  the  advancing 
enemy  was  then  mercilessly  laid  waste  by  the 
French  themselves,  so  that  Provence  presented 
in  the  course  of  a  few  days  the  most  deplorable 
spectacle  of  desolation.      Flourishing  towns — 
Grasse,  Digne,  Draguignan,  Antibes,  Toulon — 
were  set  on  fire  and  reduced  to  ashes ;  the  in- 
habitants fled  to  the  mountains,  where  thousands 
perished  from  exposure,  privation,  and  hunger. 
The  march  of  the  invaders  was  unopposed  ;  but 
it  became  every  day  more  and  more  difficult  to 
subsist  the  troops,  and  on  reaching  Aix,  the  cap- 
ital, where  he  had  intended  to  take  triumphant 
possession  of  the  kingdom  of  Provence,  Charles 
found  it,  to  his  great  dismay,  totally  depopulated 
and  abandoned  ;  everything  had  been  removed 
or  destroyed  that  could  be  of  the  slightest  use  or 
value  to  a  conqueror.     Famine,  and  its  never- 
failing   consequence,  contagious  disease,  soon 
made  fearful  havoc  in  the  imperial  ranks.     It 
was  attempted  to  besiege  Aries  and  Marseilles  ; 
but  in  each  case  the  assailants  were  beaten  off 


WAR— WATCHJVIEN. 


707 


with  severe  loss  ;  and  the  emperor,  hearing  at 
this  moment  of  th3  arrival  of  Francis  on  his  in- 
trenched camp  before  Avignon,  and  apprehend- 
:  ing  an  attack  with  overwhelming  numbers,  re- 
I  luctantly  gave  orders  to  commence  a  retreat  — 
Students'  France. 

5944.  WAE,  Wealth  by.  Peter  Cooper.  The 
war,  however,  was  the  beginning  of  his  fortune. 
The  supply  of  foreign  merchandise  being  cut  oflf, 

,  a  great  impulse  was  given  to  manufactures. 
Cloth,  for  example,  rose  to  such  an  extravagant 
;  price  that  cloth  factories  sprang  up  everywhere, 
fand  there  was  a  sudden  demand  for  every  de- 
[scription  of  cloth-making  machinery.  Peter 
!  Cooper,  who  possessed  a  fine  genius  for  inven- 
ftion,  invented  a  machine  for  shearing  the  nap 
[from  the  surface  of  cloth.  It  answered  its  pur- 
fpose  well,  and  he  sold  it  without  delay  to  good 
advantage.  Then  he  made  another  ;  and  as 
often  as  he  had  one  done,  he  would  go  to  some 
cloth  mill,  explain  its  merits,  and  sell  it.  He 
soon  had  a  thriving  shop,  where  he  employed 
several  men,  and  he  sold  his  machines  faster 
than  he  could  make  them. — Cyclopedia  of 
BiOG.,  p.  572. 

5945.  WAR,  Wounds  in.  Philip  of  Macedon. 
No  warrior  was  ever  bolder  or  more  intrepid  in 
fight.  Demosthenes,  who  cannot  be  suspected 
of  flattering  him,  gives  a  glorious  testimony  of 
him  on  this  head  ;  for  which  reason  I  will  cite 
his  own  words.  "  I  saw,"  says  this  orator, 
"this  very  Philip,  with  whom  we  disputed  for 
sovereignty  and  empire — I  saw  him,  though  cov- 
ered with  wounds,  his  eyes  struck  out,  his  collar- 
bone broken,  maimed  both  in  his  hands  and  feet, 
still  resolutely  rush  into  the  midst  of  dangers,  and 
ready  to  deliver  up  to  fortune  any  other  part  of 
his  body  she  might  desire,  provided  he  might 
live  honorably  and  gloriously  with  the  rest  of  it. " 
— Rolun's  Hist.  ,  Book  14,  §  8. 

5946.  WARFARE,  Unequal.  Ainerican  Bev- 
olution.  During  the  siimmer  [1776]  Washing- 
ton's forces  were  augmented  to  about  27,000 
men  ;  but  the  terms  of  enlistment  were  constant- 
ly expiring  ;  sickness  prevailed  in  the  camp  ;  and 
the  eflfective  force  was  but  little  more  than  half 
as  great  as  the  aggregate.  On  the  other  hand, 
Great  Britain  was  making  the  vastest  prepara- 
tions. By  a  treaty  with  some  of  the  petty  Ger- 
man States,  17,000  Hessian  mercenaries  were 
hired  to  fight  against  America.  George  III.  was 
going  to  quell  his  revolted  provinces  by  turning 
loose  upon  them  a  brutal  foreign  soldiery  ;  25,000 
additional  English  troops  were  levied  ;  an  im- 
mense squadron  was  fitted  out  to  aid  in  the  re- 
duction of  the  colonies,  and  |1, 000,000  were 
voted  for  the  extraordinary  expenses  of  the  war 
department.  By  these  measures  the  Americans 
were  greatly  exasperated. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  39,  p.  308. 

5947.  WARNING  of  Danger.  RicTiard  I. 
[Richard  the  Lion.]  The  firmness  of  Hubert 
Walter  had  secured  order  in  England,  but  over 
sea  Richard  found  himself  face  to  face  with 
dangers  which  he  was  too  clear-sighted  to  un- 
dervalue. Destitute  of  his  father's  administra- 
tive genius,  less  ingenious  in  his  political  con- 
ceptions than  John,  Richard  was  far  from  being 
a  mere  soldier.  A  love  of  adventure,  a  pride  in 
sheer  physical  strength,  here  and  there  a  roman- 
tic generosity  jostled  roughly  with  the  craft,  the 


unscrupulousness,  the  violence  of  his  race  ;  but 
he  was  at  heart  a  statesman,  cool  and  patient  in 
the  execution  of  his  plans  as  he  was  bold  in  their 
conception.  "The  devil  is  loose  ;  take  care  of 
yourself,"  Philip  had  written  to  John  at  the  news 
of  Richard's  release. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People, 
§  151. 

594§.  WARNINGS,  Effective.  Ccesars.  It  was 
now  eleven  in  the  forenoon.  Caesar  shook  oflf 
his  uneasiness,  and  rose  to  go.  As  he  crossed  the 
hall,  his  statue  fell,  and  shivered  on  the  stones. 
Some  servants,  perhaps,  had  heard  whispers, 
and  wished  to  warn  him.  As  he  still  passed  on, 
a  stranger  thrust  a  scroll  into  his  hand,  and 
begged  him  to  read  it  on  the  spot.  It  contained 
a  list  of  the  conspirators,  with  a  clear  account  of 
the  plot.  He  supposed  it  to  be  a  petition,  and 
placed  it  carelessly  among  his  other  papers.  The 
fate  of  the  empire  hung  upon  a  thread,  but  the 
thread  was  not  broken.  As  Caesar  had  lived  to 
reconstruct  the  Roman  world,  so  his  death  was 
necessary  to  finish  the  work.  [He  was  assassi- 
nated.]— Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  27. 

5949.  WARS,  Occasion  of.  Religion  and  Com- 
merce, a.d.  1713.  The  treaty  of  peace  at  Utrecht 
scattered  the  seeds  of  war  broadcast  throughout 
the  globe.  .  .  .  Instead  of  establishing  equal  jus- 
tice, England  sought  commercial  advantages  ; 
.  .  .  for  about  two  centuries  the  wars  of  religion 
had  prevailed.  The  wars  for  commercial  advan- 
tages were  now  prepared.  The  interests  of  com- 
merce, under  the  narrow  point  of  view  of  privi- 
lege and  of  profit,  regulated  diplomacy,  swayed 
legislation,  and  marshalled  revolutions.  [See 
No.  4097.]— Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  3,  ch.  21. 

5950.  WATCHFULNESS,  Safety  by.  Tennessee 
Wilderness.  Never  has  a  settlement  been  so  in- 
fested with  hostile  Indians  as  this.  When  Ra- 
chel Donelson  [afterward  the  beloved  wife  of 
General  Jackson],  with  her  sisters  and  young 
friends,  went  blackberrying,  a  guard  of  young 
men,  with  their  rifles  loaded  and  cocked,  stood 
guard  over  the  surrounding  thickets  while  the 
girls  picked  the  fruit.  It  was  not  safe  for  a  man 
to  stoop  over  a  spring  to  drink  unless  some  one 
else  was  on  the  watch  with  his  rifle  in  his  arms  ; 
and  when  half  a  dozen  men  stood  together,  in 
conversation,  they  turned  their  backs  to  each 
other,  all  facing  different  ways,  to  watch  for  a 
lurking  savage.  So  the  Donelsons  lived  for 
eight  years,  and  gathered  about  them  more  ne- 
groes, more  cattle,  and  more  horses  than  any 
other  household  in  the  settlement.— Cyclopedia 
of  Biog.,  p.  534. 

5951 .  WATCHMEN,  Mistaken.  American  Rev- 
olution. Marching  by  way  of  Charlestown  Neck, 
the  provincials  came,  about  eleven  o'clock,  to  the 
eminence  which  they  were  instructed  to  fortify. 
Prescott  and  his  engineer,  Gridley,  not  liking  the 
position  of  Bunker  Hill,  proceeded  down  the 
peninsular  seven  hundred  yards  to  another  height, 
afterward  called  Breed's  Hill.  The  latter  was 
within  easy  cannon  range  of  Boston.  On  this 
summit  a  redoubt  eight  rods  square  was  planned 
by  the  engineer,  and  there,  from  midnight  to 
day-dawn,  the  men  worked  in  silence.  The  Brit- 
ish ships  in  the  harbor  were  so  near  that  the 
Americans  could  hear  the  sentinels  on  deck  re- 
peating the  night  call,  ' '  All  is  well. "  The  works 
were  not  yet  completed  when  morning  revealed 


708 


WATER— WEAKNESS. 


the  new-made  redoubt  to  the  astonished  British 
of  Boston.— Ridpath's  U.  S.,  eh.  38,  p.  300. 

5952.  WATEE,  Need  of.  Kingdom.  The 
most  distinguished  of  his  [Lycurgus']  ancestors 
was  Sous,  under  whom  the  Lacedaemonians  made 
the  Helotes  their  slaves,  and  gained  an  extensive 
tract  of  land  from  the  Arcadians.  Of  this  Sous 
it  is  related  that,  being  besieged  by  the  Clito- 
rians  in  a  difficult  post  where  there  was  no  water, 
he  agreed  to  give  up  all  his  conquests,  provided 
that  himself  and  all  his  army  should  drink  of 
the  neighboring  spring.  When  these  conditions 
were  sworn  to,  he  assembled  his  forces,  and  of- 
fered his  kingdom  to  the  man  that  would  for- 
bear drinking  ;  not  one  of  them,  however,  would 
deny  himself. — Plutarch's  Lycurgus. 

5953.  WATEH,  Overflow  of.  Alban  Lake.  Of 
the  many  springs,  brooks,  and  lakes  which  Italy 
abounds  with,  some  were  dried  up,  and  others 
but  feebly  resisted  the  drought ;  the  rivers  always 
low  in  the  summer,  then  ran  with  a  very  slender 
stream.  But  the  Alban  Lake,  which  has  its  source 
within  itself,  and  discharges  no  part  of  its  water, 
being  quite  surrounded  with  mountains,  without 
any  cause,  unless  it  was  a  supernatural  one,  be- 
gan to  rise  and  swell  in  a  most  remarkable  man- 
ner, increasing  until  it  reached  the  sides,  and  at 
last  the  very  tops  of  the  hills,  all  which  hap- 
pened without  any  agitation  of  its  waters.  For 
a  while  it  was  the  wonder  of  the  shepherds  and 
herdsmen  ;  but  when  the  earth,  which,  like  a 
mole,  kept  it  from  overflowing  the  country  be- 
low, was  broken  down  with  the  quantity  and 
weight  of  water  then  descending  like  a  torrent 
through  the  ploughed  fields  and  other  cultivated 
grounds  to  the  sea,  it  not  only  astonished  the 
Romans,  but  was  thought  by  all  Italy  to  portend 
some  extraordinary  event.  [The  oracles  declar- 
ed] that  the  city  could  never  be  taken  until 
the  waters  of  the  Alban  Lake,  which  had  now 
forsaken  their  bed,  and  found  new  passages, 
were  turned  back,  or  so  diverted  as  to  prevent 
their  mixing  with  the  sea. — Plutarch's  Ca- 

MILLUS. 

5954.  WATEEING-PLACES,  Rustic.  Reign 
of  Charles  II.  When  the  court,  soon  after  the 
Restoration,  visited  Tunbridge  Wells,  there  was 
no  town  there  ;  but  within  a  mile  of  the  spring 
rustic  cottages,  somewhat  cleaner  and  neater 
than  the  ordinary  cottages  of  that  time,  were 
scattered  over  the  heath.  Some  of  these  cabins 
were  movable,  and  were  carried  on  sledges  from 
one  part  of  the  common  to  another.  To  these 
huts  men  of  fashion,  wearied  with  the  din  and 
smoke  of  London,  sometimes  came  in  the  sum- 
mer to  breathe  fresh  air,  and  to  catch  a  glimpse 
of  rural  life.  During  the  season  a  kind  of  fair 
was  daily  held  near  the  fountain.  The  wives 
and  daughters  of  the  Kentish  farmers  came  from 
the  neighboring  villages  Avith  cream,  cherries, 
wheat  ears,  and  quails.  To  chaffer  with  them, 
to  flirt  with  them,  to  praise  their  straw  hats  and 
tight  heels,  was  a  refreshing  pastime  to  volup- 
tuaries sick  of  the  airs  of  actresses  and  maids  of 
honor.  Milliners,  toymen,  and  jewellers  came 
down  from  London,  and  opened  a  bazaar  under 
the  trees.  In  one  booth  the  politician  might  find 
his  coffee  and  the  London  Gazette;  in  another 
were  gamblers  playing  deep  at  basset ;  and  on 
fine  evenings  the  fiddlers  were  in  attendance, 
juid  there  were  morris-dances  on  the  elastic  turf 


of  the  bowling  green. — Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  3, 
p.  322. 

5955.  WATEEING-PLACES,  Uninviting.  Beign 
of  Charles  II.  [At  Bath  Springs  the  rooms  were 
small  and]  were  uncarpeted,  and  were  colored 
brown  with  a  wash  made  of  soot  and  small  beer, 
in  order  to  hide  the  dirt.  Not  a  wainscot  was 
painted.  Not  a  hearth  or  chimney-piece  was  of 
marble.  A  slab  of  common  freestone,  and  fire- 
irons  which  had  cost  from  three  to  four  shillings, 
were  thought  sufficient  for  any  fireplace.  The 
best  apartments  were  hung  with  coarse  woollen 
stuff,  and  were  furnished  with  rush-bottomed 
chairs. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  323. 

5956.  WEAK  destroyed.  Ancient  Germans. 
[The  Heruli,  who  anciently  inhabited  the  dark 
forests  of  Germany  and  Poland,]  were  a  fierce 
people  who  disdained  the  use  of  armor,  and  who 
condemned  their  widows  and  aged  parents  not 
to  survive  the  loss  of  their  husbands  or  the  de- 
cay of  their  strength. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  39, 
p.  16. 

5957.  WEAKNESS,  Criminality  of.  Richard 
Cromwell.  [When  Richard  Cromwell  succeeded 
his  father  in  the  Protectorate  of  England,  he  did 
not  bring  his  father's  endowments  with  him. 
When  the  army  began  to  evince  a  hostility  tow- 
ard Parliament  the  officers  who  were  devoted 
to  him  urged  him  to  adopt  some  strong  meas- 
ure, and  stand  firm.  But  he  shrank  from  the 
responsibility,  saying,]  "  I  have  never  done  any- 
body any  harm,  and  I  never  will ;  I  will  not 
have  a  drop  of  blood  spilt  for  the  preservation  of 
my  greatness,  which  is  a  burden  to  me." — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  14,  p.  220. 

595§.  WEAKNESS  by  Enlargement.  Empire 
of  the  Mohammedans.  The  third  and  most  obvi- 
ous cause  of  the  decline  and  fall  of  the  caliphs 
was  the  weight  and  magnitude  of  the  empire 
itself.  The  caliph  Almamon  might  proudly 
assert  that  it  was  easier  for  him  to  rule  the  East 
and  the  West  than  to  manage  a  chess-board  of 
two  feet  square  ;  yet  I  suspect  that  in  both  those 
games  he  was  guilty  of  many  fatal  mistakes. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  52,  p.  325. 

5959.  WEAKNESS  of  great  Men.  Demosthenes. 
[At  the  battle  of  Cheronaea]  Demosthenes,  who 
was  a  greater  statesman  than  a  warrior,  and 
more  capable  of  giving  wholesome  counsel  in 
his  harangues  than  of  supporting  them  by  an 
intrepid  courage,  threw  down  his  arms,  and 
fled  with  the  rest.  It  is  even  said  that  in  his 
flight  his  robe  being  caught  by  a  bramble,  he 
imagined  that  some  of  the  enemy  had  laid  hold 
of  him,  and  cried  out,  "  Spare  my  life  !"  More 
than  1000  Athenians  were  left  upon  the  field  of 
battle,  and  above  2000  taken  prisoners,  among 
whom  was  Demades,  the  orator.  The  loss  was 
as  great  on  the  Theban  side.  —  Rollin's  Hist., 
Book  14,  §  6. 

5960.  WEAKNESS,  Moral.  Milo  t?ie  Athlete. 
[He  was  the  champion  wrestler  of  Greece.]  An 
author  has  judiciously  observed  that  this  sur- 
prisingly robust  champion,  who  prided  himself 
so  much  on  his  bodily  strength,  was  the  weakest 
of  men  with  regard  to  a  passion  which  often 
subdues  and  captivates  the  strongest ;  a  courte- 
san having  gained  so  great  an  ascendancy  over 
Milo  that  she  tyrannized  over  him  in  the  most 
imperious  manner,  and  made  him  obey  what- 


WEALTH. 


7og 


ever  commands  she  laid  upon  him. — Rollin's 
Hist.,  Book  7,  cli.  3,  §  299. 

5961 .  WEALTH,  Conservation  of.  Reign  of 
James  II.  [He  desired  to  secure  the  religious 
revolution  of  England  by  securing  a  Roman 
Catholic  succession  to  the  throne.]  To  all  men 
not  utterly  blinded  by  passion,  these  difficulties 
appeared  insuperable.  The  most  unscrupulous 
slaves  of  power  showed  signs  of  uneasiness. 
Dryden  muttered  that  the  king  would  only 
make  matters  worse  by  trying  to  mend  them, 
and  sighed  for  the  golden  days  of  the  careless 
and  good-natured  Charles.  Even  Jeffreys 
wavered.  As  long  as  he  was  poor,  he  was  per- 
fectly ready  to  face  obloquy  and  public  hatred 
for  lucre.  But  he  had  now,  by  corruption  and 
extortion,  accumulated  great  riches  ;  and  he  was 
more  anxious  to  secure  them  than  to  increase 
them.  His  slackness  drew  on  him  a  sharp  rep- 
rimand from  the  royal  lips.  In  dread  of  being 
deprived  of  the  great  seal,  he  promised  whatever 
was  required  of  him  ;  but  Barillon,  in  reporting 
this  circumstance  to  Louis,  remarked  that  the 
King  of  England  could  place  little  reliance  on 
any  man  who  had  anything  to  lose. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  291. 

5962.  WEALTH,  Corrupting.  Religion.  The 
story  of  Paul  of  Samosata,  who  filled  the  metro- 
politan see  of  Antioch,  while  the  East  was  in 
the  hands  of  de  Onathus  and  Zenobia,  may  serve 
to  illustrate  the  condition  and  character  of  the 
times.  The  wealth  of  that  prelate  was  a  suffi- 
cient evidence  of  his  guilt,  since  it  was  neither 
derived  from  the  inheritance  of  his  fathers  nor 
acquired  by  the  arts  of  honest  industry.  But 
Paul  considered  the  service  of  the  Church  as  a 
very  lucrative  profession.  His  ecclesiastical  ju- 
risdiction was  venal  and  rapacious  ;  he  extorted 
frequent  contributions  from  the  most  opulent  of 
the  faithful,  and  converted  to  his  own  use  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  public  revenue.  By  his 
pride  and  luxury  the  Christian  religion  was 
rendered  odious  in  the  eyes  of  the  Gentiles.  His 
council  chamber  and  his  throne,  the  splendor 
with  which  he  appeared  in  public,  the  suppliant 
crowd  who  solicited  his  attention,  the  multitude 
of  letters  and  petitions  to  which  he  dictated  his 
answers,  and  the  perpetual  hurry  of  business  in 
which  he  was  involved,  were  circumstances 
much  better  suited  to  the  state  of  a  civil  magis- 
trate than  to  the  humility  of  a  primitive  bishop. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16,  p.  53. 

5963.  WEALTH  by  Corruption.  Lord  Claren- 
don. [Lord  Clarendon,  chancellor  for  the  cor- 
rupt Charles  II.,]  returned  from  exile  in  the 
deepest  poverty.  In  seven  years  he  had  acquired 
a  sufficient  fortune  to  build  a  mansion  superior 
to  ducal  palaces,  and  to  furnish  it  with  the  most 
costly  objects  of  taste  and  luxury.  It  was  called 
"  Dunkirk  House"  by  the  people,  because  they 
saw  what  they  believed  to  be  evidence  of  foreign 
bribery. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  17,  p.  301. 

5964.  WEALTH,  Cost  of.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Mrs.  Thrale  mentioned  a  gentleman  who  had  ac- 
quired a  fortune  of  £4000  a  year  in  trade,  but 
was  absolutely  miserable,  because  he  could  not 
talk  in  company  ;  so  miserable,  that  he  was  im- 
pelled to  lament  his  situation  in  the  street  to , 

whom  he  hates,  and  who  he  knows  despises  him. 
"  I  am  a  most  unhappy  man,"  said  he.  "  I  am 
invited  to  conversations.    I  go  to  conversations  ; 


but,  alas  !  I  have  no  conversation."  Johnson  : 
' '  Man  commonly  cannot  be  successful  in  differ- 
ent ways.  This  gentleman  has  spent,  in  getting 
£4000  a  year,  the  time  in  which  he  might  have 
learned  to  talk  ;  and  now  he  cannot  talk."  Mr. 
Perkins  made  a  shrewd  and  droll  remark  :  "  If 
he  had  got  his  £4000  a  year  as  a  mountebank,  he 
might  have  learned  to  talk  at  the  same  time  that 
he  was  getting  his  fortune." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  455. 

5965.  .      Samuel  Johnson.      The 

conversation  having  turned  on  the  prevailing 
practice  of  going  to  the  East  Indies  in  quest  of 
wealth.  Johnson  :  "A  man  had  better  have 
£10,000  at  the  end  of  ten  years  passed  in  Eng- 
land than  £20,000  at  the  end  of  ten  years  passed 
in  India,  because  you  must  compute  what  you 
give  for  money ;  and  a  man  who  has  lived  ten 
years  in  India  has  given  up  ten  years  of  social 
comfort,  and  all  those  advantages*which  arise 
from  living  in  England." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  415. 

5966.  WEALTH,  Dangerous.  To  Piety.  John 
Wesley  remarked  in  early  life  that  he  had  known 
but  four  men  who  had  not  declined  in  religion 
by  becoming  wealthy  ;  at  a  later  period  in  life 
he  corrected  the  remark,  and  made  no  excep- 
tion.— Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  268. 

5967.  WEALTH,  Despoiled  of.  By  Cromwell. 
The  old  Irish  gentry  were  scattered  over  the 
whole  world.  Descendants  of  Milesian  chief- 
tains swarmed  in  all  the  courts  and  camps  of 
the  Continent.  The  despoiled  proprietors  who 
still  remained  in  their  native  land  brooded 
gloomily  over  their  losses,  pined  for  the  opulence 
and  dignity  of  which  they  had  been  deprived, 
and  cherished  wild  hopes  of  another  revolution. 
A  person  of  this  class  was  described  by  his  coun- 
tryman as  a  gentleman  who  would  be  rich  if 
justice  were  done,  as  a  gentleman  who  had 
a  fine  estate  if  he  could  only  get  it. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  120. 

596S.  WEALTH  destroyed.  For  Safety. 
After  the  retreat  [from  Africa]  of  the  Saracens, 
the  victorious  prophetess  [Cahina]  assembled  the 
Moorish  chiefs,  and  recommended  a  measure  of 
strange  and  savage  policy.  "Our  cities,"  said 
she,  "  and  the  gold  and  silver  which  they  con- 
tain, perpetually  attract  the  arms  of  the  Arabs. 
These  vile  metals  are  not  the  objects  of  our  am- 
bition ;  we  content  ourselves  with  the  simple 
productions  of  the  earth.  Let  us  destroy  these 
cities  ;  let  us  bury  in  their  ruins  those  pernicious 
treasures  ;  and  when  the  avarice  of  our  foes  shall 
be  destitute  of  temptation,  perhaps  they  will 
cease  to  disturb  the  tranquillity  of  a  warlike  peo- 
ple." The  proposal  was  accepted  with  unani- 
mous applause.  From  Tanker  to  Tripoli  the 
buildings,  or  at  least  the  fortifications,  were  de- 
molished, the  fruit-trees  were  cut  down,  the 
means  of  subsistence  were  extirpated,  a  fertile 
and  populous  garden  was  changed  into  a  desert, 
and  the  historians  of  a  more  recent  period  could 
discern  the  frequent  traces  of  the  prosperity 
and  devastation  of  their  ancestors. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  246. 

5969.  WEALTH,  Enormous.  Canta^uzerye. 
[This  grand  chamberlain  and  adroit  intriguer  of 
the  Turkish  empire  became  the  possessor  of 
enormous  wealth.]     The  register  of  his  private 


710 


WEALTH. 


wealth  reminds  us  of  the  opulence  of  LucuUus 
and  of  Crassus  at  Rome.  The  confiscation  of  his 
treasures  in  silver,  after  his  first  exile,  sutticed 
to  equip  a  fleet  of  sixty  vessels.  His  granaries 
contained  the  provisions  of  a  capital,  in  barley 
and  wheat.  Two  thousand  yoke  of  oxen  tilled 
his  lands  in  Thrace  ;  two  thousand  five  hundred 
mares  supplied  with  horses  his  stables  ;  three 
hundred  camels,  five  hundred  mules,  five  hun- 
dred asses,  fifty  thousand  hogs,  seventy  thousand 
sheep,  filled  his  farmyards  or  covered  his  pas- 
tures.— Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  224. 

5970.  WEALTH,  Failure  of.  Samuel  Jolin- 
son.  Johnson  and  I  set  out  in  Dr.  Taylor's 
chaise  to  go  to  Derby.  The  day  was  fine,  and 
we  resolved  to  go  by  Keddlestone,  the  seat  of 
Lord  Scarsdale,  that  I  might  see  his  Lordship's 
fine  house.  I  was  struck  with  the  magnificence 
of  the  building ;  and  the  extensive  park,  with 
the  finest  verdure,  covered  with  deer  and  cattle 
and  sheep,  delighted  me.  The  number  of  old 
oaks,  of  an  immense  size,  filled  me  with  a  sort 
of  respectful  admiration  ;  for  one  of  them  £60 
was  offered.  The  excellent  smooth  gravel  roads  ; 
the  large  piece  of  water,  formed  by  his  Lordship 
from  some  small  brooks,  with  a  handsome  barge 
upon  it ;  the  venerable  Gothic  church,  now  the 
family  chapel,  just  by  the  house — in  short,  the 
grand  group  of  objects  agitated  and  distended 
my  mind  in  a  most  agreeable  manner.  "  One 
should  think,"  said  I,  "  that  the  proprietor  of  all 
this  must  be  happy."  "Nay,  sir,"  said  Johnson  ; 
"all  this  excludes  but  one  evil — poverty." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  339. 

5971.  WEALTH  by  Flattery.  Borne.  A  rich 
childish  old  man  was  a  domestic  tyrant,  and 
his  power  increased  with  his  years  and  infirmi- 
ties. A  servile  crowd,  in  which  he  frequently 
reckoned  praetors  and  consuls,  courted  his 
smiles,  pampered  his  avarice,  applauded  his 
follies,  served  his  passions,  and  waited  with  im- 
patience for  his  death.  The  arts  of  attendance 
and  flattery  were  formed  into  a  most  lucrative 
science  ;  those  who  professed  it  acquired  a  pecul- 
iar appellation ;  and  the  whole  city,  according 
to  the  lively  descriptions  of  satire,  was  divided 
between  two  parties — the  hunters  and  their 
game.  [The  flatterers  hoped  for  legacies.] — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6,  p.  192. 

5972.  WEALTH,  Genius  for.  Marcus  Crassus. 
He  made  himself  useful  to  the  Dictator  by  his 
genius  for  finance,  and  in  return  he  was  enabled 
to  amass  an  enormous  fortune  for  himself  out 
of  the  proscriptions.  His  eye  for  business 
reached  over  the  whole  Roman  Empire.  He 
was  banker,  speculator,  contractor,  merchant. 
He  lent  money  to  the  spendthrift  young  lords, 
but  with  sound  security  and  at  usurious  interest. 
He  had  an  army  of  slaves,  but  these  slaves  were 
not  ignorant  field-hands  ;  they  were  skilled  work- 
men in  all  arts  and  trades,  whose  labors  he 
turned  to  profit  in  building  streets  and  palaces. 
Thus  all  that  he  touched  turned  to  gold.  He  was 
the  wealthiest  single  individual  in  the  whole 
empire,  the  acknowledged  head  of  the  business 
world  of  Rome. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  9,  p.  16. 

5973.  WEALTH,  Hopes  of.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. A.D.  1860.  [Mr.  Lincoln  visited  New 
York,  where  he  met  a  former  resident  of  Illi- 
nois.] "  Well,  B.,  how  have  you  fared  since 
you  left  Illinois  ?"    To  which  B.  replied  :  "I 


have  made  $100,000,  and  lost  it  all  ;  how  is  it 
with  you,  Mr.  Lincoln  ?"  "  Oh,  very  well,"  said 
Mr.  Lincoln  ;  "  I  have  the  cottage  at  Spring 
field,  and  about  $8000  in  money.  If  they 
make  me  Vice-President  with  Seward,  as  some 
say  they  will,  I  hope  I  shall  be  able  to  increase 
it  to  $20,000,  and  that  is  as  much  as  any  man 
ought  to  want." — Raymond's  Lincoln,  ch,  3, 
p.  100. 

5974.  WEALTH,  Immoderate.  Bomans.  The 
historian  Olympiodorus,  who  represents  the 
state  of  Rome  when  it  was  besieged  by  the 
Goths,  .  .  .  observes  that  several  of  the  richest 
senators  received  from  their  estates  an  annual  in- 
come of  four  thousand  pounds  of  gold  above 
one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  pounds  ster- 
ling, without  computing  the  stated  provision 
of  corn  and  wine,  which,  had  they  been  sold, 
might  have  equalled  in  value  one  third  of  the 
money.  Compared  to  this  immoderate  wealth, 
an  ordinary  revenue  of  a  thousand  or  fifteen 
hundred  pounds  of  gold  might  be  considered  as 
no  more  than  adequate  to  the  dignity  of  the  sen- 
atorian  rank,  which  required  many  expenses 
of  a  public  and  ostentatious  kind.  [About  a.d. 
400].— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31,  p.  249. 

5975.  WEALTH  by  Labor.  Peter  Cooper. 
Now  followed  thirty  years  of  steady  hard  work. 
He  learned  how  to  make  the  best  glue  that  ever 
was  made  in  the  world,  and  it  brought  the  high- 
est price.  For  twenty  years  he  had  no  book- 
keeper, no  clerk,  no  salesman,  no  agent.  He 
was  up  at  the  dawn  of  day.  He  lighted  the 
factory  fires,  so  as  to  be  ready  for  the  men  at 
seven  o'clock.  He  boiled  his  own  glue.  At 
midday  he  drove  into  town  in  his  wagon,  called 
upon  his  customers,  and  sold  them  glue  and 
isinglass.  At  home  in  the  evening,  posting  his 
books  and  reading  to  his  family.  Such  was  his 
life  for  thirty  years,  his  business  producing  him 
thirty  thousand  dollars  a  year,  a  large  portion 
of  which  he  saved,  always  thinking  and  often 
talking  of  the  institution  which  he  hoped  to 
found.  Glue  is  made  from  bullocks'  feet,  and 
for  many  years  he  consumed  in  his  glue  facto- 
ry all  the  feet  which  the  city  yielded,  and  saw 
the  price  gradually  rise  from  one  cent  to  twelve 
cents  per  foot. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  574. 

5976.  WEALTH,  Perils  of.  Roman  Emperor 
Diocletian.  One  very  remarkable  edict  which 
he  published,  instead  of  being  condemned  as  the 
effect  of  jealous  tyranny,  deserves  to  be  ap- 
plauded as  an  act  of  prudence  and  humanity. 
He  caused  a  diligent  inquiry  to  be  made  "  for 
all  the  ancient  books  which  treated  of  the  ad- 
mirable art  of  making  gold  and  silver,  and  with- 
out pity  committed  them  to  the  flames,  apprehen- 
sive, as  we  are  assured,  lest  the  opulence  of  the 
Egyptians  should  inspire  them  with  confidence 
to  rebel  against  the  empire."  ...  It  may  be  re- 
marked that  these  ancients  book,  so  liberally  as- 
cribed to  Pythagoras,  to  Solomon,  or  to  Hermes, 
were  the  pious  frauds  of  more  recent  adepts. 
.  .  .  The  persecution  of  Diocletian  is  the  first 
authentic  event  in  the  history  of  alchemy.  The 
conquest  of  Egypt  by  the  Arabs  diffused  that 
vain  science  over  the  globe.  Ungenial  to  the 
avarice  of  the  human  heart,  it  was  studied  in 
China,  as  in  Europe,  with  equal  eagerness  and 
with  equal  success.  The  darkness  of  the  Middle 
Ages  insured  a  favorable  reception  to  every  tale 


WEALTH— WEAPONS. 


711 


of  wonder,  and  the  revival  of  learning  gave  new 
vigor  to  hope,  and  suggested  more  specious  arts 
of  deception.  Philosoph}',  with  the  aid  of  ex- 
perience, has  at  length  banished  the  study  of 
alchemy. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  13,  p.  418. 

5977.  WEALTH,  Relative.  New  Yorkers. 
A.D.  1678.  The  poor  were  relieved,  and  beggars 
unknown.  A  thousand  pounds  was  opulence  ; 
the  possessor  of  half  that  sum  was  rich. — Ban- 
croft's U.  S.,  ch.  17. 

597§.  WEALTH  repudiated.  John  Wesley.  In 
his  "  Appeal  to  Men  of  Reason,"  he  said :  "  Hear 
ye  this,  all  who  have  discovered  the  treasures 
which  I  am  to  leave  behind  me  ;  if  I  leave  be- 
hind me  £10  (above  my  debts  and  my  books,  or 
what  may  happen  to  be  due  on  account  of  them), 
you  and  all  mankind  bear  witness  against  me  that 
I  lived  and  died  a  thief  and  a  robber. "  The  state 
of  his  affairs  at  his  death,  nearly  half  a  centu- 
ry after,  fully  verified  this  pledge. — Stevens' 
Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  268. 

5979.  WEALTH,  Eeputation  for.  Roman 
Emperor  Justinian.  The  riches  of  Justinian 
were  speedily  exhausted  by  alms  and  buildings, 
by  ambitious  wars  and  ignominious  treatises. 
His  revenues  were  found  inadequate  to  his  ex- 
penses. Every  art  was  tried  to  extort  from  the 
people  the  gold  and  silver  which  he  scattered 
with  a  lavish  hand  from  Persia  to  France  ; 
his  reign  was  marked  by  the  vicissitudes,  or 
ratlier  by  the  combat,  of  rapaciousness  and  av- 
arice, of  splendor  and  poverty  ;  he  lived  with 
the  reputation  of  hidden  treasures,  and  bequeath- 
ed to  his  successor  the  payment  of  his  debts. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  60,  p.  75. 

59§0.  WEALTH,  Rural.  John  Cantacuzene. 
[The  Greek  politician.]  Under  the  reign  of  An- 
dronicus  the  Younger  the  great  domestic  ruled 
the  emperor  and  the  empire.  .  .  .  He  does  not 
measure  the  size  and  number  of  his  estates  ;  but 
his  granaries  were  heaped  with  an  incredible 
store  of  wheat  and  barley  ;  and  the  labor  of  a 
thousand  yokes  of  oxen  might  cultivate,  accord- 
ing to  the  practice  of  antiquity,  about  sixty-two 
thousand  five  hundred  acres  of  arable  land.  His 
pastures  were  stocked  with  2500  brood  mares, 
200  camels,  300  mules,  500  asses,  5000  horned 
cattle,  50,000  hogs,  and  70,000  sheep — a  pre- 
cious record  of  rural  opulence. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  63,  p.  183. 

5981.  WEALTH,  Scheme  of.  Pope  Bonifice 
VIII.  [In  1300]  proclaimed  a  plenary  absolution 
to  all  Catholics  who,  in  the  course  of  that  year, 
and  at  every  similar  period,  should  respectfully 
visit  the  apostolic  churches  of  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Paul.  The  welcome  sound  was  propagated 
through  Christendom  ;  and  at  first  from  the 
nearest  provinces  of  Italy,  and  at  length  from 
the  remote  kingdoms  of  Hungary  and  Britain, 
the  highways  were  thronged  with  a  swarm  of 
pilgrims  who  sought  to  expiate  their  sins  in  a 
journey,  however  costly  or  laborious,  which  was 
exempt  from  the  perils  of  military  service.  All 
exceptions  of  rank  or  sex,  of  age  or  infirmity, 
were  forgotten  in  the  common  transport ;  and  in 
the  streets  and  churches  many  persons  were 
trampled  to  death  by  the  eagerness  of  devotion. 
The  calculation  of  their  numbers  could  not  be 
easy  or  accurate  ;  and  they  have  probably  been 
magnified  by  a  dexterous  clergy,  well  apprised 


of  the  contagion  of  example  ;  yet  we  are  assured 
by  a  judicious  historian  who  assisted  at  the  cere- 
mony that  Rome  was  never  replenished  with 
less  than  two  hundred  thousand  strangers  ;  and 
another  spectator  has  fixed  at  two  millions  the 
total  concourse  of  the  year.  A  trifling  oblation 
from  each  individual  would  accumulate  a  royal 
treasure  ;  and  two  priests  stood  night  and  day, 
with  rakes  in  their  hands,  to  collect,  without 
counting,  the  heaps  of  gold  and  silver  that  were 
poured  on  the  altar  of  St.  Paul. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  69,  p.  457. 

59§2.  "WEALTH  well  secured.  Stilpon.  Th« 
city  of  Megara  being  taken,  the  soldiers  demand- 
ed leave  to  plunder  the  inhabitants  ;  but  the 
Athenians  interceded  for  them  so  effectually  that 
the  city  was  saved.  Demetrius  drove  out  the 
garrison  of  Cassander,  and  reinstated  Megara  iu 
its  liberties.  Stilpon,  a  celebrated  philosopher, 
lived  in  that  city,  and  was  sent  for  by  Demetrius, 
who  asked  him  if  he  had  not  lost  something. 
"  Nothing  at  all,"  replied  Stilpon,  "  for  I  carry 
all  my  effects  about  me ;"  meaning  by  that  ex- 
pression his  justice,  probity,  temperance,  and 
wisdom ;  with  the  advantage  of  not  ranking 
anything  in  the  class  of  blessings  that  could  be 
taken  from  him.  What  could  all  the  kings  of 
the  earth  do  in  conjunction  against  such  a  man 
as  this,  who  neither  desires  nor  dreads  any- 
thing.— Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  16,  §  7. 

59§3.  WEALTH,  Slavery  to.  Spaniards. 
Spain,  by  a  very  singular  fatality,  was  the 
Peru  and  Mexico  of  the  old  world.  The  dis- 
covery of  the  rich  western  continent  by  the 
Phoenicians,  and  the  oppression  of  the  sim- 
ple natives,  who  were  compelled  to  labor  in 
their  own  mines  for  the  benefit  of  strangers, 
form  an  exact  type  of  the  more  recent  history 
of  Spanish  America. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  6, 
p.  183. 

5984.  WEALTH,  Wise  Use  of.  Peter  Cooper. 
We  cite  the  authority  of  the  Electrical  Remew, 
which,  in  paying  its  tribute  to  Mr.  Cooper,  says  : 
"  It  is  not  for  us  to  dwell  upon  the  spirit  of  phi- 
lanthropy and  catholicity  of  the  man,  to  whom 
it  gives  the  first  honors  among  the  Fathers  of 
the  Atlantic  cable.  That  great  work  was  plan- 
ned and  accomplished  by  Peter  Cooper.  To 
him,  more  than  to  any  of  his  associates,  is  due 
the  successful  laying  of  the  Atlantic  cable: — 
Lester's  Life  of  Peter  Cooper,  p.  24. 

5985.  WEALTH,  Visionary.  Be  Soto  in  Flor- 
ida. In  Cuba,  .  .  .  two  Indians  brought  as  cap- 
tives to  Havana  invented  such  falsehoods  as 
they  perceived  would  be  acceptable.  They 
conversed  by  signs,  and  their  signs  were  inter- 
preted as  affirming  that  Florida  abounded  in 
gold.  The  news  spread  great  contentment  ;  De 
Soto  and  his  troops  were  restless  with  longing  for 
the  hour  to  arrive  of  their  departure  to  the  con- 
quest of  "the  richest  country  which  had  yet 
been  discovered." — Bancroft's  Hist,  op  U.  S., 
vol.  1,  ch.  2. 

59§6.  WEAPONS,  Needless.  TU  Rebellion. 
When  .  .  .  the  Confederate  troops  first  turned 
out,  they  were  in  the  habit  of  wearing  numerous 
revolvers  and  bowie-knives.  General  Lee  is  said 
to  have  mildly  remarked  :  "  Gentlemen,  I  think 
you  will  find  an  Enfield  rifie,  a  bayonet,  and 
sixty  rounds  of  ammunition  as  much  as  you  can 


712 


WEDDING— WIDOWHOOD. 


conveniently  carry  in  the  way  of  arms."  They 
laughed,  and  thought  they  knew  better  ;  but  the 
gix-shooters  and  bowie-knives  gradually  disap- 
peared. —  Pollard's  Second  Year  of  the 
War,  p.  329. 

59§7.  WEDDING,  A  brilUant.  Oriental.  Ti- 
mour  wished  to  dazzle  as  much  as  to  conquer. 
He  knew  that  the  sword,  to  subjugate  the  men 
of  the  East,  should  glitter  and  strike  at  the  same 
time.  The  marriage  of  one  of  his  sons,  still  a 
child,  to  the  daughter  of  one  of  the  sovereigns  of 
the  frontier  of  Persia  permitted  him  to  display 
in  the  marriage  festivities  all  the  riches  that  the 
spoils  of  Hindostan  had  accumulated  in  his 
tents.  A  throne  of  gold,  crowns  of  diamonds, 
horns  full  of  precious  stones  spilled  like  water 
under  the  feet  of  the  young  couple,  avenues  of 
censers  that  perfumed  with  musk  and  ambergris; 
the  earth  carpeted  for  miles  around,  the  dome 
Oi  the  nuptial  tent,  formed  by  a  firmament  of 
lapis-lazuli,  wherein  incrusted  diamonds  repre- 
sented the  stars  and  constellations  ;  the  curtains 
of  the  tent  of  woven  gold,  the  pineapple  which 
surmounted  it  at  the  centre,  outside,  was  chis- 
elled in  a  block  of  fine  amber. — Lamartine's 
Turkey,  p.  308. 

59§§.  WEDDING,  Present  for  a.  Slaves. 
Among  the  Goths,  Burgundians,  and  Franks  ab- 
solute power  of  life  and  death  was  exercised  by 
the  lords  ;  and  when  they  married  their  daugh- 
ters a  train  of  useful  servants,  chained  on  the 
wagons  to  prevent  their  escape,  was  sent  as  a 
nuptial  present  into  a  distant  country. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  38,  p.  603. 

59§9.  WEDLOCK,  Golden.  Spartans.  Lysan- 
der's  poverty  having  been  discovered  after  his 
death  did  great  honor  to  his  memory  ;  when  it 
was  known  that  of  all  the  gold  and  riches  which 
had  passed  through  his  hands,  of  a  power  so  ex- 
tensive as  his  had  been,  of  so  many  cities  under 
his  government,  and  which  made  their  court  to 
him — in  a  word,  of  that  kind  of  dominion  and 
sovereignty  always  exercised  by  him,  he  had 
made  no  manner  of  advantage  for  the  advance- 
ment and  enriching  of  his  house.  Some  days 
before  his  death  two  of  the  principal  citizens  of 
Sparta  had  contracted  themselves  to  his  two 
daughters  ;  but  when  they  knew  in  what  condi- 
tion he  had  left  his  affairs,  they  refused  to  marry 
them.  The  republic  did  not  suffer  so  sordid  a 
baseness  to  go  unpunished,  nor  permit  Lysan- 
der's  poverty,  which  was  the  strongest  proof 
of  his  justice  and  virtue,  to  be  treated  as  an  ob- 
stacle to  an  alliance  into  his  family.  They  were 
fined  in  a  great  sum,  publicly  disgraced,  and 
exposed  to  the  contempt  of  all  persons  of  honor. 
For  at  Sparta  there  were  penalties  established, 
not  only  for  such  as  refused  to  marry,  or  mar- 
ried too  late,  but  also  for  those  who  married 
amiss ;  and  those  especially  were  reckoned  of 
this  number  who,  instead  of  forming  alliances 
with  virtuous  families  and  with  their  own  rela- 
tions, had  no  motive  but  wealth  and  lucre  in 
marriage. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  9,  ch.  3,  §4. 

5990.  WELCOME,  A  gratefal.  Wife  of  James 
U.  [The  king  and  queen  of  England  were  fugi- 
tives and  self -exiled.]  Mary  was  on  the  road 
toward  the  French  court  when  news  came  that 
her  husband  had,  after  a  rough  voyage,  landed 
safe  at  the  little  village  of  Ambleteuse.  Persons 
of  high  rank  were  instantly  despatched  from  Ver- 


sailles to  greet  and  escort  him.  Meanwhile  Louis, 
attended  by  his  family  and  his  nobility,  went 
forth  in  state  to  receive  the  exiled  queen.  Before 
his  gorgeous  coach  went  the  Swiss  halberdiers. 
On  each  side  of  it  and  behind  it  rode  the  body- 
guards, with  cymbals  clashing  and  trumpets 
pealing.  After  him,  in  a  hundred  carriages,  each 
drawn  by  six  horses,  came  the  most  splendid 
aristocracy  of  Europe,  all  feathers,  ribbons,  jew- 
els, and  embroidery.  Before  the  procession  had 
gone  far  it  was  announced  that  Mary  was  ap- 
proaching. Louis  alighted  and  advanced  on  foot 
to  meet  her.  She  broke  forth  into  passionate 
expressions  of  gratitude.  "Madam,"  said  her 
host,  "it  is  but  a  melancholy  service  that  I  am 
rendering  you  to-day.  I  hope  that  I  may  be  able 
hereafter  to  render  you  services  greater  and  more 
pleasing."  He  embraced  the  little  Prince  of 
Wales,  and  made  the  queen  seat  herself  in  the 
royal  state-coach  on  the  right  hand.  The  cav- 
alcade then  turned  toward  Saint  Germain's. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  554.  i 

5991.  WELCOME,  PubUc.  To  Cromwell.  [Af-  \ 
ter  the  subjugation  of  Ireland  he  returned  to- 
London.]  On  Hounslow  Heath  he  was  met  by 
General  Fairfax,  many  members  of  Parliament, 
and  officers  of  the  army,  and  multitudes  of  the 
common  people.  Coming  to  Hyde  Park,  he  was 
received  by  the  Lord  Mayor  and  Corporation  of 
the  city  of  London  ;  the  great  guns  were  fired 
off,  and  Colonel  Barkstead's  regiment,  which 
was  drawn  up  for  that  purpose,  gave  him  sev- 
eral volleys  with  their  small  arms.  Thus  in  a 
triumphant  manner  he  entered  London,  amid  a 
crowd  of  attendants,  and  was  received  with  the 
highest  acclamations.  And  after  resuming  his 
place  in  Parliament,  the  Speaker,  in  an  eloquent 
speech,  returned  him  the  thanks  of  the  House 
for  his  great  and  faithful  services  in  Ireland  ; 
after  which  the  lord-lieutenant  gave  them  a 
particular  account  of  the  state  and  condition  of 
that  kingdom.  It  was  while  he  rode  thus  in  state- 
through  London  that  Oliver  replied  to  some 
sycophantic  person  who  had  observed,  "What 

a  crowd  comes  out  to  see  your  Lordship's  tri- 
umph !"  "Yes  ;  but  if  it  were  to  see  me  hang- 
ed, how  many  more  would  there  be  !"  Here  is. 
a  clear-headed,  practical  man. — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  11,  p.  145. 

5992.  WIDOWHOOD,  Consolation  of.  Isaac- 
Newton.  [He  was  an  unsuccessful  lover  in  early 
life.]  He  appeared  to  have  thought  no  more  of 
love  or  marriage  till  he  was  sixty.  Rich  and  fa- 
mous then,  he  aspired  to  the  hand  of  Lady  Nor- 
ris,  the  widow  of  a  baronet,  and  he  wrote  her  a 
quaint  and  curious  love-letter.  He  began  by  re- 
monstrating with  her  upon  her  excessive  grief 
for  the  loss  of  her  husband,  telling  her  that  "to 
be  always  thinking  on  the  dead  is  to  live  a  mel- 
ancholy life  among  sepulchres."  He  asks  her  if 
she  can  resolve  to  spend  the  rest  of  her  days  in 
grief  and  sickness,  and  wear  forever  a  widow's 
weeds,  a  costume  ' '  less  acceptable  to  company," 
and  keeping  her  always  in  mind  of  her  loss. 

' '  The  proper  remedy  for  all  these  griefs  and  mis- 
chiefs," he  adds,  "  is  a  new  husband,"  whose 
estate,  added  to  her  own,  would  enable  her  to  live 
more  at  ease.  He  says  in  conclusion  :  "I  doubt 
not  but  in  a.  little  time  to  have  notice  of  your 
ladyship's  inclinations  to  marry  ;  at  least  thai 
you  will  give  me  leave  to  discourse  with  yo" 


1 


WIFE. 


713 


about  it."  The  lady's  answer  has  not  been  pre- 
served ;  but  as  the  marriage  never  took  place, 
we  may  presume  that  the  great  Sir  Isaac  New- 
ton had  to  figure  in  the  character  of  a  rejected 
lover. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  254. 

5993.  WIFE  abandoned.  Poet  Shelley.  That 
Shelley,  early  in  1814,  had  no  intention  of  leaving 
his  wife  is  probable  ;  for  he  was  re-married  to 
her  on  the  24th  of  March.  .  .  .  Harriet  was 
pregnant,  and  this  ratification  of  the  Scotch  mar- 
riage was  no  doubt  intended  to  place  the  legiti- 
macy of  a  possible  heir  beyond  all  question.  Yet 
...  in  the  very  month  after  this  new  ceremony 
Shelley  found  the  diflSculties  of  his  wedded  life 
insuperable.  .  .  .  About  the  middle  of  June 
the  separation  actually  occurred — not  by  mutual 
consent,  .  .  .  but  by  Shelley's  sudden  abandon- 
ment of  his  wife  and  child.  For  a  short  while 
Harriet  was  left  in  ignorance  of  his  abode,  and 
with  a  very  insufficient  sum  of  money  at  her 
disposal. — Symonds'  Shelley,  ch.  4. 

5994.  WlJFE,  Authority  of.  Lady  Fairfax.  On 
the  29th  of  June,  within  a  single  month  of  his 
arrival  at  home  [from  subduing  the  Irish  rebels] , 
he  set  forth  on  his  great  military  expedition  to 
Scotland.  The  Parliament  had  wished  Lord 
Fairfax  to  take  command  and  set  things  right 
there  ;  but  although  Fairfax  was  an  Indepen- 
dent, his  wife  was  a  Presbyterian,  and  she  would 
not  allow  her  husband  to  go.  We  believe  that 
it  was  very  well  that  it  was  so. — Hood's  Crom- 
well, ch.  11,  p.  145. 

5995.  WIFE  by  bequest.  Athens.  It  was  a 
very  singular  law  of  the  Athenians,  which  per- 
mitted a  man  to  bequeath  his  wife,  like  any  other 
part  of  his  estate,  to  any  one  whom  he  chose  for 
his  successor.  The  mother  of  Demosthenes  was 
left  by  will  to  Aphobus,  with  a  fortune  of  eighty 
mincB.  The  form  of  such  a  bequest  has  been 
preserved,  and  runs  thus  :  "  This  is  the  last  will 
of  Pasio  the  Acharnean.  I  bequeath  my  wife, 
Archippe,  to  Phormio,  with  a  fortune  of  one  tal- 
3nt  in  Peparrhetus,  one  talent  in  Attica,  a  house 
worth  a  hundred  minse,  together  with  the  female 
slaves,  the  ornaments  of  gold,  and  whatever  else 
may  be  in  it." — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  10, 
p.  104. 

5996.  WIFE,  Counsels  of  a.  Theodora.  The 
prudence  of  [his  wife]  Theodora  is  celebrated  by 
[the  Roman  emperor]  Justinian  himself  ;  and  his 
laws  are  attributed  to  the  sage  counsels  of  his 
most  reverend  wife,  whom  he  had  received  as  the 
gift  of  the  Deity.  Her  courage  was  displayed 
amid  the  tumult  of  the  people  and  the  terrors  of 
the  court.  Her  chastity,  from  the  moment  of  her 
union  with  Justinian,  is  founded  on  the  silence 
of  her  implacable  enemies  ;  and  although  the 
daughter  of  Acacius  might  be  satiated  with 
love,  yet  some  applause  is  due  to  the  firmness  of 
a  mind  which  could  sacrifice  pleasure  and  habit 
to  the  stronger  sense  either  of  duty  or  interest. 
—Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  40,  p.  55. 

5997.  WIFE,  An  energetic.  Margaret  of  An- 
jou.  Henry  [VI.]  was  dragged  to  the  battle  of 
St.  Alban's,  where  the  party  of  York  gained  a 
complete  victory.  The  king  was  wounded  and 
taken  prisoner,  but  treated  by  the  victor  with 
great  respect  and  tenderness.  He  was  soon  af- 
ter led  in  triumph  to  London  ;  and  the  Duke  of 
York,  permitting  him  still  to  enjoy  the  title  of 


king,    assumed    to    himself    that  of  protector, 
under  which  he  exercised  all  the  real  powers 
of  the  sovereign.     Margaret  of  Anjou,  whose 
courage  rose  from  her  misfortunes,  prepared  to 
avenge  the  cause  of  her  husband,  and  to  sup- 
port the  regal  authority.     With  the  assistance 
of  those  nobles  who  were  devoted  to  the  house 
of  Lancaster,  she   raised  a  considerable  army, 
and  met  the  troops  of  York  on  the  borders  of 
Staffordshire.     A  desertion  from  that  party  in- 
creased so  much  the  strength  of  the  royal  army, 
that    their  opponents  instantly  dispersed,   and 
the  duke  fled  into  Ireland,  while  his  cause  was 
secretly  maintained  in  England  by  Guy,  Earl  of 
Warwick,  a  man  of  great  abilities  and   of  the 
most  undaunted  fortitude.     By  degrees  the  ac- 
tivity of  this  nobleman  collected  an  army  sufli- 
cient  to  take  the  field.     Margaret  of  Anjou  had 
ranged  her  army  at  Northampton,  determined 
to  fight  herself  at  the  head  of  her  troops,  while 
the  despicable  king  remained  in  his  tent,  await- 
ing in  great  perturbation  the  issue  of  the  en- 
gagement.    The   royal  army  was  overthrown, 
and  Henry  once  more  made    a  prisoner,  and 
brought  back  to  London.     Margaret  fled  with 
precipitation  to  Wales,   and,  her  manly  spirit 
never  deserting  her,  employed  herself  in  levying 
a  new  army  for  the  rescue  of  her  husband  and 
the  re-establishment    of    his    authority.— Tyt- 
ler's Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  14,  p.  224. 

599S.  WIFE,  A  generous.  Of  William, 
Prince  of  Orange.  All  the  peculiarities  of  his 
character  fitted  him  [Bishop  Burnet]  to  be 
the  peace-maker  between  William  and  Mary. 
Where  persons  who  ought  to  esteem  and  love 
each  other  are  kept  asunder,  as  often  happens, 
by  some  cause  which  three  words  of  frank  ex- 
planation would  remove,  they  are  fortunate  if 
they  possess  an  indiscreet  friend  who  blurts  out 
the  whole  truth.  Burnet  plainly  told  the  prin- 
cess what  the  feeling  was  which  preyed  upon  her 
husband's  mind.  She  learned  for  the  first  time, 
with  no  small  astonishment,  that  when  she  be- 
came Queen  of  England  William  would  not 
share  her  throne.  She  warmly  declared  that 
there  was  no  proof  of  conjugal  submission  and 
affection  which  she  was  not  ready  to  give.  Bur- 
net, with  many  apologies,  and  with  solemn 
protestations  that  no  human  being  had  put  words 
into  his  mouth,  informed  her  that  the  remedy 
was  in  her  own  hands.  She  might  easily,  when 
the  crown  devolved  on  her,  induce  her  Parlia- 
ment not  only  to  give  the  regal  title  to  her  hus- 
band, but  even  to  transfer  to  him  by  a  legisla- 
tive act  the  administration  of  the  government. 
"  But,"  he  added,  "  your  Royal  Highness  ought 
to  consider  well  before  you  announce  any  such 
resolution  ;  for  it  is  a  resolution  which,  having 
once  been  announced,  cannot  safely  or  easily  be 
retracted."  "  I  want  no  time  for  consideration," 
answered  Mary.  "  It  is  enough  that  I  have  an 
opportunity  of  showing  my  regard  for  the 
prince.  Tell  him  what  I  say,  and  bring  him 
to  me,  that  he  may  hear  it  from  my  own  lips." 
Burnet  went  in  quest  of  William,  but  William 
was  many  miles  off  after  a  stag.  It  was  not  til) 
the  next  day  that  the  decisive  interview  took 
place.  "  I  did  not  know  till  yesterday,"  said 
Mary,  "  that  there  was  such  a  difference  be- 
tween the  laws  of  England  and  the  laws  of 
God.    But  I  now  promise  you  that  you  shall  al- 


714 


WIFE. 


ways  bear  rule  ;  and,  in  return,  I  ask  only  this, 
that,  as  I  shall  observe  the  precept  which  enjoins 
wives  to  obey  their  husbands,  you  will  observe 
that  which  enjoins  husbands  to  love  their  wives." 
Her  generous  affection  completely  gained  the 
heart  of  William.  From  that  time  till  the  sad 
day  when  he  was  carried  away  in  fits  from  her 
dying-bed  there  was  entire  friendship  and 
confidence  between  them. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
oh.  7,  p.  166. 

5999.  WIFE  honored.  Mrs.  Jackson.  A  few 
weeks  after  the  battle  of  New  Orleans,  when  her 
husband  was  in  the  first  flush  of  his  triumph, 
this  plain  planter's  wife  floated  down  the  Missis- 
sippi to  New  Orleans  to  visit  her  husband  and 
to  accompany  him  home.  She  had  never  seen 
a  city  before,  for  Nashville  at  that  day  was  lit- 
tle more  than  a  village.  The  elegant  ladies  of 
New  Orleans  were  exceedingly  pleased  to  ob- 
serve that  General  Jackson,  though  he  was  him- 
self one  of  the  most  graceful  and  polite  of  gentle- 
men, seemed  totally  unconscious  of  the  homely 
bearing,  the  country  manners,  and  awkward 
dress  of  his  wife.  In  all  companies  and  on  all 
occasions  he  showed  her  every  possible  mark  of 
respect.  The  ladies  gathered  about  her  and 
presented  her  with  all  sorts  of  showy  knick- 
knacks  and  jewelry,  and  one  of  them  undertook 
the  task  of  selecting  suitable  clothes  for  her. 
She  frankly  confessed  that  she  knew  nothing 
about  such  things,  and  was  willing  to  wear  any- 
thing that  the  ladies  thought  proper.  Much  as 
she  enjojed  her  visit,  I  am  sure  she  was  glad 
enough  to  return  to  her  old  home  on  the  banks 
of  the  Cumberland  and  resume  her  oversight  of 
the  dairy  and  the  plantation. — Cyclopkdia  of 
Bigg.,  p.  537. 

6000.  "WIFE,  A  rebellious.  John  Milton's.  The 
girl  herself  conceived  an  equal  repugnance  to 
the  husband  she  had  thoughtlessly  accepted, 
probably  on  the  strength  of  his  good  looks, 
which  was  all  of  Milton  that  she  was  capable  of 
appreciating.  [Milton  permitted  her  to  visit  her 
mother  one  month  after  marriage.]  Mary  Mil- 
ton went  to  Forest  Hill  in  July,  but  on  the  un- 
derstanding that  she  was  to  come  back  at  Mi- 
chaelmas. When  the  appointed  time  came  she 
did  not  appear.  Milton  wrote  for  her  to  come. 
No  answer.  Several  other  letters  met  the  same 
fate.  At  last  he  despatched  a  foot-messenger  to 
Forest  Hill,  desiring  her  return.  The  messenger 
came  back  only  to  report  that  he  had  been  "  dis- 
missed with  some  sort  of  contempt."  It  was  evi- 
dent that  Mary  Milton's  family  had  espoused  her 
cause  as  against  her  husband. —  Milton,  by 
M.  Pattison,  ch.  5. 

6001.  WIFE  remembered.  Washington.  Forty 
years  a  husband,  .  .  .  froih  the  time  of  his  mar- 
riage until  he  ceased  to  live  ...  he  wore  sus- 
pended from  his  neck  by  a  gold  chain  the  min- 
iature portrait  of  his  wife. — Custis'  Washing- 
ton, vol.  1,  ch.  3. 

6002. .  Mrs.  Samuel  Johnson.  [He 

was  a  man  of  impetuous  temper.]  After  her 
death  [he  was]  tenderly  disposed  to  charge  him- 
self with  slight  omissions  and  offences,  the  sense 
of  which  would  give  him  much  uneasiness.  Ac- 
cordingly we  find,  about  a  year  after  her  decease, 
that  he  thus  addressed  the  Supreme  Being  :  "  O 
Lord,  who  givest  the  grace  of  repentance,  and 
Nearest  the  prayer  of  the  penitent,  grant  that  by 


true  contrition  I  may  obtain  forgiveness  of  all  the 
sins  committed,  and  of  all  duties  neglected,  in 
my  union  with  the  wife  whom  thou  hast  taken 
from  me  ;  for  the  neglect  of  joint  devotion,  pa- 
tient exhortation,  and  mild  instruction." — Bos- 
well's  Johnson,  p.  62. 

6003.  WIFE,  A  true.  Mary.  [The  two 
houses  of  Parliament  were  assembled  in  conven- 
tion to  determine  the  best  method  of  filling  the 
vacant  throne  of  James  II.  Mary,  wife  of  the 
Prince  of  Orange,  was  his  daughter.  Her  private 
chaplain.  Bishop]  Burnet,  thought  that  the  im- 
portance of  the  crisis  justified  him  in  publishing 
the  great  secret  which  the  princess  had  confided 
to  him.  He  knew,  he  said,  from  her  own  lips 
that  it  had  long  been  her  full  determination, 
even  if  she  came  to  the  throne  in  the  regular 
course  of  descent,  to  surrender  her  power,  with 
the  sanction  of  Parliament,  into  the  hands  of  her 
husband.  Danby  received  from  her  an  earnest 
and  almost  angry  reprimand.  She  was,  she 
wrote,  the  prince's  wife  ;  she  had  no  other  wish 
than  to  be  subject  to  him  ;  the  most  cruel  injury 
that  could  be  done  to  her  would  be  to  set  her  up 
as  his  competitor  ;  and  she  never  could  regard 
any  person  who  took  such  a  course  as  her  true 
friend. — Macatjlay's  Eng.,  ch.  10,  p.  595. 

6004.  WIFE,  An  unhappy.  Jane  Seymour. 
The  Parliament,  with  the  meanest  submission  to 
the  will  of  the  tyrant  [Henry  VIII.],  passed  sen- 
tence of  death,  and  Anne  Bullen  was  removed 
from  the  throne  to  the  scaffold.  She  left  by 
Henry  a  daughter,  Elizabeth,  afterward  queen 
of  England.  Henry  was  next  day  publicly  mar- 
ried to  Jane  Seymour,  who,  happily  for  herself, 
died  about  a  year  afterward. — Tytlek's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  20,  p.  302. 

6005.  WIFE  and  Vixen.  Mrs.  John  Fitch. 
He  incurred  the  greatest  calamity  known  to  hu- 
man nature.  He  married  a  vixen.  The  woman, 
who  was  much  older  than  himself,  made  his  life 
one  horrid  broil.  He  was  one  of  the  mildest, 
kindest,  most  patient  of  men  ;  but  after  endur- 
ing some  months  of  this  degrading  anguish,  after 
frequently  warning  his  wife  that  if  she  did  not 
restrain  her  temper  he  would  leave  her,  he  at 
last  abandoned  his  home,  his  property,  his  wife, 
his  infant  son,  and  his  unborn  daughter.  It  was 
a  terrible  hour  to  him.  His  wife,  who  had 
always  laughed  at  his  threats,  followed  him  a 
mile,  crying  and  humbly  begging  him  to  try  her 
once  more.  "  But,"  he  says,  "my  judgment 
informed  me  that  it  was  my  duty  to  go,  notwith- 
standing the  struggles  of  nature  I  had  to  contend 
with." — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  149. 

6006.  WIFE,  A  Warrior's.  Oaita.  Gaita,  the 
wife  of  Robert  [Guiscard],  is  painted  by  the 
Greeks  as  a  warlike  Amazon,  a  second  Pallas  ; 
less  skilful  in  arts,  but  not  less  terrible  in  arms, 
than  the  Athenian  goddess  ;  though  wounded  by 
an  arrow,  she  stood  her  ground,  and  strove,  by 
her  exhortation  and  example,  to  rally  the  flying 
troops.  Her  female  voice  was  seconded  by  the 
more  powerful  voice  and  arm  of  [her  husband] 
the  Norman  duke,  as  calm  in  action  as  he  was 
magnanimous  in  counsel.  "  Whither,"  he  cried 
aloud — "  whither  do  ye  fly  ?  Your  enemy  is  im- 
placable ;  and  death  is  less  giievous  than  servi- 
tude." The  moment  was  decisive  ;  as  the  Va- 
rangians advanced  before  the  line  they  discoveied 


WIFE— WINE. 


715 


le  nakedness  of  their  flanks  ;  the  main  battle  of 

le  duke,  of  800  knights,  stood  firm  and  entire  ; 

ley  couched  their  lances,  and  the  Greeks  de- 

"^plore  the  furious  and  irresistible  shock  of  the 

French  cavalry.     [They  won  the  battle  of  Du- 

razzo.] — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  56,  p.  473. 

6007.  "WIFE,  A  winning.  Of  William,  Prince 
of  Orange.  For  a  time  William  was  a  negligent 
husband.  He  was,  indeed,  drawn  away  from 
his  wife  by  other  women,  particularly  by  one  of 
her  ladies,  Elizabeth  Villiers,  who,  though  des- 
titute of  personal  attractions,  and  disfigured  by 
a  hideous  squint,  possessed  talents  which  well 
fitted  her  to  partake  his  cares.  He  was,  indeed, 
|.  ashamed  of  his  errors,  and  spared  no  pains  to 
1:  conceal  them  ;  but  in  spite  of  all  his  precautions, 
Mary  well  knew  that  he  was  not  strictly  faithful 
to  her.  Spies  and  tale-bearers,  encouraged  by 
her  father,  did  their  best  to  inflame  her  resent- 
ment. .  .  .  She,  however,  bore  her  injuries  with 
a  meekness  and  patience  which  deserved,  and 
gradually  obtained,  William's  esteem  and  grati- 
tude. [See  No.  5998.]  —  Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  7,  p.  160. 

600§.  WIFE,  Worthy.  Calphumia.  [Pliny 
writes  to  his  wife's  aunt :]  "  As  I  remember  the 
great  affection  which  was  between  you  and  your 
excellent  brother,  and  know  you  love  his  daugh- 
ter as  your  own,  so  as  not  only  to  express  the 
tenderness  of  the  best  of  aunts,  but  even  to  sup- 
ply that  of  the  best  of  fathers,  I  am  sure  it  will 
give  you  pleasure  to  hear  that  she  proves  worthy 
of  her  father,  worthy  of  you,  and  of  your  and 
her  ancestors.  Her  ingenuity  is  admirable  ;  her 
frugality  is  extraordinary.  She  loves  me,  the 
surest  pledge  of  her  virtue  ;  and  adds  to  this  a 
wonderful  disposition  to  learning,  which  she  has 
acquired  from  her  affection  to  me.  She  reads 
my  writings,  studies  them,  and  even  gets  them 
by  heart.  You  would  smile  to  see  the  concern 
she  is  in  when  I  have  a  cause  to  plead,  and  the 
joy  she  shows  when  it  is  over.  She  finds  means 
to  have  the  first  news  brought  her  of  the  success 
I  met  with  in  court,  how  I  am  heard,  and  what 
decree  is  made.  If  I  recite  anything  in  public, 
she  cannot  refrain  from  placing  herself  privately 
in  some  corner  to  hear,  where,  with  the  utmost 
delight,  she  feasts  upon  my  applauses  ;  some- 
times she  sings  my  verses,  and  accompanies  them 
with  the  lute,  without  any  master,  except  the 
best  of  instructors. 

60O9.  WIFE,  A  wronged.  Catherine  II. 
Seventeen  years  after  her  marriage  with  Peter 
[III.]  the  Empress  Elizabeth  died,  leaving  her 
husband  the  heir  to  the  throne.  It  now  appeared 
that  the  unfortunate  Peter,  who  was  then  wholly 
governed  by  one  of  his  mistresses,  had  resolved  to 
repudiate  his  wife  as  an  adulteress,  and  to  place 
upon  the  throne  the  companion  of  his  debauch- 
eries. Many  authors  assert  that  Catherine  had 
been  indeed  false  to  her  husband  ;  but  upon  con- 
sidering all  the  facts  in  the  case,  I  find  the  prob- 
abilities tend  strongly  toward  her  exculpation, 
and  the  best  authorities  agree  in  believing  that 
Peter  was  the  veritable  father  of  Catherine's 
children.  Aware  of  the  intention  of  her  hus- 
band, Catherine  and  her  adherents  resolved  to 
pi-event  its  execution  by  setting  aside  Peter  him- 
self. [Next  to  Frederick  the  Great,  Catherine 
II.  became  the  most  renowned  monarch  of  her 
time.] — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  404. 


6010.  WINE,  Charm  of.  Oauls.  The  Gauls 
happening  to  taste  of  wine,  which  was  then  for 
the  first  time  brought  out  of  Italy,  they  so  much 
admired  the  liquor,  and  were  so  enchanted  with 
this  new  pleasure,  that  they  snatched  up  their 
arms,  and  taking  their  parents  along  with  them, 
marched  to  the  Alps,  to  seek  that  country 
which  produced  such  excellent  fruit,  and  in 
comparison  of  which  they  considered  all  others 
as  barren  and   ungenial. — Plutarch's  Camil- 

LUS. 

6011.  WINE,  Danger  in.  Ancients.  The 
ancients,  who  so  well  knew  the  excellency  of 
wine,  were  not  ignorant  of  the  dangers  attending 
too  free  an  use  of  it.  I  need  not  mention  the  law 
of  Zaleucus,  by  which  the  Epizephyrian  Locrians 
were  universally  forbid  the  use  of  wine  upon 
pain  of  death,  except  in  case  of  sickness.  'The 
inhabitants  of  Marseilles  and  Melitus  showed 
more  moderation  and  indulgence,  and  contented 
themself  with  prohibiting  it  to  women.  At 
Rome,  in  the  early  ages,  young  persons  of  liber- 
al condition  were  not  permitted  to  drink  wine 
till  the  age  of  thirty  ;  but  as  for  the  women,  the 
use  of  it  was  absolutely  forbid  to  them  ;  and  the 
reason  of  that  prohibition  was,  because  intem- 
perance of  that  kind  might  induce  them  to  com- 
mit the  most  excessive  crimes.  Seneca  complains 
bitterly  that  this  custom  was  almost  universally 
violated  in  his  times.  The  weak  and  delicate 
complexion  of  the  women,  saj^s  he,  is  not 
changed  ;  but  their  manners  are  changed,  and 
no  longer  the  same.  They  value  themselves  upon 
carrying  excess  of  wine  to  as  great  an  height  as 
the  most  robust  men.  Like  them,  they  pass 
whole  nights  at  table,  and  with  a  full  glass  of 
unmixed  wine  in  their  hands,  they  glory  in  vying 
with  them,  and,  if  they  can,  in  overcoming 
them.  The  Emperor  Domitian  passed  an  edict 
in  relation  to  wine,  which  seemed  to  have  a  just 
foundation.  One  year  having  produced  abun- 
dance of  wine  and  very  little  corn,  he  believed 
they  had  more  occasion  for  the  one  than  the 
other,  and  therefore  decreed  that  no  more  vines 
should  be  planted  in  Italy  ;  and  that  in  the  prov- 
inces at  least  one  half  of  the  vines  should  be 
rooted  up.  Philostratus  expresses  himself  as  if 
the  decree  ordained  that  they  should  all  be  pulled 
up,  at  least  in  Asia. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  24, 
art.  3,  §  1. 

6012.  WINE,  Deception  in.  SamuelJohnson. 
We  talked  of  drinking  wine.  Johnson  :  "  I  re- 
quire *wine  only  when  I  am  alone.  I  have  then 
often  wished  for  it,  and  often  taken  it."  Spot- 
TiswooDE  :  "What,  by  way  of  a  companion, 
sir  ?"  Johnson  :  "  To  get  rid  of  myself,  to  send 
myself  away.  Wine  gives  great  pleasure  ;  and 
every  pleasure  is  of  itself  a  good.  It  is  a  good, 
unless  counterbalanced  by  evil.  A  man  may 
have  a  strong  reason  not  to  drink  wine  ;  and  that 
may  be  greater  than  the  pleasure.  Wine  makes 
a  man  better  pleased  with  himself.  I  do  not  say 
that  it  makes  him  more  pleasing  to  others.  Some- 
times it  does.  But  the  danger  is,  that  while  a 
man  grows  better  pleased  with  himself,  he  may 
be  growing  less  pleasing  to  others.  Wine  gives 
a  man  nothing.  It  neither  gives  him  knowl- 
edge nor  wit ;  it  only  animates  a  man,  and  en- 
ables him  to  bring  out  what  a  dread  of  the  com- 
pany has  repressed." — Bos-^vell's  Johnson, 
p.  391. 


716 


WINE— WITCH. 


6013.  "WINE  defended.  Samuel  Johnson.  I 
resolutely  ventured  to  undertake  the  defence  of 
convivial  indulgence  in  wine,  though  he  was  not 
to-night  in  the  most  genial  humor.  After  urg- 
ing the  common  plausible  topics,  I  at  last  had  re- 
course to  the  maxim,  in  i)ino  Veritas,  a  man  who 
is  well  warmed  with  wine  will  speak  truth. 
Johnson  :  "  Why,  sir,  that  may  be  an  argu- 
ment for  drinking,  if  you  suppose  men  in  gener- 
al to  be  liars.     But,  sir,  I  would  not  keep  com- 

Eany  with  a  fellow  who  lies  as  long  as  he  is  so- 
er,  and  whom  you  must  make  drunk  before  you 
can  get  a  word  of  truth  out  of  him." — Boswell's 
Johnson,  p.  196. 

6014.  WINE  forbidden.  Women.  Romulus 
made  the  drinking  of  wine,  as  well  as  adultery, 
a  capital  crime  in  women.  For  he  said  adul- 
tery opens  the  door  to  all  sorts  of  crimes,  and 
wine  opens  the  door  to  adultery.  The  severity 
of  this  law  was  softened  in  succeeding  ages  ; 
the  women  who  were  overtaken  in  liquor  were 
not  condemned  to  die,  but  to  lose  their  dowers. — 
Langhorne's  Note  in  Plutarch's  Numa  and 
Lycurgus. 

6015.  WISDOM,  False  in.  AristotU.  [He 
taught  that  the  heat  of  the  body  cooked  the  food 
eaten.]  The  liquefied  food  steams  up  into  the 
heart,  where  it  is  converted  into  blood.  Nature, 
he  says,  being  a  good  economist,  gives  the  best 
part  of  the  food  to  the  noblest  parts  of  the  body  ; 
as  masters  eat  the  best  portions  of  an  animal,  the 
slaves  the  inferior  parts,  and  the  dogs  the  refuse. 
Since  the  interior  of  the  body  is  so  hot  that  food 
is  cooked  merely  by  the  natural  heat,  he  felt  it 
necessary  to  explain  why  the  body  did  not  get  too 
hot,  and  consume  itself.  This  would  certainly 
be  the  case,  he  says,  if  we  did  not  continually 
inhale  cool  air  !  Breathing  is  the  cooling  proc- 
ess ;  and  air  alone,  he  adds,  would  answer  the 
purpose,  because  its  lightness  enables  it  to  pene- 
trate into  many  parts  of  the  body  which  water 
could  not  enter. — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.,  p.  562. 

6016.  WISDOM  with  Ignorance.  Aristotle. 
He  took  things  too  much  for  granted.  He  be- 
lieved too  easily.  Although  a  writer  on  anat- 
omy, for  example,  it  is  almost  certain  that  he 
never  examined  the  inside  of  the  human  body, 
much  less  dissected  one.  Imagine  a  doctor  of 
the  present  day  giving  such  an  account  of  the 
liver  as  the  following :  "The  liver  is  compact 
and  smooth,  shining  and  sweet,  though  some- 
what bitter  ;  and  the  reason  is,  that  the  thoughts 
falling  on  it  from  the  intellect,  as  on  a  mirror, 
might  terrify  it  by  employing  a  bitterness  akin 
to  its  nature  ;  and  threateningly  mingle  this  bit- 
terness with  the  whole  liver,  so  as  to  give  it  the 
black  color  of  bile  ;  or,  when  images  of  a  differ- 
ent kind  are  reflected  sweetening  its  bitterness 
and  giving  place  to  that  part  of  the  soul  which 
lies  near  the  liver,  making  it  rest  at  night,  with 
the  power  of  divination,  in  dreams.  Although 
the  liver  was  constructed  for  divination,  it  is 
only  during  life  that  its  predictions  are  clear  ; 
after  death  its  oracles  become  obscure,  for  it 
becomes  blind." — Cyclopedia  of  Biog.,  p.  560. 

6017-  WISDOM,  Occasional.  Samuel  Johnson. 
Of  Dr.  Goldsmith  he  said  :  ' '  No  man  was  more 
foolish  when  he  had  not  a  pen  in  his  hand,  or 
more  wise  when  he  had." — Boswell's  John- 
son, p.  438. 


601  §.  WISDOM,  Practical.  SocraUs.  After 
having  found,  by  his  own  experience,  how  diffi- 
cult, abstruse,  and  intricate,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  of  how  little  use  that  kind  of  learning 
was  to  the  generality  of  mankind,  he  was  the 
first,  as  Cicero  remarks,  who  conceived  the 
thought  of  bringing  down  philosophy  from  heav- 
en, to  place  it  in  cities,  and  introduce  it  intO' 
private  houses  ;  humanizing  it,  if  I  may  use  that 
expression,  and  rendering  it  more  familiar,  more 
useful  in  common  life,  more  within  the  reach  of 
man's  capacity,  and  applying  it  solely  to  what 
might  make  them  more  rational,  just,  and  virtu- 
ous. He  thought  it  was  a  sort  of  folly  to  de- 
vote the  whole  vivacity  of  his  mind  and  employ 
all  his  time  in  inquiries  merely  curious  and 
involved  in  impenetrable  darkness,  and  absolute- 
ly incapable  of  contributing  to  the  happiness  of 
mankind,  while  he  neglected  to  inform  himself 
in  the  ordinary  duties  of  life,  and  to  learn  what 
is  conformable  or  opposite  to  piety,  justice,  and 
probity  ;  in  what  fortitude,  temperance,  and 
wisdom  consist  ;  what  is  the  end  of  all  govern- 
ment, what  the  rules  of  it,  and  what  qualities 
are  necessary  for  commanding  and  ruling  well. 
— Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  9,  ch.  4,  §  1. 

6019.  WISDOM  ridicaled.  Egyptian  Expedi- 
tion of  Napoleon.  The  scientific  men,  or  savans, 
as  they  were  called,  had  been  supplied  with 
asses  to  transport  their  persons  and  philosoph- 
ical apparatus.  As  soon  as  the  body  of  Mame- 
lukes was  seen  in  the  distance  the  order  was- 
given,  with  military  precision,  "  Form  square, 
savans  and  asses  in  the  centre."  .  .  .  The 
soldiers  amused  themselves  in  calling  the  asses 
demi- savans.  [On  the  march  to  Cairo.] — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  11. 

6020.  WISDOM,  Source  of.  Folly.  [It  was 
a  saying  of  Cato]  that  wise  men  learn  more  from 
fools  than  fools  from  the  wise ;  for  the  wise 
avoid  the  error  of  fools,  while  fools  do  not  prof- 
it by  the  examples  of  the  wise. — Plutarch's 
Cato  the  Censor. 

6021.  WISHES,  Kind.  "Better  Luck."  [When 
the  fallen  Emperor  Napoleon  arrived  at  Elba, 
the  place  of  his  exile,]  .  .  .  the  boatswain,  in 
behalf  of  his  shipmates,  cap  in  hand,  returned 
thanks,  wishing  "his  honor  long  life  and  bet- 
ter hick  next  time." — Abbott's  Napoleon  B., 
vol.  2,  ch.  23. 

6022.  WISHES,  Euinous.  Covetousness.  In 
some  Oriental  tale  I  have  read  the  fable  of  a 
shepherd  who  was  ruined  by  the  accomplish- 
ment of  his  own  wishes  :  he  had  prayed  for  wa- 
ter ;  the  Ganges  was  turned  into  his  grounds,  and 
his  flock  and  cottage  were  swept  away  by  the 
inundation. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  58,  p.  567. 

6023.  WITCH,  A  suspected.  At  Labrador, 
In  May,  1577,  Captain  Frobisher  and  his  men, 
having  first  gone  in  solemn  procession  to  church 
and  partaken  of  the  communion,  set  sail,  and 
soon  reached  the  scene  of  their  first  explora- 
tions. Icebergs  covered  the  sea,  and  continual- 
ly threatened  the  vessel  with  destruction,  and 
they  were  saved  only  by  the  light  of  the  endless 
northern  day.  Inhabitants  were  discovered  on 
the  shore.  One  of  these,  "  a  man  of  large  cor- 
porature  and  good  proportion,"  they  seized  and 
carried  off.  Another,  an  ill-favored  old  woman, 
they  took  for  a  devil  or  a  witch,  and  actually 


I 


WITCHCRAFT— WIT. 


717 


pulled  off  the  skins  that  covered  her  feet,  to  see 
if  they  were  not  cloven. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  308. 

6024.  WITCHCRAFT,  Alleged.  Salem.  The 
darkest  page  in  the  history  of  New  England  is 
that  which  bears  the  record  of  the  Salem 
witchcraft.  The  same  town  which,  fifty-seven 
years  previously,  cast  out  Roger  Williams,  was 
now  to  become  the  scene  of  the  most  fatal  de- 
lusion of  modern  times.  In  February  of  1692, 
in  the  same  part  of  Salem,  afterward  called 
Dan  vers,  a  daughter  and  a  niece  of  Samuel  Par- 
ris,  the  minister,  were  attacked  with  a  nervous 
disorder,  which  rendered  them  partially  insane. 
Parris  believed,  or  affected  to  believe,  that  the 
two  girls  were  bewitched,  and  that  Tituba,  an 
Indian  maid-servant  of  the  household,  was  the 
author  of  the  affection.  He  had  seen  her  per- 
forming, some  of  the  rude  ceremonies  of  her  own 
religion,  and  this  gave  color  to  his  suspicions. 
He  tied  Tituba,  and  whipped  tiie  ignorant  creat- 
ure, until,  at  his  own  dictation,  she  confessed 
herself  a  witch.  Here,  no  doubt,  the  matter 
would  have  ended  had  not  other  causes  existed 
for  the  continuance  and  spread  of  the  miserable 
delusion. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  16,  p.  150. 

6025.  WITCHCEAFT,  Epidemic.  SaUm.  In 
the  hope  of  saving  their  lives,  some  of  the  terri- 
fied prisoners  now  began  to  confess  themselves 
witches  or  bewitched.  It  was  soon  found  that  a 
confession  was  almost  certain  to  procure  libera- 
tion. It  became  evident  that  the  accused  were 
to  be  put  to  death,  not  for  being  witches  or 
wizards,  but  for  denying  the  reality  of  witch- 
craft. The  special  court  was  already  in  session  ; 
convictions  followed  fast  ;  the  gallows  stood 
waiting  for  its  victims.  The  truth  of  Mather's 
preaching  was  to  be  established  by  hanging 
whoever  denied  it ;  and  Parris  was  to  save  his 
pastorate  by  murdering  his  rival.  When  the 
noble  Borroughs  mounted  the  scaffold  he  stood 
composedly,  and  repeated  correctly  the  test-pray- 
er, which  it  was  said  no  wizard  could  utter.  The 
people  broke  into  sobs  and  moans,  and  would 
have  rescued  their  friend  from  death,  but  the  ty- 
rant Mather  dashed  among  them  on  horseback, 
muttering  imprecations,  and  drove  the  hangman 
to  his  horrid  work.  Old  Giles  Cory,  seeing  that 
conviction  was  certain,  refused  to  plead,  and  was 
pressed  to  death.  Five  women  were  hanged  in 
one  day.  Between  the  10th  of  June  and  22d  of 
September  twenty  victims  were  hurried  to  their 
doom.  Fifty -five  others  uad  been  tortured  into 
the  confession  of  abominable  falsehoods.  A 
hundred  and  fifty  lay  in  prison  awaiting  their 
fate.  Two  hundred  were  accused  or  suspected, 
and  ruin  seemed  to  impend  over  New  England. 
But  a  reaction  at  last  set  in  among  the  people. 
—Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  16,  p.  152. 

6026.  WITCHCEAFT,  Malice  in.  Salem. 
Parris  had  had  a  quarrel  in  his  church.  A  part 
of  the  congregation  desired  that  George  Bur- 
roughs, a  former  minister,  should  be  reinstated, 
to  the  exclusion  of  Parris.  Burroughs  still  lived 
at  Salem,  and  there  was  great  animosity  between 
the  partisans  of  the  former  and  the  present  pas- 
tor. Burroughs  disbelieved  in  witchcraft,  and 
openly  expressed  his  contempt  for  the  system. 
Here,  then,  Parris  found  an  opportunity  to  turn 
the  confession  of  the  foolish  Indian  servant 
against  his  enemies,  to  overwhelm  his  rival  with 


the  superstitions  of  the  community,  and  perhaps 
to  have  him  put  to  death.  There  is  no  doubt 
whatever  that  the  whole  murderous  scheme 
originated  in  the  personal  malice  of  Parris. 
There  were  others  ready  to  aid  him,  especially 
the  celebrated  Cotton  Mather,  minister  of  Boston. 
...  To  these  men  .  .  .  must  be  charged  the 
full  infamy  of  what  followed. — Ridpath's  IJ.  S., 
ch.  16,  p.  151. 

6027.  WITCHCEAFT  punished.  England, 
1716.  Mrs.  Hicks  and  her  daughter,  aged  nine 
years,  were  hanged  at  Huntingdon  ' '  for  selling 
their  souls  to  the  devil ;  tormenting  and  destroy- 
ing their  neighbors,  by  making  them  vomit  pins  ; 
raising  a  storm,  so  that  a  ship  was  almost  lost, 
by  pulling  off  her  stockings,  and  making  a 
lather  soap." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  27, 
p.  430. 

602S. .     Salem.     By  the  laws  of 

England  witchcraft  was  punishable  with  death. 
The  code  of  Massachusetts  was  the  same  as  that 
of  the  mother-country.  .  .  .  On  the  21st  of  March 
[1692]  the  horrible  proceedings  began.  Mary 
Cory  was  arrested,  not  indeed  for  being  a  witch, 
but  for  denying  the  reality  of  witchcraft.  When 
brought  before  the  church  and  court,  she  denied 
all  guilt,  but  was  convicted  and  hurried  to  pris*- 
on.  Sarah  Cloyce  and  Rebecca  Nurse,  two 
sisters,  of  the  most  exemplary  lives,  were  next 
apprehended  as  witches.  The  only  witnesses 
against  them  were  Tituba,  her  half-witted  Indian 
husband,  and  the  simple  girl  Abigail  Williams, 
the  niece  of  Parris.  The  victims  were  sent  to 
prison  protesting  their  innocence.  Giles  Cory,  a 
patriarch  of  eighty  years,  was  next  seized ;  he 
also  was  one  of  those  who  had  opposed  Parris. 
The  Indian  accuser  fell  down  before  Edward 
Bishop,  pretending  to  be  in  a  fit  under  Satanic 
influence ;  the  sturdy  farmer  cured  him  in- 
stantly with  a  sound  flogging,  and  said  that 
he  could  restore  the  rest  of  the  afflicted  in  the 
same  manner.  He  and  his  wife  were  immedi- 
ately arrested  and  condemned.  George  Bur- 
roughs, the  rival  of  Parris,  was  accused  and  hur- 
ried to  prison.  And  so  the  work  went  on  until 
seventy-five  innocent  people  were  locked  up  in 
dungeons.  Not  a  solitary  partisan  of  Parris  or 
Mather  had  been  arrested. — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  16,  p.  151. 

6029.  WIT,  Dangerous.  Claudian  the  Poet. 
Claudian  was  exposed  to  the  enmity  of  a  power- 
ful and  unforgiving  courtier,  whom  he  had  pro- 
voked by  the  insolence  of  wit.  He  had  com- 
pared, in  a  lively  epigram,  the  opposite  charac- 
ters of  two  Praetorian  praefects  of  Italy  ;  he  con- 
trasts the  innocent  repose  of  a  philosopher,  who 
sometimes  resigned  the  hours  of  business  to 
slumber,  perhaps  to  study,  with  the  interesting 
diligence  of  a  rapacious  minister,  indefatigable 
in  the  pursuit  of  unjust  or  sacrilegious  gain. 
"How  happy,"  continues  Claudian — "how 
happy  might  it  be  for  the  people  of  Italy,  if 
Mallius  could  be  constantly  awake,  and  if  Ha- 
drian would  always  sleep  !"  .  .  .  Consulting  the 
dictates  of  prudence  rather  than  of  honor,  he  ad- 
dressed, in  the  form  of  an  epistle,  a  suppliant 
and  humble  recantation  to  the  offended  prsefect. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  31,  p.  237. 

6030.  WIT,  Quick.  Woman's.  The  king 
[Chas  I.]  was  hard  pressed  by  soldiers  in  pursuit 
of  him,  and  they  sought  for  him  all  over  the  house. 


718 


WITNESSES— WOMAN. 


and  id  the  kitchen,  too  ;  but  here  the  girl  in  the 
kitchen  knew  him,  for  indeed  he  was  there  ;  and 
as  they  entered  he  looked  with  trepidation  round 
him,  perhaps  giving  up  all  for  lost  now  ;  but  the 
cook  hit  him  a  smart  rap  with  the  basting  ladle, 
exclaiming,  "  Now,  then,  go  on  with  thy  work  ; 
what  art  thou  looking  about  for  ?"  And  the 
manoeuvre  was  effectual,  and  the  soldiers  started 
on  another  track. — Hood's  CROMWELii,  eh.  13, 
p.  172. 

6031.  WITNESSES,  Abuse  of.  Chief  Justice 
Jeffreys.  One  witness  named  Dunne,  partly  from 
concern  for  Lady  Alice,  and  partly  from  fright 
at  the  threats  and  maledictions  of  the  chief -jus- 
tice, entirely  lost  his  head,  and  at  last  stood  silent. 
"  Oh,  how  hard  the  truth  is,"  said  Jeffreys,  "  to 
come  out  of  a  lying  Presbyterian  knave  !"  The 
witness,  after  a  pause  of  some  minutes,  stammer- 
ed a  few  unmeaning  words.  "  Was  there  ever," 
exclaimed  the  judge,  with  an  oath — "was  there 
ever  such  a  villain  on  the  face  of  the  earth  ?  Dost 
thou  believe  that  there  is  a  God  ?  Dost  thou  be- 
lieve in  hell  fire  ?  Of  all  the  witnesses  that  I 
ever  met  with,  I  never  saw  thy  fellow. "  Still  the 
poor  man,  scared  out  of  his  senses,  remained 
mute,  and  again  Jeffreys  burst  forth  :  "  I  hope, 
gentlemen  of  the  jury,  that  you  take  notice  of 
the  horrible  carriage  of  this  fellow.  How  can 
one  help  abhorring  both  these  men  and  their  re- 
ligion ?  A  Turk  is  a  saint  to  such  a  fellow  as 
this.  A  pagan  would  be  ashamed  of  such  vil- 
lainy. Oh,  blessed  Jesus  !  What  a  generation 
of  vipers  do  we  live  among!"  "I  cannot  tell 
what  to  say,  my  lord,"  faltered  Dunne.  The 
judge  again  broke  forth  into  a  volley  of  oaths. 
"  Was  tiiere  ever,"  he  cried,  "  such  an  impudent 
rascal  ?  Hold  the  candle  to  him,  that  we  may 
see  his  brazen  face.  You,  gentlemen,  that  are 
of  counsel  for  the  Crown,  see  that  an  information 
for  perjury  be  preferred  against  this  fellow." — 
Macaulay's  Eng.  ,  ch.  5,  p.  594. 

6032.  WITNESS,  A  false.  "Dick"  Talbot. 
A  plea  was  wanted  which  might  justify  the 
[James  II.]  Duke  of  York  in  breaking  that 
promise  of  marriage  by  which  he  had  obtained 
from  Anne  Hyde  the  last  proof  of  female  affec- 
tion. Such  a  plea  Talbot,  in  concert  with  some 
of  his  ^dissolute  companions,  undertook  to  fur- 
nish. He  affirmed  that  he  had  triumphed  over 
the  young  lady's  virtue,  made  up  a  long  romance 
about  tlie  interviews  with  which  she  had  in- 
dulged him,  and  related  how,  in  one  of  his 
secret  visits  to  her,  he  had  unluckily  overturned 
the  chancellor's  inkstand  upon  a  pile  of  papers, 
and  how  cleverly  she  had  averted  a  discovery 
by  laying  the  blame  of  the  accident  on  her  mon- 
key. These  stories,  which,  if  they  had  been 
true,  would  never  have  passed  the  lips  of  any 
but  the  basest  of  mankind,  were  pure  inven- 
tions. Talbot  was  soon  forced  to  own  that  they 
were  so,  and  he  owned  it  without  a  blush. — Ma- 
caulay's Eng.  ,  ch.  6,  p.  45. 

6033.  WITNESSES,  False.  Beignof  CharUsII. 
[After  Titus  Oates,  the  honored  impostor,  came 
many  imitators.]  A  wretch  named  Carstairs, 
who  had  earned  a  living  in  Scotland  by  going 
disguised  to  conventicles  and  then  informing 
against  the  preachers,  led  the  way.  Bedloe, 
a  noted  swindler,  followed  ;  and  soon,  from  all 
the  brothels,  gambling-houses,  and  sponging- 
houses  of  London,  false  witnesses  poured  forth 


to  swear  away  the  lives  of  Roman  Catholics.  One 
came  with  a  story  about  an  army  of  30,000  men 
who  were  to  muster  in  the  disguise  of  pilgrims 
at  Corunna,  and  to  sail  thence  to  Wales.  Another 
had  been  promised  canonization  and  £500  to 
murder  the  king.  A  third  had  stepped  into  an 
eating-house  in  Covent  Garden,  and  had  there 
heard  a  great  Roman  Catholic  banker  vow,  in 
the  hearing  of  all  the  guests  and  drawers,  to  kill 
the  heretical  tyrant.  Oates,  that  he  might  not 
be  eclipsed  by  his  imitators,  soon  added  a  large 
supplement  to  his  original  narrative.  He  had 
the  portentous  impudence  to  affirm,  among  other 
things,  that  he  had  once  stood  behind  a  door 
which  was  ajar,  and  had  there  overheard  the 
queen  declare  that  she  had  resolved  to  give  her 
consent  to  the  assassination  of  her  husband.  The 
vulgar  believed,  and  the  highest  magistrates  pre- 
tended to  believe,  even  such  fictions  as  these. — 
Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  2,  p.  222. 

6034.  WITNESS  of  the  Spirit.  Susannah  Wes- 
ley. John  Wesley's  mother  had  rarely  heard  of 
the  present  conscious  forgiveness  of  sins,  or  the 
witness  of  the  spirit,  much  less  that  it  was  the 
common  privilege  of  true  believers.  "  There- 
fore," she  said,  "  I  never  durst  ask  it  for  myself. 
But  two  or  three  weeks  ago,  while  my  son  Hall, 
in  delivering  the  cup  to  me,  was  pronouncing 
these  words,  *  The  blood  of  our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ,  which  was  given  for  thee,'  they  struck 
through  my  heart,  and  I  knew  that  God,  for 
Christ's  sake,  had  forgiven  ine  all  my  sins." 
Wesley  asked  her  whether  her  father  (Dr.  An- 
nesley)  had  not  the  same  faith,  and  if  she  had 
not  heard  him  preach  it  to  others.  She  answered 
he  had  it  himself,  and  declared,  a  little  before 
his  death,  that  for  more  than  forty  years  he  had 
no  darkness,  no  fear,  no  doubt  at  all  of  his  being 
"accepted  in  the  Beloved." — Stevens'  Meth- 
odism, vol.  1,  p.  135. 

6035.  WITNESSING  for  Christ.  Primitive 
Christians.  [Among  the  early  Christians  it]  be- 
came the  most  sacred  duty  of  a  new  convert  to 
diffuse  among  his  friends  and  relations  the  ines- 
timable blessing  which  he  had  received,  and  to 
warn  them  against  a  refusal  that  would  be 
severely  punished  as  a  criminal  disobedience  to 
the  will  of  a  benevolent  but  all-powerful  Deity. 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65,  p.  514. 

6036.  WIVES,  Market  for.  Jamestown  Colony. 
Sixty  were  actually  despatched,  maids  of  vir- 
tuous education,  young,  handsome,  and  well  rec- 
commended.  The  price  rose  from  one  hundred 
and  twenty  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  of 
tobacco,  and  even  more  ;  .  .  .  the  debt  for  a  wife 
took  precedence  of  any  other.  —  Bancroft's 
Hist,  of  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  4. 

6037.  WIVES,  Survival  of.  Widower.  Jerom 
saw  at  Rome  a  triumphant  husband  bury  his 
twenty-first  wife,  who  had  interred  twenty-two 
of  his  less  sturdy  predecessors. — Note  in  Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  349. 

603S.  WOMAN,  Adventurous.  Engagement. 
When  Philip  Henry  was  settled  at  Worthen. 
bury  he  sought  the  hand  of  the  only  daughter 
and  heiress  of  Mr.  Matthew^s,  of  Broad  Oak. 
The  father  demurred,  saying  that  though  Mr. 
Henry  was  an  excellent  preacher  and  a  gentle- 
man, yet  he  did  not  know  from  whence  h* 
*^-came.     "True,"    said   the  daughter;   "but  I 


WOMAN. 


719 


know  where  he  is  going,  and  I  should  like  to  go 
with  him." 

6039.  WOMAN,  Adventurous.  Pope  Joan. 
Between  the  pontificate  of  Leo  IV. ,  who  died  in 
the  year  855,  and  that  of  Benedict  III.,  who 
was  elected  in  858,  a  certain  woman,  who  had 
the  address  to  disguise  her  sex  for  a  considerable 
time,  is  said,  by  learning,  genius,  and  great  ad- 
dress, to  have  made  her  way  to  the  papal  chair, 
and  to  have  governed  the  church  for  two  years, 
till  her  holiness  was  unfortunately  detected  by 
bearing  a  child  in  the  midst  of  a  religious  proces- 
sion. This  real  or  fabulous  personage  is  known 
by  the  title  of  Pope  Joan.  During  five  centuries 
this  event  was  generally  believed,  and  a  vast  num- 
ber of  writers  bore  testimony  to  its  truth  ;  nor 
until  the  period  of  the  reformation  of  Luther  was 
it  considered  by  any  as  either  incredible  in  itself 
or  ignominious  to  the  Church.  But  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  the  existence  of  this  female  pon- 
tiff became  the  subject  of  a  keen  and  learned  con- 
troversy between  the  Protestants  and  the  Catho- 
lics, the  former  supporting  the  truth  of  the  fact, 
and  the  latter  endeavoring  to  invalidate  the  evi- 
dence on  which  it  rests.  Mosheim,  a  very  learned 
and  acute  writer,  steers  a  middle  course ;  and 
though  he  is  disposed  to  doubt  the  many  absurd 
and  ridiculous  circumstances  with  which  the 
story  has  been  embellished,  for  the  purpose  of 
throwing  ridicuJe  on  the  head  of  the  Romish 
church,  yet  is  inclined  to  think  that  it  is  not 
wholly  without  foundation.  Gibbon  treats  the 
story  as  a  mere  fable. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6, 
eh.  4,  p.  94. 

6040.  WOMAN,  Ambitious,  Princess  Sophia. 
The  czar  Alexis  Michaelowitz,  who  first  intro- 
duced a  regular  system  of  laws  among  the  Rus- 
sians, paved  the  way  for  that  civilization  which 
his  son  Peter  afterward  accomplished.  Alexis 
left  three  sons,  Phsedor,  Ivan,  and  Peter  [the 
Great] ,  and  a  daughter  Sophia.  Phsedor  succeed- 
ed his  father,  but  died  young  in  the  year  1682, 
leaving  the  crown  to  his  youngest  brother,  Peter, 
then  only  two  years  of  age,  in  exclusion  of  the 
elder  Ivan,  a  man  of  no  capacity  ;  but  the  Prin- 
cess Sophia  had  that  capacity  which  her  brother 
wanted.  She  committed  some  dreadful  excesses 
to  obtain  the  government  of  the  empire,  and  car- 
ried the  point  so  as  to  cause  herself  to  be  asso- 
ciated with  her  brothers  in  the  regency  ;  but  this 
did  not  satisfy  her.  She  aimed  at  an  exclusive 
possession  of  the  sovereignty,  and  for  that  pur- 
pose formed  a  conspiracy  against  the  life  of 
Peter,  which  terminated  in  her  own  ruin.  The 
young  Peter  assembled  some  troops,  severely 
punished  the  conspirators,  confined  Sophia  in  a 
monastery,  and  leaving  only  an  empty  title  to 
his  brother  Ivan,  made  himself  master  of  the 
empire  in  the  year  1689. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  6,  ch.  35,  p.  474. 

604 1 .  WOMAN,  Avaricious.   Wife  of  James  II. 

SThe  rebellion  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  filled 
effreys'  courts  with  victims.]  It  could  [not]  be 
shown  that,  in  the  season  of  her  [Mary's]  great- 
ness, she  saved,  or  even  tried  to  save,  one  single 
victim  from  the  most  frightful  proscription  that 
England  has  ever  seen.  Unhappily,  the  only  re- 
quest that  she  is  known  to  have  preferred  touch- 
ing the  rebels  Avas  that  a  hundred  of  those  who 
were  sentenced  to  transportation  might  be  given 
to  her.     The  profit  which  she  cleared  on  the  car- 


go, after  making  large  allowance  for  those  who 
died  of  hunger  and  fever  during  the  passage,  can- 
not be  estimated  at  less  than  a  thousand  guineas. 
We  cannot  wonder  that  her  attendants  should 
have  imitated  her  unprincely  greediness  and  her 
unwomanly  cruelty. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5, 
p.  606. 

6042.  WOMAN,  Bravery  of.  Jane  de  Montfort. 
The  defence  of  the  castle  of  Hennebon  by  Jane 
de  Montfort,  during  the  captivity  of  her  husband, 
is  one  of  the  most  interesting  episodes  of  the 
wars  in  which  England  was  engaged.  The  his- 
torian and  the  artist  have  delighted  to  exhibit  the 
heroic  duchess,  .  .  .  with  "  the  courage  of  a  man 
and  the  heart  of  a  lion,"  showing  to  the  people 
of  Rennes  her  infant  boy,  and  saying,  "  See  here 
my  little  son,  who  shall  be  the  restorer  of  his  fa- 
ther ;".  .  .  at  the  last  extremitjr  looking  down 
along  the  sea,  out  of  a  window  m  the  castle,  and 
crying  aloud,  smiling  for  great  joy,  "I  see  the 
succors  of  England  coming  !" — Kkight's  Ekg., 
vol.  1,  ch.  29,  p.  455. 

6043. .     Wife  of  William  Purefoy. 

[In  1642,  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war,  the 
wife  of  William  Purefoy,  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  defended  her  house  against 
Prince  Rupert  and  four  hundred  Cavaliers.]  The 
little  garrison  consisted  of  the  brave  lady  and 
her  two  daughters,  her  son-in-law,  eight  male 
servants,  and  a  few  females.  They  had  twelve 
muskets,  which  the  women  loaded  as  the  men 
discharged  them  from  the  windows.  The  out- 
buildings were  set  on  fire,  and  the  house  would 
have  been  burnt,  had  not  the  lady  gone  forth 
and  claimed  the  protection  of  the  Cavaliers. 
[Prince]  Rupert  respected  her  courage,  and 
would  not  suffer  her  property  to  be  plundered. 
[Her  home  was  in  the  north  of  Warwickshire. 
Her  husband  was  absent.]  —  Knight's  Ekg., 
vol.  4,  ch.  1,  p.  1. 

6044.  WOMAN,  Charity  of.  Lceta.  [During 
the  invasion  of  the  Barbarians  Rome]  gradually 
experienced  the  distress  of  scarcity,  and  at  length 
the  horrid  calamities  of  famine.  The  daily  al- 
lowance of  three  pounds  of  bread  was  reduced 
to  one  half,  to  one  third,  to  nothing  ;  and  the 
price  of  corn  still  continued  to  rise  in^ a  rapid 
and  extravagant  proportion.  The  poorer  citi- 
zens, who  were  unable  to  purchase  the  necessa- 
ries of  life,  solicited  the  precarious  charity  of  the 
rich  ;  and  for  a  while  the  public  misery  was  al- 
leviated by  the  humanity  of  Laeta,  the  widow  of 
the  Emperor  Gratian,  who  had  fixed  her  residence 
at  Rome,  and  consecrated  to  the  use  of  the  indi- 
gent the  princely  revenue  which  she  annually  re- 
ceived from  the  grateful  successors  of  her  hus- 
band.— Gibbok's  Rome,  ch.  31,  p.  269. 

6045.  WOMAN,  Compassion  of.  Nero's  Nurses. 
As  Robespierre  was  lamented  by  his  landlady, 
so  even  Nero  was  tenderly  buried  by  two  nurses 
who  had  known  him  in  the  exquisite  beauty 
of  his  engaging  childhood,  and  by  Acte,  who 
had  inspired  his  youth  with  a  genuine  love. — 
Farrar's  Early  Days,  ch.  4,  p.  44. 

6046.  WOMAN,  Converts  by.  Clotilda.  Clovis, 
the  Merovingian  prince,  had  contracted  a  fortu- 
nate alliance  with  the  fair  Clotilda,  the  niece  of 
the  King  of  Burgundy,  who  .  .  .  was  educated  in 
the  profession  of  the  Catholic  faith.  It  was  her  in- 
terest, as  well  as  her  duty,  to  achieve  the  conver- 


T20 


WOMAN. 


sion  of  a  pagan  husband  ;  and  Clovis  insensibly 
listened  to  the  voice  of  love  and  religion.  He 
consented ...  to  the  baptism  of  his  eldest  son  ;  and 
though  the  sudden  death  of  the  infant  excited 
some  superstitious  fears,  he  was  persuaded,  a 
second  time,  to  repeat  the  dangerous  experiment. 
In  the  distress  of  the  battle  of  Tolbiac  Clovis 
loudly  invoked  the  God  of  Clotilda  and  the 
Christians ;  and  victory  disposed  him  to  hear, 
with  respectful  gratitude,  the  eloquent  Remigius, 
Bishop  of  Rheims,  who  forcibly  displayed  the 
temporal  and  spiritual  advantages  of  his  conver- 
sion. The  king  declared  himself  satisfied  of  the 
truth  of  the  Catholic  faith  ;  and  the  political 
reasons  which  might  have  suspended  his  public 
profession  were  removed  by  the  devout  or  loyal 
acclamations  of  the  Franks,  who  showed  them- 
selves alike  prepared  to  follow  their  heroic  leader 
to  the  field  of  battle  or  to  the  baptismal  font. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  38,  p.  574. 

6047.  WOMAN  at  Court.  Lady  Hamilton. 
[When  Nelson  sought  water  and  provisions  for 
his  fleet  in  Sicily,]  the  Neapolitan  ministry,  dread- 
ing to  offend  the  French  Directory,  refused  the 
supplies  which  he  required  before  he  again  start- 
ed in  pursuit  of  the  fleet  [of  Bonaparte].  Sir 
William  Hamilton  was  [English]  minister  at  Na- 
ples ;  his  wife  was  the  favorite  with  the  Queen  of 
Naples,  and  one  of  the  most  attractive  of  the 
ladies  of  that  luxurious  court.  Nelson  had  slight 
acquaintance  with  Lady  Hamilton,  and  upon  his 
representations  of  the  urgent  necessit}^  for  vic- 
tualling his  fleet,  secret  instructions  were  given 
that  he  should  be  supplied  with  all  that  he  re- 
quired. [Nelson  afterward  urged  her  claims  upon 
the  national  gratitude,  because  the  success  of 
his  brilliant  action  of  the  Nile  was  owing  to  her, 
as  he  must  otherwise  have  gone  to  Gibraltar  to 
refit,  and  the  enemy  would  have  escaped.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  20,  p.  355. 

604§.  WOMAN,  Cruelty  of.  Parysatis.  [She 
was  the  mother  of  the  murdered  Cyrus.  A 
Garian  soldier  boasted  that  he  had  killed  Cyrus.] 
Animated  by  a  barbarous  spirit  of  vengeance,  she 
commanded  the  executioners  to  take  that  unfor- 
tunate wretch,  and  to  make  him  suffer  the  most 
exquisite  tortures  during  ten  days ;  then  after 
they  had  torn  out  his  ej^es,  to  pour  melted  brass 
into  his  ears,  till  he  expired  in  that  cruel  agony  ; 
which  was  accordingly  executed.  [Messabates, 
the  eunuch,  had,  by  the  king's  order,  cut  off  the 
hand  and  head  of  Cyrus.]  As  soon  as  she  got  him 
into  her  hands,  before  the  king  could  have  the 
least  suspicion  of  the  revenge  she  meditated,  she 
delivered  him  to  the  executioners,  and  command- 
ed them  to  flay  him  alive,  to  lay  him  afterward 
upon  three  cross-bars,  and  to  stretch  his  skin  be- 
fore his  eyes  upon  stakes  prepared  for  that  pur- 
pose ;  which  was  performed  accordingly. — Rol- 
liiN's  Hist.,  Book  9,  ch.  2,  §  7. 

6049.  WOMAN  a  Custodian.  Of  Man.  [When 
Fabius  Maximus  commanded  the  Roman  army 
against  Hannibal.]  One  day  his  officers  informed 
him  that  one  of  his  courtiers  .  .  .  often  quitted 
his  post,  and  rambled  out  of  the  camp.  Upon 
this  report,  he  asked  what  kind  of  a  man  he 
was  in  other  respects ;  and  they  all  declared  it 
was  not  easy  to  find  so  good  a  soldier,  doing 
him  the  justice  to  mention  several  extraordinary 
instances  of  his  valor.  On  inquiring  into  the 
cause  of  this  irregularity,  he  found  that  the  man 


was  passionately  in  love,  and  that,  for  the  sake 
of  seeing  a  young  woman,  he  ventured  out  of 
the  camp,  and  took  a  long  and  dangerous  journey 
every  night.  Hereupon  Fabius  gave  ordei"s  to 
some  of  his  men  to  find  out  the  woman,  and 
convey  her  into  his  own  tent,  but  took  care  that 
the  Lucanian  should  not  know  it.  Then  he  sent 
for  him,  and  taking  him  aside,  spoke  to  him  as 
follows  :  "  1  very  well  know  that  you  have  lain 
many  nights  out  of  the  camp,  in  breach  of  the 
Roman  discipline  and  laws  ;  at  the  same  time,  I 
am  not  ignorant  of  your  past  services.  In  con- 
sideration of  them,  I  forgive  your  present  crime  ; 
but  for  the  future  I  will  give  you  in  charge  to 
a  person  who  shall  be  answerable  for  you." 
While  the  soldier  stood  much  amazed,  Fabius 
produced  the  woman,  and  putting  her  in  his 
hands,  thus  expressed  himself :  ' '  This  is  the 
person  who  engages  for  you  that  you  will  re- 
main in  camp  ;  and  now  we  shall  see  whether 
there  was  not  some  traitorous  design  which  drew 
you  out,  and  which  you  made  the  love  of  this 
woman  a  cloak  for."  —  Plutarch's  Fabius 
Maximus. 

6050.  WOMAN,  Dangerous.  Cleopatra.  He 
cited  Cleopatra  before  him,  to  answer  for  the 
conduct  of  her  governors,  and  sent  one  of  his 
lieutenants  to  oblige  her  to  come  to  him  in  Cili- 
cia,  whither  he  was  going  to  assemble  the  States 
of  that  province.  That  step  was,  from  its  conse- 
quences, very  fatal  to  Antony,  and  completed  his 
ruin.  His  love  for  Cleopatra  having  awakened 
passions  in  him  till  thisn  concealed  or  asleep,  in- 
flamed them  even  to  madness,  and  finally  dead- 
ened and  extinguished  the  few  sparks  of  honor 
and  virtue  which  he  might  perhaps  still  retain. 
Cleopatra,  assured  of  her  charms  by  the  proof 
she  had  already  so  successfully  made  of  them 
upon  Julius  Csesar,  was  in  hopes  that  she  could 
also  very  easily  captivate  Antony.  .  .  .  Never 
was  equipage  more  splendid  and  magnificent 
than  hers.  The  stern  of  her  ship  flamed  with 
gold,  the  sails  were  purple,  and  the  oars  inlaid 
with  silver.  A  pavilion  of  cloth  of  gold  was 
raised  upon  the  deck,  under  which  appeared  the 
queen,  robed  like  Venus,  and  surrounded  with 
the  most  beautiful  virgins  of  her  court,  of  whom 
some  represented  the  Nereides,  and  others  the 
Graces.  Instead  of  trumpets  were  heard  flutes, 
hautboys,  harps,  and  other  such  instruments  of 
music,  warbling  the  softest  airs,  to  which  the 
oars  kept  time,  and  rendered  the  harmony  more 
agreeable.  Perfumes  were  burning  on  the  deck, 
which  spread  their  odors  to  a  great  distance 
upon  the  river.  —  Rollin's  Hist.  ,  Book  34, 
§3. 

6051.  WOMAN,  Device  of.  Ariadne.  Andro- 
gens being  treacherously  slain  in  Attica,  a  very 
fatal  war  was  carried  on  against  that  country  by 
Minos,  and  divine  vengeance  laid  it  waste  ;  for 
it  was  visited  by  famine  and  pestilence,  and 
want  of  water  increased  their  misery.  The 
remedy  that  Apollo  proposed  was,  that  they 
should  appease  Minos,  and  be  reconciled  to  him, 
whereupon  the  wrath  of  Heaven  would  cease, 
and  their  calamities  come  to  a  period.  In  conse- 
quence of  this,  they  sent  ambassadors  with  their 
submission,  and  .  .  .  engaged  themselves  by 
treaty  to  send  every  ninth  year  a  tribute  of  seven 
young  men  and  as  many  virgins.  When  these 
were  brought  into  Crete,  the  fabulous  account 


I 


WOMAN. 


721 


Informs  us  that  they  were  destroyed  by  the 
Minotaur  in  the  Labyrinth,  or  that,  lost  in  its 
mazes,  and  unable  to  find  the  way  out,  they 
perished  there.  The  Minotaur  was,  as  Euripides 
tells  us, 

A  mingled  form,  prodigious  to  behold. 
Half  bull,  half  man  ! 

When  the  time  of  the  third  tribute  came,  .  .  . 
Theseus,  who,  to  express  his  regard  for  justice, 
and  take  his  share  in  the  common  fortune,  vol- 
untarily offered  himself  as  one  of  the  seven, 
without  lot.  [The  conditions  on  which  the 
tribute  would  be  remitted  were  these  :]  That  the 
Athenians  should  furnish  a  vessel,  and  the  young 
men  embark  and  sail  along  with  him,  but  carry 
no  arms  ;  and  that  if  they  could  kill  the  Mino- 
taur, there  should  be  an  end  of  the  tribute. 
There  appearing  no  hopes  of  safety  for  the 
youths  in  the  two  former  tributes,  they  sent  out 
a  ship  with  a  black  sail,  as  carrying  them  to  cer- 
tain ruin.  But  when  Theseus  encouraged  his 
father  by  his  confidence  of  success  against  the 
Minotaur  he  gave  another  sail,  a  white  one,  to 
the  pilot,  ordering  him,  if  he  brought  Theseus 
safe  back,  to  hoist  the  white  ;  but  if  not  to  sail 
with  the  black  one  in  token  of  his  misfortune. 
.  .  .  When  he  arrived  in  Crete,  according  to 
most  historians  and  poets,  Ariadne,  falling  in 
love  with  him,  gave  him  a  clew  of  thread,  and 
instructed  him  how  to  pass  with  it  through  the 
intricacies  of  the  labyrinth.  Thus  assisted,  he 
killed  the  Minotaur,  and  then  set  sail,  carrying 
off  Ariadne,  together  with  the  young  men. — 
Plutarch's  Caius  Maucius. 

6052.  "WOMAN,  Dominion  of.  James  II.  [His 
favorite  mistress  was  Sarah  Jennings.]  Among 
the  gallants  who  sued  for  her  favor,  Churchill 
[afterward  Duke  of  Marlborough],  young,  hand- 
some, graceful,  insinuating,  eloquent,  and  brave, 
obtained  the  preference.  He  must  have  been 
enamored  indeed  ;  for  he  had  little  property,  ex- 
cept the  annuity  which  he  had  bought  with  the 
infamous  wages  bestowed  on  him  by  the  Duchess 
of  Cleveland ;  he  was  insatiable  of  riches ; 
Sarah  was  poor  ;  and  a  plain  girl  with  a  large 
fortune  was  proposed  to  him.  His  love,  after  a 
struggle,  prevailed  over  his  avarice  ;  marriage 
only  strengthened  his  passion  ;  and  to  the  last 
hour  of  his  life  Sarah  enjoyed  the  pleasure  and 
distinction  of  being  the  one  human  being  who 
was  able  to  mislead  that  far-sighted  and  sure- 
footed judgment,  who  was  fervently  loved  by 
that  cold  heart,  and  who  was  servilely  feared  by 
that  intrepid  spirit.  [See  No.  6077. J — Macau- 
lay's  ExG.,  ch.  7,  p.  237. 

6053.  WOMAN,  Energetic.  Washington's 
Mother.  He  was  brought  up  in  a  very  hardy, 
sensible  manner,  on  an  enormous  farm,  not  a 
fourth  part  of  which  was  cultivated.  His  father 
dying  when  he  was  eleven  years  old,  he  came 
directly  under  the  influence  of  his  mother,  who 
was  one  of  the  women  of  whom  people  say, 
"  There  is  no  nonsense  about  her."  She  was  a 
plain,  illiterate,  energetic,  strong-willed  lady, 
perfectly  capable  of  conducting  the  affairs  of  a 
farm,  and  scorning  the  help  of  others. — Cyclo- 
pedia OF  BlOG. ,  p.  11. 

6054.  WOMAN,  Executive.  Mother  of  Wash- 
ington. To  the  pressing  entreaties  of  her  son 
that  she  would  make  Mount  Vernon  the  home 


of  her  old  age,  the  matron  replied  :  "I  thank 
you  for  your  affectionate,  dutiful  offers,  but  my 
wants  are  few  in  this  world,  and  I  feel  perfectly 
competent  to  take  care  of  myself."  Upon  her 
son-in-law.  Colonel  Fielding  Lewis,  proposing 
that  he  should  relieve  her  in  the  direction  of  her 
[farm]  affairs,  she  observed:  "Do you.  Field- 
ing, keep  my  books  in  order,  for  your  eyesight 
is  better  than  mine,  but  leave  the  executive 
management  to  me." — Custis'  Washington, 
vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

6055.  WOMAN,  Extraordinary.  Zenobia.  [Ze- 
nobia  was  the  celebrated  Queen  of  Palmj^ra 
and  the  East.]  Modern  Europe  has  produced 
several  illustrious  women  who  have  sustained 
with  glory  the  weight  of  empire  ;  nor  is  our  own 
age  destitute  of  such  distinguished  characters. 
But  if  we  except  the  doubtful  achievements  of 
Semiramis,  Zenobia  is  perhaps  the  only  female 
whose  superior  genius  broke  through  the  servile 
indolence  imposed  on  her  sex  by  the  climate  and 
manners  of  Asia.  She  claimed  her  descent  f  i-om 
the  Macedonian  kings  of  Egypt,  equalled  in 
beauty  her  ancestor  Cleopatra,  and  far  surpassed 
that  princess  in  chastit}-^  and  valor.  Zenobia  was 
esteemed  the  most  lovely  as  well  as  the  most 
heroic  of  her  sex.  She  was  of  a  dark  com- 
plexion. Her  teeth  were  of  a  pearly  whiteness, 
and  her  large  black  eyes  sparkled,  with  uncom- 
mon lire,  tempered  by  the  most  attractive  sweet- 
ness. Her  voice  was  strong  and  harmonious. 
Her  manly  understanding  was  strengthened  and 
adorned  by  study.  She  was  not  ignorant  of  the 
Latin  tongue,  but  possessed  in  equal  perfection 
the  Greek,  the  Syriac,  and  the  Egyptian  lan- 
guages. She  had  drawn  up  for  her  own  use  an 
epitome  of  Oriental  history,  and  familiarly  com- 
pared the  beauties  of  Homer  and  Plato  imder 
the  tuition  of  the  sublime  Longinus. — Gibbon, 
ch.  11,  p.  350. 

6056.  WOMAN,  A  ferocious.  Hind.  [After 
one  of  Mahomet's  battles.]  The  ferocious  hero- 
ine. Hind,  sought  the  body  of  Hamza,  the  mur- 
derer of  her  father,  who  was  slain  in  turn  by  the 
arrow  of  the  negro  slave  Wahchi.  She  dis- 
covers it,  rushes  upon  the  carcass,  lays  open  the 
side  with  a  sabre  blow,  plucks  out  the  heart,  and 
tears  it  with  her  teeth.  Then,  taking  from  her 
own  neck  and  arms  the  bracelets  and  necklaces 
that  adorned  them,  she  gives  them  to  the  black 
slave,  and  substitutes  them  with  a  necklace  and 
bracelets  made  of  the  ears  of  the  dead  enemy. — 
Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  116. 

6057.  WOMAN,  Firmness  of.  Theodora.  [A 
rebellion  broke  out  in  Constantinople,  and  the 
Emperor]  Justinian  was  lost  if  [his  wife]  the 
prostitute  whom  he  raised  from  the  theatre  had 
not  renounced  the  timidity  as  well  as  the  virtues 
of  her  sex.  In  the  midst  of  a  council,  where 
Belisarius  was  present,  Theodora  alone  displayed 
the  spirit  of  a  hero  ;  and  she  alone,  without  ap- 
prehending his  future  hatred,  could  save  the 
emperor  frou}  the  imminent  danger  and  his  un- 
worthy fears.  "If  flight,"  said  the  consort  of 
Justinian,  "  were  the  only  means  of  safety,  yet 
I  should  disdain  to  fly.  Death  is  the  condition 
of  our  birth  ;  but  they  who  have  reigned  should 
never  survive  the  loss  of  dignity  and  dominion. 
I  implore  Heaven  that  I  may  never  be  seen,  not 
a  day,  without  my  diadem  and  purples  ;  that  I 
may  no  longer  behold  the  light  when  I  cease  to 


723 


WOMAN. 


be  saluted  with  the  name  of  queen.  If  you  re- 
solve, O  Csesar  !  to  fly,  you  have  treasures  ;  be- 
hold the  sea,  you  have  ships ;  but  tremble  lest 
the  desire  of  life  should  expose  you  to  wretched 
exile  and  ignominious  death.  For  my  own  part, 
I  adhere  to  the  maxim  of  antiquity,  that  the 
throne  is  a  glorious  sepulchre."  The  firmness 
of  a  woman  restored  the  courage  to  deliberate 
and  act,  and  courage  soon  discovers  the  re- 
sources of  the  most  desperate  situation. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  40,  p.  63. 

605S.  WOMAN  forgotten.  Mrs.  Samuel 
Adams.  Samuel  Adams  married  young,  and 
while  he  devoted  himself  to  politics,  it  was 
chiefly  the  industry  and  economy  of  his  wife 
that  supported  the  family.  And  yet  this  good 
and  true  wife,  to  whom  not  merely  her  husband, 
but  the  community,  stood  greatly  indebted,  has 
attracted  so  little  the  notice  of  biographers,  that 
we  are  unable  to  give  even  her  name. — "  Sam- 
uel Adams,"  American  Cyclopedia. 

6059.  WOMAN,  The  greatest.  Napoleon  I. 
Madame  de  Sta6l  challenged  me,  in  the  midst  of 
a  numerous  circle,  to  tell  her  who  was  the 
greatest  woman  in  the  world.  I  looked  at  her 
and  coldly  replied,  "  She,  madame,  who  has 
borne  the  greatest  number  of  children." — Ab- 
bott's Napoleon  B.,  vol.  1,  ch.  35. 

6060.  WOMAN,  Helpful.  Isabella.  The  idea 
of  reaching  the  Indies  by  crossing  the  Atlantic 
had  already  possessed  him  [Columbus].  For 
more  than  ten  years  the  poor  enthusiast  was  a  beg- 
gar, going  from  court  to  court,  explaining  to  dull 
monarchs  and  bigoted  monks  the  figure  of  the 
earth  and  the  ease  with  which  the  rich  island  of 
the  East  might  be  reached  by  sailing  westward. 
He  found  one  appreciative  listener,  afterward  his 
constant  and  faithful  friend,  the  noble  and 
sympathetic  Isabella,  Queen  of  Castile.  Be  it 
never  forgotten  that  to  the  faith  and  insight 
and  decision  of  a  woman  the  final  success  of  Co- 
lumbus must  be  attributed, — Ridpath's  U.  S., 
ch.  3,  p.  55. 

6061.  WOMAN  honored.  Tomb.  The  Taj 
...  [in  India],  said  to  be  the  most  beautiful 
building  in  the  world,  .  .  .  was  built  as  a  tomb 
by  the  emperor  Shah  Jehar  .  .  .  for  his  wife, 
whom  he  loved  with  an  idolatrous  affection. 
He  had  promised  her  on  her  death-bed  to  erect 
to  her  memory  such  a  mausoleum  as  the  world 
had  never  before  seen.  He  kept  his  word.  .  .  . 
It  cost,  it  is  stated,  exclusive  of  labor,  $15,- 
000,000.  To-day,  with  paid  labor,  it  would  cost 
$50,000,000.  In  this  country  [America]  it  could 
not  have  been  built  for  probably  twice  this  sum. 
— General  Grant's  Travels,  p.  300. 

6062.  WOMAN,  An  indiscreet.  Frances  Jen- 
nings. Frances  had  been  distinguished  by 
beauty  and  levity  even  among  the  crowd  of 
beautiful  faces  and  light  characters  which 
adorned  and  disgraced  Whitehall  during  the 
wild  carnival  of  the  Restoration.  On  one  occa- 
sion Frances  dressed  herself  like  an  orange  girl, 
and  cried  fruit  about  the  streets.  Sober  people 
predicted  that  a  girl  of  so  little  discretion  and 
delicacy  would  not  easily  find  a  husband.  [She 
was,  however,  twice  married,  and  was  now  the 
wife  of  Tyrconnel.  She  was  the  sister  of  Sarah, 
the  favorite  mistress  of  James  II.] — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  3,  p.  236. 


6063.  WOMAN,  Infamous.  Lady  Castlemaine. 
Lord  Castlemaine  .  .  .  was,  indeed,  well  ac- 
quainted with  Rome,  and  was,  for  a  layman, 
deeply  read  in  theological  controversy.  But  he 
had  none  of  the  address  which  his  post  required 
[as  English  minister],  and  even  had  he  been  a 
diplomatist  of  the  greatest  ability,  there  was  a 
circumstance  which  would  have  disqualified  him 
for  the  particular  mission  on  which  he  had  been 
sent.  He  was  known  all  over  Europe  as  the 
husband  of  the  most  shameless  of  women,  and 
he  was  known  in  no  other  way. — Macaulay's 
Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  245. 

6064.  — -    .      Messalina.     Messalina, 

also,  the  vicious  and  abandoned  wife  of  Claudi- 
us, urged  him  on  to  various  acts  of  injustice 
and  cruelty.  This  woman  was  infamous  for  all 
manner  of  vices.  Her  debaucheries,  which  were 
quite  notorious  in  Rome,  exceed  all  belief  ;  but, 
what  is  the  most  surprising  part  of  her  character, 
she  had  the  address  to 'pass  with  Claudius  as  a 
paragon  of  virtue.  She  at  length,  however, 
proceeded  to  that  height  of  effrontery,  that  dur- 
ing a  short  absence  of  Claudius  she  publicly 
married  Caius  Silius,  and  upon  the  emperor's  re- 
turn made  him,  by  way  of  jest,  to  sign  the  mar- 
riage contract.  Narcissus,  his  freedman,  soon 
made  him  sensible  that  the  matter  was  too  serious, 
by  informing  him  that  the  people  no  longer  look- 
ed upon  him  as  emperor.  Utterly  unable  to  act 
for  himself,  he  now  entreated  that  Narcissus 
would  take  any  steps  he  judged  best  for  his  in- 
terest, and  his  favorite,  thus  invested  with  au- 
thority, immediately  secured  the  Praetorian 
guards,  and  caused  Messalina  and  Silius,  her 
gallant,  to  be  put  to  death. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  5,  ch.  1,  p.  486. 

6065. .  Cleopatra.  What  a  monster 

was  this  princess  !  The  most  odious  of  vices  were 
united  in  her  person  :  an  avowed  disregard  of 
modesty,  breach  of  faith,  injustice,  cruelty,  and, 
what  crowns  all  the  rest,  the  false  exterior  of  a 
deceitful  friendship,  which  covers  a  fixed  design 
of  delivering  up  to  his  enemy  the  person  she 
loads  with  the  most  tender  caresses  and  with 
marks  of  the  warmest  and  most  sincere  attach- 
ment. Such  are  the  effects  of  ambition,  which 
was  her  predominant  vice. — Rollin's  Hist., 
Book  24,  §  3. 

6066. .     Catharine    de'   Medici. 

Catharine,  finding  herself  in  direct  collision  with 
the  admiral  [Coligny],  whose  paramount  credit 
with  the  king  threatened  her  with  a  total  loss  of 
power,  finally  resolved  on  his  destruction.  No 
doubt  the  idea  of  this  crime  had  often  been  sug- 
gested to  her  mind  before  ;  it  had  now  become  a 
necessity  ;  and  she  executed  it  with  a  cool  deter- 
mination, combined  with  Machiavelian  subtlety, 
which  will  transmit  her  name  to  posterity  brand- 
ed with  peculiar  and  indelible  infamy.  Her  chief 
confidants  were  her  son,  the  Duke  of  Anjou  (af- 
terward Henry  III.),  the  Duke  of  Guise,  the  Mar- 
shal de  Tavannes,  the  Count  de  Retz,  and  the 
Duke  of  Nevers.  It  was  arranged  that  the  admi- 
ral should  be  assassinated  by  some  known  retain- 
er of  the  Guises  ;  this  would  almost  certainly  pro- 
duce an  insurrection  of  the  Huguenots  to  avenge 
the  death  of  their  leader  ;  the  populace  of  Paris 
was  then  to  be  instigated  to  rise  in  defence  of  the 
Guises  ;  and  the  weaker  party  was  to  be  crush- 
ed and  exterminated  by  a  wholesale   massacre. 


WOMAN. 


723 


Such  was  the  scheme  of  these  diabolical  conspir- 
ators.— Students'  France,  ch.  16,  ^  10. 

6067.  WOMAN,  Infatuated  by.  Roman  Mark 
Antony.  Antony,  .  .  .  intoxicated  with  East- 
ern luxury  and  debauchery,  was  daily  sinking 
in  the  esteem  of  his  army.  In  the  madness 
of  his  passion  for  Cleopatra,  he  had  proclaimed 
her  queen  of  Egypt,  Cyprus,  Africa,  and  Coelo- 
Syria,  and  lavished  kingdoms  and  provinces  on 
the  children  that  were  the  fruit  of  her  various 
amours.  .  .  .  The  imprudent  measure  he 
now  took  in  divorcing  his  wife  Octavia,  the 
sister  of  his  colleague,  was  a  justifiable  cause 
for  their  coming  to  an  open  rupture,  and  ap- 
pealing to  the  sword  to  decide  their  claim  to 
undivided  sovereignty  of  the  empire.  Octavi- 
us  had  foreseen  this  issue,  and  made  formida- 
ble preparations,  which  Antony  had  supinely 
neglected.  He  trusted  chiefly  to  his  fleet,  and 
was  persuaded  by  Cleopatra  to  rest  the  fortune 
of  the  war  on  a  naval  engagement,  which  was 
fought  near  Actium  in  Epirus.  In  the  heat  of 
the  battle,  which  was  maintained  for  some  time 
with  equal  spirit,  Cleopatra,  with  her  Egyptian 
armament  of  sixty  galleys,  took  to  flight,  and, 
what  is  scarcely  conceivable,  such  was  the  in- 
fatuation of  Antony,  that  he  followed  her,  leav- 
ing his  fleet  to  fight  for  themselves. — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book 4,  ch.  3,  p.  420. 

606§.  WOMAN,  An  injured.  Wife  of  James 
II.  [Mary  was  jealous  of  the  infamous  Cath- 
arine Sedley,  the  king's  mistress.]  She  did  not 
even  attempt  to  conceal  from  the  eyes  of  the 
world  the  violence  of  her  emotions.  Day  after 
day  the  courtiers  who  came  to  see  her  dine  ob- 
served that  the  dishes  were  removed  untasted 
from  the  table.  She  suffered  the  tears  to  stream 
down  her  cheeks  unconcealed  in  the  presence  of 
the  whole  circle  of  courtiers  and  envoys.  To 
the  king  she  spoke  with  wild  vehemence. 
"  Let  me  go,"  she  cried.  "You  have  made 
your  woman  a  countess  ;  make  her  a  queen  1 
Put  my  crown  on  her  head  !  Only  let  me  hide 
myself  in  some  convent,  where  I  may  never  see 
her  more." — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  66. 

•  6069.  WOMAN,  Injustice  to.  Henry  VIII. 
[Of  the  pope's  legates  he  sought  a  divorce.] 
King  and  queen  were  cited  to  appear  before 
them  when  the  court  again  met  on  the  18th  of 
June.  Henry  briefly  announced  his  resolve  to 
live  no  longer  in  mortal  sin.  The  queen  offered 
an  appeal  to  Clement,  and  on  the  refusal  of  the 
legates  to  admit  it,  flung  lierself  at  Henry's  feet. 
"  Sire,"  said  Catharine  [of  Aragon],  "I  be- 
seech you  to  pity  me,  a  woman  and  a  stranger, 
without  an  assured  friend,  and  without  an  indif- 
ferent counsellor.  I  take  God  to  witness  that  I 
have  always  been  to  you  a  true  and  loyal  wife  ; 
that  I  have  made  it  my  constant  duty  to  seek 
your  pleasure  ;  that  I  have  loved  all  whom  you 
loved,  whether  I  have  reason  or  not,  whether 
they  are  friends  to  me  or  foes.  I  have  been 
your  wife  for  years  ;  I  have  brought  you  many 
children.  God  knows  that  when  I  came  to  your 
bed  I  was  a  virgin,  and  I  put  it  to  your  own  con- 
science to  say  whether  it  was  not  so.  If  there  be 
any  offence  which  can  be  alleged  against  me,  I 
consent  to  depart  with  infamy  ;  if  not,  then  I 
pray  you  to  do  me  justice."  The  pitiful  appeal 
was  wasted  on  a  king  who  was  already  enter- 


taining Anne  Boleyn  with  royal  state  in  his  own 
palace. — Hist,  op  Eng.  People,  §  552. 

60r0.  WOMAN,  Invention  of.  '^Silk-weaving. 
Till  the  reign  of  Justinian  the  silk-worms  who 
feed  on  the  leaves  of  the  white  mulberry  tree 
were  confined  to  China  ;  those  of  the  pine,  the 
oak,  and  the  ash  were  common  in  the  forests 
both  of  Asia  and  Europe  ;  but  as  their  educa- 
tion is  more  difiicult,  and  their  produce  more 
uncertain,  they  were  generally  neglected,  except 
in  the  little  island  of  Ceos,  near  the  coast  of  At- 
tica. A  thin  gauze  was  procured  from  their 
webs,  and  this  Cean  manufacture,  the  invention 
of  a  woman,  for  female  use,  was  long  admired 
both  in  the  East  and  at  Rome. — Gibbon's  Rome, 
ch.  40,  p.  66. 

6071.  WOMAN,  A  miserable.  Sarah  Jennings. 
[See  No.  6052.]  Sarah  was  lively  and  voluble, 
domineered  over  those  whom  she  regarded  with 
most  kindness,  and  when  she  was  offended  vent- 
ed her  rage  in  tears  and  tempestuous  reproaches. 
To  sanctity  she  made  no  pretence,  and,  indeed, 
narrowly  escaped  the  imputation  of  irreligion. 
She  was  not  yet  what  she  became  when  one  class 
of  vices  had  been  fully  developed  in  her  by  pros- 
perity, and  another  by  adversity  ;  when  her 
brain  had  been  turned  by  success  and  flattery  ; 
when  her  heart  had  been  ulcerated  by  disas- 
ters and  mortifications.  She  lived  to  be  that 
most  odious  and  miserable  of  human  beings, 
an  ancient  crone  at  war  with  her  whole  kind, 
at  war  with  her  own  children  and  grandchildren, 
great  indeed,  and  rich,  but  valuing  greatness 
and  riches  chiefly  because  they  enabled  her  to 
brave  public  opinion,  and  to  indulge  without 
restraint  her  haired  to  the  living  and  the  dead. 
— Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  237. 

6072.  WOMAN  in  Misfortune.  Cornelia. 
There  is  no  female  character  on  whom  the  an- 
cient writers  have  lavished  more  praise  than  on 
Cornelia,  the  mother  of  the  Gracchi,  of  whose 
greatness  of  mind  under  the  severest  misfortunes 
they  speak  in  terms  of  the  highest  eulogy.  She 
had  seen  the  funerals  of  twelve  of  her  children, 
the  last  of  whom  were  Tiberius  and  Caius  Grac- 
chus. While  her  friends  were  lamenting  her 
misfortunes,  "  Call  not  me  unfortunate,"  said 
she  ;  "  I  shall  never  cease  to  think  myself  a 
happy  woman,  who  have  been  the  mother  of 
the  Gracchi."  Imprudent  and  dangerous  for 
themselves  as  she  must  have  thought  the  con- 
duct of  her  sons,  she  most  naturally  deemed  it 
the  result  of  real  virtue  and  patriotism.  Plu- 
tarch informs  us  that  she  spent  the  remaining 
years  of  her  life  in  a  villa,  near  Misenum,  visit- 
ed, respected,  and  beloved  by  the  most  eminent 
men,  both  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  honored  by 
interchanging  presents  even  with  foreign  princes. 
Her  conversation  was  delightful  when  she  re- 
counted anecdotes  of  her  father  Africanus  ;  but 
all  were  astonished  when  she  spoke  freely  of 
her  sons,  of  their  great  deeds  and  their  untimely 
fate,  and  this  without  ever  shedding  a  tear.  "  It 
was  thought  bj'^  some,"  continues  Plutarch, 
"  that  the  pressure  of  age  and  misfortune  had 
deadened  her  maternal  feelings  ;  but  they  "  (he 
adds)  "  who  were  of  that  weak  opinion  were  ig- 
norant that  a  superior  mind,  enlightened  by  a 
liberal  education,  can  rise  above  all  the  calami- 
ties of  life  ;  and  that  though  fortune  may  some- 
times oppress  virtue,  she  cannot  deprive  her  of 


724 


WOMAN. 


that  serenity  and  resolution  which  never  for- 
sake her  in  the  day  of  adversity," — Tytlkr's 
Hist.,  Book  4,  ch.  1,  p.  388. 

6073.  WOMAN,  A  monstrous.  Mary  "the 
Bloody."  Mary,  who  inherited  the  cruel  and  tyr- 
annical disposition  of  her  father,  began  her  reign 
by  putting  to  death  her  cousin  Jane,  together 
with  her  father-in-law  and  husband.  This  out- 
set was  a  prognostic  of  the  temper  of  her  reign, 
which  was  one  continued  scene  of  bloodshed  and 
persecution.  The  Protestants,  who  had  multi- 
plied exceedingly  during  the  short  reign  of  Ed- 
ward, were  persecuted  with  the  most  sanguinary 
rigor.  It  was  a  doctrine  of  Mary's,  as  Bishop 
Burnet  informs  us,  that  as  the  souls  of  heretics  are 
afterward  to  be  eternally  burning  in  hell,  there 
could  be  nothing  more  proper  than  to  imitate 
the  divine  vengeance,  by  burning  them  on  earth. 
In  the  course  of  this  reign  it  is  computed  that 
about  eight  hundred  persons  were  burnt  alive  in 
England.  Yet  this  monster  of  a  woman  died  in 
peace,  with  the  consideration,  no  doubt,  of  hav- 
ing merited  eternal  happiness  as  a  reward  of  that 
zeal  she  had  shown  in  support  of  the  true  religion. 
— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  20,  p.  303. 

6074.  WOMAN  opposed.  Queen  Mary  (Stu- 
art). With  the  actual  outbreak  of  persecution 
and  the  death  of  Cranmer  all  restraint  was  thrown 
aside.  In  his  "First  Blast  of  the  Trumpet 
against  the  Monstrous  Regiment  of  Women," 
[John]  Knox  denounced  Mary  as  a  Jezebel,  a 
traitress,  and  a  bastard.  He  declared  the  rule 
of  women  to  be  against  the  law  of  nature  and  of 
God.  The  duty,  whether  of  the  estates  or  peo- 
ple of  the  realm,  was  "first  to  remove  from  hon- 
or and  authority  that  monster  in  nature  ;  sec- 
ondarily, if  any  presume  to  defend  that  impiety, 
they  ought  not  to  fear,  first  to  pronounce,  then 
after  to  execute  against  them  the  sentence  of 
death."  To  keep  the  oath  of  allegiance  was 
"nothing  but  plain  rebellion  against  God." — 
Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  684. 

6075.  WOMAN,  Patriotism  of,  Maria  Theresa. 
[When  the  Franco-Bavarians  invaded  Austria, 
and  won  their  way  within  a  few  leagues  of  the 
gates  of  Vienna,  the  proud  house  of  Austria 
seemed  doomed  to  inevitable]  and  total  ruin.  At 
this  crisis  the  young  Queen  of  Hungary  displayed 
an  intrepidity  and  heroism  worthy  of  her  illus- 
trious race.  She  repaired  to  the  Hungarian  Diet 
at  Presburg,  harangued  the  assembly  in  pathetic 
and  stirring  language,  and  commended  herself, 
her  children,  and  the  cause  of  the  empire  to  their 
well-known  patriotism,  fidelity,  and  courage. 
The  gallant  Magyars  responded  with  tumultuous 
enthusiasm,  waving  their  sabres,  and  shouting, 
"  We  will  die  for  our  king  Maria  Theresa  !"  The 
population  rose  en  masse,  and,  the  movement 
spreading  into  Croatia  and  Dalmatia,  a  powerful 
army  was  soon  marshalled  for  the  defence  of  the 
empire. — Students'  France,  ch.  23,  §  11. 

6076.  WOMAN,  A  perfect.  Gadijah.  [Wife 
of  Mahomet.]  During  the  twenty -four  years  of 
their  marriage  her  youthful  husband  abstained 
from  the  right  of  polygamy,  and  the  pride  or 
tenderness  of  the  venerable  matron  was  never  in- 
sulted by  the  society  of  a  rival.  After  her  death 
he  placed  her  in  the  rank  of  the  four  perfect 
women,  with  the  sister  of  Moses,  the  mother  of 
Jesus,  and  Fatima,  the  best  beloved  of  his  daugh- 
ters.    "  Was  she  not  old  ?"  said  Ayesha,  with 


the  insolence  of  a  blooming  beauty;  "has  not 
God  given  you  a  better  in  her  place  ?"  "No, 
by  God,"  said  Mahomet,  with  an  effusion  of  hon- 
est gratitude  ;  "  there  never  can  be  a  better  !  She 
believed  in  me  when  men  despised  me  ;  she  re- 
lieved my  wants  when  I  was  poor  and  persecut- 
ed by  the  world."— Gibbon's  Mahomet,  p.  56. 

6077.     .      Queen  Mary.      [When 

Queen  Mary  was  fatally  sick  of  the  small-pox, 
her  husband,  William  HI.,]  "called  me,"  says 
Burnet,  "into  his  closet,  and  gave  vent  to  a 
most  tender  passion.  He  said  during  the  whole 
course  of  their  marriage  he  had  never  known 
one  single  fault  in  her."  [William  was  carried 
out  in  a  fit  when  she  died.] — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  5,  ch.  11,  p.  174. 

607§.  WOMAN,  A  philosophic.  Hypatia. 
Hypatia,  the  daughter  of  Theon  the  mathemati- 
cian, was  initiated  in  her  father's  studies ;  her 
learned  comments  have  elucidated  the  geometry 
of  Apollonius  and  Diophantus,  and  she  publicly 
taught,  both  at  Athens  and  Alexandria,  the  phi- 
losophy of  Plato  and  Aristotle.  In  the  bloom  of 
beauty  and  in  the  maturity  of  wisdom  the  mod- 
est maid  refused  her  lovers  and  instructed  her 
disciples  ;  the  persons  most  illustrious  for  their 
rank  or  merit  were  impatient  to  visit  the  female 
philosopher ;  and  Cyril  beheld,  with  a  jealous 
eye,  the  gorgeous  train  of  horses  and  slaves  who 
crowded  the  door  of  her  academy. — Gibbon's 
Rome,  ch.  47,  p.  502. 

6079.  WOMAN  in  Politics.  Louis  XY.  In 
1743  the  .  .  .  influence  which  really  predomi- 
nated in  the  State  was  that  of  the  king's  mistress, 
the  Duchess  of  Chatearoux,  the  youngest  of  four 
sisters  of  the  family  of  Nesle,  who  had  succes- 
sively yielded  to  his  licentious  passion. — Stu- 
dents' France,  ch.  23,  §  12. 

60§0. .     Louis  XV.     In  1749  the 

royal  affections  were  transferred  ...  to  a  new 
mistress,  Madame  Lenormant  d'Etioles,  a  person 
of  low  birth,  but  of  decided  talent  and  great  ac- 
complishments, who  was  soon  afterward  created 
Marchioness  of  Pompadour.  Louis  abandoned 
himself  slavishly  to  her  influence,  and  for  twen- 
ty years  she  was  the  most  powerful  personage 
in  France.  All  the  great  affairs  of  State  were 
discussed  and  arranged  under  her  guidance. 
Generals,  ministers,  ambassadors,  transacted  bus- 
iness in  her  boudoir ;  she  dispensed  the  whole 
patronage  of  the  government ;  the  rich  prizes  of 
the  Church,  of  the  army,  of  the  magistrature 
were  to  be  obtained  solely  through  her  favor. — 
Students'  France,  ch.  20,  §  1. 

60S1. .  Overthrow  of  Lord  Claren- 
don. His  overthrow  "  Avas  certainly  designed  in  | 
Lady  Castlemaine's  chamber  ;"  and  as  he  retired 
at  noonday  from  the  audience  of  dismission,  she  ' 
ran  undressed  from  her  bed  into  her  aviary,  to 
enjoy  the  spectacle  of  the  fallen  minister,  and 
"bless  herself  at  the  old  man's  going  away." 
The  gallants  of  Whitehall  crowded  to  "  talk  to 
her  in  her  bird-cage."  "  You,"  said  they  to  her, 
as  they  glanced  at  the  retiring  chancellor — "you 
are  the  bird  of  passage." — Bancroft's  TJ.  S., 
vol.  2.  ch.  17. 

60S2.  WOMAN,  Power  of.  Aspasia.  The  cel- 
ebrated Aspasia,  first  the  mistress  and  afterward 
the  wife  of  Pericles,  had  from  her  extraordinary 
talents  a  great  ascendency  over  his  mind,  and 


WOMAN. 


725 


was  supposed  frequently  to  have  dictated  his 
counsels  in  the  most  important  concerns  of  the 
State.  She  was  believed  to  have  formed  a  socie- 
ty of  courtesans,  whose  influence  over  their  gal- 
lants, young  men  of  consideration  in  the  repub- 
lic, she  thus  rendered  subservient  to  the  politi- 
cal views  of  Pericles.  ,  .  .  Such  were  the  pow- 
ers of  her  mind  and  the  fascinating  charms  of 
her  conversation  that  even  before  her  marriage, 
and  while  exercising  the  trade  of  a  courtesan, 
her  house  was  the  frequent  resort  ot  the  gravest 
and  most  respectable  of  the  Athenian  citizens  ; 
among  the  rest,  of  the  virtuous  Socrates. — Tyt- 
ler's  Hist.  ,  Book  2,  ch.  2,  p.  147. 

60§3.  .     Cleopatra.     The  passion 

which  Caesar  had  conceived  for  that  princess 
was  probably  the  sole  cause  of  his  embarking 
in  so  dangerous  a  war  [with  the  Egyptians]. 
He  had  by  her  one  son,  called  Csesarion,  whom 
Augustus  caused  to  be  put  to  death  when  he  be- 
came master  of  Alexandria.  His  atfection  for 
Cleopatra  kept  him  much  longer  in  Egypt  than 
his  affairs  required.  .  .  .  Caesar  passed  whole 
nights  in  feasting  with  Cleopatra.  Having  em- 
barked with  her  upon  the  Nile,  he  carried  her 
through  the  country  with  a  numerous  fleet,  and 
would  have  penetrated  into  Ethiopia  if  his  army 
had  not  refused  to  follow  him.  He  had  resolved 
to  bring  her  to  Rome,  and  to  marry  her  ;  and 
intended  to  have  caused  a  law  to  pass  in  the  as- 
sembly of  the  people,  by  which  the  citizens  of 
Rome  should  be  permitted  to  marry  such  and  as 
many  wives  as  they  thought  fit. — Rollin's  Hist.  , 
Book  24,  §  2. 

6084. .  James  IT.  At  the  mo- 
ment of  the  king's  accession,  a  sense  of  the  new 
responsibility  which  lay  on  liim  made  his  mind 
for  a  time  peculiarly  open  to  religious  impres- 
sions. He  formed  and  announced  many  good 
resolutions,  spoke  in  public  with  great  severity 
of  the  impious  and  licentious  manners  of  the  age, 
and  in  private  assured  his  queen  and  and  his  con- 
fessor that  he  would  see  Catharine  Sedley  no 
more.  He  wrote  to  his  mistress  entreating  her 
to  quit  the  apartments  which  she  occupied  at 
Whitehall,  and  to  go  to  a  house  in  Saint  James' 
Square,  which  had  been  splendidly  furnished  for 
her  at  his  expense.  He  at  the  same  time  prom- 
ised to  allow  her  a  large  pension  from  his  privy 
purse.  Catharine,  clever,  strong-minded,  in- 
trepid, and  conscious  of  her  power,  refused  to 
stir. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6,  p.  64. 

60§5.  "WOMAN,  Power  of  a  wicked.  King's 
Mistress.  [Mademoiselle  Queronaille  was  one  of 
the  favorite  mistresses  of  Charles  II.]  Incred- 
ible as  it  may  appear,  there  is  a  record  of  partic- 
ular payments  to  her  out  of  the  secret  service 
money,  in  the  one  year  of  1681,  of  £136,668 
10s.— Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  20,  p.  325. 

60§6.  WOMAN,  Praise  of.  Mrs.  President 
Jackson.  The  remains  were  interred  in  the  gar- 
den of  the  Hermitage,  in  a  tomb  which  the  gen- 
eral had  recently  completed.  The  tablet  which 
covers  her  dust  contains  the  following  inscrip- 
tion :  "  Here  lie  the  remains  of  Mrs.  Rachel 
Jackson,  wife  of  President  Jackson,  who  died 
the  22d  of  December,  1828,  aged  61.  Her  face 
was  fair,  her  person  pleasing,  her  temper  amia- 
ble, her  heart  kind  ;  she  delighted  in  relieving 
the  wants  of  her  fellow-creatures,  and  cultivated 
that  divine  pleasure  by  the  most  liberal  and  un- 


pretending methods  ;  to  the  poor  she  was  a  ben- 
efactor ;  to  the  rich  an  example  ;  to  the  wretch- 
ed a  comforter  ;  to  the  prosperous  an  ornament ; 
her  piety  went  hand  in  hand  with  her  benevo- 
lence, and  she  thanked  her  Creator  for  being 
permitted  to  do  good.  A  being  so  gentle  and  so 
virtuous  slander  might  wound  but  not  dishon- 
or. Even  death,  when  he  tore  her  from  the 
arms  of  her  husband,  could  but  transport  her  to 
the  bosom  of  her  God."  Andrew  Jackson  was 
never  the  same  man  again.  During  his  presiden- 
cy he  never  used  the  phrase,  "  By  the  Eternal," 
nor  any  other  language  which  could  be  consid- 
ered profane.  He  mourned  his  wife  until  he 
himself  rejoined  her  in  the  tomb  he  had  pre- 
pared for  them  both. — Cyclopedia  of  Bigg., 
p.  540. 

6087.  WOMAN,  Protected  by.  Pocahontas.  It 
was  necessary  that  the  sanction  of  the  Indian  em- 
peror should  be  given  to  the  sentence,  and  [Cap- 
tain John]  Smith  was  now  taken  twenty -five  miles 
down  the  river  to  a  town  where  Powhatan  lived 
in  winter.  The  savage  monarch  was  now  sixty 
years  of  age,  and,  to  use  Smith's  own  language, 
looked  every  inch  a  king.  He  received  the 
prisoner  with  all  the  rude  formalities  peculiar  to 
his  race.  Going  to  the  Long  House  of  the  vil- 
lage, the  emperor,  clad  in  a  robe  of  raccoon 
skins,  took  his  seat  on  a  kind  of  throne,  pre- 
pared for  the  occasion.  His  two  daughters  sat 
right  and  left,  while  files  of  warriors  and  women 
of  rank  were  ranged  round  the  hall.  The  king 
solemnly  reviewed  the  cause,  and  confirmed  the 
sentence  of  death.  Two  large  stones  were 
brought  into  the  hall ;  Smith  was  dragged  forth, 
bound,  and  his  head  put  into  position  to  be 
crushed  by  a  war-club.  A  stalwart  painted 
savage  was  ordered  out  of  the  rank,  and  stood 
ready  for  the  bloody  tragedy.  The  signal  was 
given,  the  grim  executioner  raised  his  bludgeon, 
and  another  moment  had  decided  the  fate  of 
both  the  illustrious  captive  and  his  colony.  But 
the  peril  went  by  harmless.  Matoaka  [Poca- 
hontas], the  eldest  daughter  of  Powhatan,  sprang 
from  her  seat  and  rushed  between  the  warrior's 
uplifted  club  and  the  prostrate  prisoner.  She 
clasped  his  head  in  her  arms,  and  held  on  with 
the  resolution  of  despair  until  her  father,  yield- 
ing to  her  frantic  appeals,  ordered  Smith  to  be 
imbound  and  lifted  up.  Again  he  was  rescued 
from  a  terrible  death. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  9, 
p.  100. 

6088.  WOMAN,  A  remarkable.  TJiejiah. 
[After  the  death  of  Mahomet]  an  Arab  woman 
of  Mesopotamia,  named  Thejiah,  declared  her- 
self seized  with  the  prophetic  spirit,  and  submit- 
ting the  Arabs  of  Syria  to  her  inspirations,  was 
marching  at  the  head  of  an  army,  fanaticised  by 
her  eloquence  and  her  beauty,  against  Yemen. 
— Lamartine's  Turkey,  p.  159. 

6089. .     Mary  Stuart.     If  another 

Homer  were  to  arise,  and  if  the  poet  were  to 
seek  another  Helen  for  the  subject  of  a  modern 
epic  of  war,  religion,  and  love,  he  would  beyond 
all  find  her  in  Mary  Stuart,  the  most  beautiful, 
the  weakest,  the  most  attractive  and  most  at- 
tracted of  women,  raising  around  her,  by  her  ir- 
resistible fascinations,  a  whirlwind  of  love,  am- 
bition, and  jealousy,  in  which  her  lovers  became, 
each  in  his  turn,  the  motive,  the  instrument,  and 
the  victim  of  a  crime  ;  leaving,  like  the  Greek 


726 


WOMAN. 


Helen,  the  arms  of  a  murdered  husband  for 
those  of  his  murderer  ;  sowing  the  seeds  of  in- 
ternecine, religious,  and  foreign  war  at  every 
step,  and  closing  by  a  saintly  death  the  life  of  a 
Clytemnestra. — Lamartine's  Queen  of  Scots, 
p.  1. 

6090.  WOMAN,  Rescued  by.  Gliarlei>  II. 
[After  the  defeat  of  Charles  II.  at  the  battle  of 
Worcester  he  fled  to  Morseley  in  disguise.  Here 
he  was  in  great  danger  because  of  the  presence 
of  the  soldiers  of  the  Commonwealth.  He  dis- 
guised himself  as  a  decent  serving-man,  who 
was  to  convey  his  mistress,  the  daughter  of  Col- 
onel Lane,  to  a  relation  near  Bristol.  The  lady 
rode  on  a  pillion  behind  him.  By  her  assistance 
he  escaped  to  France,  and  saved  his  head.] — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  9,  p.  141. 

6091.  "WOMAN,  Eestraints  for.  Samuel  John- 
son. Mrs.  Knowles  affected  to  complain  that 
men  had  much  more  liberty  allowed  them  than 
women.  Johnson:  "Why,  madam,  women 
have  all  the  liberty  they  should  wish  to  have. 
We  have  all  the  labor  and  the  danger,  and 
ihe  women  all  the  advantage.  We  go  to  sea, 
we  build  houses,  we  do  everything,  in  short,  to 
pay  our  court  to  the  women,"  Mrs.  Knowles  : 
"  The  Doctor  reasons  very  wittily,  but  not 
convincingly.  Now,  take  the  instance  of  build- 
ing :  the  mason's  wife,  if  she  is  ever  seen  in 
liquor,  is  ruined ;  the  mason  may  get  himself 
drunk  as  often  as  he  pleases,  with  little  loss  of 
character  ;  nay,  may  let  his  wife  and  children 
starve."  Johnson:  "Madam,  you  must  con- 
sider if  the  mason  does  get  himself  drunk,  and 
let  his  wife  and  children  starve,  the  parish  will 
oblige  him  to  find  security  for  their  mainte- 
nance. We  have  different  modes  of  restraining 
evil.  Stocks  for  the  men,  a  ducking-stool  for 
women,  and  a  pound  for  beasts.  If  we  require 
more  perfection  from  women  than  from  our- 
selves, it  is  doing  them  honor.  And  women 
have  not  the  same  temptations  that  we  have  : 
they  may  always  live  in  virtuous  company  ; 
men  must  mix  in  the  world  indiscriminately. 
If  a  woman  has  no  inclination  to  do  what  is 
wrong,  being  secured  from  it  is  no  restraint  to 
her." — Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  379. 

6092.  WOMAN,  A  revengeful.  Assassination. 
The  Duchess  of  Montpensier,  a  woman  of  mas- 
culine energy  and  resolution,  spared  no  pains 
to  inflame  to  the  utmost  the  angry  passions 
of  the  multitude  against  Henry  III.,  who  had 
shed  her  brother's  blood  ;  and  among  other  ex- 
pedients, strong  appeals  were  made  to  the  fa 
naticism  of  the  priesthood  and  religious  orders. 
[She  obtained  his  death  by  the  hand  of  a  Do- 
minican monk.] — Students'  France,  ch.  17, 
§  14. 

6093.  WOMAN,  Rights  of.  Early  Bomans. 
[During  the  reign  of  Numa  complaints  were 
made  against  the  women.]  Their  behavior  is 
said  to  have  been  too  bold  and  too  masculine, 
In  particular  to  their  husbands.  For  they  con- 
sidered themselves  as  absolute  mistresses  in  their 
houses  ;  nay,  they  wanted  a  share  in  affairs  of 
State,  and  delivered  their  sentiments  with  great 
freedom  concerning  the  most  weighty  matters. 
— Plutarch's  Numa  and  Lycurgus. 

6094.  WOMAN,  Rule  of.  King  of  Navarre. 
[In  France  the]  acknowledged  chief  [of  the  Ref- 


ormation] was  no  less  a  personage  than  the  first 
prince  of  the  blood,  Antoine  de  Bourbon, . . .  who 
had  become  King  of  Navarre.  , .  .  His  wife  [Jean. 
d'Albret],  who  had  been  carefully  educated  m  the 
Reformed  doctrines  by  her  mother,  Margueiite 
of  Valois,  induced  him  to  emJbrace  her  faith  ; 
and  his  younger  brother,  Louis,  Prince  of  Conde, 
being  in  like  manner  converted  by  the  example 
and  persuasions  of  his  wife,  declared  himself 
a  zealous  member  of  the  party. — Students' 
France,  ch.  15,  §  8. 

6095.   .     Queen  of  Scots.     [John 

Knox  before  Queen  Mary.]  "I  would,"  said 
the  queen,  "my  words  might  have  the  same 
effect  upon  you  as  yours  have  upon  Scotland  ; 
we  should  then  understand  each  other,  become 
friends,  and  our  good  intelligence  would  do 
much  for  the  peace  and  happiness  of  the  king- 
dom I"  "  Madam,"  replied  the  stern  apostle, 
"words  are  more  barren  than  the  rock  when 
they  are  only  worldly  ;  but  when  inspired  by 
God,  thence  proceed  the  flower,  the  grain,  and 
all  virtues  !  I  have  travelled  over  Germany  ;  I 
know  the  Saxon  law,  which  is  just,  for  it  reserves 
the  sceptre  for  man  alone,  and  only  gives  to 
woman  a  place  at  the  hearth  and  a  distaff  !" — 
thus  plainly  declaring  that  he  saw  in  her  only  a 
usurper,  and  that  he  was  himself  a  republican 
of  the  theocratic  order.  .  .  .  The  queen,  alarmed 
at  the  impotence  of  her  charms,  her  words,  and 
her  rank  on  the  mailed  heart  of  fanaticism,  wept 
like  a  child  before  the  sectary  ;  her  tears  moved 
but  did  not  discourage  him ;  he  continued  to 
preach  with  wild  freedom  against  the  govern- 
ment of  women  and  the  pomps  of  the  palace. — 
Lamartine's  Queen  of  Scots,  p.  12. 

6096.  WOMAN,  Sagacious.  Thracian.  A 
party  of  Thracians  demolished  the  house  of 
Timoclea,  a  woman  of  quality  and  honor.  The 
soldiers  carried  off  the  booty  ;  and  the  captain, 
after  having  violated  the  lady,  asked  her  whether 
she  had  not  some  gold  and  silver  concealed. 
She  said  she  had  ;  and  taking  him  alone  into 
the  garden,  showed  him  a  well,  into  which,  she 
told  him,  she  had  thrown  everything  of  value 
when  the  city  was  taken.  The  officer  stooped 
down  to  examine  the  well ;  upon  which  she 
pushed  him  in,  and  then  despatched  him  with 
stones.  The  Thracians,  coming  up,  seized  and 
bound  her  hands,  and  carried  her  before  Alex- 
ander, who  immediately  perceived  by  her  look 
and  gait,  and  the  fearless  manner  in  which  she 
followed  that  savage  crew,  that  she  was  a 
woman  of  quality  and  superior  sentiments.  The 
king  demanded  who  she  was.  She  answered  : 
"  I  am  the  sister  of  Theagenes,  who,  in  capac- 
ity of  general,  fought  Philip  for  the  liberty  of 
Greece,  and  fell  in  the  battle  of  Chacronea." 
Alexander,  admiring  her  answer  and  the  bold 
action  she  had  performed,  commanded  her  to 
be  set  at  liberty  and  her  children  with  her. — 
Plutarch's  Alexander. 

6097.  WOMAN,  Saved  by.  Fulvia.  The 
conspirator  Catiline  had  brought  his  plot  to  ma- 
turity. Troops  were  levied,  arms  provided,  a 
distinct  department  and  function  was  assigned 
to  each  of  the  principal  conspirators,  and  a  day 
was  fixed  for  the  commencement  of  operations 
in  the  heart  of  Rome.  The  city  was  to  be  set 
fire  to  in  a  hundred  different  quarters  at  once  ; 
the  consuls  were  to  be  assassinated  ;  and  an  im 


WOMAN. 


727 


mense  list  was  prepared  of  the  chief  citizens 
who  were  doomed  to  instantaneous  destruction. 
A  plot  of  this  nature,  in  which  so  many  were 
concerned,  could  not  long  be  kept  secret.  Ful- 
via,  a  woman  of  loose  character,  the  mistress  of 
one  of  the  conspirators,  probably  gained  by  the 
spies  of  Cicero,  gave  notice  to  the  consuls  of 
the  whole  plan  of  the  conspiracy.  The  Senate 
passed  that  powerful  decree  which  armed  the 
consuls  with  dictatorial  authority  for  the  safety 
of  the  republic. — Tytleb'sHist.,  Book  4,  ch.  1, 
p.  398. 

609§.  WOMAN,  Scholarly.  Queen  Elizabeth. 
At  sixteen  she  already  showed  "  a  man's  power 
of  application"  to  her  books.  She  had  read 
almost  the  whole  of  Cicero  and  a  great  part  of 
Livy.  She  began  the  day  with  the  study  of  the 
New  Testament  in  Greek,  and  followed  this  up 
by  reading  selected  orations  of  Isocrates  and  the 
tragedies  of  Sophocles.  She  could  speak  Latin 
with  fluency  and  Greek  moderately  well.  Her 
love  of  classical  culture  lasted  through  her  life. 
Amid  the  press  and  cares  of  her  later  reign  we 
find  Ascham  recording  how  "after  dinner  I 
went  up  to  read  with  the  queen's  majesty  that 
noble  oration  of  Demosthenes  against  JEschines. " 
At  a  later  time  her  Latin  served  her  to  rebuke 
the  insolence  of  a  Polish  ambassador,  and  she 
could  "rub  up  her  rusty  Greek"  at  need  to 
bandy  pedantry  with  a  vice-chancellor.  But 
Elizabeth  was  far,  as  yet,  from  being  a  mere  ped- 
ant. She  could  already  speak  French  and 
Italian  as  fluently  as  her  mother-tongue.  In 
later  days  we  find  her  familiar  with  Ariosto  and 
Tasso.  The  purity  of  her  literary  taste,  the 
love  for  a  chaste  and  simple  style,  which  Ascham 
noted  with  praise  in  her  girlhoodj  had  not  yet 
perished  under  the  influence  of  euphuism. — 
Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  686. 

6099.  WOMAN,  A  spirited.  Theste.  When 
Philoxenus,  who  had  married  Theste  [the  sister 
of  Dionysius  the  tyrant],  was  declared  his  ene- 
my, and  fled  through  fear  out  of  Sicily,  Diony- 
sius sent  for  his  sister,  and  reproached  her  with 
being  privy  to  her  husband's  escape,  without 
letting  him  know  it.  Theste  answered,  without 
fear  or  hesitation  :  "Do  you  think  me,  Dio- 
nysius, so  bad  a  wife,  or  so  weak  a  woman,  that 
if  I  had  known  of  my  husband's  flight  I  would 
not  have  accompanied  him,  and  shared  in  the 
worst  of  his  fortunes  ?  Indeed,  I  was  ignorant 
of  it.  And  I  assure  you  that  I  should  esteem 
it  a  higher  honor  to  be  called  the  wife  of  Phil- 
oxenus the  exile  than  the  sister  of  Dionysius 
the  tyrant."  The  king,  it  is  said,  admired  her 
spirited  answer ;  and  the  Syracusans  honored 
her  so  much  that  she  retained  her  princely  reti- 
nue after  the  dissolution  of  the  tyranny ;  and 
the  citizens,  by  public  decree,  attended  the  so- 
lemnity of  her  funeral. — Plutarch. 

6100, .  Mary  Stuart  Queen  of  Scots. 

She  brought  with  her  the  voluptuous  refinement 
of  the  French  Renaissance ;  she  would  lounge 
for  days  in  bed,  and  rise  only  at  night  for  dances 
and  music.  But  her  frame  was  of  iron,  and  in- 
capable of  fatigue  ;  she  galloped  ninety  miles 
after  her  last  defeat  without  a  pause,  save  to 
change  horses.  She  loved  risk  and  adventure 
and  the  ring  of  arms  ;  as  she  rode  in  a  foray  to 
the  north  the  swordsmen  beside  her  heard  her 
"Wish  she  was  a  man  "  to  know  what  life  it  was 


to  lie  all  night  in  the  fields,  or  to  walk  on  the 
cawsey  with  a  jack  and  knapschalle,  a  Glasgow 
buckler,  and  a  broadsword. — Hist,  of  Eng. 
People,  §  721. 

6101.  WOMAN,  Supremacy  of.  Veturia.  [CaXxxs 
Marcius,  surnamed  Coriolanus,  was  a  Koman 
senator  and  traitor.  He  was  condemned  to  ex- 
ile.] He  now  proposed  to  himself  a  plan  of 
vengeance,  in  the  last  degree  ignominious,  and 
which  no  injuries  an  individual  can  receive  are 
sufficient  to  justify.  He  repaired  to  the  camp 
of  the  Volscians,  and  offered  his  services  to  the 
determined  enemies  of  his  country.  They  were 
accepted  ;  and  such  v\^as  the  consequence  of  his 
abilities  as  a  general,  that  Rome,  in  the  space  of 
a  few  months,  was  reduced  to  extremity.  . .  .  He 
appeared  again  with  his  army  under  the  walls 
of  the  city.  The  Senate  maintained  an  inflexi- 
ble resistance  to  the  demands  of  the  traitor,  and 
to  the  popular  clamor.  At  length  a  band  of 
Roman  matrons,  at  the  head  of  which  was  Ve- 
turia,  the  mother  of  Coriolanus,  with  his  wife 
and  children,  repaired  to  the  camp  of  the  en 
emy,  and  suddenly  presented  themselves  at  the 
feet  of  Coriolanus.  The  severity  of  his  nature 
was  not  proof  against  this  last  appeal.  He  con- 
sented to  lay  down  his  arms ;  he  ordered  his 
troops  to  retire  ;  and  thus  Rome  owed  her 
safety  to  the  tears  of  a  woman.  [This  storv 
is  doubted.] — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  3,  ch.  4, 
p.  323. 

6102.  WOMAN,  Taste  of.  Abraham  Lincoln. 
[He  was  on  his  way  to  Washington  to  be  inau- 
gurated President.]  At  Northeast  station  he  took 
occasion  [at  a  welcome  gathering]  to  state  that 
during  the  campaign  he  had  received  a  letter 
from  a  young  girl  of  the  place  in  which  he  was 
kindly  admonished  ...  to  let  his  whiskers  grow  ; 
as  he  had  acted  upon  that  piece  of  advice,  he 
would  now  be  glad  to  welcome  his  fair  corre- 
spondent, if  she  were  among  the  crowd.  In  re- 
sponse to  the  call,  a  lassie  made  her  way  through 
the  crowd,  was  helped  on  the  platform,  and  was 
kissed  by  the  President. — Raymond's  Lincoln, 
ch.  5,  p.  141. 

6103.  WOMAN,  Taught  by.  Religion.  The 
Goths  owed  their  first  knowledge  of  Christianity 
to  a  young  girl,  a  prisoner  of  war  ;  she  continued 
in  the  midst  of  them  her  exercises  of  piety  ;  she 
fasted,  prayed,  and  praised  God  day  and  night. 
When  she  was  asked  what  good  could  come  of 
so  much  painful  trouble,  she  answered  :  "It  is 
thus  that  Christ,  the  Son  of  God,  is  to  be  honor- 
ed."— Note  in  Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  16,  p.  74. 

6104.  WOMAN,  Tenderness  of.  Joan  of  Arc. 
[At  the  battle  of  Patay.]  The  French  men-at- 
arms  did  not  wait  for  the  English  leaders  to  make 
up  their  minds,  but,  coming  up  at  a  gallop,  en- 
countered but  slight  resistance.  Talbot  [the 
British  commander]  would  fight,  seeking,  per- 
haps, to  fall ;  but  he  only  succeeded  in  getting 
made  prisoner.  The  pursuit  was  murderous  ;  and 
the  bodies  of  two  thousand  of  the  English  strewed 
the  plain.  At  the  sight  of  such  numbers  of  dead 
La  Pucelle  shed  tears  ;  but  she  wept  much  more 
bitterly  when  she  saw  the  brutality  of  the  sol- 
diery, and  how  they  treated  prisoners  who  had 
no  ranson  to  give.  Perceiving  one  of  them  felled 
dying  to  the  ground,  she  was  no  longer  mistress 
of  herself,  but  threw  herself  from  her  horse, 
raised  the  poor  man's  head,  sent  for  a  priest, 


728 


WOMAN, 


comforted  him,  and  smoothed  his  way  to  death. 
— Michelet's  Joan,  p.  18. 

6105. .  Lucy  Hutchinson.   [During 

the  civil  war  the  teachers  of  religion  were  cruel 
and  revengeful,  but  female  tenderness  and  cour- 
age were  not  wanting,  as  seen  in  the  conduct  of 
Lucy,  wife  of  Colonel  Hutchinson,  after  the  at- 
tack upon  Nottingham  Castle.]  There  was  a 
large  room,  which  was  the  chapel,  in  the  castle  ; 
this  they  had  filled  full  of  prisoners,  besides  a 
very  bad  prison,  which  was  no  better  than  a 
dungeon,  called  the  "  Lion's  Den  ;  "  the  new  Cap- 
tain Palmer  and  another  minister,  having  nothing 
else  to  do,  walked  up  and  down  the  castle  yard, 
insulting  and  beating  the  poor  prisoners  as  they 
were  brought  up.  .  .  .  After  our  hurt  men  were 
dressed,  as  she  stood  at  her  chamber-door,  seeing 
three  of  the  prisoners  sorely  cut,  and  carried 
down  bleeding  into  the  Lion's  Den,  she  desired 
the  marshal  to  bring  them  in  to  her,  and  bound 
up  and  dressed  their  wounds  ;  which  while  she 
was  doing  Captain  Palmer  came  in  and  told  her 
his  soul  abhorred  to  see  this  favor  to  the  enemies 
of  God ;  she  replied  she  had  done  nothing  but 
what  she  thought  was  her  duty,  in  humanity  to 
them,  as  fellow-creatures,  and  not  as  enemies. — 
Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  4,  ch.  3,  p.  19. 

6106.  WOMAN,  Transformation  of.  Constan- 
tinople. Constantinople  is  said  to  have  been 
originated  from  the  elfect  of  a  vision  which  ap- 
peared to  the  Emperor  Constantine  while  he  slept. 
A  venerable  matron,  sinking  under  the  weight  of 
many  years  and  infirmities,  was  suddenly  trans- 
formed into  a  blooming  maid.  The  monarch 
awoke,  interpreted  the  auspicious  omen,  and 
obeyed  without  hesitation  the  will  of  Heaven,  and 
there  established  a  city. — Gibbon's  Rome,  vol.  2, 
ch.  17,  p.  95. 

6107.  WOMAN,  Value  of.  Exchanged.  [Pla- 
cidia,  the]  daughter  of  the  great  Theodosius,  had 
been  the  captive  and  the  queen  of  the  Goths ; 
she  lost  an  affectionate  husband  ;  she  was  dragged 
in  chains  by  his  insulting  assassin  ;  she  tasted  the 
pleasure  of  revenge,  and  was  exchanged,  in  the 
treat}^  of  peace,  for  six  hundred  thousand  meas- 
ures of  wheat. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  33,  p.  363. 

61 0§.  WOMAN,  Weakness  of.  Wife  of  James 
II.  [Tyrconnel  wished  to  be  lord-lieutenant  of 
Ireland.]  Mary  of  Modena  herself  was  not  free 
from  suspicion  of  corruption.  There  was  in 
London  a  renowned  chain  of  pearls  which  was 
valued  at  ten  thousand  pounds.  It  had  belonged 
to  Prince  Rupert,  and  by  him  it  had  been  left  to 
Margaret  Hughes,  a  courtesan,  who,  toward  the 
close  of  his  life,  had  exercised  a  boundless  em- 
pire over  him.  [Lord]  Tyrconnel  loudly  boast- 
ed that  with  this  chain  he  had  purchased  the  sup- 
port of  the  queen. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6, 
p.  146. 

6109.  WOMAN,  Wickedness  of.  Fredegonda. 
Chilperic  of  Neustria,  who  had  already  a  con- 
cubine named  Fredegonda,  a  woman  of  remark- 
able beauty  and  talent,  became  a  suitor  for  the 
hand  of  Galeswintha,  sister  to  Brunehaut.  The 
marriage  took  place  ;  but  such  was  the  influence 
of  the  abandoned  Fredegonda,  that  she  persuad- 
ed Chilperic  to  acknowledge  her  publicly  as  his 
mistress,  and  assign  her  a  residence  in  the  palace. 
Galeswintha  refused  to  submit  to  this  indignity, 
and  demanded  a  separation.  Chilperic  contrived 


to  soothe  her  by  protestations  of  amendment ; 
but  within  a  few  weeks  the  unhappy  queen  was 
found  strangled  in  her  bed,  and  the  crime  was 
universally  attributed  to  the  instigation  of  Frede- 
gonda. In  defiance  of  all  decency,  the  king, 
immediately  after  his  wife's  death,  married  his 
guilty  favorite.  ...  In  Neustria  Fredegonda 
pursued  her  career  of  cruelty,  treachery,  and 
bloodshed.  She  caused  Clovis,  a  son  of  Chil- 
peric by  his  first  marriage,  to  be  condemned  and 
executed  on  a  charge  of  sorcery  ;  his  young  wife 
was  consigned  to  torture  and  the  stake.  Soon 
afterward  Chilperic  himself  closed  his  agitated 
reign  by  a  violent  death.  He  was  assassinated 
at  Chelles,  near  Paris,  in  584.  .  .  .  The  general 
weight  of  testimony  lays  the  guilt  upon  Frede- 
gonda. The  king,  it  is  said,  had  lately  discov- 
ered her  criminal  intercourse  with  one  of  the 
oflBcers  of  the  palace  ;  fearing  the  consequences 
of  his  anger,  she  resolved  to  secure  her  own  life 
by  sacrificing  her  husband.  .  .  .  This  extraor- 
dinary woman  died  in  597,  having  had  reason  to 
congratulate  herself  on  the  complete  success  of 
her  political  ambition,  if  not  on  the  full  gratifi- 
cation of  her  private  vengeance.  History  records 
few  similar  examples  of  atrocious  and,  at  the 
same  time,  triumphant  wickedness.  Writers  of 
all  ages  concur  in  holding  up  the  memory  of 
Fredegonda  to  the  execration  of  posterity. — 
Students'  France,  ch.  4,  g  4. 

61 10.  WOMAN,  A  wise.  Artemisia.  A 
woman  of  a  singularly  heroic  character,  Arte- 
misia, queen  of  Halicarnassus,  from  a  pure  spirit 
of  enterprise  had  joined  the  fleet  of  Xerxes  with 
a  small  squadron,  which  she  commanded  in  per- 
son. The  prudence  of  this  woman's  counsels, 
had  they  been  followed,  might  have  saved  the 
Persian  monarch  the  disaster  and  disgrace  that 
awaited  him.  She  recommended  Xerxes  to  con- 
fine his  operations  to  the  attack  of  the  enemy  by 
land,  to  employ  his  fleet  only  in  the  supply  of 
the  army,  and  to  avoid  all  engagement  with  the 
Grecian  galleys,  which  now  contained  the  chief 
force  of  the  enemy.  But  Xerxes  and  his  officers 
disdained  to  follow  an  advice  which  they  .iudged 
the  result  of  female  timidity  ;  and  the  compresed 
position  of  the  Grecian  fleet  seemed  to  offer  a 
favorable  opportunity  for  a  decisive  blow  to 
their  armament.  The  fleet  of  the  Greeks  con- 
sisted of  380  ships,  that  of  the  Persians  amount- 
ed to  1200  sail.  The  latter,  with  disorderly  im- 
petuosity, hastened  to  the  attack  ;  the  former 
waited  their  assault  in  perfect  order,  and  with 
calm  and  deliberate  resolution.  A  wind  sprang 
up  which  blew  contrary  to  the  fleet  of  the  Per- 
sians ;  and  as  it  thus  became  necessaiy  to  ply 
their  oars  with  the  greater  part  of  tlieir  men, 
their  active  force  was  diminished,  their  motion? 
impeded,  and  a  confusion  ensued  which  gave 
their  enemy  a  manifest  advantage.  It  was  then 
that  the  Greeks  became  the  assailants ;  they 
raised  the  pcean,  or  song  of  victory,  and,  aided 
by  the  wind,  dashed  forward  upon  the  Persian 
squadron,  the  brazen  beaks  of  the  triremes 
overwhelming  and  sinking  every  ship  which 
they  touched.  The  Persians  suffered  a  com- 
plete and  dreadful  defeat.  Artemisia,  with  her 
galleys,  kept  the  sea,  and  fought  to  the  last 
with  manly  courage ;  while  Xerxes,  who  had 
beheld  the  engagement  from  an  eminence  on  the 
shore,  no  sooner  saw  its  issue,  than  he  precipi- 


WOMAN— WOMEN. 


729 


stately  fled,  upon  the  circulation  of  a  false  report 
that  the  Greeks  designed  to  break  down  his 
bridge  of  boats  upon  the  Hellespont.  The  Greeks, 
landing  from  their  ships,  attacked  the  rear  of 
the  Persian  army,  and  made  a  dreadful  carnage, 
so  that  the  coast  was  thickly  strewn  with  the 
■dead  bodies. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  1, 
p.  135. 

6111.  WOMAN  worshipped.  Joan  of  Arc. 
Chivalry  was  in  every  one's  mouth  as  the  pro- 
tection of  alflicted  dames  and  damsels.  Marshal 
Boucicaut  had  just  founded  an  order  which  had 
no  other  object.  Besides  the  worship  of  the 
Virgin,  constantly  extending  in  the  Middle  Age, 
having  become  the  dominant  religion,  it  seemed 
•as  if  virginity  must  be  an  inviolable  safeguard. 
.  .  .  The  religion  of  this  epoch  was  less  the  ad- 
oration of  the  Virgin  than  of  woman  ;  its  chiv- 
alry was  that  portrayed  in  the  Petit  Jehan  de 
Saintre — but  with  the  advantage  of  chastity,  in 
favor  of  the  romance  over  the  truth. — Miche- 
let's  Joax,  p.  26. 

6112.  WOMAN  wronged.  In  Property.  [In 
1474  Parliament  divided  the  great  fortune  of 
the  Earl  of  Warwick — the  king-maker.  His 
two  brothers  received  nearly  all,  leaving  his 
widow  but  a  wretched  provision.] — Knight's 
J:ng.,  vol.  2,  ch.  11,  p.  172. 

6113.  WOMEN,  Zeal  of.  Rebellion  of  Mon- 
mouth. That  an  attack  was  to  he  made  under 
cover  of  the  night  was  no  secret  in  Bridgewater. 
The  town  was  full  of  women,  who  had  repaired 
thither  by  hundreds  from  the  surrounding  region, 
to  see  their  husbands,  sons,  lovers,  and  brothers 
once  more.  There  were  many  sad  partings  that 
day,  and  many  parted  never  to  meet  again.  The 
report  of  the  intended  attack  came  to  the  ears  of  a 
Toung  girl  who  was  zealous  for  the  king. 
Though  of  modest  character,  she  had  the  cour- 
age to  resolve  that  she  would  herself  bear  the  in- 
telligence to  Feversham  [the  commander  for 
James  II.].  She  stole  out  of  Bridgewater,  and 
made  her  way  to  the  royal  camp  ;  but  that  camp 
was  not  a  place  where  female  innocence  could 
be  safe.  Even  the  officers,  despising  alike  the 
irregular  force  to  which  they  were  opposed  and 
the  negligent  general  who  commanded  them, 
had  indulged  largely  in  wine,  and  were  ready 
for  any  excess  of  licentiousness  and  cruelty. 
One  of  them  seized  the  unhappy  maiden,  refused 
to  listen  to  her  errand,  and  brutally  outraged 
her.  She  fled  in  agonies  of  rage  and  shame, 
leaving  the  wicked  army  to  its  doom. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  5,  p.  561. 

6114. .    In  Devonshire.     [William 

of  Orange  invaded  England  by  invitation.]  The 
acclamations  redoubled  when,  attended  by  forty 
running  footmen,  the  prince  himself  appeared, 
armed  on  back  and  breast,  wearing  a  white 
plume  and  mounted  on  a  white  charger.  With 
how  martial  an  air  he  curbed  his  horse,  how 
thoughtful  and  commanding  was  the  expression 
■of  his  ample  forehead  and  falcon  eye,  may  still 
be  seen  on  the  canvas  of  Kneller.  Once  his 
grave  features  relaxed  into  a  smile.  It  was  when 
an  ancient  woman,  perhaps  one  of  those  zealous 
Puritans  who  through  twenty-eight  years  of  per- 
secution had  waited  with  firm  faith  for  the  con- 
«olation  of  Israel,  perhaps  the  mother  of  some 
rebel  who  had  perished  in  the  carnage  of  Sedge- 
moor,  or  in  the  more  fearful  carnage  of  the 


bloody  circuit,  broke  from  the  crowd,  rushed 
through  the  drawn  swords  and  curveting  horses, 
touched  the  hand  of  the  deliverer,  and  cried  out 
that  now  she  was  happy. — Macaulay's  Eng., 
ch.  9,  p.  451. 

6115.  WOMEN,  Co-operation  of.  Revolution, 
September,  1776.  [Washington  evacuated  New 
York  in  great  haste.  A  few  hours  was  of  ut- 
most value.]  The  respite  [in  the  pursuit]  which 
saved  [Israel]  Putnam's  division  was  due  to 
Mary  Lindley,  the  wife  of  Robert  Miirray.  When 
the  British  army  drew  near  her  house  on  Incle- 
berg,  as  Murray  Hill  was  then  called.  Lord  Howe 
and  his  officers,  ordering  a  halt,  accepted  her 
invitation  to  a  lunch  ;  and  by  the  excellence  of 
her  viands  and  old  Madeira  wine,  and  by  the 
good-humor  with  which  she  parried  Tryon's 
jests  at  her  sympathy  with  the  rebels,  she  whiled 
away  two  hours  or  more  of  their  time,  till  every 
American  regiment  had  escaped. — Bancroft's 
U.  S.,  vol.  9,  ch.  6. 

6116.  WOMEN,  Courtesy  to.  Ancients. 
[When  the  Romans  and  Sabines  were  reconciled 
to  each  other,  many]  honorable  privileges  were 
conferred  upon  the  women,  some  of  which  were 
these :  That  the  men  should  give  them  the 
way,  wherever  they  met  them  ;  that  they  should 
not  mention  an  obscene  word  or  appear  naked 
before  them  ;  that,  in  case  of  their  killing  any 
person,  they  should  not  be  tried  before  the  or- 
dinary judges ;  and  that  their  children  should 
wear  an  ornament  about  their  necks,  called 
Bulla,  from  its  likeness  to  a  bubble,  and  a  gar- 
ment bordered  with  purple. — Plutarch's  Rom- 
ulus. 

6117.  WOMEN,  Culture  of.  Unappreciated. 
[Swift  wrote  a  paper  on]  "The  Education  of 
Ladies"  [early  in  the  eighteenth  century],  in 
which  he  says  :  "  There  is  a  subject  of  contro- 
versy which  I  have  frequently  met  with  in  mixed 
and  select  companies  of  both  sexes,  and  some- 
times only  of  men — whether  it  be  prudent  to 
choose  a  wife  who  has  good  natural  sense,  some 
taste  of  wit  and  humor,  able  to  read  and  relish 
history,  books  of  travels,  moral  or  entertaining 
discourses,  and  be  a  tolerable  judge  of  the  beau- 
ties in  poetry  ?  This  question  is  generally  de- 
termined in  the  negative  by  women  themselves, 
and  almost  universally  by  we  men." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  27,  p.  421. 

6118.  WOMEN  degraded.  Roman  Law.  Wom- 
en were  condemned  to  the  perpetual  tutelage 
of  parents,  husbands,  or  guardians  ;  a  sex  cre- 
ated to  please  and  obey  was  never  supposed 
to  have  attained  the  age  of  reason  and  experi- 
ence. Such,  at  least,  was  the  stern  and  haughty 
spirit  of  the  ancient  law,  which  had  been  insen- 
sibly mollified  before  the  time  of  Justinian. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  44,  p.  355. 

6119.  WOMEN,  Devotion  of.  Piety.  [That 
Camillus,  the  Roman  general,  might  perform  his 
vow  to  Apollo,  the  Senate  and  citizens  were  called 
upon  to  assist  him.  They]  all  produced  their 
proportion,  and  it  was  resolved  that  a  vase  of 
massy  gold  should  be  made  and  sent  to  Delphi. 
But  as  there  was  a  scarcity  of  gold  in  the  city, 
while  the  magistrates  were  considering  how  to 
procure  it,  the  Roman  matrons  met,  and  having 
consulted  among  themselves,  gave  up  their  golden 
ornaments,  which  weighed  eight  talents,  as  an 


730 


WOMEN. 


offering  to  the  god.  And  the  Senate,  in  honor  of 
their  piety,  decreed  that  they  should  have  funeral 
orations  as  well  as  the  men,  which  had  not  been 
the  custom  before. — Plutarch's  Camillus. 

6120.  WOMEN,  Ferocious.  Barbarians.  [When 
the  Romans  defeated  the  Ambrones,  they  fled 
through  their  camp,  where]  the  women  meet- 
ing them  with  swords  and  axes,  and  setting  up  a 
horrid  and  hideous  cry,  fell  upon  the  fugitives 
as  well  as  the  pursuers,  the  former  as  traitors, 
and  the  latter  as  enemies.  Mingling  with  the 
combatants,  they  laid  hold  on  the  Roman  shields, 
catched  at  their  swords  with  their  naked  hands, 
and  obstinately  suffered  themselves  to  be  hacked 
in  pieces. — Plutarch's  Caius  Marius. 

6121.  WOMEN  in  Government.  Revolutions. 
It  is  somewhat  extraordinary  that  most  of  the 
revolutions  of  the  Roman  State  should  have  owed 
their  origin  to  women.  To  a  woman  Rome 
owed  the  abolition  of  the  regal  dignity  and  the 
establishment  of  the  republic.  To  a  woman  she 
owed  her  delivery  from  the  tryanny  of  the  de- 
cemviri, and  the  restoration  of  the  consular  gov- 
ernment ;  and  to  a  woman  she  owed  that  change 
of  the  constitution  by  which  the  plebeians  became 
capable  of  holding  the  highest  offices  of  the  com- 
monwealth. [See  No.  5716.] — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  3,  ch.  6,  p.  348. 

6122.  WOMEN  and  Government.  Injuries. 
Arbitrary  power  spoils  the  shape  of  the  foot  in 
China  ;  hurries  the  Indian  woman  to  her  hus- 
band's funeral  pile  ;  makes  the  daughters  of  Eve 
in  Persia  mere  chattels ;  gives  a  woman  the 
twelfth  share  of  a  husband  in  the  dominions  of 
the  Grand  Turk  ;  and  renders  them  slaves  of 
duennas  and  governantes  in  Spain  and  Italy. — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  5,  ch.  27,  p.  418. 

6123.  WOMEN,  Hard-hearted.  Beign  of  James 
II.  [The  property  of  the  defeated  rebels,  under 
the  Duke  of  Monmouth,  was  confiscated,  and  ex- 
tortion applied  to  all  who  could  be  suspected  of 
sympathy  ;  their  families  were  left  destitute, 
while  the  unfortunate  men  were  sold  into  sla- 
very. ]  The  ladies  of  the  queen's  household  distin- 
guished themselves  pre-eminently  by  rapacity  and 
hard-heartedness.  Part  of  the  disgrace  which  they 
incurred  falls  on  [Mary]  their  mistress,  for  it  was 
solely  on  account  of  the  relation  in  which  they 
stood  to  her  that  they  were  able  to  enrich  them- 
selves by  so  odious  a  trade  ;  and  there  can  be  no 
question  that  she  might,  with  a  word  or  a  look, 
have  restrained  them  ;  but,  in  truth,  she  encour- 
aged them  by  her  evil  example,  if  not  by  her  ex- 
press approbation. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  5, 
p.  605. 

6124.  WOMEN,  Heroic.  For  Reform.  [In 
1642,  when  the  despotism  of  Charles  I.  was  being 
broken,]  women  took  part  in  this  great  question 
of  the  time  with  an  ardor  in  which  there  is  noth- 
ing really  ridiculous.  The  cavaliers  laughed  at 
"  the  zealous  sisterhood  ;"  but  in  a  juster  point  of 
view  there  is  something  as  heroic  as  the  royalist 
Countess  of  Derby's  defence  of  Latham  House 
in  the  demeanor  of  the  Puritan  Ann  Stugg,  a 
brewer's  wife,  when  she  went  to  the  door  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  at  the  head  of  a  great 
number  of  women  of  the  middle  class,  and  pre- 
sented a  petition,  which  said :  "It  may  be 
thought  strange  and  unbecoming  our  sex  to  show 
ourselves  here,  bearing  a  petition  to  this  honor- 
able assembly  ;  but  Christ  purchased  us  at  as  dear 


a  rate  as  He  did  men,  and  therefore  requireth  the 
same  obedience,  for  the  same  mercy,  as  of  men  ;. 
we  are  sharers  in  the  public  calamities."  Pym, 
the  speaker,  replied  :  ' '  Repair  to  your  houses,  we 
entreat,  and  turn  your  petitions  into  prayers  at 
home  for  us." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  3,  ch.  30, 
p.  489. 

6125. .     Flora  MacDonald.  [After 

the  battle  of  Culloden,  in  1746,  Charles  Edward^ 
the  grandson  of  James  II. ,  who  there  lost  all 
hope  of  gaining  the  British  crown,  wandered 
among  the  Highlands,  seeking  an  escape  to 
France.  Thirty  thousand  pounds  had  been 
offered  for  his  apprehension,  and  the  country 
was  full  of  those  who  were  eager  to  find  him.] 
He  wandered  alone  among  the  hills,  till  he  wa* 
enabled  to  escape  to  Skye.  This  he  effected 
through  the  compassionate  courage  and  sagacity 
of  Flora  MacDonald.  Charles  was  dressed  as  a 
female,  when,  with  Flora  and  a  faithful  High- 
lander, he  went  to  sea  in  an  open  boat.  They 
landed  at  last  in  the  country  of  Sir  Alexander 
MacDonald,  who  was  opposed  to  the  Jacobite 
cause.  Flora  boldly  appealed  to  the  sympathy  of 
the  Jacobite  chief.  Lady  Margaret  MacDonald, 
and  through  her  aid  Charles  was  enabled  to  es- 
cape from  the  danger  which  he  might  have  en- 
countered in  this  hostile  district.  —  Knight's- 
Eng.,  vol.  6,  ch.  9,  p.  175. 

6126.  WOMEN  honored.  Ancient  Oermana. 
[The  German  Barbarians]  treated  their  womeU' 
with  esteem  and  confidence,  consulted  them  oa 
every  occasion  of  importance,  and  fondly  be- 
lieved that  in  their  breasts  resided  a  sanctity  and 
wisdom  more  than  human.  Some  of  the  inter- 
preters of  fate,  such  as  Velleda,  in  the  Batavian 
war,  governed,  in  the  name  of  the  Deity,  the 
fiercest  nations  of  GermanJ^  The  rest  of  the  sex, 
without  being  adored  as  goddesses,  were  respect- 
ed as  the  free  and  equal  companions  of  soldiers, 
associated  even  by  the  marriage  ceremony  to  a 
life  of  toil,  of  danger,  and  of  glory.  In  their 
great  invasions  the  camps  of  the  Barbarians  av era- 
filled  with  a  multitude  of  women,  who  remained 
firm  and  undaunted  amid  the  sound  of  arms, 
the  various  forms  of  destruction,  and  the  honor- 
able wounds  of  their  sons  and  husbands. — Gib- 
bon's Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  268. 

6127.  WOMEN,  Injustice  to.  By  Nobility.  The 
statute  of  thirty-first  Henry  VI.  shows  how  "  un- 
satiable  covetousness  "  had  moved  "  divers  peo- 
ple of  great  power  against  all  right,  gentleness, 
truth,  and  good  conscience."  Their  offence  was 
the  "  great  abusing  of  ladies,  gentlewomen,  and 
other  women  sole,  having  any  substance  of 
lands,  tenements,  or  movable  goods."  To  such 
they  come  "  promising  faithful  friendship  ; "  and 
perceiving  their  great  innocency  and  simplicity, 
"  carried  them  off  by  force,  or  inveigled  them  to 
places  where  they  were  of  power,  and  compelled 
them  to  sign  obligations  for  money  for  their  lib- 
erty. Also  .  .  .  they  will  many  times  compel 
them  to  be  married  to  them,  contrary  to  their 
likings." — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  2.  ch.  8,  p.  113. 

612S.  WOMEN,  Insults  from.  Cowards. 
[When  the  Goths  surrendered  Ravenna  to  the  Ro- 
mans, after  a  protracted  siege,]  multitudes  of  tall 
and  robust  Barbarians  were  confounded  by  the 
masculine  females,  spitting  in  the  faces  of  their 
sons  and  husbands,  most  bitterly  reproached 
them  for  betraying  their  dominion  and  freedoia 


WOMEN. 


731 


to  these  pigmies  of  the  south,  contemptible  in 
their  numbers,  diminutive  in  their  stature. — Gib^ 
bon's  Rome,  ch.  41,  p.  181. 

6129.  WOMEN,  Patriotic.  Boston,  1770.  The 
determination  to  keep  clear  of  paying  the  Parlia- 
ment's taxes  spread  into  every  social  circle.  One 
week  three  hundred  wives  of  Boston,  the  next  a 
hundred  and  ten  more,  with  one  hundred  and 
twenty-six  of  the  young  and  unmarried  of  their 
eex,  renounced  the  use  of  tea  till  the  revenue 
acts  should  be  repealed.  How  could  the  troops 
interfere  ? — Bancboft's  U.  S.,  vol.  6,  ch.  43. 

6130.  WOMEN  in  Politics.  Cicero's  Wife. 
Terentia  was  by  no  means  of  a  meek  and  timid 
disposition,  but  had  her  ambition,  and  (as  Cicero 
himself  says)  took  a  greater  share  with  him  in 
politics  than  she  permitted  him  to  have  in  domes- 
tic business. — Plutakch's  Cicero. 

6131.  WOMEN,  Power  of.  "  Soap."  [In  Lon- 
don great  ado  was  made  about  soap  when 
Charles  I.  sold  the  monopoly  of  its  manufacture. 
Women  complained  that  the  new  soap  burned 
the  linen,  scalded  the  laundresses'  fingers,  and 
wasted  in  keeping.  The  king  commands  the 
Lord  Mayor  of  London  to  be  reprimanded  forj 
his  pusillanimity  in  this  business,  being  afraid 
of  a  troop  of  women  that  clamorously  petitioned 
him  against  the  new  soap. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  26,  p.  416. 

6132.  WOMEN,  Preaching  by.  Methodism. 
[Mr.  Wesley  permitted  Miss  Mary  Bosanquet, 
Miss  Orosby,  and  Miss  Tripp  to  exhort  in  rustic 
assemblies.  His  mother  had  held  similar  meet- 
ings at  the  Epworth  Rectory,  and  had  thereby 
filled  the  parish  church.]  Also  in  later  years 
Mary  Fletcher  had  a  seat  elevated  a  step  or  two 
above  the  level  of  the  floor,  whence  she  addressed 
the  people  in  the  several  chapels  which«she  and 
her  husband  erected  in  the  vicinity  of  Madeley. 
— Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  2,  p.  268. 

6133.  WOMEN,  Reform  by.  Church.  [In  1637, 
when  Charles  I.  attempted  by  his  ministers  to 
force  the  liturgy  upon  the  Scots,  they  experienced 
great  trouble  from  the  women.  In  Glasgow, 
when  the  Bishop  of  Argyle  began  to  officiate  in 
the  use  of  the  ritual,]  the  servant-maids  began 
such  a  tumult  as  was  never  heard  since  the  Ref- 
formation  in  our  nation  |^ays  a  witness  of  the 
scene].  Jane  or  Janet  Geddes  flung  a  little 
folding-stool  whereon  she  sat  at  the  dean's 
head,  saying,  "Out,  thou  false  thief  !  dost  thou 
say  the  mass  at  my  lug  ?"  .  .  ,  At  Edinburgh 
preachers  who  defend  the  liturgy  are  maltreat- 
ed, and  mostly  "  by  enraged  women  of  all  quali- 
ties." .  .  .  From  the  date  of  this  violent  defi- 
ance of  the  principles  and  habits  of  the  Scottish 
people,  the  reign  of  Charles  becomes  the  turn- 
ing-point in  English  history. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  17,  p.  430. 

6134.  WOMEN,  Rights  of.  Mahometan.  Ma- 
homet said  :  .  .  .  "  O  men  !  you  have  rights  over 
your  wives,  and  they  have  equally  rights  over 
you.  .  .  .  Remember  that  they  are  in  your 
houses  like  captives  submitted  to  a  master,  and 
who  have  nothing  reserved  to  themselves.  They 
have  delivered  you  their  body  and  their  soul  on 
the  faith  of  God.  They  are  a  sacred  deposit 
that  God  has  intrusted  to  you." — Lamartine's 
Turkey,  p.  145. 


6135. .      Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson. 

Most  prominent  among  those  who  were  said 
to  be  "as  bad  as  Roger  Williams,  or  worse," 
was  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson,  a  woman  of  genius 
who  had  come  over  in  the  ship  with  Sir  Henry 
Vane.  She  desired  the  privilege  of  speaking  at 
the  weekly  debates,  and  was  refused.  Women 
had  no  business  at  these  assemblies,  said  the 
elders.  Indignant  at  this,  she  became  the  cham- 
pion of  her  sex,  and  declared  that  the  ministers 
who  were  -defrauding  women  of  the  gospel  were 
no  better  than  Pharisees.  She  called  meetings 
of  her  friends,  spoke  much  in  public,  and  plead- 
ed with  great  fervor  for  the  full  freedom  of  con- 
science. The  liberal  doctrines  of  the  exiled 
Williams  were  reaffirmed  with  more  power  and 
eloquence  than  ever.  Many  of  the  magistrates 
were  converted  to  the  new  belief  ;  the  governor 
himself  espoused  the  cause  of  Mrs.  Hutchinson, 
and  a  majority  of  the  people  at  Boston  inclined 
to  her  opinions.  For  a  while  there  was  a  reign 
of  discord  ;  but  as  soon  as  Sir  Henry's  term  of 
office  expired  a  call  was  issued  for  a  meeting  of 
the  synod  of  New  England.  The  body  convened 
in  August  of  1637  ;  a  decree  was  proposed  ;  Mrs. 
Hutchinson  and  her  friends  were  declai'ed  unfit 
for  the  society  of  Christians,  and  banished  from 
the  territory  of  Massachusetts.  With  a  large 
number  of  friends  the  exiles  wended  their  way 
to  the  house  of  Roger  Williams.  Miantonomoh, 
a  Narragansett  chieftain,  made  them  a  gift  of  the 
beautiful  island  of  Rhode  Island.  There,  in  the 
month  of  March,  1641,  a  little  republic  was  es- 
tablished, in  whose  constitution  freedom  of  con- 
science was  guaranteed  and  persecution  for  opin- 
ion's sake  forbidden. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  13, 
p.  131. 

6136.  WOMEN,  Rivaky  of.  Cleopatra.  [An- 
tony's wife]  Octavia  . .  .  had  quitted  Rome  to  join 
him,  and  was  already  arrived  at  Athens.  Cleo- 
patra rightly  perceived  that  she  came  only  to 
dispute  Antony's  heart  with  her.  She  was  afraid 
that  with  her  virtue,  wisdom,  and  gravity  of 
manners,  if  she  had  time  to  make  use  of  her 
modest,  but  lively  and  insinuating  attractions, 
to  win  her  husband,  that  she  would  gain  an  ab- 
solute power  over  him.  To  avoid  which  danger, 
she  affected  to  be  dying  for  love  of  Antony, 
and.  with  that  view  made  herself  lean  and  wan, 
by  taking  very  little  nourishment.  Whenevei 
he  entered  her  apartment  she  looked  upon  him 
with  an  air  of  surprise  and  amazement,  and 
when  he  left  her  seemed  to  languish  with  sorrow 
and  dejection.  She  often  contrived  to  appear 
bathed  in  tears,  and  at  the  same  moment  en- 
deavored to  c'ry  and  conceal  them,  as  if  to  hide 
from  him  her  weakness  and  disorder.  Antony, 
who  feared  nothing  so  much  as  occasioning  the 
least  uneasiness  to  Cleopatra,  wrote  letters  to  Oc- 
tavia to  order  her  to  stay  for  him  at  Athens,  and 
to  come^  no  farther,  because  he  was  upon  the 
point  of  undertaking  some  new  expedition.  .  .  , 
That  virtuous  Roman  lad^,  dissembling  the 
wrong  he  did  her,  sent  to  him  to  know  where  it 
would  be  agreeable  to  him  to  have  the  presents 
carried  which  she  had  designed  for  him,  since 
he  did  not  think  fit  to  let  her  deliver  them  in 
person.  Antony  received  this  second  compli- 
ment no  better  than  the  first ;  and  Cleopatra, 
who  had  prevented  his  seeing  Octavia,  would 
not  permit  him  to  receive  anything  from  her. 


732 


WOMEN— WORDS. 


Octavia  was  obliged  therefore  to  return  to 
Rome  without  having  produced  any  other 
effect  by  her  voyage  than  that  of  making  An- 
tony more  inexcusable. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book 
24.  §  2. 

6137.  WOMEN,  Euined  by.  Spartans. 
Amid  all  that  rigid  austerity  of  manners  which 
the  laws  of  Lycurgus  seem  calculated  to  enforce, 
how  astonishing  is  it  that  public  decency  and 
decorum  should  have  been  totally  overlooked  ! 
The  Spartan  women  were  the  reproach  of  Greece 
for  their  immodesty  ;  and  Aristotle  imputes 
chiefly  to  their  licentiousness  and  intemperance 
those  disorders  which  were  ultimately  the  ruin  of 
the  State.  The  men  and  women  frequented  pro- 
miscuously the  public  baths  ;  the  youth  of  both 
sexes  ran,  wrestled,  and  fought  naked  in  the  pa- 
laestra. .  .  .  The  laws  of  Lycurgus  permitted  one 
citizen  to  borrow  another's  wife,  for  the  purpose 
of  a  good  breed,  and  held  it  no  dishonor  for 
an  aged  man  who  had  a  handsome  wife  to  offer 
her  to  a  young  man,  and  to  educate  as  his  own 
the  issue  of  that  connection.  The  chief  end  of 
marriage,  according  to  the  lawgiver's  notions, 
was  to  furnish  the  State  with  a  vigorous  and 
healthy  race  of  citizens. — Tytler's  Hist., 
Book  1,  ch.  9,  p.  94. 

6138.  WOMEN  rule  Men.  Oato.  Cato  the  Cen- 
sor, speaking  of  the  power  of  women,  said  :  "  All 
men  naturally  govern  the  women,  we  govern 
all  men,  and  our  wives  govern  us. " — Plutarch's 
Cato. 

6139.  WOMEN,  Testimony  of.  First  in  Gonrt. 
When  Tarquinia,  a  vestal,  gave  another  adjacent 
field  to  the  public,  she  was  honored  with  great 
privileges,  particularly  that  of  giving  her  testi- 
mony in  court,  which  was  refused  to  all  other 
women ;  they  likewise  voted  her  liberty  to 
marry,  but  she  did  not  accept  it. — Plutarch. 

6140.  WOMEN,  Warriors  of.  Dahomey.  In 
Abomey,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Dahomey, 
there  are  within  the  palace  barracks  five  thou- 
sand Amazons  of  the  king's  army  which  live  in 
celibacy  under  the  cart;  of  eunuchs. — Apple- 
ton's  Cyclopedia,  "  Abomey." 

6141. .     Arabian.     [In  the  bloody 

battle  between  the  Christians  and  Mahometans 
near  the  Lake  Tiberias,  in  the  army  of  the  Mus- 
sulmans, the  last]  line  was  occupied  by  the  sister 
of  Derar,  with  the  Arabian  women  who  had  en- 
listed in  this  holy  war,  who  were  accustomed  to 
wield  the  bow  and  the  lance,  and  who  in  a  mo- 
ment of  captivity  had  defended,  against  the  un- 
circumcised  ravishers,  their  chastity  and  religion. 
The  exhortation  of  the  generals  was  brief  and 
forcible  :  "  Paradise  is  before  you,  the  devil  and 
hell-fire  in  your  rear."  Yet  such  was  the  weight 
of  the  Roman  cavalry,  that  the  right  wing  of 
the  Arabs  was  broken  and  separated  from  the 
main  body.  Thrice  did  they  retreat  in  disorder, 
and  thrice  were  they  driven  back  to  the  charge 
by  the  reproaches  and  blows  of  the  women. — 
Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  51,  p.  208. 

6142.  WOMEN,  Warriors  of.  Second  Crusade. 
[The  second  crusade  was  led  by  the  sovereigns 
Conrad  III.  and  Louis  VII.]  Under  the  ban- 
ners of  Conrad  a  troop  of  females  rode  in  the 
attitude  and  armor  of  men ;  and  the  chief  of 
these  Amazons,  from  her  gilt  spurs  and  bus- 


kins, obtained  the  epithet  of  the  Golden-footed 
Dame. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  59,  p.  6. 

6143.  WONDER,  Superstitious.  San  Salvador. 
[The  natives,]  when  they  had  still  further  recov- 
ered from  their  fears,  approached  the  Span- 
iards, touched  their  beards,  and  examined  their 
hands  and  faces,  admiring  their  whiteness.  Co- 
lumbus was  pleased  with  their  gentleness  and 
confiding  simplicity,  and  suffered  their  scrutiny 
with  perfect  acquiescence,  winning  them  by  his 
benignity.  They  now  supposed  that  the  ships 
had  sailed  out  of  the  crystal  firmament  which 
bounded  their  horizon,  or  had  descended  from 
above  on  their  ample  wings,  and  that  these  mar- 
vellous beings  were  inhabitants  of  the  skies. — 
Irving's  Columbus,  Book  4,  ch.  1. 

6144.  WOEDS,  Backing  for.  Lysander.  When 
a  citizen  of  Megara  treated  Lysander  with  great 
freedom,  in  a  certain  conversation,  he  said,  "  My 
friend,  those  words  of  thine  should  not  come  but 
from  strong  walls  and  bulwarks." — Plutarch's 
Lysander. 

6145.  WORDS,  Hasty.  Henry  11.  [Archbishop 
Thomas]  Becket  gloried  in  his  heart  at  this  tri- 
umph. T^'hich  served  only  to  increase  his  ambi- 
tion, insolence,  and  presumption.  The  conde- 
scension of  Henry  convinced  him  of  his  own  su- 
periority and  of  his  sovereign's  weakness.  He 
began  to  make  triumphal  processions  through 
the  kingdom,  and  to  exercise  his  spiritual  and 
judicial  powers  with  the  most  arbitrary  increase 
of  authority.  The  Archbishop  of  York,  who, 
in  his  absence,  crowned  the  king's  eldest  son, 
was  suspended  from  his  function,  as  were  sev- 
eral other  prelates  who  had  officiated  at  the  so- 
lemnity. Deposition  and  excommunication 
were  daily  occurrences,  and  Henry,  who  was 
then  in  Normandy,  heard  with  surprise  and  in- 
dignation that  his  whole  kingdom  was  in  a  flame 
from  the  turbulent  and  tyrannical  conduct  of 
the  primate.  A  few  hasty  words  which  he  ut- 
tered upon  the  first  intelligence  of  these  disor- 
ders were  interpreted  by  some  of  his  servants 
into  a  mandate.  Four  of  them  immediately  em- 
barked for  England,  where  they  arrived  next 
day,  and  finding  Becket  in  the  act  of  celebrating 
vespers  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Canterbury, 
they  beat  out  his  brains  before  the  altar.  Thus 
the  man  who  ought  to  have  fallen  by  public  jus- 
tice as  a  traitor  was,  from  the  mode  of  his  death, 
considered  as  a  saint  and  martyr.  The  murder 
of  Becket  gave  the  king  unfeigned  concern  ;  he 
saw  that  his  death  would  produce  those  very  ef- 
fects with  regard  to  the  church  which  he  most 
wished  to  prevent ;  and  that  the  bulk  of  his  sub- 
jects, blinded  by  the  influence  of  their  priests  and 
confessors,  would  consider  him  as  his  murderer. 
He  made  the  most  ample  submissions  to  the  pope, 
who  pardoned  him  on  assurance  of  sincere  re- 
pentance.— Macaulay's  Eng.,  Book  6,  ch.  8, 
p.  140. 

6146.  WORDS,  Origin  of.    "Sandwich."   The; 
reputation  of  Lord  Sandwich  has  survived  as  one 
of  the  most  profligate  in  his  private  life,  and  one  - 
of  the  meanest  in  his  public  career.     His  club-  '■ 
gambling  has  given  a  name  to  "  a  bit  of  beef  be- 
tween two  slices  of  bread,"  the  only  food  he 
took  for  four-and-twenty  hours  without  ever 
quitting   his  game. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.    7, 
ch.  6,  p.  104. 


WORDS— WORKS. 


733 


6147.  WORDS,  Thrilling.  At  the  Stake.  No 
moimment  is  necessaiy  to  commemorate  an  event 
which  will  be  remembered,  through  the  power 
of  a  few  thrilling  words,  as  long  as  the  English 
language  shall  endure.  Stripped  of  his  prison 
dress,  the  aged  Latimer — the  bent  old  man — 
"stood  bolt  upright,  as  comely  a  father  as  one 
might  lightly  behold."  He  stands  bolt  upright 
in  his  shroud.  Ridley  and  he  "stand  coupled 
for  a  common  flight,"  and  he  says,  "Be  of  good 
comfort,  Master  Ridley,  and  play  the  man  !  We 
shall  t'ris  day  light  such  a  candle,  by  God's 
grace,  in  England,  as  sliall  never  be  put  put." — 
Knight's  Eng.  ,  vol.  3,  ch.  6,  p.  91. 

614§.  Work,  change  in.  SoutJiey.  It  was 
part  of  Southey's  regimen  to  carry  on  several 
works  at  once  ;  this  he  found  to  be  economy  of 
time,  and  he  believed  it  necessary  for  the  pres- 
ervation of  his  health.  Whenever  one  object 
entirely  occupied  his  attention,  it  haunted  him, 
oppressed  him,  troubled  his  dreams.  The  rem- 
edy was  simple — to  do  one  thing  in  the  morning, 
another  in  the  evening.  To  lay  down  poetry  and 
presently  to  attack  history  seems  feasible,  and  no 
ill  policy  for  one  who  is  forced  to  take  all  he  can 
out  of  himself. — Dowden's  Southey,  ch.  5. 

6149.  WORK,  Dignity  in.  Royalty.  We  read 
in  Homer  of  princesses  themselves  drawing 
water  from  springs,  and  washing,  with  their  own 
hands,  the  linen  of  their  respective  families. 
Here  the  sisters  of  Alexander — that  is,  the  daugh- 
ters of  a  powerful  prince,  are  employed  in  mak- 
ing clothes  for  their  brother.  The  celebrated 
Lucretia  used  to  spin  in  the  midst  of  her  female 
attendants.  Augustus,  who  was  sovereign  of  the 
world,  wore,  for  several  years  together,  no  oth- 
er clothes  but  what  his  wife  and  sister  made  him. 
It  was  a  custom  in  the  northern  parts  of  the 
world,  not  many  years  since,  for  the  princes 
who  then  sat  upon  the  throne  to  prepare  several 
of  the  dishes  at  every  meal.  In  a  word,  needle- 
work, the  care  of  domestic  affairs,  a  serious  and 
retired  life,  is  the  proper  function  of  women,  and 
for  this  they  were  designed  by  Providence. — 
Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  15,  §  9. 

6150.  WORK,  End  of.  BcRda,  fhe  English 
Monk.  The ,  noblest  proof  of  his  love  of  Eng- 
land lies  in  the  work  which  immortalizes  his 
name.  In  his  "Ecclesiastical  History  of  the 
English  Nation,"  Bseda  was  at  once  the  found- 
er of  mediaeval  history  and  the  first  English  his- 
torian. .  .  .  Baeda  longed  to  bring  to  an  end  his 
version  of  St.  John's  Gospel  into  the  English 
tongue  and  his  extracts  from  Bishop  Isidore. 
"  I  don't  want  my  boy.o  to  read  a  lie,"  he  an- 
swered those  who  would  have  had  him  rest,  ' '  or 
to  work  to  no  purpose  after  I  am  gone."  A  few 
days  before  Ascension-tide  his  sickness  grew 
upon  him,  but  he  spent  the  whole  day  in  teach- 
ing, only  saying  cheerfully  to  his  scholars, 
"  Learn  with  what  speed  you  may  ;  I  know  not 
how  long  I  may  last."  The  dawn  broke  on  an- 
other sleepless  night,  and  again  the  old  man  call- 
ed his  scholars  round  him  and  bade  them  write. 
"There  is  still  a  chapter  wanting,"  said  the  scribe, 
as  the  morning  drew  on,  "and  it  is  hard  for  thee 
to  question  thyself  any  longer."  "It  is  easily 
done,"  said  Baeda  ;  "take  thy  pen  and  write 
quickly."  Amid  tears  and  farewells  the  day 
wore  on  to  eventide.  ' '  There  is  yet  one  sentence 
tin  written,  dear  master,"  said  the  boy.     "  Write 


it  quickly,"  bade  the  dying  man.  "  It  is  finish- 
ed now,"  said  the  little  scribe  at  last.  "You 
speak  truth,"  said  the  master,  "all  is  finished 
now. "  Placed  upon  the  pavement,  his  head  sup- 
ported in  his  scholar's  arms,  his  face  turned  to 
the  spot  where  he  was  wont  to  pray,  Bseda  chant- 
ed the  solemn  "  Glory  to  God."  As  his  voice 
reached  the  close  of  his  song  he  passed  quietly 
away. — Hist,  of  Eng.  People,  §  61. 

6151.  WORK,  Life.  Columbus.  It  is  a  curious 
and  characteristic  fact  .  .  .  that  the  recovery 
of  the  holy  sepulchre  was  one  of  the  great  objects 
of  his  ambition,  meditated  throughout  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life,  and  solemnly  provided  for 
in  his  will.  In  fact,  he  subsequently  considered 
it  the  main  work  for  which  he  was  chosen  by 
Heaven  as  an  agent,  and  that  his  great  discovery 
was  but  a  preparatory  dispensation  of  Provi- 
dence to  furnish  means  for  its  accomplishment. 
— Irving's  Columbus,  Book  2,  ch.  6. 

6152.  WORK,  Silent.  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  If 
any  man  could  get  a  bill  through  Congress,  he 
could.  He  did  not  care  much  to  shine  as  a  speak- 
er, and,  indeed,  he  did  not  excel  as  a  speaker  in 
Congress.  What  he  prided  himself  upon  was  his 
skill  and  success  in  getting  a  troublesome  meas- 
ure passed,  and  in  effecting  this,  he  was  quite 
willing  that  others  should  have  all  the  glory  of 
openly  advocating  it.  He  has  been  known  to 
spend  two  years  in  engineering  a  bill,  devot- 
ing most  of  his  time  to  it,  and  yet  never  once 
speaking  upon  it.  This  was  the  case  with  the 
long  series  of  measures  which  resulted  in  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  200. 

6153.  WORKERS  wanted.  Colonists.  [The 
London  Company,  which  colonized  Virginia,] 
thought  that  the  unskilled  and  idle,  who  would 
starve  at  home,  might  prosper  in  another  hemi- 
sphere. [John]  Smith  wrote  to  the  corporation 
that  when  they  sent  again,  they  should  rather 
send  but  thirty  carpenters,  husbandmen,  garden- 
ers, fishermen,  blacksmiths,  masons,  and  even 
diggers  up  of  the  roots  of  trees,  than  a  thousand 
such  as  had  last  come  out. — Knight's  Eng., 
vol.  3,  ch.  22,  p.  345. 

6154.  WORK,  Worth  by.  Oxen.  They  share 
with  man  in  the  labors  of  husbandry,  and  spare 
him  the  greatest  part  of  the  toil.  Hence  it  was 
that  the  ox,  the  laborious  companion  of  man  in 
tilling  the  ground,  was  so  highly  regarded  by 
the  ancients,  that  whoever  had  killed  one  of 
them  was  punished  with  death,  as  if  he  had  kill- 
ed a  citizen  ;  no  doubt,  because  he  was  esteemed 
a  kind  of  murderer  of  the  human  race,  whose 
nourishment  of  life  stood  in  absolute  need  of  the 
aid  of  this  animal. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  24, 
art.  4. 

6155.  WORKS,  Good.  Zoroaster.  [By  the 
teaching  of  Zoroaster  the]  saint,  in  the  Magian 
religion,  is  obliged  to  beget  children,  to  plant 
useful  trees,  to  destroy  noxious  animals,  to  con- 
vey water  to  the  dry  lands  of  Persia,  and  to 
work  out  his  salvation  by  pursuing  all  the  labors 
of  agriculture.  We  may  quote  from  the  Zend- 
avesta  a  wise  and  benevolent  maxim,  which  com- 
pensates for  many  an  absurdity.  "  He  who  sows 
the  ground  with  care  and  diligence  acquires  a 
greater  stock  of  religious  merit  than  lie  could 


734 


WORKS— WORSHIP. 


gain  by  the  repetition  of  ten  thousand  prayers. " 
— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  8,  p.  235. 

6156.  WORKS,  Justification  by.  Luther.  No 
matter  how  much  he  studied  and  prayed,  no 
matter  how  severely  he  castigated  himself  with 
fasting  and  watching,  he  found  no  peace  to  his 
soul.  Even  wheA  he  imagined  that  he  had  sat- 
isfied the  law,  he  often  despaired  of  getting  rid 
of  his  sins  and  of  securing  the  grace  of  God. — 
Rein's  Luther,  ch.  3,  p.  33. 

6157.  WORLD,  Origin  of  the.  Thales.  The 
metaphysical  opinions  of  Thales  are  but  imper- 
fectly known.  He  supposed  the  world  to  be 
framed  by  the  Deity  out  of  the  original  element 
of  water,  and  animated  by  His  essence  as  the 
body  is  by  the  soul ;  that  the  Deity  therefore  re- 
sided in  every  portion  of  space  ;  and  that  this 
world  was  only  a  great  temple,  where  the  sight 
of  everything  around  him  reminded  man  of  that 
Great  Being  which  inhabited  and  pervaded  it. — 
Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2,  ch.  9,  p.  261. 

6158.  WORLDLINESS  rebuked.  Socrates.  [At 
his  trial  he  made  a  noble  defence.]  Should  you 
resolve  to  acquit  me,  on  condition  that  I  keep 
silence  for  the  future,  I  should  not  hesitate  to 
make  answer,  "Athenians,  I  honor  and  love  you, 
but  I  shall  choose  rather  to  obey  God  than 
you,  and  to  my  latest  breath  shall  never  renounce 
philosophy,  nor  cease  to  exhort  and  reprove  you 
according  to  my  custom,  by  telling  each  of  you 
when  you  come  in  my  way.  My  good  friend,  and 
citizen  of  the  most  famous  city  in  the  world  for 
wisdom  and  valor,  are  you  not  ashamed  of  hav- 
ing no  other  thoughts  than  that  of  amassing 
wealth  and  of  acquiring  glory,  credit,  and  dig- 
nities, while  you  neglect  the  treasures  of  pru- 
dence, truth,  and  wisdom,  and  take  no  pains  in 
rendering  your  soul  as  good  and  perfect  as  it 
is  capable  of  being  ?" — Rollin's  Hist.  ,  Book  9, 
ch.  4,  §  6. 

6159.  WORSHIP,  Apostates  from.  Samari- 
tans. [Nearly  two  hundred  years  before  Christ 
Antiochus  Epiphanes  bitterly  persecuted  the 
Jews  at  Jerusalem.  (See  No.  6166.)  The  Samar- 
itans] presented  a  petition  to  the  king,  in  which 
they  declared  themselves  not  to  be  Jews,  and 
desired  that  their  temple,  built  on  Mount  Geri- 
zim,  which  till  then  had  not  been  dedicated  to 
any  deity  in  particular,  might  henceforward  be 
dedicated  to  the  Grecian  Jupiter,  and  be  called 
after  his  name.  Antiochus  received  their  peti- 
tion very  graciously,  and  ordered  Nicanor, 
ieputy -governor  of  the  province  of  Samaria,  to 
dedicate  their  temple  to  the  Grecian  Jupiter  as 
they  had  desired,  and  not  to  molest  them  in  any 
manner. —  Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  19,  ch.  2,  §  3. 

6160.  WORSHIP,  Cheerful.  In  Adversity. 
(When  Hannibal  had  slaughtered  the  Roman 
array  and  endangered  the  capital,  the  grief  was 
universal.]  Fabius  Maximus  fixed  both  the 
place  and  time  for  mourning,  allowed  thirty 
days  for  that  purpose  in  a  man's  own  house, 
and  no  more  for  the  city  in  general.  And  as 
the  feast  of  Ceres  fell  within  that  time,  it  was 
thought  better  entirely  to  omit  the  solemnity, 
than  by  the  small  numbers  and  the  melancholy 
looks  of  those  that  should  attend  it,  to  discover 
the  greatness  of  their  loss  ;  for  the  worship  most 
acceptable  to  the  gods  is  that  which  comes  from 
cheerful  hearts. — ^Plutarch'sFabius  Maximus. 


6161.  WORSHIP,  Constrained.  Heathen.  It 
appears  that  Numa's  religious  institutions  in 
general  are  very  wise,  and  that  this  in  particu- 
lar is  highly  conducive  to  the  purposes  of  piety— 
namely,  that  when  the  magistrates  or  priests  are 
employed  in  any  sacred  ceremony,  a  herald  goes 
before,  and  proclaims  aloud,  "Hoc  age" — i.e., 
"be  attentive  to  this;"  thereby  commanding 
everybody  to  regard  the  solemn  acts  of  religion, 
and  not  to  suffer  any  business  or  avocation  to  in- 
tervene and  disturb  them  ;  as  well  knowing  that 
men's  attention,  especially  in  what  concerns  the 
worship  of  the  gods,  is  seldom  fixed,  but  by  a 
sort  of  violence  and  constraint. — Plutarch's 
Caius  Marius. 

6162.  WORSHIP,  Dreadful.  Druids.  "There 
is,"  says  he  [Lucian],  "without  the  walls  of 
Marseilles  a  sacred  grove,  which  had  never  been 
touched  by  axe  since  the  creation.  The  trees  of 
it  grew  so  thick,  and  were  so  interwoven,  that 
they  suffered  not  the  rays  of  the  sun  to  pierce 
through  their  branches  ;  but  a  dreary  damp  and 
perfect  darkness  reigned  through  the  place. 
Neither  nymphs  nor  sylvan  gods  could  inhabit 
this  recess,  it  being  destined  for  the  most  inhu- 
man mysteries.  There  was  nothing  to  be  seen 
there  but  a  multitude  of  altars,  upon  which 
they  sacrificed  human  victims,  whose  blood  dyed 
the  trees  with  horrid  crimson.  If  ancient  tra- 
dition may  be  credited,  no  bird  ever  perched 
upon  their  boughs,  no  beast  ever  trod  under 
them,  no  wind  ever  blew  through  them,  nor 
thunderbolt  did  ever  touch  them.  These  tall 
oaks,  as  well  as  the  black  water  that  winds  in 
different  channels  through  the  place,  fill  the 
mind  with  dread  and  horror.  The  figures  of 
the  god  of  the  grove  are  a  kind  of  rude  and 
shapeless  trunks,  covered  over  with  a  dismal 
yellow  moss.  It  is  the  genius  of  the  Gauls," 
continues  he,  "  thus  to  reverence  gods  of  whom 
they  know  not  the  figure  ;  and  their  ignorance 
of  the  object  of  tJieir  worship  increases  their  ven- 
eration. There  is  a  report  that  this  grove  is  often 
shaken  and  strangely  agitated,  and  that  dread- 
ful sounds  are  heard  from  its  deep  recesses  ;  that 
the  trees,  if  destroyed  or  thrown  down,  arise 
again  of  themselves ;  that  the  forest  is  some- 
times seen  to  be  on  fire,  without  being  consumed, 
and  that  the  oaks  are  twined  about  with  mon- 
strous serpents.  The  Gauls  dare  not  live  in  it, 
from  the  awe  of  the  divinity  that  inhabits  it, 
and  to  whom  they  entirely  abandon  it.  Only 
at  noon  and  at  midnight  a  priest  goes  trembling 
into  it,  to  celebrate  its  dreadful  mysteries  ;  and 
is  in  continual  fear  lest  the  deitj  to  whom  it  is 
consecrated  should  appear  to  him." — Tytler's 
Hist.,  Book  5,  ch.  6,  p.  34. 

6163.  WORSHIP  enforced.  Mw  England  Pu- 
ritans. The  magistrates  insisted  on  the  pres- 
ence of  every  man  at  public  worship  ;  [Roger] 
Williams  reprobated  the  law  ;  the  worst  stat- 
ute in  the  English  code  was  that  which  did  but 
enforce  attendance  upon  the  parish  church.  .  .  . 
"  An  unbelieving  soul  is  dead  in  sin,"  such  was 
his  argument ;  and  to  force  the  indifferent  from 
one  worship  to  another,  "  was  like  shifting  a 
dead  man  into  several  changes  of  apparel.  '— 
Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  1,  ch.  9. 

6164.  WORSHIP,  Idolatrous.  Ancient  Ger. 
mans.  They  adored  the  great  visible  objects  and 
agents  of  nature,  the  sun  and  the  moon,  the  fire 


WORSHIP— WRITING. 


735 


and  the  earth,  together  with  those  imaginary- 
deities  who  were  supposed  to  preside  over  the 
most  important  occupations  of  human  life.  They 
were  persuaded  that,  by  some  ridiculous  arts  of 
divination,  they  could  discover  the  will  of  the 
superior  beings,  and  that  human  sacrifices  were 
the  most  precious  and  acceptable  offering  to 
their  altars.— Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  9,  p.  269. 

6165.  WOESHIP  of  Images.  Ancient  Chris- 
tian. One  great  article  of  dissension  was  the 
worship  of  images,  which  had  been  gradually 
gaining  ground  for  some  centuries.  It  arose 
first  from  the  custom  of  having  crucifixes  in 
private  houses,  and  portraits  of  our  Saviour  and 
His  apostles,  which  sometimes  being  of  consider- 
able value,  were,  among  other  religious  dona- 
tions, bequeathed  by  dying  persons  to  the  church, 
where  they  were  displayed  on  solemn  festivals. 
The  clergy  at  first  took  pains  to  repress  that 
superstition.  In  the  year  393  we  find  St.  Epipha- 
nius  pulled  down  an  image  in  a  church  of 
Syria,  before  which  he  found  an  ignorant  person 
saying  prayers.     Others,  however,  of  his  breth- 

,  ren  were  not  so  circumspect  or  scrupulous,  and 
y  in  time  the  priests  even  found  their  interest  in 
encouraging  the  practice  ;  for  particular  images 
in  particular  churches,  acquiring  a  higher  de- 
gree of  celebrity  than  others,  and  getting  the 
reputation  of  performing  miraculous  cures,  the 
grateful  donations  that  were  made  to  the  church 
were  a  very  considerable  emolument  to  the  ec- 
clesiastics.— Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  6,  ch.  3, 
p.  82. 

6166.  "WORSHIP,  Perilous.  Jerusalem.  An- 
tiochus,  at  his  return  from  Egypt,  exasperated 
to  see  forcibly  torn  from  him  by  the  Romans  a 
■crown  which  he  looked  upon  already  as  his  own, 
made  the  Jews,  though  they  had  not  offended 
Mm  in  any  manner,  feel  the  whole  weight  of 
Ms  wrath.  .  .  .  Apollonius  [his  officer]  arrived 
there  [at  Jerusalem]  just  two  years  after  this 
city  had  been  taken  by  Antiochus.  At  his  first 
■coming  he  did  not  behave  in  any  manner  as  if 
he  had  received  such  cruel  orders,  and  waited 
till  the  first  Sabbath-day  before  he  executed 
them.  But  then,  seeing  all  the  people  assem- 
bled peaceably  in  the  synagogues,  and  engaged 
in  paying  their  religious  worship  to  the  Crea- 
tor, he  put  in  execution  the  barbarous  commis- 
sion he  had  received,  and  setting  all  his  troops 
upon  them,  he  commanded  them  to  cut  to 
pieces  all  the  men,  and  to  seize  all  the  women 
and  children,  in  order  that  they  might  be  ex- 
posed to  sale.  These  commands  were  obeyed 
with  the  utmost  cruelty  and  rigor.  Not  a  single 
man  was  spared,  all  they  could  find  being 
cruelly  butchered,  insomuch  that  the  streets 
streamed  with  blood.  The  city  was  afterward 
plundered,  and  fire  set  to  several  parts  of  it,  after 
all  the  riches  that  could  be  found  had  been 
carried  off.  [See  No.  6159.] — Rollin's  Hist., 
Book  19,  ch.  2,  §  3. 

6167.  WOESHIP,  Eetreat  from.  Jefferson 
Davis.  The  church  bells  [of  Richmond]  called, 
as  usual,  the  inhabitants  to  the  house  of  worship, 
•and  Davis,  among  the  rest,  and  all  was  peaceful 
and  quiet.  ...  In  the  midst  of  the  service  a 
messenger  approached  the  pew  in  which  the 
Confederate  President  sat  and  handed  him  a 
slip  of  paper.  It  was  from  the  War  Department, 
containing  a  despatch  from  Lee,  to  have  every- 


thing ready  for  the  evacuation  of  Richmond  by 
eight  o'clock  at  night.  Had  a  thunderbolt  fallen 
from  a  cloudless  sky  he  could  not  have  been 
more  appalled.  Crushing  back  the  emotions  of 
his  heart,  he  rose  and  left  the  church. — Head- 
ley's  Grant,  p.  223. 

616§.  WOESHIP  of  Science.  Timour.  [Timour 
the  Tartar]  went  to  pray  indifferently  on  the 
tombs  of  the  Christian  saints  and  on  those  of 
the  noted  dervishes.  His  worship  of  scienca 
and  virtue  was  impartial ;  was  it  philosophy, 
was  it  policy  ?  Nothing  in  history  explains  this 
mystery  in  the  life  of  the  conqueror. — Lamab- 
tine's  Turkey,  p.  314. 

6169.  WOESHIP,  Substitute  for.  To  Samtiel 
Johnson.  Dr.  John  Campbell,  the  celebrated 
political  and  biographical  writer,  being  men- 
tioned, Johnson  said  :  .  .  .  "  Campbell  is  a  good 
man,  a  pious  man.  I  am  afraid  he  has  not  ieen 
in  the  inside  of  a  church  for  many  years  ;  but  he 
never  passes  a  church  without  pulling  off  his 
hat.  This  shows  that  he  has  good  principles. " — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  115. 

6170.  WOETH,  Moral.  Louis  IX.  Louis 
IX.  stands  forth  in  history  an  ever-memorable 
instance  of  the  iiiherent  power  of  high  moral 
and  religious  principle,  when  faithfully  and 
consistently  carried  out  through  a  whole  life. 
.  .  .  Voltaire,  no  partial  panegyrist  in  such  a 
case,  has  said  of  him  that  "it  is  not  given  to 
man  to  carry  virtue  to  a  higher  point."  Louis 
was  canonized  on  the  11th  of  August,  1297, 
by  Pope  Boniface  VIII. — Students'  France, 
ch.  9,  §  6. 

6171.  WOUNDS,  Honorable.  Timour.  [Ti- 
mour the  Tartar  bore  the]  name  of  Timour 
Lenk,  or  Timour  the  Lame.  This  surname, 
which  alluded  both  to  his  infirmity  and  preco- 
cious glory,  was  given  him  in  consequence  of  a 
wound  on  the  leg  received  in  fighting  for  his 
country.  He  paraded  it  as  a  title  of  honor,  and 
added  it  himself  to  his  name. — Lamartine's 
Turkey,  p.  304. 

6172.  .    Soldier.      [Sertorius  was 

a  soldier  from  his  youth.]  Nor  did  his  martial 
intrepidity  abate  when  he  arrived  at  the  degree 
of  general.  His  personal  exploits  were  still 
great,  and  he  faced  danger  in  the  most  fearless 
manner  ;  in  consequence  of  which  he  had  one 
of  his  eyes  struck  out.  This,  however,  he  always 
gloried  in.  He  said  others  did  not  always  carry 
about  with  them  the  honorable  badges  of  their 
valor,  but  sometimes  laid  aside  their  chains, 
their  truncheons,  and  coronets,  while  he  had 
perpetually  the  evidences  of  his  bravery  about 
him,  and  those  who  saw  his  misfortune  at  the 
same  time  beheld  his  courage.  The  people, 
too,  treated  him  with  the  highest  respect. — Plu- 
tarch's Sertorius. 

6173.    .    In  the  Front.     "Young 

Si  ward"  perished  in  the  battle-field  where 
Macbeth  fell.  "Where  were  his  wounds?" 
said  the  stout  old  earl  [his  father].  "  In  front." 
"  Then  I  could  wish  no  better  fate." — Knight's 
Eng.,  vol.  1,  ch.  12,  p.  163. 

6174.  WEITING,  Substitute  for.  Cords.  An 
invention  .  .  .  approaching  still  nearer  to  writ- 
ing was  the  Peruvian  quipos,  or  cords  of  various 
colors,  with  certain  knots  upon  them  of  different 
size,  and  differently  combined.     With  these  they 


736 


WRONGS— YOUNG. 


contrived  to  accomplish  most  of  the  purposes  of 
•writing  ;  they  formed  registers  which  contained 
the  annals  of  their  empire,  the  state  of  the  public 
revenues,  the  account  of  their  taxes  for  the  sup- 
port of  government,  and  by  means  of  them  they 
recorded  their  astronomical  observation. — Tyt- 
leb's  Hist.,  Book  1,  ch.  3,  p.  25. 

6175.  WBONGS  redressed,  Imaginary.  War. 
Alexander  arrived  at  a  little  city  inhabited  by 
the  Branchidse.  These  were  the  descendants 
of  a  family  who  had  dwelt  in  Miletus,  whom 
Xerxes,  at  his  return  from  Greece,  had  for- 
merly sent  into  Upper  Asia,  where  he  had  set- 
tled them  in  a  very  flourishing  condition,  in  re- 
Jurn  for  their  having  delivered  up  to  him  the 
treasure  of  the  temple  of  Apollo  Didymseus,  the 
keepers  of  which  they  were.  They  received  the 
king  with  the  highest  demonstration  of  joy,  and 
currendered  both  themselves  and  their  city  to 
him.  Alexander  sent  for  such  Milesians  as  were 
in  his  army  who  preserved  an  hereditary  hatred 
against  the  Branchidae,  because  of  the  treachery 
of  their  ancestors.  He  then  left  them  the 
choice  either  of  revenging  the  injury  they  had 
formerly  done  them,  or  of  pardoning  them  in 
consideration  of  their  common  extraction.  The 
Milesians  being  so  much  divided  in  opinion 
that  they  could  not  agree  among  themselves,  Al- 
exander undertook  the  decision  himself.  Ac- 
cordingly, the  next  day,  he  commanded  his 
phalanx  to  surround  the  city  ;  and  a  signal  be- 
ing given,  they  were  ordered  to  plunder  that 
abode  of  traitors,  and  put  every  one  of  them  to 
the  sword,  which  inhuman  order  was  executed 
with  the  same  barbarity  as  it  had  been  given. 
All  the  citizens,  at  the  very  time  that  they  were 
going  to  pay  homage  to  Alexander,  were  mur- 
dered in  the  streets  and  in  their  houses,  no  man- 
ner of  regard  being  paid  to  their  cries  and  tears, 
nor  the  least  distinction  made  of  age  or  sex.  .  .  . 
But  of  what  crimes  were  those  ill-fated  citizens 
guilty  ?  Were  they  responsible  for  those  their 
fathers  had  committed  upward  of  one  hundred 
and  fifty  years  before  ?  I  do  not  know  whether 
history  furnishes  another  example  of  so  brutal 
and  frantic  a  cruelty. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book 
15,  §12. 

6176.  YEAR  lengthened,  The.  Julius  Ocesar. 
The  Alexandrian  observers  had  discovered  that 
the  annual  course  of  the  sun  was  completed  in 
three  hundred  and  sixty -five  days  and  six  hours. 
The  lunar  twelve  was  allowed  to  remain  to  fix 
the  number  of  the  months.  The  number  of 
days  in  each  month  were  adjusted  to  absorb 
three  hundred  and  sixty -five  days.  The  super- 
fluous hours  were  allowed  to  accumulate,  and 
every  fourth  year  an  additional  day  was  to  be 
intercalated.  An  arbitrary  step  was  required  to 
repair  the  negligence  of  the  past.  Sixty -five  days 
had  still  to  be  made  good.  The  new  system,  de- 
pending wholly  on  the  sun,  would  naturally 
have  commenced  with  the  winter  solstice.  But 
Caesar  so  far  deferred  to  usage  as  to  choose  to 
begin,  not  with  the  solstice  itself,  but  with  the 
first  new  moon  which  followed.  It  so  happened 
In  that  year  that  the  new  moon  was  eighty  days 
after  the  solstice  ;  and  thus  the  next  year  started, 
as  it  continues  to  start,  from  the  1st  of  January. 
The  eight  days  were  added  to  the  sixty -five,  and 
the  current  year  was  lengthened  by  nearly  three 
months. — I^oude's  C^sab,  ch.  25,  p.  62. 


6177.  YEAR,  The  new.  Samuel  Johnson. 
How  seriously  Johnson  was  impressed  with  a 
sense  of  religion,  even  in  the  vigor  of  his  youth, 
appears  from  the  following  passage  in  his  min- 
utes, kept  by  way  of  diary  :  "September  7,  1736. 
— I  have  this  day  entered  upon  my  twenty-eighth, 
year.  Mayest  thou,  O  God,  enable  me,  for  Jesus- 
Christ's  sake,  to  spend  this  in  such  a  manner  that 
I  may  receive  comfort  from  it  at  the  hour  of 
death,  and  in  the  day  of  judgment  !  Amen." — 
Boswell's  Johnson,  p.  13. 

617§.  YOUNG  MAN,  Unpromising.  "  Pale." 
[One  of  the  sayings  of  Cato  was,]  that  he 
liked  a  young  man  that  blushed  more  than  one 
that  turned  pale  ;  and  that  he  did  not  like  a 
soldier  who  moved  his  hands  in  marching,  and 
his  feet  in  fighting,  and  who  snored  louder  in 
bed  than  he  shouted  in  battle. — Plutabch's 
Cato  the  Censob. 

6179.  YOUNG  MEN,  Conquest  by.  Colonies. 
Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus  informs  us  of  the^ 
manner  in  which  a  State,  when  it  became  over- 
stocked, transplanted  its  colonies.  They  conse- 
crated to  a  particular  god  all  the  youth  of  a  cer- 
tain age,  furnished  them  with  arms,  and  after 
the  performance  of  a  solemn  sacrifice,  dismissed 
them  to  conquer  for  themselves  a  new  country. 
These  enterprises  were,  no  doubt,  often  unsuc- 
cessful ;  but  when  they  succeeded,  and  an  es- 
tablishment was  obtained,  it  does  not  appear 
that  the  mother  State  pretended  to  have  any 
rights  over  them,  or  claims  upon  the  country 
where  they  settled. — Tytlbb's  Hist.,  Book  3, 
ch.  1,  p.  285. 

61  §0.  YOUNG  MEN,  Deeds  of.  Bonaparte. 
Napoleon  Bonaparte,  who  had  not  yet  completed- 
his  twenty-seventh  year,  was  appointed  gen- 
eral-in-chief  of  the  army  of  Italy. — Students*' 
Fbance,  ch.  27,  §  13. 

61  §1.  YOUNG  MEN,  Energetic.  Brutus.. 
Brutus  had  so  much  influence  with  Caesar  that 
he  reconciled  him  to  his  friend  Cassius  ;  and 
when  he  spoke  in  behalf  of  the  King  of  Africa, 
though  there  were  many  impeachments  against. 
him,  he  obtained  for  him  a  great  part  of  his  king- 
dom. When  he  first  began  to  speak  on  this  oc- 
casion, Caesar  said  :  "  I  know  not  what  this 
young  man  intends,  but  whatever  it  is,  he  intends 
it  strongly." — Plutabch's  Brutus. 

61  §2.  YOUNG  MEN,  Patriotism  of.  BebelUon. 
[When  General  Grant  visited  Hamburg  he  at- 
tended a  banquet  in  his  honor,  and  was  spoken 
of  as  having  saved  his  country.]  Grant  replied  : 
"  .  .  .  I  must  dissent  upon  one  remark,  .  .  . 
that  I  saved  the  country  during  the  recent  war. 
If  our  country  could  be  saved  or  ruined  by  any 
one  man,  we  should  not  have  a  country,  and  we 
should  not  now  be  celebrating  our  Fourth  of 
July.  ...  If  I  had  never  held  command — if  I 
had  fallen — if  all  our  generals  had  fallen,  there 
were  ten  thousand  behind  us  who  would  have 
done  our  work  just  as  well.  .  .  .  What  saved 
the  Union  was  the  coming  forward  of  the  young 
men.  ...  So  long  as  our  young  men  are  ani- 
mated by  this  spirit  there  will  be  no  fear  for  the- 
Union.'" — Genebal  Gbant's  Tbavels,  p.  232. 

61  S3.  .     Resisting  the  Stamp  Act, 

[Patrick  Henry  presented  resolutions  to  the  Vir- 
ginia legislature  sustaining  the  independence  of 
colonies,  which  were  carried  by  small  majorities^ 


YOUNG— YOUTH. 


73? 


— the  fifth  by  one  vote.]  But  Henry  "  carried 
«11  the  young  members  with  him."  [And  so] 
Virginia  gave  the  signal  for  the  continent. — 
Bancroft's  U.  S.  ,  vol.  o,  ch.  13. 

61  §4.  YOUNG  MEN,  Success  of.  Timour  the 
Tartar.  From  the  twelfth  year  of  his  age 
Timour  had  entered  the  field  of  action  ;  in  the 
twenty-fifth  he  stood  forth  as  the  deliverer  of  his 
country  ;  and  the  eyes  and  wishes  of  the  people 
wiere  turned  toward  a  hero  who  suffered  in  their 
cause.  .  .  .  At  the  age  of  thirty-four,  and  in  a 
general  diet,  or  couroultai,  he  was  invested  with 
imperial  command  ;  but  he  affected  to  revere  tlie 
house  of  Zingis  ;  and  while  the  emir  Timour 
reigned  over  Zagatai  and  the  East,  a  nominal 
khan  served  as  a  private  officer  in  the  armies  of 
Ms  servant.  A  fertile  kingdom,  five  hundred 
miles  in  length  and  in  breadth,  might  have  satis- 
lied  the  ambition  of  a  subject  ;  but  Timour  as- 
pired to  the  dominion  of  the  world  ;  and  before 
Ms  death  the  crown  of  Zagatai  was  one  of  the 
■twenty- seven  crowns  which  he  had  placed  on  his 
head. — Gibbon's  Rome,  ch.  65,  p.  249. 

6t§5.  YOUNG  MEN,  Triumphant.  Isaac  New 
ion.  Young  men,  it  has  been  often  remarked, 
^o  the  greatest  things.  Newton  was  but  twen- 
ty-three when  he  made  his  greatest  discovery. 
In.  the  autumn  of  1665,  the  college  having  been 
■dismissed  on  account  of  the  prevalence  of  the 
plague,  he  spent  several  weeks  at  home.  Seated 
in  his  mother's  orchard  one  day,  while  the  ripe 
fruit  was  falling  from  the  trees,  he  fell  into  one 
of  his  profound  meditations  upon  the  nature  of 
the  force  that  caused  the  apples  to  fall. — Par- 
ton's  Newton,  p.  81. 

61 S6.  YOUNG  MEN,  Visions  of.  John  Adams. 
At  Worcester  [Mass.]  ...  he  was  the  master 
•of  the  town  school,  where  the  highest  wages 
"were  sixty  dollars  for  the  season.  A  young  man 
•of  hardly  twenty,  just  from  Harvard  College, 
And  at  that  time  meditating  to  become  a  preacher, 
■would  sit  and  hear  [the  general  political  con- 
"versation],  and  escaping  from  a  maze  of  ob- 
uservations,  would  sometimes  I'etire,  and  by 
"  laying  things  together,  form  some  reflections 
pleasing"  to  himself.  ...  If  we  can  remove 
the  turbulent  Gallics,  our  people,  according  to 
the  exactest  calculations,  will  in  another  century 
liecome  more  numerous  than  England  itseli. 
AH  Europe  will  not  be  able  to  subdue  us.  The 
■only  way  to  keep  us  from  setting  up  for  ourselves 
is  to  disunite  us."  .  .  .  Within  twenty-one 
years  he  shall  assist  in  declaring  his  country's  in- 
dependence ;  in  less  than  thirty  .  .  .  shall  stand 
before  the  King  of  Great  Britain  the  acknowl- 
edged envoy  of  the  free  and  United  States  of 
America. — Bancroft's  U.  S.,  vol.  4,  ch.  9. 

61§7.  YOUNG  MEN,  Work  of.  Chinese  Gm-- 
ibn.  Gordon  had  just  turned  thirty — a  young 
tman,  truly,  for  a  task  so  arduous  -[the  com- 
mand of  the  Chinese  army].  But  men  of  his 
4Stamp  are  not  to  be  judged  by  their  years.  The 
Art  of  war,  perhaps  more  than  any  other  art, 
•demands  experience  in  its  successful  practition- 
'Crs.  But  sometimes,  although  rarely,  soldiers 
move  to  the  front  in  whom  an  innate  genius 
for  war  dispenses  with  the  tuition  of  experience. 
Sheridan,  when  he  sent  Early  "  whirling  up 
the  Shenandoah  Valley,"  had  not  Gordon's 
years  when  the  latter  took  the  command  of  the 


"  Ever  Victorious  Army."  Ranald  Mackenzie 
at  twenty- one  was  pronounced  by  General  Grant 
the  finest  cavalry  division  commander  of  the 
Union  armies.  Skobeleff  had  conquered  Kho- 
kand  before  he  reached  eight-and-twenty.  To 
cite  a  more  illustrious  example.  Napoleon  was 
but  twenty-seven  when  he  carried  the  Bridge 
of  Lodi.  Gordon  was  in  the  prime  of  mental 
and  physical  vigor.  He  had  been  a  constant  stu- 
dent of  the  art  military  ;  his  nature  was  at  once 
enterprising  and  cautious  ;  he  seemed  to  control 
his  fellow-men  by  an  intuitive  influence  ;  and 
the  buoyancy  of  his  temperament  sustained  him 
in  every  situation. — Chinese  Gordon,  p.  35. 

6l§§.  YOUTH,  Ardor  of.  Lafayette.  He 
was  scarcely  nineteen  years  of  age  when  he 
sought  a  secret  interview  with  Silas  Deane,  the 
American  envoy,  and  offered  his  services  to 
the  Congress.  Mr.  Deane,  it  appears,  objected 
to  his  youth.  "  When,"  says  he,  "  I  presented 
to  the  envoy  my  boyish  face,  I  spoke  more 
of  my  ardor  in  the  cause  than  of  my  ex- 
perience ;  but  I  dwelt  much  upon  the  effect  my 
departure  would  excite  in  France,  and  he  signed 
our  mutual  agreement."  His  intention  was 
concealed  from  his  family  and  from  all  his 
friends,  except  two  or  three  confidants.  While 
he  was  making  preparations  for  his  depart- 
ure, most  distressing  and  alarming  news  came 
from  America — the  retreat  from  Long  Island, 
the  loss  of  New  York,  the  battle  of  White 
Plains,  and  the  retreat  through  New  Jersey. 
The  American  forces,  it  was  said,  reduced  to  a 
disheartened  band  of  three  thousand  militia, 
were  pursued  by  a  triumphant  army  of  thirty- 
three  thousand  English  and  Hessians.  The 
credit  of  the  colonies  at  Paris  sunk  to  the  low- 
est ebb,  and  some  of  the  Americans  themselves 
confessed  to  Lafayette  that  they  were  discour- 
aged, and  persuaded  him  to  abandon  his  proj- 
ect. He  said  to  Mr.  Deane  :  "  Until  now,  sir, 
you  have  only  seen  my  ardor  in  your  cause,  and 
that  may  not  prove  at  present  wholly  useless.  I 
shall  purchase  a  ship  to  carry  out  your  officers. 
We  must  feel  confidence  in  the  future  ;  and  it  is 
especially  in  the  hour  of  danger  that  I  wish  to 
share  your  fortune." — Cyclopedia  op  Biog.^ 
p.  476. 

61  §9.  YOUTH,  Attractive.  Mahomet.  He 
seems  to  have  cultivated  ...  his  moral  quali- 
ties with  equal  assiduity  as  the  intellectual. 
His  beauty,  his  modesty,  his  sequestration  from 
the  profane  pleasures  oif  the  Khoreishite  youth, 
his  assiduity  to  prayer  in  the  temple,  his  respect 
for  the  aged,  his  attention  to  treasuring  up  the 
sayings  of  the  wise,  his  filial  affection  for  his 
adopted  father,  Aboutaleb,  his  deference  tow- 
ard the  son  of  his  uncle,  of  whom  he  was  the 
guest,  without  affecting  to  be  the  equal,  his  taste 
for  solitude,  his  reveries — a  sort  of  cloud  under 
which  he  veiled  the  splendor  of  his  intellect — 
in  fine,  his  sober  eloquence,  which  never  spoke 
until  interrogated,  but  which  flowed  from  the 
soul  rather  than  the  lips,  and  which  had  the 
gift  of  persuading  others,  because  it  was  per- 
suasion in  himself — all  these  qualities  of  birth,  of 
body,  of  mind,  of  character,  esteemed  every- 
where, even  among  barbarians,  drew  the  esteem, 
the  affection,  the  eyes  of  Mecca  upon  the  orphan 
of  Amina.  They  attracted,  above  all,  the  heart 
of  au  opulent  and  influential  woman  of  Mecca, 


*?38 


YOUTH. 


named    Kadidje,   or  Kadidjah. — Lamartine's 
Turkey. 

6190.  YOUTH,  Backwardness  in.  Washington 
Irving.  Master  Irving  was  not  a  prodigy  ;  for 
at  the  first  school,  kept  by  a  woman,  to  which  he 
was  sent  in  his  fourth  year,  and  where  he  re- 
mained upward  of  two  years,  he  learned  little 
beyond  his  alphabet ;  and  at  the  second,  where 
boys  and  girls  were  taught,  and  where  he  re- 
mained until  he  was  fourteen,  he  was  more  noted 
for  his  truth-telling  than  for  his  scholarship. — 

-Stoddard's  Irving,  p.  12. 

6191.  YOUTH,  Capacity  in.  Washington.  At 
the  age  of  sixteen  he  was  sent  by  his  uncle  to 
survey  a  tract  of  land  on  the  South  Potomac,  and 
for  three  years  his  life  was  in  the  wilderness. — 
Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  38,  p.  302. 

6192.  YOUTH  corrected.  Aristotle.  Aristotle 
was  born  at  Stagyra,  a  Thracian  city,  then  under 
the  dominion  of  Macedonia.  His  father  was 
physician  to  Philip,  the  father  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  After  a  youth  of  dissipation  he  betook 
himself  with  indefatigable  ardor  to  the  study  of 
philosophy,  and  was  for  twenty  years  a  favorite 
disciple  of  Plato. — Tytler's  Hist.,  Book  2, 
ch.  9,  p.  273. 

6193.  YOUTH  cormpted.  By  CatUine.  The 
party  of  revolution  was  as  various  as  it  was  wide. 
Powerful,  wealthy  men  belonged  to  it,  who  were 
politically  dissatisfied  ;  ambitious  men  of  rank, 
whose  money  embarrassments  weighted  them  in 
the  race  against  their  competitors  ;  .  .  .  and,  final- 
ly, Catiline's  own  chosen  comrades,  the  smooth- 
faced patrician  youths  with  curled  hair  and  redo- 
lent with  perfumes,  as  yet  beardless  or  with  the 
first  down  upon  their  chins,  wearing  scarves  and 
veils  and  sleeved  tunics  reaching  to  their  ankles, 
industrious  but  only  with  the  dice-box,  night- 
watchers  but  in  the  supper-rooms,  in  the  small 
hours  before  dawn,  immodest,  dissolute  boys, 
whose  education  had  been  in  learning  to  love 
and  to  be  loved,  to  sing  and  to  dance  naked  at 
the  midnight  orgies,  and  along  with  it  to  handle 
poniards  and  mix  poisoned  bowls.  Well  might 
Cicero  be  alarmed  at  such  a  combination  ;  well 
might  he  say  that  if  a  generation  of  such  youths 
lived  to  manhood  there  would  be  a  common- 
wealth of  Catilines. — Froude's  C^sar,  ch.  11. 

6194.  YOUTH,  Enemies  in.  William,  Prince 
of  Orange.  The  able  and  experienced  ministers 
of  the  [Dutch]  Republic,  mortal  enemies  of  his 
name,  came  every  day  to  pay  their  feigned  civili- 
ties to  him  and  to  observe  the  progress  of  his 
mind.  The  first  movements  of  his  ambition  were 
carefully  watched ;  every  unguarded  word  ut- 
tered by  him  was  noted  down  ;  nor  had  he  near 
him  any  adviser  on  whose  judgment  reliance 
could  be  placed.  He  was  scarcely  fifteen  years 
old  when  all  the  domestics  who  were  attached  to 
his  interest,  or  who  enjoyed  any  share  of  his 
confidence,  were  removed  from  under  his  roof 
by  the  jealous  government.  He  remonstrated 
with  energy  beyond  his  years,  but  in  vain.  Vigi- 
lant observers  saw  the  tears  more  than  once  rise 
in  the  eyes  of  the  young  State  prisoner.  His 
health,  naturally  delicate,  sank  for  a  time  under 
the  emotions  which  his  desolate  situation  had 
produced.  Such  situations  bewilder  and  unnerve 
the  weak,  but  call  forth  all  the  strength  of  the 
strong.     Surrounded  by  snares  in  which  an  or- 


dinary youth  would  have  perished,  William; 
learned  to  tread  at  once  warily  and  firmly.  Long 
before  he  reached  manhood  he  knew  how  to  keep 
secrets,  how  to  baffle  curiosity  by  dry  and  guard- 
ed answers,  how  to  conceal  all  passions  under 
the  same  show  of  grave  tranquillity. — Macau- 
lay's  Eng.,  ch.  7,  p.  150. 

6195.  YOUTH,  Folly  of.  Edgar  Allan  Poe.  The 
acquisition  of  knowledge  was  easy  to  him,  and 
he  could  without  serious  effort  have  carried  off 
the  highest  honors  of  his  class.  But  he  drank 
to  excess  ;  and  as  drink  is  the  ally  of  all  the  other- 
vices,  he  gambled  recklessly,  and  led  so  disorder- 
ly a  life  that  he  was  expelled  from  the  college. 
His  adopted  father  refusing  to  pay  his  gambling- 
debts,  the  young  man  wrote  him  a  foolish,  insult- 
ing letter,  took  passage  for  Europe,  and  set  off, 
as  he  said,  to  assist  the  Greeks  in  their  strug- 
gle for  independence. — Cyclopedia  of  Biog., 
p.  739. 

6196.  YOUTH,  Fountain  of.  Florida.  Juan. 
Ponce  de  Leon,  who  had  been  a  companion  of 
Columbus  on  his  second  voyage,  fitted  out  a  pri- 
vate expedition  of  discovery  and  adventure.  De 
Leon  had  grown  rich  as  governor  of  Porto  Rico,, 
and  while  growing  rich  had  also  grown  old.  But 
there  was  a  fountain  of  perpetual  youth  some- 
where in  the  Bahamas — so  said  all  the  learning 
and  intelligence  of  Spain — and  in  that  fountain 
the  wrinkled  old  cavalier  would  bathe  and  be 
young  again.  ...  A  landing  was  effected  a  short 
distance  north  of  where,  a  half  century  later, 
were  laid  the  foundations  of  St.  Augustine.  The 
country  was  claimed  for  the  King  of  Spain,  and 
the  search  for  the  youth-restoring-fountain  was- 
eagerly  prosecuted.  The  romantic  adventurer 
turned  southward,  explored  the  coast  for  many 
leagues,  discovered  and  named  the  Tortugas, 
doubled  Cape  Florida,  and  then  sailed  back  to 
Porto  Rico  not  perceptibly  younger  than  whea 
he  started. — Ridpath's  U.  S.,  ch.  3,  p.  57. 

6197.  YOUTH,  Genius  in.  Isaac  Newton.  See 
No.  6185. 

619S.  YOUTH,  Hardships  in.  George  Wash- 
ington. Son  of  a  widow,  ...  to  read,  to  write, 
to  cipher — these  had  been  his  degrees  in  knowl- 
edge. And  now  at  sixteen  years  of  age,  in  quest 
of  an  honest  maintenance,  encountering  intoler- 
able toil ;  .  .  .  "himself  his  own  cook,  having 
no  spit  but  a  forked  stick,  no  plate  but  a  large 
chip  "  [while  engaged  as  a  surveyor],  .  .  .  rarely 
sleeping  in  a  bed,  .  .  .  this  stripling  surveyor  of 
the  woods  .  .  .  God  had  selected  ...  to  give  an 
impulse  to  human  affairs,  and,  as  far  as  events 
can  depend  on  an  individual,  had  placed  the 
rights  and  destinies  of  countless  millions  in  the 
keeping  of  the  widow's  son. — Bancroft's  U.  S., 
vol.  3,  ch.  24. 

6199. .     Ghauncey  Jerome.     [The 

inventor  of  brass  clocks.]  At  fifteen  he  was 
bound  apprentice  to  a  carpenter,  and  was  soon 
able  to  do  a  man's  work  at  the  business.  Appren- 
tices at  that  day  were  not  much  indulged.  Chaun- 
cey  Jerome,  when  he  visited  his  mother,  had  to 
walk  all  night,  so  as  not  to  use  his  master's  time, 
and  he  had  sometimes  to  trudge  a  whole  sum- 
mer's day  on  foot,  with  his  tools  on  his  back,  in 
order  to  get  to  the  work  he  had  to  do.  Several 
times  during  his  apprenticeship  he  carried  his 
tools  thirty  miles  in  one  day.    There  were  few 


YOUTH. 


739 


fehicles  then  except  farmer's  wagons. — Cyclo- 

SDIA  OF  BioG.,  p.  211. 

6200. .  Lincoln.  In  1816  his  father 

removed  to  Spencer  County,  Indiana — just  then 
admitted  into  tlie  Union— and  built  a  cabin  in  the 
woods  near  the  present  village  of  Gentryville. 
Here  was  the  scene  of  Lincoln's  boyhood — a  con- 
stant struggle  with  poverty,  hardship,  and  toil. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  we  find  him  managing  a 
ferry  across  the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  Anderson 
Creek,  a  service  for  which  he  was  paid  six  dollars 
per  month.  In  his  youth  he  received  in  the  aggre- 
gate about  one  year  of  schooling,  which  was  all 
he  ever  had  in  the  way  of  education. — Ridpath's 
U.  S.,  ch.  61,  p.  482. 

6201.  YOUTH,  Hope  in.  Maliomet.  Mahomet 
labored  to  attach  to  him  all  that  portion  of  his 
family  which  did  not  yet  profess  his  religion. 
"  What  are  you  afraid  of  ?"  said  he  to  them  at 
the  end  of  a  repast.  "  Never  did  Arab  make  an 
offer  to  his  nation  of  advantages  to  be  compared 
to  those  I  bring  you.  I  offer  you  happiness  in 
this  transitory  life,  and  eternal  felicity  in  the  life 
to  come.  God  has  commissioned  me  to  bring  Him 
back  mankind.  Let  me  see  which  of  you  is 
willing  to  aid  me  in  this  work  ;  to  become  my 
second,  my  brother,  my  substitute  upon  the 
earth."  Astonishment,  terror,  backwardness,* 
incredulity,  kept  all  of  them  to  silence  and  their 
seats.  No  one  arose  ;  all  sat  in  mute  embarrass- 
ment. Mahomet  was  going  to  be  left  alone,  when 
the  youngest  of  the  guests,  Ali,  as  yet  almost  a 
child,  coming  to  the  aid  of  his  second  father, 
rose  with  the  naive  generosity  of  his  years,  and 
exclaimed,  ".  I,  prophet  of  God  !  I  will,  in  de- 
fault of  others."  Mahomet,  affected  to  tears,  and 
seeing  in  this  burst  of  a  mere  youth,  the  least 
considerable  of  the  guests,  a  designation  of  the 
finger  of  God,  who  marks  where  men  are  not  ob- 
serving, clasped  the  boy  to  his  heart.  ' '  Very 
well,"  said  he,  no  more  ashamed  of  this  disciple 
than  the  disciple  had  been  of  him,  "behold  ye 
Ali,  my  son,  my  second,  my  brother,  my  other 
self  ;  obey  Mm  !"  This  election  of  a  child  by  the 
inspired  prophet  scandalized  the  company  to  even 
laughter. — Lamartine's  Tukkey,  p.  73. 

6202.  YOUTH,   Humble.    Bomulus— Remus 

.  .  .  rose  to  distinction  from  very  small  begin- 
nings. For  the  two  brothers  were  reputed  slaves 
and  sons  of  herdsmen  ;  and  yet,  before  thejr  at- 
tained to  liberty  themselves,  they  bestowed  it  on 
almost  all  the  Latins  ;  gaining  at  once  the  most 
glorious  titles,  as  destroyers  of  their  enemies,  de- 
liverers of  kindred,  kings  of  nations,  and  found- 
ers of  cities,  not  transplanters. — Plutarch's 
Romulus  and  Theseus. 

6203.  YOUTH  an  Index.  Charles  I.  and  Crom- 
well.  The  future  monarch  and  future  Protector 
met  [at  Hinchinbrook  House],  and  engaged  each 
other  in  childish  sport,  in  which  Charles  got  the 
worst  of  it.  For  what  fixed  the  attention  of  the 
lovers  of  prognostications  in  that  and  succeeding 
ages,  was  that  "the  youths  had  not  been  long 
together  before  Charles  and  Oliver  disagreed  ; 
and,  as  the  former  was  then  as  weakly  as  the  lat- 
ter was  strong,  it  was  no  wonder  that  the  royal 
visitant  was  worsted  ;  and  Oliver,  even  at  this 
age,  so  little  regarded  dignity,  that  he  made  the 
royal  blood  flow  in  copious  streams  from  the 
prince's  nose."  "  This,"  adds  the  author,  "  was 
looked  upon  as  a  bad  presage  for  the   king 


when    the    civil    wars    commenced." — Hood's 
Cromwell,  ch.  2,  p.  31. 

6204.  YOUTH,  Manhood  out  of.  Peter  Cooper. 
He  found,  after  long  searching,  a  place  in  the 
carriage  shop  of  Burtis  &  Woodward,  on  the  cor- 
ner of  Broadway  and  Chambers  Street,  where  a 
great  marble  structure  was  afterward  raised  by 
A.  T.  Stewart,  and  there  he  bound  himself  out  as 
an  apprentice  until  he  should  reach  the  age  of 
twenty -one.  He  was  to  receive  his  board  and  a 
salary  of  $25  a  year.  Here  he  began  life  in  ear- 
nest, and  he  attributed  his  after  success  in  a  great 
degree  to  those  four  years  of  steady,  hard  work, 
with  the  economy  which  his  little  earnings  en- 
forced ;  and  during  the  whole  time  he  not  only 
did  not  run  in  debt  one  cent,  but  he  always  had 
a  little  money  laid  by, — Lester's  Life  of  Peter 
Cooper,  p.  13. 

6205.  YOUTH,  Mental  Bias  in.  Gibbon.  The 
subject  he  selected  was  a  curious  one  for  a  youth 
in  his  sixteenth  year.  It  was  an  attempt  to  settle 
the  chronology  of  the  age  of  Sesostris,  and  shows 
how  soon  the  austere  side  of  history  had  attracted 
his  attention.  "In  my  childish  balance,"  h« 
says,  "I  presumed  to  weigh  the  systems  of 
Scaliger  and  Petavius,  of  Marsham  and  of  New- 
ton ;  and  my  sleep  has  been  disturbed  by  the 
difficulty  of  reconciling  the  Septuagint  with  the 
Hebrew  computation. "  Of  course  his  essay  had 
the  usual  value  of  such  juvenile  production — 
that  is,  none  at  all,  except  as  an  indication  of 
early  bias  to  serious  study  of  history. — Morri- 
son's Gibbon,  ch.  1. 

6206.  YOUTH  neglected.  Peter  the  Great. 
The  education  of  Peter,  the  destined  monarch  of 
a  prodigious  empire,  was  almost  totally  neglect- 
ed. Russia  did  not  much  value  knowledge  at 
that  time,  but  Peter  was  even  more  ignorant  than 
was  usual  with  Russian  boys  of  high  rank,  for 
his  sister  Sophia,  an  ambitious  and  bad  woman, 
purposely  kept  him  in  ignorance,  that  she  might 
the  more  easily  retain  an  ascendency  over  him, 
and  over  Russia  through  him.  Notwithstanding 
this,  he  had  picked  up  a  little  knowledge,  since 
he  had  that  sure  sign  of  intellect  which  we  call 
curiosity.  He  was  a  great  asker  of  questions, 
fond  of  looking  on  while  work  was  doing,  and 
of  trying  his  own  hand  at  it. — Cyclopedia  of 
BioG.,  p.  426. 

6207.  YOUTH,  Perfecting.  Swedenbm-g  says. 
Children  in  heaven  grow  up  into  young  men  and 
women,  and  the  aged  return  to  the  freshness  of 
early  manhood.  They  who  are  in  heaven  are 
continually  advancing  to  the  spring-time  of  life, 
and  the  more  thousands  of  years  they  live  the 
more  delightful  and  happy  is  the  spring  to  which 
they  attain  ;  and  this  progression  goes  on  to 
eternity.  Good  women  who  have  died  old  and 
worn  out  with  age,  after  a  succession  of  years 
come  more  and  more  into  the  flower  of  youth, 
and  into  a  beauty  which  exceeds  all  the  concep- 
tions of  beauty  which  can  be  formed  from  what 
the  eye  has  seen.  In  a  word,  to  grow  old  in  heaven 
is  to  grow  young.  —  White's  Swedenborg, 
ch.  13,  p.  115. 

6208.  YOUTH,  Preparation  in.  Washington. 
To  the  encomiums  which  he  [Lafayette]  lavished 
upon  his  hero  and  paternal  chief,  she  [the  moth- 
er of  Washington]  replied  in  these  words  :  "  I 
am  not  surprised  at  what  George  has  done,  for  he 


740 


YOUTH— ZEAL. 


always  was  a  good  boy." — Custis'  Washington, 
vol.  1,  ch.  1. 

6209.  YOUTH,  Presumption  of.  Louis  XIV. 
[The  famous  French  minister]  Mazarin  had 
died  in  the  year  1661,  with  the  honor  of  having 
brought  about  the  peace  of  Westphalia  and  the 
treaty  of  the  Pyrenees ;  and  Louis,  whom  he 
had  hitherto  led  about  as  a  child,  assumed  him- 
self the  reins  of  government.  He  had  borne  the 
3'oke  of  Mazarin  with  great  impatience,  and  in 
some  instances  had  shown  that  impetuosity  of 
temper  which  strongly  characterized  his  dispo- 
sition. Upon  occasion  of  a  meeting  of  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  where  some  of  the  royal  edicts 
Avere  called  in  question,  Louis,  then  a  boy  of  six- 
teen years  of  age,  entered  the  hall  of  parliament 
in  boots,  with  a  whip  in  his  hand  ;  and,  confident 
of  the  powers  of  an  absolute  prince,  told  them, 
with  an  air  of  high  authority,  that  he  was  ac- 
quainted with  the  audacity  of  their  procedure, 
and  would  take  care  to  restrain  them  within  the 
bounds  of  their  just  prerogatives.  Upon  the 
death  of  Mazarin  the  first  acts  of  the  adminis- 
tration of  Louis  were  rather  violent  than  politic. 
— Tytler's  Hist.  ,  Book  6,  ch.  34,  p.  457. 

6210.  YOUTH,  Regard  for.  "Rising  Sun." 
When  Pompey  arrived  at  Rome  [from  his  victo- 
ries in  Africa]  he  demanded  a  triumph,  in  which 
he  was  opposed  bySylla.  The  latter  alleged 
that  the  laws  did  not  allow  that  honor  to  any 
person  who  was  not  either  consul  or  praetor. 
Hence  it  was  that  the  first  Scipio,  when  he  re- 
turned victorious  from  greater  wars  and  conflicts 
with  the  Carthaginians  in  Spain,  did  not  demand 
a  triumph  ;  for  he  was  neither  consul  nor  praetor. 
He  added  that  if  Pompey,  who  was  yet  little 
better  tlian  a  beardless  youth,  and  who  was  not 
of  age  to  be  admitted  into  the  Senate,  should  en- 
ter the  city  in  triumph,  it  would  bring  an  odium 
both  upon  the  dictator's  power  and  those  honors 
of  his  friend.  These  arguments  Sylla  insisted 
on,  to  show  him  he  would  not  allow  of  his  tri- 
umph, and  that,  in  case  he  persisted,  he  would 
chastise  his  obstinacy.  Pompey,  not  in  the  least 
intimidated,  bade  him  consider  that  more  wor- 
shipped the  rising  than  the  setting  sun  ;  intimat- 
ing that  his  power  was  increasing,  and  Sylla's 
upon  the  decline.  Sylla  did  not  well  hear  what 
he  said,  but  perceiving  by  the  looks  and  gestures 
of  the  company  that  they  were  struck  with  the 
expression,  he  asked  what  it  was.  When  he  was 
told  it  he  admired  the  spirit  of  Pompey,  and 
cried,  "  Let  him  triumph  !  Let  him  triumph  !" 
— Plutarch's  Pompey. 

6211.  YOUTH,  Studious.  John  Milton.  If 
Milton's  genius  did  not  announce  itself  in  his 
paraphrases  of  Psalms,  it  did  in  his  impetuosity 
in  learning,  "which  I  seized  with  such  eagerness 
that  from  the  twelfth  year  of  my  age  I  scarce 
ever  went  to  bed  before  midnight."  Such  is  his 
own  account. . . .  Aubrey's  words  are  : ' '  When 
he  was  very  young  he  studied  very  hard,  and  sate 
up  very  late,  commonly  till  twelve  or  one  o'clock 
at  night ;  and  his  father  ordered  the  maid  to 
sit  up  for  him." — Pattison's  Milton,  ch.  1. 

6212.  YOUTH,  Training  of.  Persians.  The 
education  of  children  was  looked  upon  as  the 
most  important  duty  and  the  most  essential  part 
of  government ;  it  was  not  left  to  the  care  of  fa- 
thers and  mothers,  whose  blind  affection  and 
fondness  often  rendered  them  incapable  of  that 


ofiice ;  but  the  State  took  it  upon  themselves, 
Boj's  were  all  brought  up  in  common,  after  one 
uniform  manner,  where  everything  was  regu- 
lated, the  place  and  length  of  their  exercises,  the 
times  of  eating,  the  quality  of  their  meat  and 
di"ink,  and  their  different  kinds  of  punishment. 
The  only  food  allowed  either  the  children  or  the 
young  men  was  bread ,  cresses,  and  water ;  for 
their  design  was  to  accustom  them  early  to  tem- 
perance and  sobriety  ;  besides,  they  considered 
that  a  plain,  frugal  diet,  without  any  mixture  of 
sauces  or  ragouts,  would  strengthen  the  bod}', 
and  lay  such  a  foundation  of  health  as  would 
enable  them  to  undergo  the  hardships  and  fa- 
tigues of  war  to  a  good  old  age.  Here  boys  went 
to  school  to  learn  justice  and  virtue,  as  they  do 
in  other  places  to  learn  arts  and  sciences  ;  and  the 
crime  most  severely  punished  among  them  was 
ingratitude.  The  design  of  the  Persians  in  all 
these  wise  regulations  was  to  prevent  evil,  being 
convinced  that  it  is  much  better  to  prevent  faults 
than  to  punish  them  ;  and  whereas  in  other  States 
the  legislators  are  satisfied  with  enacting  pun- 
ishments for  criminals,  the  Persians  endeavored 
so  to  order  it  as  to  have  no  criminals  among 
them. — Rollin's  Hist.,  Book  4,  art.  1,  §  1. 

6213.  YOUTH,  Unpromising.  Abraham  Lin- 
coln. One  of  his  teachers,  .  .  .  Mr.  Dorsey,  . . . 
tells  how  his  pupil  came  to  the  log-cabin  school- 
house  arrayed  in  buckskin  clothes,  a  raccoon-skin  , 
cap,  and  provided  with  an  old  arithmetic,  which, 
had  somewhere  been  found  for  him,  to  begin  his 
investigations  into  the  higher  branches. — Ray- 
mond's Lincoln,  ch.  2,  p.  21. 

6214.  YOUTH,  Wildness  in.  George  Muller. 
After  obtaining  from  his  tutor  leave  of  absence 
under  false  pretences,  he  set  off  on  a  pleasure 
excursion  to  Magdeburg,  went  afterward  to 
Brunswick,  and  lived  at  both  places  in  an  expen- 
sive manner  at  hotels,  until  all  the  money  he  had 
managed  to  scrape  together  for  the  journey  was 
expended.  On  his  way  back  to  Heimersleben, 
he  stopped  at  Wolfenbuttel,  went  to  an  hotel 
there,  and  again  began  to  live  as  though  he  had 
plenty  of  money  at  his  command  ;  but  having 
been  suspected,  he  was  followed,  and  when  he 
walked  quietly  out  of  the  yard,  without  having 
settled  his  account,  and  afterward  attempted  to 
run  away,  he  was  arrested  and  sent  to  prison, 
where,  when  only  sixteen  years  of  age,  he  found 
himself  shut  up  with  the  most  depraved  charac- 
ters, such  as  thieves,  murderers,  etc.  From  De- 
cember 18,  1821,  to  January  12, 1822,  he  was  de- 
tained in  prison,  when  his  father,  having  sent 
money  to  discharge  his  debt  at  the  hotel,  to  de- 
fray the  cost  of  his  maintenance  in  jail,  and  to  pay 
his  travelling  expenses,  he  was  set  at  liberty. — 
MiJLLER's  Life  of  George  Mijller,  p.  10. 

6215.  ZEAL  for  Art.  Protogenes.  Rhodes 
was  .  .  .  the  residence  of  a  celebrated  painter, 
named  Protogenes,  who  was  a  native  of  Cau- 
nus,  a  city  of  Caria,  which  was  then  subject  to 
the  Rhodians.  The  apartment  where  he  painted 
was  in  the  suburbs,  without  the  cityi^  when  De- 
metrius first  besieged  it ;  but  neither  the  presence 
of  the  enemies  who  then  surrounded  him  nor  the 
noise  of  arms  that  perpetually  rung  in  his  ears 
could  induce  him  to  quit  his  habitation  or  dis- 
continue his  work.  The  king  was  surprised  at 
his  conduct,  and  he  one  day  asked  him  his  rea- 
sons for  such  a  proceeding.    "  It  is,"  replied  he 


ZEAL. 


741 


"  because  I  am  sensible  j'ou  have  declared  war 
against  the  Rhodians,  and  not  against  the  sci- 
ences." Nor  was  he  deceived  in  that  opinion,  for 
Demetrius  actually  showed  himself  their  protect- 
or. He  planted  a  guard  round  his  house. — Rol- 
Lix'sHisT.,  Bookie,  §8. 

6216.  ZEAL,  Christian.  George  WJiitefield. 
[During  tlie  thirty -four  years  of  his  ministerial 
life  Rev.  George  Whitefleld  preached  eighteen 
thousand  sermons,  travelled  through  England, 
Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Wales,  and  traversed  the 
American  colonies  from  Maine  to  Georgia.  His 
last  sermon  was  two  hours  long.  The  same 
evening,]  while  at  supper,  the  pavement  in  front 
of  the  house,  and  even  its  hall,  were  crowded 
with  people,  impatient  to  hear  a  few  words  from 
his  eloquent  lips  ;  but  he  was  exhausted,  and 
rising  from  the  table,  said  to  one  of  the  clergy- 
men who  were  with  him,  '*  Brother,  you  must 
talk  to  this  dear  people  ;  I  cannot  say  a  word." 
Taking  a  candle,  he  hastened  toward  his  bed- 
room ;  but  before  reaching  it  he  was  arrested  by 
the  suggestion  of  his  own  generous  heart  that  he 
ought  not  thus  to  desert  an  anxious  crowd,  hun- 
gering for  the  bread  of  life  from  his  hands.  He 
paused  on  the  stairs  to  address  them.  He  had 
preached  his  last  sermon,  and  this  was  to  be  his 
last  exhortation.  He  lingered  on  the  stairway, 
while  the  crowd  gazed  at  him  with  tearful  eyes, 
as  Elisha  at  the  ascending  prophet.  His  voice, 
never,  perhaps,  surpassed  in  its  music  and  pathos, 
flowed  on  until  the  candle  which  he  held  in  his 
hand  burned  away  and  went  out  in  its  socket ! 
The  next  morning  he  was  not,  for  God  had  taken 
him  !  He  died  of  asthma,  September  30, 1770. — 
Stevens'  Methodism,  vol.  1,  p.  466. 

6217.  ZEAL  encouraged,  Abraham  Lincoln. 
[He  was  not  jealous  of  a  member  of  his  cabinet 
who  was  also  a  candidate  for  the  presidency,  and 
showed  vigor  and  energy  in  his  department.] 
"  My  brother  and  I  .  .  .  were  once  ploughing 
corn  on  a  Kentucky  farm,  1  driving  the  horse 
and  he  holding  the  plough.  The  horse  was  lazy, 
but  on  one  occasion  rushed  across  the  field,  so 
that  I,  with  my  long  legs,  could  scarcely  keep 
pace  with  him.  ...  I  found  an  enormous 
chin-fly  fastened  on  him,  and  knocked  it  off.  .  .  . 
My  brother  asked  me  what  I  did  that  for.  I  told 
him  I  didn't  want  the  old  horse  bitten  in  that 
way.  '  Why,'  said  my  brother,  '  that's  all  that 
made  him  go.'      Now,"  said  Mr.  Lincoln,  "if 

Mr.  has  a  presidential  chin  fly  biting  him, 

I'm  not  going  to  knock  it  off  ;  it  will  only 
make  his  department  go." — Raymond's  Lin- 
coln, p.  720. 

621  §.  ZEAL,  Imprudent.  Execution  of  Charles 
I.  In  no  long  time  it  became  manifest  that 
those  political  and  religious  zealots,  to  whom 
this  deed  is  to  be  ascribed,  had  committed,  not 
only  a  crime,  but  an  error.  They  had  given  to  a 
prince,  hitherto  known  to  his  people  chiefly  by 
his  faults,  an  opportunity  of  displaying,  on  a 
great  theatre,  before  the  eyes  of  all  nations  and 
all  ages,  some  qualities  which  irresistibly  call 
forth  the  admiration  and  love  of  mankind,  the 
high  spirit  of  a  gallant  gentleman,  the  patience 
and  meekness  of  a  penitent  Christian  ;  nay, 
they  had  so  contrived  their  revenge,  that  the 
very  man  whose  whole  life  had  been  a  series  of 
attacks  on  the  liberties  of  England  now  seemed 


to  die  a  martyr  in  the  cau^e  of  those  very  liber- 
ties.— Macaulay's  ExG.,  ch.  1,  p.  120. 

6219.  ZEAL,  Ineifective.  John  Milton.  [The 
restoration  of  monarchy  was  foreshadowed.]  A 
fury  of  utterance  was  upon  him,  and  he  pour- 
ed out,  during  the  death-throes  of  the  republic, 
pamphlet  upon  pamphlet,  as  fast  as  he  could 
get  them  written  to  his  dictation.  These  extem- 
porized effusions  betray  in  their  style,  hurry, 
and  confusion  the  restlessness  of  a  coming  de- 
spair. The  passionate  enthusiasm  of  the  early 
tracts  is  gone,  and  all  the  old  faults,  the  obscu- 
rity, the  inconsecutiveness,  the  want  of  arrange- 
ment, are  exaggerated.  In  the  "  Ready  Way" 
there  is  a  monster  sentence  of  thirty-nine  lines, 
containing  three  himdred  and  thirty-six  words. 
— Milton,  by  M.  Pattison,  ch.  11. 

6220.  ZEAL  misdirected.  Ladies.  [Addison, 
in  the  Freeholder,  says  the  lady  politicians  of  his 
time]  are  so  taken  up  with  zeal  for  the  Church 
that  they  cannot  find  time  to  teach  their  children 
the  catechism. — Knight's  Eng.,  vol.  5,  ch.  27, 
p.  417. 

6221.  ZEAL  punished.  Rev.  Charles  Wesley. 
He  had  charge  of  the  curacy  of  Islington,  but 
"  was  ejected  from  it,  not  so  much  because  of 
his  doctrine,  as  for  the  earnestness  with  which 
he  uttered  it." — Stevens  '  Methodism,  vol.  1, 
p.  110. 

6222.  ZEAL,  Sectarian.  James  II.  He 
seems  .  .  .  to  have  been  seized  with  an  unusu- 
ally violent  fit  of  zeal  for  his  religion  ;  and  this 
is  the  more  remarkable  because  he  had  just  re- 
lapsed, after  a  short  interval  of  self-restraint,  into 
debauchery.  .  .  .  Lady  Dorchester  had  returned 
from  Dublin,  and  was  again  the  king's  mistress. 
Her  return  was  politically  of  no  importance. 
She  had  learned  by  experience  the  folly  of  ad;- 
tempting  to  save  her  lover  from  the  destruction 
to  which  he  was  running  headlong.  She  there- 
fore suffered  the  Jesuits  to  guide  his  political 
conduct,  and  they,  in  return,  suffered  her  to 
wheedle  him  out  of  money.  She  was,  however, 
only  one  of  several  abandoned  women  who  at 
this  time  shared,  with  his  beloved  Church, 
the  dominion  over  his  mind.  He  seems  to  have 
determined  to  make  some  amends  for  neglecting 
the  welfare  of  his  own  soul  by  taking  care  of 
the  souls  of  others. — Macaulay's  Eng.,  ch.  6, 
p.  139. 

6223.  ZEAL,  Unrewarded.  "  The  Pretender ." 
In  the  evening  [Mary,  wife  of  James  II.,]  sat 
playing  cards  at  Whitehall  till  near  midnight. 
Then  she  was  carried  in  a  sedan  to  Saint  James' 
Palace,  where  apartments  had  been  very  hastily 
fitted  up  for  her  reception.  Soon  messengers 
were  running  about  in  all  directions  to  summon 
physicians  and  priests,  lords  of  the  council,  and 
ladies  of  the  bedchamber.  In  a  few  hours 
many  public  functionaries  and  women  of  rank 
were  assembled  in  the  queen's  room.  There, 
on  the  morning  of  Sunday,  the  10th  oi  June,  a 
day  long  kept  sacred  by  the  too  faithful  ad- 
herents of  a  bad  cause,  was  born  the  most  un- 
fortunate of  princes  [James  Francis  Edward 
Stuart,  the  Pretender,],  destined  to  seven ty-seveu 
years  of  exile  and  wandering,  of  vain  projects, 
of  honors  more  galling  than  insults,  and  of 
hopes  such  as  make  the  heart  sick. — Macau- 
lay's Eng.,  ch.  8,  p.  334, 


INDEX  OF  PEKSOML  NAMES. 


Explanation.    The  names  here  given  may  be  found  in  the  articles  to  which  the  nnmbers  refet 


Abbassa,  4810. 

Abbott,  Benj.,  1080,  1109,  1193,  5423. 

Abbott  the  Hbrmit,  2559. 

Abdallah,  1269,  2289,  8004,  3386. 

Abdalbahmans,  3382. 

Abdolontmus,  3122,  6635. 

Abd-el-Mourad,  1757. 

Abo-Abdeli,  1278. 

Abodtaleb,  3607,  6189. 

Abraham,  593,  2375,  2649,  4625. 

Abubekeb,  2605,  3897,  5564,  6937. 

AcACius,  Bishop,  545. 

Achilles,  2999. 

Adams,  John,  '5,  211,  «74,  968, 1833, 

1837,  2063,  3447,    3861,  3894,  4234, 

4314,  5028,  5501,  6186. 
Abams,    John  Q.,    1600,  2046,  3259, 

4091,  5206. 
Adams,  Mrs.  John,  3497. 
Adams,  Samuel,  587,  676,  1008,  1629, 

2780,  3517,  3660,  6058. 
Adda,  Archbishop,  1914,  S690. 
Addison,  Joseph,  2934,  3813. 
Adela,  Princess,  3840. 
Adet,  Pierre  Auguste,  170. 
Admetus,  5261. 
Adolius,  5212. 
Adrastus,  3884. 
Adrian,  Emperor,  4969. 
Adrian  (Pope)  IV.,  2668. 
Adrian  VI.,  Pope,  2692. 
.^G^ON,  2508. 
^LLA,  King,  5197. 
.(Emilia,  5107. 

..(Emilius  Paulus,  1902,  2814,  6715. 
•^SCHINES,  1329. 
viEscuLAPius,  4169. 
.^sop,  Clodius  (Actor),  2178,  4022, 
,^Tius,  2797. 
Agamemnon,  5910. 
Agathabcus,  2524. 
Agathoclhs,  1538. 
Aqesilaus,    1397,   8108,    2363,    2744, 

3070,    3163,  3346,  4449,  6114,  £863, 

5671,  5631. 
Agis  IV.,  1000. 
Agnon,  3366. 
Agrippa,  Menenins,  4298. 
Agrippina,  196,  1347, 2072, 8721,  4389, 

5260. 
AiDAN,  Bishop,  5395. 
AiDONEus,  3338. 

Alaric,  King,  687, 1145,  2893,  8086. 
Alathetts,  5304. 
Albert,  Archbishop,  4668. 
Albinus,  Lucius,  4181. 


Albinus,  Senator,  3234. 

Albion,  2645. 

D'Albrbt,  Jean,  6094. 

Albuquerque,  1050, 1070, 1098,  2476, 
36.39. 

Alcibiades,  1306,  1562,  2702,  8765, 
4804,  4897,  .5386. 

Aldrich,  Rev.,  3555. 

Albxandeb  the  Great,  6, 186,  235, 
1048,  1151,  1252,  1428,  1456,  1514, 
1581,  1588,  1673,  1744,  1746,  1813, 
1821,  2156,  2207,  2220,  2371,  2471, 
2485,  2500,  2632,  2753,  2822,  2912, 
2931,  3064,  3122,  3268,  3278,  3347, 
3366,  3680,  3741,  3831,  4081,  4031, 
4196,  4330,  4432,  4474,  4598,  4663, 
4791,  4796,  4798,  4854,  4868,  4879, 
5095,  5ia3,  5145,  5366,  5402,  5449, 
5505,  5514,  6537,  5638,  6639,  6635, 
5668,  6689,  6781,  5820,  6876,  6096, 
6176. 

Alexander,  Rom.  Emp.,  3279, 8730. 

Alexander  I.  (Russia),  2232,  5693. 

Alexander  III.,  Pope,  5010. 

Alexandeb  VI.,  Pope,  670,  2287, 
2675,  5436. 

Alexius  I.,  Comnenus,  2167. 

Alexius  II.,  2700. 

Alfonso,  King  of  Spain,  2521. 

Alfred  the  Gbkat,  1806, 8423,  2715, 
4647,  4962,  6079,  6600,  6826. 

Ali,4181. 

Alibaud,  360. 

Allen,  Ethan,  1967, 6469, 6766. 

Almamon,  5958. 

Alp  Abslan,  2197,  4451. 

Amaba,  2642. 

Amasis,  1462,  8809. 

Amauet,  Abbot  of  Citeaux,  4123. 

Ambbose.  St.,  1569,  4105. 

Amina,  3004,  4528. 

Akomphabetus,  1556. 

Amubath  II.,  3869,  51.37,  685a 

Anachabsis,  3034,  3155. 

Anachonis,  5569. 

Anastasius,  3253. 

Anaxagoeus,  4778, 6600 

Anaximbnes,  4663. 

Anderson,  Major,  462. 

AndeS,  Major,  1043, 1568,  8616,  B093. 

Andbew,  St.,  4677,  5013. 

Andbews,  Bishop,  61. 

Andbonicus,  Emperor,  17,  1867,  1863, 
2207,4204. 

Andbonicus  the  Youngbb,  4917. 

Andbonicus,  Livins  (Poet),  2362. 


Andbos,  Sir  Edmund,  1882, 8452, 38081, 

6474. 
Angelo,  Michael,  347. 
Angelus,  Isaac,  Emperor,  888&. 
Anianus,  1518. 
Anicbtus,  3743. 
Anjou,  Charles  of,  82. 
Anne  oi*  Austeia,  5627. 
Anne,  Queen,  558, 1380. 
Anne,  Queen  of  France,  1030. 
Anne,  Princess,  1927,  2203, 2828, 8446, 

3473,  3501. 
Anselm,  Archbishop,  2789. 
Antigonus,  2523,  3222,  5932. 
Antiochus  thb  Geeat,  3768. 
Antiochus  Epiphanes,  6159,  6166. 
Antisthbnbs,  1968,  6677. 
Antistia,  5107. 
Antoinb  de  Boubbon,  6094. 
Antoninus,  6343. 
Antoninus  Pius,  5686. 
Antony,  Mark,  46,  192,    868,  1227, 

1405,  2149,  4616,    4646,  4893,  5278, 

6050,  6067,  6136. 
Anttus,  4804 
Aphobus,  5995. 

Apollo,  2145,  4708,  5338,  6461,  6061. 
Apollonius,  6166. 
Aquillius,  1266. 
Arcadius,  Emperor,  3384,  4677, 
AECHL4.S,  1516,  4477,  5425. 
Abchimedes,  21,  343,  853,  1906,  3535. 
Abchippb,  5995. 
Abchttas,  3535,  5778. 
Aegall,  Captain,  4831. 
Abgtle,  Buke  of,  6209. 
Abiadne,  3253,  6051. 
Abid^^us,  3889. 
Aeiosto,  3306. 
Abistidks,    1019,    1910,    805S,    8724, 

4400,  4762,  4788. 
Aeistobulus,  2156. 
Abistotlb,  779,  1797,  2020,  8092,  8093, 

3278,  3883,    6130,   5273,  6637,  3538, 

3539,  6015,  6016,  6192. 
Abkweight,    Richard,    17TO,    2980, 

2987,  3580,  5168. 
Abmoue,  Jean,  3458. 
Abhaud,  Baculard  d',  8002. 
Abnold,  Benedict,  2123,  2669,  3644, 

4049.  4799,  5469,  5698. 
Arnold,  Michael,  4955. 
Abnold,    Dr.   Thomas  (of  Rugby), 

1185, 4780. 
Abtaxbbxes,   154,   1285,  2487,  3838, 

6773. 


744 


INDEX  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 


Abtasibbs,  King,  4724. 

Abtemisia,  6110. 

Artemidobus,  1689. 

Abthub,  Prince  (England),  3474. 

AsBUKT,  Bishop,  4347. 

AsPASiA,  1256,  6084. 

ASTEE,  5104. 

AsTLET,  Sir  Jacob,  4378. 

AsTBT,  Samuel,  30S1. 

asttages,  5560. 

Athalabic,  2930. 

Athanabic.  4184. 

Athanasius,  4536. 

Athbk^us,  3035. 

Atholk,  Earl  of,  4473. 

Attabalipa,  1176. 

Attalus,  2666. 

Atticus,  5755. 

Attila,  34,  322,  688,  1518,  1956,  3811, 

3476,  4859,  5492,  5626,  5899. 
Attucks  (Boston  negro),  3805. 
AuDLBT,  Lord,  1283. 
Atjdcbon,  1872,  2321. 
AuGEBEAU,  General,  2834. 
Augusta,  5835. 
Augustus,  101,  286,  305,  1687,  2846, 

3215,  3777,    3880,    3881,    3891,  4194. 

AuBBLiAN,    1617,    1692,    4476,  4578, 

5816. 
AuBXOi.ns,  Emperor,  4661. 
Austen,  Lady,  3703,  4834. 
Austin,  Moses,  1517. 
Austin,  Thomas,  3049. 
Aybsha,  3442,  6076. 

Bacchus,  5798. 

Bacon,  Francis,  669, 1213,  1216,  2857, 

3265,  3799,  4189,  4594. 
Bacon,  Roger,  697,  3775. 
B^DA  (the  Monk),  6150. 
Bagge,  James,  5123. 
Bahbam,  2900. 
Baian  the  Avab,  3372. 
Bajazbt  I.,    611,    1251,    3056,    4638, 

4837,  4883,  5318. 
Baldwin  I.,  3199. 
Baldwin  IL,  4354,  4673. 
Baliol,  John,  5746. 
Ball,  Rev.  John,  4520. 
Baltimore,  Lord,  732. 
Bangs,  Nathan,  3846. 
Barbarossa,  3258,  5903. 
Barentzen,  1445. 
Babet,  John,  2858. 
Barillon,  1471,  1978,  3653. 
Babbon,  Com.,  4595. 
Bartholemt,  Peter,  4667. 
Barton,  Colonel  William,  5467. 
Barton,  Elizabeth,  5679. 
Basil,  Emperor,  1342,  2361. 
Basilbas,  4734. 
Bassianus,  Antonius,  2085, 
Bastwick,  Robert,  2040. 
Bateman,  Dr.  Thomas,  540. 
Baudricourt,  5437. 
Baxter,  Richard,  5157,  5175. 
Bayard,  Chevalier,  2566. 
Bayard,  James  A.,  4091. 
Bean,  J.  W.,  362. 
Bbauclbbe,  Mr.,  5494. 


Beaufort,  1408. 
Beaumarchais,  Caron  de,  2966. 
Beckbt,  Thomas  a.  Archbishop,  2669, 

2674,  3505,  6145. 
Bedford,  Dnke  of,  5837. 
Bedloe  (Swindler),  6033. 
Beqhizi,  5313. 
Beheu,  Martin,  5048. 
Belches,  Margaret,  3336. 
Bklisarius,    2686,   2965,   3292,   4561, 

4858,  5811,   5912,   6057,   1220,    1572, 

1616,  1686,  1949,  2128,  2360,  5322. 
Bell,  Henry,  5340. 
Bblub,  5449. 
Benedict  VHI.,  1203. 
Benedict  IX.,  1203. 
Benedict,  St.,  3687. 
Bentinck,  Johann,  2228,  2235,  2234, 

4558. 
Berkeley,  Sir  William,  1810,  4043, 

4067,  5793. 
Bernard,  St.,  2670. 
Berthier,  5146. 
Bertband,  2230. 
Berwick,  Duke  of,  4600. 
Betis,  4854. 

Bibulus,  2771.  3266,  3856,  4279. 
Bishop,  Edward,  6028. 
BiSMAECK,     1598,    3-359,   4074,    4751, 

5880. 
Black  Hawk,  2843. 
Black  Prince.  See  Prince  Edwabd. 
Blake,    Admiral,    1657,   2131,    2345, 

3779,  4341. 
Blood,  Colonel,  1327. 
Blow,  H.  T.,  4340. 
Blucheb,  General,  3817. 
Boadicba,  Queen,  3515. 
BoARDMAN,  Richard,  1724. 
Bobadilla,  5499. 
BoccoLD,  John,  3078. 
BoBHM,  Henry,  1086. 
BoETHiuB,  R.  Senator,  891, 1134, 8234, 
!     5370 

!  BOHEMOND,  1024. 

BoGES,  5468. 

BoLETN,  Anne,  5078,  6069. 
BoLiNGBBOKE,  Lord,  777,  2274,  4687. 
BoLiVAB,  General,  2625,  4044. 
BoNAPABTE,  Lucien,  3630. 
Boniface  VIU.,  760,  946,  4940,  5981, 

6170. 
BoNNEB,  Bishop,  4130. 
Boone,  Daniel,  5257. 
Booth,  J.  Wilkes,  373,  5787. 
BoBGiA,  Caesar,  4225,  5436. 
BosANQUET,  Mary,  1663,  6132. 
BoswELL,  2542. 
BoTHWELL,    2188,    3437,    3455,    8496, 

5832. 
BoucHEB,  Elizabeth,  3293. 
BoucicAUT,  Marshal,  6111. 
BouPLEBS,  1597. 
BouLTON,  2993. 
BouBG,  Anne  du,  1440. 
BouTWELL,  Secretary,  5279. 
Bbachmani,  The,  2393. 
Bbaddock,  General,  97. 
Bradford,  Joseph,  2199. 
Bbamwell,  William,  5085. 
Brbadalbane,  1470. 


Brebceuf  (the  Missionary),  3508. 
Bbidpobt,  Admiral,  3759. 
Broglie,  Count  de,  188. 
Brougham,  5038. 

Brown,  John  (Abolitionist),  3688. 
Bbown,   John    (Martyr,    Scotland>,^ 

4141. 
Bbown,  William,  4130. 
Bbowne,  Charles  F.  (Artemns  Ward),. 

3283. 
Browne,  Isaac  Hawkins,  5149. 
Bruce,  Robert,  4037,  5746. 
Bbutus,  Junius,  3062,  5786. 
Bbutus,  Marcus,  263, 1120, 19T7,  2852, 

5846,  6181. 
Bbyant,  William  C,  2329. 
Bbydon,  Dr.,  5935. 
Buckingham,    Duke  of,   1289,  1524,, 

3871. 
Buckingham,  Duchess  of,  2656. 
Buillo,  Peter,  4717. 
BuNYAN,  John,  81, 168,  818,  569,  1084, 

1175,   1180,    1191,   1192,   1427,   1566,. 

1650,    1768,   1823,   2032,   2733,   2764,. 

5165,  5166,   5171,   5434,   5486,  5568, 

5575,  5706,  5753. 
BuEGOYNE,  General,  4049,  5813. 
BuBGUNDY,  Duke  of,  2697. 
Burke,  Edmund,  49,  158,  2101,  2114^ 

2348,  3786,  3798. 
Burnet,    Bishop,    2281,    2798,    3076,. 

3546,  5117,  5363,  5998,  6003. 
Burns,  Robert,  246,  596,  1009,  1016, 

1552,   1972,    2027,   2240,  2481,   2953, 

2954,   3270,    3354',   3458,  4216,  4219,. 

4785,  5346. 
BuBNSiDE,  General,  5366. 
BUEB,  Aaron,  1747,  1844. 
BuBEOUGHS,  George,  6026,  6028. 
Burton,  Henry,  2040. 
Bubton,  James,  2850. 
BuscA,  5612. 
Bybon,  Lord,   197,    1305,  1832,  2057,. 

2242,  2535,  2615,  2736,    3355,    3465^ 

3722. 

Cabot,  John,  981,991,  4783. 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  5005,  5624. 

Cadijah,  3472,  6076,  6189. 

Cjbcilius,  3590. 

C^SAB  Borgia.    SeeBoBGiA. 

Cesar,  Julius,  136,  184,  233, 250,  263, 
275,  .326,  369,  372,  606,  608,  659,  696, 
1031,  1032,  1033,  1041,  1138,  1141,. 
1211,  1224,  1323,  1328,  1372,  1402, 
1409,  1480,  1481,  1491,  1689,  1834, 
1942,  2072,  2075,  2117,  2123,  2222, 
2251,  2255,  2302,  2333,  2479,  2639, 
2657,  2771,  2788,  2793,  2796,  28.37, 
2865,  2893,  2970,  3162,  3222,  3240, 
3347,  3367,  3400,  3460,  .3478,  3756, 
3772,  3856,  3877,  4090,  4312,  4316, 
4401,  4447,  4454,  4484,  4510,  4632, 
4648,  4797,  4893,  4920,  5053,  5161, 
5181,  5413,  5476,  5548,  5819,  5822, 
5828,  5922,  5926,  5948,  6083,  6176, 
6181. 

Cahina.  5968. 

Caius  BiLLius,  4579. 

Caius  Flaminius,  4685. 

Caius  Gracchus,  3728,  5218,  6072, 


INDEX  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 


745 


Caius  Mabcius,  118. 

Charles  H.,  13,  169,  674,  1420,  1657, 

Clement  VL,  3245. 

Cajbtan,  Cardinal,  4721. 

1678,  1694,    2102,    2215,    2244,    2245, 

Clement,  Jacques,  864, 1107. 

Cau^mt,  Mr.,  3618. 

2247,  2412,    2432,   2464,    2694,   2751, 

Cleomedes,  1530. 

Caled,  4662. 

2794,  3075,    3145,    3148,   3201.    3295, 

Cleombnes,  8446. 

Calhoun,  J.  C,  5329. 

3412,  3422,   3469,    3470,    3651,    3692, 

Cleopatra,    2149,    4287,   4616, 

4646, 

Caligula,  1352. 

3789,  3851,  4162,   4206,   4320,   4362, 

4893,  5878,  6050,   6066,   6067, 

6088, 

Callias,  2871,  4788. 

4427,  4618.    4688,    4711,   4726,   4756, 

6136. 

Calliclks,  4640. 

4846,  4908,    4973,   4983,    4989,    5357, 

Clifford,  Lord,  5794, 5930. 

Callicratidas,  4832. 

6376,  6442,    5522,    5691,    6729,    5782, 

Clinton,  De  Witt,  5477. 

Callimachus,  5857. 

6033,  6090. 

Clinton,  General,  4049. 

Callinicus,  5047. 

Charles  III.  op  France  (the  Sim- 

Clitus, 4021. 

Calphurnia,  6012. 

ple),  1586. 

Clodius,  1254,  1652,  1942,  4014, 

547161 

Cambronne,  General,  5472. 

Charles  V.  op  France,  1637,  8208, 

Clotaire,  1361,  1373,  1646. 

Cambtses,  2881. 

3844,  4420. 

Clotilda,  1646,  6046. 

Camillus,  445,  5536,  6119. 

Charles  VI.  op  France,  3.512,  5319. 

Clovis  I.,  5824,  6046. 

Campbell,  Bartley,  4103. 

Charles  VII.  op  France,  65,  5164, 

Clotce,  Sarah,  6028. 

Campbell,  Dr.,  3600. 

5265,  5437. 

Cnut,  King,  4971. 

Campbell,  Dr.  John,  6169. 

Charles  Vin.   op    France,    2675, 

Cobham,  Eleanor,  5264,  5866. 

Canfield,  Edward,  5522. 

4363. 

Cochrane,  Sir  John,  4613. 

Canning,  George,  2250. 

Charles  IX.  of  France,  4760. 

CoEHORN  (Engineer),  1897. 

Canonohet,  5301. 

Charles  X.  of  France,  4483. 

C(BLius,  Marcus.    See  Marcus  Cob- 

Cantaouzenb,  John,  5969,  5980. 

Charles  IV.  op  Spain,  1.330,    2066, 

LIUS. 

Canute  the  Great,  3061,  4964 

4355,  5125. 

Coffin,  Nathan,  1660. 

Cabacalla,  Emperor,  239, 1096, 

1183, 

Charles  V.,  Emperor,  668, 1749, 2627, 

Coke,  Thomas,  539,  1570,  2787, 

3090, 

1333, 1626. 

2828,  :3558,  4505,  5083,  5943. 

3644,  5652. 

Carausius,  1298. 

Charles  XII.  op  Sweden,  1239, 1240, 

Colburn,   Zerah,   8582,   3533, 

5447, 

Carinus,  Emperor,  1701,  2193, 

2629, 

1421,    1970,  3268,    3762,    4514,    4786, 

5509. 

3299,  5073. 

4974,  5028,  5510. 

CoLDBN,  Governor,  8169. 

Cablbton,  Captain,  4811. 

Charles  the  Bad,  1669. 

Cole,  Dr.  (Commissioner),  638S 

. 

Carlisle,  Simon,  1081. 

Charles  Edward,  Prince,  2832, 6450. 

Coleman,  Edward,  1946. 

Cabltlb,  Thomas,  2582,  4654,  5506. 

Charon,  4477. 

COLEPEPPER,  4102. 

Caroline,  Wife  of  George  II., 

2683. 

Charondas,  5327. 

CoLET,  John,  1780. 

Carstaibs  (Impostor),  6088. 

Chastel  (.Jesuit),  3009. 

CoLiGNT,  Admiral,  6066. 

Cabtbr,  Admiral,  4148. 

Chateaubriand,  4368. 

CoLONNA,  Stephen,  2537. 

Jartier,  James,  5324. 

Chateauroux,  Duchess  of,  6079. 

Columbus,  972,  1155,  1393,  1605 

1686, 

Cartieb,  Captain  Jacques,  3583, 5868. 

Chatham,  Lord.     See  William  Piti. 

1648,  1853,   1880,   1881,   1940, 

2054, 

Cabtwriqht,  Bishop,  601. 

Chesterfield,  Lord,  2349, 4083, 4450. 

2055,  2206,    2316,   2344,    2473, 

2587, 

Cabtwright,  Dr.  Edmund,  2971. 

Chosroes,  1281,  5292,  5713. 

2649,   2712,   2742,   2849,   3368, 

3378, 

Cabtwbight,  Peter,  1083. 

Christ  Ji'SUs,  72, 148, 2584,  2730,  3347, 

3428,   3545,   3598,   3641,   3645, 

3758, 

Cabus,  447. 

4140,  4413,  4525,  4668,   4672,    4676, 

3763,    3900,   4146,    4155,    4182, 

4545, 

Cahvilius,  Spurius,  1704. 

4797,  5067,  5100,  5859. 

4623,    4696,    4737,    5017,   5055, 

5144, 

Cart,  Mary,  6028. 

Christian,  Duke,  5929. 

5178,    5208,    5:M9,    5384,   5397, 

5398, 

Cass,  General,  4241. 

Christina,  Queen,  4390. 

5445,    5499,    5506,   5576,   5744, 

5771, 

Cassius,  174,  263,  5697. 

Chrtsostom,  932,  5258. 

5864,    5865,    6060,    6143,    6151, 

Castlemaine,  Lady,  4338,  6063 

6081. 

Churchill,  Arabella,  1659. 

Combe,  Dr.  Andrew,  4485. 

Castlemainb,  Lord,  1661,  3719. 

Churchill,  Lord,  1111,  3501,  4488. 

CoMPTON,  Bishop,  1919. 

Catherine  op  ;Aragon,  3474, 

4640, 

Churchill,  Sarah,  1937,  2228. 

CoMMODUS,  438,  1354,  1591,  1613 

2816, 

6069. 

Cicero,  709,    1025,    1554,    1603,  1658, 

3003,   3204,   3414,   3430,   4649, 

6105, 

Catherine  II.,  1458,  3450. 

1834.  2056,    2255,    2462,    2873,   3165, 

5481,  5743,  5823. 

Catherine  de'  Medici,  6066. 

3185,  3266,   3460,    3464,    3864,   4256, 

CoNCiNi,  2526. 

Catiline.  392,  1140,  1201,  1295, 

2462, 

4370,  4371,    4454,    4648,    5041,   6326, 

Cond£,  Louis,  Prince  of,  2565 

2815. 

6097,  6193. 

6130,  6193. 

6094. 

Cato,   107,    151,   266,   268,  432, 

1011, 

CiMON,  529,  4321. 

Cone,  Judge,  4838. 

1170,  1899,   2682,   2859,    2943, 

3334, 

Cincinnatus,  157. 

Confucius,  395,  1700,  1786,  5269. 

3460,   3740,   4587,   4710,    6181, 

5204, 

Cine  AS,  1071. 

Conrad  III.,  6142. 

5252,  5337,  6020,  6138,  6178. 

Cinna,  Helvius,  372,  5785. 

CONSTANS  II.,  1108. 

Cato  the  Younger,  4793. 

Clarendon,  Lord,  1537,   2905,  2995, 

Constantine,    354,    533,  1177, 

1182, 

Cecil,  Kobert,  1126. 

3209,  3898,  3899,  4283,  5963,  6081. 

1208,    1317,    1320,   1498,   1611, 

1721, 

Cecil,  William,  4179. 

Clark,  Adam,  1181. 

2492,  2838,  3183,  3832,  4326, 

4524, 

Celbstius,  Pope,  2663. 

Clark,  B.  J.,  5547. 

5075,    5174,   5440,   5478,  5525, 

6621, 

Cerberus,  3338. 

Clarkson,  Thomas,  4658. 

5768,  6780,  6106. 

Charilaus,  2:^94. 

Claudian  (Popt),  6029. 

Constantine  V.,  1362. 

Chablbmaonb,  199,  1185,  1666 

2472, 

Claudius,  Appius,  1866. 

Constantina,  1343. 

2968,   3074,  3347,  §682,  4970, 

5867, 

Claudius,    Marcus   Aurelins,    1577, 

Const antius,  2468,  6440. 

6368. 

2612,  2706,  4661. 

Conti,  Prince  of,  5286. 

Charles  I.,  60, 1118,  1482,  1500 

1653, 

Claudius,  Tiberius,  3876,  4981,  5260, 

Cook,   Captain    James,   1519, 

3252; 

1676,  1677,    1715,   1969,  2041, 

2138, 

6064. 

3495. 

2404,  2763,   2810,  2870,  3206, 

3323, 

Claterhousb,  4141. 

Cook,  Sir  Thomas,  1214. 

3357,  3523,    3627,   3628,    3662, 

3689, 

Clay,  Henry,  1020,  1022,  3178,  4091, 

Cooper,  Astley,  2436,  5023. 

3860,  4419,   4497,  4628,   4692, 

5009, 

4247,  4277,  4310,  5329,  5604. 

Cooper,  Fenimore.  2743. 

6080,  6203,   6218. 

Clement  V.,  Pope,  1079. 

CooPEB,  Peter,  1785,  1792,  1828 

S291, 

746 


INDEX  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 


3091,  3277,  3327,  3334,  3694,  3448, 
3857,  4407,  4585,  5944,  5975,  5984, 
6204. 

Copernicus,  3580,  5506. 

Coram,  Thomas,  4656. 

Cornelia,  3728,  5147. 

Cornelius  Ckthbgus,  4685. 

cornutus,  5351. 

CoRNWALLis,  Lord,  5466,  6817,  5941. 

CoRNWALXiis,  Widow,  4431. 

CoRNWALLis,  Gov.  Ed  Ward,  4331. 

Cory,  Giles,  6025,  6028. 

CoRTEZ,  Hernando,  78,  1074,  1106, 
1685,  2391,  2491,  2653,  3353,  3638, 
3830,  4088,  5446. 

CoRYAT,  Thomas,  3569. 

CoTTA,  Publius,  3165. 

Coventry,  Sir  John,  4857. 

CoWLES,  5652. 

Cowpbr,  William,  110,  1307,  2300, 
2691,  2754,  2883,  3703,  4834,  5037, 
5159,  5332,  5427. 

Cox,  Melville  B.,  3643. 

Craig,  James,  5061. 

Cranmer,  Bishop  Thomas,  867, 1018, 
1233,  1249, 3065. 

•Crassus,  Marcus,  434, 683, 1254, 1712, 
3325,  4920,  5972. 

Crawford,  Mr.,  4635. 

Crispus,  5838. 

Crockett,  David,  634, 687, 3438, 4322. 

Crcbsus,  4886,5019. 

Crofts,  James,  3470. 

Crompton,  Samuel,  535,  2986. 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  127,  204,  260,  262, 
311, 366, 370,410,  555, 575,685,965,995, 
997,  1003,  1102, 1104,  1142, 1200, 1258, 
1303,  1322,  1434,  1444,  1485,  1563, 
1621,  1641,  1677,  1841,  2041,  2294, 
3313,  2320,  2327,  2366,  2381,  2396, 
2422,  243:3,  2457,  2470,  2474,  2480, 
2512,  2577,  2578,  2582,  2596,  2608, 
2623,  2792,  3075,  3188,  3189,  3293, 
^328,  3357,  3405,  3469,  3565,  3581, 
3602,  3618,  3627,  3739,  3868,  3885, 
3893,  4177,  4183,  4231,  4383,  4385, 
4512,  4513,  4538,  4539,  4547,  4567, 
4577,  4591,  4622,  4718,  4776,  4828, 
4851,  4874,  4947,  5076,  5138,  5231, 
5250,  5254,  5357,  5570,  5599,  5639, 
5642,  5643,  5644,  5667,  5749,  5818, 
5821,  5967,  5991,  6203. 

Cromwell,  Richard,  5957. 

Cromwell,  Thomas,  2580,  5150. 

Cropper,  Colonel,  55. 
Culpepper,  Lord,  4908. 
CusHiNG,  Lieutenant,  73. 

Cyrus,  2471,  2913,  4869,  5019,  5396, 
5560,  5636. 

Dacre,  Lord,  5927. 

Daoobert,  King,  3248. 

Damastes,  4572. 

Damiens  (the  Assassin),  5648. 

Damocles,  5572. 

Dante,  4220. 

Daphne,  5106. 

D' Argens,  2237. 

Darius,    186,  1073,  1504,  2891,  2901, 

4330,  4444,  4744,    5004,  5272,  6348, 

5366. 


Darnley,  Husband  of  Mary  Stuart, 

2687,  4916,  5110,  5784,  5832. 
Darrah,  Lydia,  4079. 
Davis,  Jefferson,  5940,  6167. 
Davy,  Sir  Humphry,  86,  3290. 
Dawes,  William,  5881. 
Dawson,  Dr.,  5585. 
Daye,  Stephen,  4463. 
Dayre,  John.  4639. 
Deane,  Silas,  6188. 
Decatur,  Commodore,  1258, 4596. 
Decius,  Emperor,  746,  5212. 
Dee,  John,  3804. 
Dejoces,  1584. 
Dblamere,  Lord,  5796. 
Delaplace,  Captain,  5766. 
Delphidius,  3058. 
Demetrius,  2157,  3097,  6113, 5982. 
Demetrius  Phalbrbus,  5337,  6218. 
Demochares,  5297. 
Demosthenes,  672,  1065,  1329,  1477, 

1856,    2021,  4424,  4589,  5080,  5403, 

5425,  5853,  5959. 
Demosthenes  (Mother  of),  5995. 
Derar,  5764. 

Derrick  (the  Author),  2650. 
Descartes,  1218. 
De   Soto,   Ferdinand,     1523,    1691, 

6985. 
Devereux,  Robert,  651. 
Diana,  4763. 
DiAS,  3029. 
Diaz,  Bernard,  3758. 
Dickson,  John,  6176. 
DiDIUS  JULIANUS,  3672. 
Diocletian,  Emperor,  26,  695,  1148, 

2402,  2626,  4028,  5772,  5976. 
Diogenes,  1151,  1281,  2168,  3249,3416, 

4166.  4411, 4889,  4900,  5162. 
Dionysius,  748,  1313,  2610, 2942,  5484, 

5572,  6728,  6099,  6179. 

DiSABUL  THE  TURK,   384. 

Disraeli,  Benjamin,  4151. 
Djabalah,  1916. 
Djerdjis,  5132. 
Dominic,  St.,  2800. 
DoMiTiAN,  1953,  8414,  6010. 
DoNELSON,  John,  5830,  5950. 
DoNELSON,  Rachel,  3453. 
Dorchester,  Lady,  6222. 
Dorr,  James  W.,  4627. 
Douglas,  William,  1947,  4626. 
Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  207,  673,  1017, 

1874,  2937,  4909,  6152. 
DowLAH,  Surajah,  1356. 
Draco,  3159. 
Drake,  Francis,  1885,  2525, 3059, 5007, 

5051. 
Dryden,    John,    7,   231,   1090,  8469, 

3244,  3308,  3320,  5049. 
Dudley,  Lord  Edward,  4416. 
DuPF,  Mary,  3355. 
DuNCOMBE,  Sir  Sanders,  3695. 
Dunne  (the  Witness),  6031. 
DtJNOis,  Count,  1559. 
DuNSTAN,  3686,  3746,  5554. 
DURPEY,  Thomas,  3320. 
DusTiN,  Hannah,  3729,  5790. 
DusTiN,  Mr.,  117. 
Duval,  Claude,  4823. 
EcLECTUS,  5743. 


Edmund,  St.,  5116. 

Edward   I.,    2127,  4473,  4902,  5528, 

5529,  5627,  5746. 
Edward  II.  op  England,  4037. 
Edward    III.    the    Confessor  (of 

England),    1560,  2364,    2496,    3105, 

3459,  4272.  4586.  4588,  4639. 
Edward  17.  or  England,  47, 1925, 

4265,  4761. 
Edward  V.  op  England,  3742. 
Edward   VI.    of    England,.  4268, 

4930. 
Edward  the  Black  Prince,  1260^ 

1560,  2336,  2630,  3844,  5229,  5431. 
Edward  the  Good,  551. 
Edwards,  Thomas,  5640. 
Elagabalus,    Emperor,    960,    1829, 

2185. 
Eliot,  Sir  John,  730,  4463,  4636. 
Elizabeth,   Queen,   571.    725,    1596, 

1738,   1764,  2684,   2761,  2887,    8352, 

3360,   3435.  3489,  3567,   3605,    3801, 

4070,  4329,    4511,  4929,  4939,  4948, 

5775,  6098. 
Ellenborough,  2164. 
Emmanuel,  Victor,  4042. 
Empedocles,  1.383. 
Bnghien,  Duke  d',  4784. 
Epaminondas,  112,  2227,  2346,  2855, 

4880,5323. 
Epicurus,  3271,  4202,  5640,  6801. 
Epiphanius,  St.,  6165. 
Erasmus,  2599, 4670. 
Erdaviraph,  1285. 
Erostratus,  4763. 
Estorfp,  General,  5169. 
Ethelbert,  King,  2867. 
Etocles,  3884. 
EucHiDAS,  2145. 
EuDOCiA,  Empress,  4675. 
EuDOXUs,  3535. 
Eugene  IV.,  Pope,  6625. 
Eugenius,  3436. 
eurybiades,  5548. 
euthydemus,  4550. 
EuTROPius,  1564,  4671. 
Evelyn,  John,  5454. 
EVERENOS,  4883. 
Everett,  Alexander  H.,  200. 
Exeter,  Duke  of,  2210. 

Pabius,  Marcus,  5716,  5896. 
Pabius,  Maximus,  701,  6048,  6160. 
Fairfax,   Lord   General,    10,  6818» 

5994. 
Palbpax,  Lady,  5294,  5994. 
Falkland,  Lord,  4018. 
Faraday,  Michael,  537. 
Farmer,  Anthony,  3177. 
Parragut,  Admiral,  486. 
Faust,  John,  4466. 
Fausta,  6838. 
Faustina,  1675. 
Paux,  Guy,  3013. 
Fawkes,  Guido,  3013. 
Ferdinand  II.,  921, 1272. 
Ferdinand,  Prince  of  Spain,  6185. 
Ferguson  (Rebel),  5774. 
Pbrguson,  Robert,  1222,  4259. 
Fernley,  John,  2850. 
Fbrrbrs,  Earl  of.  2539. 


INDEX  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 


747 


Tevershah,  General,  4602. 

Garibaldi,  230,  3480,  3649,4042,  5027, 

Gregory  Xn.,  4541. 

Field,  C.  W.,  2031. 

5569,  5650. 

Gregory  Xin  ,  Pope,  2887. 

FiENNES,  Nathaniel,  5256. 

Gabnbt,  Henry,  1040,  2044,  2089. 

Gregory  (the  Deacon),  5197. 

Finch,  Lord  Keeper,  60,  5300. 

Garrbtson,  Rev.  Freeborn,  5382. 

Gregory,  Prefect,  3385. 

FiRMiN,  Thomas,  553. 

Garriok  (Actor),  6844. 

Gregory  op  Tours  ,  5577. 

FisHEK,  Mary,  4129. 

Gassaway,  William,  1088. 

Grenville, George  (Statesman),  4813, 

FiSK,  James,  5279. 

Gaston  op  Orleans,  2778. 

5517,  5747. 

Fitch,  John,  1876,  2307,  2990, 

3096, 

Gates,  General,  5466,  6813,  6814. 

Grenville,  William  W,,  5858. 

4152,  6005. 

Gaunt,  Elizabeth,  2850. 

Greville,  Fulk,  1206. 

Fitch,  Mrs.  John,  6005. 

Geddes,  Janet,  6133. 

Grimshaw,  Rev.  William,  3708. 

FiTZURSE,  Reginald,  3505. 

Gelimer,  King,  1268,  3292,  8748. 

Grindal,  Archbishop,  4915. 

Flamininus  Lucius  Q.uintius 

1855, 

Genet,  "  Citizen,"  2429,  4629, 

GUATIMOZIN,  714. 

3768. 

Geoppbby,  Prince  (son  of  Henry  II. 

GuiDO,  5134. 

Fletcher,  Dr.  (Scotland),  2093 

of  England),  2853. 

GuiscARD,  Robert,  200, 1274.  6006. 

Fletcher,  Rev.  John  W.,  5131 

George  I.,  4526, 

Guise,  Duke  of,  1406,  6066. 

Fletcher,  Mary,  519, 6133. 

George  II.,  9,  437,  2688. 

GuRDUN,  1245, 

Flint,  Bet,  2874. 

Gborge  ni,,  1682,  2448,  2777,  2879, 

GusTAVUS  II.  (Adolphus),  4542. 

Floyd,  Edward,  4568. 

3884,  3082,  3042,  4899,  4953,  5946. 

GusTAVUS  III.,  2413. 

FooTE  (Actor),  5844. 

George,  Bishop,  264,  4334. 

GusTAVus  xn.,  4174. 

Forest,  Friar,  4396. 

George,  Prince,  5376. 

Gutenberg,  John,  4465. 

Fouquier-Tinvillb,  6739, 

Qbrmanicus,  2072. 

Guy,  1214. 

FouLON  OP  France,  6289. 

GerontiuS,  1499. 

Guy,  Earl  of  Warwick,  5997. 

Fowler,  Edward,  300. 

Gerry,  Elbridge,  2510,  5710. 

Guyot  op  Marseilles,  259. 

Fox,  Charles  James,  2265,  3313, 

4S66, 

Geta,  Emperor,  239,  1626. 

Gylippus,  5593. 

5806. 

Gibbon,    Edward,    1801,  2270,  8257, 

Fox,  George,  1714,  1908,  3420, 

8564, 

3260,  4054,  4249,  6205. 

Hadrian,  Emperor,  6009. 

5.306,  5726,  5749. 

GiLDO,  5745. 

Hafna,  3243. 

Francis   I.    op  France,  668, 

1749, 

Gisco,  4590. 

Hahnemann,  Dr.,  5385. 

2483,  3723,  4109,  4133,  4134,  5943. 

Qlennie,  Dr.,  3732. 

Hakem,  5001. 

Francis,  John,  362. 

Gloucester,  Duke  of  (Richard  HI.), 

Hale,  Matthew,  4852. 

Francis  op  La  Roque,  5324. 

2162,  2763,  2815,  3742. 

Hale,  Nathan,  1430. 

Francis,  St.,  3364. 

Godfrey,  Mr.,  5082. 

Hales,  Sir  Edward,  5788. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  636,  638, 

1508, 

Godfrey,  de  Bouillon,    1077,   2671, 

Halifax,  Lord,  1132, 1610,  3231,  3031, 

2103,   2824,  2847,    2915,   3095, 

3216, 

3556. 

3656,  4258,  4311,  4919,  5717. 

3239,   3527,   3647,  4441,   2290, 

2331, 

QoDOLPHiN,  Sidney,  5021. 

Hall,    Bishop  Timothy  Hall,  2923, 

2332,  2910,  4873,  5389,  5688. 

Godwin,  Earl,  2496,  3459. 

4812. 

Franklin,  Sir  John,  3332,  5058 

Godwin,  Edith, 3459, 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  185, 1461, 1747- 

Fraser,  General,  182. 

Godwin,  Mary,  3345. 

2748. 

Fredegonda,  6109. 

Godwin,  Mehetabel,  118. 

Hamilton,  Andrew,  4438. 

Frederic,  Duke,  5083. 

Goethe,  3402, 5407. 

Hamilton,  James,  4861. 

Frederick,  Elector  of  Saxony 

2236. 

GoFFE,  William,  4660. 

Hamilton,  Lady,  6047. 

Frederick  Willlam   L,  2202, 

2551, 

Goldsmith,  0.,  54,  543,  609,  617,  640, 

Hamilton,  Sir  William,  6047. 

3389,  3584,  5741. 

718,  1664, 1674,  1737, 1835, 1875, 1909, 

Hampden,  John,  3139,  4038,  4041. 

Frederick  William.  See  William. 

2030,   2224,   2273,    2263,   2301,  2353, 

Hamza,  6056. 

Frederick  I.  op  Germany  (Barba- 

2466,   2546,   2601,    2664,   2749,  2904, 

Hanaford,  Thomas,  4063. 

rossa),  2668. 

3570,   3631,   4337,    4342,  4453,   4455, 

Hannibal,  1609,  2121, 2484,  2812,  889fll 

Frederick  II.  the  Great  (of  Prus- 

5102, 5153,  5369,  5722,  5777, 

3416,  4590,  5334,  5400,  5848,    5896, 

sia),  3,  208,  18.86,  1247,  1765, 

1772, 

GooDRicKB,  Sir  John,  4177, 

5933,  6160. 

1881,   9024,   2155,   2237,   2551, 

3002, 

Goodyear,  Charles,  1578,  1685,  4154, 

Hanway,  Jonas,  4656. 

3025,    3041,   .3389,   3632,   3788, 

4035, 

4343,  5388,  5404. 

Hargrbaves,  James,  512,  2968. 

4224,   4304,   4437,   4597,    4823, 

5167, 

Gordon,  Catherine,  3465. 

Hablay  of  Paris,  4172. 

5299,   5394,    5503,  5724,   5741, 

5752, 

Gordon,  Chinese,  6187. 

Harmozan,  1469. 

5808. 

Gordon,  George,  40. 

Harold  II„  1044,  2467,   8604,  8886» 

FrbdbrickV.,  84,  4201. 

Gorges,  Fernando,  5009. 

3840,  4678. 

Fremont,  John  C,  1069. 

GossBLiN,  Bishop,  937. 

Harrison,  Benjamin,  2510. 

Frobishek,  Martin,  2049,  2389, 

6023. 

Gough,  Henry  D.,  1179,  5579. 

Harry,  "  Black,"  4389. 

FuLK  the  Black,  106. 

Gould,  Jay,  5279. 

Harun  al  Rashid,  4592. 

FuLK  the  Good,  4982. 

Gracchus,  Caius,  3728,  5218,  6072. 

Harvard,  John,  2288. 

Fulton,    Robert,    1602,    2306, 

4918, 

Gracchus,  Tiberius,  3728,  6072. 

Harvey,  Dr.,  628. 

5024. 

Grafton,  Duke  of,  2777. 

Harvey,  Governor  Sir  John,  52aR, 

Fulvia,  6097. 

Grant,    General,    1226,    1382,    1891, 

Hastings,  Warren,  5879, 

2509,  2621.   2759,   2960,  3109,    3754, 

Hathaway,  Anne,  3493. 

Gabbiel,  8242. 

4340,  4507,  4878,  4968,  5094,    5275, 

Hayne,  Senator,  5339. 

Gaita,  6006. 

5390,  5291,  5399,  5414,  5471,    5825, 

Hayward  (Author),  4189. 

Gaius,  Emperor,  2078,  4961. 

5880,  6182. 

Hector,  Mr.,  2799. 

Galerius,  Augustus,  2925. 

Gratian,  Emperor,  1007,  4715. 

Helen,  5910. 

GAIiBSWINTHA,  6109. 

Gray,  Thomas  (Poet),  2322,  4218. 

Helena,  5838. 

Galileo,  2721,  3028,  5506,  6608, 

5727. 

Greeley,  Horace,  4281. 

Hblmichis,  1293. 

Gallatin,  Albert,  4091. 

Green,  Mrs.  Nathaniel,  3113. 

Heming,  Edward,  3397. 

Gallienus,  Emperor,  1370,  1830. 

Gregory   VII.,   Pope,    2889,    4445, 

Henrietta,    Duchess   of    Orleans 

Gamaliel,  4671. 

4713. 

4383,  4688,  4931, 

748 


INDEX  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 


Henry  I.  oi-  England,  3207,  4317. 
Henry  II.  op  England,  1633,  2669, 

2889,  4005,  4104,  5544,  6145. 
Henry  III.  op  England,  1264, 1266, 

1976,  2397,  3664,  4615,  4927. 
Henry  IV.  op  England,  471, 1941, 

3791. 
Henry  VI.  oi-  England,  4265,  5266, 

6997. 
Henry  VII.  op  England,  431,  2755, 

3023,  3156,  3619,  4957,  4975,  5487. 
Henry  VIII.   of  England,  62,  435, 

458,  668,  1345,  1463,  1728,  1734.  1735, 

1955,   2033,   2153,    3444,   3774,  3852, 

4193,  4301,    4336,   4358,   4457,   4655, 

4741,    498C,  5074.  5488,  5516,  5756, 

6069. 
Ienry  rv.,  Emperor,  4773. 
Henry  V.,  1419. 
Henry  VI.,  Emperor,  4614. 
Henry  II.  op  France,  389. 
Henry   III.  op  France,  364,  1911, 

5800,  6066. 
Henry  IV.  op  France,  3009,  4747. 
Henry  V.  op  France,  3060. 
Henry  VI.  op  Prance,  2663,  3080. 
Henry,  John,  5061. 
Henry,  Duke  of  Somerset,  5930. 
Henry  op  Lancaster,  5381. 
Henry,  Patrick,  3144, 4057,  5694,  6183. 
Henry,  Prince  (Son  of  Henry  EL.  of 

England),  2853. 
Heph^stion,  2220. 
Hekaclitjs,  1319,  2158. 

HERACLITtTS,  3563. 

Herbert,  Edward,  1262. 

Hercules,  288,  1514,  4672,  4708,  5452, 
5461. 

Herculeius,  3743. 

Herepord,  Bishop  of,  4944. 

Hbrschel,  "William,  134. 

Hertpord,  Earl  of,  4655. 

Hervey,  Henry,  2465. 

Hewling,  Benjamin,  2536. 

Hick,  Samuel,  4386. 

Hicks,  Mrs.  (Witch),  6027. 

Hiero,  King,  4599. 

Hind  (Heroine),  6056. 

HoBBEs,  Thomas,  3246. 

Hogg,  James,  2061. 

Holmes,  Abraham,  1260. 

Homer,  2317. 

e,  William,  3203. 
lA,  3436,  3476. 
ORius,  1867  1877,  3842,  5393. 

Hood,  General  J.  B.,  3175. 

Hook,  Theodore,  2058. 

Hooper,  Bishop,  1233,  3607,  4915, 
5566. 

Horace,  153,  225. 

Hormouz,  2900. 

HoRTENsnis,  3460. 

Houston,  Sam,  1809,  3251,  3404,  3726. 

Howard,  John,  122,  145,  378,  513, 
516,  541,  548,  806,  1346,  1459,  1676, 
1840,  2125,  2552,  2907,  3445,  3650, 
3872,  4002,  4163,  4164,  4165,  4192, 
4430,  4656,4860, 4978,  5571,  6651, 5721. 

Howe,  Elias,  2766,  2974,  4344,  5405. 

Howe,  General  Sir  William,  1589, 
4645,  4842, 6116. 


Howe,  General  Eobert  (American), 

4872. 
Howe,  Eichard  (Earl  and  Admiral), 

4634. 
Hubert,  Sergeant,  2239. 
Hudson,  Henry,  3757. 
Hughes,  Margaret,  6108. 
Hull,  General,  1278. 
Hume,  David,  2823,  2831. 
Hunne,  Richard,  572. 
HUNNERIC,  3624. 
Hunt,  Leigh,  1639. 
Huntingdon,  Lady,  520,  646,  1804, 

2656. 
Huske,  Mr.,  5674. 
Hubs,  John,  1918, 1964. 
Hutchinson,  Anne,  6135. 
Hutchinson,  Colonel,  2944. 
Hutchinson,  Gov.  Thos.,  4101, 5068. 
Hutchinson,  Lucy,  6105. 
Hyde,  Anne,  5177, 6032. 
Hypatia,  6078. 
Hyperbolus,  4897. 

Inglis,  Charles,  4344. 
Ingoldsby,  Colonel,  3627. 
Innocent  HI.,  Pope,  4934,  4935,  4941, 

4942,  4943. 
Innocent  X.,  Pope,  249. 
Innocent  XI.,  Pope,  3011. 
Innocent  XIII.,  Pope,  1661,  3719. 
Irene,  Wife  of  Alexius,  2700. 
Irene,  Wife  of  Constantine,  180. 
Ireton,  Bridget,  6076. 
Ireton,  Henry,  4851. 
Irving,  Washington,  626,  2531,  2535, 

2586,   2734,    3286,   3351,  3771,  6190. 
Isaacs,  Archbishop,  4724. 
Isabella,  Wife  of  Richard  H.,  3441. 
Isabella,    Queen   of    Spain,    4182, 

5499,  6060. 

Jaapar,  2667. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  President,  105, 
749,  1963,  2547,  3192,  3331,  3453, 
3773,  3796,  6086. 

Jackson,  Mrs.  Andrew,  5215,  6960, 
5999,  6086. 

Jackson,  Dr.  Charles  S.,  2989. 

Jackson,  "  Stonewall,"  1463,  2226, 
6228. 

Jacob,  Son  of  Leith,  2648. 

Jamblichus,  6212. 

James  I.,  61,  52:3,  619,  1945,  2154, 
2243,  2428,  2932,  4478,  4636,  4683, 
4966,  .5015,  6415,  5629,  5634,  5705. 

James  II.,  248,  300,  312,  316,  317,  628, 
577,  788,  919,  1005,  1094,  1119,  1133, 
1194,  1215,  1364,  1655,  1836,  1843, 
1936,  1978,  2097,  2169,  2203,  2427, 
2536,  2590,  2665,  2779,  2820,  2842, 
2854,  2890,  2903,  3039,  3082,  3138, 
3177,  3230,  a388,  3528,  3547,  3549, 
3585,  3617,  3682,  3720,  3750,  3841, 
3853,  3854,  3855,  4008,  4009,  4034, 
4086,  4121,  4139,  4239,  4240,  4258, 
4384,  4426,  4461,  451 9,  4563,  4626, 
4691,  4795,  4812,  4937,  4951,  4958, 
6046,  5054,  5060,  5177,  5334,  5861, 
5376,  6378,  6723,  5788.  5791,  5961, 
5990,  6058,  6068,  6094,  6222. 


Jameb  IV.  OP  Scotland,  2756. 

James  V.  op  Scotland,  3619. 

James  V.,  306. 

Jameson,  Colonel,  1563. 

Jason,  5867. 

Jaspar,  Sergeant,  2151. 

Jeanne  de  Diyion,  2198. 

Jeanne  op  Navarre,  498. 

Jepperson,  Peter,  6385. 

Jepperson,  Thomas,  704,  1078,  1837, 
1844,  2305,  2486,  2770,  3026,  3356. 
5371. 

Jeffreys  (Chief-Justice),  1799,  1842, 
2862,  2888,  2889,  2906,  3037,  3067, 
3068,  3767,  4694,  4843,  5175,  6198, 
6961,  6031. 

Jehar,  Shah,  Emperor,  6061. 

Jenkins,  Captain  Robert,  6887. 

Jenner,  Edward,  6762. 

Jennings,  Frances,  6062. 

Jennings,  Sarah,  6052, 6071. 

Jermack  the  Cossack,  4922. 

Jerome,  Chauncey,  690,  2521,  2969, 
2984,  3376,  6199. 

Jesus  Christ.    See  Christ. 

Jewel,  Bishop  John,  4915. 

Joan  op  Arc,  228,  417,  653, 1187,  1557, 
1559,  1726,  1727,  1739,  1906,  1950, 
2086,  2116,  2171,  2384,  2894,  2895, 
4137,  4616,  4993,  6011,  5099,  6154, 
5437,  5490,  6836,  5837,  5849,  6104, 
6111. 

Joan,  Pope,  6039. 

John,  King  of  England,  4717,  4984, 
4935,  4942. 

John  II.  op  France,  1260,  8618. 

John  U.  op  Spain,  5349. 

John  XH.,  Pope,  66,  4305. 

John  XIX.,  1203. 

John  the  Baptist,  4674,  4676. 

John,  Bishop  of  Burgundy,  66. 

John  op  Bohemia,  297. 

John  op  Cappadocia,  433,  2218. 

John,  Prior,  936. 

John  op  Vienne,  Sir,  4639. 

Johnson,  President  A.,  2750,  4387, 
5417. 

Johnson,  Rev.  S.,  584,  1242,  2159, 
2727,  3616. 

Johnson,  Samnel  (Remarks  made- 
by),  6,  14,  46,  48,  130,  271,  298, 
405,  521,  559,  612,  680,  708,  737,  811, 
926,  949,  955,  1036,  1161,  1169,  1174,. 
1228,  1308,  1312,  1353,  1379,  1396, 
1423,  1450,  1467,  1484,  15,33,  1574,. 
1593,  1683,  1688,  1732,  1741,  1743. 
1800,  1815,  1864,  1951,  1957,  1959, 
2043,  2045,  2241,  2322,  2348,  2349, 
2511,  2514,  2515,  2631,  2804,  2823, 
2827,  2828,  2831,  2874,  28T6,  2903, 
2905,  2910,  2927,  3046,  3087,  3120, 
3181,  3182,  3255,  3262,  3373,  3375, 
3413,  3417,  3433,  3468,  3481,  3482, 
3491,  3492,  3561,  3579,  3593,  3604,. 
3671,  3679,  3734,  3744,  3761,  3793, 
3795.  3823,  3825,  4061,  4075,  4158, 
4198,  4203,  4248,  4264,  4266,  4398.. 
4601,  4603,  4604,  4612,  4695,  4754, 
4755,  4772,  4806,  4817,  4835,  4938, 
5006,  6029,  5034,  5098,  5149.  5157, 
5312,  5347,  5421,  6567,  5578,  5610^ 


INDEX  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 


749 


5613,  5653,  5687,  5722,  5748,  5844, 
5964,  5965,  6011,  6013,  6017,  6091, 
6169. 

Johnson,  S.  (Eeinarks  concerning), 
37, 214, 215, 256, 261,  299, 334, 404, 552, 
622,  631,  717,  793,  1585,  1592,  1662, 
1742,  1760,  1826,  1838.  1929,  1935, 
2183,  2246,  2281,  2309,  2310,  2311, 
2312,  2338,  2354,  2356,  2465,  2532, 
2591,  2659,  2708,  2714,  2776,  2781, 
2791,  2799,  3289,  3314,  3324,  3349, 
3418,  3419,  3421,  3560,  3562,  3566, 
3571,  3778,  3807,  4028,  4083,  4180, 
4267,  4286,  4347,  4349,  4352,  4855, 
4357,  4377,  4398,  4450,  4452,  4453, 
4596,  4643,  4775,  5129,  5153,  5217, 
5433,  5493,  5583,  5776,  5777,  5970, 
6002,  6177. 

Johnson,  Mrs.  Samuel,  600S. 

Jones,  Chief-Justice,  3039. 

Jones,  Paul,  645,  818, 1748,  5365. 

Joseph  II.,  Emperor,  778,  5721. 

Joseph  the  Carizmian,  4451. 

Josephine,  Empress,  104,  178,  1699, 
1869,  3243,  4784,  5065,  5111. 

Jovius  (the  Prefect),  3842 

Joyce,  Matthias,  2351. 

JUBA,  1404,  2796,  5161. 

JuDE,  Grandsons  of  St.,  2808. 

Julian,  Emperor,  1623,  1667,  1681, 
2034,  2256,  2501,  2549,  2727,  2774, 
2861,  3058,  3141,  3191,  3608,  4114, 
4412,  4680,  4826,  4894,  5155,  5461, 
5607,  5659. 

JuLiANUS  DiDius,  3672,  3678. 

Julius,  Emperor,  5003. 

Julius  II.,  Pope,  11,  934. 

Jupiter,  5443,  5461,  5859,  6l59. 

Justin  the  Elder,  2720. 

Justinian,  Emperor,  4,  2019,  4533, 
5072,  5979,  6057. 

Justinian  II.,  4961. 

JusTiNiANi,  John,  1238. 

JuxoN,  Bishop,  4692. 

Kadidjah.    See  Cadijah. 

Karlstadt,  600,  2084. 

Kay,  John,  2992. 

Keith,  Alexander,  3432. 

Keith,  Robert  Murray,  6721. 

Ken,  Bishop,  517. 

Khaled,  1543. 

KiPFiN,  William,  2903. 

KiLDAKE,  Earl  of,  4957. 

King,  Samuel  W.,  4627. 

Kirk,  Gteneral,  5245. 

Kneller,  Sir  Godfrey,  6567. 

Knox,    John,  581,  3504,   4653,  4959, 

6074,  6095. 
Knox,  Colonel  Henry,  5852. 
Kosciusko,  3341. 
Kossuth,  Louis,  5408. 

L^ta,  6044. 

L^TUS,  5743. 

Lafayette,  176,  210,  2225,  2564, 3212, 

3216,  3220,  4056,    4318,  4319,  4774, 

5851,  6188. 
La  Hire,  General,  2369. 
Lallemand  (the  Missionary),  3506. 
Laubert,  Samuel,  2755. 


Lamberville  (Missionary),  8381. 

Lampadius,  5728. 

Langley,  Roger,  3031. 

Lannes,  General  Jean,  2834. 

Latimer,  Bishop,  1233,  4396,  5119, 
6147. 

Lauderdale,  4427. 

Law,  John,  2134,  2272,  3665,  5282. 

Lawrence,  Captain  James.  1253, 2570. 

Le  Cakon  (the  Monk),  3635. 

Lee,  General  Charles,  4480,  4789. 

Lee,  Klchard  Henry,  2790. 

Lee,  General  Henry,  1645,  1928,  4629, 
5618. 

Lee,  General  Robert  E.,  3380,  5232, 
5471,  5986. 

Lee,  Thomas,  1571. 

Le  Fort,  Admiral,  5091. 

Lentulus,  1554. 

Leo,  Archbishop,  5026. 

Leo,  Emperor,  4651,  5136. 

Leo  X.,  Pope,  711,  2808,  4250. 

Leonatus,  3366. 

Leonidas,  5668,  5876. 

Leopold,  Duke,  5464. 

Lepidus,  192. 

Leptines,  5474. 

L'EsTRANGE,  Roger,  4439. 

Letitia  (Mother  of  Napoleon  L), 
3726. 

Lewis  IX.,  3258. 

Lewis,  Colonel  Fielding,  6054 

Leydkn,  John,  5783. 

LiANCouRT,  Due  de,  5093. 

Licinius,  1318. 

LioiNius  Stolo,  6716. 

LiOARius,  1977. 

Lincoln,  General  Benjamin,  6813, 
5814. 

Lincoln,  A.,  52,  83,  99,  116,  247,  365, 
373,  511,  514  534,  536,  557,  738,  765, 
829,  830,  899,  1046,  1309,  1476,  1488, 
1756,  1787,  1789,  2050,  2254,  2597. 
2677,  2678,  2729,  2844,  2977,  3104, 
3227,  3272,  3575,  3576,  3588,  3646, 
3661,  3737,  3810,  3870,  3887,  3888, 
4001,  4147,  4379,  4380,  4421,  4422, 
4559,  4620,  4635,  4693,  4792,  4809, 
5115,  5339,  5495,  5497,  5541,  5708, 
5787,  6860,  5973,  6102,  6200,  6213, 
6217. 

LiNDLEY,  Mary,  6116. 

Lindsay,  Lord,  5784. 

Lisle,  Alice,  3048. 

LiYiNGSTONE,  Chancellor,  4819. 

Llewellyn,  3475,  4898. 

Locke,  John,  2436,  2676,  8326,  6306, 
5555. 

Lodbrog,  Regner,  1417. 

LoLLiA,  Paulina,  3369. 

LONGCHAMP,  1651. 

LoNGiNUs,  1369. 

LoNGSTREET,  General,  71. 

Loudoun,  Lord,  5911. 

Louis  d'Outbemer,  King,  4982. 

Louis  VI.,  1198. 

Louis  VU.,  5701,  6142. 

Louis  IX.,  1520, 1789,  3518,  3821, 6863, 
6170. 

Louis  X.,  2929. 

Louis  XI.,  6391,  5742. 


Louis  XII.,  2200,  3451. 

Louis  Xin.,  1474,  2851,  4850. 

Louis  XIV.,  249,  620,  1137,  1219, 
1597,  1671,  2142,  2209,  2272,  2407, 
2623,  2641,  SOU,  3381,  3393,  3653, 
4119,  4144,  4364,  4665,  5360,  5535, 
5648,  5782,  5990,  6209. 

Louis  XV.,  1599,  3210,  3247,  4168, 
4714,  5596,  6079,  6080. 

Louis  XVI.,  277,  3044,  3808,  4318, 
5401,  5740. 

Louis  XVin.,  3301. 

Louis  Philippe,  216,  227,  360,  724, 
3634,  5093,  5211. 

Louis,  Prince  of  Conde.  See  Cond£. 

Louisa  Maria,  4490. 

L'Ouverture,  Toussaint,  2563. 

Love  (Alderman),  3148. 

Lovelace.  Governor,  5533. 

Loyola,  Ignatius,  758. 

LuciAN  of  Jbbusalem,  4671. 

Lucilla,  3003. 

Lucius  Ostius,  4006. 

LucRETiA,  5786,  6149. 

Lucullus,  1395,  1590,  3829. 

Luke,  St.,  4675,  4677,  5013. 

LuPiciNUS,  1624. 

Luther,  Martin,  8,  53,  93,  133,  166 
257,  267,  356,  497,  505,  567,  600, 
761, 1092,  1159, 1162,  1163, 1178, 1241, 
1433,  I486,  1535,  1731,  1793,  1811, 
1820,  1879,  1888,  1923,  2064,  2084, 
2068,  2161,  2229,  2382,  2506,  2543, 
3486,  4456,  4505,  4573,  4633,  4668, 
4668,  4769,  4829,  5320,  5377,  5709, 
5725,  5861,  6156. 

Lycurgus,  999,  1754,  1802,  1817,  1822. 
2191,  2347,  3164,  3264,  3365,  3499, 
3536,  8655,  4062,  5109,  5438,  5759, 
5952,  6137. 

Lyon,  Matthew,  25. 

Lysander,  845,  2386,  3664,  6693,  5636, 
5989,  6144. 

Macaulay,  Thomas  B,,  5347. 

Macaulay,  Mrs.,  5217. 

Maccail  (Scotland),  2098. 

MaoCrea,  Jane,  5108. 

MacDonald,  Flora,  6125. 

Macer,  Licinius,  1603. 

Maclachlan,  Margaret,  4142. 

MacOdeqhan,  1336. 

Madison,  President  J.,  C372. 

Magalhaens,  Admiral,  1921,  2146. 

Magdalen,  Mary,  4669. 

Mahmud,  173,  2705,  3063. 

Mahomet,  175,  493,  524,  544,  655,  800, 
801,  828,  918,  1023,  1184,  1378,  1401, 
1422,  1431,  1432,  1436,  1468,  1568, 
1630,  1643,  1931,  1944,  2070,  2124, 
2180,  2198,  2377,  2495,  2540,  2544, 
2548,  2588,  2589,  2672,  2673,  3045, 
3073,  3242,  3442,  3622,  3733,  3835, 
3845,  4209,  4210,  4333,  4381,  4525, 
4529,  4740,  4748,  4752,  4892,  5077, 
5132,  5271,  5491,  5562,  5866,  6076, 
6134. 

Mahomet  II.,  202, 605,  707, 1896,  5379. 

Mahomet  III.,  4967. 

Majobian,  Emperor,  1654,  3471. 

Malek,  4197. 


750 


INDEX  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 


Malmbsburt,  Lord,  4642. 

Mallkt,  2195. 

Mallius,  6029. 

Mah^a,  3730. 

Mameluke  Emib  Bibars,  5895. 

Manuel,  Prince,  4917. 

Marat,  Jean  Paul,  5401. 

Marcellus,  Bishop,  1548. 

Marcellus,  1099,  2893. 

Marcia,  1591. 

Marcius,  1233,  1550. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  382, 1675,  5842. 

Marcus  Cjelius,  1156. 

Marcus  Coriolanus,  6101. 

Marcus.    See  Fabius. 

Marcus  Porcius  Cato,  5428. 

Margaret,  Queen  of  England,  1045, 

1237,  5967. 
Mabia  op  Carthage,  5120. 
Maria  op  Spain,  5125. 
Maria  Theresa,  756,  5907. 
Marius,  1277,  1443,  5351, 5785, 
Mark,  Bishop,  883. 
Marlborough,  Duke  of,  245,  1248, 

4440. 
Marozia,  4305. 
Marquette  (the  Jesuit),  4096. 
Mars,  4710,  5276. 
Marshall,  James,  1974. 
Marshall,  John,  5710. 
Marstas,  5484. 
Martel,  Charles,  2187,  4963. 
Mart  I.,  Queen  of  England,  53a3. 
Mart  II ,  Wife  of  King  William  III., 

1171,   1659,   1924,  2685,  2761,    6003, 

6007,  6077. 
Mart  (Mahomet's),  3242. 
Mart  op  Modena,  3528,  5990,  6041, 

6068,  6108,  6123. 
Mart  Stuart,  Queen  of  Scots,  589, 

1649,   2062,   2093,  2188,  2619,    2687, 

3079,   3342,   3437,  3455,  3494,    3496, 

3751,  4504,   4853,  4916,   4948,    5067, 

5110,  5784,  5832,   6073,  6074,    6089, 

6095,  6100. 
Hart,  Virgin,  5156,  5850. 
Mascezel,  5134. 
Massasoit,  171,  5909. 
Kassoud,  1886. 

Mather,  Cotton,  1567,  6025,  6026. 
Mathew,  Father,  781,  4212,  5561. 
Matilda,  Wife  of  Henry  I.,  5862. 
Matthias  (Anabaptist),  3078. 
Maxentius,  Emperor,  376, 1920,  3832. 
Maximian,  Emperor,  1298,  5277. 
Maximilian,  Emperor,  4625,  4839. 
Maximilian  op  Mexico,  5333. 
Maximin,  1049, 1229,  2060,  4800. 
Maximus,  Emperor,  183,  1146. 
Maximus.    See  Fabius. 
Maximus,  Petronius,  2276,  5619. 
Mathew,  Jonathan,  4270. 
Matnard,  1010. 
Mazarin,  Cardinal,  3393,  4429,  4539, 

4776,  6209. 
Mazdak,  1001. 

McClellan,  General  George B.,  1496. 
McCullough,  Colonel  F.,  646. 
McLean,  William,  5471. 
McMahon,  President,  2960. 
Medici.  2477. 


Medicis,  Mary  de,  2526. 

Medius,  2931. 

Megacles,  5438. 

Melanchthon,  2088,  5709. 

Menecrates,  618,  5779. 

Mknelaus,  5910. 

Men-estheus,  1526. 

Merge,  3881. 

Messabates,  6048. 

Messalina,  6064. 

Metella,  5452. 

Metellus  (Censor),  2065,  2873. 

Meunier,  360. 

Michael,  Emperor,  4445,  4723,  4734, 

4917. 
Michael,  St.,  5849. 
Miller,  Hugh,  969,  2463,  2933,  5031. 
MiLO,  Earl  of  Hereford,  4944. 
MiLO  (Koman),  4014,  5960. 
MlLTIADES,  5857. 
Miltitz,  2161. 
MiLTON,  John,  23,  194,  604,  630,  805, 

996, 1014,  1165,  1167, 1698, 2107,  2298, 

2325,  2335,  2498,   2701,   3250,    3276, 

3307,   3310,   3488,  3490,  3559,    3732, 

4108,   4257,  4435,  4594,  4686,    5293, 

5373,  5374,  6211,  6319. 
Milton,  Mrs.  John,  6000. 
Minerva  (Goddess),  5461. 
Minos,  6051. 
MiNUCius,  2026. 
Minuit,  Peter,  2997,  5769. 
Mithridates,  1265,  2523,  4069,  4884. 
MiXAM,  4361. 

M'Kendree,  Bishop,  2023. 
MocTADER,  3383,  3842. 
Moez,  3674. 
MoLLT,  Captain,  4078. 
MoLUC,  Muley,  2561. 
Monk,  General,  2718. 
Monmouth,  Duke  of,  1412,  1988,  fill9i 

3516,  2757,  2758,  3457,  4323,  5139. 
Monroe,  James  (President),  4819. 
Montcalm,  General,  1455,  1494,  2940. 
Montezuma,  2491,  2663,  2728,  4088, 

5446. 
Montport,  Bertrade  de,  1858. 
Montport,  Eleanora  de,  3475. 
Montport,  Jane  de,  6042. 
Montmorenct,  Constable,  5943. 
Montpensier,  Duchess  of,  6092. 
Montrose,  Lord,  1448. 
MooDT,  Colonel,  4387. 
Mordaunt,  Charles,  5892. 
More,  Hannah,  5736. 
More,  Sir  Thomas,  1117,  2372,  5679. 
Morgan,  General  Daniel,  1883. 
Morgan,  John,  4809. 
Morgan,  William,  5477. 
Morris,  Robert,  3396,  3659, 4053, 4872. 
Morse,  Samuel  F.    B.,  2981,   2989, 

4030. 
Morton,  Dr.  William  T.  G.,  2334, 

5410. 
Morton,  Judge  (England),  4923. 
Morton,  Miss  (Mrs.  J.  Quincy),  5262. 
Moses,  4525. 
motassem,  2773. 
Mott,  Dr.  Valentine,  3810,4026,5417, 

5465. 
Moultrie,  Colonel  William,  650. 


MouRZouPLE,  4566. 

Mucius,  2204. 

Muggleton,  Ludowick,  2063. 

MuLGRAVE,  Earl  of,  1614.    See  Johh 

Sheppield. 
MILLER,  George,  525,  526,  900,  1188,. 

1604,  2036,  2037,  4712. 
MUNCER,  5834. 
MuRAT,  1917,  2834. 
MuRRAT,  Alexander,  3085. 
MuRRAT,  James  Stuart,  4861. 
MxmRAT,  Meg,  3434. 
mustapha,  4446. 

Napoleon  Bonaparte,  24, 58,  74, 115 
178,  187,  229,  272,  279,  307,  368,  452, 
509,  592,  597,  610,  647,  648,  699,  715,, 
751,  1043,  1152,  1158, 1197, 1321, 1326,, 
1351,  1449,  1489,  1495,  1529,  1547, 
1575,  1580,  1656,  1665,  1699,  1725,. 
1818.  1890,  1917,  1933,  2042.  8052„ 
2063,  2080,  2096,  2201,  2230,  2232, 
2289,  2282.  2319,  2330,  2357,  2358, 
2519,  2620,  2638,  2680,  2693,  2739, 
2740,  2753,  2830,  2833,  2834,  2839, 
2924,  3117,  3212,  3243,  3340,  3343, 
3-347,  3395,  3552,  3574,  3578,  3592, 
3595,  3596,  3726,  3727,  3738,  3826, 
3850,  4020,  4199,  4254,  4367,  4368,, 
4436,  4508,  4621,  4777,  4784,  4808, 
4844,  4862,  4891,  4905,  4950,  30*3,. 
5063,  5111,  5125,  5146,  5206,  5210,. 
5287,  5328,  5375,  5380,  5412,  5420, 
5494,  5496,  5504,  5508,  5557,  5612,. 
5614,  5615,  5623,  5693,  5707,  5718,, 
5809,  5827,  5900,  5914,  6021,  6059, 
6180. 

Napoleon  III.,  5338. 

Narcissus,  6064. 

Nash,  General  Francis,  1608. 

Nash,  Thomas,  3363. 

Nasica,  2814. 

Natleb,  James,  2094. 

Neile,  Bishop,  61. 

Nelson,  Admiral  Horatio,  1391, 1904, 
2490, 2568,  3399,  4046, 4830,  5915,  6047.. 

Nelson,  Governor  Thomas,  4066. 

Nelson,  Bev.  John,  1189,  2754,  2883,. 
4033,  4472,  4999. 

Nero,  196,  327,  329,  1058,  1110,  1270, 
1287,  1288,  1347,  1358,  1418,  1533,. 
1932,  2072,  2140,  2584,  3509,  3721, 
4140,  4325,  4369,  4374,  4560,  4965, 
4981,  5260,  5479,  5483,  6045. 

Nerva,  King,  5755. 

Newcastle,  Duke  of,  1129,  1679, 
2716,  2717,  2922,  4233. 

Newport,  Captain,  4666. 

Newton,  Isaac,  20,  108, 179,  379,  642, 
1164,  1472,  1686,  1871,  2100,  2295, 
2303,  2304,  2340.  2575,  3461,  8543,. 
3648,  3794,  4032,  4339,  4492,  5306, 
5608,  5732,  5992,  6185,  6197. 

Newton,  John,  1093,  3077. 

Newton,  Rev.  Robert,  1845. 

NiCANOR,  6159. 

Nicephorus,  4592. 

Nicetas,  2211. 

NiciAS,  686,  1943,  8070,  4897. 

NiMBOD,  King,  8254. 

NoRKis,  Lady,  5992. 


INDEX  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 


7oi 


NoKTH,  Sir  Dudley,  1680. 
North,  Francis,  3040. 
noureddin,  2840. 
Ntjma,  808,  3047,  3736,  4085. 
NuMiTOR,  3818. 
Nurse,  Rebecca,  6028. 
NCTT,  John,  2434. 

Gates,  Titus,  1487,  2051,  2160,  2760, 
4213,  4333,  4565,  6018,  5831,  6038. 

O'CoNNER,  Feargus,  4160. 

OCTAVIA,  3260,  6067,  6136. 

octaviub,  192. 

Odenathus,  2527. 

Odik,  2380,  2545. 

Ogilvie,  1228. 

OGLETHORPE,  GoTemor  JameB,  632, 
2120,  4299,  4537,  5350. 

Olivar  (Spy),  5321. 

Olympia,  4640. 

Omar,  Caliph,  1916,  2400,  2507,  9688. 
3240,  3591. 

O'Neal,  Phelim,  4132. 

Oppius,  3400. 

Orkhan,  2337,  2652. 

Orleans,  Duke  of,  2695,  2697. 

Okmond,  Duke  of,  1799. 

Osceola,  394. 

Oswald,  515,  5395. 

Otho,  1047. 

Otis,  James,  3877. 

Otto,  M.,  1067. 

Ottocarus  II.,  1587. 

Oughtrkd,  William,  5469. 

OusELEY,  Gideon,  1243. 

Otbbbuby,  Sir  Thomaa,  4236. 

PiBDARBTUS,  4062. 

Paine,  Thomas,  30,  1027. 
Paine,  Timothy,  963. 
Palamedbs,  2279. 
Pal^ologxjs,  John,  4972,  5704. 
Pal^ologus,  Michael,  12, 1835. 
Palmer,  Bartoara,  4989. 
Palmer,  Captain,  6105. 
Palmer,  Roger,  1223. 
Palmerston.  Lord,  140, 1311,  2176. 
Panfilo  de  Nabvabz,  2390,  3830. 
Pabis,  Samuel,  6024,  6026. 
Paris  the  Trojan,  5910. 
Parker,  Bp.  of  Canterbury,  2964. 
Parker,  Bp.  of  Oxford,  3489,  3867. 
Parker,  Captain,  5881. 
Parkhurst,  Bishop,  4915. 
Pabmenio,  186,  3741,  5356,  5820. 
Parry,  Sir  William,  77,  2047,  4495. 
?ABSBDS,  1267. 
Pabysatis,  4855,  6048. 
Pascal,  Blaise,  2324,  2741,  8626,  4335, 

4681. 
Patkttl,  4514. 
Patrick,  St.,  3637. 
Paul  op  Samasota,  5961. 
Paul,  St.,  5013,  5244. 
PaxtlIII.,  Pope,  3016. 
Paul  IV.,  Pope,  4929. 
Paula,  3683. 

Pausanias,  368, 1556,  3724,  6675. 
Peel,  Robert,  563,  5609. 
Pelagius,  1203. 


Pelopidas,    1252,    2113,    2227,  2855, 

3275,  4477. 
Penderel,  Richard,  2464. 
Pbnn,  William,  607,  1767,  2603,  2775, 

2841,  2885,  8053.  3548,  4081,   4087, 

4094,  4255,  4745,  6700,  6730. 
Pennington,  Captain,  5009. 
Pepin,  3196. 
Perdiccas,  3632,  6699. 
Pebennis,  1612. 
Pericles,  1497, 1769,  2170,  2395,  4027, 

4156,   4321,  4765.  4778,  4822,  6298, 

6084. 
Perronet,  Miss,  2534. 
Pertinax,  165,  4649,  5841. 
Peter  the  Great,  380,  1124,  1493, 

1965,  2328,   3618,   2876,   8802,  5091, 

6040,  6206. 
Peter  the  Hermit,  1376,  1765,  8461. 
Peter  III.  op  Russia,  60(B. 
Peter,  St.,  4670,  B013, 5156. 
Peters,  Hugh,  2305. 
Petbarch,  621, 1335. 
Petbeius,  1404. 

Petty,  Sir  William,  3671,  6871,  6874 
Pbyton,  Major,  2109. 
Phabas,  3748. 
Philidas,  4477. 

Philip  the  Acabnanian,  1048. 
Philip  II.  op  Spain,  768,  3028, 2555, 

3801,  4641,  4939,  6143. 
Philip  n.  op  France,  1938,  4941. 
Philip  IV.,  946,  4399. 
Philip  VI.,  5690. 
Philip  V.  op  Spadi,  2581. 
Philip  op  Hesse  Cassel,  4658. 
Philip  op  Macedon,  368,  671,  1112 

1889,   1968,   8680,  4629,  4589,  4885, 

5104,  5297,  3538,  5549, 6945. 
Phelippa,  Queen,  4639. 
PniLOPiEMON,  268. 
Philotas,  3741. 
Philoxenus,  1313. 
Phocas,  1348. 
Phocion,  1065,  2284, 4882. 
Photius,  Patriarch,  2571,  4734. 
PiEBRE,  Eustace  de  St.,  4639. 
Pilgrim's  Progress,  168. 
PiNCKNEY,  Charles  C,  5710. 
PiNKiNGTON,  Sheriff,  5172. 
Pisistratides,  4063. 

PiSISTRATUS,  5438. 

PiTCAiRN,  Major,  6881. 

Pitt,  William,  1515,  2399,  2835,  2899, 

3586,  3786,  4040,  4233,   4428,   4794, 

4867,  5632,  5882. 
Pius  v.,  588. 
PiZABRO,  Francisco,  641,  880,  1068, 

1077,  1176,  4984,  6810. 
Placidia,  2359,  6107. 
Plato,   1217,  2610,  3891,  4166,  4223, 

6438,  6540,  6601,  5778. 
Pliny,  5050,  6013. 
Pocahontas,  5067,  6097. 
PoE,  Edgar  A.,  1684,  2914,  2955,  4434, 

5032,  6193. 
Pole,  Cardinal,  2558. 
Polk,  President,  276, 125T. 
Polynices,  3884. 
Polysperchon,  5932. 
polystratus,  5272. 


Pompadoub,  Marchioness  de,  6080. 

Pompey,  5,  177,  219,  877,  406,  1211, 
2353,  2285,  2606,  2865,  3367,  3460^ 
3819,  3864,  4014,  4090,  4230,  4352, 
4261,  4306,  4365,  4454,  4884,  4920^ 
6147,  6719,  5816,  6838,  6922,  5926, 
6210. 

PoMPEiA,  5476. 

PoMPONius,  4069. 

PoNET,  Bishop,  4915. 

Pontius,  1961,  2662,  5026. 

Pope,  Alexander  (Poet),  2238,  3312, 
3317,  3656,  4403. 

Popp^A,  4374,  4965. 

PORSENA,  2304. 

PoRUS,  1588. 

PoSTUMius,  5798. 

Pounds,  John,  5045. 

Powhatan,  2961, 4743,  6087. 

Pbescott,  General  Oliver,  6467,  5951.. 

Pbeston,  Captain,  3517. 

Pbetonius  Maximus.  See  Maximus.- 

Pbice,  General  (Confederate),  5406. 

Pbide,  Colonel,  4904. 

Prideaux,  Edmund,  3067. 

Prince,  Rev.  Henry,  3335. 

Probus,  Emperor,  223, 310, 1693, 3812.. 

Proctor,  General,  2817. 

Promachus,  2912. 

Protogenes,  6315. 

Prynne,  William,  2040,  4466,  5686. 

Ptolemy,  3066,  4985. 

Ptolemy,  Soter,  3240. 

PULCHERIA,  5835. 

PUREPOY,  William,  6043. 

PuRKESS,  4489. 

Putnam,  Israel,  1894,  4036,  6115. 

Pyrrhus,  1071,  1100,  3765,  4195,  5815^ 
6932. 

Pythagoras,  4709,  5269. 

Pytheas,  4424. 

Pythius,  4881, 5734. 

QuERONAiLLE,  MademoiscUe,  6085. 

Quince,  Parker,  2292. 

QuiNOY,  Josiah,  1751,  2737,3282,3287,. 

4333,  4388,  5206,  5263. 
QuiNTUS  SuLPtcius,  4685. 

Raikes,  Robert,  4666. 

Raleigh,   Walter,    1139,  1244,  2747, 

3585. 
Raphael,  346. 
Raymond,  Count,  4667. 
Regulus,  Attilius,  5081. 
Remigius,  Bishop,  6046. 
Remus,  396,  678. 
Revere,  Paul,  5881. 
Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua,  4452. 
Rich,  Edmund,  3180,  3711. 
Richard   I.,   1245,  1360,  1473,  1606, 

3460,  2853,   3258,   3681,   3770,  4836ir 

4614,  6489,  5947. 
Richard  II.,  3441,  5381. 
Richard  UI.,  242,  1729,  3748. 
Richelieu,  1473.  3424,  2482,  2851. 
RtDDELLS  IN  Scotland,  3764. 
Ridley,  Bishop,  4915,  6147. 
RiENZi,  1892,  3576,  4443,  4631. 
RiTSON,  Joseph,  6783. 


752 


INDEX  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 


Eizzio,  Secretary  of    Mary  Stuart, 

2687,  3751,  4916. 
Robert,  Count  of  Artois.  2192. 
"  KOBEKT  THE  Devu.,"  3766. 
Robert,  Emperor,  4863. 
Robert  the  Norman,  1064. 
Roberts,  Bishop,  1860. 
Robespierre,  2370,  4482,  5739. 
Robinson  (Puritan  pastor),  4738. 
Rochester,  Lord,   1471,   1610,  3500, 

3653,  3874, 8875,  4919,  5462,  5839. 
RoDDA,  Richard,  4556. 
rodebigo,  5048. 
Rodolph,  1587. 
Rodriguez,  Juan,  3900. 
Roebuck,  Dr.  John,  2985. 
Rogers,  John,  3507. 
Rokewood,  Roger,  2858. 
Roland,  Madame,  3213. 
RoLPE,  John,  4743, 5097. 
Rolls,  1586. 
Roma,  3084. 
RoMANUS,  251,  2197. 
HoMULus,  396,  678,  3047,  8785,  8818, 

4006,  6014,  6202. 
RooKE,  George,  2041. 
Rosamond,  Queen,  67,  1292,  3971. 
Rothschild,  Maier  Amsel,  713,  6168, 

5169. 
JlowLANDSoN,  Mary,  3731. 
HoxANA,  4855. 
RuDEL,  Geoffrey,  3848. 
Rumbold,  1246. 

RuMPORD,  Count,  503,  3462,  45<>3. 
Rupert,  Prince,  226, 1282, 1898,  8718, 

2870,  3487. 
Hush,  Dr.,  4389, 


fiABiNUS,  3879. 
Sacktille,  Charles,  3043. 
Sackville,  George,  1304. 
Saladin,  2475,  2488,  4175,  4960. 
Salter,  William,  4125. 
Samuel  (Judge  of  Israel),  4677. 
Sancropt,  Bishop,  4818,  4919. 

fiANDANIS,  1072. 

Sandwich,  Lord,  6146. 

•Sandys,  Sir  Edwyn,  3452. 

Sapor,  441,  2527. 

Sarbar,  5713. 

Sard  ANAP  ALUS,  5646. 

Saturninus,  2622,  4509. 

Satyrus,  5403. 

Saunders,  Lawrence,  3507. 

Sawyer,  3170. 

Sayda,  2642. 

Schuyler,  General,  203. 

Scipio,  129, 1899. 

SciPio  ArRiCANUS,  5702. 

Scipio  Asiaticus,  1948. 

Sclater,  Edward,  4700. 

Scott,  Daniel,  1273. 

Scott,  (Jeneral  Charles,  5485. 

Scott,  Walter,  19,  90,  91,  92,  94,  111, 

190,  232,  490,  1015,  1173,  1640,  1644, 

2048,  2059,  2318,  2592,  2882,    3336, 

5207,  5493,  6761. 
Scott,  Mrs.  (W.  S.'s  mother)  6670, 

5788. 
SoBOPs,  Archbishop,  1941. 


Sedley,  Catherine,  2842,  5054,  6068, 

6085. 
Semmes,  Captain  Raphael,  3809. 
Sbneca,  4657,  4965,  5482,  6010. 
Sbbapis,  694. 
Sbrapion,  4432. 

Sebtorius,  113,  4073, 4149,  6172. 
Servius  TuLLiua,  3047. 
Sbrtius  Sulpitius,  5716. 
Severus,    Emperor,    206,    239,  888, 

2148,  2264,  4425. 
Seymour,  Charles,  3138. 
Seymour,  Sir  Edward,  4448. 
Seymour,  Governor  Horatio,  8646. 
Seymour,  Jane,  6004. 
Sbxtus,  42,  5786. 
Shaftesbury,  Lord,  4303. 
Shakespeare,  2585,  3309,  3493,  5035, 

5803. 
Sharpe,  Archbishop,  5833. 
Shaw,  Rev.  Barnabas,  4554. 
Sheppield,  John  (Earl  of  Mulgrave), 

3895. 
Shelley,  Percy  Byeshe,  18, 197,  402, 

443,  796,  873,  2314,  2736,  2738,  2745, 

3088,  a345,  3350,  3672,   3704,  4211, 

5223,  5993. 
Shelley,  Mrs.,  5429,5993. 
Shelley,  Timothy,  3704. 
Sheridan,  Richard  B.,  2952. 
Sherman,  Gen.  T.,  3175,  5414,  5807. 
Shirley,  Sir  Antony,  5629. 
Short,  Dr.  Thomas,  4170. 
Shovel,  Sir  Cloudesley,  2602. 
Shrewsbury,   EarL     See  Chablbs 

Talbot. 
Sidney,  Algernon,  2785, 5676. 
Sidney,  Henry,  5502. 
SiEYEs,  Abbe,  4814. 
SiQisMUND,  Emperor,  1918, 4188. 
SiLENUS,  2386. 
SiLLius,  Caius,  6064. 

SiMONIDES,  4599. 

SrwARD,  6173. 

SixTtJS  v..  Pope,  4939. 

Skelton,  Martha,  3356. 

Skippon,  General,  4378. 

Smith,  Captain  John,  80,  1848,  2711, 

2961,  3198,  3803,  4877,  6097,   5441, 

5458,  6087,  6153. 
Smith,  Dr.  Tliomas,  3867. 
Smith,  Rev.  Thomas,  5000. 
Smithson,  James,  1812. 
Socrates,  700, 1256,  1451,  3089,3147, 

3563,  3706,  4550,  4557,   5030,   5052, 

5270,  5677,  5733,  6018,  6084,  6158. 
SoLiMAN  (the  Caliph),  2926. 
Solon,  129,   1230,    1399,    1464,  3006, 

3155,  3159,  4359,  4886,  5019,  6243. 
SoLYMAN,  2562,  5845. 
SoNSPiBLD,  Madame  de,  5741. 
Sophia,  Princess,  6040,  6206. 
Southey  (Poet),  556, 1782,  5103, 6841, 

6148. 
Spalatin,  1841. 
Spanus,  1479. 
Sparks,  Jared,  8094. 
Spartacup,  5200. 
Sprat,  Bishop,  922. 
Sta£l,  Madame  de,  6059. 
St.  CI.AIB,  General,  56. 


Standish,  Miles,  313,  880,  5901,  5909, 

Stanton,  Secretary,  116. 

Statlra,  4855. 

Steele,  Richard,  1037. 

Stephen  III.,  Pope,  3196. 

Stephen,  St.,  4671,  4675. 

Stephenson,  Robert,  639, 1777, 4082. 

Steuben,  Baron,  1623. 

Stevens,  Alexander  H.,  3285,  4838. 

Sthennis,  3819. 

Stillingpleet,  Bishop,  7. 

Stilpo,  3097. 

Stilpon,  5982. 

Stoneman,  General,  4607. 

Stork  (the  Fanatic),  5834. 

Stobmont,  212. 

Story,  George,  2518. 

Story,  Judge,  5206. 

Strabo,  2822. 

Strafford,  Lord,  109,  120,  882, 1407, 

1545,  1934, 1952,  2919,  3860,  4846. 
Stratonice,  4884. 
St.  Ruth,  1221. 

Stuart,  Mary.    See  Maby  Stuabt. 
Stupen,  Major-General,  5126. 
Stuyvesani,  Peter,  5418,  5478. 
Stylites,  Simeon,  4706, 5012. 
Suetonius  Paulinus,  3515. 
Sulhn,  Von  der,  2052. 
SuLPiciANUS,  3678. 
Sunderland,  Lord,  1186,  1594,2118, 

2266,  2967,  5676. 
Sunderland,  Lady,  5676. 
Surrey,  Earl  of,  5460,  5893. 
Sutter,  John  A.,  2392,  2679. 
SuWAROFF,  General,  3519. 
Swedenborq,    Emmanuel,  123,  583, 

914,  915,  958,  1442,  1539,  2541,  2658, 

2818,    3281,  3449,   a554,  3577,  5308, 

5309,  5311,  5606,  5678,    5681,   5847, 

6207. 
Swift,  Jonathan  (Dean),  2326,  4016, 

4017. 
Sylla,  495,    2767,    2788,    8820,  3877, 

3882,  5107,  5452,  6210. 
Sylvanus,  Constantine,  1359. 
Sylverius,  Pope,  5152. 
Stsioahbib,  2220. 

Tacitus,  2286,  2624. 

Talbot,  Charles,  2233. 

Talbot,  "Dick."  2699,  8202,    4276 

5177,  6032. 
Talleyrand,  4199. 
Tambiran,  Arumaga,  2538. 
Tanjous,  5712. 
Taeik,  4841. 

Tableton,  Colonel,  2902. 
Tarpeia,  5698. 

Tarquin,  42,  3062,  3176,  6022,  5786. 
TABQuraiA,  6139. 
Tarquinius  Supebbus,  3163. 
Tasso,  3305. 

Taylor,  Elizabeth,  8403. 
Taylor,    Dr.    Rowland,    679,    1233; 

2073,  3403,  3507,  4779. 
Taylor,  General  Zacliary,  ttil. 
Teleclides,  1943. 
Tblemachus,  835. 
Telford,  4610. 
Temuoin,  4631, 6622. 


I 


INDEX  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES, 


755 


Terence  (Poet),  3590. 

Terentia,  3460,  6130. 

Tetzel,  2802,  2803,  4309.  5156,  5164. 

Thackeray,  1310,  1506,  3534. 

Thales,  386,  3717,  5580,  5600,  6157. 

Thejiah,  6088. 

Themistocles,  34,  189,  635,  819,  1004, 
2191,  2196,  2387,  2856,  3069,  3467, 
4315,  4375,  4664,  5078,  5261,  5483, 
5543 

Theodora,  1344,  1583,  2019,  4305, 
4535,  6057. 

Theodore  Lascaris  H.,  2609,  4803. 

Theodoric,  79,  164,  201,  1115,  2067, 
2115.  2607,  2637,  2720,  5136,  5996. 

Theodosius,598,  1878,  3520, 4105,  5212. 

Theophilus,  Emperor,  3057,  3485. 

Theresa,  Maria,  3718,  4035,  4849, 
6075. 

Iheseus,  254,  967,  2126,  2500,  4572, 
6051. 

Thespis,  3006,  5592. 

Theste,  6099. 

Thomas,  St.,  4670. 

Thompson,  Benjamin  (Count  Sum- 
ford),  4593. 

Thompson,  Sallie,  2628. 

Thrasybulus,  3222. 

Throckmorton,  Sir  Nicholas,  8060. 

Thucydides,  4156. 

Tiberius,  Emperor,  1763,  4981. 

TiGRANES,  3829. 

Tilly,  General,  5884. 

TiMOCLEA,  6096. 

Timon  (tiie  Athenian),  5386. 

Timotheus,  2213. 

TiMOTHEDS  (the  Milesian),  3745. 

Timothy,  St.,  4677,  5013. 

TiMOUR,  89,  196,  205,  309,  615,  741, 
1143,  1337,  1367,  1368,  1371,  1579, 
2262,  2379,  2499,  2661,  2805,  2811, 
3179,  3392,  3510,  4543,  4837,  5214, 
5313,  5645,  5894,  5920,  5987,  6168, 
6171,  6184. 

TiRiBAZus,  5773. 

TiTDBA,  6024,  6028. 

TiTUS,  Emperor,  681,  4307,  5565. 

Titus  Manlius,  5124. 

TooRUL,  2769. 

ToTiLA,  2079. 

TowNSEND,  Charles,  5331. 

Trajan,  Emperor,  547, 1893,  3873. 

Trebatius,  1294. 

Trevor.  Sir  John,  666,  1214. 

Tryon  (Conspirator),  1136. 

Tullus  Hostilius.  4086. 

TuNNELL,  John,  2398. 

Turisund,  2645. 

Turners,  5118. 

Tyler,  President,  4275. 

Tyndale,  566. 

Tyrcontiel,  Lord  Lieutenant,  3161, 
3214,  3899,  5230,  5263,  6108. 

Udiastes,  4855. 

Umphravillb,  Gilbert  de,  5746. 
TJnderhill,  John,  4771. 
Urban  the  Foundkr,  707. 
URsmi,  Martin,  4531. 

Salens,  Emporor,  836,  913. 


Valentinian,  2276,  2797. 

Valeria,  4800. 

Van  Buren,  President,  51,4159,4235, 

4251,  5285. 
Vane,  Henry,  1414,  1441,  2039,  3224, 

3379,  4313. 
Varro,  1609. 

Vataces,  John  Ducas,  1766. 
Venner,  Thomas,  2091,  2093. 
Venus,  5278. 
Veratius,  2868. 
Verrazzani,  3787. 
Verres,  Senator,  1210. 
Vespasian,  Emperor,  2845. 
Veturia,  6101. 
Victoria,  Queen,  361,362. 
ViGiLius,  Pope,  2079,  5152. 

ViLLEMONGIS,  5789. 

Villierb,  Elizabeth,  6007. 
ViLLiERS,  George,  494,  2416. 

VlRAPLACA,  5361. 

Virgil,  1034,  2341,  4524. 

VlTELLI,  5436. 

Vitellius,  3371,  3879. 
Voltaire,  3,  2155,  2825,  2869,  3002, 
4437.  6170. 


Wadsworth,  Joseph,  1882,  6474. 

Wadsworth,  Captain  William,  4907. 

Walker,  Andrew,  5044. 

Walker,  George,  927. 

Walker,  Hovenden,  2025,  5390. 

Walker,  L.  P.,  5940. 

Walker,  Obadiah,  5043. 

Wallace,  William,  2218,  2560. 

Wallenstein,  4284. 

Waller,  Edmund,  664. 

Walsh,  "Gallows,"  5369. 

Walters,  Lucy,  8470. 

Warbeck,  Perliin,  2756. 

Ward,  Artemus.  See  Bbownx, 
Charles  P. 

Ward,  Sallie,  2844. 

Ware,  Thomas,  2646. 

Warenne.  Earl,  4902. 

Warwick,  1619,  4265,  2755. 

Washington,  George,  55,  56,  76, 
97,  809,  1447,  1541,  1589,  1784, 
1788,  1798,  1846,  1873,  1926,  2099, 
2308,  2342,  2420,  2611,  2633,  2635, 
2737,  2748,  2768,  2786,  2836,  2976, 
3102,  3195,  3216,  3235,  3274,  3396, 
3406,  3407,  3551,  3738,  3771,  4053, 
4065,  4382,  4480,  4620,  4634,  4781, 
4790,  4842,  4872,  4914,  4991,  5211, 
5302,  5359,  5392,  5485,  5563,  5618, 
6817,  5852,  5941,  5946,  6001,  6115, 
8191,   6194,   6204. 

Washington,  George,  Bang  of  Siam, 
3081. 

Washington,  Col.  William,  2726, 
2902. 

Washington,  Mrs.  (Mother  of  G.), 
3300,  6053,  6208 

Wat,  William,  3434. 

Watson,  George,  2795. 

Watson,  Rev.  Richard,  3615. 

Watt,  James,  562,  689,  2316,  2975, 
2979,  2987,  2993,  3542,  3580,  4402, 
6668.5664. 


Webster,  Daniel,  561,  703,  2133, 4056, 

4310,  5329,  5604. 
Wedgwood,  Josiah,  2973. 
Weed,  Thurlow,  3121. 
Wellington,  Duke   of,  1750,  3030^ 

3322,  3817,  5809,  5936. 
Wentworth,  Henrietta,  2516, 3457. 
Wesley,    Charles,    702,    1087,    5020^ 

6221. 
Wesley,  John,  119, 138,  358,  518,  549, 

582,  698,  1089,  1122,  1149,  1189.  1234, 

1819,   2111,    2199,   3116,   32(5,    3597, 

4472,  4703,  4768,   5173    5854,    5966, 

5978. 
Wesley,  Samuel,  119,  922,  4289. 
Wesley,  Susanna.  358, 794, 5267,  6034v 
West,  Captain,  5288 
Whalley,  Edward,  4660. 
Wharton,  Lord  Thomas,  3750,  5263, 
Wheeler,  General,  4847. 
Whitlock,  General  (Whitefeather)» 

1271. 
White,  Colonel,  3328 
White.  Governor,  1531. 
White,  Thomas,  2801. 
Whitefield.  George,  2029,  2656, 3337 

4770,4901.6217. 
Whitelock  (AmbasFador),  4390. 
Whitgift,  Bishop,  4138 
Whitney,  Eli,  88,   2988,  2991,  3113; 

3115. 
Whitworth,  Lord,  2519. 
Wilberforce,  William,  2268,  498& 

5036. 
Wilcox,  General,  3380. 
Wii.DMAN,  John,  4821. 
WiLHELMiNA,  Princcss,  6741. 
Wilkinson,  Catherine,  531. 
WiLLAN,  James,  5321. 
William    I.    (the  Conqueror),   436, 

726,    1064,    1415,    1922,    2583,   2726, 

3229,  5335,  5933. 
William   II.   (the  Red),  1091,  109Z 

1390,  5526 
William  III.  (Prince  of  Orange),  121, 

666,   1010,    1062,    1505,    1851,    1868, 

1897,    1919,    1924,   1973.   2136,   2147, 

2194,   2223,  2234,  2235    2529,    2556; 

2654,   2681,   2685,   2690,   2762,    3010, 

3083,   3410,   3546,   3573,   3599,    3633; 

3892,   4024.   4029,   4111,   4229,    4260, 

4280,   4404,   4448.   4488,   4546,    4551, 

4555,  4558,  482-1,  4903,   5068,    5082> 

5274,   5363,   5376,   5502,   5673,    5996, 

6007,  6077,  6114,  6194. 
William  of  Cumberland,  69. 
William,  Duke,  31,  33. 
William,  Frederick.  1672,  4025. 
William  op  Normandy,  3840,  4673 

5905. 
Williams,  Abigail.  6028. 
Williams,  Eunice  3288. 
Williams,    Roger,    454,    1101,   XUt 

2826,  5638.  6135,  6163. 
Wilson,  Henry,  1868. 
Wilson,  Margaret,  4142. 
Wilson,  Colonel  William.  5S48. 
Windham,  Widow.  3358. 
WiNDOM,  Secretary,  3701. 
WiNSLOw.  Captain,  8809. 
Winthrop,  John,  3173. 


754 


INDEX  OF  PERSONAL  NAMES. 


■Wolfe,  General,  1452. 

Xanthippus,  2170. 

Zaleucus,  4611, 4730. 

WoLSET,  Cardinal,  1439,  1546,  1895, 

Xenophanks,  5101,  5671. 

Zatd,  2374. 

3071,  4644,  5074,  5611. 

Xerxes,  320,  1026,  1028,  3724,  3831, 

Zeid,  3242. 

Worcester,  Marquess  of,  4410. 

4887,  5734,  6110. 

Zeineb,  3242. 

Wordsworth,  560,  1013,  1668,  2163. 

Zemes,  4746. 

Wren,  Christopher,  280,  289,  4483. 

Yale,  Elihu,  1783, 1916. 

Zbnger,  Peter,  4438. 

Wright,  Robert,  3033. 

Young  (Poet),  1670. 

Zbnobia,  2152,  6055. 

•WYOLiirFB,  678,  4127. 

TuLEE,  Senator,  2679. 

ZoBOASTER,  626,  3266,  &Si, 

GENERAL    INDEX    OF    TOPICS, 

WITH  CEOSS-EEFEEENOES. 


Note.— References  marked  by  a  atar  (♦)  are  titles  of  the  articles  referred  to.    All  others  in  this  index  are 
'cross-references  to  articles  that  illustrate  other  topics  besides  the  one  given  in  the  title  of  the  article. 


ABANDONMENT. 

Inhuman  a.-Moslems. 
Mortifying  a.-Timothy  Hall. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
■of  All  for  Safety-Rome.  2117 

"  Army  by  General.  1538 

Beneficial-Hernando  Cortez.         78 
•of  Civilization-S.  Houston.  905 

/Deserved  a.-Catiline.  392 

by  Heartless  Sailors-Hudson.    3757 
Humiliating  a.  of  Nero.  1270 

-Just  a.  by  children-J.  II.  2203 

Outcast  for  religion-W.  Penn.  ^3970 
Painful  a.  of  Wife-Dustin.  117 

for  Plunder-Soldiers.  2417 

•Sudden  a.  of  Richmond.  6167 

"      "    "  Wife-Shelley.        5993 
See  DESERTION. 
■Imitated-to  Wm.  of  Orange.    *1534 
•Shameful  a.-by  Agathocles.     *1538 


'Constructive  d.-Fred.  n. 

3389 

See  FLIGHT. 

•Cowardly  f.-Heraclian. 

2158 

Famous  for  f.-Maximin. 

2060 

•for  Safety-Roman  panic. 

2117 

See  FUGITIVE. 

Hopeless  of  escape. 

1710 

Hoyal  f .-James  II. 

5788 

'Sympathy  for  f.-Am. 

4660 

Welcomed-James  II. 

5990 

See  FUGITIVES. 

Generosity  to  royal  f . 

2641 

iPunished  by  slavery. 

502 

Refuge  of  f.-Asylum-Rome. 

187 

Sanctuary  of  f  .-N.  Carolina. 

2439 

See  RUNAWAY. 

from  Abuse-Fred.  II. 

3389 

Arrested-D.  Crockett. 

634 

Distinguished  r.-Pizarro. 

*4984 

Reformed  r.-D.  Crockett. 

637 

Successful  r.-B.  Franklin. 

638 

"         "  -S.  Houston. 

905 

ABIIilTIES. 

Misapplied-Fred.  Il.-Voltaire.  *3 
Numerous  a.-R.  Emp.  Justinian.  *i 
Overrated-Pompey.  *5 

Shown  in  Youth-Alex.  *6 

Useless  a.-J.  Dryden  in  debate.    *7 


Miscellaneous  cross-references.  Marksman's  S.-Commodus.        3430 

Balanced-G.  Wash.  3406  '  "-Crockett.  4323 


Conversational  a.- Johnson.  1172 

Dangerous  a.-Uninstructed.  1507 

Diplomatic  a.-Corrupted.  1594 

"          "  -Remarkable.  1600 

Field  for  a.-Appropriate.  4224 

Impractical  a.-Milton-PolItics.  4257 

Manifold  a.-Q.  Elizabeth.  3605 

Misapplied-Failure-Newton.  2100 

"      -Golds'h.  2030 

"        -"Magn't  brute."  1068 

Misplaced-Gibbon  in  Pari.  40&i 

Multiplex  a.-Caesar's.  2479 

Numerous  a.-Gallienus.  1830 

Practical  a.-M.  Van  Buren.  4251 

Presumable  a. -Elevation.  3589 

Prostituted-Emp.  Gratian.  1007 

Restricted  field  for  a.  of  Caesar.  275 

Triumph  of  a.-Wm.  Pitt.  3586 

Wrecked-Splendid-Bunis.  2027 

See  EXPERT, 
by  Practice-Jeffreys.  ♦1994 


3041 


Physical  e.-Henry  II. 

See  EXPERTS. 
Unappreciated-Frederick  II. 

See  INGENUITY. 
VS.  Difficulties-Augustus.  ♦2846 

Practical-Benjamin  Franklin.  ^2847 
of  Savages-Hatchets.  ^2848 

Success  by  i.-Columbus.  ^2849 


Boyish  i.-I.  Newton. 

642 

Female  i.-Silk-weaving. 

6070 

Genius  shown  by  i.-Newton. 

2303 

Knowledge  increased  by  i. 

3028 

In  Printing  mezzotints. 

1898 

Progress  by  i.-Telescope. 

1632 

Rewarded  by  Power-loom. 

2971 

Stimulated-New  sauce. 

2185 

Unrewarded-Spinning. 

2968 

See  TACT. 

Lack  of  t.-John  Adams. 

♦5501 

Natural  t.-Henry  Sidney. 

♦5502 

Rewarded-Careless  slave. 
Superstition  overcome  by  t. 


See  SKILL. 
Misapplied-Perpet'l  motion.    ^5168 
Proof  of  s.-Rothschild.  ^5169 


See  TALENT, 

without  Character.-Fred.  II.  ♦SSOS 

Discovery  of  t.-Nap.  I.  ♦5504 

Education  oft. -Alex.  *5505 

Indications  of  t.-Math'cs.  *5506 

Lack  of  t.-Confed'te  Gens.  *5507 

Overestimated-Nap.  I.  ^5508 

Untaught-Z.  Colbum.  +5509 


vs.  Character-Byron. 
Developed  by  criticism. 
Misapplied-Ruler. 
Money  rivals  t.-Crassus. 


2057 
1305 
4509 
4920 


Without  success-Goldsmith.      2030 
See  GENIUS,  MIND  and  POWER  in  loc. 

ABNBOATION. 

Self-a.  of  M.  Luther.  ♦S 

See  SELF-ABNEGATION  in  loc. 

absence;. 

Condemned-George  n.  *9 

Reasonable  a. -Halifax.  ♦lO 


Beneficial  a.-Cortez.  78 

Evasion  by  a.-Cicero,  2056 

Mysterious  a.-Cleomedes.        ^1530 

ABSOLUTION. 

in  Advance  by  Pope  Julius  II.  ♦  1 1 

Costly  a.  of  Palaeologus.  *12 

Desired  in  death  by  Charles  II.  ♦IS 


Cross-reference. 
Penance  for  pope's  a.  2889 

See  ACQUITTAL. 

Joy  at  a.  of  7  Bps.-Popular.       3031 

See  PARDON  in  loc. 

ABSTINENCE. 

Certainty  by  a.-S.  Johnson.  ^14 
Limit  of  a.  in  fasting.  ♦is 

Prudential  a.  by  experience.  ♦16 
Twofold  a.-Wine  by  confessor.  ♦I? 
Unoonsc's  a.  from  food-Shelley.^18 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

In  Distress  of  mind.  3063 

"  Excitement-Gamblers'.  6146 

"  Grief-Wife  of  James  II.  6068 

Necessary  a.-"  One  glass."  2955 

Nobility  in  a.-Alex.  5095 

Self -Conquest  by  a.-Mahomet.  5077 

See  HUNGER. 

Address  to  h.  difficult.  2014 

Desperation  of  h.-Cannibals.  706 


756 


ABSTRACTION— ACTIONS. 


Perishing  from  h.-Siege.  1502 

Pressure  of  h.-Sailors.  1393 

Subjugated  by  h.-Pride.  4455 

See  FAST,  FAMINE  and  TEMPER- 
ANCE in  loo. 

ABSTRACTION. 

Art  of  a.-"  Waistcoat  button."  *19 

Blunders  by  a.-Newton.  *20 

Dangerous  a. -Archimedes.  *21 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Absence  of  mind-Goldsmith. 
Aroused  from  a.-Johnson. 
Philosopher's  a.-Archimedes. 
Youthful  a.  by  study-Newton. 
"        Study  of-Pascal. 


2310 
1905 
2100 
2324 


ABSURDITT. 

Governmental  a.- L's  model.       2436 


ABUSE. 

Absence  of  a.-Savage's. 
Personal  a.  of  Milton. 
Slanderous  a.-Napoleon  I. 
Success  by  a.-PoUtical. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
T«.  Arguments-Johnson, 
of  the  Blind-Milton. 
'•  Countrymen-London. 
Exposure  to  a.-Appius. 
of  Good  principles. 
Growth  of  a.-Star-Chamber. 
Judicial  a.-Jeffreys. 
Political  a.  for  effect. 
Reformation  of  a. -Hopeless. 
Self-applied  a.  in  Preaching. 
T».  Use-Money. 

See  INHUMANITY. 
Commercial  i.-01d  slaves, 
of  Man  to  man-Eng. 

"  "       -Spain. 

Professional  I.-Jeffreys. 
Revenge  for  i.-Pestilence. 


Age  of  i.  to  criminals. 
Avarice  causes  l.-15th  Cent, 
to  Beggars-Punishment. 
"  Children-Jeffrey's  court. 
Christian  1.  to  pagans, 
of  Commerce-Famine. 
"  "        -Slave-trade. 

Excused-Public  safety, 
of  Government-Bateman. 
to  Indians-Explorers, 
of  Persecutors-Covenanters, 
to  Prisoners- London. 

_"  The  Fleet." 
"         "        -England. 
Religious  i.  of  persecutors, 
of  Superstition-Lepers  burned, 

-Sylla. 
In  War-Romans. 

See  INSULT. 
more  than  Injury-Arabs, 
to  Jealousy-Flogging. 
lAst  l.-Crusaders. 
Political  i.-Wm  Pitt. 
Rebellion  from  i.-Perslans. 
Remembrance  of  i.-Cyrus. 
Stinging  i.-Col.  Tarleton. 


*22 
*23 
♦24 
*26 


2904 
23 
1231 
1855 
1121 
1255 
1842 
4283 
4253 
1234 
5755 

*2859 
*2860 
*2861 
♦2868 
♦2863 

2656 

426 

2703 

803 

1050 

2002 

1116 

5003 

540 

908 

656 

4467 

4469 

5183 

2557 

4418 

5452 

591£ 

♦2896 
♦2897 
♦2898 
♦2899 
♦2900 
♦2901 
♦2902 


Unconscious  l.-James  II. 


Abusive  i.-Ambassadors. 
Added  to  injury-Barbarians, 
of  Arrogance-Attila-Romans. 

Fancied  i. -Xerxes. 
Humiliation  for  i.-Pope. 
Oversensitive  to  i.-Tyrant. 
Resented  by  Bismarck. 
Stinging  i.-Woman's. 
Unresented-Fear-Alexius. 

See  INSULTS. 
Argument  by  i. -Johnson, 
with  Misfortune-James  n. 


Authorized  for  cowards. 
Cruelty  provoked  by  i.-Ind's. 
Public  i.-Cromwell  to  Pari. 
Reparation  for  i.,  cheap. 
Women's  i.  to  cowards. 

See  OUTRAGE. 
Horrible  o.  of  Albion. 
Reaction  of  o.-Joan  of  Arc. 
Resented  by  parent. 


♦2903 

4444 

250 

321 

322 

320 

249 

2527 

8359 

3489 

757 

♦3904 
♦3905 

1280 
2074 
410 
2868 
6128 

♦3971 
♦3972 
♦3973 


Shameful  o. -Columbus.  1648 

See  CRUELTY  and  WRONGS  in  loc. 

ACCESS. 
Humble  a.  to  Diocletian.  ^26 


Cross-reference. 
by  Charity-Howard  to  prisons. 


513 


ACCIDENT. 

Destiny  by  a.-"  Box  on  the  ear."  ^27 
Distress  by  a.-H.  II. -lance  in  eye.^28 
Revolution  by-"  Sicilian  V'p's."  *29 
Saved  by  a.-T.  Paine  from  G.  ♦SO 
Significant  a. -Duke  Wm.,  error.  *31 
Utilized-Soalding  broth.  ^32 

"      -Duke  Wm.  slipped.         ^33 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
of  Birth-Napoleon.  592 

Destiny  by  a.-Bajazet-Gout.  611 
Discovery  of  gravitation  by  a.  2295 
Happy  a.-Finding  seal  of  G.  B.  5788 
Invention  by  a.-Spinning.  2968 

Life  directed  by  a.-Demost's.  3949 
Ominous  a.-Premonition.  4419 

Outrage  for  a. -Mussulman.       1916 
Profession  chosen  by  a.-Caesar.  4484 
See  COINCIDENCE  in  loo. 

ACCIDENTS. 

Concurrence  of  a.-Adversity  by.3860 

ACCIiAMATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Election  by  a.-Spartans.  1847 

Stunning  a.-crov-dead.  1849 

ACCOUNTS. 

Cross-reference. 
c/arefully  kept  a.-Wesley.  549 

ACCUSATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Deception-Maximus  PabiuB.  701 
Malicious  a.-C.  Wesley- V.  702 

"  -Alex.  1048 

a  Pretext-Plundering  the  Jews.  710 
• '  Pretext  for  violence-R.  III.       242 


ACCUSER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Accused-Buccaneer  Nutt.  2434 

Blemish  of  a.-James  II.  1119 

Concealed  from  accused.  2877 

Conscience  an  a. -Abbott.  1080 

See  BLAME  in  loc. 

ACKNO\¥I.EDGinB:NT. 

Slender  a.  to  John  Adams.  ♦351 

ACQUAINTANCE. 

Brief  a.-Deceived  by.  ♦SfJ 

Unwelcome  a.-Johnson's.  *S7 

See  ASSOCIATES. 
Dangerous  a.-J.  Howard's  son.  *378 
Impure  a.-J.  Newton.  *379 

Influence  of  a.  on  Peter  the  G.  ♦380 


Burial  of  living  a.-Barb'ns. 
Dangerous  a. -Queen  of  Scots. 
Despicable  a.-James  II. 
Selection  of  a.-Johnson. 
Uncontaminated  by  evil  a. 
See  ASSOCIATION. 
Beneficial  a.-M.  Aurelius. 
Guild  of  a.-Eng.  a.d.  1214. 


Changed  by  a.-Greeks. 
Contaminated  by  prison  a. 
Controlled  by  a.-A.  Pope. 
Dangerous  a.  with  Theodora. 
Destructive-"Artemu8  Ward.' 
Religious  a.  prized. 
Repelled  by  a.-J.  Milton. 
Ruinous  a.-Gamblers'. 

"       to  Nero. 
Unity  by  a.-Crom.  and  Fox. 
See  ASSOCIATIONS. 
Protective  a.-Anglo- Saxon. 


Contaminating  a. -Luther. 
Dangers  from  a.-Gov't. 
Effect  of  early  a. -Nap. 
Horrifying  a.-London  Tower. 
Unimproved  by  good  a. 

See  FRIENDS  in  loc. 

ACQUITTAIi. 

See  cross-reference. 
Joyful  a.  of  7  Bishops. 

See  FORGIVENESS  in  loc. 

ACROSTIC. 

Political  a.-Cabal. 


Cross-reference. 
Mysterious  religions  a.-Sibyl. 

ACTION. 

Decisive  a.  of  Col.  Gordon. 


684 
1171 
6177 
115r 
503& 

♦38^ 

♦381 

1865. 
5804 
223» 
453* 
3283 
2603. 
2701 
2273 
2819 
5749 

♦383- 


40S 
509 
745 
904 


S031 


♦38 


4524 


♦40 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ill-timed  a.-Louis  XVI.  3044 

Ready  for  a.-Minute  men.  5881 

Signal  for  a.-Alex.  ♦513* 

ACTIONS. 

Speak-War-Hurling  the  spear.   ^41 
"     -Tarquin  cutting-tallest  p.^42^ 
See  CONDUCT. 
Absurd  c.-8.  Johnson.  ♦lOSe 

Contradictory  c.-Steele.  ♦1037 

Dissolute  0.  a  sign.  ♦1038. 


ACTIVITY— ADVENTURESS. 


757 


Scandalous  c.  in  high  life.        *1039 


Authority  to  regulate  c.  746 

Character  evinced  by  c.  1326 

Changed  by  conversion.  1109 

Condemned  by  c.-A.  Herbert.  1119 

Contemptible  c.-Commodus.  1591 

Contradictory  c. -James  II.  1094 

Controlled  by  Wm.  of  Orange.  121 

Inconsistent  c.-James  II.  5733 

Propriety  in  ministerial  c.  1484 
Surprising  c.-Mary  P.  of  Orange.788 
See  MANNERS  in  loo. 

ACTIVITY. 

Military  a.-Romans.  ♦SO 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Determined-"  Close  action."     1904 
•Success  by  unexpected  a.  1491 

See  EARNESTNESS  in  loo. 

ACTORS. 

and  Actresses-Origin  of.  *48 

Dishonored  by  Roman  law.  *44 

Respect  for  a.  by  S.  Johnson.  *45 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Infamous  a.-Success  of  Roman.  S20 
Punished  at  whipping-posts  by  P.228 

See  GESTICULATION. 

•Oratorical  g.  opposed.  1854 

Specialty  in  g.-Actors.  8352 

See  THEATRE  in  loc. 

ADDRESS. 

Spectacular  a.  of  Antony.  *46 

Successful  a.  of  Edward  VI.  ^47 

Theatrical  a.  ridiculed  by  J.  *48 

■Tricksters  a.  defeated-Burke.  *49 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Distinguished  by  a. -Diplomacy.  1594 

JUdlculed,  First  a.-Dems.  2021 

See  SPEECH  in  loc. 

ADJOURNMENT. 

Forced  a.  of  Pari,  by  Crom.         410 

ADMINISTRATION. 

Responsibility  of  a.-Cabinet.  *50 

Unfortunate  a.  of  Van  Buren.  *51 

United  a.  of  A.  Lincoln.  *52 


Cross- reference. 

ReTolutlonlzed  by  Cromwell.      410 

See  GOVERNMENT  in  loc. 

ADMIRATION. 

Changed  by  observation-L.'s.  *53 
Objectionable  a.-Goldsraith  byl.*54 
Supreme-Col.  Cropper  forG.  W.  *55 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Architectural  a.  of  Colosseum.    291 

of  Manliness-Pompey.  3819 

-Louis  IX.  3821 

Strange  a.  for  Napoleon  I.         2833 

Unappreciated  a.  of  masses-N.  872 

See  ADULATION,  PRAISE.and 

VANITY  in  loc. 

ADMONITION. 

-Dlsregarded-Gen.  Braddock.      *56 

See  REPROOF. 
Jleekness  in  r.-Dr.  Taylor.       '4779 


Undeserved  r.-Dr.  Arnold. 
Undisturbed  by  r.-Q.  Wash. 


*4780 
*4781 


Death  by  r.-Tetzel's.  1888 

Desired-Good  Emp.  Julian.       5296 

Sagacious  r.-Wife's.  4881 

See  CAUTION  and  WARNINO 

in  loc. 

ADOPTION. 

of  Captives  among  Indians.        *57 
by  the  State  of  soldiers'  orphans.*58 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Annulled  by  Gabriel-M.'s  son.       63 
Pitiful  a.-Foundling.  781 

Substitutes  in  families  by  a.       3074 

ADORATION. 

Human  a.-Greek  Emperor's.       •sg 


26 


Cross-reference. 
Human  a.  of  Diocletian. 

See  WORSHIP  in  loc 

ADUIiATION. 

Official  a.  of  Chas.  I.  by  Finch.    *60 
Rebuked  of  James  I.-s.  m.  *61 

Ridiculous  a.  of  H.  Vlll.-r.  b.  g.  •62 


See  cross-reference. 
forMoney.-Dedication  of  books.  498 

See  FLATTERY. 

Artful  f.-Captlve  Zenobla.  ♦2152 

False  f.  of  Henry  VIII.  *2153 

Fulsome  f.  of  James  I.  *2144 

Irritating  f .  of  Fred,  the  Q.  *2155 

Resented  by  Alexander.  ♦2156 

Rewarded,  Excessive  f.  ^2157 


Deception  by  f.-Rochester.  1471 

Develops  servitude-Romans.  305 

Embarrassment  by  f .-Caesar.  2657 

for  Favor- Voltaire.  2825 

Fulsome  f .  of  Charles  I.  60 

Wealth  by  f.-Legacies.  5971 

of  Woman's  beauty-Elizabeth.  2684 

ADULTERER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Advances  of  a.-P.  of  M.  Stuart.3342 
Blot  of  a.-Mahomet.  3242 

Confirmed  a.-James  II.  6222 

Devices  of  a.-Emp.  Valentinian.2276 
Merciless  punishment  of  a.  3063 
Papal  a.-John  XII.  4305 

Reparation  by  marriage.  3458 

Royal-Edward  IV.-Wives  of  L.  47 
Self-confessed  a.-False.  5177 

Wife  wronged  by  husband.        6068 

ADULTERESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Approved  by  husband.  4490 

Arts  of  the  a.-J.  C.  Sedley.  5054 

Bondage  to  a.-James  II.  5054 

Distinguished  a.-Pompadour.  3247 

Influential  a.-Aspasia.  1256 

Patriotic  a.-Fulvia.  6097 

Respected  a.-Aspasia.  6084 

by  Restralnts-Honoria.  3436 
Self-confessed  a.-Queen  of  Sp.  5125 

Strange  charm  of  a.-Sedley.  2842 

Successful  a.-Antonina.  4858 


Victim  of  a. -.lames  II. 

See  CONCUBINES. 
Passion  for  o.-Elagabalus. 
Power  of  Persian  c. 


6085 


960 
959 


ADULTERY. 

Excused  by  Gabriel-Mahomet's.  *63 
Punishment  for  a.-Exiled  by  J.  *64 
Shameless  by  nobility-15th  Cent.^65 
Vengeance  for  a.-Pope  Jno.  XII.  ♦ee 
Victim  of  a.-Peredu8.  *67 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Common  a.-Roman.  1295 

Confessed  for  divorce.  2188 

Diverted  evidence  of  a.  1949 

Emasculation  or  death  for  a.  3160 
Evidence  of  a.-DifQcult.  1931 

in  High  life-Charles  II.  3470 

Oppressive  a.-Tyrant  Gildo.  5745 
Prerogative  in  a.-Mahomet.  4210 
Shameless  a.-Common-Europe.8243 

See  RAPE. 
Attempted  r.-Joan  of  Arc.       ♦4616 


by  Stratagem- Valentlnian.        2276 
Vengeance  for  r.-Oath.  5786 

Victim  of  r.  by  soldiers.  6113 

War  caused  by  r.  5910 

See  LICENTIOUSNESS  in  loc. 


ADVANCE. 

by  Battle-Scott  In  Mexico. 
Heroic  a.-Fontenoy. 
Opportunity  for  an  a. 
or  Suffer-Qettysburg. 


Success  by  aggression. 

See  PROGRESS  in  loc. 


♦68 
♦69 
♦70 
♦71 

471 


ADVENT. 

Seasonable-Needed-Ready.  ^72 

ADVENTURE. 

Courageous  a.-Lieut.  Cushlng.  ^73 

Daring  a.-Napoleon.  I.  *74 

Passion  for  a.-Conquest.  ^75 
Primitive  a.-Geo. Washington's.  ^76 

Spirit  of  a.-Wm .  Parry.  ^77 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Love  of  a.-Young  Lincoln.         3272 

Youthful  a.-Romantlc-Cortez.  3353 

See  PERIL  in  loc. 

ADVENTURER. 

Bom  a.-Hemando  Cortez.  *''8 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Dream  of  an  a.-Count  de  B.         188 
Honored-Geo.  Villlers  by  Jas.  I.  494 
"        -Disgraceful  a.  2416 

ADVENTURERS. 

Dlsappolnted-Theodoric  and  G.  ^79 
Numerous  with  Capt.  J.  Smith.    *80 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Remarkable  a.-De  Soto's  exp'n.l986 

Successful  a.-Three  men.  1076 

See  EXPLORERS  in  loo. 

ADVENTURESS. 

Remarkable  a.-Pope  Joan.         6089 

Successful  a.-Lady  Reves.         1171 

Sse  COURTESAN  in  loc. 


758 


ADVERSITY— AFFECTIONS. 


ADVERSITY. 

Eminence  by  a. -A.  Lincoln.  *83 
Instructed  by  a.-Fred.  the  G.  *84 
Lessons  of  a.  for  the  Romans.  *85 
Manhood  of  Sir  H.  Davy  by  a.  *86 
National  a.-Reign  of  Edward  HI.  *87 
Overruled  for  Eli  Whitney.  *88 

Precedes  success-Timour  the  T.  *89 
Struggle  with  a.  by  "an  old  s."  *90 
Tonic  of  a. -Sir  Walter  Scott.  *91 
Unaffected  by  a.-Sir  W.  Scott.    *92 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Accidents  bring  a.-Concurrent.  3860 
by  Ambition-Goths  invade  T.       79 
Beneficial-Cholera  in  Eng.  2528 

-P.  Cooper.  1785 

Blessing  in  Disguise- Am.  Rev.     602 
Courage  in  a. -Woman's.  6057 

Disguised  blessing  in  a.  4334 

Disposition  changed  by  a.  1670 

Greatness  of  mind  in  a.  6072 

Humiliating  a.-Beggar's.  2210 

Lesson  of  a.-Dionysius.  4889 

Manifold-Emp.  Adronicus  d.         17 
Manliness  in  a.  3820 

Noble  bearing  in  a.-Romulus.  3818 
"         "  "  -Sthennis.    3819 
"  "         "  "  -Louis  IX.    3821 

Overwhelming  a.-Nicetas.  2211 

Period  of  a.-Washington.  2308 

Refuge  in  prayer- Washington.  4382 
"       "       "     -A.Johnson.    4387 
Regrets  in  a.-Wolsey.  4644 

Resignation  in  a.  4811 

Silence  in  a.-Pompey.  5147 

Struggle  with-G.  Washington.  1788 
Suicide  in  a.-Napoleon  I.  5420 

Unmitigated  a.-Beggar.  2212 

Weakness  in  a.-Cicero.  4370 

Worship  in  a.-Cheerful.  6160 

ADVERSITIES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Multiplied  a.-Irish  people.         3944 

"  '*  -J.  Bunyan's.         5706 

Resignation  to  a.  4810 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

See  CALAMITY. 

Blessing  concealed  in  c.  289 

of  War-Jerusalem-Chosroes.       324 

See  CALAMITIES. 
Combined-Fire  and  pestilence.  *693 
Desired  by  pagans-on  enemies.  *694 
Effect  of  c.-Eng.  nation.  *695 

See  MISFORTUNE. 
Born  to  m.-Charles.  I.  *3628 

Cruelty  with  m.-Am.  Inds.  *3629 
Fellowship  in  m.-L.Bon'p'rte.  *3630 
Overruled-O.  Gtoldsmith.  ♦3631 


Business  m.  overruled.  2969 
Comfort  in  m.-Mahomet  lives.  1568 

Exasperation  in  m.  feared.  1267 

Greatness  in  m.-Cornelia.  6072 

Heedlessness  brings  m.  2546 

Insulted  in  m.-James  II.  2905 

Interpreted  by  conscience.  1100 

Mitigated  by  courtesy.  1260 

Multiplied-Melancholy  by.  8559 

National  m. -Armada  fails.  2028 


Reversed  by  tact-Slave.  32 

Solace  in  m.-Music  a.  3748 

Wealth  by  others'  m.-Crassus.    683 
Also     see  AFFLICTION,    BEREAVE- 
MENT, DESPONDENCY,  SORROW" 
and  TROUBLE  in  loc. 

ADVERTISEMENT. 

Sanctimonious  a.of  serious  m.-8.*96 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Contemptuous-G.  II.  "  lost  or  s."   9 
by  Patron-Tailor.  5777 

Success  by  a. -John  Law.  2134 

ADVICE. 

Disdained-Braddocli's  defeat.  *97 
Ignored-Clarendon's,  by  J.  n.  *98 
Ill-timed  a.  to  A.  Lincoln.  ♦99 

Legacy  of  a.  by  Augustus  to  R.  *100 

See  COUNSEL. 
of  the  Dying-Louis  XIV.  *1219 

Inopportune  c.-Deputles'.  *1220 
Safety  in  c.-Battle.  *1221 


Discarded  rashly-Chas.  XII.  1239 

Honest  c.  punished.  2609 

See  COUNSELLOR. 

Evil  c.-"  Evil  angel. "  *1222 

See  COUNSELLORS. 

Dangerous  c.  of  James  II.  *1223 

Whimsical  c.-"WIse  woman."  *1224 


Obstructive  c.-Scots.  975 

Various  c.  to  Washington.         1926 
Volunteer-Too  many  Generals.  2284 

See  WARNING, 
of  Danger-Richard  I.  +5947 

Ineffective  w.-Caesar.  *5948 


Accepted-Girl's,  by  Lincoln.  6102 

Admonition  disregarded.  *56 
Disregarded  by  Nero's  mother.  196 

Disdained-A  woman's  w.  6110 

Effective  w.  to  officials.  3036 

Felons  w.  to  manufacturers.  512 

Interference  of  novice.  3546 

Neglected-DIversIon-Csesar.  1689 

Timely  w.-Wash.  by  woman.  4079 

Unexpected  w.-Scripture.  4901 

Unmoved  by  w.-Alex.  1048 

ADVOCATE. 

Personal  not  proxy.  *ioi 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Destitute  of  a.-H.  Vane.  3379 

Generous  a.-Aristldes.  3055 

See  INTERCESSION, 

of  Innooents-Timour  rejects.  1337 

Life  saved  by  i.-Deserters.  536 

Woman's  i.-Queen  Philippa.  4639 

.aESTHETICISM. 

Brutality  of  R,  in  exhibitions.  *102 
Realistic ae."  "  "  "  *103 


See  cross-reference. 
Contempt  of  ae.-Greeks  c.  by  R.  776 

AFFABILITY. 

Cross-reference. 
Falsehood  In  a.-Charles  II.        1678 
See  AMIABILITY  and  COUR- 
TESY in  loc. 


AFFECTATION. 

See  cross-reference. 
Ridiculed  by  Thackeray.  I50fr 

AFFECTION. 

Conjugal  of  Joseph,  for  Nap.    *104. 

"         "  Andrew  Jackson.  *105 

Destitute  of  a.-Pulk  the  Black  *10e 

Display  in  pub.  of  a.  by  a  kiss.  *107 

Enduring  a.  of  I.  Newton.         *108 

Pickle  a.  of  Countess  of  C.  *109 

Filial  a.  of  William  Cowper.       *iio 

"     "    "  W.  Scott.  *lii 

"     "   "  Caius  Marclus.  *112 

"     "    "  SartoriustheR.  Gen.*113 

"     "    "  Alexander.    774  and  *114 

"     "    "  prisoner.  *115- 

of  Friendship-Lincoln's.  *116 

Impartial-Mr.  Dustln.  *117 

Maternal  a.  outraged  by  I.         *118 

Parental  a.  of  S.  Wesley.  *119 

"  "  L.  Stafford  at  t.    *120 

Strong  a.  of  Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  *121 

Zeal  of  a.-John  Howard.  *122 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Angered  by  a.-Blaise  Pascal.       791 
Appreciated-Cato's  wife  and  t.  107 
Based  on  character.  2687 

Candidate's  a.  for  electors.  5858 
Comfort  In  a.-Martyr.  3403 

Country  vs.  son-Spartan  a.  3724 
Disappointed  parental  a.-H.  II.  4005 
Family  vs.  religious  a.  4184 

Force  of  a.-Son  of  Croesus.  5295 
Gifts  of  school-girls  to  Nap.  2358 
Grief  of  a.-Webster's  b.  561 

"    "  "  -Separation  from  N.    715 
Hatred  returned  for  a.  2883 

Imperishable  a.  for  the  dead.  560 
Misunderstood  a.-James  II.  2903 
Money  a  proof  of  a.  3651 

Monument  of  husband's  a.  6061 
Outraged-Persecutors.  1859 

"        -Executorof  friends.  1364 
Paternal  a.-O.  Cromwell.  995 

without  Pity-Roman.  1355 

Self-sacrificing  a.-Soldler's.  1572^ 
Subdued-Parental.  1350 

Surrendered  to  justice.  3063 

Tested-Parental-Maurlce.  1348 

Tortured  by  murderers.  1348 

Trial  of  a.-Bereavement.  4811 

Wealth  of  a.-Johnson.  4347 

AFFECTIONS. 

Blighted  a.  of  Swedenborg.       *123 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Blighted  a.  of  Isaac  Newton.       108 

"      -Miss  Perronet.  2534 

Nourished  by  mementoes-Scott.  Ill 

Struggle  of  a.-Chas.  I.-S.  or  f.     822 

See  FRIEND. 
Chosen  f  .-Alexander's.  *2220 

or  Foe-Agesllaus.  *2221 

Obsequious  f. -Caesars.  *222^ 

In  SIckness-P.  of  Orange.  *2223 
Sordid  f.-Goldsmith's.  *2224 

Welcome  f.-Lafayette.  *2225 

Wounded  f.-"  Stonewall  J."    *222e 


Bereaved  of  f  .-Alexander.         14Slt 


AFFINITY— AGITATION. 

75» 

Burdensome  f.-Drlnking. 

2915 

Active  l.-Christian. 

♦3337 

Memories  in  a.-Cato. 

♦128 

Changed  to  foe-Henry  VIII. 

2033 

Battle  of  l.-Lovers. 

♦3338 

Objections  to  a.-Ofifice. 

♦12» 

Helpful  f.  of  Demosthenes. 

5408 

Changed  by  1. -Another  body. 

♦3339 

Protected  by  a.-Solon. 

♦141 

"in  adversity. 

5420 

Conjugal  l.-Napoleon  I. 

♦3340 

Remarkable  a.-13th  Cent. 

♦142 

Irritating-Fred.  II.- Voltaire. 

2155 

Disappointment  in  l.-K. 

♦3341 

"          "  of  Reformation 

♦143 

Neglected-Anaxagoras. 

4778 

Infatuation  of  l.-M.  Stuart. 

♦3342 

Satisfactory  if  deeds  are. 

♦144 

Polluting  f.  rejected. 
Ruinous  f. -Ferguson. 

1472 

Juvenile  l.-Napoleon  I. 
a  Necessity-Cannoneers. 

♦3343 
♦3344 

1222 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

In  Sickness-S.  Johnson. 

5129 

Passionate  1.  of  Shelley. 

♦3345 

Advanced  by  grief- A.  Jacksor 

.  105 

Treacherous  f  .-Francis  Bacon.  2857 

vs.  Prudence-Agesilaus. 

♦3346 

Affects  character-Spirit  of  a. 

608 

See  FRIENDS. 

Religion  of  l.-Napoleon  I. 

♦3347 

Characteristics  of  each  a. 

339 

In  Battle-Locked  shields. 

♦2227 

Romantic  L-Qeoffrey  Rudel. 

♦3348 

of  Corruption-Wm.  III. 

666 

Complemental  f.-Ladies. 

•2228 

"        "  -S.  Johnson. 

♦3349 

"  Effeminacy-English. 

3784 

Discouraging  f.-Luther's. 

*2229 

"        "  -Shelley. 

♦3350 

Fault  of  the  a.-Drake.           768,  902 

Faults  of  f.-Nap.  I. 

*2230 

Shadow  of  1.-W.  Irving. 

♦3351 

of  Genius-Athenian. 

2296 

Unlike-Halifax-Bumet. 

*2231 

Supremacy  of  1. -Domestic. 

♦3353 

"  Genius-Leo  X. 
"  Glory-Saracens. 
"  Marvels-Theseus. 

2297 
3782 
3511 

Abuse  of  f.  by  jokes. 

3025 

vs.  Ambition-Napoleon-Jos. 

104 

Dangerous  f.-Assassinators. 

165 

"        "                 "          " 

1699 

"  Progress-A.D.  1485-1514. 

912' 

Dead  f .-Recognition  of. 

1398 

Controlled  by  1. -Marlborough 

.  6052 

Memorable  a.-Edward  III. 

2364 

Desertion  of  f.-Wash. 

2308 

Fictitious  1.  of  Queen  Anne. 

558 

Mistaken  for  the  G.  A.-Colonlsts.  36 

Destitute  of  f. -Emperor- 

3672 

First  1.  of  R.  Burns. 

4219 

Spirit  of  the  a.  personified-C. 

575 

Enemies  changed  to  f. 

2833 

at  First  sight-Garibaldi. 

3480 

The  Golden  a.-Fabulous-Eng. 

2166 

Forsaken  by  f.-Caasar. 

371 

Gratitude  begets  l.-Howard. 

3445 

Unimportant-Heirs. 

4459 

Impatience  divides  f. 

2748 

Inspires  endeavor-Bums. 

4219 

Want  of  a.-Early  death  of  R. 

346 

in  Misfortune-Diverse  f . 

93 

Lawless  l.-Contagious  ex.  of 

2240 

OLD  AGE. 

Partiality  to  f .-Judge. 

3069 

Magnanimity  of  1  -Josephine. 

2201 

Crltlcised-S.  Johnson. 

♦130 

"  "-Ruler. 

3070 

Mission  of  l.-Pardon. 

3998 

Excitement  in-Pres.  Harrison 

♦131 

Ruinous-Mutually. 

2870 

Respected-Humble  life-Nap. 

187 

Health  In  o.  a.-S.  Johnson. 

♦132 

Sacrificed  to  ambition. 

192 

Sacrifices  of  l.-Wentworth. 

2516 

Labor  in  o.  a.-M.  Luther. 

♦1.3a 

See  FRIENDSHIP. 

Survives  abuse-Mrs.  Byron. 

3465 

"     -SirWm.Herschel.^134 

Applauded-Nap.-Alex. 

♦2232 

Transient  1. -Sudden-Crockett 

.  3438 

Literature  In  o.  a.-J.  Milton. 

♦135 

Commanding  f.-K.  of  Hearts. 

♦2233 

Universal  l.-Ams.  excepted. 

215 

Success  in  o.  a.-Csesar. 

♦136 

Complemental  f.-Wm.  III.-B 

♦2234 

Unreciprocated-Swedenborg. 

123 

Vigor  In  o.  a.-Masinissa. 

♦137 

Confidential  f.-Wm.  III.-B. 

*2235 

See  LOVER. 

"         "     -J.  Wesley. 

♦138 

Confirmed  by  money. 

♦2236 

Fallen  l.-H.  Cortez. 

♦3353 

"         "     -Cato  the  Censor 

♦13» 

by  Contrast-Fred.-D'Argens. 
Controlling  f.-Alex.  Pope. 

♦2237 

Fickle  l.-R.  Burns. 
Youthful  l.-Lord  Bjrron. 

♦3354 
♦3355 

"         "     -Palmerston. 

♦14a 

♦2238 

Inseparable-Hubert  for  Nap. 

♦2239 

Abandoned  in  o.  a.-Tartars. 

3294 

Perilous  to  R.  Burns. 

♦2240 

Artful  l.-Cleopatra. 

6136 

"              "    -Am.  Indians.3629 

Repaired-S.  Johnson. 

♦2241 

Blind  1.  of  C.  Sedley. 

2842 

Abused  in  o.  a.-Creditor. 

1855 

School-boys'  f .-Lord  Byron. 

♦2242 

Blinded  l.-Marcus. 

1675 

Affection  in  o.  a.  Filial-Cowper.  110' 

Treacherous  f .  of  James  I. 

♦2243 

Ensnared -Antony  by  C 

6136 

Avarice  In  o.  a.-Cato. 

432 

Fascinated-Wm.  the  Conq. 
"         -R.  Bums. 

2583 

Benevolence  in  o.  a.-Wesley. 

.•549 

Affecting  f .-Linooln-Stanton. 

116 

4219 

Brilliant  record  in  o.  a.-Adams.204& 

Affectionate- Wash. 's  farewell.  2099 

Female  l.-Mahomet's. 

3472 

Consideration  for  enemies'  o.  a.l712 

Apparent  f.-False-Romans. 

2643 

"        "-Honoria. 

3476 

Courage  In  o.  a.-Bp.  Latimer. 

1233 

Communion  necessary. 

2957 

Preservation  of  l.-Ariadne. 

6051 

Enthusiasm  in  o.  a.-T.  Coke. 

3644 

by  Common  purpose. 

3216 

Royal  1.  of  Lucy  Waters. 

3470 

Folly  in  o.  a. -Lovers-Elizabeth. 2684 

Complemental  f. -Diocletian. 

2402 

Unsuccessful  l.-I.  Newton. 

5992 

Fortitude  In  o.  a. -Puritan. 

1250' 

"            "  -Cowper. 

4834 

Visits  of  1. -Dangerous. 

6049 

Fortune  forsakes  o.  a.-Chas.  V.2208 

Disagreeable  f.-Coward. 

1267 

See  LOVERS. 

"             "       "  -Louis  XIV.2209 

Disgraceful  f .-Pompadour. 

3712 

Rival  1. -Jefferson-others. 

♦3356 

Genius  In  o.  a.-Cowper. 

2300 

Disreputable  f.-Hannibal. 

701 

Libertine  in  o.  a.-Louis  XV. 

3210 

Distrusted-Cleopatra's  f. 

4515 

Religious  l.-Sensual-Eng. 

3335 

Life  destroyed  in  o.  a. 

5956 

Forgotten-B.  Arnold. 

2644 

Restrained-Church  service. 

853 

Love  of  life  in  o.  a. 

1408 

Hypocrisy  in  f .-Orleans  and  B 

.  2695 

Melancholy  In  o.a.-Q.ElIzabeth.3567 

Incorruptible  f.-Indian. 

4361 

AFFINITY. 

Mental  activity  in  o.  a. 

1010' 

Needed-E.  A.  Poe. 

5032 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Quietude  necessary  in.  o.  a. 

8451 

Perilous  f .  for  Geta. 

1096 

by  Contrast- Anne-Churchill. 

2228 

Reproof  of  o.  a.-Valuable-D. 

2021 

"       "-Turks. 

173 

"      -Burnet-Halifax. 

2231 

Strength  in- Wesley's  sermon. 

5854 

Proof  of  f .  in  exile  with  Nap. 

715 

"  Complement- Wm.  of  0. 

2234 

Vanity  in  o.  a.-Constantine. 

5772- 

beyond  Suspicion. 

3381 

See  FRIENDS  in  loc. 

"     -Q.  Elizabeth. 

6775- 

Traitors  to  f  .-Conspirators. 

371 

AFFIilOTION. 

AOED. 

Treacherous  f.-Dick  Talbot. 

3202 

See  SICKNESS  in  loc. 

Blessing  of  the  a.-Pope-J.  H. 

♦145" 

"           "of  savages. 

3518 

See  LONGEVITY  and  TIME  in 

loc. 

Tribute  of  f.-Melanchthon's. 

5709 

AGF. 

Unworthy  of  f  .-Epicure. 

268 

Depraved  at  introd.  of  C. 

♦124 

AOFNT. 

See  LOVE. 

of  Greatness-National-Arabs. 

♦125 

Ignored-Clarendon,  by  James  II.  9S: 

Abode  of  L-"  Agapemone." 

♦3335 

Improved-The  evils  are  old. 

♦126 

AGITATION. 

Accidental  l.-W.  Scott's. 

♦3336 

Men  for  the  a.-Cromwell. 

♦127 

Perils  of  a.-Reformation. 

♦145 

T60 


AGONY— ALLY. 


Perseverance  In  a.-Anti-Slav.    *147 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Clairvoyant  a.-Swedenborg.  914 
915 
Embarrassment-J.  A.  b,  G.  in.  274 
Needless  a.-London  panic.  3983 
Patriotism  inflamed  by  a.  3525 

"         aroused  by  a.  4071 

Political  a.-England.  4242 

"  "  opposed-Whigs.  4912 
Power  of  a. -Peter  the  Hermit.  1376 
Unseasonable  a.-Cato.  1899 

See  ALARM  and  EXCITEMENT 
in  loc. 

AGONT. 

•Crucifixion  a.-"  Highest  Illus."  *148 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Delight  in  gladiators'  a.  102 

Indifference  to  a. -Inhuman.       1362 
Pleasure  in  a.  of  dying.  1368 

Mental  a.-Josephine's  divorce.  1699 
Moclied-Martyrs.  1358 

See  SUFFERING  in  loc. 


AGRARIANISM. 

Difficulties  of  a.-Roman. 

See  COMMUNISM  in  loc. 


*149 


AOREEMENT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Torced  a.  a  failure.  123 

Necessary  in  denunciation.  1653 

Policy  in  a  -Cicero-Pompey.  3918 

See  CONCILIATION. 

l)y  Favors- Anne  of  Austria.  *1030 

Policy  of  c.-Caesar's.  *1031 

TS.  Threatening-Caesar.  *1032 


One-sided  c.-Lord  Howe. 
"       "      "-Gen.  Patterson. 
See  COMPROMISE. 
Failure  of  c.-Mlssouri. 
Qualifications  for  c.-T.  C. 
Rejected  by  Aristides  the  Just. 
Settlement  by  c.-Slavery. 
on  Slavery-Federal  Gov't. 
•Temporizing  c.-Omnibus  bill. 


3995 


♦1017 
♦1018 
♦1019 
♦1020 
*1021 
*1022 


Failure  of  c.  with  James  II.  248 
Impossible-U.  S.  and  Prance.  5710 
In  Legislation-Congress.  3186 

of  Principle  justified.  3875 

Religious  c.  with  infirmity.  419 

"         "  by  offering  incense.  849 
"         "-Seeming  success.    3022 
See  CONCORD,  COVENANT,  RECON- 
CILIATION and  UNION  in  loc 

AGGRESSION. 

Cross-reference. 
Success  by  a.-H.  IV.-Agincourt.  471 

See  ADVANCE, 
by  Battle-Scott  in  Mexico.  *68 

Heroic  a.-Fontenoy.  *69 

Opportunity  for  a.  '70 

or  Suffer-Gettysburg.  *71 

AGRICULiTURE. 

Ancient  a.  of  the  Romans.  *151 

Anti-monopoly  in  a.-Romans.  *152 
Attractions  of  a  -Poet  Horace.  *153 
Dardens  of  a.for  g.-Artaxerxe8.*154 


Burdened  by  taxatlon.-France.*155 
Exalted.  "Nooc.  is  nearer  H."  *156 
Honored  by  Cincinnatus.  *157 

"  "  Edmund  Burke.  *158 
Pursuit  of  a.  by  noblest  Romans.  *159 
Religious  pursuit-Persians.  *160 
Scientific  pursuit-Reign  of  C.II.  *161 
Superiority  of  a.  by  freemen.  *162 
Unsuccessful  a.-14th  century.    ♦163 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Attraction  of  a.-W.  Scott.  1460 

Beauties  of  a.-Egypt.  2688 

Beginning  life  in  a.-Stevena.  3285 
Beneficent.-Vataces.  1766 

Benevolence  in  a.-Cimon.  B29 

Changes  by  a.-Physical.  3128 

Drainage  improves  a.-Eng.  1715 
Friendship  for  a-Washington.  1873 
vs.  Gold-seeliing.  2807 

Honors  in  a.-Anglo-Saxons.  720 
Impeded  by  misgovernment.  2453 
Imperfect  methods-Eng.  2175 

Improvements  opposed.  1129 

Improvement  in  a.-Germany.  1377 
Interest  in  a.-Wash'ton's  plan.  2976 
Rude  methods  in  a.-18th  cent.  455 
Soul  saved  by  a  -Persians.  6155 
See  FARM. 
Cross-reference. 
Famous  f .  of  Horace.  153 

See  FARMER. 
Unsuccessful  f.-I.  Newton.      *2100 
"  "  -Ed.  Burke.       ^2101 


Chosen  occupation-Grant.         5880 

Extensive  f.-Catacuzene.  5969 

Occupation  changed-Crom.       2327 

Son  of  a  f  .-Washington.  6053 

See  GARDEN. 

Cross-reference. 

Famous  g.-Waterloo.  1501 

See  GARDENING. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Contentment  in  g.-Emp.  1148 

Pleasure  in  g.-Cyrus.  5636 

See  FERTILITY. 

Cross-reference. 

Commended-"  Many  crabs."     3593 

See  HARVEST. 
Lost-Gold  filings  sown.  *2523 

See  HORTICULTURE. 
Pleasures  of  h.-Theodoric.       ♦2637 
"  "      -Napoleon.         ♦2638 


Climate  affects  h. 

See  HUSBANDRY. 
Changes  by  h.-Egypt. 


947 


♦2688 


AGRICULTURISTS. 

Cross-reference. 
Crippled  by  araputatlon-T.  164 

AliARM. 

Needless-Pertinax  made  emp.   ^165 
Religious  a.  of  Luther.  ^166 


Miscellaneous  cross-referenees. 
of  Conscience-B.  Abbott.  1109 

Messenger  of  a. -Paul  Revere.  5881 
Nations  in  a.  of  Napoleon.  4199 
Quieted  by  Scripture.  1087 

Religion  promoted  by-Luther.  5861 


Superstitious  a.-Europeans.  5499 

Unexpected  a. -Rome-Geese.  1961 

by  Vision-Brutus.  5846 

See  FEAR  in  loc 

AiiCHEinir. 

Cross-references. 
Books  of  a.  destroyed.  5976 

Student  of  a.-I.  Newton  811 

AlilENATION. 

C  ross-re  ference . 

by  Silence-William  and  Mary.    19B4 

See  SEPARATION  in  loc. 

ALIENS. 

Expulsion  of  a.-U.  S. 


►167 


1206 


Cross-reference. 
Rule  of  a.-Rome. 

See  FOREIGNER. 
Generous  f. -James  Smithson.    1812 
Insulting  Gov't.-Genet.  2429 

Odious  f.-Concini.  2526 

Prejudice  against  f. -Columbus. 2055 
"         in  reports  of  f.  2573 

See  FOREIGNERS. 
Antipathy  to  f. -Egyptians.       *2189 
Dishonored-Athens.  *2190 

Feared  at  Sparta.  ^2191 


Government  depending  on  f .  3653 

Hated-Aboriginal  Irish.  727 

Hatred  of  f .  Eng.  in  Ireland.  3151 

Intermarriage  saves  State.  304 

Language  of  f.-Contempt  for.  3131 

Legislation  against  f.-U.  S.  167 

Marriage  with  f.  opposed.  3498 

Prejudice  against  f .  240 

Services  of  f  .-Fame  of  State.  892 
See  EMIGRANTS  in  loc. 

ALLEGIANCE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Church  vs.  State- Jesuits.  2887 

Oath  of  a.  to  Mahomet.  *3835 

See  LOYALTY  in  loc. 

ALLEGORIST. 

Best  a.-Bunyan.  ♦ISS 

ALLEGORY. 

C  ross-references . 

Animals  representing  r.  sects.  231 

Bible  misused  in  a.  5118 

ALLIANCE. 

Demanded  by  France.-U.  S.  ^170 

Just  a.-Am.  Indians.  ♦ITl 

of  Self-interest-Romans.  ♦ire 

Cross-reference. 

Deceptive  a.  with  Fred,  the  G.    208 

ALLIES. 

Invisible  a.-Mahomet's  angels.  ^175 

Rejected  by  Am.  Congress-L.  ^176 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abandoned  by  a.  in  adversity-S.  95 
Neglected  by  a.-Thebans.  465 

Personal  a  by  fear.  1642 

Union  with  a.  inseparable.         3835 

ALLir. 

Supernatural  a.-Theseus. 


♦254 


MiscellaneottB  cross-refereneee. 
Incorruptible  Indian  a.  4301 


I 


ALMS— AMBITION. 


761 


Pretended  a.-English.  1752 

Unaided  a.-Pyrrhus.  4195 

Valuable  a.-Amr.  2507 

See  HELP  in  loc. 

AliMS. 

Cross-reference. 
for  Strugglers-Sir  Walter  Scott 

See  CHARITY. 
for  the  Dead-Bolingbroke. 
Distrusted-^Ioseph  II. 
Nobility  of  c.-Aristotle. 
Wise  c.  of-J.  Howard. 
Wonderful  c. -Woman's. 


.    90 

*777 
*778 
*779 
♦780 
*781 


Blessings  on  o.-"  Never  grow  o."  515 

Confiscated  to  avarice.  2079 

in  Conversation-Cato.  1170 

■  a  Crime-English  law.  3111 

"  Dangerous  c.-Romans.  5218 

Ys.  Hospitality  of  Britons.  2640 

Hurtful  c.-Labor  degraded.  3099 

Rule  of  c.-Mohammedan.  544 

Success  by  c.-Howard.  513 

Wise  c.-Rumford.  503 

of  Woman-Lseta.  6044 

See  BEGGAR,  BENEVOLENCE  and 

CHARITY  in  loc. 

ALTIBRIN  ATI  VE;. 

Cross-reference. 
Painf  ul-Accomp.  or  victim  of  R.  67 

See  CHOICE, 

of  Both-Lysander.  *819 

Manifested-Pizarro.  *820 

Necessary-My  head  or  king's.  ^821 

Painful  c.-Death  of  Strafford.  *822 


Difficult-Father's  c.-Dustin.  117 
in  Life-Youthtime.  3254 

Necessary  c.-Charles  I.  416 

Painful  c.-Charge  or  be  charged.  71 
"  -Clotilda.  1641 

of  Paradise  or  perdition.  6146 

Politician's  o.-Church  vs.  vote.  3874 

AmiAIiGAMATION. 

Cross-reference. 
-of  Races-Great  Britain.  4605 

AMBASSADOR. 

C  ross-references. 
Ridiculous  a.-Voltaire  to  Fred.  II.  4 
Strange  a.-Joan  of  Arc.  2893 

AMBASSADORS. 

Cross-reference. 
Bribed  by  Philip  of  Macedon.      671 

AMBITION. 

Cursed  by  gin-Fraser.  *182 

Delusive  a.  of  Emp.  Maximus.  *183 
Destructive  a.  of  Cassar.  *184 

Determination  of  a.-Alex.  H.  *185 
Diverse  a  -Alex,  and  Parmenio.*186 
"  -Napoleon  and  Peasant.  *187 
Dream  of  a.-Count  de  Broglie.  *188 
Envious  a.  of  Themistocles.  *189 
Failure  of  a.-The  clan  of  Scott.  *190 
Field  of  a.-Young  knight  '►igi 

Inhuman  a.  of  assassinators.  *192 
Insensibility  of  a.-Surg's  of  P.  *193 
Literary  a.  of  Milton.  *195 

Lofty  a.  of  Timour.  ♦194 

Maternal  a.  of  Nero's  mother.    *196 


Mortified  a.  of  Poet  Shelley. 
National  a.  of  English. 
Persistent  a.  of  Charlemagne. 
Proclaimed  a.  of  R.  Guiscard. 
Restrained  a.  of  Theodoric. 
Sleepless  a.  of  Mahomet  II. 
Spurred  a.  of  Gen.  Schuyler. 
Subordinated  a.  of  Cromwell. 
Unhappy  a.  of  Timour. 
Unsatisfied  a.  of  Severus. 
Unscrupulous  a.  of  S.  A.  D. 
War  of  a.  -Seven  Years'  War. 


*197 
♦198 
♦199 
♦200 
♦201 
♦202 
♦203 
♦204 
♦205 
♦206 
♦207 
♦208 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
VS.  Aflfection.-N.'sdivorceof  J.  ♦178 
Aroused  by  example-Demost's.3949 
Aspiration  of  a.-B.  Franklin.      2331 
of  Assassins  of  Csesar.  1141 

Awakened  In  I.  Newton  at  s.  ^179 
vs.  Benefaction-Napoleon  I.  2358 
Burdened  with  terror.  3891 

Corrected  by  failure.  202 

Crimes  of  a.-Napoleon  I.  3395 

Cruelty  of  a.-Irene  to  Leo.         ^180 
"  "-Mahomet  in.        4967 
Crushed  by  Sorrow-Henry  II.    4005 
in  the  Church-Early  ages.  ^181 

Deceived  by  a.-Napoleon  I.  2053 
Delusive  Theodoric's  appeal.  79 
Delusions  of  a.-"  What  thenf"  1071 
Destructive-Rom.  Emperors'.  1454 
Diverse  a.-King-Cabbage.  1148 

Filial  a.  of  Caius  Marcius.  112 

Happiness  substituted  for  a.  2516 
Heartless  a.  of  N.-Dlvorce  of  J.  104 
Humble  field  of  a.-Caesar.  4401 

Ignoble  a.-Ostentatlon.  3967 

Inconsiderate  a.-Xerxes.  5268 

Irresistible  at  Rubicon.  1481 

Lack  of  a.-Newton.  1164 

vs.  Love-Napoleon-Josephlne.  1699 
Merciless  a. -Richard  III.  3742 

Misdirected  a.-Keep  vs.  Gain.  3858 
Mother's  a.  gratified-Nero.  3721 
Nature  restricts  a.-Sea.  3858 

One  a.  In  life-Milton's.  3250 

Perilous  a.-Didius  Julianus.  3672 
Perils  of  Caesar.  1402 

for  Praise-Demoralizing.  4370 

Repressed  a. -Mind  vegetates.  3603 
Restrained  a.-Cromwell.  8925 

2480 
Restraint  of  a.-Mortlfying.  3868 
Rewarded-P.  Henry.  8144 

Ridiculous  a.-"  Generalship."  3888 
Ruinous  to  religion -Japan.  3642 
Social  a.  of  Goldsmith.  1172 

Supreme  passion  of  Napoleon.  4020 
Surrender  of  a.-Chas.  of  Anjou.  82 
True  a.  to  possess  God.  2379 

Unsatisfying  a.- Wearisome.  2470 
Unwise  a.  -Tail  the  leader.  3174 
Vanity  of  a.-"  Kings  die  like."  1219 
Vexation  from  a.-Wm.  IIL  3083 
Vicious  eflfeots-Cleopatra.  6065 

for  Wealth-Limit  of.  5973 

Woman's  a.-Sophla.  6040 

See  FAME. 
Belated-J.  Q.  Adams.  ♦2046 

by  Competltlon-Wm.  Parry.  ♦2047 
Costly  f.-Sir  W.  Scott.  ♦2048 


by  Discovery-N.  W.  passage. 
Distant  f  .-Lincoln-Italy. 
Impostor's  f  .-Titus  Gates, 
by  Infamy-Assassin  of  Nap. 
Locality  for  f.-Napoleon  in  E. 
Perverted-Memory  of  C. 
Posthumous  f.-Columbus. 
Regarded-"  What  will  h.  say?" 
Sudden  f.  of  Byron. 

"        "  -Berner's  St.  Hoax, 
Trials  of  f.-W.  Scott. 
Undesired-Emp.  Maximus. 


♦2049 
♦2050 
♦2051 
♦2052 
♦2053 
♦2054 
♦2055 
♦2056 
♦2057 
♦2058 
♦2059 
♦2060 


Ambition  for  f.-Themistocles.  189 
Ambitious  for  f. -Trajan.  2367 

Contradiction-Great  vs.  M.  2485 
Delayed-Milton's.  2325 

Desired  next  to  power.  195 

Diminishing  f. -Thirty  authors.  3304 
Diminution  of  f.  2476 

Increasing  posthumous-Bums.  2481 
Literature  necessary  to  f.  3311 

Merited-Fred.  II.  5808 

Mlsappropriated-Chas.  Lee.  4789 
Monuments  of  f. -Pyramids.  2365 
Neglect  followed  by  f .  3270 

Omission  of  f.-T.  Cromwell.  2580 
Passion  for  f.-Themistocles.  189 
"  "  "-Fred,  the  Great.  208 
without  Popularity-H.  Clay.  4310 
Toil  for  f.- Virgil.  2341 

Undesirable  f.-Shame.  6063 

Wide  extended  f.  of  Wash.        3081 

See  HONORS. 
Burdensome-Grant-Alfonso.    ^2621 
Compulsory  h.-Satuminus.       ♦2622 
Demanded  by  Cromwell.  ♦2623 

Miserable  h.-Aged  Titus.  ♦2624 

Premature  h.  of  Bolivar.  ^2625 

Reslgned-Emp.  Diocletian.       ^2626 
-Chas.  V.  ♦2627 

Unexpected-Sallie  Thompson. ^2628 
Unmerited  h.-Emp.  Carinus.  ^2629 
Wonbymerit-"  Win  his  spurs."  ♦2630 


from  Abroad-Lombards.  2645 

Bestowed  on  animals,  E.  2172 

"            "    Goose.  6451 

Burdensome  h.-Lincoln.  247 

for  Criminals-Scots.  1300 

Dangerous  h.- Violent  death.  1454 
Declined-Crown-Cromwell-W.  1323 

"              "     -Cassar.  1323 

Divine  h.  to  Demetrius.  2157 

Endangered  by  h. -Cromwell.  366 

«            .,          ..  g^Q 

Envled-Demosthenes.  1329 

Exchanged,  Htt  vs.  Chatham.  5632 

for  Faithfulness  to  truth.  2040 

Funeral  h.-Caesar's.  2251 

*♦       "  -Egyptians.  2252 

••       "  -Lincoln's.  22&4 

Ill-proportioned  h.-Martel.  2187 

Literary  degrees  undeserved.  5633 

Lost  by  delay-Spartans.  467 

for  Merit-Coronation.  1325 

Misapplied  h.-Pocahontas.  5097 

Misplaced  h. -Olympic  games.  2280 

"         *'  -Emp.  Claudius.  3876 

Music  brings  h.-Rizzio.  3751 

Opportunity  for-Black  Prince.  470 


7C3 


AMBUSCADE— ANGEL. 


Eeceived  reluctantly-Pertlnax's.  1 65 
Restored  to  Cicero.  1658 

Sale  of  h.  invented.  5629 

Self  imposed  h.-Napoleon.  1326 

Selfishness  in  seeking  h.  5078 

Surrender  for  virtue.  686 

of  Triumph-Magnificent.  5719 

Troublesome  h.-Golden  crown.1329 
Unappreciated-Cromwell's  son.5957 
Undeserved  h.-A  farmer.  3177 

Unenjoyed-Milton's.  3310 

Unsatisfactory  h.-High  office.  183 
Vexatious  h.-Napoleon.  751 

Viciously  bestowed  on  Nero.  4325 
Wearisome  h.-Cromweli's.  2470 
Withdrawn-Cromwell's.  4851 

Withheld-John  Cabot.  991 

See  OFFICE  and  REPUTATION  in  loc. 

AmBVSCADE;. 

Cross-reference. 
Perils  of  a.-Braddock's  defeat.     97 

aiherica. 

for  Americans-"  Monroe  Doct."*209 
Future  of  Am.-L.'s  prediction.  *210 
Mission  of  Am. -John  Adams.  *211 
Prophecy  of  Am.-Stormont.  *212 
Transformation  in  A.-"P.of  Y. " *213 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Obnoxious  foreigners  in  A.  167 

Rescued  from  Philip  II.  902 

AMERICANS. 

Despised  by  Samuel  Johnson.    ♦214 
Hated  by  Samuel  Johns»n.         *215 


Cross-reference. 
Various  ancestry  of  A. 

See  PATRIOTISM  in  loc. 

AmiABIIilTT. 

Cross-reference. 
Savages-no  words  for  abuse. 


771 


22 


AMUSEMENT. 
Captivated  by  a.-Louis  P.in  Am. ♦216 
Disappointed  in  a.-Violent  M.    ^217 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Absorbed  in- Ad.  Drake.  2525 

Brutal  a.  of  Normans.  1332 
"      "    "  Romans-Gladiators.  204 

in  Calamity-Nero.  4140 
Christianity  corrects  a.-Gibbon.  835 

Ts.  Christianity-Romans.  846 

Conscience  vs.  a.-Bunyan.  1085 

Defended  then  abandoned-C.  835 

Devoted  to  a.-Emp.  Angelus.  3896 

Diverts  resentment.  3204 

Habits  make  a  necessity,  3295 

ni-timed  a. -Cromwell's.  3627 

"            "  5138 

inconsiderate  of  danger.  3520 

Mind  diverted  by  a.  5138 

Poor  denied  a-Quoits.  4296 

Profits  by  a.-Excessive.  5872 

Provision  for  a.-Colosseum.  681 

Quarrels  grow  out  of  a.  2019 

Tyranny  in  a.-Spaniards.  5744 

Unchecked  by  death.  6083 

AMUSEMENTS. 

Brutal  a.  by  broadswords.  ♦SIS 

Combat-Roman  theatre.  ^219 


Delight  in  a.-Romans.  ^221 

Interdicted  by  Puritans  inEng.^222 
Sanguinary  a.-Roman  Circus.  ^223 
Sunday  a.-English  games.  ^224 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Conceal  oppression.-Romans.  3215 
Sabbath-day  a. -English.  4986 

"    "        "  4987 


221 


See  CIRCUS. 

Cross-reference. 
Passion  for  c.-Romans. 

See  DANCING. 
Ceremonious  d.-Am.  Indians.  *1386 
Delight  in-Eng.  16th  century.  ^1387 
Mystic  d.  of  West  Indians.       ♦1388 
Opposed  to  d.-Eng.  Puritans.  ♦1389 


Cross-reference. 
IdoIatroaa-lascivious-Roman.   2085 

See  DRAMA. 

Indecent  d.-12th  century.  ^1717 

Literature  of  the  d.-Greece.  ^1718 

Origin  of  the  d.-Rome.  ^1719 

Religious  d.  in  churches.  ^1720 


♦220 


Degraded  by  machinery. 

See  GAME. 
Preservation  of  g.-Justinian.  ♦2277 


Fondness  for  hunting  g. 
Laws  preserving  g.-Burden. 
Monopoly  of  g.-Wm.  the  C. 
Passion  for  g.-Andronicus. 

"        "    "-Malek-Sultan. 
Pleasure-Perilous  game. 
Skill  in  shooting  g. -Crockett. 

See  GAMES. 
Beneficial  g.-Ancient. 
Employment  in  military  g. 
Passion  for  g. -Greeks. 
Use  of  g.-S.  Johnson. 

See  THEATRE. 
Comipted-English. 
Dangers  of  t-S.  Johnson. 
Licentiousness  and  t. 
Opposition  to  t.-Dr.  Dawson. 

"  "   "  punished. 

Restored-Eng.  Restoration, 
and  Sensuality-Roman. 
Vicious  t.-English. 


4638 
155 
3943 
4204 
4197 
4111 


♦2278 
♦2279 
♦2280 
♦2881 

♦5582 
♦5583 
♦5584 
♦5585 
♦5586 
♦5587 
♦5588 
♦5589 
♦5590 


Actors  dishonored-R.  law.  ^44 

"       disrespect  for  R.  law.  ^45 
Degenerated-Religious  origin.      43 

Immoral  and  destructive-R.  103 

Pleasure  in  t.  341 

Political  power  of  t.  1536 

Shameful  exhibitions.  4533 

See  THEATRICALS, 

in  Churches-Biblical.  ^5591 

Condemned  by  Solon.  ^5592 

See  RECREATION. 

Excessive  r.-"  Gentlemen."  ♦4637 

Extravagant  r.-Bajazet.  ♦4638 


Degraded  by  a.-Romans.  ^220 

Discomfort  in  r.-Fashion.  2184 

Simple  r.  of  Puritans.  8696 

See  PLEASURE  in  loc. 


ANALOGY. 

Cross-reference. 
Illustration  by  a.-Johnson. 


2727 


ANARCHT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Authorized  by  Innocent  III.      4949 
Night  of  a. -Flight  of  James  II.  491» 


ANATOMY, 

Cross-reference. 
Mistakes  in  a.-Aristotle. 


6016 


ANCESTORS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Brutality  of  a.  overlooked.  13*4^ 

Offences  of  a.  punished  in  c.  6175 

Regard  for  a.-Russians.  112* 

ANCESTRY. 

Humble  a.  of  poet  Horace.  ^225 

Ineffective  a.-Prince  Rupert.  ♦22& 

Unlike  a.-Orleans  princes.  ^227 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Barbarous  a.  of  Europeans.       2719 
Base  a.-Witches  and  demons.    1528 
Character  from  a.-Q.  Elizabeth.  763 
"  "     "  -Americans.    771 

Depraved  a.- Nero's.  1532 

"        "  -Confessed.  206& 

Disreputable  a  -John  XII.  4305 

Divine  a.-Spurious-Silenus.  2386 
Genius  by  a. -J.  Milton.  2298 

Happiness  affected  by  a.  3560 

Humble  a.-N.  R.  Gabrini.  594 

"        "  -Diocletian.  595 

Nobility  of  a.  despised-Nap.  369^ 
Pride  in  honest  a.-Napoleon.  3592 
Savage  a.  of  Europeans.  2719 

Selected  a.-Pilgrim  Fathers.  3173 
Unfortunate  a.-Charles  I.  362& 

See  HEREDITY. 
of  Disposition-Frederick  II.    ♦2551 
Failure  of  h.-Howard's  father. ♦2252. 


of  Character-Charles  I. 
Contradicted-Orleans  princes, 
of  Crime-Caesar's  family. 
Cruelty  by  h.-Nero. 

of  Disposition-Frederick  II. 

"  "  -Melancholy. 

"  "  -Nero. 

Failure  of  h.-Cromwell's  son. 
of  Genius- Watts. 

"       "     -Blaise  Pascal, 
in  Qovemment.-Monarchy. 

"  "  -Female  line-I. 

Incompetence  byh.-Qoldsmith 
in  Mechanics-East  Indian, 
of  Profession  in  Egypt. 

"  Shamelessness-Ferdinand. 
See  PARENT  in  loc. 


227 
2072 
1347 
2072- 
2551 
3560 
5260 
5957 
2315 
2324 
2451 
2458 
.4342 
3537 
4486 
2066 


ANGEIi. 

Supposed  an  a.-Joan  of  Arc.     ♦228 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
TS.  Priest-Ferdinand's  r.  for  o.    921 
Shameful  mission  of  Mahomet's.  6^ 


ANGELS— APATHY. 


763 


ANG£L.S. 

Cross-references. 

Clothing  of  a.-Swedenborg.  958 

Charmed  by  vision  of  a.  5849 

Bnslaved-Eng.-Angels.  5197 

Invisible  a.-Mahomet's.  175 

Mistaken  for  a.-Spaniards.  6143 

Once  men-Swedenborg.  3577 

ANGER. 

Symptom  of  a.-Napoleon.  *229 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Anti-religious  a.  4741 

Brutal  a.-Fred.  Wm.  I.  5741 

Controlled  by  a.-Peter  the  G.  5091 
Costly  a.-£30,000.  4102 

Folly  of  a.-Milton.  1167 

Foolish  a.-John  Adams.  4234 

Furious  a.-Byron's  mother.  3722 
of  Jealousy-Voltaire.  3002 

Overpowering  a.  at  n  d.  G.W.       56 
Quenched  by  reading  Koran.        32 
"         "    good-humor.         1933 
Reaction  of  a.-Alexander.  1744 

Savage  a.-Frederiok  William.  1672 
Undeserved  a.  of  Washington.  2748 
Weakness-Philip.     .  5104 

See  INDIGNATION. 

Affected  i.-Napoleon  I.  393 

Aroused  by  deception.  1587 

at  Bribery-I.  Newton.  660 

"       "       -S.  A.  Douglas.  673 

Ixpressed  by  absence.  2 

"  Patriotic  i.  *2795 

Furious  i. -Disguised  man.  1652 

of  Gods  expected-Pagans-Nile.  694 

Ul-timed  i. -Investigation.  2995 

Irrepressible-Geo.  Washington.    56 

Popular  i.  at  Brutality.  3048 

"       "   "  assassinators  of  C.   46 

"       "    "  Clarendon.  3898 

"       "   "  murder  of  Becket.  3505 

"       "   "  Stamp  act.  3525 

of  Pride-S.  Johnson's.  4349 

Public  i.  at  absentee,  George  II.     9 

"       "     -Bribery  of  Demos.    672 

at  Threatening  of  Gov.  Gates.   2795 

TTnuttered  i.-Napoleon  I.  5693 

See  RESENTMENT. 
Cruel  r.-Alexander.  *479e 

Infamous  r.-B.  Arnold.  *4799 

Passionate-Maximin.  ♦4800 

of  Patriots-Lord  Chatham.  *4801 
Public  r.-Am.  colonists.  *4802 

Savage  r.-Theodore  Lascaris.  *4803 


WIthheld-Kobbery. 
of  Wrongs-Irishmen. 


♦4804 
*4805 

Dishonorable-Treason.  4109 

Expressed  forcibly.  2891 

Infidels  treated  with  r.  2831 

Opportunity  for  r.-Clovis  I.  409 

Patriotism  sacrificed  to  r.  306 

Premature  r.-Bp.  Burnet.  5363 

Vain  r. -Breaking  the  arrow.  391 

See  HATRED,  PASSION  and  RE- 
VENGE in  loc. 

ANOUISH. 

Prolonged  a .  -Garibal  di .  *230 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Conjugal  a.  of  Josephine.  104 


Mental  a.-Napoleon- Waterloo.  3817 

Murderer's  a.-Alexander.  1744 

See  DISTRESS  and  TORTURE 

in  loo. 

ANIMAL. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Defensive  a. -Rattlesnake.  3939 

Emblematic-Wolf-Turk.  1861 

Favorite  horse-Bucephalus.  5133 

Fidelity-Soldier's  dog.  3578 

Fight  with  dog-Cerberus.  3338 

Life  of  a. -Indestructible.  3263 

Mysterious  a.-Mahomet's.  3623 

Refractory-Hen-Science.  1992 

Sacred  a.-Fawn-Sertorius.  1479 

Superstition-Squeaking  rat.  4685 

Typical  a.-Physician-Serpent.  4169 

Utility  of  a.-Newton's  mouse.  3543 

ANIDTIAIiS. 

Allegorical  a.  by  J.  Dryden.  *231 

Attraction  of  a.  by  Scott.  *232 

Condemned  by  Caesar-Pet  a.  *233 

Honored-Roman  Geese.  *234 

"        by  Alexander.  •235 

Respect  for  a.  by  Buddhists.  *236 

"        "    "   by  Crusaders.  ^237 

Service  of  a.-Shepherd's  dogs.  "'238 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Appreclated-Oxen.  6154 

Augury  by  birds.  396 

Control  of  a.  by  Alexander.  6 

Cruelty  to  a.-Romans.  223 

"       "  "-Norman  gent's.  1332 

'•       "  "-Marksman's.  3430 

Destructive-Mouse.  3106 

Development  of  domestic  a.  4493 

Experiments  with  cows-S.  639 

Fame-Mules-Wellington.  3322 

Gestures  the  language  of  a.  1854 

Ignoble  man-Jackal.  2167 

Improvement  of-Washington.  1873 

Influence  of  a. -Indirect- Pig.  4984 

Ingratitude  to  a.  reproved.  5866 

Pig-tender- Young  Pizarro.  641 

"  Possessed  "  by  spirits.  5460 

Preservation  of  Rome-Geese.  1961 

Punishment  by  vipers.  4579 
Respected-Sacred  Goose-Goat.5451 

Reverence  for  sacred  a.-E.  2172 

Sign  of  success-Spiders.  5141 

"     "  land-Birds.  5144 

Study  of  a.-Devoted  to.  1872 
Terrifying  a.-Elephant  cavalry.  739 

Tormented  by  cats.  4803 

Worship  of  a.-Egyptlans.  4697 

See  BIRDS. 

Augury  by  vultures.  396 

Encouragement  by  b.-Caesar.  4155 

See  BRUTES. 

Immortality  of  b.  '»680 

See  DOG. 

Misused-Alcibiades.  1806 

See  DOGS. 

Martyrs  destroyed  by  d.  1358 

Provision  for  d.-Csrus.  4285 

See  FISH. 

Extravagant  price- Wash.  2013 

Remarkable  f.-Legend.  3545 

Terrifying  f.-Conscience.  1115 

See  FISHIKG. 

Fraud  in-Antony.  2149 


See  HORSE. 
Abused-drawing  by  tail.  455 

Managed  by  genius-Alexander.     6 
vs.  Philosopher-Newton.  20 

Won  in  battle-Lannes.  618 

See  LIONS. 
Perilous  allies.  I7<j 

See  PETS. 

Singular-Scott's  pig-hen.  232 

Women's  dogs  condemned  by  C.  233 

See   BIRDS,    BRUTES,    DOG,    FISH, 

LION,  PETS,  in  loc. 

ANIRIOSITY. 

Fraternal  a.-Caracalla  and  Q     "'239 

of  Ignorance-National.  *240 

Unreasonable,  Anti-Catholic  a.  *241 

See  ANGER  and  HATRED  in  loc. 

ANNIHILATION. 

Cross-reference. 
Death  an  a. -John  Milton.  3922 

ANNOUNCKiriENT. 
Appalling-Execution.  *242 


Cross-reference. 
Grateful  a. -Free-Lincoln.         5860 

ANSIV^ER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Dissimulating- Affable.      1679,  1680 

Equivocal-Grecian  oracle.         3946 

"        -Delphic  oracle.         3948 

Straightforward-Luther's.  1092 

See  REPARTEE. 

Apt  r.  by  J.  Wesley.  4708 

See  RETORT  in  loc. 

ANTAGONISM. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Natural  a.-Protestant  and  C.  I.  243 

in  Personal  character-M.  L.        761 

-Q.  Eliz.    763 

Unnatural  a.-Father-Son.  1064 

See  STRIFE  in  loc. 

ANTIPATHY. 

Cross-reference. 
Race  a.  of  Irish  in  Ireland. 

ANTICtUITY. 

Pride  in  a.  of  Athenians. 

See  ANCIENTS  in  loc. 


♦243 


*244 


ANXIETY. 

Consuming  a.  of  Marlborough.  ♦245 
Maternal  a.  for  infant-Indians.  118 
Parental  a.  of  R.  Burns's  father. "'246 
of  Responsibility- A.  Lincoln.     "'247 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Common  to  humanity.  3604 

Parental  a.  of  Emp.  Severus.  239 
Relief  from  a.-God.  4558 

Relieved  by  humor-L.  1756 

See  FEAR  in  loc. 

APATHY. 

Cross-refei'ence. 
by  Overconfldence.  5829 

See  INDIFFERENCE. 
Affected  i.  to  adversity.  92 

Cruel  i.  of  Caesar.  "'2793 


to  Applause  of  masses-Nap.      "'272 


764 


APOLOGY— APPLAUSE. 


Religious  I.  of  Charles  II. 
to  Sufferings-Surgeons. 


*2794 
193 


APOLiOGlT. 

Degrading  a.  demanded  by  J.II.*248 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Assassin's  a.-Caracalla.  1123 

Doubtful  a.-Marriage  of  H.  VIII.458 

Weak  a.  for  ingratitude.  2857 

See  EXCUSE  in  loc. 

APOSTASY. 

Open  a.  of  Komanus.  *251 

Primitive  a.  by  persecution.      *252 


Cross-references. 
Encouraged  by  law-Maryland.  4116 
Explained-Inconsistency-  2774 

Discreditable  a.-Protestant.  1936 
Beaction  of  forced  converts  to  a.920 
Required  of  officer.  1471 

APOSTATE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Honored  unwisely.  3177 

Shameful  a.-Justus.  1359 

APOSTATES. 

Forgiven  by  Primitive  C.  *353 


Malice  of  a.-Knights  Templars.  1939 
"      •'  "  -Julian's.  2549 

See  TRAITOR  in  loc. 


APOSTIiE. 

Cross-reference. 
Last  a.-Mahomet. 


2589 


APPARITION. 

Belief  in  a.-S.  Johnson.  *256 

False  a.-"  Three  knightc."  *254 

Fancied  a.  of  Theseus.  ^255 


C  ross-  references. 
of  the  Dead-H.  Miller. 
Startling  a.-"  Evil  genius.' 
See  VISION  in  loc. 

APPEAIi. 

the  Only  a. -Luther's. 


1120 


*257 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

to  Honor-Successful.  2612 

Useless  a.-Baldwin  to  Lincoln,     52 

See  ENTREATY  in  loc. 

APPE.%  RANGES. 

Indians  deceptive  to  colonists.     36 

Deceptive  a.-Philopcemen's.  *258 

Displeasing  a.-O.  Cromwell's.  *260 

False  a.-S.  Johnson.  *261 

Misjudged  a.-O.  Cromwell.  '262 

Suspicious  a.  of  Cassius.  ♦263  I 

Unpromising  a.-Bp.  Gleorge.  *264 


Successful  d.-Emp.  Majorian.  *1654 

Difficult-Richard  I.  1473 

for  Evil  deeds-Politics.  668 

Masquerade-Deadly.  3512 

of  Patriots-Boston  tea  party.  3626 
Penetrated  by  Joan  of  Arc.  2895 
Perilous  d.  of  martyrs.  3509 

Personal-Successful-Chas.  II.  3911 
Religious  d.  of  Jesuits.  3012 

Successful  d.-Alfred  the  Great.5826 
Wife's  d.-Man's  dress.  3483 

See  VANITY. 

Excessive  v.-Diocletian.  *5772 

Folly  of  V. -Madman.  *57r3 

Foolish  v.-Ferguson.  *5774 

with  Greatness-Q.  Elizabeth.  *5775 

Rebuked-"  Fine  Coat."  *5776 

"       -Goldsmith's.  *5777 

"       -Artaxerxes'.  *5778 

"       -Menecrates'.  *5779 

Ridiculous  v.-Monumental.      *5780 

Victim  of  v.-Alexander.  '5781 


of  Ambition-Grant-Alfonso. 
Architectural  v.-Pyramids. 
in  Benevolence-Johnson. 
Clerical  v.-Ch.  of  St.  Sophia. 
Covered  with  rags, 
of  Earthly  possession. 
Flattered-Charles  I.  by  Pinch. 
Hindrance  in  v.-J.  Adams. 
Homage  to  v.  of  Greek  Emps. 

"        "  "  -Diocletian, 
of  Honors-Queen  Mary. 
"  Life. -Captive  king. 
Perilous  v.-Emperor  Julian, 
of  Popularity-Cromwell. 
Prevents  success-Timotheus. 
Rebuked-Buckingham's. 

"       -Demaratus's. 
Sensitive  v.-Voltaire's. 
Victiaiized  by  v.-Pompey. 
See  IMPOSTOR  in  loc. 

APPETITE. 

Fastidious  a.  of  Antony.  *265 

Indulgence  of  a.-Shameless.  *269 

Perils  of  a.-Cato  the  Censor.  *266 

Protest  of  a.-Monks.  *267 

Ruled  by  a.-Epicare.  *268 


2621 

2365 

521 

865 

5677 

2379 

60 

3894 

59 

26 

2619 

3292 

3678 

4324 

2213 

3904 

3963 

2155 

5 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Deceptive  a.  in  bereavement.     558 
Uncouth  a.-S.  Johnson.  3262 

See  DISGUISE. 
Betrayed-Ex-Queen  Mary.       *1649 
Clerical  d.-J.  Bunyan.  *1650 

Dangerous  d.-Longchamp.  *]ft5l 
Detected-Clodius  Pulcher.  *1652 
Difficult-Flight  of  Charles  I.    •1653 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Degraded  by  indulg.  of  a.-P.  368 

Surrender  to  a.-H.  VHI.  38.52 

Voracious  a.-S.  Johnson.  2183 

See  ABSTINENCE. 

Certainty  by  a.-S.  Johnson.  *14 

Limit  of  a.-Fasting.  *15 

Prudential  by  experience.  *16 

Twofold  a.-Wine  and  water.  *V! 

Unconscious  a.-Shelley.  *18 


in  Distress  of  mind. 

"  Excitement-Gamblers. 

"  Grief-Wife  of  James  II. 
Necessary  a.-"  One  glass." 
Nobility  in  a. -Alexander. 
Self -conquest  by  a.-Mahomet.  5077 

See  FOOD. 
Abominable  f. -Horse-flesh.      *2173 


6146 


2955 
5095 


Animal-King  of  Huns.  *2174 

Changes  in  f.-Eng.  ♦2175 

Chosen  f .  of  Palmerston.  ♦2176 

Dangerous-Poison  f.-Yuca.  ^2177 

Extravagance  in  f.-S.  birds.  *2178 

Figure  by  f.-Spartans.  ^2179 
Mind  affected  by  f. -Mahomet.  *2180 

Poor  f. -England.  +2181 

Public  f  .-Spartan  tables.  ♦2182 

Regard  for  f.-S.  Johnson.  ^2183 
Suspicious-"  Watering-place."^2184 

Variety  in  f  .-Invention.  *2185 

Wonder  in  f.-London.  ♦2186 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Aversion  to  salt  pork-W.  I.         626 
Animal  f.  rejected-Philosoph's.4709 
Cannibals  by  necessity.  706 

Communism  in  f.-Savages.  2649 
Dangerous  f.-Soldiers.  433 

Division  by  f.-Scots.  1913 

Extravagant  f.-Tea.  2010 

"  "  rebuked.  2013 

"  -1,000  cooks-C.  3903 
First  question-French  Rev.  658 

Inequality  in  f.-Mind.  4606 

Intemperance  in  f.  2926 

Mistake-Camphor  vs.  salt.  3591 

Neglected  in  study-Newton.  3794 
Offensive  manners  with  f.  3421 

Orders  for  f.-Unexpected.         2759 
Pleasure  in  f.  rejected-Pascal.  4681 
"        "  "  -Dyspeptics'.         5424 
of  the  Poor-Ireland.  1510 

Prayer  brings  f  .-Miiller.  2035 

Present  of  f.  rewarded.  4431 

"        "  -Ada  to  Alexander.  5876 
Public  provision-Romans.  657 

Rebellion  against  f.-Army.  1963 
Reward  of  usefulness.  2393 

Strange  theory  of  f.-Artist.  6015 
Unappreciated  f. -Discovery  of.  1636 
Unsubstantial  f. -Perfume.         5779 

See  EATING. 
Custom  in  e.-English.  ♦net 

"        "  "   Roman.  ^1762 


Conversation  in  e.-Spartans.  2182 

"             "  "    desired.  3600 

Gluttony-Hospitality.  2639 

See  HUNGER. 

Insatiable  h.  of  gold-seekers.  ♦2679 


Address  to  h.  difficult.  2014 

Desperation  of  h.-Cannibals.       706 

Perishing  from  h.-Siege.  1502 

Pressure  of  h.-Sailors.  1393 

See    FAMINE.    INTEMPERANCE, 

LICENTIOUSNESS,  PASSIONS, 

and  TEMPERANCE  in  loc. 

APPLAUSE. 

See  PRAISE. 
AncientGermans'a.-Clashing.  *270 
Consequence  of  a. -Inspiration.  ♦271 
Indifference  to  a. -Napoleon.     ♦273 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Distrusted  by  Cromwell.  3739 

Presumption  from  a.  2570 

See  CHEERING. 
Effective-"  Yelling  regiment."  ^789 


APPLICATION— ARMY, 


765 


APPIilCATION. 

Neglected-Invention  of  m.  n.    *873 

APPOINTIW  ENT. 

Embarrassment  by  a.  of  A.  *S74 
Humiliating  a.  of  Caesar  to  W.  *275 
Resented-Soldlers  of  James  V.*306 

Cro33-reference. 
Fictitious  a.-Rom.  Cath.  Bp.      1914 

APPOINTMENTS. 
Partisan  a.  of  Polk's  adm'n.      *276 

APPRECIATION. 
Partial  of  pai^sing  events-L.XVI*!J77 
Without  a.  of  coin.-Barbarian8.*278 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Delayed-Paradise  Lost  for  £10.  423 
Impressed  by  a.  of  slaves-L.        511 

APPR  EHEN  SION. 

Cross-reference. 

of  Evil-doers-Brutus.  1120 

See  ALARM  in  loc. 

APPRENTICES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abused  by  labor  and  whipping.  798 
"        "    overwork.  799 

ACtUEDUCTS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Benefits  of  a.-Rome.  459 

"       "   "        "  460 

Introduction  of  a.-Plymouth.    5051 

ARBITRATION. 
Rejected  by  Eng. -Napoleon.     '279 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Confidence  in  a.-Barbarians.     2617 
Peace  by  a.-U.  S.  vs.  Eng.  1595 

Settlement  by-Alabama  claim8.4825 

ARCHITECT. 

f      Wren,  the  great  English  a.  *280 
ARCHITECTURE. 

Beauty  in  Ionic  a.  ♦281 

Composite  order  in  a.  *282 

Defective  Egyptian  a.  *283 

Excellence  of  Greek  a.  *284 

Gilded  a.  of  Roman  Capitol.  *285 

Improved  Roman  a.  *286 

Instruction  by  a.  in  ruins.  *287 

Magnificent  a.-Temple  of  H.  *288 
Opportunity  in  a.-London  fire.  ♦289 

Preservation  of  a.  by  Goths.  ^290 

Prophecy  in  a.  of  Colosseum.  ^291 

Religion  in  diverse  a.  ♦292 

Roman  a.-Tuscan  order.  ^293 

Simplicity  in  Doric  a.  ♦294 

Stupendous  a.-Chinese  Wall.  ^295 

Sublime  Gothic  a.  ^296 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Argument  against  a.-Savage.    3793 

Beautiful  a..  Most-Mausoleum.  6061 

Building  checked  by  law.  2004 

Costly  a.-St.  Sophia.  859 

«     ii    «        ..  8g5 

4.  .•        <(  ..  ggg 

Deception  in  a.-Temple  of  H.  288 
Destroyed-Temple  of  Serapis.  598 
Destructive  to  Iife-Earthquake8.332 
Destruction  of  priceless-Nero.  329 
Greatness  evinced  in  a.- Alex.  2485 


Ignorance  in  a.-Unknown  arch.  283 

Immense  a.-Centennial.  1983 

Indestructible  a.-Temple  of  J.  1548 

Magnificent  a.-Roman  baths.  460 

Palatial  a.-Timour's.  5313 

Plain  dwellings-Spartan.  1754 

Renown  by  a.-Pericles.  1769 

Useless  a. -Pyramid-tombs.  5647 

Vanity  in  a. -Pyramids.  2365 

Wonderful  a.-Baalbec.  3392 

See  BUILDING. 

Colossal  b.-Colosseum.  ^681 

Opposed-Reign  of  J.  II.  ^682 

Ruined  by  b.-M.  Crassus.  ♦683 


Division  in  b.-Romulus-Remus.  678 
Prohibited  in  London.  890 

See  CHURCH. 
Erection-Enthusiastic.  ♦863 

"       -Rewarded.  ♦864 

Rebuilding  temple-Mecca.         ♦876 

Building  by  indulgences.  2803 

See  DWELLINGS. 
Plainness  in  d.-Lycurgus.         ^1754 

See  PALACE. 
Humble  p.  of  Tartars.  ♦3978 

See  ARSON  in  loc. 

ARDOR. 

Soldiers  a. -Blind  John-Crecy.   ^297 
See  ZEAL  in  loc. 

AROVmENT. 

Possible-Stealing  defended-J.  ^298 
Reserved  a.-Violence-Johnson.^299 
Useless  a.  of  James  II.  to  c.       ^300 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abandoned  for  resentment.  2610 

by  Abuse-S.  Johnson.  2904 

Deceptive  a.-Sophists.  2283 

Declined  by  obstinacy.  3049 

Possible  against  art.  3793 

Powerless  with  bigots.  2721 

Readiness  in  a.-Sophists.  5733 

Trained  in  use  of  a.-Romans.  1857 

Useless- Johnson.  3825 

"*      with  James  II.  3853 

See  CONTROV  ERSY  »nd  DEBATE 

in  loc. 

ARISTOCRACY. 

in  Battle-Roman.  ♦SOI 

Expense  of  a.-Romans.  ^302 

Reaction  for  a.-Puritans.  ^303 

Ruin  of  a.-Greeks.  ^304 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Brutal  pleasures-Normans.  1332 

Rule  of  a.-Burdensome-Va.  2443 

See  CASTE. 

Absence  of  c.-Irish  kings.  ^719 

Anglo-Saxon  c.-Germany.  ^720 

Barbarian  c.-Gauls.  ^721 

of  Birth-Italians.  ^722 

English  c.-"  Born  great."  ^723 

Hostility  to  c.-American.  ^724 

in  Judgment-Q.  Elizabeth.  ^725 

National  c.-French.  ^726 

"  -English.  ^727 

In  Parliament.-"  Worsted  s."  ^728 

Prejudice  of  c.-Parliament.  ^729 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Absence  of  c.-Manufacturers.    1761 


Broken  c. -Physicians, 
in  Church- Aaron  Burr. 
Destructive  to  the  State-G. 
Divisions  of  c.-India. 
Egotism  of  c.-Byron. 
Fourfold  c.-East  Indian. 
Grades  of  social  c.-Franks. 
Ignored-Romans-Diocletian. 
Legislation  for  c.-English. 
in  Occupation-Egypt. 
Plea  for  o.  of  rank, 
in  Religion-Pythagoras. 
Religious  c.-Persian  vs.  Turk, 
in  School-Harvard. 
"       "     -Napoleon  I. 
in  Trades-Unions-Eng. 

Tyranny  of  c.-Social. 
Vice  levels  c. -Gamblers. 

See  NOBILITY  in  loc. 

ARMOR. 

Cross-reference. 
Protected  by  a.-Battle  of  B. 

ARMY. 
Dangerous  a.-Roman  standing.  ♦SOS 
Disgusted  a.  of  James  V.  of  S.  ♦SOS 
Great  a.-Napoleon's  in  Russia.  *307 
"      "  -Mogul.  ♦SOS 

a  Great  a.-Tartars.  *309 

Industrious  a.  of  Probus.  ♦SIO 

Purified  a.  of  Cromwell.  ♦Sll 

Sectarian  a.  of  James  II.  ♦SIS 

Small  a.-Miles  Standish's.  ♦SIS 

Strong  a.  of  Romans.  ♦SI  4 

Subverted  a.  of  James  II.  ♦SIS 

Support  of  a.  of  Charles  II.        ♦SIS 
Test  in  the  a.-James  II.  ♦SIT 


4170 
856 
304 
3537 
1832 
943 
3273 
595 
1734 
4486 
4612 
4709 
5070 
5028 
5033 
5662 
5663 
3491 
2267 


461 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abandoned  shamefully.  1538 

Decimated  by  disease.  1638 

-Am.  Revolution.      5126 

Destroyed-Napoleon-Russia.     1495 

"        by  sickness.  1520 

Disease  destroys  three-fourths.  471 
of  Emigrants-Goths.  1866 

Invisible  a  -Pompey's.  4365 

Politics  in  the  U.  S.  a.-Polk.        276 
Small  a.-8  men-Standish.  5909 

Standing  a.  endangers  the  State.  410 
Wasted  a.-Crusader8.  1606 

See  GENERALS. 
Too  many  g.-Macedonians.      ^2284 


Overrated-Pompey-Accldent.        5 

See  GENERALSHIP. 
Successful  g.-Pompey.  ♦2285 


Success  by  g.-Cortez. 
Want  of  g.-Agincourt. 

See  SOLDIER. 
Christian  s.-"  Stonewall  J." 
Cruelty  and  courtesy  of  s. 
Ignorant  s.-James  II. 
Natural  s.-Cromwell. 
Remarkable  s.-R.  E.  Lee. 
Spirited  s.-Puritan. 
Wonderful  s.-Hannibal. 


3834 

♦5228 
♦5229 
♦5230 
♦5231 
♦5238 
♦5233 
♦5234 


Clerical  s.-Prior  John.  935 

"     "   -Pope  Julius  n.  934 


ftee 


ARREST— ARTS. 


Clerical  s.-Bp.  Gosselin.  937 

Doubtful  s.-First  battle.  2024 

Greatest  Roman  s.-Caesar.  4312 

Honored-Fallen  s.  4064 

Indignity  to  s.-Jealousy.  2900 

Moral  estimate  of  s.-Drake.  902 
Overrated-General  Chas.  Lee.  4789 
Persistent  s.-Mohammedan.  2567 
Poor  8.  described.  6178 

Prayer  of  s.-J.  Astley.  4376 

'vs.  Schoolmaster.  6038 

Success  of  s.-Remarkabie-C.     4612 
Terrifying  s.-Nap.  leaves  Elba.  4199 
Volunteer  when  needed-W.      4065 
"  "       "-Capt.M."4078 

See  SOLDIERS. 
Choice  s.-Rlflemen.  *5235 

Colonial  s.-New  England.  *6236 
Dauntless  s.-Franks.  *5237 

Defensive  s.-Greek  Empire.  *523S 
Disobedient  s. -English.  *5239 

Fearful  s.-Romans.  *5240 

Graves  of  s.-Decorated.  *E241 

Invulnerable  s.-Asiatics.  *5242 

Maimed-Supported  by  Gov't.  *5243 
Marked-Hand-Face.  *5244 

Misnamed-"  Kirke's  Lambs."  *5245 
Model  s.-Cromwell's.  *5246 

Nation  of  s.-Gauls.  *5247 

Notorious- Wilson's  Zouaves.  *5248 
Odd  s.-Cromwell's.  *5249 

Piety  of  s.-Cromwell's.  "■6250 

"  "  *5261 

Poor  s.  described.  *5252 

Professional-Lacedaemonians.  *5253 
Quality  of  s.-Cromwell's.  *5254 
Terrible  s.-Janizaries.  *!J255 

Unqualified  s.  of  Charles  II.    *5256 

Athletic  s.-Roman.  1827 

Burdened  s.-Roman.  2520 

Controlled  by  gentleness.  1559 

Courage  or  Disgrace.  1236 

Degraded  to  citizens-Caesar's.  3756 
Desertion  of  s.-Plunder.  2417 

Devotion-Swedes  to  Chas.  XH.  1239 
Discipline  of  s.-Severe-G.  XII.  4174 
Enthusiasm  of  Confederate  s.  1907 
Exasperated  by  s.--Patriots.  3517 
Female  s.  of  Crusade.  6142 

"        "    -Mussulmans.  6141 

*•       "    -Dahomey.  6140 

vs.  Followers-Persians-G.  8831 

Inexperienced  s. -Mistakes.  2813 
Inferior  s.-Irish-James  II.  317 

Irritated  by  precedence.  4400 

Marching  of  s.-Remarkable.  3427 
Misplaced  s.-In  navy.  2718 

Orphans  of  s.-Ed.  by  State.        4064 
"        "  "  adopted  by  S.         58 
Piety  of  Eng.  s.-Puritans.  4390 

Poor  impressed  as  s.-The.  4292 

Praying  s.-English  Revolution.  4378 
"       "  -of  Cromwell's.  4385 

Provision  for  veteran  s.-R.  177 

Quality  better  than  quantity.    4590 

'  4591 

Beliglous  s.-Cromwell's.  764 

Remarkable  s.-Caesar's.  4484 

6819 

Revolt  of  B.-Am.  Rev.-Dlet.       4872 


Rule  of  s.-Cromwell. 


2433 

4874 
6187 
2308 
5460 


Successful  in  early  life. 
Suffering  of  s.-Valley  Forge 
Superstition  of  Eng.  s. 
Supported  by  booty-Trajan  W.  633 
Valuable  s.-Napoleon's  aides.  2834 
See  WAR. 


ARRBST. 

Undeserved^.-J.  Bunyan. 


*318 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Defeated-C.  I.-Commons.  413 

Escape  by  emigration.  4660 

Sudden  a.  of  all  Jews  in  Eng.  710 

ARROGANCE. 

Answered-Charles  V.  *319 

Childish-Xerxes-fetters-sea.  *320 

Insulting  a.-AttUa.  ♦321 

"  -Chas.  V.  ♦321 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Boastful  a.-Disabul  the  Turk. 
Clerical  a.  in  politics. 

Lofty  a.  of  Attila. 

National  a.-English. 

Peril  in  a.-Braddock's  defeat. 

See  HAUGHTINESS. 
Lordly  h.  of  Sapor. 


Humbled-Kingly-Cromwell. 
See  CONCEIT  in  loo. 

ARSON. 

Destruction  by  a.-Chosroes. 


384 
920 
4929 
322 
323 
97 

♦2627 

2683 


♦324 


Cross-reference. 
Suspected  of  a.-Nero. 

ART. 

Age  of  fine  a. -Greece. 
Conquest  by  a. -Caesar. 
Corrupted  by  a.-Romans. 
Deformity  in  a.-Chinese. 
Destruction  of  a.-Nero. 

"  "   "-Puritan's. 

"  "   "  -Roman. 

Destructive  to  life. 
Educated  in  a.-Romans. 
Estimate  of  a.  low-S.  Johnson. 
Frivolous  a.-Theophilus. 
Inspiration  in  a.-Italians. 
Origin  of  a. -Necessity. 
"        "    -Egyptians. 
Periods  of  a. 

"        "  "-Roman. 
Pleasures  of  a. -Preferred. 
Protected  by  Climate. 

"  "   a.-Syracuse. 

Revival  of  a.-Italy. 

"        "    -15th  century. 
Schools  of  a. -Three. 
Superiority  in  a. -Masters. 
"  "  "  -Raphael. 

Treasures  of  a.-Napoleon  I. 
Value  of  a.-Cannon. 


1287 


♦325 
♦326 
*327 
t328 
*329 
*330 
*331 
*332 
*333 
*334 
*335 
♦336 
♦337 
*338 
♦339 
♦340 
♦341 
♦342 
♦343 
♦344 
♦345 
♦346 
♦347 
♦348 
♦349 
♦350 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Condemned  by  Puritans.  1114 

Destruction  of  valuable,  by  fire.  2141 


Imitation  in  a.  2744 

Impressive  a.-Pyramids.  5380 

Indifference  to  a.-Saracens.  3591 

Leisure  required  by  a.  2924 

Lost-Greek  fire.  2143 

Misapplied-Monument.  6780 

vs.  Nature-Bread-tree.  3793 

Painting  illustrates-Johnson.  3977 

Periods  of  a.-History.  2297 

"       in  a. -Arabs.  125 

Pioneers  in  Eng.  a.-Wren-H.  280 

Practical  vs.  abstract  a.  8535 

Unappreciated  by  Goths.  3401 
Undeveloped  in  a.-Englishmen.  289 

Science  allied  to  a.  3530 

"       contributory  to  a.  5048 

Surpassed  by  nature.  859 

Zeal  for  a.-Protogenes.  6215 

ARTISANS. 

Capture  of  a.-Silk-weavers.  ^351 

Wages  of  a. -England,  1680.  ♦352 

See  MECHANICS  in  loc. 

ARTS. 

Ancient  a.  in  war.  ♦353 

Encouraged  by  Constantino.  ^354 

Obsolete  a.-' '  Knitting,  s. "  ♦355 

Subsidized  for  religion.  ^356 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Affinity  of  a.  for  each  other.  339 

Age  of  discoveries  In  a.  1632 

Religion  favors  a.  8686 

Useful  a.  advanced-Davy.  3290 

Wealth  required  for  a.  3655 

See  DANCING. 

Ceremonious  d.-Am.  Ind.'s.  ^1386 

Delight  in  d.-Eng.  16th  cent.  ^1387 

Idolatrous-Lascivious-Rome.  2085 

Mystic  d.-West  Indians.  ♦1388 

Opposed  to  d.-Eng.  Puritans.  ^1389 

See  MUSIC. 

Art  in  m.-Johnson.  ♦3744 

Condemned-Spartans.  ^3745 

Imaginary  m.-Dunstan.  ♦3746 

Love  of  m.-16th  century.  ^3747 

a  Necessity- Vandals.  ^3748 

Opposed  to  m. -Puritans.  ^3749 

Political  power  of  m.  ^3750 

Power  of  m.-Mary  Stuart.  ♦3751 

in  Strife-Charles  XIL  ♦37.52 

Taste  for  m.-Italians.  ♦3753 

Unappreciated-Gen.  Grant.  ^3754 

Undignified-Alcibiades.  ♦3755 

Charms  of  m.-Savages.  8816 

Church  m.-Critic  of.  1304 

Devotion  to  m.-T.  Jefferson.      5371 
Difficulty  in  m.  met.  2979 

Fondness  for  m. -Cromwell's.  3178 
Ignorance  of  m.  compensated.  34 
Impressive  m.  of  church  bells.  509 
Inspiration  in  m.- Wesley-Mobs.  698 
4283 
4709 
2498 
761 
1968 
3356 

2317 
4338 


Laws  sung  to  m. 
Passions  corrected  by  m. 
Recreation  in  m. -Milton. 
Relief  in  m. -Martin  Luther. 
Time-Skill  requires. 
Unpleasant  m.  for  rivals. 
See  MUSICIAN. 
Illustrious  m.-Homer. 
Neglected-Starvlng-Evans. 


ASCETICISM— ASYLUM. 


767 


See  PAINTER. 
Celebrated  Eng.-J.  Reynolds.  *3976 


Invention  of  telegraphy  by  p.    8989 

See  PAINTING. 
lUustrates-no  Information.      *3977 

Defects  in  Chinese  p.-Deformity.328 
Imitation  in  p.-Servile,  15th  C.  345 
Schools  of  p.-Florence,  etc.  344 
Supremacy  in  p. -Raphael.  346 

See  SCULPTOR. 
Mental  s.-Socrates.  *5056 

Nobility  in-"Eternalize  fame."*5057 

See  STATUE. 
Honored  by  s.-Cato.  ♦5337 

Immense  s.-Apollo.  *5338 

See  STATUARY. 

Destroyed-Ruin  of  paganism.     331 

Mutilated  by  Romans.  327 

Unappreciated-S.  Johnson.         334 

See  ARCHITECTURE  and  MS- 

THETICISM  in  loo. 


ASCETICISM. 

Escape  from  a.-J.  Wesley. 
Exercise  of  a. -Asiatics. 

ASCETICS. 
Early  a.-Roman. 

See  AUSTERITY  in  loc. 

ASPERITIT. 

Cross-reference. 
Excusable  a.-Mlsfortunes. 


*358 
*357 

♦359 


3559 


ASSASSIN. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Honored-Emp.  Caracalla.  1123 

-Both  well.  2188 

Married  by  wife  of  viotim.  3437 

Motive-Named  with  victim.  2052 

Religious  a.  of  Henry  III.  1107 

Victim,  Mistake  of.  2204 

ASSASSINS. 

Hatred  of  a.-Caesar's.  ^372 

Infamous  a.-Lincoln's.  ♦373 

Religious  a.-Persia.  ^374 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Deceived  by  Mahomet.  2495 

Justified-H.  Dustln-Indian's  a.  3729 
Partisan  a.-Blue  and  green.  970 
Rebuked  by  f.  honors-Caesar's.  2251 
"  "  "  "  -Lincoln's. 2254 
Struggle  with  a.-Pizarro.  1068 

Terror  of-Nationalpanic-Eng.  3982 

ASSASSINATION. 

Attempted-Louis  Philippe.  ^360 

"         -Victoria.  ♦361 

"         -Victoria.  ♦362 

Conspiracy  for  a.-British  Cab.  ^363 

Deliverance  by  a.-Henry  III.  ^364 

Escape  from  a.-Lincoln.  ♦365 

Fear  of  a.-Cromwell.  ^366 

General  a.  in  Ireland.  ^367 

Justifled-Philip  of  Greece.  ♦368 

Patriotic  a.  of  Csesar.  ♦369 

Peril  of  a.-CromwelL  ^370 

Remarkable  a.-Caesar's.  ^371 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ambition  provoked  a.  of  Caesar.  184 


Attempted  a.  by  Jesuits.  3009 

"    "         "  3010 

Common-Reign  of  Wm.  I.  1135 

Denounced-of  Caesar.  2255 

Disgrace  of  a.-James  II.  4626 

Failure  of  a.-Commodus.  8003 

by  Gov't-Richard  III.  3742 

Horrified  by  Caesar's  a.  1138 

Plot  for  a.  of  Elizabeth.  4948 

Political-Duke  of  Gloucester.  2162 

Reaction  of  a.-on  Henry  II.  6145 
Responsibility  for  a.-Henry  II.  2669 

Resort  to  a.-Nero-Mother.  1347 

Revenge  by  a.-J.  Hamilton.  4861 

Scheme  of  wholesale  a.  1140 

"       "  -Rosamond's.  67 

"       "  -Catherine  de  M.'i.  6066 

Shocking  a.  of  Rizzio.  2687 

Terror  of  a.-Emp.  Augustus.  8891 

ASSAUL.T. 

MiBcellanecus   cross-references. 

of  Jealousy-Romans.  2897 

Reparation  for  a. -Cheap.  2868 

Severe  penalty  for-£30,000.  4102 

See  ATTACK. 

Inconsiderate  a.-Crusaders.  *3QQ 

Unexpocted-From  above.  ^391 


in  Rear-Alarming.  2123 

Success  by  a.-Marathon.  467 

ASSEMBIilES. 

Interdicted-Religious-Eng.  ^375 

ASSSmBIilT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Immense-Centennial  year,1876.  4084 

"       -80,000  p.-Colosseum.    681 

Popular  a.  opposed.  2452 

Unwieldy-80,000  priests.  3833 

ASSESSMENTS. 

Political  a.-Emp.  Maxentius.     *376 

See  TAXATION  in  loo. 

ASSISTANCE. 
Energetic  a.  of  Pompey. 


♦377 


173 


Cross-references. 
Refused  wisely-To  son. 
Response  to  Mahomet's  call. 

See  ALLIES. 
Invisible  a.-Mahomet's  angels.  ^175 
Rejected  by  Congress-L.  *176 


Abandoned  by  a.-Adversity.         95 
Neglected  by  a.-Thebans.  465 

Personal  a.  by  fear.  1542 

Union  with  a.  impossible.  3835 

See  HELP. 
Fictitious  h.-Apostate  Julian.  ^2549 


Delayed  till  needless.  4088 

Divine  h.  needed-Lincoln.  4380 

from  God  the  best-Joan  of  Arc.  1559 
Necessary  h. -Briton's  appeal.  2016 
Withheld  makes  manhood.        1560 

See  HELPERS. 
Dependence  on  "Auxiliaries. "♦  2550 


Acknowledged  by  Newton.  1631 

Repelled  by  insincerity.  2041 

Sustained  by  h.-Lincoln.  52 

Valuable  h.-Napoleon's  aides.  2834 


ASSOCIATES. 

Dangerous  a.-J.  Howard's  son.^378 
Impure  a.-Sir  I.  Newton.  ♦379 

Influence  of  a.-Peter  the  Great.^390 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Burial  of  living  a.-Barbarians.    684 
Dangerous  a.-Q,ueen  of  Scots.    1171 
Despicable  a.-James  II.  5177 

Selection  of  a. -Johnson.  1157 

Uncontaminated  by  evil  a.         5036 

ASSOCIATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Changed  by  a.-Greeks.  1865 

Contaminated  by  prison  a.  5804 
Controlled  by  a.-A.  Pope.  2238 

Dangerous  a.  vdth  Theodora.  4533 
Destructive-" Artemus  Ward."  3283 
Religious  a.  prized.  2603 

Repelled-John  Milton.  2701 

Ruinous  a.-Gamblers.  2273 

to  Nero.  2819 

Unity  by  a.-Cromwell.-Fox.      5749 

ASSOCIATIONS. 

Beneficial  a.-Marcus  Aurelius.  ♦388 
Guild  of  a.-Eng.  a.d.  1214.  ^381 

Protective  a. -Anglo- Saxons.      ♦SSS 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Contaminating  a.-Luther  at  R.  896 
Dangers  from  a.  in  government.  406 
Effect  of  early  habits  and  a.-N.  509 
Horrifying  a.  of  London  Tower.  746 
Unimproved  by  good  a.-Indians.904 

See  CLUBS. 
Ancient  c.-"  Inimitable  livers.  "♦968 
Organization  of  old  English  o.     381 

See  TRADES-UNION. 
Objection  to  t.  u.-Caste.  ^5662 

Opposition  of  t.  u.-.Jas.  Watt.  ^5663 
Oppressive  t.  u.-James  Watt.  ^5664 
Prohibited-England.  ^5665 

♦5666 
See  FRIENDS  and  INFLUENCE  in  loc. 

ASSUMPTION. 

Boastful  a.  of  Disabul  the  T. 


♦384 


Cross-reference. 

Rebuked-Blshop  Coke.  2787 

See  ARROGANCE  in  loc. 

ASTROL.OGY. 

Regard  for  a.-Roman  omens.    ♦385 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Crime  proven  by  a.  1953 

Faith  in  a.-Charles  II.  5448 

ASTRONOMY. 

Anticipations  of  a.-B.c.  640.        ♦386 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Advanced  in  A.-Egyptians.        3530 
Discoveries  in  a.-Galileo.  3028 

Heretical  a.-Galileo.  2721 

Ignored  a.-Credulity  of  M.'s.     8623 
Impressiveness  of  a.  8875 


ASTIiUM. 

of  Refuge-Rome. 


♦387 


Cross-reference. 
Poor  man's-Colony  of  Georgia.  532 


768 


ATHEISM— AVARICE. 


ATHEISm. 

Miscellaneous  cross-referencti. 

Concealed-Romans.  S668 

Tried-Rejected-France.  2370 

ATHEISTS. 

Cross-reference. 

Nation  of  a.-No.  4737 

ATHIiBTE!. 
Remarkable  a.-Thracian.  ♦SSS 

Koyal  a.-Henry  II.  ♦389 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Moral  weakness  of  Milo.  6960 

Strong  a.-Father  of  Jefferson.  6858 
"      "  -George  Washington.  6860 

ATHIiETES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Barly  training  of  a.-Persian.  1770 

"            "        "  "-Spartans.  1817 

Education  of  a.-Roman.  1778 

Female  a.-Spartans.  1817 

Military  a. -Roman.  1827 

Trained  a.-Roman  soldiers.  5672 

ATMOSPHERE. 

Cross-reference. 
Cpnvulslons  by  a.-Oracle.  8947 

ATONEOTENT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Belief  of  Am.  Indians.  5158 

or  Vengeance-Am.  Indians.       4848 

ATTACK. 
Inconsiderate  a.-Crusaders.       *390 
Unexpected  a.  from  aboye.        *391 


2123 

467 


2897 


Cross-references. 
In  Rear- Alarming. 
Success  by  a. -Marathon. 
See  ASSAULT. 
Jealous  a. -Romans. 
Reparation  for  a.-Cheap.  2868 

Severe  penalty  for  a.-£30,000.    4102 

ATTENTION. 

Cross-reference. 
Commanded-Heralds.  6161 

AUCTION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Infamous  a.-Roman  tkrcaie.      3678 
Marriage  promoted  by  a.  8484 

AUDACITTT. 

Brazen  a.-Catlline.  *392 

Deceived  by  a.  of  Napoleon.  ♦393 

Desperation  of  a.-Indians.  ^394 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Presumptuous  a. -Catiline.  1201 

Success  by  a.-Joan's  attacks.  1906 

••        "  "-Pompey.  6210 

Undaunted  a.-Bothwell's.  6832 

Women  of  Paris-Revolution.  658 

See  ARROGANCIC. 

Answered-Charles  V.  ♦SIO 

Childish  a.-Xeries-Sea.  •320 

Insulting  a.  of  Attlla.  •321 


Boastful  a.-Disabul. 
Clerical  a.  in  politics. 


884 
920 

"        ••   "       "  4929 

I<ofty  a.-Attila.  322 

National  a.-Bngland.  323 

See  PRESTTMPTION. 
Foolish  p.-Emperor  Rlenzi.      ♦4443 


Reward  of  p.-Indignlty. 


•4444     Reward  of  a.-FinancIal-J.  M.    ♦42i 


Ridiculed  by  Parthlans.  1712 

by  Success-Capt.  Lawrence.  2570 

Successful  p.  of  three  men.  1076 

of  Youth-Nasica.  2814 

"      "     -Pompey.  6210 

"      "     -Louis  XrV.  6209 

AUDIENCE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Necessary  for  great  oratory,      8952 
Speaker  impressed  by  a.  4822 

AUGURY. 

Book  of  a.-Cbiiieee.  •305 

Bnfldtnt^  by  a.-City  of  Romt-.    •aoe 

See  OMENS  in  loo. 

AUSTERITY. 

Example  of  a.-Younger  Cato.    *397 
Monkish  a.  in  Egypt.  *398 

vs.  Profligacy-Stuarts  restored,  ♦sgg 
Religious  a.-Rev.  John  Newton.^400 
•'         "-Priscillianlsts.        ^401 
'•  "-Monks,  A.D.  370.     *402 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Amusements  suppressed  by  P.    222 

Hurtful  a.- Unnecessary.  1169 

Imagination  Inflamed  by  a.       2090 

with  Licentiousness-Spartans.  oi37 

Reaction  against  a.-Puritans.      303 

Refuge  in  a. -Melancholy.  3563 

Religious  a.-St.  Francis.  3364 

"        "-Puritans.  4207 

"        "  -Pascal.  4681 

"        "  -Pillar  saints.  4706 

• 6012 

"        "  -ineffective.  4770 

"        "  -Rev.  Bramwell.       5085 

in  Virtue-Stoicai.  5842 

See  SEVERITY. 
Disgraceful  s.-James  Bagge.   ♦5123 
Parental  s. -Roman.  ^5124 


for  Cowardice-Brother's.  1273 

Cruel  s.-Aurelian.  4578 

Governmental-Edward  Floyd.  4568 
Merciful  s.-Cromwell's.  4577 

Parental  s.-Luther's  father.       4573 
Reaction  of  s.-Aurelian.  1542 

"  "  -Commodus.         1591 

Success  by  s.-Peter  the  Great.  2875 

AUTHOR. 

HumlUated-Frederick  the  Q.  *403 

Rapid  a.-Samuel  Johnson.  *404 

Unnotlced-Humlllated-S.  J.  *405 


Miscellaneous  cioss-references. 
Fame,  Sudden-Byron.  2057 

Rebuked  for  adulation.  2156 

Shameful  a.-Patrons.  1485 

Successful  a.-Exceptlonal.        3286 

AUTHORS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Importunity  of  a.-Patrons.  498 

Unappreciated.-Milton-C,  etc.   630 

AUTHORSHIP. 

Anxieties  of  a.-S.  Johnson.  ♦418 

Imputed  a.-"  Margaret  N."  ^419 

Originality  in  a.-Thomas  J.  ^420 

Qualified  a.-The  Stamp  Act.  *421 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Certlfied-Youthful-Bryant.  2329 

Confusion  in  reputed  a.  8771 

Inferred-Libellous.  1167 

Prohibited  Judges-Comedy.  8038 

Responsibility  for  a. -Regrets.  1249 

Rewarded  liberally- Pope.  8317 

Supposititious  a.-LIbellous.  1166 
See  LITERATURE  in  loo. 

AUTHORITY. 

Absolute  a.  necessary  in  war.  •406 
**  "  -Early  Romans.  *407 
"        "  -Turks.  ♦40* 

Acknowledged  a.-Franks  in  G.  *109 
Assumed-Oliver  Cromwell.  *410 
Dependence  on  parental  a.-H.  ♦411 
by  Gentleness-Joan  of  Arc.  ♦412 
Imprudence  with  a.  *413 

Necessary  a.-Military.  ♦414 

Personal  a.-Am.  Indians.  ^415 

Popular  a.-Chas.  I.  humiliated.  ♦416 
Supreme  a.-Joan  of  Arc.  ^417 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Arbitrary  a.-Edward  I.  710 

Autocratic  a.  of  Henry  VIII.       424 

"         '•  "   Pompey.  423 

Beneficial,  Arrogated  a.-Popes.  4302 
Bought  with  money- Jylla.  3877 
by  Character-Aristides.  766 

Command  without  a.  4049 

Common  a.-Spartan  c.-Horses.  808 
Conflicting  a.-Capt.Wadsworth.3956 

"       -Inspiration.  2893 

Confusion  of  a.-Gov't  of  Acre.  2415 
Delegated  to  the  Pope-Indulg.  827 
Disregarded-Pope  Innoce't  III.  4934 
Divided  a.-Failure.  975 

Greatest  act  of  personal  a.  4741 
Intolerable  to  Am.  Indians.  3780 
Investment  o'  a.-R.  censor.  746 
Parental  a.-Perfect-Harmf  ul-H.  806 
Possession  oi  a.-Cromwell.  821 

Power  gives  a.-Joyce.  4362 

Recognition  of  a.  by  symbols.  173 
Representative  of  a. -I.  H.  VI.  790 
Symbol  of  a.  lost-Seal.  5060 

Unrecognized  by  Charles  I.  1500 
Usurpation  of  a.-Pretext.  2855 

See  GOVERNMENT  and 
OBEDIENCE  in  he. 

AUTOCRAT. 

Military  a.-Pompey.  •423 

Royal  a.-Henry  VIIL  *424 

See  RULER  in  loc. 

AVARICE. 

Acquired  habit-S.  Johnson.  ^425 

of  Clergy-15th  century.  *426 

Contempt  for  a.  of  Rufinus.  ^427 

Corrupted  by  a.-Romans.  ♦428 

Criminal  a.-London  tailors.  *429 

Deception  of  a.-Henry  VIL  ♦430 

Demands  of  a.-Henry  VIL  ^431 

Glory  In  a.-Cato  the  censor  ♦432 
Official  a.-John  of  Cappadoola.*433 

Punished  a.  of  Crassus.  ♦434 

Royal  a.-Henry  VIII.  •435 

*•       "  -Wm.  the  Conqueror  ♦43ft 

"       "  -George  II.  ♦437 


AWAKENING— BATTLE. 


769 


Euled  by  a.-Commodus.  *438 

Shameful  a.-Courtiers  of  J.  II.  *439 
Supremacy  of  a.-Confederates.*440 


4478 
1352 
5757 
2388 
3655 
1583 
1615 
2389 

863 
2079 
1673 
8680 

672 
1049 

607 
5183 
2390 
2403 
5879 
4881 
6041 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Appeal  to  a.  of  James  I. 
Confiscations  to-Caligula. 
vs.  Contempt-Komaus. 
Craze  of  a.-Gold-seekers. 
Crimes  of  a.  suppressed. 
Degraded  by-Theodora. 
Endangers  the  State-Eng. 
Enthusiasm  of-Gold-seekers. 
Forgotten-Rebuilding  temple. 
Heartless  a.-Rome-ramine. 
Incapable  of-Alexander. 
an  Instrument,  not  an  end. 
Reputation  lost  by  a.-Demo8. 
Royal  a.-Maximin. 
Shameful  a.-Courtiers  of  J.  II. 
of  Slavery-English  Prisoners. 
Victims  of-Gold-seekers. 

"  -Official. 
War  by  a.-East  India, 
with  Wealth-Pythius. 
Woman's  a.-Court  of  James  II. 

AIS^AKENING. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Spiritual-Bunyan.          '  1180 
569 

*'       -Terrible-Bunyan.  5166 

"       -Martin  Luther.  1178 

"       -Terrifying-Nelson.  1189 

*•                "         -Bunyan.  1191 

*'       -A.  Clark.  1181 

"      -Hartley  Campbell.  4103 

"       -H.  D.  Gough.  1179 

"       -Misery  in.  1193 

•'       -Melancholy-Fox.  8564 

*'       -by  Prayer.  1188 

•'       -Unhappiness  by.  1192 

AWE 

Effect  of  a.-Persian  king.  ^441 
Silence  of  a.-Battle  of  the  Nile.*442 

See  REVERENCE. 

Excessive  r.-Wm.  Pitt.  ♦4867 

Filial  r.-Alexander.  *4868 

for  Parents.-Ancients.  *4869 

Religious  r.-Pagans.  *4870 

Al^KlVARDNESS. 

and  Agility  .-Poet  Shelley.  *443 

1586 


Exhibited-Etlquette. 
BABE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Influence  of  b. -Pardon.  4001 

Supposititious  b.-Believed.        8913 

See  INFANTS. 
In  Heaven-Swedenborg.  *2818 

BACHEIiOR. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Relief  for  b. -Negotiator.  8461 

Unhappy  b. -Noble-Kosciusko.  3341 

BACHELORS. 

Dlscarded-Councll  of  Ancients. ^444 
Forced  to  marry-Rome.  *445 

^•unished-Spartans.  *446 


BAL.BNESS. 

Illustrated  by  b.-Emp.  Carus.    *447 
BANISHMENT. 

Inhuman-Colonists  of  Arcadia.*448 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

by  Ballot-6000- Athenians.  3968 

Cruel  b.  of  R.  Williams.  5638 

Priests  from  Ireland.  4117 

Sudden  hasty  b.-Vaudois.  4145 

Unjust-Ostracism.  3969 

Voluntary-L.  Bonaparte.  8630 

BANNER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Devotion  to-Mohammedan.       2567 
Inappropriate-Paschal  Lamb.   5245 
of  Industry-Leather  apron,       2811 
Influence  of  b.-Mexican.  4088 

Rescued  by  valor-Cadiz.  651 

Shocking  b.-Mary  Stuart.  6110 

Significant-"  Don't  tr'd  on  me,"  8989 
BANK, 
Cross-reference. 
Prejudice  against  national  b.     4409 

BANKERS. 
Plundered-Je  wish-England.      *449 
Prejudice  against  b.-Lombards.*450 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Injustice  to  b.-Charles  II.  2892 

Patriotic  b.-R.  Morris.  3659 

Prejudice  against  Jewish.  449 

BANKRUPTCT. 

Predioted-National-British.       ^451 


Cross-reference. 
Courage  In  b.-Sir  Walter  Scott.    92 

BANQUET. 

Extravagant  b.  -Court  of  R.  ^452 

Cross-reference. 

Prevented  by  death-Mrs.  J.  105 

See  FEAST. 

Ale-feast  of  old  England.  1740 

Banquet  of  death.  1404 

"        "       "    -Indians,  1425 

Deception  in  display.  3768 

Drunkenness  usual.  2922 

"                 "  2923 

Extravagant  f.-Roman.  8371 

of  Fools  and  asses-C.-L-F.  850 
Humiliation  at  a  f  .-Goldsmith.  2664 

Painful  thoughts  at  a  f.  2645 

Wedding  f  .-Grandsons  of  T.  741 

BAPTISm. 

Proorastinated-Christian  pros.   453 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Second  b.-Roger  Williams.  454 

Trust  in  b.-Vices.  4724 

BAPTISTS. 

Pioneer  of  B.-Roger  Williams.  *454 

BARBARITY. 

to  AnImals-Horses-18th  Cent.    *455 

BARBER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ostentatious  b.  rebuked.  1667 

Superlatlve-lOOO-Constantine.   3903 


BARBERS. 

Surgical  b.-Eng.-16th  century.  *45fl 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Carelessness  of  b.  punished-L.    738 
Surgeons  in  16th  century.  456 

BARGAIN. 
Foolish  b.-Indians.  •457 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Aversion  to  making  a  b.-J,  Watt.689 
Confirmed  by  alms.  4300 

by  Distress  of  owners-M.  C.        683 
Satisfactory  b.-Trinkets,  5771 

See  BUSINESS  in  loo. 

BARRICADE. 

Cross-reference. 

Unsuccessful  b.  of  chains,  605 

BASENESS. 

Matrimonial  b.-Henry  Vm,      •468 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Bastard-Self-oonfessed-Ferd.  2066 

Dastardly  b.-Author.  1485 

See  DEPRAVITY  in  loo. 

BASTARD. 

Cross-reference. 

Self-confessed-Ferdinand.  2066 

BATH. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Health  restored  by-Napoleon.  8552 

Involuntary-Prison  b.  1385 

Licentdous-Sexes-Spartan.  6137 

Perilous  b.  of  Alexander.  1048 

"       -Young  Arnold.  2128 
Rene  wing-Fountain  of  Youth,  6196 

BATHS. 

Common  b.  of  Romans.  •459 

Magnificent  b.  of  Romans,  *460 

BATTLE. 

Bloodless  b.-Brenneville.  •461 

"       "  -Fort  Sumter.  •462 

Bloody  b.-Towton,  •463 

Cry  in  b.-Naseby.  ^464 

Decisive  b.-Chaeronea.  *465 

Disparity  in  b.-Arbela.  ^466 

Famous  b.-Marathon,  ^467 

"        "  -Mantinea.  •468 

Great  b.-Austerlltz.  *469 

"      "  -Cressy.  ^470 

"      "  -Agincourt.  *471 

"     "  -Blenheim.  *472 

"      "  -Jena.  ^473 

"      "  -Leuthen.  ^474 

"     •'  -Navarino.  *47S 

"      "  -The  Nile.  *476 

"      *'  -Rossbach.  *477 

"     "  -Trafalgar.  *478 

"      "  -Ulm.  *479 

"      "  -Vittoria.  *480 

"      "  -Wagram.  *481 

"     "  -Waterloo.  *482 

Ineffective-Island  No.  10.  *483 

Preparation  for  b.-Hastings.  *484 

Religion  In  the  b.-Siege  of  D.  ♦485 

Terrific  b.-Mobile  Bay.  ♦486 

Useless  b.-New  Orleans.  ♦487 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bloody  naval  b.-Paul  Jones,     1748 


?70 


BATTLE-CRY— BENEVOLENCE. 


1232 


Courage  in  b.-Marcius. 
Decisive-Short-Agincourt.         3834 
Disparity  of  losses-N.  O.  8331 

Eagerness  for  b.-Stone  ballot.  1556 
Hard-fought  b.  of  Crecy.  297 

Important-Parsalia.  301 

Lost>-No  ammunition-S.  3330 

Naval-AIabama-Kearsarge.  3809 
,  Perils  of  b.-Napoleon  at  Arcls.  647 
\     "      "  "  "         "   Lodi.    648 

'Uninteresting  b.  to  Dr.  Harvey.  628 
Useless  b.-Fredericksburg.  5366 
Youthful-Cromwell  and  Chas.I.6203 

BATTIiB-CRY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Crusaders-"  God  wills  it."     2385 
"  Puritans-"  God  is  with  us."    464 

BATTLiE-FIELD. 

Fruitful  b.-Blood-fattened.        *488 


BATTIiES. 

Decisive  b.-Fifteen. 


*489 


BEARD. 

Sljfnlficant  b.-Walter  Scott.      *490 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Changed  by  b.-Lincoln  advised.6102 
of  Cowards-Half-shaven.  1280 

Golden  (Eed)  b.  of  Henry  VIII.    62 
Indignity  to-Caesar.  2796 

Vow  to  leave  uncut-Scott's  f.     490 

BEARDS. 
Characteristic  b.-Lombards.     *491 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Legislation  to  shave.  1735 

Limited  use  of  b.-Franks.  2502 

Long-Lombards.  1565 

Pride  in  populous  b.-Julian.  2501 
Shaven-"  lie  against  faces."  3370 
Trimmed  for  battle-Alexander.2500 

BEAUTY. 
Common  b.  of  Flemings.  *492 

Personal  b.-Mahomet.  *493 

Promoted  by  b.-Geo.  Villiers.  *494 
Self-asserted  b.-Sylla.  *495 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Architectual  b.-Ionic  order.        281 
Artistic  b.  of  Raphael's  work.     346 
of  Benevolence-Lincoln.  514 

Competition  in  b.  for  marriage.  3485 
Dangerous  b.-Maiden.  4536 

"  " -Woman's-M't.  3242 
vs.  Death-Garbage  or  Park.  3828 
Effective  b.  of  Poppasa.  2819 

Endangered  by-Women.  2211 

"  «'  -Virginia.  3973 

Fascinating  b.-Mary  Stuart.  6089 
Female  b.-Zenobia.  8055 

Flattered-Aged  Q.  Elizabeth.  2684 
Heartless  b.-Countess  of  Carlisle.  109 
Helpful-Mediation.  3998 

Highly  estimated-Elizabeth.  4329 
with  Infamy-Nero.  196 

Perils  of  b.-Montfort.  1858 

Person  vs.  Character.  4624 

Prostituted  to  shame-T'odora.  4533 
Simplicity  requisite  to  b.  281 

vs.  Utility-Architecture.  5761 


BEER. 

Antiquity  of  b.-Germans.  *496 

See  INTEMPERANCE  and  TEM- 
PERANCE in  loc. 

BEGCAR. 

Honorable  b.-M.  Luther.  *497 

Literary  b.-English.  *498 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
An  impressive  b.-' '  an  old  s."        90 
Religious  b.-Luther.  4456 

Royal  b. -Henry  III.  1264 

"       "       "         "  1266 

Bulermade  a  b.-John.  2212 

Unknown  among  Am.  Indians.   677 

BEGGARS. 
Malicious  b.-England  16th  C.     *499 
Professional  b.-Monks.  ♦500 

Punlshed-England-Whipped.     *501 
"       -England-Slavery.      *502 
Scheme  for  b.-Count  Rumford.*503 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Cruelty  toward  Scotch  b.  5893 

Headquarters  for  b.-London.    1293 
Nobility  reduced  to  b.  2210 

Numerous-One-flfth-England.  4360 
Prevented  by  law-Solon.  4359 

Punishment  of  b.-England.       2703 

BEGINNING. 

Discouragement  at  the  b.  *504 

Pious  b. -Reformation.  *505 

Small  b.-Am.  Revolution.  *506 

"      " -Roman  Revolution.      *507 

"      "  -"  Massacre  of  Vassy."*508 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bad  b.-Success  after.  2023 

Ceremony  at  b.-a  city-Anclents.897 
Defeat  at  b.-Success  after.  2024 
Failure  at  the  b.-Demosthenes.  2021 
Hesitation  at  the  b.-Moham.  876 
Humble  b.-Yale  College.  1783 

Unpromising  b.-Mlnistry.  1860 

BELIiS. 

Impressive  b.-Napoleon.  *509 

Substitute  for  b.-Muezzln.         *510 


BENEFACTOR. 

Praise  of  b.-A.  Lincoln. 


♦511 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Exlled-John  Kay.  2992 

Wronged-B.  Whitney.  2991 

BENEFACTORS. 

Opposed-James  Hargreaves.     ^512 

BENEFICENCE. 

Cross-reference. 
False  b.  of  Charles  II.  2751 

BENEVOLENCE. 

Access  by  b.-John  Howard.       ^513 

Beauty  of  b.-A.  Lincoln.  ^514 

Blessing  on  b.-Oswald.  ^515 

a  Buslness-J.  Howard.  ♦SIO 

Christian  b.-Blshop  Ken.  ^517 

"        "  -Carthaginians.       ^522 

Conscientious  b.-John  Wesley.  ♦SIS 

"        *'  -Mary  Fletcher.       ^519 

•*        "  -Lady  Huntingdon.  ^502 


Disinterested  b.-S.  Johnson.  ♦SSI 

Enforced  by  fine-England.  ^528 

Example  of  b.-Mahomet.  ^524 

Excessive  b.-Sewlng-glrl.  *!)25 

by  Falth.-Geo.  Muller.  ♦526 

Forced  b.-Duke  of  Guise,  ♦.527 

Frustrated  by  James  II.  ♦528 

Genuine  b.-Catherine  W.  *531 

"       "  -Dr.  Wilson.  *530 

Generous  b.-Clmon.  ^529 
Incorporated  for  b.-Colony  of  G.^532 

Injurious  b.-Constantlne's.  *533 

Insulted-A.  Lincoln's  b.  ^534 

an  Investment-Spinners.  *535 

Joy  of  b.-A.  Lincoln.  ♦SSe 

"     "  "  -Faraday.  *oS7 

Large  b.-Huguenots.  ♦SSS 

Ministerial  b.-Thomas  Coke.  ^539 

Misconstrued-Dr.  Bateman's.  *540 

Power  of  b.-John  Howerd.  ^541 

Premature  b.-Goldsmlth's  f.  ♦542 

Pure  b.-Goldsmith's.  ^543 

Religious  b.-Mahomet.  ♦544 

"         "  -Bp.  of  Acaclus.  *545 

"         "  -Lady  Huntingdon.  *546 

Royal  b. -Emperor  Trajan.  ^547 

Self-sacrificing  b.-Howard.  ^548 

Systematic  b.-John  Wesley.  ^549 

I*,  Test-"  Glving-Llving."  ^550 

Treasure  of  b.-Epltaph.  ♦SSI 

Unwise  b.-"  Jenny's  Whim."  ♦SSs. 

"      '*  -Creating  poverty.  ♦SSa 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bargains  confirmed  by  b.  430C 

Christian  rule  in  b.  4333 

of  Deity-Socrates.  4550 

Duty  of  the  rich.  4880 

"  "  man,  Chief-Stoics.  3.394 
Enforced  by  Church-England.  4295 
Experience  prompts  b.  4355 

Extorted  "  B."-Henry  VIIL         430 
"         "B.  "-James  I.  523 

"       offertory  of  b.-D.  of  G.  528 
Extortion  misnamed  b.  2003 

**  2005 

Faith  sustalned-MuUer.  2035 

not  Hereditary-Howard.  2552 

Grand  b.  of  Duke  of  Orleans.  227 
Honored-J.  Howard.  3650 

Joy  of  b.-Rev.  J.  Newton,  3077 
Life  ending  In  b.-Deed.  2475 

Misapplied  b.-Maklng  beggars.  500 
National  to-Persecuted  French. 2294 
Noble  b.-John  Pounds.  5045 

Perverted  by  misuse  of  funds.  426 
Pleasure  in  b.-Howard.  4192 

Popularity  sought  by  b.  4321 

Practical  b. -Prisoners'  debts.    1459 
"       "  -P.  Cooper.  1828 

Restrains  vlce-Gambltng.  2268 

Reward  of  b.-Foundling  child.  781 
Royal  b.-Titus-Honored.  4307 

Scheme  of  b.-Colony  of  Ga.  4299 
Selfsacrlficlng-Jesults.  3018 

Spirit  of  b.-Perlcles.  4765 

System  of  b.  to  poor.  4295 

Systematlo-J.  Howard.  3650 

Theoretical  b.-Seneca.  4657 

Trust  In  b.  rewarded-Moham.  88 
Uneducated  b.-Labor  of  c.  804 


BEQUESTS— BETRAYAL, 


771 


Unsurpassed  b.-Bishop  Coke.  1570 

Zeal  in  b.-Whitefield.  2029 

See  ALMS. 

for  Stragglers- Walter  Scott  90 

See  CHARITT. 

for  the  Dead-Bolingbroke.  *777 

Distrasted-Joseph  II.  *778 

Nobility  of  c.-Aristotle.  *779 

Wise  c.  of  J.  Howard.  *780 

Wonderful  c.-Woman's.  *781 


Blessings-"Hand  never  grow 

o."515 

Confiscated  to  avarice. 

2079 

in  Conversation-Cato. 

1170 

a  Crime-English  law. 

8111 

"  Dangerous  c.-Eomans. 

5218 

vs.  Hospitality  of  Britons. 

2640 

Hurtful  c.-Labor  degraded. 

3099 

Rule  of  Mohammedan  c. 

644 

Success  by  c. -Howard. 

513 

Wise  c.-Count  Rumford. 

503 

of  Woman-Laeta. 

6044 

See  COMPASSION. 

Discreditable  c.-James  II. 

*1005 

Female  c.-Indian  girl. 

♦1006 

Appeal  to  c.-Six  burgesses.  4639 
Destitute  of  c.-Indian  women.  2074 

for  Failure  in  life-Bums.  2037 

Woman 's-Characteristio  c.  6045 

See  GENEROSITY. 

Characteristic-Johnson.  2659 

Conceals  vices-Sackville.  3043 

Destitute  of  g.-James  II.  1005 

Embarrassment  from  cost.  2263 

Enemy's  g.-Luther-Tetzel.  1888 

Example  of  g.-J.  Harvard.  2288 

Extraordinary  g.-Youthful.  2915 

False  religious  g.  4707 

Liberty  of  Am.-Lafayette.  3216 

Noble  g.-William  Penn.  4255 

Offensive  g. -Humiliating.  2356 
Overwhelmed  by  g. -Napoleon.  1152 
of  the  Poor-Plymouth  Colony.  2081 

Suspicious  g.-Tacitus.  2286 

Wife's  g.  to  husband-Mary.  5998 

See  GIFTS, 

of  Affection-Napoleon  I.  ♦2358 

Bridal  g.  of  Placidia.  *2359 

Fictitious  g.-Bellsarius.  *2360 

Rare  g.  for  royalty.  ^2361 


of  Bible  to  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Boldness  in  bringing  g.-Jews. 
of  Books- Valuable-Scarce. 
Corrupting  g. -Roman  treats. 
Disdained  by  Saracens. 
Forced  g.  for  Maxentius. 

"      "  to  Charles  I. 
Generous  bestowment-Alex. 
Sickness  cured  by  g. 

See  GOODNESS. 
Lasting  glory  of  Agesilaus. 
Greatness  of  g.-C.  de'  Medici. 
Respected-John  the  Good. 
See  GRATITUDE. 
Expressed-Charles  II. 
"        -S.  Johnson. 
Improvident  g.  of  Goldsmith. 


Christian  g.-Benevolence. 
Genuine  g.  to  Lincoln. 


571 
4122 

6.32 
4243 
4662 

376 
3662 
5699 
6128 

2363 
2477 
2618 

♦8464 
♦2465 
♦2466 

525 
514 


Inappropriate-Princes  of  Spain.1656 
Prayer  of  g.  -Silent.  4379 

Reward  of  g.-General  Grant.  4878 
for  Sparing  mercy  of  God-S.  W.  119 
Speechless-Peasant-Nap.  1152 

Unexpected  g.  of  Darius.  5272 

Unpleasant  consequences  of  g.  54 
Vow  of  g.-Lir  coin's.  5860 

"     "    "-An  unjust.  5866 

See  GRATUITY. 
Lafayette's  noble  g.  of  services.  176 

See   KINDNESS. 
Religion  of  k.-Rev.  J.  Newton.^3077 


Conceals  faults-Hervey. 
Crime  of  k.  to  criminal. 
Reprimand  of  k.-Johnson. 
of  Savages  to  Columbus. 
Spirit  of  k.-Pope  to  Howard. 

See  MERCY. 
Provision  for  m.-A.  Lincoln. 


Affection  without  mercy. 
Despised  by  Jeffreys. 
Lack  of  m.-Old  England. 
Odious  m.  of  James  II. 
Pleading  for  m. -Calais. 

See  SYMPATHY, 
by  Experience-S.  Johnson. 
Freaks  of  s.-Napoleon  I. 
for  Friendless-Lincoln. 
Mutual  s.-Napoleon  I. 
for  Poor-Lincoln. 
Religious  s.-Puritans. 
Unmanned  by  s.-Columbus. 


2465 
4466 
4775 
2649 
145 

♦3588 

3062 
8068 
2860 
8997 
4639 

♦5493 
♦5494 
♦5495 
♦5496 
♦5497 
♦5498 
♦5499 


Beggars'  arts-London.  1293 

Denied  offenders-Old  England.  2860 
Eccentricity  of  s.-Napoleon  I.  3578 
Enraged  by  s.-Fred.  William.  3389 
Female  s.-Lucy  Hutchinson.  6105 
"       "  -Joan  of  Arc.  6104 

Power  of  s.-Pardon.  4001 

Prayerful  s.-Wife  of  Martyr  T.   679 
Suffering  in  s.-Dr.  Mott.  5417 

Various  forms  of  s.  for  W.  Scott.  92 
See  PRESENT  in  loe. 

BEQUESTS. 

for  Spiritual  benefits. 


Cross-reference. 
of  Wife-by  Athenians. 

See  LEGACY, 
for  Churches.-15th  century, 
of  Political  advice-Augustus. 

See  LEGACIES. 
Christian  1.  to  Church. 
Eagerness  for  l.-Romans. 
Enriched  by  l.-Cicero. 

See  INHljRITANOB  in  loc. 

BEREAVEMENT. 

Comfort  in  b. -Cromwell's. 
Depression  by  b.-Southey. 
Distress  of  b.-A.  Lincoln. 
Fictitious  b.-Queen  Anne. 
Forgetting  b.-Johnson's  r. 
Memory  of  b.-Wordsworth. 
Tears  of  b.-Daniel  Webster. 
Weakness  in  b.-James  Watt. 


♦664 

6995 

554 
100 

♦3183 
♦3184 
♦3185 


♦555 
♦556 
♦557 
♦558 
♦559 
♦560 
♦561 
♦562 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Anguish  of  b.-Self-de8troying-R.678 


of  Children  better  than  ruin  of  c.7M 
Comfort  in  b.-Johnson.  5312 

Consolation  in  b.-God  lives.       1422 
"  "  -Mohammedan. 1568 

with  Financial  ruin  of  W.  Scott.  94 
Grief  in  b.  of  a  mother-Sertorlus.113 
"     punished  with  death.         2881 
"     of  Jefferson.  2486 

Husband's  b.-Gen.  Jackson.  6086 
vs.  Living  sorrow.  5267 

Madness  by  b.-Alexander.  1428 

Melancholy  from  b.-Cowper.  2691 
of  Mother-Grief-Solitnde.  5269 

Mourning  in  b.-Graded.  3736 

Religion  by  b.-A.  Lincoln.  829 

Repeated-Washington  Irving.  3351 
Shock  of  b.-William  III.  6077 

Sorrow  of  b. -President  Jackson.  105 
Sorrows  of  b. -Frederick  II.  3632 
Treasures  in  b.-Walter  Scott's.   Ill 

See  WIDOW. 
Benevolent  w.  punished.  656 

Noble  son  of  a  w.-Washington.  6198 

See  WIDOWHOOD. 
Consolation  offered  in  w.-N.    *5992 

See  WIDOWER. 
Foolish  third  w.-Milton.  8732 

Hasty  marriage  of  w.  3481 

Many  times-Twenty-twow.       6038 
Marriage  of  young  w.-by  R.  II.  3441 
"         "  w.-IU-mated.  3451 

Second  marriage  approved.       8482 

See  ORPHAN. 
Successful  o.-A.  Hamilton.  185 

See  ORPHANS. 

Adopted  by  the  State- Soldier's.    58 

Hardships  of  o.  apprentices.        798 

See  DEATH  in  loc. 

BETRAYAIi. 

Cross-reference. 
Unintentional  b.-Missionary. 

See  APOSTASY. 
Open  a.  of  Romanus. 
Primitive  a.  by  persecution. 


3381 


♦251 
♦253 


Discreditable  b.-Protestant.  1936 
Encouraged  by  law-Maryland.  4116 
Explained-Inconsistency.  2774 

Reaction  of  forced  converts  to  a.  920 


Required  of  officer. 

See  APOSTATE. 
Honored  unwisely. 
Shameful  a.-Justus. 

See  APOSTATES. 
Forgiven  by  primitive  C. 


1471 

3177 
1358 

♦253 


Malice  of  a.-Knights  Templars.  1939 
"       " "  -Julian's.  254S 

See  SEDUCTION. 
Ruinous  scheme  for  s. 
Severely  punished-Aurelian. 

See  TRAITOR. 
Political  t.-Mr.  Huske. 
Punished  by  mother. 
Shameless  t.-Snnderland. 


67 
4578 

♦5674 
♦5678 
♦5676 


Indignation  toward  t. -Am.  Rev.2795 
Infamy  of  t.-Name  changed.  3764 
for  Revenge-Coriolanus.  6101 

See  TREACHERY. 
Base  t.-Philip  VI.  ♦5698 


772 


BETROTHMENT— BLASPHEMY. 


Consummate  t.-Charles  IL  *5G91 
Gold  for  t.-Benedlct  Arnold.  •5692 
Message  of  t,-Emp.  Alexander. *5693 

Conquest  by  t.-SextU8  over  G.  48 
In  Court-Criminal.  6833 

Diplomatic  t.-Engli8h,  1752 

Disguised-Caesar's  assassins.      1478 
"        -Friendship.  2243 

of  Friend-Brutus  vs.  Caesar.  2852 
"       *'      -Francis  Bacon.  2857 

Friendship's  t  -Dick  Talbot.       8202 
Infamous  t.-Am.  Revolution.     1136 
"         "  -Pausanias.  3724 

Ingrate's  t.-Burton.  2850 

Massacre  by  t.  *3520 

National  t.-England  to  France.  986 
Office  by  t.-Eteocle8.  3884 

Official  t.  to  Columbus.  *3900 

Proof  against  t-Belisarius.       2128 
"  "        "-Patriot.  4068 

Proposal  of  t.  rebuked.  4075 

Proverbial-"  Word  of  a  king."  2041 
1538 
8518 
6746 

*5694 
•5695 
*5696 
*5697 
•5698 


Shameful  t.-Agathocles. 
Thwarted  by  exposure. 
Umpire's  t.-Bdward  I. 

See  TREASON. 
Cry  of  t.-Patrick  Henry. 
Defined-England. 
Incipient  t.-War  of  1812. 
Punishment  of  t.-Romans. 
lietrlbutlon  of  t.-Romans. 


Atrocious  crime  of  t.  4576 

a  Pretext  for  extortion.  2007 

by  Resentment-Bourbon.  4109 

"  -C.  Marcius.  6101 

Tarnished  by  t.-B.  Arnold.  2569 

BETROTHmENT. 

Early  b.-Sir  Robert  Peel.  *663 

See  MARRIAOK  in  too. 

BIBIiE. 

Adaptation  of  the  B.-C0I.  Cong.^564 
Bible-reading  forbidden-Eng.  •586 
Comfort  from  the  B.-Captive.  •SGS 
Diffusion  of  the  B.-Tyndale.  •566 
Discoveries  in  the  B.-Luther.  •567 
Displaced-By  gloves-H.  VIII.  *568 
Doubted-J.  Bunyan's  struggles.  *569 
the  First  American  B.-Eliot's.  ^570 
Gift  of  B.  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  *571 
Imperilled  by  the  B.-R.  Hunne.  *572 
Incendiary  B.-Bookseller's.  •573 
Indestructible-Persecution.  *574 
Influence  of  the  B.-CromwelL  •575 
Monopoly  in  the  B.-Brit.  pub's. ^576 
Omitted-Coronation  of  J.  II.  '577 
People's  B.-Wycliffe.  •578 

Prohibition  of  the  B.-England.  *579 
"  "    "    " -Necessary*580 

Protected  by  the  B.-J.  Knox.  *581 
Reverence  for  the  B.-Indians.  *585 
Searching  the  B.-"Bible  Moths"*582 
Senses  in  the  B.-Three  senses.  •SSS 
Stimulates-Persecution  of  S.  J.*584 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bound  by  the  B.-Luther.  1092 

Civil  gov't  by  B.  rule-Conn.  2454 
^Civilization  advanced  by  the  B.  836 


Comfort  for  prisoners.  966 

"        from  the  B.-Cromwell.  555 

Destitute  of  B.- Young  Muller.  4712 

Direction  in  duty  by  B.  3613 

Divinity  of  B.-Denial  a  crime.  2556 

Encouragement-Earthquake.  1087 

Inspires  courage-Covenanter.  656 

Interpretation  of  B.-Strict.  8823 

Interpreters  of  B.-False.  2493 

Opposition  to  the  B.-Tyndale.  "566 

"  "    "    "-CathoUc.     668 

..  <.    »   44  »i  5~2 

..    ..    ..  t.  577 

Political  abuse  of  B.  5118 

Power  of  its  historical  books-L.  166 
Reading  of  B.-Ostentatious.  4175 
Revealed  in  new  light.  1768 

Rule  in  civil  gov't-Conn.  CoL  881 
Strength  from  B.-Cromwell.  1444 
Surrender  of  B.-Painful.  8616 

Tribute-"  Is  literature  itself."  81 
Unattractive-Condemnation.     6753 

See  GOSPEL. 
a  Heavenly  message-Sailor.      *2398 
Triumph  of  B.-Paganlsm.         *2399 

See  SCRIPTURE. 
Misused  against  Columbus.       •5055 
See  INSPIRATION  in  toe. 
BIOOTRT. 
Disclaimed- Con t.  Congress.       ^587 
Papal  b.-Pius  V.  ^588 

Protestant  b.-Scotland.  ^589 

Puritanic  b.-English  Puritans.  *590 
Strange  b.-American  Puritans.  *591 


Miscellaneous  cross-referenojs. 
in  Benevolence-James  IL  628 

Blinded  by  b.-James  II.  4085 

Clerical  b.-Country  parson  2707 
Display  of  b.-James  IL  1996 

Foolish  b.  of  James  II.  317 

Harmonious  b.-BristoL  8606 

Mortified  by  benevolence.  8720 

Protestant  b.-C.  disfranchised.  732 
Rebuked-Dr.  Arnold's  plea.  733 
Religious  b.-Turk  vs.  Persian.  5070 
Rule  of  b.-James  II.  8549 

See  INTOLERANCE, 
and  Immorality-Charlemagne.*2962 
Protestant  i.  to  Romanists.       •2963 
Religious  i.-"  Tender  C's."        ^2964 


Conscientious  i.-England.  1090 

Unexpected  i.  of  Pilgrims.  591 

See  PREJUDICE  and  SUPERSTI- 
TION in  loo, 

BIRDS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Augury  by  b.-Vultures.  896 

Encouragement  by  b.-Cormb's.4155 

BIRTH. 

Accident  of  b.-Napoleon.  *592 

Concealed-Mohammedan's.  *593 

Humble  b.-Gabrini's.  •594 

"       "  -Diocletian's.  *595 

Superior  to  b.-Robert  Bums.  *596 

Welcome  b.-Napoleon's  son.  ^597 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abilities  more  than  b.  2725 

Caste  of  b.-ItaMans.  722 

Celebrated  shamefully.  1266 


Illustrious  b.  ineffective-Rupert.828 

"        "  "     -Sou  of  N.  597 

Meanness  of  b.-Pizarro.  641 

Misfortune  by  b.-Charles  I.         3628 

"         "    "-Pretender."    6223 

See  ILLEGITIMACY. 

Respected- Will  lam  the  Conq.  *2725 

See  INHERITANCE  in  loo 

BISHOP. 

Corrupted-Theodosius.  bM 

BISHOPS. 

Honored  by  Germans.  ^699 

See  MINISTRY  in  loa. 

BliACKlHAIIi. 

Cross-reference. 

Contribution  justified.  >iK)8 

See  EXTORTION  in  loo, 

BLAME. 

Miscellaneous  cross-reference, 

Assumed-Epamlnondas.  2855 

"      -Generously-Lee.         8380 

Disowned-Church  vs.  King.        8617 

Endurance  of  b.-Washington.    2342 

See  ACCUSATION, 
by  Deception-Maximus  Fabius.  701 
Malicious  a.-C.  Wesley-V.  702 

"        "  -Alexander.  1048 

a  Pretext-Plundering  the  Jews.  710 
"      "       for  violence-R.  nL      242 

See  BLOT. 
Shameful  b.- William  Penn's.     *607 
of  the  Times-Caesar's.  *608 

See  COMPLAINTS. 
Characteristic  c.-Palmerston.    1311 
Croaker's  o.-Bad  times,  1315 

Disregarded-Romans.  3143 

Ill-tempered  c.-Johnson.  1593 

Inconsiderate  c.-Pericles.  1769 

Perilous  c.  of  captives-Indians.  565 
Permission  of  c-Denied.  1261 

Useless  c.  against  his  mother-A.  114 

See  CROAKING, 
of  Degeneracy-Eng.  Puritans.  *1315 
Habit  of  c.  about  the  weather, *1316 

See  FAULTS. 

of  Friends  seen  quickly.  2231 

Kindness  conceals  f.-Hervey.    2465 

Overlooked  in  Burnet.  2798 

"  "  friends.  2-.J30 

See  GRUMBLING. 

over  Failures  of  Ad.  Nelson.    ^2490 

See  CENSURE  and  SLANDER 

in  loo. 

BLASPHEHT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

by  Comparison  to  Christ.  1958 

Punishable  by  death-Maryland.  4729 

See  PROFANITY. 
Irrepressible-Washington's.     •4480 
Punished  by  Puritans.  *4481 

Ruinous  p.-French  Infidels.      *4482 
Suppression  of  p.-C.  Wren.      *4483 


Clerical  p.  -Wm.  Grimshaw.  8708 

Female  p.-Queen  Elizabeth.  763 

vs.  Prayer- Andrew  Johnson.  4387 

Reproof  of  p.  resented.  403S 

See  SAYEARING. 

Admlred-Gen.  Charies  Scott.  •5485 

Reproof  for  s.-John  Bunyan.  »-rf486 


Substitute  for  profane  s. 
See  OATH  in  loo. 


419 


BLESSING— BOOK. 


773 


BliESSING. 

Diabolical  b.-Luther's.  *600 

Disdained-Catholics  by  P.  *601 

Disguised-Capture  of  Gen.  Lee.  *602 


Cross-reference. 
An  old  man's  b.  on  J.  Howard.   145 

BlilNDNESS. 

Disqualified  by  b.-Kings.  *603 

by  Study-John  MUton.  *604 


Cross-reference. 
Bravery  of  King-Blind  John. 


297 


I 


BLOCKADE. 

by  Chains-Constan'ple  by  M.      *605 
of  Death-Corpses-Caesar.  *606 

BliOOD. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Battle  without  shedding  b.  461 

"     -Bloodless-Sumter.  462 

"     -Bloody-Towton.  463 

•'           "     -Paul  Jones.  1748 

Blood  for  blood.  1245 

Crying  for  vengeance.  5789 

Flowers  in  b.-War  of  Roses.  2162 

Land  of  b.-Kentucky.  1061 

Monster  for  b.-Timour.  1337 

Responsibility  for  b.-Fred.  II.  4823 

Sacred  b.  of  Christ-Relic.  1282 

for  Sacrifice-Romans.  1288 

Sight  of  b.  Intimidating.  1238 
Tears  of  b.-Barbarians-Slashed.  688 

of  Vengeance.-Virginia.  3973 

See  GLADIATORS. 

Courage  of  despair.  1235 

Instruction  of  g.  In  brutality-R.  102 

Introduction  of  g.  to  Rome.  974 

Suppression  of  exhib.  of  g.-M.  835 

See  ATONEMENT  in  loo. 

BliOT. 

Shameful  b. -William  Penn's.  *607 

"        "  -M.'s  adultery.  8242 

or  the  Times-Caesar's.  *608 

See  FAULT  in  loo. 

BLUNDER. 

by  Inattention-Goldsmith.  *609 

Cross-reference. 

Mortifying  b.  of  Goldsmith.  8570 

See  ERROR  in  loo. 

BOARD. 

Prayers  exchanged  for  b.  ♦610 

See  EATING  in  loo. 

BOASTING. 

of  Pride-Bajazet.  «611 

Ridiculous-"  Great  Twalmley."*612 
Senseless  b. -American  Tory.  *613 
Vain  b.-Persian  immortals.        *614 

Cross-references. 
Boasting  of  power-Pompey.       4365 
Intimidating  b. -Turks.  1896 

See  BOMBAST. 
Rebuked-"  Jupiter"  M.  *6I8 

Ridiculous  b.  of  James  n.  *619 

See  POMPOSITY  and  SELF-CON- 
CEIT in  loo. 

BOATS. 

Cross-reference. 

Extemporized-Skins.  2333 

See  SHIPS  in  loc. 


BOD¥. 

Crippled-Timour  the  Tartar.     *615 
Perfect  b.-American  Indians.    *616 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Dlshonored-Rufinus  mangled.     427 

Education  of  b.-Romans.  5672 

Formed  by  food-Spartans.  2179 

Hardened  by  method.  3287 

Marked-Hand-Brow.  5244 

vs.  Mind-Columbus.  *3598 
"       "  -William  P.  of  Orange.  *3599 

Neglected-Napoleon  I.  1982 

Reveals  the  mind-Lean  men.  263 

Self-mutilated  b. -Cowards.  5240 

Soul  sustains  the  b.  5274 

Subjugated-Monkery.  3684 

See  ANATOMY. 
Ridiculous  theory  of-Aristotle.  6016 

See  ATHLETE. 

Remarkable  a.-Thracian.  *888 
Royal  a.-Henry  II.  of  France.    *389 

Strong  a.-Peter  Jefferson.  5358 

"     "  -George  Washington.  5359 

See  ATHLETES. 

Early  trahiing  of  a.-Persian.  1770 

"  "  "  "-Spartans.   1817 

Education  of  a.-Roman.  1778 

Female  a. -Spartans.  1817 

Military-Roman.  1827 

Trained-Roman  soldiers.  5672 

See  BRANDING, 

of  Criminals-London.  1296 

See  CANNIBALISM. 

Christian  c.-Crusaders.  *706 

See  CANNIBALS, 

in  Famine-France.  2077 

"       "       -California.  2679 

See  CORPSE. 

Dangerous  c.-Napoleon's.  2839 

Revenge  on  c.  of  Concini.  4850 

"  "-Ignoble.  4851 

Sleeping  In  room  with  c.  5207 

See  CORPULENCE. 

Distinguished  for  c.-L.  VI.  *1198 

Inactive-Charles  the  Fat.  *1199 

See  CREMATION. 

Kindness  in  c.-Pompey.  2253 

Opposed-Bodies  preserved.  2252 

Popular  c.  of  Caesar's  body.  2251 

See  DWARFS. 

Lunar  beings-Swedenborg.  2658 

See  EARS. 

Amputated  e.-Punishment.  2040 

Importance  of  e.-War.  5887 

Insult  by  boxing  e.  27 

Trophy  in  amputated  e.  5939 

See  EYE. 
Disfigured-S.  Johnson's.  *2017 


Accident  kills  Henry  II.  of  France.28 

Blind,  Conveniently-Nelson.  1904 

Deficient-Samuel  Johnson.  3262 

Destroyed  in  anger.  3264 

Wounded  in  the  e.-Harold.  891 

See  EYES. 

Useless  e.-Siamese  junks.  2018 


Deceived-Mirage.  1521 

Destroyed  by  tyrant.  1335 

"        -Captives-Basil.        1342 

Moral  protection  of  e.-Monks.    402 


Soldiers  vanquished  by  e.  1622 

See  FACE. 

Winsome  f .  of  Ed  ward  I V.  47 

See  HAIR. 

Changed  in  early  life.  *2499 

Manly  h. -First  cutting.  *2500 

Pride  In  h.-Emperor  Julian.  *2501 

Princely  style  of  h.-Franks.  *2502 

Ridiculed-"  Roundhead."  *2503 

Uncombed-Harald  II.  *2504 
Use  of-Qrace-Terror-Sp'rt'ns.  *2505 


Beauty  in  h.-Sylla-Gold. 
Memento  of  vengeance. 
See  HAND. 
Punished-Bishop  Cranmer. 

See  HANDS. 
Fortune  in  h.-Amr  the  Arab.    *2507 
Hundred  h.-^gaeon  the  giant.  *2508 


495 

4847 


1249 


1649 


Calloused  prove  honesty. 
Concealing  h.-Safety  by. 

See  HEAD. 
Elongated-Pericles.  1497 

See  MUTILATION, 
of  Agriculturists  by  Theodoric.  164 
by  Cowards-Romans.  5240 

Punishment  by  m.-Scots.  5791 

Revenge  by  m.-Coventry.  4857 

Self-m.  for  deception.  5348 

Soldiers  supported  by  State.       5243 

See  NAKEDNESS. 

Philosophers  n.-Persian.  2398 

Scandalous  n.-Fanatic.  2094 

"  "  -Quakers.  3502 

See  PHYSIQUE. 

Proof  by  p.-Ambassador.  *4172 


Feebleness  of  p.  overcome.        3599 
Perfect  p.-American  Indians.       811 
See    AUSTERITY,    BURIAL,    CURE, 
DISEASE,  EATING,  HEALTH,  RES- 
URRECTION, SENSES,  SKULL  and 
TEETH  in  loc. 

BOLDNESS. 

Verbal  b.-Goldsmith's.  *617 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Christian  b.-Telemachus.  835 

for  Rights.-Capt.  Wadsworth.    4007 

"  the  Truth.-John  Howard.     5721 

Unequalled  b.-Cromwell.  4874 

See  COURAGE  in  loo. 

BOmBAST. 

Rebuked-"  Jupiter  "  M.  *618 

Ridiculous  b.-James  II.  *619 

See  BOASTING  in  loo. 


BONDS. 

Inflated-France-Louis  XIV. 
See  FINANCE  in  loc. 


*620 


BONUS. 

Cross-reference. 
for  Bribery  rejected-I.  Newton.  660 

BOOK. 

Present  to  Petrarch.  *621 

Undellvered-S.  Johnson's.         *622 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Borrowed-Recompense  for.       4C3"» 
Immense  b.-Homer.  3241 


774 


BOOKS— BRIBERl , 


BOOKS. 

Burned  by  hangman.  *623 

Dearth  of  b.-England.  *624 

Divine  b.-Zendavesta.  *625 

Enchanted  by  b.-W.  Irving.  *626 

Forbidden  b.-England.  *637 

Passion  for  b.-Dr.  Harvey.  *628 

Publication  of  b.  restricted.  *629 

Rejected-Milton's-C's.,  etc.  *630 

Religious  b.-Samuel  Johnson.  *631 

Scarcity  of  b.-Europe.  *632 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ambition  aroused  by  b.  3268 

Boys  influenced  by  b.  2734 

Burned-Alchemist's  b.  5976 

■Condemned-Rule  for  b.  3240 

Dedication  of  b.  to  patrons.  498 
Destruction  of  all  b.-T.  Paine.  1027 
Devil  tested  by  b.-Cot.  Mather.  1567 
Helpful  b.-Wesley-Luther.  1122 
Thorough  study  of  b.-Bunyan.  81 
Valuable  when  scarce.  632 

See  LIBRARIES. 
Ancient  l.-Arabian.  *3238 

Subscription  1.  by  B.  Franklin.  *3239 


973 


Destroyed-Alexandrian-T. 
Stolen  l.-Yale  College. 

See  LIBRARY. 
Destroyed  at  Alexandria.         *3240 
"         "  Constantinople.  *3241 


Founder  of  circulating-B.  F.  2331 

Gift  of  l.-John  Harvard.  2288 

Small-Archbp.  of  Canterbury.  8180 

See  NOVELS. 

Contempt  for  n.-Napoleon  I.  *3826 

Reading  n.-Excitement.  *3827 

See  READING. 

Effects  of  r.-A.  Lincoln.  *4620 


Absorbed  in  r. -Shelley.  3088 

Excitement  in  r.  "  Pamela."  3827 

Profitable  r.-A.  Lincoln.  8576 

Profitless  vs.  Profitable-Nap.  8826 

Swift  r.-Poet  Shelley.  3572 
See  AUTHOR,  BIBLE,  and  LIT- 
ERATURE in  loo. 

BOOTY, 

Division  of  b.-Trojan  war.  *633 

See  PLUNDER, 

liawful  p.  of  Jews.  449 

Wealth  by  p.-Francis  Drake.  8059 

See  SPOILS. 

Abundant  s.-Romans.  *5314 

"         "-Constantinople.  *5315 

Dedication  of  s.-Pious.  *5316 

Division  of  8.-Arab8.  *5317 


Abundant  s.-Blake-Spaniards.  2131 

Corrupted  by  s.-Romans.  1298 

Demoralized  by  s.-Scots.  5387 

Sustained  by  s.-Confederates.  1063 
See  ROBBERY  in  loc. 

BORROWER. 

See  LOAN. 
fiopeless  1.  to  S.  Johnson.         *3324 

Refused  by  friend.  2224 

See  CREDITOR. 
Merciless  c.  exposed.  1855 


Oppression  by  c. -Infanticide.     2410 

Restrained  by  law.  5759 

See  BANKRUPTCY  in  loc. 

BOT. 

Enchanted  b.-David  Crockett.  *634 

Precocious  b.-Themistocles.  *635 

"         "  -Benj.  Franklin.  *636 

Reformed  b.-David  Crockett.  *637 

Runaway  b.-Benj.  Franklin.  *638 
"  Scientific  "  b.-R.  Stephenson.  *639 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Enchanted  by  books-Irving. 
Endangered  by  genius.-Bums. 
Fortitude  of  b. -Martyr. 
Hallucination  corrected. 
Honorable-Abraham  Lincoln. 
Hope  in  b.  blasted-Howard. 
Inde^jendent  b.-Caesar. 
Ingenious  b.-Eli  Whitney. 

"        "  -Newton. 
Manly  b.  in  adversity. -H.  Davy. 
Name  of  b.  fortunate-Caesar. 
Observing  b.-W.  Scott, "  button, 
Prodigy  in  figures-Colburn. 
Ungovernable  b.-Hugh  Miller. 
Unpromising  b.-Bp.  George. 


626 

246 

4130 

2734 

4635 

4002 

2788 

88 

3543 

,    86 

8772 

,"  19 

3532 

2463 

264 


BOYHOOD. 

Dull  b.-Oliver  Goldsmith.  *640 

Humble  b.-Pizarro.  *641 
Ingenuity  in  b.-Isaac  Newton.  *642 

BOYS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Friendship  of  b.-Byron.  2242 

Interest  in  b. -Luther.  497 

Quarrels  of  b.  useful.  179 

See  SON. 

a  Devoted  s.-Confucius.  *5259 

like  Mother-Nero.  *5260 

Reconciling  s.-Themistocles.  *5261 


Affectionate  s.-Wm.  Cowper.  110 

"           "-Walter  Scott.  Ill 

"            "-Caius  Marcius.  112 

"  "-SertoriustheR.G.113 

"            "-Alexander.  114 

"           "-Napoleon  I.  115 

Antipathy  of  J.  Howard's  son.  122 

Ashamed  of  his  mother.  3722 

Birth  of  s.,  Joy  by.  4529 

Destroyer  of  mother-Nero.  1347 

Disinherited-Religion-Penn.  3970 

Disobedience  expiated.  1662 

Dutiful  s.  in  manhood.  3723 

"     "-Alexander  the  Great.  3730 

Grateful  s.-Napoleon  I.  3727 

"-Nero.  8721 

Illegitimate  s.  honored.  8470 

Ingrate  s.-Matricide-Nero.  3743 

"      "-Nero.  1110 

"      "-Infamous.  3713 

Mother  makes  the  son.  2066 

Reformed  by  running  away-C.  637 

Rejected  by  father-Wm.  Penn.  4745 

Shameless  s.-Prince  Ferdinand.  5125 

Wayward  s.  reclaimed.  6214 

See  SONS. 

Ingrate  s.  of  Henry  II.  1634 

.(        (.    ii  »  a  4005 

Pride  in  s.-Mother"s-Comelia.    3728 
See  CHILDREN  and  YOUTH  in  loc. 


BRANDING. 

Cross-reference. 
of  Criminals-London. 


1296 


BRAVERY. 

In  Battle-Persians.  *643 

"       "    -Crusaders.  *644 

Brilliant  b.-Paul  Jones.  ♦645 

in  Death-Col.  F.  McCuUough.  *646 

Example  of  b.-Napoleon.  *647 

Exploit  of  b.-Napoleon.  ♦frlS 

Fearless  b.-William  II.  *649 

"        "-Colonel  Moultrie.  *650 

Heroic  b.-Robert  Devereux.  *651 

"       "  -Richard  Grenville.  *652 

Pre-eminence  by  b.-Joan  of  A.  *653 

Query  of  b.-Laced£emonians.  ♦654 

Rewarded-Paradise-M.  *655 

Youthful  b. -Covenanter.  ♦656 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Answer  of  b.-Tigranes.  3829 

of  Barbaric  warriors.  901 

in  Battle.-Wm.  Prince  of  O.       3410 
Decision  of  b.-Pizarro.  820 

in  Defending  life.  1499 

Enterprise  of  b.-Nap's  return.       74 
Escape  by  b.-Normans.  1922 

Example-"  Kings  never  drown"1390 
in  Facing  death-Strafford.  1407 

Famous  for-Richard  the  Lion.  3770 
Honored-"  Little  corporal."      4508 

"      -Colonel  Mulligan.  816 

Impressive  b.-Le  Fort.  5091 

Patriotic  b.-Am.  Revolution.    4059 
Qualified  for  immortality.  1418 

Sailor's  b  -Farragut-Maintop.     48« 
Soldier's  b.-Lieut.  Cushing-A.      73 
-Blind  John  of  Bohemia.297 

"      -Thebans-Sacred  band.  465 
Stimulated-No  escape.  1274 

Woman's  b.-Montfort.  6042 

"        "  -Purefoy.  6043 

See  PROWESS. 
Military  p.  of  Belisarius.  ^4561 

See  COURAGE  in  loc. 

BREAD. 

Public  provision  of  b.-Romans.^657 

Question  of  b.-Mob  of  Parii      *658 

See  FOOD  in  loo. 

BREVITY. 

Famous  b.-Caesar.  *659 

BRIBE. 

Miscellaneous  cros8-referen«es. 

Rejected  by  Nap.-$800,000.         2357 

"  "  patriot-Reed.  4075 

BRIBERY. 

Condemned-Isaac  Newton.        *660 

in  Court>-Eng.-for  a  Hearing.     ^661 

Disguised  by  purchase-Eng.       *662 

Legislative  b.-£5000  for  a  Vote.  *66S 

"         "  -Commons.  *664 

"       "  -Scotch  P.  ♦ees 

"         "  -Necessary-Eng.  ♦666 
"  "-Duke  of  N.  *667 

Needy  princes-German  electors^668 
Occasion  for  b.-Small  pay.  *669 

Papal  b.-Alexander  VI.  ^070 

Perilous  b.-Athenians.  ^671 

Rejected-Samuel  Adams.  *67f 

Reproach  of  b.-Demosthenes.    *67ii 


BRIDE— BRUTALITY. 


775 


Resented-Stephen  A.  Douglas.  *673 
Eoyal  b.-Charles  II.  *6r4 

Seeming  b.-Russell.  *675 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Blot  of  b.-Francis  Bacon.  1213, 1216 
Brand  of  b.-"  Dunkirk  House."  5963 
Competition  in  b.-Irish  P'rlia'nt.  663 
"  "  "  -Three  kings.  668 
Condemned  for  b.-Demos'nes.  1477 
of  Death-Beaufort.  1408 

Disguised-Bonus-I.  Newton.       660 
Failure  of  b.-Andr6.  1043 

Fear  of  b.  by  Mahomet  II.  202 

Habitual  b.  of  Verres.  1810 

of  Judges-Catiline.  1201 

"       "     -Public-Romans.  1208 

Oflflcial-Sunderland-Secretary.  2266 
of  Officials  by  Goths.  1209 

Proof  against  b.-Pompey.  2606 

Universal  b.-England.  1212 

Unsuccessful- Andrew  Marvel!.  1207 
Wealth  by  b.-Sunderland.  1215 

See  CORRUPTION  in  loo. 
BRIDE. 
Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Cold  welcome  to  b.-Seeming.    3026 
Difficulty  interposed-Cerberus.  3338 
Gifts  for  b.-Gold-P.  stones.        2359 
Preparations  of  b.-Refinement.  4642 
Remembered  b.-Josephine.        8340 
a  Reward  of  valor.  3385 

Waiting  fifteen  years  for-Cook.  3495 
See  MARRIAGK  in  loo. 

BROTHER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Bloody  b.-Caracalla.  1123 

Rejected  for  cowardice.  1273 

Tyranny  of  elder-Franklin's.      2331 

"      "  "  638 

BROXaERITOOD. 

Acknowledged-Am.  Indians.     *677 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
Artificial  b  -Old  English  guilds. 
Proclaimed-Penn  to  Indians. 

See  COMMUNION, 
with  God-Oliver  Cromwell, 
by  Likeness-John  Milton. 
Unity  by  c.-Oliver  Cromwell. 

See  COMMUNISM. 
American  c.-Colonists. 
Equality  by  c.-Lycurgus. 

"         "  "  -Spartans. 
Vicious  c.-Reign  of  Kobad, 


381 
4094 

*995 
*996 
*997 


*999 
*1000 
*1001 


of  Families-Spartans. 

in  Food-American  Indians. 

"      "    -Spartan  tables. 

"  Land  by  early  Romans. 
Restoration  of  c.-Cleomenes. 

See  COMMUNISTS. 
Conspicuous  c.-"  Levellers." 
Dangerous  c.-"  Levellers." 


2649 

2182 

152 

2445 

♦1002 
*1003 


Pleasure-seekers-England.         3335 
Power  of  c.-Paris.  1276 

See  FELLOWSHIP, 
lu  Suffering  with  Napoleon.        5707 

See  FRATERNITY. 
Fictitious  Louis  and  Cromwell.  2623 


See  FRIEND. 

Chosen  f. -Alexander's.  *2220 

or  Foe-Agesilaus.  *2221 

Obsequious  f.-Caesar's.  *2222 

in  Sickness-Prince  of  Orange.  *2223 

Sordid  f.-Qoldsmith's.  *2224 

Welcome  f.-Lafayette.  *2225 

Wounded  f.-"  Stonewall  J."  *2226 


Bereaved  of  f.-Alexander. 
Burdensome  f.-Drinking. 
Changed  to  foe-Henry  VIU. 
Executed  by  f. 
of  the  Friendless-Lincoln. 
Helpful  f.  of  Demosthenes. 

"      "in  adversity. 
Irritating  f.-Fred.  Il.-Voltaire, 
Neglected-Anaiagoras. 
Polluting  f.  rejected. 
Ruinous  f.-Ferguson. 
in  Sickness-Samuel  Johnson. 
Treacherous  f.-Francis  Bacon. 

See  FRIENDS, 
in  Battle-Locked  shields. 
Complemental  f.-Ladies. 
Discouraging  f  .-Luther's. 
Faults  of  f  .-Napoleon  I. 
Forsaken  of  f  .-Nero. 
Unlike-Halifax-Bumet. 


Abuse  of  f.  by  jokes. 
Dangerous  f. -Assassinators. 
Dead  f.-Recognition  of. 
Desertion  of  f .-Washington. 
Destitute  of  f .-Emperor. 
Enemies  changed  to  f. 
Forsaken  by  f.-Csesar. 
Impatience  divides  f. 
in  Misfortune-Diverse  f. 
Partiality  to  f.-Judge. 
"        "  "-Ruler. 
Ruinous  f  .-Mutually. 
Sacrificed  to  ambition. 

See  FRIENDSHIP. 
Applauded-Nap.-Alex. 
Commanding.-K.  of  Hearts. 
Complemental.-Wm.  III.-B. 
Confidential  f.-Wm.  III.-B. 
Confirmed  by  money. 
Controlling- Alexander  Pope, 
by  Contrast-Fred.-D'Argens. 
Inseparable-Hubert  for  Nap. 
Perilous  to  Robert  Burns. 
Repaired-Samuel  Johnson. 
School-boys  f.-Lord  Byron. 
Treacherous  f .  of  James  I. 


1428 
8915 
2033 
1364 
5495 
5408 
5420 

,  2155 
4778 
1472 
1222 
6129 

,  2857 

*2227 
*2228 
♦2229 
♦2230 
1270 
♦2231 

3025 

165 

1398 

2308 

8672 

2833 

371 

8748 

92 

8069 

3070 

2870 

192 

♦2232 
♦2233 
♦2234 
♦2235 
♦2236 
♦2238 
♦2237 
♦2239 
♦2840 
♦2241 
♦2242 
♦2243 


Affecting  f  .-Lincoln-Stanton.  116 

Affectionate-Wash. 's  farewell.  2099 

Apparent-False  f.-Romans.  2643 

Communion  necessary.  2957 

by  Common  purpose.  3216 

Complemental  f  .-Diocletian.  2402 

"             "-Cowper.  4834 

Disagreeable  f. -Coward.  1267 

Disgraceful  f.-Pompadour.  3712 

Disreputable  f.-Hannibal.  701 

Distrusted  f.-Cleopatra's.  4515 

Forgotten  f. -Benedict  Arnold.  2644 

Hypocrisy  in  f.-Orleans  and  B.  2695 

Incorruptible  f.-Indian.  4361 


Needed  f  .-Edgar  Allan  Foe,       5038 
Perilous  f.  for  Geta.  1096 

"  -Turks.  173 

Proof  of  f .  in  exile  with  Nap.      715 
beyond  Suspicion.  3381 

Traitors  to  f  .-Conspirators.  871 

Treacherous  f .-Dick  Talbot.      8202 
*'  f.  of  savages.  3518 

Tribute  of  f  .-Melanchthon's.     5709 
Unworthy  of  f.-Epicure.  268 

See  TEMPLARS. 
Origin  of  f  .-Monks-Jerusalem.  1625 

See  TRADES-UNION. 

Objection  to  t.-u.-Caste.  ♦5662 

Opposition  of  t.-u.-Jame8Watt.^5663 

Oppressive  t.-u.-James  Watt.  ^5664 

Prohibited-England.  ♦5665 

♦5666 

See  ASSOCIATES  in  loo. 

BROTHERS. 

Division  between  b.-Rom.andR.^678 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Destroy  each  other-Thebans. 
Enemies  from  jealousy. 
Quarrels  of  b.-Disgraceful. 
BB17TA1.ITY. 
of  Persecutors  to  Rev.  R.  HilL 


3884 
1626 
239 

♦679 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
.(Esthetical  b.  of  Romans.      102, 108 
in  Amusements  In  Old  England.  218 
'*  "  of  Romans.         219 

"  "  -Normans.         1332 

•'  "  -R.  Gladiators.  204 

"  "  -R.  Circus.  223 

of  Ancestors  overlooked.  1334 

Barbaric  b.- American  Indians.  3508 
Barbarous  b.  of  Fulk  the  Black.  106 


of  Chivalry-Edward  I. 
Common  b.-Old  England, 
in  Court-Jeffreys, 
to  Criminals-Shocking. 
Diet  of  flesh- Attila. 
Executioner's  b. -Monmouth. 
Execution  of  rebels, 
by  Famine- Athenians. 
Indignation  at  b.-Popular. 
Lawless  b.  of  Cambyses. 
to  Martyrs-Nero. 
Parental  b.-Fred.  William  I. 

Professional  b.-Jeflfreys. 
Vengeance  in  b.-"  Roses." 
In  War-Magdeburg. 
"      "  -Indiscriminate. 

See  EXTERMINATION. 
War  of  e.-Queen  Anne's. 


by  Persecution-Alblgenses. 
of  Soldiers-Nervii-Maubeuge. 

See  MASSACRE. 
Evidence-m.  of  Crusaders. 
General  m.  in  war. 
Immense  m.-70,000  Romans, 
by  Mob  in  Paris, 
of  Patriots-Boston. 
Prevented-Jamestown,  Va. 
Punished  by  m.-War. 
by  Treachery-Thessalonica. 
Wholesale  m. -300,000  people. 


815 
2860 
3048 
2205 
2174 
1979 
1980 
2076 
3048 
2881 
3509 
3389 
5741 
1994 
5794 
5884 
5885 

♦1999 

4123 
2130 

♦3513 
♦3314 
♦3515 
♦3516 
♦3517 
♦3518 
♦3519 
♦3520 
♦3521 


776 


BRUTES— BUSINESS. 


Brutal  m.  by  Caracalla.  1333 

of  Captives  by  Franks.  1334 

"  Christians-90,000,  by  Chosroe8.324 
Depopulated  by  m.-Bagdad  1367 
Drink  causes  m.-Indlans.  2940 

Immense  m.-Timour.  5894 

"  by  Caesar.  5181 

Inconsiderate  m.  by  Scythians.  1349 
Indignation  expressed-Crom'l.  4539 
Inhuman  m.  of  work men-Alaric. 687 
"  "  "  "  -Attila.688 
by  Law-Lacedaemonian  slaves.  1365 

"  Persecutors-Catholic  vs.  P    4123 

"  "  -Ireland-C.  vs.  P.4132 

Prevented  by  informer.  1006 

of  Protestants-Duke  of  Guise-V.  508 

"  "         -Com.  by  Pius  V.    588 

Religious  m.  by  Crusaders.         4705 
"         "   of  prisoners.  1360 

"  "  -Latins  by  Greeks.  1863 
Small  beginning  of  m.-"  8.  V."  29 
Terrible  m.-"  Sicilian  Vespers."  1340 
Unprovoked-Jews  by  Apoll's.  6166 
In  War-Wallenstein.  5884 

"     "  -Paris,  A.D.  1418.  5885 

See  MASSACRES. 
Religious-French  Revolution.  ♦3522 

See  SLAUGHTER. 
Barbarous  s.-53,000  Carthag's.  *5180 
Exterminating  s.  of  Germans.  ♦5181 


1082 


Authorized  by  Jesuits. 
in  Battle-Asians.  308 

"       "   -100,000  at  Fontenal.      920 
See  CRUELTY  and  INHUMAN- 
ITY in  loc. 

BRUTES. 

Immortality  of  b.-S.  Johnson.  ^680 
See  ANIMALS  in  loe. 

BUCCANEER. 

Cross-reference. 

Excused-Sir  Francis  Drake.         902 

See  PIRACY  in  loc. 

BUILDERS. 

Divided-Romulus-Remus-Rome.  678 
BUIIiDINO. 

Colossal  b.-Colosseum.  ^681 

Opposed-Reign  of  James  II.       ^682 
Ruined  by  b. -Marcus  Crassus.    ^683 


Prohibited  in  London  by  Gtov't.  890 

See  ARCHITECTURE  in  loo. 

BURIAL. 

Companions  in  b.-White  Huns.  ^684 
Questioned-Ollver  Cromwell's.  ♦685 
Respect  by  b.-Nicias.  ♦686 

Secreted  in  b.-Alaric.  ^687 

Tyrant's  b.-Attila's.  +688 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

AUve^OOO  prisoners.  1368 

Hopeful  b.-American  Indians.  1425 

Importance  of  b.  to  ancients.  4832 

Impoverished  by  b.  expenses.  4936 

Living  b.-Barbarians.  684 

Provision  for  b.-Wolsey.  435 

See  CREMATION. 

Kindness  in  c.-Pompey's.  2253 

Opposed-Bodies  preserved.  2252 

Popular  c.  of  Caesar's  body.  2251 


See  COFFIN. 
Expensive-Attila's-Gold-Silver.  688 

See  FUNERAL. 

Criticised-Charles  n.  *2247 

Customs  from  Romans.  *2248 

Expensive  f .-Queen  Mary's.  ^2249 

Fatal  exposure  at  f .  *2250 

Honor  of  f.-Csesar's.  *2251 

"      "  "-Egyptians.  ^2252 

Humble  f.-Pompey's.  *2253 
Immense-Abraham  Lincoln's.  ^2254 

Impressive  f.-Caesar's.  *2255 

Panegyrics  criticised.  *2256 

Patriotic  f.-Boston.  ^2257 


Carousal  after  f. -Alexander.     2912 
Impressive  f.-Caesar.  1975 

"         "  -Caesar's  bloody  g.  372 
Passions  aroused  at  f.  241 

Pompous  f .  of  Alexander.  4474 

Unworthy  f.-Sacred  cats.  2172 

See  GRAVE. 
Possession  of  g.-William  of  N.  ^2467 


Charity  at  the  g.  1397 

Guarding  Napoleon's  g.  2239 
Interesting  g.-Holy  Sepulchre.  1881 

Possession,  The  only-Cyrus.  2471 

Unknown  g.-John  Cabot.  991 

Vengeance-Robbing  the  g.  1657 

See  GRAVES. 

Deoorated-Soldiers-Greeks.  5241 

See  RESURRECTION. 

Hinted  by  ancients.  ♦4832 


Belief  in  r.-Ancient  Persians. 

See  SEPULCHRE. 
Kissing  the  Holy  S. 


2259 


♦5118 


Interesting  s.  of  Jesus-P'mb's.  6151 
IVIagniflcent-Emprees  of  India.  6061 

See  SEPULCHRES, 
Economy  in  s.-Athenians.         ♦SllS 

See  SEPULTURE. 
Preparation  for  s.-Spartans.     ^5114 

See  TOMB. 
Pleasure-seeker's-S'napalus.    ♦5646 


1905 


♦5647 


Character  expressed  in  t. 

See  TOMBS. 
Empty  t.-Pyramids. 

See  DEATH  in  loc. 

BURLESaVE. 

Cross-references. 

Christmas  festivities-Italy-F.       850 

by  Caricature-Pope-England.    4933 

See  RIDICULE  in  loc. 

BUSINESS. 

Detested  by  James  Watt.  *&&d 

Joys  of  b.-Chauncey  Jerome.    ^690 
Nobility  in  b.-England.  ^691 

Prevented-Boycotting-Purit's.  ^692 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Boycotted  by  Boston  patriots.  692 

Change  of  b.-Successful.  3857 

Charmed  by  hum  of  b.  3795 

vs.  Conscience.  4955 

Deceptive  orders-Hoax.  2058 

Delayed-Fatal.  4477 

Deranged  by  bad  money.  3657 


Deranged  by  bad  money.  3658 

3659 
Inhumanity  in  b.-Slaves.  2859 

Perils  by  monopolists.  3701 

Pleasure  before  b.-Henry  VIII.  419* 
Postponed-To-morrow.  1516 

Prayer,  Business-man's.  4376 

Rivalry  in  b.-Fulton.  4918 

Sorrow  drowned  in  b.-Johnson.  559 
Unfitted  for  b.-Audubon.  2321 

Unsuccessful-Lincoln  a  s'rv'y'r.   83 

See  ACCOUNTS. 

Carefully  kept-John  Wesley.       54* 

"  "   -G.  Washington.  2099 

See  AUCTION. 

Infamous  a. -Roman  throne.       367ft 

Marriage  promoted  by  a.  3484 

See  CREDITORS. 
Merciless  c.  exposed.  1855 

Oppression  of  c. -Infanticide.     2410' 
Restrained  by  law.  5759" 

See  DEBT. 
Imprisonment  for  d.  in  Eng.     *1459 
Security  for  d.-Sir  W.  Scott.    ^1460 
by  War  of  American  Rev.         ^1461 


Arrested  for  d.-Charles  IV.        4353 

Cancelled  by  murder-Jews.        4178 

Division  by  d.-American  States.1987 

Imprisonment  for  d.-England.  4289 

4299 

"  "  "  "  2125 

Increase  of  d.  by  extortion  of  J.  712 

Overwhelmed  by  d.-Sir  W.  Scott.  91 

Relieved  by  marriage-Cicero.    3464 

"        "  "      -Byron.    3465 

Son  pawned  for  d.  4354 

See  DEBTS. 
Discouraged-Laws  of  Amasis.  ^1462 
Dishonest  d.-Precedence  of.    ♦1463 
Prevented-Solon's  law.  ^1464 

Punishment  for  d.-Insolvent.  ^1465 
Scaled  by-Virginia  colony.  +1466 
Small  d.-Samuel  Johnson.        ^1467 


Due  in  future  life, 
of  Honor-Gambler's  d. 
Require  economy-Penn. 
Suspension  of  all  d. 
Trivial  d.  unpaid-Johnson, 

See  MERCHANTS. 
Enterprise  of  m.-John  Cabot. 
Patriotism  of  m.-Boston  Rev. 

See  MONOPOLIES. 
Encouraged-Charles  I. 
Unpatriotic-Oliver  Cromwell. 

See  MONOPOLY. 
Abolished-Land  m. 
Commercial  m.  by  Charles  11. 
"    "  English  Col. 
vs.  Conscience-P.  Cooper. 
Exasperating  m.-Charles  I. 
and  Famine-Rome. 
Land  m. -Plymouth  colony. 

of  Manufactures-England, 
it  <>  tt 

"  "  -Dutch. 

Powers  of  m.  in  United  States 
Resisted-Govemmental. 


in  Bibles-England. 
"  HoBses-Marcus  Crassus. 


225» 

2614 
1767 
1156 
3324 

981 
692 

♦3689 
♦3690. 

♦3691" 
♦3692- 
♦3693. 
♦3694 
♦3695 
♦3696 
♦3697 
♦3698 
♦3699 
♦3700 
♦3701 
♦3708 

676 

68a 


CANDOR— CARE. 


m 


In  Manafactures-English.  3425 

Newspaper  m.-Charles  II.  3814 

Ruinous  m.-Roman  Empire.  495G 

Women  against  m.-Soap.  6131 

See  PROFITS. 

Eagerness  for  p.-Tobacco.  *4489 

See  PURCHASE. 

Aggravating  p.  of  own  com.  S006 
Defeated-Arbitrary-Louis  XIV.2785 

See  TRADE. 

Contempt  for  t.-S.  Johnson.  *5653 

Illicit  t.-Amerlcan  colonies.  *5654 

Inhuman  t.-SIave-trade.  *5655 

Laws  for  t.-Sumptuary.  *5656 

Over-reaching  in  t.-Egyptians.  *5657 

Regulated-Fixed  prices.  *5658 

"        -Emperor  Julian.  *5659 

-England.  *5660 

Tricks  of  t.-England.  *5661 

Competition  in  t.  -Denied.  3689 

' 3692 

..    »  .i  gggg 

Conscience  in  t.-Peter  Cooper.  3694 

Degraded  by  t.-Empress.  1583 

Honesty  in  t.-Laws  for.  2217 

Profits  int.  great-Firmus.  3987 
See  BANKRUPTCY.  COMMERCE, 
and  FRAUD  in  loo. 

CANDOR. 

Christian  c.  in  discussion. 

See  SINCERITY  in  loo. 

CANNIBAIilSM. 

Christian  c.-Crusaders. 


♦705 


♦706 


MUcellaneous  cro88-referencea. 

In  Famine-France.  2077 

"       "      -California.  2679 

See  FAMINE  in  loo. 

CANNON. 

Great  c.-by  Urban  for  M.  II.      *7Vl 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Alarmed  by  c.-American  Ind's.  2961 
Invention  of  c.  beneficial  to  s.     350 
Lore  of  c.-Caresses.  3344 

CANT. 
Political  c.-Samuel  Johnson. 

See  HYPOCRISY. 
Brazen  h.-Pope  Adrian  VI. 
Diplomatic  h.-Napoleon  I. 
Exposed-Religious-Charles  II. 
In  Friendship-Rival  dukes. 
Invited-Puritan  Parliament. 
Religious  h.-Rival  dukes. 
"       "  -Roman  philos. 


♦708 

♦2692 
♦2693 
♦2694 
♦2695 
♦2696 
♦2697 
♦2698 


Political  h.-Augustus.  4256 

Religious  h.-Charles  II.  4711 

See  HYPOCRITE. 

Accomplished  h.-"  Dick  "  T.  ♦2699 

Epitaph  of  the  h. -Alexius.  ^2700 

See  RELIGION  in  loc. 

CAPITAIi. 

Conservative  c.-Cicero.  ^709 

a  Crime-Jews.  ♦TlO 

Spiritual  c.  in  indulgences.  ^711 

Cross-reference. 

VS.  Labor-English  weavers.  3098 


CAPITAIilSTS. 

Extortionate  c.-Jews.  ^712 

Nation  of  c.-Jews.  ••  ♦713 

See  FINANCE  and  MONEY  in  loc. 

CAPTIVE. 

Contented  with  Indians.  3288 

Honored-King  John  of  France.  2336 
Voluntary  c.-Mary-Bothwell.     2188 

CAPTIVES. 

Inhumanity  to  c.-Spaniards.      ^714 


Miscellaneous  cross-refertnces. 
Adopted  in  families-Indians.      2074 
Cruelty  to  c,  Exquisite-BaslL     1342 
Hardships  of  o.  with  Indians.     3288 
Humiliation  of  royal  c.  4476 

Redeemed  by  early  Christians.     522 
Sorrowful  c.-Deerfield-Indians.  565 

CAPTIVITY. 

Chosen  by  Napoleon's  friends.  +715 


Cross-reference. 
of  Children-Goths  as  hostages.    810 

See  BONDAGE, 

to  Vice-James  II.  6085 

"  Wealth-Peruvians.  4527 

of  Wife  to  h.-Romans.  1707 

See  SLAVERY. 

Antiquity  of  s.  ^5182 

Avarice  of  s.-English.  ^5183 

Beginnings  of  s.-Georgia.  ^5184 

of  Captives-Romans.  +5185 

in  England-A.D.  1215.  ♦SlSe 

Introduced  In  Virginia.  ♦5187 

Mitigated-Athenian.  ^5188 

"       -Romans.  ♦5189 

Natural  to  Turks.  ^5190 

Opposed  by  Friends.  ^5191 

Prevalence  of  s.-Rome.  ^5192 

of  Prisoners-England.  ♦5193 

Punished  by  s.-England.  ^5194 

Repulsive  s.-England.  ^5195 

Unchristian  s.-in  England.  ^5196 


Abolition  of  s.-Struggle  for.  4161 
Affection  in  s.-Pompey.  2253 

Captives  sold  into  s.-CaBsar.  608 
Cowards  punished  by  s.-R.  1275 
Cruelty  of  s.-Helots.  1365 

Death  preferred  to  s.-Chinese.  1960 
"     of  American  s.-Lincoln.    3227 
Debtors  sold  into  s.-Romans.     1465 
Desperate  defence  of  s.  4159 

Doubt  respecting  morality  of  s.  1106 
Escape  from  s.  by  murder.  80 

Galling  s.  of  Peruvians.  4527 

Hatred  to  s.-Rash-J.  Brown.  3688 
Imperilled  by  s.-American  C.  8806 
Indian  s.-Labrador.  1290 

Labor  degraded  by  s.  3536 

Opposition  to  s.  by  Abolitionists.  147 
Poor  sold  into  s.-England.  502 

Sold  into  s.-Plato.  748 

Suppressed  s.-Boston,  year  1701. 1859 
to  Wealth-Peruvians-Illus.  5983 
Wretched  s.  of  Helots.  1366 

See  SLAVES. 
Angelic  s.-the  English.  ^5197 

of  Disbelievers- Virginia.  ^5198 

Docility  of  s.-Civll  War.  ^5199 


Rebellion  of  s.-Roman. 
White  s.  In  Virginia. 


♦5200 
♦5201 


of  Ceremony-Constantine.  752 

"         '•         -Ambassadors.  750 

Condition  of  Anglo-Saxon  s.  720 

Fidelity  of  s.  of  Cornutus.  5351 

Imperilled  by  s.-Rome.  4366 

Sale  of  aged  s.-Inhumanity.  2859 

See  SLAVE-TRADE. 

Opposed-Continental  Cong.  ♦5202 
Respected-New  York,  yr.  1661.  ♦5203 


Conscienceless  conduct-Eng.     tllft 

by  Pirates-Romans.  4187 

See  PRISON  in  loc. 

CAPTURE. 

Important  c.-City  of  Wash.        ^716 
See  SPOILS  and  VICTORY  in  loc. 

CARE. 

Relieved  by  humor-Lincoln.      1756 

See  ANXIETY. 
Consuming  a.  of  Marlborough.   ^245 
Parental  a.  of  R.  Burns'  father.  ^246 
of  Responsibility-A.  Lincoln.     ^247 


Mlscellaneoiis  cross-references. 
Common  to  humanity.  3604 

Maternal  a.  for  infant-Indians.  118 
Parental  a.  of  Emp.  Severus.  239 
Relief  from  a.-God.  4558 

See  APPREHENSION. 
of  Evll-doers-Bmtus.  1130 

See  DELIBERATION. 
Hastened-"  We  march."  2221 

See  FORETHOUGHT. 
Impulse  better  than  f .  2767 

See  MEDITATION. 
Peculiar  m.  of  Swedenborg.     ♦3564 


Ascetical  m.  of  Monks. 
God  revealed  in  m.-G.  Fox. 
Life  of  m.-Isaac  Newton. 
Religious  m.-Samuel  Johnson, 

"        "    needful. 
Sabbath  m.-John  Fitch. 

See  MEDDLING. 
Destruction  by  Flood  by  m. 
Reproved-Bishop  Burnet. 


357 
1714 
1164 
1760 
4707 

871 

♦8545 
♦3646 


in  Families-England.  4468 

Mischief  by  m.  5300 

Well-meant  m.-Hurtful.  3041 

See  PRUDENCE. 

Longevity  by  p.-Locke.  3326 

vs.  Love-Agesilaus.  3346 

Military  p.  felt,  not  seen.  1693 

See  REFLECTION. 

Corrected  by  r.-S.  Johnson.  ♦4643 

Death-bed  r.-Wolsey's.  ^4644 

Delicate  r.-Irish.  ^4645 


2199 


Change  of  feeling  by  r. 

See  REFLECTIONS. 
Melancholy  r. -Antony.  ^4646 

See  VIGILANCE. 
Needful  for  liberty.  3237 

See  WATCHFULNESS. 
Safety  by  w.-Indians.  ^5960 


Need  of  w. -Columbus. 


6208 


m 


CALAMITY— CARELESSNESS. 


CAIiA]niT¥. 

Desired  by  pagans- Alexandria.  *694 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Amusement  in  c.-Nero.  4140 

Blessing  concealed  in  c.  289 

of  War-Jerusalem  ruined-C.        383 

CAIiAMITIES. 

Combined  c.-London  Fire-P.     *693 
Effect  of  o.-English  nation.        *695 

See  CATASTROPHE. 
Appalling  c.-Lisbon  earthq'ke.  *731 

See  CONFLAGRATION. 
Defensive  c.-Columbia,  S.  C. 
Destructive  c.-Boston. 

"  "  -Chicago. 

"  "-London. 

"  "  -Moscow. 


"  "-New  York. 

"  "-Rome. 

In  War-Carthage. 


*1051 
*1052 
*1053 
*1054 
*1055 
*1056 
*1057 
*1058 
*1059 


a  Blessing-Health  of  London.    3451 
Destructive  c.-London.  695 

Patriotic  c.-Bum'g  of  Jamest'n.  4043 
Utilized  in  war-Paul  Jones.         645 
"       by  avarice-M.  Crassus.  683 
See  DELUGE. 
Tidal  d.-Mediterranean.  1758 

See  DESOLATION. 
by  Pestilence-London.  ♦1540 


Defensive  d.-Italy-War. 
Safety  by  d.-Moors. 
by  War-Bologna. 

"     "    -England. 

«     u    -Provence. 

See  DESTRUCTION. 
Difficult  d.-Temple  of  Jupiter, 
of  Empire-Fall  of  Rome. 
Terrible  selfd.-Cimbrians. 

of  Art  by  Nero. 

"    "    in  ruin  of  paganism. 

"    "    by  Puritans, 
vs.  Construction-Mouse. 
Followed  by  d.-Hannibal. 
of  Life  by  architecture. 

"     "   in  Crusades. 

"     "     "   War-Attila. 

*'      "    "      "    -Prance. 

"  Politics  challenged-D.  by  L. 

"  Self  by  infatuation-Pride, 
by  Strife-Blue  and  Green. 

"  War-Caesar's. 

"     "    -Provence. 

See  DISASTER. 
Concealed  d.-Grcneral  Nash. 
Energy  by  d.-Romans. 


1829 
5968 
5919 
5933 
6943 

♦1548 
*1549 
♦1550 

337 

329 

331 

330 

3106 

5848 

332 

3258 

5899 

5900 

889 

2820 

5072 

5898 

5943 


Distressing  national  d. 

*      See  EARTHQUAKE. 
Destructive  ancient  e. 


Alarmed  by  e.-London. 
Appalling  e.-Lisbon. 

See  EARTHQUAKES. 
Architecture  perilous  by  e. 
Periods  of  ancient  e. 


♦1609 

56 

♦1758 

1087 
731 

332 
*1759 


See  FAMINE. 
Brutalized  by  f  .-Athenians. 
Cannibals  in  f. -France. 
Depopulated  by  f.-Bengal. 
Distress  of  f.-Rome,  a.d.  546. 
Resource  in  f  .-Horses-Moscow, 
Trials  of  f. -Plymouth  Colony, 
by  War-Canada,  a.d.  1758. 


*2076 
♦2077 
*2078 
*2079 
*2080 
2081 
♦2082 


Brutality  in  f. -Athenians.  2076 
Deathbyf.-20,000  Moslems  robbed.  1 

Depopulated  by  f.-Italy.  5322 

Endurance  in  f  .-Sixty  days.  15 

Extortion  during  f .-Mass.  2002 

by  Monopolists-Roman.  3696 

Subdued  by  f. -Calais.  4639 

by  War-Siege  of  Rouen.  5904 

"     ''    -England.  5933 

Winter  of  f. -Virginia  Colony.  2435 

See  PESTILENCE. 

Devastating  p.-England.  ^4157 

Rapid  p.-Rome.  ^4158 


Benevolence  during  p.-C. 
Desolating  p.-London. 
Destructive  p.-N.  E.  Pilgrims. 
Infection  of  p.-Plague. 
Prevented  p. -Sanitary  laws. 

See  PLAGUE. 
Desolating  p.-Wide-spread. 
Destructive  p.-Romans. 

See  RUIN. 
Impressive  r.-Rome. 
Inevitable  r. -Dilemma. 
National  r.  by  expansion. 


3018 
1540 
957 
2821 
3550 

♦4190 
♦4191 

♦4954 
♦4955 
♦4956 

2014 


by  Extravagance-Cato. 

See  WAR  in  loc. 

CAIiENDAR. 

Corrected  by  Julius  Csesar.  *696 

"  "  Roger  Bacon.  ^697 

CAIiiniVKSS. 

Christian  c.-J.  Wesley-Mob.  ^698 

of  Dlscipline.-Napoleon.  *699 

Exasperating  c. -Socrates.  ♦TOO 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Conquered  by  c.-Mob.  1234 

in  Death-Monmouth.  1412 

"      *'     -Socrates.  1451 

"      "     -Strafford.  1407 

Faith  produces  c. -Storm.  2111 

of  Genius-Admiral  Drake.         2525 

Masterly  c.-Napoleon  I.  2330 

Power  in  c.-Cromwell.  1563 

Religion  secures  c.-Earthquake.l087 

Religious  c.-Flogging. 

in  a  Tumult- Thomas  Lee. 

See  COMPOSURE. 

before  Execution- Argyle. 

Remarkable  c.-Alexander. 

See  MEEKNESS. 

Christian  m.-Godfrey  de  B. 


Christian  m.  in  reproof. 
Husband's  m.-Rumford. 
Martyr's  m.-Taylor  at  stake. 
Philosophic  m. -Plato. 
Power  of  Christian  m. 
in  Reproof-Dr.  Taylor. 
Victory  by  m.-Lycurgus. 

See  SELF-COMMAND, 
against  Fear-WUliam  III. 


2159 
1571 

5209 
5356 

♦3556 

2787 
3468 
679 
1314 
2350 
4779 
3264 

♦5082 


See  SELF-CONTROL. 
Remarkable  s.-c.-Duke  Fred.  •5088 


Abandoned-C.  J.  Fox. 
in  Excitement-G.  Washington 
Power  over  others  by  s.-c. 
Sleep  at  will-Napoleon  I. 
in  Suppressing  indignation. 
"  ' '  resentment. 

Weakness  in  s.-c. -confessed. 
See  SELF-POSSESSION. 
Brave- Admiral  Le  Fort. 


580< 
.  3406 
3595 
5205 
5693 
4804 
5091 

♦5091 


CAI.XTOTNY. 

Instigated-Maximus  Fabius.     ^701 
Opposition  by  c.-Chas.  Wesley.  ^708 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bid  for  c.-Scotch  insurgents.     1947 
Punished-In juries  in  kind.  8160 

Shameful  c.  of  physician.  1048 

Victims  of  c.-Knights  Templars.  1939 

See  LIBEL. 
Trials  for  l.-Willlam  Hone.       ♦3203 


Anonymous  l.-Milton. 
False  accusation  of  1. 
Indifferent  to  l.-Frederick  11. 
Press  prosecuted  for  1. 

See  SLANDER. 
Defence  from  s.-Napoleon  I. 
from  Envy-John  Bunyan. 
Fine  for  s.-$500,000. 
Opposition  by  s.-J.  Wesley. 
Persecutors  s.-Constantine. 
of  Piety-Richard  Baxter's. 
Punished  by  James  I. 
Rewarded-Dlck  Talbot. 
Victim  of  s.-Columbus. 


1165 
3049 
5299 
4436 
4438 

♦5170 
♦5171 
♦5173 
♦5173 
♦5174 
♦5175 
♦5176 
♦5177 
♦5178 


Abusive  s.  of  Nap.  by  Britons.  84 
of  Americans  by  Sam.  Johnson.  814 
Inconsistency  of  s.-Nap.  I.  by  E.  84 
Shameful  s.  of  woman.  6034 

Victim  of  s.-CromweU  "  King."  3893 
"       "  "-Bolivar.  4044 

See  ACCUSATION  in  loe. 


CANAIi. 

Cross-reference. 
Anticipated-Suez. 


2713 


CANDIDATE. 

Dead  c.-Daniel  Webster.  ^703 

Dignified  c.-Thomas  Jefferson.  *704 

See  POLITICS  in  loc. 

CANDOR. 

Christian  c.  in  discussion.  ^705 

See  SINCERITY  in  loc. 

C  ARK  LESSNKSS. 

Censure  of  c.-S.  Johnson.  ^717 

Habitual  c.-Goldsmith.  ♦718 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Personal  safety-Nelson.         1391 
Self-punished  c.-Barber-Lincoln.  738 
Unpunished  c.-Koran  quoted.       32 

See  ABSTRACTION. 
Art  of  a.-"  Waistcoat  button."    ♦lO 
Blunders  by  a.-Newton.  ^20 

Dangerous  a.-Archimedes.  ^21 

Absence  of  mind-Goldsmith.       609 
Aroused  from  a.-Johnson.  2310 

Philosopher's  a.-Archimedes.     1905 


CARICATURE— CATHOLICISM. 


779 


S'outhful  a.  by  study-Newton.  2100 
"         study  of  Pascal.  2324 

See  FORGETFULNESS. 
Deslred-Themlstocles.  *2196 


Parental  f .  of  son-Howard. 
See  HEEDLESSNESS. 
Loss  by  h.-Goldsmith's. 


411 


*2546 


Alarming  political  h.  3786 

See  INDIFFERENCE. 

Cruel  1.  of  Csesar.  *2793 

Religious  i.  of  Charles  II.  *2794 

Affected  i.  to  misfortune-Scott.    92 

to  Applause  of  the  masses-Nap.  272 

"  Human  life- War.  1070 

"  Suffering  of  others-Surgeon.  193 

See  RECKLESSNESS. 
of  Desperation-Napoleon-Lodi.  648 
Example  of  r.-Napoleon.  647 

of  Necessity-Wm.  II.  "  K.  n.  d."  649 

caricature:. 

Cross-reference. 
Rellgious-Pope-England.  4933 

See  BURLESQUE. 

Christmas  festivities-Italy.  850 

See  EXAGGERATION  in  loc. 

CAROUSAL.. 

Cross-reference. 
Fatal  to  Alexander  the  Great.    2931 
See  FEAST  and  INTEMPER- 
ANCE in  loo. 

CASTE. 

Absence  of  c.-Irish  Kings.  *719 

Anglo-Saxon  c.-Germany.  *720 

Barbarian  c.-Gauls.  *721 

of  Birth-Italians.  *722 

English  c.-"  Born  great."  *723 

Hostility  to  c.-American.  *724 
in  Judgment-Queen  Elizabeth.  *725 

National  c.-French.  *726 

"         "-English.  *727 

In  Parliament-"  Worsted  S."  *728 

Prejudice  of  o.-Parliament.  *729 


Miscellaneous  cross-references 
Absence  of  c.-Eng.  manuf'rs. 
Brolien-Physicians. 
in  Church-A.  Burr  unwelcomed 
Destructive  to  the  State-Greeks 
Divisions  of  c. -India, 
in  Eating-Old  England. 
Egotism  of  c.-Byron. 
In  Food-Eng.-Scots. 
Fourfold-E.  India. 
Grades  of  social  c.-Franks. 
Ignored-Romans-Diocletian, 
Legislation  for  c.-England. 
In  Occupation-Egypt. 
"  Trade-union-England. 

Plea  for  c.  of  rank, 
in  Religion-Pythagoras. 
Religious  c. -Persian  vs.  Turk. 
In  School-Harvard. 
"       "    -Napoleon  I. 
Tsrranny  of  social  c. 
Vice  levels  c. -Gamblers. 

See  ARISTOCRACY. 
in  Battle-Roman. 
Expense  of  a.-Romans. 


1761 
4170 
.856 
.304 
3537 

934 
1832 
1913 

943 
3273 

595 
1734 
4486 
5662 
5663 
4612 
4709 
5070 
5028 
B033 
8491 
2267 

*301 
•302 


Reaction  for  a.-Puritans. 
Ruin  of  a.-Greeks. 


Brutal  pleasures-Norman  a. 
Rule  of  a.  burdensome- Va. 
See  COLOR-LINE. 
in  Commerce-Columbus. 


♦303 
*304 


1332 
2443 


*972 


of  Faction-Romans-Blue-G.       2019 

See  OSTRACISM. 

by  Ballot-Athenians.  *3968 

Evils  of  o.-Athenlans.  *3969 

See  SLAVERY  in  loc. 

CASUISTRY. 

Difficult  c.-American  Indian. 


*730 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Question  in  c.-Galileo.  5727 

"       of  c.-Falsehood.  2045 

See  CONSCIENCE  in  loc. 

CATASTROPHE. 

Appalling  c.-Lisbon  earthq'ke.  *731 

See  SHIPWRECK. 

Planned  by  Nero.  1347 

«        ..        .4  2819 

See  CALAMITY  in  loc. 

CATHOIilCS  (ROOTAN). 

Disfranchised-Md.  Colony.         *732 

Justice  to  C. -Ireland.  *733 

Prejudice  against  C.-English.    *734 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Animosity  toward  C.  241 

Anti-ritualistic  C.  4915 

Approval  of  persecution.  4541 

Army  of  C.-James  IL  312 

Church  attendance  required  byC.852 
Cruelty  of  C.  to  P.-Ireland.  1336 
Discoveries  by  C.  missionaries.  3635 
Disfranchised  in  Maryland.  5642 
Distrusted  by  Protestants.  1475 

Fear  of  assassinating  C.  3982 

Fidelity  honored-C.  priests.  5160 
Freedom  of  conscience  by  C.  1166 
Hatred  of  C.-Cromwell's.  5643 

Instruction  of  C.  prohib'd  by  P.  1816 
League  of  C.-Ireland.  3151 

Morality  denied  by  Catholics.  3705 
Oppressed  by  oath  of  allegiance.  448 
Peril  of  C.-Gunpowder  plot.  1945 
Persecuted  by  Arians.  4113 

"  "  legislation-Md.   4116 

"         in  Ireland.  4117 

"  Scotland.  4118 

Persecution  of  Puritans  comp.  4120 
"  "  C.  by  Scots.         4139 

Popular  excitement-Anti-C.        241 
Prejudice  against  C.-P.  Office.   4332 
"      "-Scots.        1113 
Schools-Struggle  for.  5046 

Severity  toward  C.-Floyd.  4568 
Slandered-Titus  Gates.  2760 

Terrorized  in  London.  4913 

CATHOIilCISM. 
Benefits  of  C.-Amalg.  of  races.  ^735 
Wisdom  of  C.-Broad  plans.        *736 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bigotry  of  C.-Pope  Pius  V.  588 

Bloody  persecution  of  H.  in  Fla.  855 
Discussion  of  C.  forbidden.  573 


Escape  from  C.-New  England.  4558 
Indulgences  of  C.  by  Pap.  power.  82? 
Miracles  of  C.  martyrs.  *3624 

Reformation  of  C.-France.  4540 
Secret  adherent  of  C.-Chas.  II.  2694 

See  CONVENTS. 
Refuge  in  c.-Fear  of  vice.         *1169 

See  JESUITS. 
Abolished-Fr.,  Sp.,Port.  andS.*3007 
Achievements  of  J.-Distlng'ed.*3008 
Assassination  by  J.  -Henry  IV.*3009 
"  "  "-Wm.  ofO.*3010 

Estranged  from  J. -Pope.  *3011 

Mission  of  J.-Cosmopolitan.  *3012 
Plotting  of  J.-Gunpowder  plot.*3013 
Popularity  of  J.-18th  century.  ♦3014 
Power  of  J.-18th  century.  *3015 
Purpose  of  J. -18th  century.  *3016 
Rescued  by  J.-Papacy.  *3017 

Self-sacrifice  of  J.-Benevol'ce.*3018 
vs.  the  State-England.  *3019 

Suppressed  by  government.  *3020 
Vices  of  J.-Insincerity.  *2021 

Victories  of  J.-Fictitious.  ♦2022 


Conscience  perverted  by  J. 
Dlstrusted-Imposture. 
Equivocation  of  J.-Rules. 
Falsehoods  concerning  J. 
Heroism  of  J.  missionaries. 
Prohibited  in  New  York. 

See  MONK. 
Bold  deed  of  m.-Telemachus 

See  MONKERY. 
Early  progress  of  m.-Popular 
Origin  of  m.-Body  subdued. 
Success  of  m.-4th  century. 

MONKS. 
Artistic  English  m. 
Wealthy  m.  of  Italy. 


1105 
3913 
2044 
4213 
3508 
4718 

i-G.  835 

♦3683 
♦3684 
♦3685 


♦3687 


Austerity  of  Egyptian  m.  397 

Beggary  promoted  by  m.  500 

Fanaticism  of  m.  37C2 

Literature  preserved  by  m.  3315 
Military  m.-Templars.  1625 

Obedience  of  m.  3847 

Popularity  of  m.-9th  century.  3171 
Remarkable  fanaticism-Pillar  s.5012 
Surviving  their  usefulness.         5756 

See  PAPACY, 
against  Liberty-Magna  Charta.  3207 

See  POPE. 
Superseded  by  Henry  VIII.       ^4301 
Supremacy  of  p.  beneficial.      ♦4302 


Cruelty  of  p.  Gregory  XIL 
Devotion  to  the  p.-Entire. 
Insolvent  p.-Gregory  XIII. 
"       "    -Gregory  VII. 
Licentious  p. -Clement  VI. 
Simony  of  p.  Vigilius. 
POPERY. 
Enslavement  by  p.-History. 
Struggle  with  p.-Frederick  II, 

POPES. 
Disreputable  p.-John  XII. 
See  ROMANISM. 
Civil  assumptions  of  R. 
Deliverance  from  R.-Prayer. 
Display  of  R.-Priests. 
Hatred  of  R.-Protestants. 


4541 
3016 
2887 
2889 
3245 
6153 

♦4303 
♦4304 

♦4305 

♦4929 
♦4930 
♦4931 
♦4932 


780 


CAUSE— CHALLENGE. 


Insulted  by  Protestants.  •4933 

against  Liberty-Magna  Charta.*4934 
"  "        "  *4935 

Oppression  of  R.-the  Poor. 
Patronized  by  James  II. 
Relief  in  R.-S.  Johnson, 
and  the  State-Sixtus  V. 

-Boniface  VHI. 

-Innocent  III. 


vs. 


-England. 
-Assumption 
ROMANISTS. 
Allegiance  of  R.-Oath. 
Denounced-Cromwell. 
Plot  of  R.  assassination. 

See  BISHOP,  PRIKST  and  KE 
LIGION  in  loo. 

CAUSE. 

and  Effect-Samuel  Johnson. 


♦4936 
♦4937 
♦4938 
♦4939 
♦4940 
♦4941 
♦4942 
♦4943 
♦4944 
♦4945 


♦4946 

♦4947 
♦4948 


♦737 


Cross-references. 

Insignificant  c.  of  war.  3005 

Remote  o.-Cotton  gin.  3113 

See  AGENT  in  loo. 


CAUTION. 

Needed-Abraham  Lincoln. 


♦738 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Excessive  c.-Military  science.  653 
Necessary  c.-Abraham  Lincoln.  1046 
Needless.-Macedonian  soldiers.  654 
Rejected-Braddocli's  defeat.  97 
Removed  by  compass.  3429 

See  DISCRETION. 
Better  than  valor-Charles  V.    *1637 

See  PRUDENCE. 
Longevity  by  p.-Locke.  3326 

vs.  Love-Agesilaus.  3346 

Military  p.-Felt,  not  seen.  1693 

See  "WARNING, 
of  Danger-Richard  I.  +5947 

Ineffective  w.- Caesar.  ♦5948 


Disregarded  by  mother  of  Nero.  196 
Effective  w.  to  officials.  3036 

Felon's  w.-Manufacturers.  512 

Neglected-Diversion-Caesar.  1689 
Timely  w.-Wash.  by  Lydla  D.  4079 
Unmoved  by  w.-Alexander.       1048 

See  "WATCHFULNESS. 
Safety  by  w.-Indians.  *5950 

CAVAIiR¥. 

Formidable  c.-Elephants. 

CAVE. 

Cross-reference. 
Hiding-place  of  Mahomet. 


♦739 


CAVIL. 

Legislative  c. -Answered. 


1023 


♦740 


Silenced  by  success-Cent.  Ex.  743 
See  OBJECTIONS  in  he. 

CEIiEBRATION. 

Marriage  c.-Sons  of  Timour.  ^741 

Municipal  c.-Constantinople.  ^742 

National  c.-Centennial.  ♦743 


See  CHRISTMAS. 
Celebration  of  c.-Revelry. 
Changed  by  Puritans-Fast. 


♦650 
♦851 


Beneficial  celebration  of  c.  851 

Cherished  by  the  masses.  3915 

Sad  c.-Columbus  dejected.  1881 

See  EASTER. 

Bloody  e.-Sicillan  Vespers.  1340 

See  EUCHARIST. 

Blessing  in  the  e.-Spiritual.  5085 

See  JUBILEE. 

National-British,  year  1809.  *3032 

See  PROCESSION. 

Funeral  p.-Alexander's.  ^4474 

Royal  p.-Greek  emperors.  ^4475 

Triumphant  p.-Aurellan.  ♦4476 


Honors  of  triumph-Pompey.      5719 

CELIBACV. 

of  Clergy-Britain-lOth  century.  ^744 
See  BACHELOR  in  loo. 

CEIUETERV. 

Saddest  c.-London  Tower.         *745 


Dismal-"Death  an  eternal  sleep."840 
See  BURIAL  in  loo. 

CENSOR. 

Official  c.-Rnman.  ^746 

"         "  *747 

See  CRITIC, 
at  Church-G.  S.  Germain.         *1304 

See  PESSIMISTS. 
Error  of  p.-Evils  are  old.  126 

National  p.-English  bankruptcy.451 

CENSURE. 

Resented  by  Dionycius.  ♦748 

Unmoved  by  c. -Jackson.  ^749 


Cross-reference. 
in  Bereavement-July  4th. 


968 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Changed  to  pralse-Thebans.      2855 
of  the  Dead  refused-Bollngb'ke.777 
vs.  Insult-Lincoln.  534 

Unmerited  o.-Mary  P.  of  O.        788 

See  ACCUSATION, 
by  Deception-Maximus  Fabius.  701 
Malicious  a.-C.  Wesley-"V.  702 

"       "  -Alexander.  1048 

a  Pretext-Plundering  the  Jews.  710 
"       "      for  violence-R.  III.       242 

See  BLAME. 
Assumed  by  Epaminondas.         2855 

"  -Generously-Lee.  8380 
Disowned-Church  vs.  King.  3617 
Endurance  of  b.-Washington.    2342 

See  BLOT. 
Shameful  b.-'William  Penn's.      ^607 
of  the  Times-Caesar's.  ^608 

See  COMPLAINTS. 
Characteristic  c.-Palmerston.    1311 
Croaker's  c.-Bad  times.  1315 

Disregarded-Romans.  8143 

Ill-tempered  c.-Johnson.  1593 

Inconsiderate  c.-Pericles.  1769 

Perilous  c.  of  captives-Indians.  565 
Permission  of  c.-Denied.  1261 

Useless  c.  against  hie  mother-A.  114 

See  CROAKING. 
of  Degeneracy-Eng.  Puritans.  ^1315 
Habit  of  c.  about  the  weather.  ♦ISie 


See  FAULTS, 

of  Friends  seen  quickly.  2231 

Kindness  conceals  f  .-Hervey.  2461 

Overlooked  in  Burnet.  279* 

"          "  friends.  2230 
See  GRUMBLING, 

over  Failures  of  Ad.  Nelson.  ^2490 

CEREinONV. 

Comedy  of  c.-Court.  ^750 

Dislike  for  c.-Napoleon  I.  ^751 

Slaves  of  c.-Royalty.  ♦752: 


Miscellaneous   cross-references. 
Discarded-Thomas  Jefferson.    2770' 
Humiliating  c.-Papal.  266ft 

"  "  -Henry  II.  2669 

Impressive  c.-M.  Theresa's  cor.  890^ 
Inauguration  c.  at  founding  c.  897" 
in  Jurisprudence-Roman.  3985 

Mystical  c.-Builders  of  R.  8785- 

See  CORONATION. 
Ceremony  of  o.-King  of  P.       ♦lige 
Self-o.  of  Napoleon.  H19T 


Festival  of  c.-Edward  I.  2127 

See  DECORUM, 
in  Debate-American  Indians.  ♦148» 
Ministerial  d.-Samuel  Johnson.  ^1484 

See  ETIQUETTE. 
Burdensome  e.-Edward  IV.      ♦1925. 
Questions  of  e.-Wash.'s  Ad.    *1926 
Restraints  of  e.-Anne.  *1Q2T 


Disgusting  e.-James  II.  2590 

Important-Gen.  Washington.  4634 
Necessary-Washington-Howe.  1589' 
Overdone-King  upset.  1586 

Quarrel  over  e. -Ludicrous.  750 

See  FORMALITY. 
Recommended  vs.  Loyalty.        884S 
Weakens  the  Church-Macaulay.  858 

See  INAUGURATION. 
Joyful  i.-Washlngton's.  ♦2768 

Mystic  i.-Turkish  Sultan.  ♦2769 

Simplicity  of  i.-T.  Jefferson.    ^2770 


Ancient  i.-Founding  a  city.  897 
Ceremony  of  i.-Gothic  kings.  119& 
Parsimonious  i.-James  II.  4008 

See  LITURGY. 
Opposed  by  Scots.  ♦332* 


6133 


♦4915 


4685 


Opposed  by  Scots. 

See  RITUALISM. 
Rejected-Catholic  r.  in  Eng. 

Trifles  vitiate  service  in  r. 

See  COURTESY  in  loc. 

CHAIiliENGE. 

Dangerous  c.-Rebel  invasion.  ^758 

Offered-Revolutionary  War.  ^754 

Political  c.-Lincoln-Douglas.  ^755 

Royal  o.-Austrian  prince.  ♦75ft 

Unaccepted-Alexius.  ^757 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ignored  by  Caesar.  4898 

Naval  c.-American-English.       2570 
Unfortunate  c.-H.  II.-"  Eye  p."    28 

See  DUEL. 
Combat  by  d.-Alexander.         *174ft 


CHAMPION— CHANGES. 


781 


Murder  by  d.-Alex.  Hamilton.*1747 
Naval  d.-Paul  Jones.  *1748 

Proposed  by  monarchs.  *1749 

Eeligious  d.-Wellington's.         *1750 

Challenge  to  fight  a  d.  unaoc'p'd.891 
Combat  by  d.-Generals.  1543 

Trial  by  combat-Gauls.  3054 

War  ended  by  d.-Thebans.         8884 

See  DUELS. 
Inequality  in  d.-J.  Quinoy.       *1751 
See  CHAMPION  and  DEFI- 
ANCE  in  loo. 

CHAMPION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
In  Battle-William  of  Norm'ndy.5905 
for  Free  institutions-Wm.  of  0. 3633 
Knights-God  and  the  ladies.       1121 
of  Piety-Cromwell.  3921 

Prowess  of  Belisarlus.  4561 

for  Keligion-John  Milton.  4686 

"  "     -Irreligious  c.  4687 

Kepresentative  c.-Alexander.    1746 
for  the  Truth-John  Howard.     5721 

"      "  Weak-Byron  a  c.  2242 

See  HERO. 

Patriotic  h.- William  Wallace.  •2560 

Unsurpassed  h.-Muley  Molnc.  *2561 


Significant  a.-Duke  Wm.,  omen.  ♦31 

Utilized-Scalding  broth.  ♦32 

"     -Duke  Wm.  slipped.         ♦33 


Admired-Belisarius.  1686 

Christian  h.-Thomas  Lee.  1571 

Contempt  for  cowardice.  1251 

Daring  of  h.-Sergeant  Jasper.  2151 
Delfled-Claudius  Britannicus.  2706 
Described-Charles  XII.  1970 

Encouraged-Martin  Luther.  1879 
Terrifying  h.-Richard  the  Lion.  3770 

See  HEROES. 
Dead  h.-Solyman  invoked.       ^2562 
for  Freedom-L'Ouverture.        ^2563 

See  HEROISM. 
Admirable  h.-La  Fayette.         ^2564 
"  "  -Prince  Conde.     ^2565 

Patriotic  h  .-Chevalier  Bayard.  ♦2566 
Persistent  h.-Mohammedan.  ^2567 
in  Sufifering-Lord  Nelson.  ♦2568 
Tamished-Benedict  Arnold.  ^2569 
Unfaltering  h.-Jas.  Lawrence.  ^2570 


of  Birth-Napoleon.  592 

Destiny  by  a.-Bajazet's  gout.  611 
Discovery  of  gravitation  by  a.  2295 
Happy  a.-Finding  seal  of  G.  B.  5788 
Invention  by  a.-Spinning.  2968 

Life  directed  by  a.-Demost's.  3949 
Ominous  a.-Premonition.  4419 

Outrage  for  a.-Mussulman.  1916 
Profession  chosen  by  a.-Csesar.  4484 

ACCIDENTS. 
Concurrence  of  a.-Adv'sity  by.  3860 

See  COINCIDENCE. 
Alarming  o.-Death  of  Crom.  ^965 
Comforting  c.-Biblical  lesson.  ^966 
Repeated  c.-Theseus  and  Rom.^967 
Strange  c.-Adams  and  Jeft.  ♦968 
"  -H.  M.'s  apparition.   ^969 


Brave  h.  of  Devereux.  651 

"     "    "  Grenville.  652 

Christian  h.-Jesuit  missionaries. 3508 

Invalid's  h.-WUliam  P.  of  O.  2529 

Missionary  h.-Jesuits.  3636 

"  -M.  B.  Cox.  3643 

vs.  Nobility-Nelson.  5915 

Patriotic  h.-Citizen.  4068 

"        "  -Pomponius.  4069 

of  Soldier-Philip.  5945 

Unappreciated  by  Continental  C.176 

See  PUGILIST. 

Amateur  p.-Palmerston.  1311 

CHANCES. 

Cross-reference. 
Misjudged  by  Nap.-Waterloo.    1042 

See  ACCIDENT. 
Destiny  by  a.-"  Box  on  the  ear."^27 
Directs  life.  4652 

Distress  by  a.-H.  II.-Lance  in  eye.^28 
Revolution  by  a.-"  Sicilian  V."  *29 
Saved  by  a.-T.  Paine  from  G.      ♦SO 


Marvellous  c.-Martyr.  4130 

in  Names-Bacon.  3775 

Remarkable  c.-Mysterlous  volce.256 
Strange  c.-Signals  alike.  1164 

See  CONTINGENCIES. 
Combination  of  o.-C.  of  N.  O.  ♦I  164 
of  Success-Columbus.  ♦1165 

See  FORTUNE. 
Change  of  f.-Columbus.  ♦2206 

Contrasts  in  f  .-Alexander.       ^2207 
Favors  of  f  .-Charles  V.  ^2208 

Forsaken  by  f  .-Louis  XIV.       ^2209 
Eeversed-Duke  of  Exeter.       ^2210 
-Nlcetas.  *2211 

Reverses  of  f.-Banishment.      ^2212 
Sensitiveness  of  f.-Timotheu8.^2213 


Cross-referenee. 
in  Food-England.  2175 

CHANGES. 

MUcellaneous  cross-references. 
Business  c.  successful.  3857 

Favored  by  Radicals-England.  4012 
Life's  c.-Napoleon's  son.  597 

Opposed  by  conservatives-Eng.4012 

See  APOSTASY. 
Open  a.  of  Romanus.  ^251 

Primitive  a.  by  persecution.       ^262 


Change  of  f  .-Countess  of  R.      2628 
"       "  "  sudden-Claudius.  3876 
Forsakes  the  aged-Chas.  V.       2208 
"  -Louis  XrV.  2209 
Good  f.  vs.  Merit.  5393 

in  Hands-Omar.  2507 

Irony  of  f.-Clan  of  Scott.  190 

Remarkable  good  f .  5407 

Reversed-Titus  Gates.  5831 

Reversal  of  f .  In  Sparta.  95 

Sudden  f.-Joy  in.  4884 

Unsatisfying  to  Emp.  Severus.    206 

See  LOT. 
Choice  by  l.-Turkmans.  *3333 


Decision  by  l.-Columbus.  5864 

Selection  by  l.-Mahomet's  father. 795 

See  LOTTERY. 
Profitable  l.-Experience-P.  C  ♦3334 

See  LUCK. 
Days  of  l.-Anclent.  *3361 


1395 
6021 


Days  of  l.-Romans. 
Encouragement  for  good  1 

See  VENTURE. 
Instructive  v.  of  Franks.  ^5795 


Heroic  v.-March  to  the  sea.  70 

See  GAMBLING  in  loc. 

CHANGE. 

Life  c.-Loyola.  ^768 

of  Sides-"  Bobbing  John."         ♦759 


Discreditable  a.-Protestant.  1936 
Encouraged  by  law-Maryland.  4116 
Explalned-Inconsistency.  2774 

Reaction  of  forced  converts  to  a.  920 
Required  of  ofBcer.  1471 

See  APOSTATE. 
Honored  unwisely.  3177 

Shameful  a.-Justus.  1359 

See  APOSTATES. 
Forgiven  by  primitive  C.  ♦253 


Malice  of  a.-Knights  Templars.  1939 

"  "-Julian's.  2549 
See  DISSUASION. 

Imposslble-Cortez.  +1685 

See  EXCHANGE. 

Unequal  e.-Romulus.  ^5081 

See  FOGYISM. 
Judicial  f .-Learning  needless.  ^2164 

an  Obstacle-Manufacturers.  ♦2166 

Unveiled-Golden  Age.  ♦Siee 

See  IMPROVEMENT. 

Opposed-Sewing-machines.  ^2766 

Repressed,  social-England.  ^2766 


Agricultural  I.  opposed. 

1129 

"           "In  Germany. 

1377 

Forestalled-Conservatives. 

1126 

Period  of  architectural  I. 

286 

Prevented  by  legislation. 

8110 

"          "          " 

3111 

Self-improvement-Mental. 

1776 

See  INCREASE. 

Ineffectlve-G.  III.  and  Am. 

C.  ^2777 

See  PROGRESS. 

Checked-Family. 

♦4491 

by  Competition-Isaac  Newton.  ^4493 

"  Development-Farmers. 

♦4493 

Feeble-Syrians-Egyptians. 

♦4494 

Hopeless-Polar  Sea. 

♦4495 

Human-Germany. 

♦4496 

Ignored-Charles  I. 

♦4497 

Age  of  P.-1485  to  1514.  912 

"    "  "  -13th  century.  142 

"    "  "  -Reformatlon-D.-Art.  143 

of  Civilization  by  experiments.  906 

"  "  -Britons.  911 

"  "  -European.  912 

"  "  -Grecian.  910 

Delayed-Social  p.  of  Russians.    907 

DifQcult  in  fine  art.  345 

Expectation  exceeded.  6186 

In  Knowledge- Aristotle.  3093 

"  Longevity-One  fourth-Eng.   3267 

"  Manufactures-Clocks.  8374 

Moral  p.-Slave-trade.  5203 

by  Observation-Crusades.         668C 

Opposed-Gas-light.  3298 


782 

CHARACTER. 

Opposed-Pos  t-oflQce. 

4332 

Moulded  by  theology-Crom.'s. 

*773 

Overlooked  in  marriage. 

3468 

"      -Highways. 

4414 

Natural  c.-Postered-Alexander.*774 

Perfect  female  c.-Four. 

6076 

"      -Manufacture  of  iron 

4415 

above  OfSce-Theodosius. 

*775 

"          "        "-Queen Mary.  6077 

"       -Stage-coaches. 

5684 

Trifling  c.-Greeks. 

*776 

Protected  by  c.-Trajan. 

3873 

Opposition  to  p.  vain-London. 

890 

Proof  of  strength. 

1563 

"          "  "  -Inventions. 

2980 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Purity  of  c.-Sir  Isaac  Newton 

.    660 

"  "  -Lights. 

3932 

Affected  by  vice. 

2282 

Race  c.-American  Indians. 

3780 

"          "  "  -Railroad. 

4610 

Affection  based  on  c. 

2687 

Religion  exalts  c.-True. 

4731 

by  Religion-Colonization. 

4739 

Affects  opinions  of  Heaven. 

2545 

Respect  for  c.-Howard. 

4165 

in          "      -"More  truth." 

4738 

AflQnity  in  c.-William  of  Orange.2234 

Responsibility  develops  o. 

2845 

"         "      -Mahomet. 

4740 

from  Ancestry-Elizabeth. 

762 

Rule  of  c.-George  Washington 

I.  2836 

Slow  p.-Travel-Am.  Colonies. 

5688 

"            "        -Americans. 

771 

Shameless  moral  c.-Elizabeth 

1596 

Social  p.-Cities. 

5354 

-Pilgrim  fathers.3173 

Springs  of  c.-Knights  vs.  P. 

4583 

"     "■       " 

5355 

Baseness  of  c.-Emp.  Carinus. 

2629 

Training  of  c.-Spartans. 

1817 

Springs  of  human  p. 

4532 

Biblical  c.-Puritans. 

4584 

Transparent  c.  maligned. 

4183 

Sudden  p.  in  fine  art. 

349 

Blot-Ineffaceable  on  Nap.'s  c. 

2201 

Triumph  of  c.-Puritans. 

4890 

in  Travel  expedited-Rome. 

5684 

Blotted  by  treachery-Brutus. 

2853 

Unbalanced  c.  of  Burns. 

246 

"  Vice-Commodus. 

1354 

"     -Simony  of  Penn. 

2775 

Undisguised  c.-Richard  I. 

1473 

See  REACTION. 

Brutal-Jeffreys'  c.  described 

1994 

Uninjured  by  great  success. 

2285 

from  Excess-Persecution. 

*4617 

Change  of  national  c.-Swift. 

4618 

Unlikeness  in  c.-Friendship. 

2228 

Moral  r.-Restoration  of  C.  II. 

*4618 

by  Climate- Asiatics. 

951 

"          "   "  -Harmony. 

2231 

"     "  -Puritanism  to  sin. 

*4619 

"        "      -Demoralizing. 

953 

"         "   "         " 

2237 

"        "      -Johnson. 

949 

Unprincipled  c.-Buckingham. 

1524 

of  Anger-Peter  the  Great. 

5091 

"        "      -Laplanders. 

952 

Variation  of  c.-Alexander. 

1673 

"      "     -Alexander. 

1744 

"         "       -Northern. 

950 

Vice  deteriorates  c. 

3412 

"  Cruelty-Nero's  persecution 

1358 

Communion  discloses  c. 

3364 

Vindicated-Cromwell's  c. 

3921 

"  Excess-English  revolution. 

1969 

Complete  c.  of  Caesar. 

2479 

War  develops  c.-Englishmen. 

5882 

"  Extravagance-example  of  C.  397 

Contemptible  c.-James  I. 

3628 

Weakness  of  c.-Charles  I. 

1482 

against  Labor-Probus's  soldiers.SlO 

Contradictory  c.-T.  Cranmer. 

1018 

Worth  of  c.-Louis  IX. 

6170 

Natural  r. -Cleanliness- Watts. 

917 

"              "  -Steele. 

1037 

Wreck  of  c- Sarah  Jennings. 

6071 

of  Opposition-Religious. 

3933 

Contrasted-Athenians-L. 

3790 

See  DISPOSITION. 

"  Oppression-Liberty. 

3229 

"         -Cicero  vs.  Caesar. 

1834 

Alarming  d. -Poet  W'rdsw'th's 

.*1668 

Piety  by  r.  of  sins. 

4180 

Crisis  of  c.-Queen  Mary. 

1171 

Evil  d.-Charles  the  Bad. 

*1669 

Political  r.-Van  Buren's  Admin.  51 

Debased-National-Greeks. 

1507 

Gloomy  d.  of  Dr.  Young. 

*1670 

of  Public  opinion-Cavaliers-P 

399 

Decadence  of  c. -Alexander. 

1673 

Quarrelsome  d.-Louis  XIV. 

*1671 

Social  r.  against  Puritans. 

303 

Deceptive  c.  described. 

1470 

Savage  d.  of  Frederick  Wm. 

*1672 

Unexpected  r. -James  II. 

See  REVOLUTION. 

315 

Decision  of  c.  in  youth. 

1562 

Variable  d.  of  Alexander. 

*1673 

Deeds  defend  c.-Napoleon. 

5170 

by  Contagion- Am.  and  Prance. *4873 

Deficiency  in  c.-Cicero. 

2886 

Acquired- Avarice-Johnson. 

425 

Instantaneous  r.-Puritans. 

♦4874 

Deficient  in  c.-Philip. 

4589 

Changed  by  discord-James  V. 

306 

Degraded-Hungarians. 

1509 

"         "   adversity. 

1670 

Conspiracy  for  r.-Cleomenes. 

2445 

Despicable  c.-Philip  II.  of  Spain.902 

Distrusted-Frederick  II. 

2003 

Contempt  prepares  for  r. 

3902 

Destroyed  by  intemperance. 

2916 

"         -James  II. 

8996 

Literary  r. -Thomas  Paine's. 

1027 

Deteriorated  by  luxury. 

4888 

Embittered  by  wrongs. 

4805 

by  Oppression  of  the  poor-R. 

2450 

Detraction  of  c.-Canonization 

1884 

Helpful  d.-Alex.'s  education. 

4796 

Plot  for  r. -Vicious. 

1140 

Developed  by  education. 

1354 

by  Heredity-Frederick  II. 

2551 

Provoked  by  legislation. 

980 

Disgust  for  c.  vs.  Manners. 

2687 

"        "        -Melancholy. 

3560 

See  REVOLUTIONS. 

Evinced  by  conduct. 

1326 

"        "        -Nero. 

5260 

Injustice  brings  r. 

*4875 

Examined-Funeral  honors. 

2252 

Inherited-Nero. 

1347 

Retrogradive  r.-Rest'n  of  C.II. 

*4876 

Excessive  virtues-c.  of  C.  XII. 

1970 

See  MORALITY. 

See  VICISSITUDES. 

Good  0.  awakens  animosity. 

1910 

Conventional  m. -Shelley's  f. 

♦3704 

In  Life-Eng.  nobility. 

2210 

Honored-St.  Pierre. 

4639 

Denied-Roman  C.  In  England. 

*3705 

"    "    -Columbus. 

2473 

Imperilled  by  bad  associations 

.   896 

Philosophic  m.  of  Socrates. 

*3706 

"    *'    -C.  Jerome.                       liaai 
See  CONVERSION,  REFORMA- 
TION and  SUBSTITUTE 
in  loc. 

Importance  of  c.-Marriage. 
Inconsistency  of  c.-Motassem. 
Influence  by  c.-Epaminondas 

3409 
2773 
2346 

Preserves  the  State-Rome. 
vs.  Refinement-Rome. 

♦3709 
*3710 
♦3707 

Inherited-Charles  I. 

3628 

Shallow  m.-Clerical. 

*370& 

OHAR/iCTER. 

Insincerity  of  c.-Charles  I. 

1676 

Changeful  c.-Boniface  VIII. 

*760 

Judgment  of  c.  diverse. 

5162 

in  Army  of  Cromwell. 

5251 

Composite  c.-Luther. 

*761 

Levity  of  c.  contrasted. 

3200 

Decline  in  English  m. 

2994 

Contradictory  c.-James  II. 

*762 

Life  attests  c.-Anastasius. 

3253 

Destruction  of  public  m. 

4618 

"              "  -Elizabeth. 

*763 

Lovable  c.-Charles  Talbot. 

2233 

Deterioration  of  Roman  m. 

2065. 

Discipline  of  o.-Cromwell. 

*764 

Misjudged-Southey'sCromwell.3916 

Devotion  without  m. 

2732 

Disclosed-Samuel  Johnson. 

*765 

Mixed-"  Priest,  atheist  and  g.' 

'5225 

Doubtful  m.  of  slavery-Cortea 

-.  1106 

Elevation  of  c.-Aristides. 

*766 

Necessary  in  judges. 

3038 

Indifferent  to  m.-Elizabeth. 

1596 

Estimated-Cromwell's. 

*767 

Neutral  c.-Mohammedans. 

4581 

in  Motive-Samuel  Johnson. 

3734 

Foundation  of  c.-Germans. 

*768 

Noble  o.-John  Winthrop. 

3173 

Needful  for  liberty. 

3222 

Greatness  of  c.-Luther. 

*769 

Nobility  of  c.-St.  Pierre. 

4639 

Object  of  Persian  religion. 

4709 

Grotesque  c.-Poet  Shelley. 

*770 

"        "  "  -Regulus. 

5081 

Perfection  of  pagan  m. 

4730 

Inherited- American  Indians. 

*771 

"        "  "-Sthennis. 

3819 

Preserved  in  army-Gus.  XII. 

4174 

Misinterpreted-Charles  II. 

♦772 

Opinions  indicate  c. -Sceptic. 

3919 

••          "  convents. 

lies' 

CHARITY— CHILD. 


783 


Promoted  in  benevolence.  4163 

Reasonable  m.  of  Christianity.  2830 
Rejected  by  art-Debauched  R.  103 
vs.  Religion  of  Artasires.  4724 

Religion  the  fountain-B.  2370 

Standard  of  political  m.  4245 

■Training  in  m. -Persian  youth.    1771 
Undermined  by  false  phirs'phy.1713 
"  "  Jesuits.  1105 

TJnmeritorious  m.-Monks.  1169 

See  QUALITY. 
More  than  quantity- War.         •4590 
♦4591 
Tested  by  swords.  *4o92 


More  than  numbers-War.  3831 

3832 

"       "  "       -Cromwell.  311 

Selected  for  q.-Magi.  3833 

Wanting  in  q.-Men-War.  3843 

See  REPUTATION. 
Blemished-Napoleon  I. 
Changeful  r.-Robert  Bums. 
Deceptive  r. -Charles  XII. 
Evil  r. -Ireland. 
False  r.-Aristides. 
Fictitious  r.-Gen.  Chas.  Lee. 
Field  for  r.-Washington. 
Mixed  r.-Alexander's. 
Preserved-Lincoln's. 
for  Probity-Cato. 
Stained  r.-William  Pitt's, 
for  Veracity-James  II. 


♦4784 
♦4785 
♦4786 
♦4787 
♦4788 
*4789 
♦4790 
♦4791 
•4792 
•4793 
•4794 
•4795 


Accidental-Van  Buren's  Admin.  51 
Blot  on  r.,  one-William  Penn.     607 

"  "  "  -Caesar's  captives.  608 
Borrowed-"  Wash."  Irving.  3771 
Buried  with  the  person.  1397 

vs.  Character-Lycurgus.  3264 

Confidence  in  r.-Cicero.  1025 

Contempt  for  r.,  deceptive.  5162 
Contradictory  r.-Robert  the  d.  3766 
Cost  of  social  r.-Estimate.  3671 

Deceptive  r.-Commodus.  5743 

Delayed-John  Milton's.  2325 

Destroyed  by  avarice-Demosth.  672 
Destruction  of  r.  necessary.  1950 
Disregarded-Eflfr'nt'ry  of  "B.  F.''37 
Envied-Aristides.  1910 

False  r.  given-Henry  VIII.         2153 

"     "of  wealth.  5979 

Good  r.  at  home-Lincoln.  1488 

Guarded-Athenian  judges.  3038 
for  Honesty.  -G.  Washington.1  261 1 
Honorable  r.-Emperor  Titus.  4307 
Indifferent  to  r.-Catiline.  392 

Maligned-Charles  Wesley.  702 

Mixed  r.-Washington  Irving.  3771 
Questioned-Honesty-K.  John.  2618 
vs.  Reality-nJames  I.  2154 

Rescued  by  history-Cromwell.  2577 
Restored-Cromwell's.  3075 

Sacriflced-Tool  of  tyranny.  3548 
"  for  money-Cbas.  I.    3662 

Shameful  r.-Dick  Talbot.  3202 

Spur  to  valor.  6767 

by  Success- Washington.  5408 

"         "     -Yorkshire.  5409 

Time  for  srrowth-Milton.  3310 


Unjust  r.  for  avarice-Joseph  II.  778 

Wronged  by  rival.  1911 

CHARITY. 

for  the  Dead-Bolingbroke.  *777 

Distrusted-Joseph  II.  *778 

Nobility  of  c.-Aristotle.  ^779 

Wise  c.  of  John  Howard.  ^780 

Wonderful  o.-Woman's.  *781 


Jliscellaneous  cross-references, 
Blessings-"Hand  never  grow  o, 
Confiscated  to  avarice, 
in  Conversation-Cato. 
a  Crime-English  law. 
"  Dangerous  c.-Roman. 
vs.  Hospitality  of  Britons. 
Hurtful  c.-Labor  degraded. 
Rule  of  c.-Mohammedan  c. 
Success  by  c.-Howard. 
Wise  c.-Count  Rumford. 
of  Woman-Laeta. 

See  BENEVOLENCE  in  loc. 

CHARM. 

Protecting  c.-Thunder  and  I.  ♦782 

"         "-Agnus  Dei.  +783 

See  ENCHANTMENT. 

BoyisTi  e.-David  Crockett.  634 

"     "  in  books-Irving.  626 

Personal  e.  by  Mahomet.  2124 

See  INFATUATION. 

Destructive  i.  of  Nero.  *2819 

of  Pride-James  II.  *2820 


"515 

2079 

1170 

3111 

5218 

2640 

3099 

544 

513 

503 

6044 


of  Curiosity-Pliny.  5050 

Inventor's  i  -Arkwright.  5168 

of  Love-Page  of  Mary  Stuart.  3342 

Political  i.- James  II.  3388 
Popular  i.-Conquest  of  Florida.    75 

of  War-Charles  XII.  1239 
See  MAGIC  in  loc. 

CHASTISEOTENT. 

of  Children-Scourge.  *784 

Cross-references, 

Ineffective  c  -Young  W.  1668 

Humiliating  c.-Goldsmith's.  2664 
Moral  effect  of  c.-Salem  witch.  845 

Morality  Improved  by  c.  3711 

Passionate  c.  deplored.  4019 

See  FLOGGING. 

Comfort  under  f.-Christian.  ^2159 

Excessive  f.-Titus  Gates.  *2160 


Brutality  in  f.-Jeffreys'.  2862 

Common-Servants-Ch.-Wives.  2860 

Triple  f.-Real  and  false.  2754 

See  AFFLICTION  in  loc. 

CHASTITY. 

and  Civilization-Opposed.  •785 
Invincible  c.-R.  Gen.  Bellsarius.*786 

Rare-Roman  maidens.  •787 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
by  Coercion-Matilda.  5862 

Ignored  by  Spartans-Ruin.         6187 

See  VIRGINITY. 
Dedicated-Pulcheria.  *6885 

Faith  in  v.-Joan  of  Arc.  •5887 


Regard  for  v. -Superstitious. 
See  CELIBACY  in  loc. 


4616 


CHEERFULNESS. 

Simulated-Queen  Mary.  *788 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Necessary  in  worship.  6160 

Politic  vs.  Melancholy.  1670 

See  COMFORT. 

by  Affection  of  friends-Martyr.  3403 

"  Dream-Napoleon  I.  1725 

in  Misfortune-Mohammedan  c.  1568 

Religious  c.  in  distress.  2159 

"        "  "  trial.  2205 

See  CONSOLATION. 

of  Philosophy-Boethius.  *1134 

See  ENCOURAGEMENT. 
Timely  e.  for  Luther.  •1879 

"      "-Columbus.  •1880 

Visionary  e.-Columbus.  •1881 


Helpful  e.  of  a  friend. 

See  EXHILARATION, 
of  Music  vs.  Drink. 

See  HUMOR. 
Admlred-Abraham  Lincoln.     *2677 
Fondnessforh.-A.  Lincoln.      *2678 


5403 


3753 


vs.  Earnestness-Lincoln.  1756 

Subdued  by  h.-Amazon.  1933 

See  JOY. 

of  Discovery-Galileo.  *302S 

Fatal  J. -Shock  to  explorers.  *3029 

Intoxicating  j.-Welllngton's.  •3030 

Public  j.-Acquittal  of  7  Bps.  *3031 

of  Benevolence-A.  Lincoln.  536 

"            "          -Faraday.  537 

'*  "  -John  Howard.  4192 

"  *'         -Rev.  J.  Newton. 3077 

"  Business-Chauncey  Jerome.    690 

"  DiscoTery-Spaniards.  2206 

Domestic  j.  of  Marcius.  112 

Fatal  j. -Lover's.  8848 

Inconsiderate  j.  of  peace.  4091 

of  Peace- War  of  1812.  4091 

Reaction  of  j.-Insanity.  8998 

of  Realization-Columbus.  4623 

Religious  j.  in  persecution.  584 

Speechless  j.-LajoIais.  8998 

of  Success-Columbus.  5398 

in  Wealth-Sudden.  484S 

See  LAUGHTER. 

Power  in  l.-Palmerston.  1811 

See  SMILE. 

Resented  byTimour.  ^5214 

CHEERING. 

Cross-reference. 
Effective-"  Yelling  regiment."  *789 

See  APPLAUSE. 
Ancient  Germans'  a.-Clashing  8.^270 
Consequence  of  a.-Inspiration.  *271 
Indifference  to  a.-Napoleon.      •272 


Distrusted  by  Cromwell.  8739 

Presumption  from  a.  2570 

See  ENCOURAGEMENT  in  loo. 

CHEMISTRY. 

Cross-reference. 

Infatuated  with  c.-I.  Newton.  814 

CHIIiD. 

Influence  of  a  c- Sovereign.  •79a 

Passionate  c.-Blaise  Pascal.  *791 

Power  of  a  o.-Ruler.  •79* 


784 


CHILDHOOD— CHILDREN. 


Precocions  c.-SamuelJohnson.  *793 
Ruined-Orlef  for.  *794 

Value  of  a  c.-lOO  camels.  *795 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Affection  of  Webster  for  his  c.    661 
Expectations  unrealized  In  c.-N.  597 
Honored  by  Mahomet.  6201 

Impressed  by  counsel.  2763 

Maternal  devotion  to  her  c.-A.  196 
Missing  c.  in  burning  house.-W.  119 
Petitioner  for  Bavlng  life.  4163 

Pitiful- Wounded-Indlan  war.  8731 
Reproof  of  a  c.  4780 

Unruly  c.-Frederick  II.  5762 

CHIIiDHOOD. 

Impressible-Conversion.  *796 

Terrors  of  c.-WIlliam  Cowper.  *r97 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Apprehensions  in  c.-Sin.  5166 

Education  of  c.-Results  of.  3824 

Forecast  of  manhood.  5914 

Genius  in  o.-Qoldsmith.  2301 

Undisciplined  c.-Byron.  8722 

CaiLDREIf. 

Abused-Paupers-England.  *798 

"     -Spinning.  *799 

Blessing-Mahomet.  '800 

Delight  in  c.-Mahomet.  *801 

Discipline  of  c.-Severlty.  *802 

Prightened-IUness-Death.  *803 

Labors  of  o.-Six  years  old.  *804 

Mistrained  c.-John  Milton's,  *806 

Overgovemment  of  o.-J.  H.  'SOe 

Protection  of  c.-Roman.  ♦807 

Save  the  State-Washington.  *809 

of  the  State-Spartans.  *808 

Surrender  of  o.-to  Valens.  *810 

Surviving  o.-SamuelJohnson.  *811 

Treasures-Poor  man's.  *812 

Unfortunate  o.-Tartars.  ♦813 


Miscellaneous  cross-reffirences. 
Abuse  of  c.-Frederick  Wm.  I.    6741 
Adaptation  to  c.-Luther.  2543 

Bereavement  of  c- Wordsworth.  560 
Bond  of  marriage-Indians.  1705 
Chastisement  of  c.-Scourge.  784 
"  "-Whlpp'dtod.798 
Condescension  to  c.-Parental.  2108 
Conduct  depends  on  mother.  3727 
Cruelty  to  c.-Irish  persecution.  1336 
"       *'  "-Timour.  1.3.37 

Degraded  by  punishment-ieth  C.802 

"        or  dead-which  i  1646 

Desire  for  c.-Mahomet.  4333 

Desired  or  divorce.  1704 

Destroyed  by  parents.  2065 

Destruction  of  c.-Par«ntal.  4356 
"  "  weak  o.-Spart'ns.  1350 
Devotion  to  o.-Iadian  mother8.3529 
Discipline  of  c.-Inconsiderate.  2714 
Disobedience  encouraged-Law.4119 
Diversity  of  character  in  c.  227 

Extortion-Unfortunate  c.  607 

like  Fathers-Patricides.  1295 

Government  of  c.  by  authority.  411 
Governed  by  fear-Infant  c.  2115 
Hatred  taught  to  Irish  o.  1336 


in  Heaven-Swedenborg.  6207 

Honesty  exposes  c.-to  Burns.  1972 
Imperilled  by  servants-Scott.  2882 
Independent  of  oversight.  2781 

Ingrate  c.  of  Henry  II.  2853 

Manhood  influenced  by  c.  3602 

Mourning  for  d.  c.  prohibited.  3736 
Numerous  bastard  o.  in  Flanders.65 
Obedience  of  c.-Spartan.  5671 

Patriotism  taught  to  c.  4071 

Personality  denied-Romans.  4003 
vs.  Pet  dogs-Caesar's  reproof.  233 
Physical  development  of  c.  2530 
of  Poverty- Wesley's.  4289 

"      -Toils  of.  4294 

Prayer  for  c.  answered.  1086 

Prayers  of  c.  asked.  1780 

Preservation  of  c.  from  Indians.  117 
Proof  of  marriage  in  c.  3483 

Prosperity  brought  by  c.-Arabs.4528 
Punished  for  parent's  sin.  4571 

"  "  ancestor's  sin.  6175 
Punishment  of  c.-Parental.  4573 
Rebellion  of  c. -Natural.  805 

Scourging  c.-Excessive.  1350 

of  the  State-Soldiers'  orphans.  4064 
"  "  "  -Spartans-8  years.  1817 
"    "      "  "  1822 

Suffer  by  intemperance.  2921 

Tender  regard  for  c.-Impresslve  2351 
Trained  to  obedience.  1822 

"       for  citizenship.  2182 

"       In  language.  3136 

"       early-J.  Quincy.  3287 

Truthful  by  training.  2043 

Vain  anxieties  for  prosperity  of.  190 

See  ADOPTION. 
Captives  among  Indians.  ^57 

by  the  State  of  soldiers'  orphans.  *58 


Annulled  by  Qabrlel-M.'s  son.      63 
Pitiful  a.-Foundllng.  781 

Substitutes  in  families  by  a.       2074 

See  BABE. 

Influence  of  b. -Pardon.  4001 

King  of  Scots-James.  3079 

"     "  Eng.  and  Fr.-HenryVI.  3080 

Supposititious  b.-Believed.         3913 

See  BOY. 
Enchanted  b.-David  Crockett.  *634 
Precocious  b.-Themistocles.  *635 
"  "  -Benj.  Franklin.  *636 
Reformed  b.-David  Crockett.  *637 
Runaway  b.-Benj.  Franklin.  *638 
"  Scientific  "  b.-R.  Stephenson.  *639 


Enchanted  by  books-Irving.  626 
Endangered  by  genlus.-Bums.  246 
Fortitude  of  b.-Martyr.  4130 

Hallucination  corrected.  2734 

Honorable-Abraham  Lincoln.  4635 
Hope  in  b.  blasted-Howard.  4002 
Independent  b.-Caesar.  2788 

Ingenious  b.-Eli  Whitney.  88 

"         "  -Newton.  3543 

Manly  b.  in  adversity. -H.  Davy.  86 
Name  of  b.  fortunate-Caesar.  3772 
Observing b.-W.'Scott,  "button."  19 
Prodigy  in  figures-Colburn.  3532 
Ungovernable  b.-Hugh  Miller.  2463 
Unpromising  b.-Bp.  George.        264 


See  BOYHOOD. 

Dull  b.-Oliver  Goldsmith.  *640 

Humble  b.-Pizarro.  *641 
Ingenuity  in  b.-Isaac  Newton.  *64a 
See  BOYS. 
Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Friendship  of  b.-Byron.  2243 

Interest  in  b.-Luther.  497 

Quarrels  of  b.  useful.  179 

See  DAUGHTER. 

Appreciative  d.-Cromwell's.  1200 

Expelled  for  piety.  1663 

Obedient  to  p.  in  marriage.  123 

Pleadings  of  d.-Pardon.  8998 

Revenge  of  d. -Murderer.  6056 

Unappreciated-China.  1035 

See  INFANTS, 

in  Heaven-Swedenborg.  ♦2818 


2410 


Infanticide  in  oppression. 
See  PRECOCITY. 
Remarkable  p.-James  Watt.     ^4402 
'*  "  -Alex.  Pope.       *4403 


Educational  p.-S.  Johnson, 

1815 

of  Genius-William  C.  Bryant. 

2329 

Juvenile  p.  of  Themlstocles. 

635 

in  Mathematics. 

3539 

"            "           -Colbum. 

3533 

Remarkable  p.-S.  Johnson-8 

yrs.793 

Youthful  p.  of  B.  Franklin. 

636 

See  SON. 

a  Devoted  s. -Confucius. 

♦525S 

like  Mother-Nero. 

♦5260 

Reconciling  s.-Themistocles. 

♦5261 

Affectionate  s.-Wm.  Cowper.       110 

"  "-Walter  Scott.        Ill 

"  "-Caius  Marcius.     112 

"  "-SertoriustheR.G.113 

"  "-Alexander.  114 

"  "-Napoleon  I.  115 

Antipathy  of  J.  Howard's  son.     122 

Ashamed  of  his  mother.  8722 

Birth  of  s.,  Joy  by.  4529 

Destroyer  of  mother-Nero.         1347 

Disinherited-Religion-Penn.       3970 

Disobedience  expiated.  1662 

Dutiful  s.  in  manhood.  8723 

"     "-Alexander  the  Greti,  3730 

Grateful  s.-Napoleon  I.  3727 

"-Nero.  3721 

Illegitimate  s.  honored.  3470 

Ingrate  s.-Matricide-Nero.         8743 

"      "-Nero.  1110 

"      "-Infamous.  3713 

Mother  makes  the  son.  2066 

Reformed  by  running  away-C.     637 

Rejected  by  father- Wm.  Penn.  4745 

Shameless  s.-Prinee  Ferdinand.  5125 

Wayward  s.  reclaimed.  6214 

See  SONS. 
Ingrate  s.  of  Henry  II.  1634 

«'      "   "        "       "  4005 

Pride  in  s.-Mother's-Comelia.    3728 

See  YOUTH. 
Ardor  of  y.-Lafayette.  ♦6188 

Attractive  y.-Mahomet.  ^6189 

Backwardness  in  y.  ^6190 

Capacity  in  y.-G.Washingtoij.  ^6191 
Corrected-Aristotle.  ♦eigs 


CHIMERA— CHRIST. 


785 


Corrupted  by  Catiline.  *6193 

Enemies  in  y.-Wm.  P.  of  0.  *6194 
FoUy  of  y.-Edgar  AUan  Poe.  *6195 
Fountain  of  y.-Florida.  *6196 

Genius  in  y. -Isaac  Newton.      *6197 
Hardships  in  y.-G.  Washington.*6198 
"  "  -C.  Jerome.       *6199 
"  "  -A.  Lincoln.      *6200 
Hope  in  y. -Mahomet.  *6201 

Humble  y.-Komulus.  *6202 

an  Index-Charles  I.  *6203 

Manhood  out  of  y.-P.  Cooper.  *6204 
Mental  basis  in  y.-Gibbon.  *6203 
Neglected-Peter  the  Great.  *6206 
Perfecting  y.-Swedenborg.  *6207 
Preparation  in  y. -Washington. *6208 
Presumption  of  y.-Louis  XIV.  *6209 
Regard  for  y.-"  Rising  Sun."  *6210 
Studious  y.-John  Milton.  *6211 

Training  of  y.-Persians.  ♦6212 

Unpromising  y.-Lincoln.  *6213 

Wildness  in  y.-George  MuUer.  *6214 

Abilities  shown  in  y.  by  Alex.         6 

in  y.  of  Scipio.  129 

Ability  in  y.  of  Charles  XII.  144 

Affections  of  y.-Isaac  Newton.   108 

Adversity  in  y.  overruled.  1785 

"  "-G.  Washington.  1784 

«         «  ..     «         ..  J788 

"  "-A.  Lincoln.         1787 
Ambition  in  y.-Themistocles.      189 
"        "  study-Jones.  1776 

Blemished  by  gray  hair.  8499 

Brave  in  death-Covenanter.        656 
"     y. -Black  Prince-15  years.  470 
Choice  in  y.  3254 

Conversation,  Instructed  by.  2182 
Conversion  changes  evil  y.  2351 
Corrected  in  later  lif e-MuUer.  878 
Devotion  to  y.-Teacher's.  6150 

Determination  in  y.  1562 

Dissolute  y.-Hernando  Cortez.  78 
Educated  in  patriotism-Spart.  894 
Fearless  y.-Benedict  Arnold.  2122 
Fidelity  in  y.  rewarded-Drake.  5007 
Folly  of  y.  considered.  2062 

Foreshadows  the  man.  3404 

Foundation  in  y.-Good.  5389 

Fountain  of  y.  in  free  lnstit'ti'ns.213 
"  "  not  found.  1607 

Friend  of  y. -Peter  Cooper.  1785 
Happy  y.-School-days.  5034 

Hypocritical  y.-Augustus.  4256 

Impressions  In  y.-Wm.  P.  of  O.  2762 
"  "-Cruelty.  2774 

Instructed  in  laws.  3164 

Invention  in  y.-"  Mule."  8986 

Knowledge  in  y. -Thirst  for.  3096 
Labor  in  y.-Thurlow  Weed.  3121 
Life-plan  made  in  y.-Mllton.  3250 
Lover  in  y.-Napoleon.  3343 

Mathematician  in  y.-Pascal.  2384 
Mechanical  taste  in  y.  3543 

Ministry  in  y.-R.  Watson.  3615 

Misgovernment  of  y. -Ho ward's.  411 
Neglected  education  of  y.  1808 

Dbjection  to  y.  removed.  144 

"       "  "  "    byvote8.189 

Offences,  Lingering  regrets  for.-S.19 
Presumption  of  y,-Pompey.       6810 


Promotion  in  y.-Alexander.  1813 
Protected  by  good  relatives-A.  382 
Ruined-Undisciplined  y.  1618 

Sacrifices  in  y.-Knowledge.  3095 
Sadness  of  y.-Melancholy.  3562 

Scepticism  of  y.  cured.  2824 

Selected  in  a  dream.  1722 

Spirited  y.-Alberic  the  Roman.  507 
Study  in  y.-Isaac  Newton.  2100 
Teacher  of  y.  imitated.  5037 

Temptations  in  school.  5036 

Tested-"  Win  his  spurs. "  1560 

Trained  to  cruelty.  1365 

"        "       "  1366 

Trials  in  y.-Napoleon.  5033 

See  EDUCATION,  FAMILY,  YOUNG 
MAN,  YOUNG  MEN,  YOUNG 
PEOPLE,  in  loc. 

CHIMERA. 

Pursuit  of  c.-Isaac  Newton.       *814 

See  CRAZE, 
for  Gk)ld-Emigrants.  8388 

See  HALLUCINATION. 
Realistic  h  -Luther  and  the  d.  *2506 


Enthusiast's  h.-Joan  of  Arc.      2384 
See  DELUSION  in  loc. 

CHIVAIiRT. 

Baseness  of  c.-Edward  I.  *815 

Modern  c.-Union-Confederate.  *816 
Order  of  c.-Knightsof  St,  John.*817 
Patriotic  o.-Paul  Jones.  'SIS 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Battle-Brenneville-Bloodless.  461 
"      "     -Prince  Rupert.  464 

Brutality  of  c.-Edward  I.  815 

Courtesy  of  c.-Black  Prince.  1260 
Demoralized  by  shameful  c.-F-  269 
Misdirected  c.-De  Soto-Am.  1986 
vs.  Property-Marriage.  3466 

"   Puritanism-England.  4583 

See  KNIGHTHOOD. 
Ceremony  of  k.-Chivalry.         *3086 

See  KNIGHTS. 

Origin  of  Order  of  K.  of  St.  John.817 

See  POLITENESS  in  loc. 

CHOICE. 

of  Both-Ly  Sander.  *819 

Manifested-Pizarro.  ♦820 

Necessary-My  head  or  king's.  ♦821 

Painful  c.-Death  of  Strafford.  ♦822 


See  DILEMMA. 
Decided  by  Marcia. 


♦1591 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Difflcult-Mr.  Dustin's  children.    117 
Necessary  c. -Charles  I.  416 

of  Life  made  in  youthtime.        3254 
Painful  c.-Charge  or  be  charged.  71 
"      "  -Clotilda.  1646 

Paradise  or  perdition.  6141 

Politician's  c.-Ch.  vs.  Vote.        3874 
Thirst  vs.  Royalty.  5952 

Unhappy  o.-Money  or  teeth.      2001 

See  DECISION. 
Final  d.-Caesar-Rubicon.  ^1480 

"     "         "  "  •1481 

Lacking  d.-Charles  I.-Naseby.  ^1482 


Painful  d.-Church  vs.  State.       4118 
Ruin  inevitable.  4955 

Unavoidable  d.-Extortion.         2003 

See  VOLUNTEER. 
Welcome-Ali-Mahomet.  6201 

See  VOLUNTEERS. 
Adventurous  v. -Conquest  of  Fla.  75 
Choice  of  v.-Soldiers.  5766 

Daring-Blowing  up  the  ram  A.     73 
for  Self-sacrifice-Calais.  4639 

See  ELECTION  in  loc. 

CHRIST. 

Carlcatured-Terrifying.  ♦823 
Defence  of  C.-King  of  Franks.  ^824 

Honors  for  C.-Ulustrated.  *825 

Preaching  C.-Erasmus.  ♦826 

Substituted  by  the  Pope.  ^827 

Theory  of  C.-Mahomet's.  *828 


Hastened  by  action.  2221 

Immediate  d. -General  Grant.     1891 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Allegiance  to  C.  professed.         109* 
Blood  of  C.-Atonement.  6034 

Everything,  all  else  nothing.      1486 
Example  of  C.  comforting.        8159 
"       "   "  imitated.  525 

"       "   "  sustain8-Johnson.584 
Faith  In  C.  alone-Peace.  4103 

Fidelity  to  C.-Scotch  maiden.  4U2 
Fighting  for  C.-Fanatics.  2091 

Image  of  C.  on  linen  cloth.  2730 
Light  of  C.  in  darkness.  4130 

Longing  to  be  with  C.-Vane.  2039 
Loyalty  to  C.-Supreme.  1663 

for  Others-Melancholy.  1192 

Phantom  C.-Mahomet's  view.  828 
Refuge  for  sinners-Clark.  1181 

Salvation  in  His  blood.  118» 

Saves  alone- Wesley.  1122 

Scandalized-Redeemer  incar.  2094 
Supplanted  by  worship- Virgin.  412 
Trust  In  blood  of  C.-Blsmarck.  4751 
Views  of  C.-Imperfect-Indians.4413 
Voting  for  C. -Roman  Senate.  5859 
Witnessing  for  C.-Chrlstlans.     603& 

See  ADVENT. 
Seasonable  a. -Needed-Ready.     ^72 

See  CHRISTMAS. 
Celebration  of  c. -Revelry.  ♦850 

Changed  by  Puritans-Fast.        ^851 


Beneficial  celebration  of  c. 
Celebration  demanded. 
Sad  c.-Columbus  dejected. 

See  CROSS. 
Emblems  of  the  Christian  c. 
Protection  of  the  c. -Roman  L- 
Recovered-Holy  relic  from  P. 
Victory  by  thec-Constantlne, 


Charmed  c.-"  Agnus  DeL" 
Fraudulent  c.-Relics. 
Peace  by  the  blood  of  the  c. 
Precious  relics  of  the  c. 
Relic  of  the  c.-Nails-Spear. 
Rival  c.-"  Indulgence  Cross." 
Saved  by  the  c.-Whitefield. 
True  c.  captured  by  Persians. 
Victory  by  sign  of  c.-Con. 


851 
3915 
1881 

♦1317 
♦1318 
♦1319 
♦1320 

783 
4678 
1175 
4672 
1047 

827 
4770 

324 
1781 


?86 


CHRISTIAN— CHURCH. 


See  CRUCIFIXION. 
Modem  c.  In  India. 


*1831 


Honored  relic  of  c. 

1321 

See  EUCHARIST. 

Blessing  in  the  e.-Spiritual. 

5085 

See  JESUS. 

no  Comforter  but  J.-Mary  S. 

5067 

Honored  king-Godfrey. 

2671 

King,  the  only-Puritans. 

1250 

"     of  all  nations. 

2894 

Kingdom  of  J.-Contrasted-N. 

3347 

Precious  name-Martyr. 

4137 

Saints  with  J. 

1453 

See  SAVIOUR. 

False  S.-Titus  Gates. 

*5018 

In  a  Name-"  Solon." 

♦5019 

False  S.  of  the  world-Nero.  4325 

See  CHRISTIAN,  GOSPEL  and 

RELIGION  in  loc. 

CHRISTIAN. 

by  Bereavement-A.  Lincoln.      ♦829 

Experience  of  A.  Lincoln.  *830 

Spirit  of  the  C.-Cromwell.  ♦831 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Counselled  to  be  a  C.-Louis  XIV.1219 
Devoted  C.-Missionary  Shaw.    4554 
Example  of  C.  spirit.  4852 

Martyrs-Taylor-Latimer.  1233 

Sacrifices  of  C.-John  Nelson.     4999 
"  «'  "-Thomas  Smith.  5000 

Soldier-"  Stonewall  Jackson."  5228 
Spirit  of  the  C.-Cromwell.  1434 

Unworldly  C.-Mary  Bos'nquet.  1663 

CHRISTIANITY. 
Absurd-Abyssinian.  *832 

Adyancement-Primary  cause.  *833 

"  -Secondary  cause.  ^834 

Civilization  by  C.-Cruelty  abol.  *835 

"  "  "-Barbarians.    ^836 

"  "  "  ^837 

Commended-Worth.  ♦SSS 

Compromised-Constantine.  ^839 
Discarded-France,  year  1794.  ^840 
and  Discovery-Columbus.  ♦841 

Diversity  in  C.-National.  *842 

Indestructible  by  persecution.  ^843 
Misunderstood  by  Gibbon.  ^844 
Muscular  C. -Salem  witches.  ^845 
Offence  of  C.-Amusements.  ♦846 
Qualified  faith  In  C.-Shelley.  ^847 
Success  of  C- World- wide.        *848 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

VS.  Amusements-Romans.  846 

Benevolence  of  C.-Bp.  of  A.        545 

"  "  -Bishop  Ken.  617 

"  "  "  -Bp.  T.  Coke.  1570 

**  "  "  -C.  Wilkinson.  531 

**  "  "  to  Captives.     522 

"  "  "-Enf'ced bye. 4295 

*•  •'  "  -Enlarged.        550 

•*  "  *'  by  Faith.  526 

•*  "  2035 

••  "  "  -Huguenots.     638 

••  "  "  -John  Wesley.  518 

**  "  "      "  "        549 

••  "  "  -Joyful.  8077 

*•  "  "  -Lady  H.  520 


Benevolence  of  C.-Lady  H.         546 

"  "  -M.  Fletcher.  519 

"  "  -Rule.  4335 

"  "  Self-sac.-J.  H.  548 

-J.    8018 

"  "  "  shown.  2659 

"  "  "  -Sewing-girl.    625 

«  (•  '• -Thomas  Coke.539 

"  "  "  -Whitefield.    2029 

Caricatured-Amerlcan  Indians.4413 

in  Conflict  with  depravity.  124 

Controversy  beneficial  to  C.       3931 

Corrects  amusements.  835 

Debased  by  clergy.  923 

Evidence  of  C.  convincing.         2823 

"         "  "  vs.  Objections.    2827 

Extended  by  woman-Clotilda.  6046 

Humanizing  effect  of  C.  on  Rom.835 

Investigated-Prejudlce.  4412 

Misconstrued  by  Julian.  4114 

Morals  of  C.-Superior.  2830 

Overthrown  In  Japan.  3640 

Peril  of  C.  by  Mohammedanlsm.2187 

Promoted  by  woman.  3726 

Prosperity  endangers  C.  4530 

Woman  extends  C.-Young.         6103 

See  BIBLE. 
Adaptation  of  theB.-Col.  Cong.*564 
Bible- reading  forbidden-Eng.  *586 
Comfort  from  the  B.-Captive.  ♦565 
Diffusion  of  the  B.-Tyndale.  ^566 
Discoveries  in  the  B.-Luther.  *567 
Displaced-By  gloves-H.  VIII.  *568 
Doubted-J.  Bunyan's  struggles.  ♦569 
the  First  American  B  -Eliot's.  ^570 
Gift  of  B  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  *571 
Imperilled  by  the  B.-R.  Hunne.  *572 
Incendiary  B.-Bookseller's.  ♦573 
Indestructible-Persecution.  ^574 
Infiuence  of  the  B.-Cromwell.  ^575 
Monopoly  in  the  B.-Brit.  pub's. ^576 
Omitted-Coronation  of  J.  H.  ♦577 
People's  B.-Wycliffe.  ♦578 

Prohibition  of  the  B.-England.  ^579 
«'  »•    "    " -Necessary +580 

Protected  by  the  B.-J.  Knox.  ♦SSI 
Reverence  for  the  B.-Indians.  ^585 
Searching  the  B.-"Bible  Moths"+582 
Senses  in  the  B. -Three  senses.  *583 
Stimulation-Persecution  of  S.J.^584 


Bound  by  the  B.-Luther.  1092 

Civil  gov't  by  B.  rule-Conn.  2454 

Civilization  advanced  by  the  B.  836 

Comfort  for  prisoners.  966 
"        from  the  B.-Cromwell.  555 

Destitute  of  B.-Young  Mtiller.  4712 

Direction  in  duty  by  B.  3613 

Divinity  of  B.-Denial  a  crime.  2556 

Encouragement-Earthquake.  1087 

Inspires  courage-Covenanter.  656 

Interpretation  of  B.-Strict.  3828 

Interpreters  of  B.-False.  2493 

Opposition  to  the  B.-Tyndale.  566 

"    "    "-Catholic.  568 

•<          ..     I.     .<          a  572 

"         "    "    "         "  577 

Political  abuse  of  B.  5118 

Power  of  its  historical  books-L.  166 

Reading  of  B.-Ostentatious.  4175 

Revealed  in  new  light.  1768 


Rule  in  civil  gov't-Conn.  Col.  881 

Strength  from  B.-Cromwell  1444 

Surrender  of  B.-Painful.  3616 
Tribute-"  Is  literature  itself."       81 

Unattractive-Condemnation.  5753 

See  GOSPEL. 

a  Heavenly  message-Sailor.  ♦2398 

Triumph  of  B.-Paganism.  ^2399 

See  MISSIONS. 

by  Conquest-a  Failure.  ♦3639 

Destroyed  in  Japan.  ♦3640 

and  Science-Columbus.  *3641 

Successful  m.  in  Japan.  ♦3642 

to  be  Sustained-M.  B.  Cox.  ♦3643 

Zeal  for  m.-Thomas  Coke.  ^3644 

See  SCRIPTURE. 

Misued  against  Columbus.  ♦SOSS 

See  CHURCH  and  RELIGION 

in  Ifc. 

CHRISTIANS. 

Uncompromising-Idolatry.  ^849 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Benevolence  of  C.  529 

Better  or  worse  than  others.  868 

vs.  Christians-Crusaders.  4173 

Expelled  from  Japan.  3640 

Misjudged  by  Tacitus.  2584 

Non-resistance  of  early  C.  3822 

Repentance  of  apostate  C.  [  263 

Resistance  by  fighting.  3823 

Return  of  unfaithful  C.  252 

Rights  of  C.  assumed-Pagans.  1050 

Simplicity  of  primitive  C.  4096 

Sins  of  C.  painful.  5165 

Slandered-Enemies  of  God.  4143 

-Primitive.  6179 

United  by  burning  creeds.  2087 

Unity  of  primitive  C.  5751 

Unprotected  by  law-Roman.  1261 

Virtuous  C.-Roman.  787 
See  CHURCH  and  RELIGION 
in  loc. 

CHRISTMAS. 

Celebration  of  C.-R.  of  F.  andL^850 

Changed  by  Puritans-Fast.  ^851 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Celebration  demanded  by  m.      3915 
Sad  C.-Columbus  dejected.        1881 

CHURCH. 

Attendance  at  C.-Compulsory.  ♦858 
"  "-Puritans.  ♦SSS 
Befrlended-Miles  Standish.  ♦854 
Bloody  C.-Huguenots  per.-ria.^855 
Caste  in  C.-Aaron  Burr.  ♦SSe 

Conservative  C.-Ch.of  England.  ^857 
Corrupted  by  prosperity.  ♦858 

Costly  C.-St.  Sophia.  ^859 

Desecration-Horses  in  St.  P.'s.  ♦Seo 
Destruction  of  C.  attempted.  ^861 
Devotion  to  the  C.-Laymen.  ♦862 
Erection-Enthusiastic.  ♦Ses 

"       -Rewarded.  ^864 

-St.  Sophia.  ♦865 

"       -Vanity  in.  ^866 

Episcopacy  of  the  Anglican  C.  ^867 
Exaction  of  dues.  ♦seS 

False  head-James  IL  ^869 

Love  of  C.-Engl'sh  Tories.         ^870 


CHURCHES— CLEANLINESS. 


787 


Ideditations  after  C.-J.  Fitch. 
Neglect  of  C.  reproved. 
Non-attendance  at  C.-Fine. 
Purified  by  persecution. 
■Quarrel  in  the  C.-Rev.  Newton, 
Rebuilding-Temple  of  Mecca, 
or  Self-sacrifice. 
Sin  in  the  C.-George  MiiUer. 
and  State-Diyided. 

"        "    -Conflicting. 

"        "    -New  Haven. 
.State  C.-English- Weakness. 
Suffering  for  the  C.-Bp.  Mark. 
Support- Voluntary-Saions. 


*871 
*872 
*873 
*874 
*875 
*876 
♦877 
*878 
♦879 
♦882 
♦881 
♦880 
♦883 
♦884 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Allegiance  to  C.  vs.  State-J.       2887 
Ambition  in  the  C.  in  early  ages.  181 
-Attendance  enforced-Puritans.  6163 

591 
-Va.  Col.  4750 

"  for  sleep  ate.  5119 

at  C.  demanded  of  B.318 

"  of  infant-S.Johnson.793 

Building  by  Indulgences.  2803 

Criminals  in  C.-England.  1297 

<:!rltic  at  C.-Chas.  GrenvUle.  1304 
Dedication-the  True.  1486 

Dependent  C.-Anglican.  880 

Drama  introduced  in  the  C.       1720 
"     prohibited  in  C.  1720 

Government  by  members  of  C.  2454 
Immunity  of  C.  from  civil  power.882 
Intrusive-"  Property  of  God."  1077 
vs.  King-James  11.  8617 

Legacies  for  the  C.  3183 

' 554 

Members  privileged-Voters.  591 
■ys.  Ofllcer-Rochester.  3874 

8875 
Oppressions  of  the  C.-15th  cent.  426 
Power  of  C. -Humble  Henry  II.  4104 
Property  of  C.  confiscated.  2549 
Eeadmission  to  m'b'ship  in  the  C.253 
Eespect  for  the  C.-Hat  lifted.  6169 
«nd  State-Separate.  1102 

vs.  State-Scotland.  4118 

"       "    -English  Jesuits.  2887 

■Sustained  by  intemperance.  2917 
Theatricals  in  the  C.-Religloua.  5591 
Villainy  protected  by  the  C.-B.    882 

CHURCHES. 

Blended-Rom.  Cath.  and  Prot.  ♦885 
•without  Instruction-Elizabeth.  ^886 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Decline  of  C.  in  Ireland.  948 

Establishment  ofC.-LadyH.        520 

See  SAKCTTJARY. 
Refuge  in  the  s.-15th  century.    4659 
See  CHRISTIANITY  and  RELIG- 
ION in  loe. 

CIRCUMSTANCES. 

Difference  in  c.-Alexander.       ♦887 

Cross-reference. 
XJontrolled  by  o.-"  Bobbing  J."    759 

See  ENVIRONMENT. 
Mind  influenced  by  e.  3602 


CIRCUS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Captivated  by  the  c.-Woman.     216 
Passion  for  the  c.-Romans.        221 

CITIES. 
Importance  of  c.-Germany.       ♦888 
Poverty  in  c.-Rome.  ^889 

Ungovernable-London.  ^890 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Destroyed  by  flre-London-Rome.693 
Free  government  of  c.-Origin.  2438 
Growth  of  c.  opposed-London.   682 
Vice  concentrated  in  o.  1299 

CITIZENS. 
Duty  of  c.-Patriotism.  ^891 

Naturalized  c.-Roman.  ^892 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Destruction  of  non-combatants.1504 
Sovereigns,  American-Grant.   5275 
Superior  to  soldiers.  2038 

CITIZENSHIP. 
Honor  of  c.-Bolivar.  ♦893 

Intelligent  c.-Spartans.  *894 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Cosmopolitan  o.-Elihu  Yale.      1915 
Introduction  to  c. -Early  G.        3408 
Prized-Roman-Sertorius.  4073 

Suspended  by  debt.  1464 

Trained  for  c.-Spartan  youth.  2182 

See  NATIONALITY. 
Precedence  of  n.-P.  Henry.      4057 

See  NATURALIZATION, 
of  Citizens-Roman.  892 

See  NATION  and  PATRIOT- 
ISM in  loo. 

CITY. 

Blessings  of  the  c.-Roman.  ^895 

Contaminating  c.-Rome.  ^896 
Establishment  of  c.-Anclents.  ^897 

Populous  c.-Rome.  ^898 

Sins  of  the  c.-A.  Lincoln.  ^899 

Vices  of  the  c.-London.  ^900 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Advantage  of  c.  life.  3255 

Countryman  in  c.-Imposition.  1231 
Depopulated  by  emigration-R.  4326 
Desolate  c.-London-Pestilence.  1540 
Destroyed  by  fire- Washington.  716 
Lost  in  c.  of  Edinburgh-G.  718 

Metropolitan  c.  always-N.  Y.  1863 
in  Mourning-Defeat-Shame.  2662 
Mystery  in  c.-Crowds.  2521 

Vice  concentrated  in  c.-Acre.    2415 

CIVIIi-SERVICE. 

Cross-reference. 

Examination, unprepared  for-B.2345 

See  GOVERNMENT  in  loo. 

CIVILIZATION. 

Dangers  of  c.-Romans.  ^901 

Demands  of  c.-Francis  Drake.  ^902 
Effete  c.-Greeks.  ^903 

Failure  of  c.-American  Indians.  ^904 
Fleeing  from  c.-Sam.  Houston.  ^905 
Growth  of  c.-Anclents.  ^906 

Late  c.-RussIans.  ^907 

Misrepresented  to  Indians.  ^908 
Origin  of  o.-Moderu,  ^909 


Progress  of  c.-Greeks. 
"        "  "  -Britons. 
Revival  of  c.-Period. 


♦91« 
♦9?1 

♦9ia 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abandoned  by  S.  Houston.        3251 
Advance  of  o.  in  13th  century.     143 
Advance  of  c.-England.  2166 

Advanced  by  war,  30  years.       5891 
"  "     ."   -Romans.      3217 

"  "  commerce.  976 

"  "  religion.  4682 

Benefits  of  o.  to  man.  3390 

and  Chastity-Opposed-Freedom.785 
by  Chrlstlanity-G.'s  testimony.  835 
"  "  "  "  836 

"  "  "  "  837 

Crime  against  o.-Library  burnt. 3240 
Cruelty  of  o.-American  Indians.  1.338 
Decadence  of  Roman  c.  124 

Degeneracy  by  c.-Physical-Ind.  616 
Despised  by  savages.  3793 

Diverse  c.-Irish-English.  727 

Early  c.  of  Egyptians.  2189 

by  Education-Puritans.  1779 

"  "         -Germans.  1781 

Enemy  of  modern  c.-Ph.  II.  of  S.902 
Lack  of  c.-American  Indians.  3398 
by  Letters-Germans.  3197 

Poor  benefited  by  o.  4287 

Precedence  In  c.  by  Arabs.  125 

Progress  of  c. -Germans.  4496 

"  "  by  war.  5890 

Rejected-Captive  woman.         3288 

See  CULTURE. 
Improvement  by  c.-Germany.  ^1377 

Age  of  o.  lost-Arabians.  3783 

Moral  c.-Pity  acquired.  1353 

vs.  Morality-Union  impossible.  3707 
Unrefined  by  c.-Milton's  enemy.  23 

See  GENTILITY, 
by  Restraint-Samuel  Johnson.  ^2348 
Vicious  g.-Samuel  Johnson.     ^2349 

4591 
3417 
2656 
3418 
2349 
2348 


vs.  Character-Cromwell. 
Effect  of  g.-Love-Hatred. 
vs.  Religion-Offence. 
"  Rudeness-Johnson. 
Vice  gilded  by  g. 
of  Woman  by  restraint. 

See  REFINEMENT. 
Characteristic  r. -Athenians. 
Misjudged- American  Indians. 
Recommended-Bridal. 


♦4640 
♦4641 

♦4642 


Absence  of  r.-Diogenes.  3415 

Prejudices  of  r. -Greeks  vs.  R.      768 

See  INTELLIGENCE  in  loc. 

CliEANIilNESS. 

Mission  for  c.-Cath.  Wilkinson. *531 


6131 


Cross-reference. 

Soap  rebellion-Women. 

See  FILTH. 

and  Disease-England.  •2133 

Equality  In  f  .-Daniel  Webster.  ♦2138 


Homes  of  f. -English.  2599 

Religion  of  f. -Austere  monks.  408 

Stench  by  f.-Scotch.  3863 

Streets  of  f.-England.  5355 


788 


CLEMENCY— CLIMATE. 


CliEOTENCY. 

Appeal  to  c.  of  Mahomet.  ♦918 

Vile  c.  of  Jas.  II.  to  informers.  *919 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Artful  c.-Diocletlan's.  2403 

Beclined  by  Gelimer.  3743 

Extended  to  the  unworthy.       4837 

See  COMPASSION  in  loo. 

CliERGY. 

Arrogance  of  c.-Bps.  inpolltlcs.*920 

Deference  to  c.  by  Ferdinand  II.*921 

"  "  "  -Mid.  Ages-A.-P.*923 

"  "  -KelgnofC.II.  s.*924 

Degraded-Reign  of  James  II.    *922 

Dissipated-England-18th  cent.  *925 

Economical  c.-Support.  *926 

Heroic  c.-George  Walker.  *927 

Immoral  c. -Reign  of  H.  VIII.     *928 

Impoverished-Reign  of  Chas.  I.*929 

Interference  of  c.-War  of  C.      +930 

Labor  of  the  c.-Needed.-B.       *932 

Marriage  of  c.-Obstacles  to.       *933 

Militant  c.-Pope  Julius  II. 

"  "  -Prior  John-Fr.  N 
Neglect  of  the  c.-Sooial  evlls-E.* 
Patriotic  c.-Siege  of  Paris.  *937 
Political  c.-England,  a.d.  1710.  *938 
Poverty  of  the  c.-Reign  of  C.  II.*939 
"  "  "-15th  century.  *940 
Profligate  c.-18th  century.  *94l 

Eejected-Protestant-Ireland.  *942 
Secular  o.-India-Bramins.  *943 

Selfish  c.-Papal  appointments.  *944 
Sleepy-"  Lay  one  another."  *945 
Taxation  of  0.  by  Philip  IV.       ♦946 


*934 
*935 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Advertisements  of  c.-England. 
Ascendancy  of  c.-Europe. 
Avaricious  c.-15th  century. 
Belligerent  c.-Coat  of-mail. 
Burdensome-Useless. 
Corrupted  by  c.-15th  century. 
Criminals  among  c.-England. 
Disdained  by  society. 
Hurtful-Selfish  c. 
Idle  c.  admonished. 
Imprisoned  by  Diocletian.-P. 
Independence  of  c.-James  II. 
Perverting  justice-Politics. 
Political  c.-Ireland. 
Unfaithful  c.-Divorce. 

See  BISHOP. 
Corrupted-Theodoslus. 

See  BISHOPS. 
Honored  by  Germans. 

See  EPISCOPACY. 
Fictitious  e.-Roman. 


941 
5735 

426 
1941 
4684 

426 
1297 

933 

944 
1672 

843 

300 
3052 
1814 
3444 

♦598 

♦599 


trnessentlal  to  the  Church, 

See  MINISTER. 
Conversion  from  vice. 
DIsguised-John  Bunyan. 
Faithful  m.  commended. 

"       words  of  m. 
Hospitality  to  m.-Heartless. 
Illiterate  m.-Eloquent. 
Immoral-Swearing. 
Invention  of  m.-Power-loom. 
Marriages  by  m.-Cheap,  600a 


♦1914 
867 

2351 
1660 
2202 
3437 
2646 
4389 
3708 
2971 
3432 


Obedience  of  m.-Hopeless.  3845 
"        "  "  -Dream-Bangs.  3846 

Patience  of  m.  tried.  4033 

in  Politics-Rev.  John  Ball.  4520 

Poverty  of  m.-Luther.  4346 

Reproof  by  m.-Anger.  2646 

Unscrupulous  m.-J.  Swift.  4016 

See  MINISTERS, 

Constrained-Mahomet.  ^3607 

Discreet  m.-Pagans.  *3608 

Salaries  of  m.-£50  to  £72.  ♦3609 

"       "  "  -Tobacco.  *3610 

Wives  of  m.-Duties.  *36ll 

Work  of  m.-Lay.  *3612 

Bigoted  m.-Country  parsons.  2707 
Discouragements  of  m.-M'hm't.l630 
Fear  of  ridicule-England.  4416 

Hardships  of  early  m.  1149 

of  Idolatrous  worship-Bramin.  2705 
Poverty.Benevolence  of  m.with.4346 

See  MINISTRY. 

Call  to  m.-By  a  text.  ♦3613 

"    "  "  -Three  tests.  ^3614 

Early  m.-R.  Watson.  ♦3615 

Expelled  from-Rev.  Johnson.  ♦3616 

Activity  in  the  m.-Bp.  Coke.      1570 
Call  to  the  m.-Mother"s-A.  J.     3796 
Discouragement  at  beginning.    264 
"  In  the  m.  4234 

Education  for  m.-Benevolent.  1804 
Embarrassed  by  caste.-A.  Burr.  866 
Faithful  m.-"  Hear  meat  home."872 
Heavenly  m.-Rev.  John  Tunnell  2398 
Hindrance  to  m.-Dress.  1737 

Independence  of  m.-M'th'd'sts.2787 


against  Intemperance. 
Itinerant  m.-Methodlst. 
Laborious  m.-John  Wesley, 
Open  to  all  m.-Purltans. 
Opposed  by  persecution. 
Privations  in  the  m. 


2918 
3001 
3116 
4390 
4121 
4472 

"    "    "  5000 

Rejected  by  unappreciatlve  p.    875 

Ridlculed-Puritan  laymen.         4391 

Salary  of  m.-400  sermons-S4.     5000 

Secularized  vs.  Spiritual.  4391 

Timidity  embarrasses  m.  i860 

"  "-M'K.  2023 

Travelling  m.-WhItefleld.  2029 

Uneducated  m.-Bunyan.  1823 

Zeal  In  m.-John  Wesley.  6221 

"     "  "  -George  Whitefield.    6216 

See  MISSIONARIES. 

Discoveries  by  m.-Catholio.     ♦3635 

Heroism  of  Jesuit  m.  ^3636 

Zealous  m.-St.  Patrick.  ♦3637 


Cosmopolitan  m.- Jesuits, 
of  Cruelty-Spanish  priests. 
Heroism  of  Jesuits. 

See  MISSIONARY. 
False  m.-Cortez. 


8012 

2861 


♦3638 


Intentional  m.-Dr.  Coke. 

539 

"          "  -Columbus. 

841 

6151 

Revengeful  m.-Mahomet. 

1468 

Unsuccessful  m.-Wesley. 

1122 

See  MISSIONS, 

by  Conquest  a  failure. 

♦3639 

Destroyed  in  Japan, 
and  Science- Columbus, 
Successful  in  Japan, 
to  be  Sustained-M.  B.  Cox, 
Zeal  for  m.-Thomas  Coke. 


♦3640 
♦3641 
♦3642 
♦3643 
♦3644 


Providence  in  m.  in  Africa.  4554 

See  POPE. 

Superseded  by  Henry  VIII.  ^4301 

Supremacy  of  p.  beneficial,  ♦4302. 


Cruelty  of  p.-Gregory  XII.         4541 
Devotion  to  the  p.,  Entire.  3016. 

"  -Gregory  VIL         2889- 
Insolent  p.-Gregory  XIII.  2887 

Licentiousness  of  Clement  VI.  3245 
Simony  of  p.-Vlrgillus.  5152. 

See  PREACHER. 
Remarkable  p.-" Bl'k  Harry."  ♦4389 

See  PREACHERS. 

Lay-p.-Puritans.  ♦4390> 

"     "         "  ^4391 


Monotonous  English  p. 
Political  p.  rebuked  by  J.  II. 
Untrained  p.-Quakers. 

See  PREACHING, 
a  Crime  in  Scotland. 
"  Duty-John  Bunyan. 
Genuine  p.-Purltans. 
to  Please-Dangerous. 
Profitless  p.-"Hung  in  chains, 
by  Women-Samuel  Johnson. 


Arrested  for  p.-Wm.  Penn. 
Awakening  p.-B.  Abbott. 
"         "  -Asbury. 
"         "  -John  Bunyan. 
"         "  -John  Wesley. 
Courage  for  p.-G.  Ouseley. 
Excitement  by  p.-Methodists 
Imprisoned  for  p.-J.  Bunyan. 
Liberty  of  all  In  p. 
Opportunity  for  p.-32,000. 
Persistence  in  p.-Bunyan. 
Personal  p.-Seemlng. 
"       "-Resented. 
Plain  p.-Queen's  dress. 
Politics-Puritan  p.-England. 
"       forbidden-England. 
"     -Puritans  of  Mass. 
"  "         "  Conn. 

"       commanded. 
"     -Reign  of  Charles  II. 
Sermons-42,500  by  J.  Wesley, 
vs.  Silence  of  monks, 
by  Women- Wesleyans. 

See  PRIEST, 
VS.  Christ-Pardon, 
of  Infidelity-Robespierre. 

See  PRIESTS, 
Interference  of  p. -Meddling, 


3954 
423» 
1908 

♦4392. 
♦4393 
♦4394 
♦4395 
'*4896. 
♦4397- 

3053. 
108a 
1179 
1085 
1089 
1243 
.  470a 
2764 
5639- 
1066 
1650 
1189' 
1234 
173& 
426» 
4269 
4270 
4271 
4273 
4273 
142 
1169 
6132. 

4103 

4482 

♦4458' 


Banished  from  Ireland,  4117 

High  regard  for  p.-Ferdinand,  921 

Tyranny  of  p.,  Infuriating,  1340 

See  SERMON  in  loc. 

ClilOTATE. 

Changes  of  c.  in  Europe.  ♦948 

"  "  "  Italy.  ^947 

vs.  Character-S.  Johnson.  ^949 


CLIMAX— COMBAT. 


789 


Character  by  c. -Laplanders.  *952 
"  "  "-North  vs.  S.  *950 
"  "  "  -Revs,  in  Asia.  *931 
Demoralized  by  c.-Vandals.  *953 
Fear  of  c. -Portuguese  exprr'rs.*954 
Injurious-Samuel  Johnson.  *955 
Protection  of  c.-Ethiopians.  *956 
Sickness  from  c.-N.  E.  Pilgrims.  *957 

Changes  in  c.-Discovery.  1988 

Delightful  o.-Land  of  summer.  5430 
Favorable  to  art-Egypt.  342 

See  COLD. 
Affects  the  mind-LapIandere.      952 
Fearful  of  c.-Folly.  2025 

See  SPRING. 
Period  for  poetry-Milton.  1014 

See  SUMMER. 
Land  of  s.-North  Carolina.       ♦5430 

See  WEATHER. 
Croaking  against  the  w.  1316 

History  depends  on  w.  1863 

Providential  change  In  w.  4555 

See  WINTER. 

Changed  to  autumn-Calendar.    696 

Dreary-Famine-Mass.  Colony.  2002 

Terrible  w.-N.  E  Pilgrims.  957 

See  STORM  in  loc. 

ClilMAX. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Effect  of  c.-Dlsplay.  1666 

Trickery  in  c.-Burke.  49 

CliOCKS. 

Cross-references. 
Devices  for  c.-Isaac  Newton.      642 
Success  with  c.-C  Jerome.  690 

CLOTHING. 
Angelic  c.-Swedenborg"s  a.       *958 
Costly  c.-Persian  kings.  *959 

Exchanged-Man's-Emperor  E.  *960 
Prohibited-Imported  silks-Eng.  *961 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Donation  of  c-  rejected. 
Example  in  c.-Johnson. 
of  Penitenoe-Hair-shirt.    - 
Sacrificed  for  health 
Self-made  c.  of  royalty. 
Unstylish  c  -Mrs.  A.  Jackson. 
Woman's  c.  restricted  by  law, 

See  DRESS 
Criminal  d.-Joan  of  Arc-Male. 
Exchanged  d.-Joan  of  Arc. 
Extravagance  in  d.-Period  of 
"  "  -Middle  A. 
"  "  "  -Loss  by. 

Impressed  by  d.-M.  Luther. 
Investment  in  d.-S.  Johnson. 
Legislation  on  d.-England. 


an  Obstacle-0.  Goldsmith. 
Preaching  against  d.-Eliz'b'th 
Sinful  d.-Joan  of  Arc. 


4349 
1966 
2889 
2250 
6149 
5999 
4611 

*1726 
*1727 
*1728 
*1729 
*1730 

♦irsi 

*1732 
*1733 
♦1734 
♦1735 
♦1736 
♦1737 
♦1738 
♦1739 


Dislike  for  ceremonial  d.-Nap.    751 
Extravagance  vs.  Parsimony.    4008 
"  of  Diocletian.         26 

Fantastic  d.-Constantine.  5772 

Indifference  to  d. -Cromwell's     262 
Keglect  of  d.-Dlssipation.  1684 


Neglect  of  d.-Samuel  Johnson.  2312 

Neglected  by  absence  of  mind.      20 

Ornamental  d.-Am.  Indians.      3961 

Regulated  by  law-Romans.        3416 

Unchanged-Visitor-Mrs.  Wash.  2786 

Vanity  in  d.-Constantine.  5772 

"      "  "  -Tiribazus.  5773 

.<      <>  ..  _.i  -pinQ  Coat."         5776 

"      "  "  -Goldsmith.  5777 

See  FASHION. 

Depreciated  by  f.-Scienoe.       ♦2102 

Disregarded-Benj.  Franklin.    ♦2103 

Struggle  for  French  f.  ^2104 


Absurdity  of  popular  f.  419 

Discomfort  in  f.  2184 

in  Pleasure-Watering-place.  4205 
Power  of  f. -Tobacco- James  I.  5634 
Unrestrained  by  law.  1734 

See  HATS 
Diflaculty  In  getting  h.-England.2104 

See  REGALIA. 

Disljke  for  r.-Napolecm.  751 

See  JEWELRY  in  loc. 

CI.  UBS. 

Ancient  c.-"  Inim.  livers."         ♦962 


Cross-reference. 
Organization  of  old  English  o.     381 

See  ASSOCIATIONS  in  loc. 

COERCION. 

Patriotic  c.  of  Tory  Tim.  Paine.  ^963 


2188 
2404 
3050 
3048 
1997 
4485 
4396 


Miscellaneous  cross-references 
Fictitious  c  -Mary  Q.  of  Scots, 
of  Government  by  finances. 

"  Juries-Star  Chamber. 

"  Jury-by  Jeffreys. 
Morale,  of  Sunderland. 
Profession  In  life  by  c. 
Repentance  by  c. -Failure. 
Signature  by  c.-Magna  Charta.  3207 

See  EXTORTION. 
Complete  e.-England  by  L.       ^2000 
Cruel  e.-Jew's  tooth  daily.        *2001 
"      "-Mass.  Colony.  ^2002 

Dilemma  in  e.-Henry  VIIL  ^2003 
of  Government-Charles  I.  *2004 
Misnamed  "  Benevolence."  ^2005 
Outrageous  e. -Romans  in  B.  ^2006 
Royal  e.-Richard  II.  ^2007 

Submission  to  e.-M.  Crassus.    ^2008 


of  Benevolence-(?)  Henry  VIIL  430 
"  •'      "-James  I.  523 

Capitalist's  e.-Jews.  712 

Church  e.  of  dues-England.  868 
Disgraceful  e.-Joan  of  Arc.  1726 
of  Gifts  for  Maxentius.  376 

"      "       "   Charies  L  3662 

by  Government-France.  3673 

of  Jailers  for  debt.  2125 

"  Merchants-Roman.  5658 

5659 
"  "         -England.  5660 

"  Offertory-Duke  of  Guise.  527 
Permitted-Courtiers-James  II.  607 
of  Prisoners  by  jailers.  4469 

Religion  opposed  by  e.  1190 

Revenge  of  masses  on  Rufinius.  427 
of  Traders-England.  B656 


Universal  e.-English  judges.  1217 
Unterrified  by  e.-H.  Peter.         2205 

See  FORCE. 
Distinguished  by  f .-"  H'mm'r."*2187 
Fictitious  f .-Mary  Queen  of  S.  *2188 

vs.  Conscience-Subjugation.  2964 
Divinity  in  f  .-Themistocles.  2387 
vs.  Perseverance-Illustration.    4149 

COFFIN. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Concealment  of  Bohemond.        1024 
Expensive  c.-Attila's-Gold-S.-I.  688 

COIN. 
Clipped  In  England-Money  d.    +964 


710 


Cross-reference. 
Clipping  of  c  punished-Ed.  I. 
See  MONEY  in  loc. 

COINCIDENCE. 

Alarming  c. -Gale- Earthquake.  ^965 
Comforting  c.-BIblical  lesson.  ^966 
Repeated-Theseus  and  Rom.  *967 
Strange  c. -Death  of  Adams-J.  ^968 
"       "-H.  Miller's  app'ritl'n.^969 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Marvellous  c. -Martyr.  4130 

In  Names-Bacon.  3775 

Remarkable  c.-Mysterious  volce.256 
Strange  c.-Signals  alike.  1154 

COLD. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Affects  mind-Laplanders.  9.52 

Fearful  of  c.-FolIy.  2025 

See  CLIMATE  in  loc. 

COLLEGE. 

vs.  Capital-Location  of  Yale.     ^973 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Disgraced  in  President.  3177 

Rebellion  in  o.  justified.  248 

Struggles  in  c.-S.  Johnson.  261 

See  SCHOOL  in  loc. 

COLOR. 

Caste  of  c.-Green-Blue-Earth.  ^970 

Prejudice  of  c. -Portuguese  dis  ^971 

COLOR-LINE. 

in  Commerce-Columbus.  ^972 


Cross-reference. 

of  Factlon-Romans-Blue-Gr'n.  2019 

COOTBAT. 

Pleasure  in  c. -Roman  shows.     ^974 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Amusement  by  brutal  c.-Old  E.  218 
"  "        "       "-Rom.    219 


Farcical  o.-Wellington. 
Trial  by  c.-Gauls. 
"     "  "  -Romans. 

See  DUEL. 
Combat  by  d.-Alexander. 
Murder  by  d.-A.  Hamilton. 
Naval  d.-Paul  Jones. 
Proposed  by  monarchs. 
Religious  d. -Wellington's. 


Challenge  unaccepted. 
Combat  by  d.-Generals. 


1750 
3054 
5703 

♦1746 

♦1747 
♦1748 
♦1749 
♦1750 

757 
1543 


90 


co:medy— co:.i:.iERCJ 


Trial  by  d.-Gauls.  3054 

War  ended  by  d.-Thebans.         3884 

See  DUELS. 

Inequality  in  d.-Josiah  Quinoy.*1761 

Bee  CONTEST  in  loc. 

COMEDY. 

Cross-reference, 

Undignified  trnployment.  3038 

See  DRAMA  in  loo. 

COMFOUT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

In  Afifection-Martyr.  3403 

Bible  gives  c.-Colonial  CoiDgress.564 

"         "     "-Cromwell's  b.         555 

«'         '•     "-Eunice  Williams.   565 

by  Dream-Napoleon  T.  1725 

In  Misfortune-Mi^'hammedan,     1568 

Religious  c.  in  distress.  2159 

"         "  "  trial.  2205 

See  CONSOLATION, 

of  Philosophy-R.-8.  Boethius.  *1134 


In  Philosopby-Boethius. 

1134 

"  Religion-Charles  I. 

4692 

Strange  c.  in  death. 

1417 

See  SYMPATHY. 

by  Experience-S.  Johnson. 

*5493 

Freaks  of  s. -Napoleon  I. 

*5494 

for  Friendless-Lincoln. 

*5495 

Mutual  s.-Napoleon  I. 

♦5496 

for  Poor-Lincoln. 

*5497 

Religious  s.-Puritans. 

♦5498 

Unmanned  by  s.-Columbus. 

♦5499 

Beggars'  arts-London.  1293 

Denied  offenders-Old  England.  2860 
Eccentricity  of  s.-Napoleon  I.  3578 
Enraged  by  s.-Fred.  Wm.  3389 

Female  s.-Lucy  Hutchinson.      6105 
"     "-Joan  of  Arc.  6104 

for  Fugitives-Americans.  4060 

Power  of  s. -Pardon.  4001 

Prayerful  s.-Wife  of  Martj  r  T.  679 
Suffering  in  s.-Dr.  Mott.  5417 

Various  forms  of  s.  for  W.  Scott.  92 

COMFORTER. 

Cross-reference. 
Qualified  by  experience-Luther.   93 

See  JOY  in  loo. 

COMMAND. 

Divlded-Argyle-Invasion  of  S.  ^975 


Cross-reference. 

Insulting  c.  of  Attila.  321 

See  AUTHOKITT. 

Absolute  a.  necessary  in  war.  ♦406 

"         "  -Early  Romans.  ^407 

"         "  -Turks.  ^408 
Acknowledged-Franks  In  Gaul.^409 

Assumed-Oliver  Cromwell.  ^410 

Dependence  on  Parental  a.-H.  ^411 

by  Gentleness-Joan  of  Arc.  ^412 

Imprudence  with  a.  *413 

Necessary-Military  a.  ^414 

Personal  a.-Am.  Indians.  *415 
Popular  a.-Chas.  I.  humiliated.  ♦416 

Supreme  a.-Joan  of  Arc.  ^417 


Arbitrary  a.-Edward  I.  710 

Autocratic  a.  of  Henry  Vm.  424 

"         "  "  Pompey.  423 

Beneflclal-Arrogated-Popes.  4302 

Bought  with  money-Sylla.  8877 


by  Character-Aristldcs.  900 

Command  without  a.  40:9 

Common  a.-Spai  tan  c.-Horses.  808 
Conflicting  a.-Capt.Wadsworth.8956 
"  -Inspiration- Alaiic.  2893 
Confusion  of-Gov"t  of  Acre.  2415 
Delegated  to  the  pope-Indulg.  827 
Disregarded-Pope  Innoce't  III.  4934 
Divided-Failure  of  Argyle.  975 

Greatest  act  of  personal  a.  4741 
Intolerable  to  Am.  Indians.  3780 
Investment  of  a.-Rom.  censor,  746 
Maintenance  of  a.-Pope's.  267 

Parental  a.-Perfect-Harmful-H.  806 
Possession  of  a.-Cromwell.  821 

Power  gives  a.-Joyce.  4362 

Recognition  of  a.  by  sjrmbols  174 
Representative  of  a.-H.  VI.  790 

Symbol  of  a.  lost-Seal  of  Eng.  5060 
Unrecognized  by  Charles  I.  1500 
Usurpation  of  a.-Pretext,  2855 

See  LAW. 
Above  ].-James  II.  ♦3138 

Delay  of  l.-John  Ham^den.  ♦SISO 
Ignorance  of  1. -Romans.  ^3140 

Levels  all-Emperor  Julian.  ♦3141 
Majesty  of  l.-Protection  of  h  ♦3142 
Mockery  of  1. -Romans.  *3H3 

Novice  in  l.-Patrick  Henry.  ♦3141 
Overturned  by  Charles  II.  ♦3145 
Partiality  of  l.-England.  ♦3146 

Sacredness  of  l.-Socratei.  ^3147 
Supremacy  of  1.  necessary.  ♦3148 
Suspended-Rome.  ^3149 

Technicalities  of  l.-Pilgrlms.  ♦SISO 
Unprotected  by  L-Prot.  in  I,  ♦SlSl 
Without  l.-British  Cabinet.       ♦3152 


Disobeyed  by  Bunyan-Imprison.318 
vs.  Duty-John  Bunyan.  4303 

Growth  of  1.  by  experience  of  n.  906 
Independence  of  l.-President  J.  749 
and  Liberty-From  Rom.  and  G.  9C9 
Majesty  of  I.-Justice.  3CG2 

Privileged  violation  of  l.-15thC.426 
Relaxed  for  revelry-Timour.  74 1 
vs.  Usage-I heft.  5754 

See  LAWS. 
Broken  by  Emp.  Tarquinius.    ♦SloS 
Disregarded  by  Am.  Colonies.  ^3154 
Enforcement  of  l.-Good.  ♦SISS 

Obsolete  1.  enforced.  ^3156 

Printed  law-the  First-Eng.  *3157 
Proposal  of  l.-Athenians.  ♦3158 

Severe  I.  repealed.  ♦3159 

"       "  -Egyptian.  ^3160 

Sumptuary  l.-Romans.  ♦Siei 

"         "  ♦3162 

Suspension  of  l.-Lac'd'm'ni'nB.^3163 
Unwritten  1.  of  Spartans.  ^3164 


Civil  vs.  Divine  l.-France.  4992 

Contradictory  l.-Persecution.  4126 

Defiance  of  l.-Criminals.  1299 

Defied-Pirate-Captain  Nutt.  4000 

Distorted  by  James  IL  1843 

Evasion  of  l.-Pericles.  1930 
Government  without  1.  Indians.2430 

Human  vs.  Divine  l.-England.  5998 

Impotent-against  Bribery,  1208 


Ineffective-Prohibition  in  Ga.  4600- 

"         -Abuses  in  Ireland.  4255 

Lawyers  enforce  or  break  1.  8170 

Obsolete  l.-Usury-Roman.  5757 

Partiality  in  executing  l.-Poor.  4297 

"          "  execution  of  L  4009 

"          "  enforcing  L  1242 

in  Poetry-First  1.  422a 

Respected,  bad  l.-Dissenter.  8148 

Severe  l.-Capital  punishment,  4564 

Strained  by  accusers,  1934 

Sumptuary  opposed.  3416 

"         -Dress.  961 

Superseded  by  necessity.  2447 

Surviving  the  L  of  England.  1010 

Unexecuted-Corruption.  1254 

"          -Severe-Debts.  1465- 

Uuwritten  l.-Lycurgus.  5109 

"          -Assassins.  1135- 

See  OBEDIENCE. 

Absolute  o.  of  Carmathians.  ♦3843 

Angry  o.-Black  Prince.  ^3844 

Ministerial  o.-Mahomet.  ♦3845- 

"          " -Nathan  Bangs.  ♦3846 

Monkish  o.-Egypt.  ♦3847 

Outward  o.  to  laws.  ♦3848 

Perfect  Mohammedan  o.  ♦3849- 


without  Affection-J.  H.'s  son.  806 
Conditional  o.-Legality,  2890 

Exaction  of  o.-Howard.  411 

Exacting  o.  by  Wesley.  2199 

Lesson  of  o.  important.  5671 

Love  secures  o.  3-352 

Obsequious  o.  of  clergy  to  J.  II.  922 
Stimulated-Disgrace-Soldiers.  123& 
Training  in  o. -Children.  1822 

See  GOVERNMENT  and  RULER 
in  loc. 

COMMANDER. 

Cross-reference. 
Dangerous  c.-Tr'cherous  Sextus,  42 

See  RULER  in  loc. 


COMMERCE, 

Benefits  of  c.-Reflexd'verpm't 
"       "  "  -English  comp.-D 
"       "  "  -Enrichment  of  H 
It       <>  <i  _Qood  governm't 
Burdened-American  Colonies. 
Enterprise  of  c.-Am.  discovery, 
Importance  of  c.-Eng.,  a.d.  1685, 
Neglect  of  c.-Egypt-no  Timber, 
Patriotism  of  c.-Am.  Rev. 
Pioneers  of  c.-Phcenicians. 
Piracy  of  c.-England,  a.d.  1755 
Politics  and  c.-Controlling  gov' 
Precedence  of  c.-Savages. 
Prohibited  by  Spartans, 
Revenge  of  c.-Britlsh-Am,  Col. 
and  Science-Discovery  of  Am. 
Spirit  of  c.-Selfish. 

"      "  "  -Unwarlike. 
Success  by  c.-the  Dutch. 


.♦976 
♦979 
.♦978 
♦977 
♦980 
.♦981 
.♦982 
.*9&3 
♦984 
♦985 
♦986 
t.987 
♦988 
♦989 
♦990 
♦991 
♦992 
♦993 
♦904 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Anticipation  of  c.  realized.         4408 
Color-line  in  c.  972 

Conservatism  of  c.-Am.  Rev.     4072 
Unity  of  men  by  c.  2189 

Wars  of  c.-English.  5949 


COMMISSIOX— COMPETITION. 


7f!l 


See  MERCHANTS. 
Enterprise  of  m.-John  Cabot. 
Patriotism  of  m.-Boston  Rev. 

See  TRADE. 
Contempt  for  t.-S.  Johnson. 
Illicit  t. -American  Colonies. 
Inhuman  t.-Slave-trade. 
Laws  fort.-Sumptuary. 
Overreaching  in  t.-Egyptians. 
Regulated-Emperor  Julian. 

"        -England. 

"        -Fixed  prices. 
Tricks  of  t. -England. 


981 
69-2 

*5653 
*5654 
*5655 
*5656 
*565~ 
*56.59 
*5660 
*5658 
*5661 


Competition  in  t.  denied. 


3692 
3693 
Conscience  in  t.-Peter  Cooper.  3694 
Degraded  by  t.-Empress.  1583 

Honesty  in  t.-Laws  for.  2217 

Profits  in  t.-Great-Firmus.         3987 

See  EXPORTS. 

Opposed-Coal  from  England.     1181 

Restricted-New  England  Col.      980 

See  BUSINESS  and  SHIPS  in  loo. 

COMMISSION. 

Aliscellaneous  cross-reft rences. 

General  c.  for  discovery.  981 

Missing  c.  substituted.  5383 

COOTTIITTEE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Interference  of  c.  in  war.  406 

"  "    "     "  407 

COMMUNION. 
with  God-Oliver  Cromwell.        *995 
by  Likeness-John  Milton.  *996 

Unity  by  c. -Oliver  Cromwell.    *997 

See  BROTHERHOOD. 
Acknowledged-Am.  Indians.     *677 


Artificial  b.-Old  English  Guilds.  381 
Proclaimed- Penn  to  Indians.     4094 

See  FELLOWSHIP. 

in  Suffering-Napoleon.  5707 

See  FRIEND  and  UNION  in  loc. 

COMMUNISM. 

American  c.-Colonists.  *998 

Eiuality  by  c.-Lycurgus.  *999 

"  "-Spartans.  *1000 

Vicious  c.-Reign  of  Kobad.  *1001 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Families-Spartans.  808 

in  Food- American  savages.  2649 

"  Land  by  early  Romans.  152 

Restoration  of  c.-Cleomenes.  2445 

COMMUNISTS. 

Conspicuous  c.-"  Levellers."  *1002 

Dangerous     "            "  *1003 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

in  Diet-Spartan  tables.  2182 

Pleasure-seeking  c.-England.  8335 

Power  of  c.-Paris.  1276 

See  EQUALITY. 

Religious  e.-Mohammedan.  *1916 

Sentimental  e.-Napoleon  I.  *1917 


Communistic  e.-Lycurgus.  999 

In  Crimes-Stoics.  1294 


COMPANIONS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bad  c.  condemn  to  prison.  3631 

in  Death- Amerisan  Indians.       1411 
Selected-Shameful  c.  3708 

See  ASSOCIATES. 
Dangerous  a. -J.  Howard's  son.  *378 
Impure  a.-Sir  Isaac  Newton.     *379 
Influence  of  a.-Peter  the  Great.  *380 


Burial  of  living  a. -Barbarians.  684 
Dangerous  a.-Queen  of  Scots.  1171 
Despicable  a. -James  II.  5177 

Selection  of  a.-Johnson.  1157 

Uncontaminated  by  evil  a.        5036 

See  ASSOCIATION. 
Changed  by  a.-Greeks.  1865 

Contaminated  by  prison  a.  5804 
Controlled  by  a.-Alex.  Pope.  2238 
Dangerous  a.  with  Theodora.  4533 
Destructive-"  Artemus  Ward."  3283 
Religious  a.  prized.  2603 

Repelled  by  John  Milton.  2701 

Ruinous  a.-Gamblers.  2273 

to  Nero.  2819 

Unity  by  a.-Cromwell-Fox.        5749 

See  ASSOCIATIONS. 
Beneficial  a. -Marcus  Aurelius.  *382 
Guild  of  a.-England,  a.d.   1214.  *381 
Protective  a.-Anglo-Saxons.      *383 


Contaminating  a.-Lnther  at  R.  896 
Dangers  from  a.  in  government.  408 
Effect  of  early  habits  and  a  -N.  509 
Horrifying  a.  of  London  Tower.  745 
Unimproved  by  good  a.-Indian8.904 

See  CLUBS. 

Ancient  c.-"  Inimitable livers."*962 

Organization  of  old  English  c.     381 

See  FRIENDS  in  loc. 

COMPARISONS. 

Invidious  c.-"Feastd.vs.Fast."*1004 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Invidious  c.-Results.  5716 

Proof  by  c.-Poverty-Fat.  1933 

See  CONTRAST. 

Greatness  by  o.-Charlemagne.  2472 

Pity  vs.  Cruelty-Inconsistency.  2773 

COMPASS. 

Cross-reference. 

Distrusted  by  Columbus.  2849 

COMPASSION. 
Discreditable  c.-James  II.        ♦lOOS 
Female  o.-Indian  girl.  ♦lOOe 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Appeal  to  c.-Six  burgesses.        4639 
Destitute  of  c. -Indian  women.  2074 
for  Failure  in  life-Bums.  2027 

Woman's-Characteristio  c.         6045 

See  CLEMENCY. 
Appeal  to  o.  of  Mahomet.  *918 

Vile  0.  of  Jas.  II.  to  informers.  *919 


Artful  c.  of  Diocletian.  2402 

Declined  by  Gelimer.  3748 

Exhibited  to  the  unworthy.  4837 

See  GENTLENESS. 

Excessive  g.  in  ruler.  2394 

Failure  of  g.-Impiety.  3418 
Power  over  s.  by  g.-Joan  of  A.  1559 

of  Rebuke-Caesar's.  4632 

Success  by  g. -Missionaries.  5395 


See   KINDNESS. 
Religion  of  k.-Rev.  J.  Newton.*3077 


Conceals  faults-Hervey.  2465 

Crime  of  k.  to  criminal.  4466 

Reprimand  of  k. -Johnson.  4775 

of  Savages  to  Columbus.  2649 

Spirit  of  k.-Pope  to  Howard.  145 

See  MERCY. 

Provision  for  m.-A.  Lincoln.  *3588 


Affection  without  mercy.  3062 

Despised  by  Jeffreys.  3068 

Gratitude  for  sparing  m.  119 

Lack  of  m.-Old  England.  2860 

Odious  m.  of  James  II.  3997 

Pleading  for  m.-Calais.  4639 

See  MILDNESS. 

Ill-timed  m.-New  York  mob.  3646 

See  PITY. 

False  p.-Oppressor's.  2692 

Insensible  to  p.-Timour.  1337 

Manifested-Abdallah.  2289 

Moments  of  p.-Cruel  caliph.  2773 

Pleasure  marred  by  p.  5320 
Punishment  for  p.-Dr.  Batement.540 

Restrained  by  fear-Heretics.  2557 

after  Self- protection.  1161 

Unnatural  to  man-Johnson.  1353 
Victim  of  his  own  p.-Goldsmith.543 

Withheld-Sufifering-Tyrant.  1357 

"         by  Romans.  1355 

Woman's  p.  for  foundling.  781 

See  SYMPATHY, 

by  Experience-S.  Johnson.  *5493 

Freaks  of  s.-Napoleon  I.  ^5494 

for  the  Friendless-Lincoln.  *5495 

Mutual  s.-Napoleon  I.  *5496 

for  Poor-Lincoln.  ^5497 

Religious  s.-Puritans.  *5498 

Unmanned  by  s.-Columbus.  *5499 


Beggars'  arts-London.  1293 

Denied  offenders-Old  England.  2860 
Eccentricity  of  s.-Napoleon  I.  3578 
Enraged  by  s.-Fred.  William.  3389 
Female  s.-Joan  of  Arc.  6104 

"       "  -Lucy  Hutchinson.     6105 
Power  of  s.-Pardon.  4001 

Prayerful  s.-Wife  of  Martyr  T.  679 
Suffering  in  s.-Dr.  Mott.  5417 

Various  forms  of  s.  for  W.  Scott.  92 
See  BENEVOLENCE  in  loc, 

COMPETITION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Fame  byc.-DIscoverers.  2047 

Progress  by  c.  4492 

Unworthy  c.-Poet  vs.  Puppets.  1835 

See  RIVALRY. 
Business  r. -Steamboat.  *4918 

an  Obstacle-Politics.  ^4919 

Successful  r.-Rizzio.  *4916 

of  Talent  vs.  Money-Rome.  *4920 
Unsuspected  r. -Brothers.  *4917 


of  Physicians-Diverse  systems.  5385 

See  RIVAL. 
Authority  in  religion-H.  VIII.  4301 
Bitterne!"s  toward  r.-Clay.  4247 

Dangerous  r.  to  royalty.  4284 

Dislike  of  r.-Cicero.  4454 

Hateful  r.-Wife*s.  6068 


792 


COMPETITORS— CONCEIT. 


Jealous  of  r.-Goldsmith.  4453 

"        "  "-Johnson.  4450 

Mortifying  success  of  r.  doctor.4l68 

Threat  of  r.-Nero-Britannious.  4369 

See  RIVALS. 
Combat  of  r.-Thebans.  3884 

Defeat  of  r.by  Jefferson-Lovers.  3356 
Discord  in  gov't  by  r.-Acre.  2415 
Female  r.-Octavia  vs.Cleopatra.6136 
Jealous  of  r.-Brothers.  1626 

"        "  "  -Johnson.  4450 

"        "  "  -Robespierre.  4482 

Wife  vs.  Concubine  r.  6109 

COMPETITORS. 

ignoble  c.  of  Emp.  Gratian.      *1007 

See  CONTEST  in  loo. 

COOTPL.AINTS. 

Disregarded-BilJeting  act.       +1008 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Characteristic  c.-Palmerston.    1311 
Croaker's  c.-Bad  times.  1316 

Disregarded-Romans.  3143 

Ill-tempered  c.-Johnson.  1593 

Inconsiderate  c.-Pericles.  1769 

Perilous  c.  of  captives-Indians.  565 
Permission  of  c.-Denied.  1261 

Useless  c.  against  his  mother-A.  114 

See  BLAME. 

Assumed  by  Epaminondas.         2855 

"         Generously-Lee.  3380 

Disowned-Church  vs.  King.       3617 

Endurance  of  b.-Washington.    2342 

See  CROAKING. 
of  Degeneracy-Eng.  Puritans.  *1315 
Habit  of  c  about  the  weather.  *1316 

See  GRIEVANCES. 
Ignored  by  James  II.  3853 

See  GRUMBLING, 
over  Failures  of  Ad.  Nelson.    *2490 

COOT  P  Lira  ENT. 

False  c.-Robert  Burns's  toast.  *1009 
Graceful  c.  of  Wm.  of  Orange.  *1010 
Misappropriated-Cato.  *1011 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Burdensome-Ofiace-Cicero.        3864 
by  Confidence-CEesar.  1041 

Contemptuous  c.-"Smallest  f."  741 
for  Hospitality-Gluttony.  2639 

Public-Alexander-Napoleon.      2232 

See  ADULATION. 
Official  a.  of  Charles  I.  by  Finch.*60 
Rebuked  of  Jamesl.-subject8'm.*61 
Ridiculous  a.  of  H.  Vlll.-r.  b.  g.  "^62 

for  Money-Dedication  of  books.  498 

See  FLATTERY. 
Artful  f. -Captive  Zenobia.        *2152 
False  f.  of  Henry  VIII.  *2153 

Fulsome  f.  of  James  I.  *2154 

Irritating  f.  of  Fred,  the  Great.*2155 
Resented- Alexander.  *2156 

Rewarded-Excessive  f.  ♦2157 


Deception  by  f.-Rochester.  1471 

Develops  servitude-Romans.  305 

Embarrassment,  by  f.-Caesar.  2657 

for  Favor- Voltaire.  2825 

Fulsome  f.  of  Charles  I.  60 

Wealth  by  f .  -Legacies.  5971 

of  Woman's  beauty-Elizabeth.  2684 


See  PRAISE. 

Demoralized  by  p.-Uicero.  *4371 

Extravagant  p.-Cicero's.  *4372 

Offensive  p.-John  Howard.  *4373 

Servile  p.  of  Nero.  *4374 

Undiscerning  p.  rebuked.  *4375 

Beneficial  p.-A wakens  ambition.195 
Corrected  by  criticism.  2256 

Discriminating  p.  in  R.  triumph.  150 
Most  valued-M.'s  mother's  p.  112 
Song  of  p.-Battle-field.  3788 

Traffic  in  p.-Dedication  of  books.498 

COMPOSITION. 
Hasty  c.  of  Samuel  Johnson.     *10I2 
Labor  of  c. -Wordsworth.  *1013 

Method  in  c.-John  Milton.  *1014 
Swift  c.-Waverley  Novels.  *1015 
and  Toil-Robert  Burns.  *1016 


1034 


Polished  by  Virgil. 

composure:. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
before  Execution-Argyle.  5209 

Remarkable  c.-Alexander.         5356 

See  CALMNESS. 
Christian  c.-John  Wesley-Mob.  *698 
of  Discipline-Napoleon.  *699 

Exasperating  c.-Socrates.  *700 


Conquered  by  c  -Mob.  1234 

in  Death-Duke  of  Monmouth.  1412 
"      "      -Lord  Strafford.  1407 

"      "     -Socrates.  1451 

Faith  produces  c. -Storm.  2111 

of  Genius-Admiral  Drake.  2525 

Masterly  c.-Napoleon  I.  23.30 

Power  in  c. -Cromwell.  1563 

Religion  secures  c.-Earthquake.l087 
Religious  c.-Flogglng-Johnson.2159 
in  a  Tumult-Thomas  Lee.  1571 

COMPRKHENSION. 

Cross-reference. 

Difficulty  in  c.-Dr.  Johnson.       1664 

COMPROMISE. 

Failure  of  c.-Missouri.  *1017 

Qualifications  forc.-Cranmer.  *1018 
Rejected  by  Aristides  the  Just.*1019 
Settlement  by  c.-SIavery.  *1020 
on  Slavery-Federal  Gov't.  *1021 
Temporizing  c.-Omnibus  bill.  *1022 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Failure  of  c.  with  James  II.         248 

Impossible-U.  S.  and  France.     5710 

in  Legislation-Congress.  3186 

of  Principle  justified.  S875 

"         "  by  offering  incen.«e.  849 

"         "  a  seeming  success.  3022 

See  CONCESSION. 

Dangerous  c.-R.  to  Tribunes.  *1029 

Need  of  c.  unappreciated.  3854 

See  TRIMMER. 
Political  t.-Halif  ax.  *5717 

CONCEAIiMENT. 

Guarded-Mah.  from  assassins.  *1023 
Unpleasant  c.-Bohemoud.       *1024 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Corruption-Blank  clause.      1079 
Dangerous  o.  of  Athenasius.      4536 


2871 
237? 


by  Murder  of  witness. 
Successful  c.  of  Mahomet. 

See  DISGUISE. 

Betrayed-Ex-Queen  Mary.  *1649 

Clerical  d.-John  Bunyan.  *1650 

Dangerous  d.-Longchamp.  *1651 

Detected-Clod ius  Pulcher.  *1652 

Difficult-Flight  of  Charles  L  *1653 

Successful  d.-Emp.  Majorian.  *1654 


Difficult-Richard  I.  1473 

for  Evil  deeds-Politics-Bribery.  662 
Ineffective  d.-Richard  11.  4614 

"  "  -Jeffreys.  4843 

in  Masquerade-Deadly.  3512 

of  Patriots-Boston  Tea  Party.  3526 
Penetrated  by  Joan  of  Arc.  2895 
Perilous  d.  of  martyrs.  3509 

Personal-Successful-Charles  11.3911 
Religious  d.  of  Jesuits.  3012 

Successful-Alfred  the  Great.  5826 
Wife  disguised  in  man's  dress.  3483 

See  DISSEMBLING. 
Successful  d.  of  Faustina.        *1675 
Unsuccessful  d.  of  Charles  I.    *1676 


of  Melancholy- Young. 

1670 

in  Speech-Romans. 

5292 

See  DISSIMULATION, 

Dangers  of  d. -Charles  I. 

*1677 

Politic  d.  of  courtiers. 

♦1678 

Political  d.-Ne\vcastle. 

*1679 

"       "-Turks. 

*1688 

Religious  d.-Emperor  Julian. 

*1681 

Royal  d.-George  III. 

♦1683 

See  PRIVACY. 

of  Conversation  L. 

♦4471 

Respected  by  Napoleon  I.  2620 

"          "  Caesar.  2865 

Inspected-Crom well's  p.  4177 
See  CONSPIRACY  and  DECEP- 
TION in  loc. 

CONCEIT. 

Changeless  c.-Cicero's.  ^1025 

Foolish  c.-Xerxes-Shackle.  ♦1026 

Literary  c.-Thomas  Paine.  ^1027 

of  Silly  c.-Xerxes-Mountain.  ^1028 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Artistic  c.  of  Nero.  327 

Danger  of  c.-Braddock's  defeat.  97 
National  c.-English-French.  4603 
National  c.  of  English.  3781 

Personal  c.  of  Jefferson  Davis.  3920 
Political  c.  of  James  If.  4958 

Removed-"  Invulnerables."       5242 

See  EGOTISM. 
Caste  e.-Young  Byron.  *]832 

Characteristic  e.  of  J.  Adams.  ♦1833 
Contrast  in  e. -Caesar  and  Cio.  ♦1834 
of  Genius-Oliver  Goldsmith.  ♦1835 
Royal  e.-James  II.  ♦1836 


Outraged-Cicero's  e.  2873 

Rebuked  by  Plato.  5778 

See  SELF-CONCEIT, 
Braggart's  s.-c.-Royalist  in  N.Y.  613 

Folly  of  s.-c.-Bajazet-Gout.  611 

Personal  majesty  of  Sapor,  441 

See  PRIDE. 

Absence  of  p.  in  Ceesar.  ^4447 


CONCESSION— CONDUCT. 


793 


Cbaracteristio  p.-E.  Seymour.  *4448 
C:oncealed  by  humility.  *4449 

Defensive  p. -Samuel  Johnson. *4450 
Folly  of  p.-Destructive.  *4451 

Humiliated-Samuel  Johnson.  *4452 
Mortified-Oliyer  Goldsmith.  *4453 
of  Rivalry-Cicero's.  *4454 

Sacrifices  for  p.-Goldsmith's.  *4465 
Subjugation  of  Luther's  p.  *4456 
Vain  glorious  p. of  Henry  VIII.*4457 


Boastful  p.-Disabul  the  Turk.  384 
vs.  Charity-Newton.  4339 

Competition  of  p.-Extra'e.  2013 
Covering  humllity-Beoket.  2674 

Destructive  p.-Palaces  and  e.  332 
Dissipation  removes  p.-Poe.  1684 
Downfall  of  p.-Julian.  3678 

Endeavor  spurred  by  p.  4492 

Humiliated  by  promotion.  1587 

Humiliation  of  p. -Penance.  4104 
Industry  sacrificed  to  p.  2810 

Infatuation  of  p. -James  II.  2820 
Injured  by  sympathy-W.  Scott's.  92 
Money  to  gratify  p.  3679 

Mortification  of  p.-Goldsmith.  2263 
Mortified  by  rival-S.  Johnson.  4450 
National  p.  aroused.  2448 

•Offended-Portrait  of  Elizabeth.  4329 
vs.  Peace-National-Thebans.  4095 
Poverty  with  p.-Johnson.  4349 

Resentment  of  wounded  p.        2012 
"  "  criticism.  4217 

Sorrowful  p.-Johnson.  1662 

■of  Vice-Gambling,  2272 

War,  cause  of-England.  3005 

"Wounded  by  Indifference.  1515 

"         "  precedence.  1671 

See  VANITY. 
Excessive  v.-Dlocletian.  *5772 

Folly  of  V. -Madman.  *5773 

Foolish  V. -Ferguson.  *5774 

with  Greatness-Queen  Eliz.  *5775 
Jtebuked-"  Fine  Coat."  *5776 

-Goldsmith's  v.  *5777 

"       -Artaxerxes'  v.  *5778 

"       -Menecrates'  v.  *5779 

Ridiculous  v. -Monumental.  *5780 
Victim  of  v.-Alexander.  *5781 


-of  Ambition-Grant-Alfonso.  2621 

Architectural  v.-Pyramids.  2365 

•'             "  5647 

in  Benevolence-Johnson.  521 
Clerical  v.  in  erecting  St.  Sophia  864 

Covered  with  rags.  5677 

if  Earthly  possession.  2379 

Flattered-Charles  I.  by  Finch.  60 

Hindrance  of  v. -John  Adams.  3894 
Homage  to  v.  of  Greek  Emp'rors.59 

"  "    "  Diocletian.  26 

•of  Honors-Queen  Mary.  2619 

"  Life-Captive  king.  3292 

In  Old  Age-Constantine.  5772 

"    "       "  -Queen  Elizabeth.  5776 

Perilous  v.-Emperor  Julian.  3678 

of  Popularity -Cromwell.  4324 

Prevents  success-Timotheus.  8213 

Rebuked-Buckingham's.  3904 

"       -Demaratus.  3963 

Sensitive  v.-Voltalre's.  2155 

"Victimized  by  Pompey.  6 


CONCESSION. 

Dangerous  c.-Romans  to  T.      *1089 


Cross-reference. 

Need  of  c.  unappreciated.  3854 

See  CONCILIATION  in  loo. 

CONCILIATION. 

by  Favors-Anne  of  Austria.  '1030 

Policy  of  c  -Caisar's.  *1031 

vs.  Threatening-Caesar.  ♦1032 


One-sided  c.-Lord  Howe.  3995 

"       "     "  -Gen.  Patterson.     3994 

See  LENITY. 

Official  l.-Robert  Burns.  1552 

Ungrateful  for  1. -Innocence.      1242 

See  RECONCILIATION, 
by  Explanation-Wm.  andMary.1924 
Impossible-James  II.  and  Pari.  3853 
Independence  better  than  r.       3912 
One-aided  T.-Viriplaca.  5361 

Superficial  r. -Orleans  and  B.      2695 
"        "-Dying  Fred.  IL     2202 

CONCORD. 

Cross-reference. 
VS.  Conquered-Mistake.  1067 

See  AGREEMENT. 
Forced  a.-a  Failure.  123 

Necessary  in  Denunciation.       1653 
Policy  In  a.-Cicero-Pompey.      3918 

See  HARMONY. 

Fear  of  h.-Spartans-C'nt'ntion.*8522 

See  UNION  in  loo. 

CONCUBINES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Power  of  Persian  c.  959 

Passion  for  c.-Elagabalus.  960 

CONDENSATION . 

Literary  c.-Caesar-  Yeni,  etc.     *1033 

"       "  -Virgil's  writings.    ^1034 

CONDESCENSION. 

Cross-reference. 

Shameful  c.-Maria  Theresa.       4849 

See  AFFABILITY. 

Falsehood  in  a. -Charles  I.  1678 

See  HUMILITY  in  loo. 

CONDITION. 

Cross-reference. 

Concealed-Corruption.  1079 

See  CIRCUMSTANCES. 
Difference  in  c.-Alexander.        *887 


Controlled  by  c.-"  Bobbing  J.' 
See  QUALITY  in  loo. 
CONDOLENCE. 

Unappreciated-Grant  at  Pekin, 

See  SYMPATHY, 
by  Experience-S.  Johnson. 
Freaks  of  s.-Napoleon  I. 
for  Friendless-Lincoln. 
Mutual  s.-Napoleon  I. 
for  Poor-Lincoln. 
Religious  s.-Puritans. 
Unmanned  by  s.-Columbus. 


893 


*1035 

*5493 
♦5494 
♦5495 
♦5496 
*5497 
*5498 
♦5499 


Beggar's  arts  for  s.-London.  1293 
Denied  offenders-Old  England.  2860 
Eccentricity  of  s.-Napoleon  I.  3578 
Enraged  by  s.-Fred.  Wm.  3389 

Female  s.-Lucy  Hutchinson.      6105 
"       "  -Joan  of  Arc.  6104 

Power  of  s.-Pardon.  4001 

Prayerful  s.-Wife  of  Martyr  T.    679 


Suffering  In  s.-Dr.  Mott.  5417 

Various  forms  of  a.  for  W.  Scott.  98 

CONDUCT. 

Absurd-Samuel  Johnson.  *1036 

Contradictory  c.-Steele.  *1037 

Dissolute  c.-Sign  of  corrupt'n.*1038 
Scandalous  c.  in  high  life.         *1039 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Action  deci8lve-"My  sword . .  b."*40 

"      speak-"Hurlingaspear."*41 

"  "    -Cutting  tallest  p.    *42 

Authority  to  regulate  c. -Censor. 746 

"  "         "       "        "        747 

Changed  by  conversion.  1109 

"         "  convictions.  1537 

Character  evinced  by  c.-Nap.    1826 

Condemned  by  c.-A.  Herbert.    1119 

Contemptible  c.-Commodus.      1590 

Controlled  by  Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  121 

Contradictory  c.-James  II.         1094 

Inoonsistent-Jamea  II.  5723 

Propriety  in  ministerial  c.  1484 

Surprising  c.-Mary  Princess  of  0.788 

Unexpected  c.  in  politics.  4241 

See  CONSISTENCY. 
Disregard  for  c.-James  II.        •1133 

4255 
4461 


Noble  c.-William  Penn. 
Overrated  by  James  II. 

See  COURTESY. 
Denied  to  Speaker  J.  K.  Polk.  *1257 
Forfeited  by  Bp.  of  Winoh'st'r.*1268 
Marked  c.-Peculiarity  of  Eng.  *126S 
to  Unfortunates-Black  Prince.*126« 


and  Cruelty  of  Black  Prince. 
Devotion  to  c.-Knights. 
Embarrassing  c.-Goldsmith. 
Heartless  Roman  c. 
Infidels  denied  c. 
Insensible  to  claims  of  c. 
Scant  c.  remembered. 

See  DECENCY. 
Regard  for  d.-Young  Newton. 

See  DECORUM, 
in  Debate-American  Indians. 
Ministerial  d.-S.  Johnson. 

See  GENTILITY, 
by  Restraint-Samuel  Johnson, 
Vicious  g.-Samuei  Johnson. 


vs.  Character-Cromwell. 
Effect  of  g.-Love-Hatred. 
vs.  Religion-Offence. 
"  Rudeness-Johnson. 
Vice  gilded  by  g. 
of  Woman  by  restraint. 

See  MANNERS. 
Blunt  m. -Diogenes. 
Changed-Romans. 
Effects  of  m.-Well-IU-bred. 

"       "    "  -S.  Johnson. 
Neglected-Samuel  Johnson's. 
Plain  m.-G.  Fox,  Quaker. 
Unrefined  m.-S.  Johnson's. 
Urbane  m.  of  Charles  II. 


779 
1121 
4335 
2643 
2831 
2644 
4083 

*1472 

*1483 
♦1484 

*2348 
♦2349 

4591 
3417 
2656 
3418 
2349 
2348 

♦3415 
♦3416 
♦3417 
♦3418 
♦3419 
♦3420 
♦3421 
♦3422 


Affected  by  language.  3132 

Awkward  and  agile-Shelley.  443 

Blunt  m.  of  William  III.  4229 

Brutal  m. -Frederick  II.  2551 

Chivalrous  m.-Black  Prince.  2336 

Contrasted-Athenians  vs.L.  3790 


794 


CONFESSION— CONQUEST. 


Corrupted  m.  destroy  Rome.  3709 

Deceptive  m.-Sunderland.  2967 
Demoralized  by  bad  philos'phy.  4194 

Eccentric  m.-S.  Johnson.  2310 

"    "           "  2311 

Endangered  by  wealth.  3654 

too  Familiar  m.-J.  Hogg.  2061 

Imitation  of  m.-J.  Hogg.  20C1 

Plain  ra.-Mrs.  Pres't  Jackson.  5215 

Simplicity  of  m.-Mother  of  W.  2786 

Training  in  m.-Effective.  5670 

Unrefined  m.  of  Cromwell.  262 

Unrestrained  m.-Perilous.  2062 

See  POLITENESS. 

Burdensome  p.-Hand-shaking.  2509 

Characteristic  p.  of  Mahomet.  801 

Death-bed  p.  of  Charles  II.  3422 

with  Destitution.  2650 

Disagreeable  p. -Caesar's.  3400 

Distinguished  for  p.-JEmiliiis.  1902 

Ignored  by  politicians.  8864 
Intentional  p.-Regent  of  China.1035 

Kind  p.-Sailor's.  6021 

Mark  of  p.-Gluttony.  2639 

Rule  of  p.-Johnson.  1592 

Trespass  on  p. -Criticism.  1312 

to  Women-Sabines.  6116 

See  PROPRIETY. 

Ignored-Ministerial  p.  1737 

See  REFINEMENT. 
Characteristic  r. -Athenians.     *4640 
Mis  judged- American  Indians.  *464t 
Recommended-Bridal  r.  *4642 

Absence  of  r. -Diogenes.  3415 

Preiudices  of  r.-Greeks  vs.  R.      769 
gee   BRAVERY,    CRUELTY,     DISSI- 
PATION,     HABIT,      INDUSTRY, 
LICENTIOUSNESS,  LIFE,  MOD- 
ESTY,      NOBILITY,      PRU- 
DENCE,   PIETY,    WICK- 
EDNESS in  loc. 
CONFESSION. 
Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Death- bed  c.-Shameful.  1081 

Governmental  c.  of  weakness.  2462 
Honorable  c.  Forgiveness  by.   3819 
"  "    of  wrong.  4643 

Humble  c.-Bishop  Cranmer.       1249 
Manly  c.  of  inability.  2C26 

Misused-Criminals.  5883 

Q,uasi-c.  refused-Huss.  1918 

Shameful  c.-Bribery-Bacon.       1213 
Threat  of  c.-Terrifving-Nero.    1347 

See  RECANTATION. 
Impossible-Martin  Luther.       *4633 


Formal  r. -Unreal-Galileo.  5627 

Refused-Luther.  1092 

"     by  Hooper.  1233 

Repeated  6  times-Bp.  Cranmer.  1249 

See  REPENTANCE  in  loo. 

CONFESSIONAIi. 

Secrets  of  the  c.  undisclosed.    *1040 

CONFIDENCE. 
Compliment  of  c.-Caesar.  *1041 

Erroneous  c. -Bonaparte's.  *1042 
Excess  in  c.-Major  Andr6.  *1043 
Perilous  c.-Harold  II.  *1044 

Power  of  c.-Queen  Margaret.  *1045 
Premature  c.-A.  Lincoln.  *1046 

Superstitious  c.-Otho  the  Gr't.*1047 
Tested-Alexander's.  *1048 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Betrayed-Emp.  Theodosius.       1878 
Dangerous  over-o.-Ney.  3957 

Forfeited-Demosthenes  bribed.  672 
Misplaced  c.-Howard's  servant.  378 
Over-confidence,  Defeated  by.  471 
Restored- William  and  Mary.  5998 
Reward  of  c.-Frederick  the  G.  .1247 
Success  by  c.-Cassar.  5161 

Weakened  by  suspicion.  S528 

Withheld  by  Napoleon  I.  5063 

See  CREDULITY, 
of  Philosopihers-Seven.  *1281 

Religious  c.-Priestcraft.  *1282 

of  the  Siek-Lord  Audley.  *1283 

Superstitious  c.-Romans.  *1284 

"  -Persians.         *1285 
See  HOPE. 
Happiness  in  h.-S.  Johnson.      *2631 
a  Treasure-Perdiccas.  *2632 

4002 
4154 
3481 
3261 
3234 
4005 
1629 
5699 
1609 

1605 

*4443 

*4444 


Delusion  of  parental  h. 
Enchantment  of  h.-Goodyear. 
vs.  Experience-Marriage, 
in  the  Grave-Indian  burial, 
of  Liberty-a  Crime. 
Sorrow  in  loss  of  parental  h. 
Strengthened  by  h.-S.  Adams, 
a  Treasure-Alexander. 
"  Virtue-Varro  despaired  not. 

See  HOPES. 
False  h.-"  Land !  Land  1" 

See  PRESUMPTION. 
Foolish  p.-Emperor  Petrarch. 
Reward  of  p.-Indignity. 


Papal  p.  resented. 
Ridiculed  by  Parthians. 
of  Success-Capt.  Lawrence. 
Successful  p.  of  three  men. 
of  Youth-Nasica. 
"       "     -Pompey. 
"    -Louis  XIV. 
See  SELF-CONFIDENCE. 
Coronation  of  f  elf-Napoleon. 

See  TRUST. 
In  Providence-Wm.  P.  of  O. 
"  "  -A.  Lincoln. 

See  FAITH  in  loc. 


1712 
2570 
1076 
2814 
6210 
6209 

1321 
1326 

4558 
4559 


CONFISCATION. 

Avaricious  c.-Emp.  Maximin.  *1049 
Religious  o.-A.  d' Albuquerque.  *1050 


Cross-reference. 
of  Property  of  cowards-Rom.    1275 

CONFIiAGRATION. 

Defensive  c.-Columbia,  S.  C.  *1051 

Destructive  c. -Moscow.  *1055 

"  -Boston.  *1052 

"  -Chicago.  *1053 

"            "  -London.  *1054 

"            "  -Moscow.  *1056 

"            "-New  York.  *1057 

"  -Rome.  *1058 

In  War-Carthage.  *1059 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Destructive  c.  of  London.  693 

Patriotic  c.-B.  of  Jamestown.    4043 


Utilized  in  War-Paul  Jones.  646' 
"       by  avarice-M.  Crassus.  68S 
See  FIRE  in  loc. 
CONFIilCT. 

Bootless  c.-Bunker  Hill.  *1060 

Land  of  c.-Kentucky.  *1061 

Rule  of  c.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  *1062 

Self-sustaining  c.-Spoils.  *1063 

Unnatural  c.-Wm.  T.  the  N.  *1064 

Unprepared  for  c.-Greeks.  *1065 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Inglorious  c.-Commodus.  5823 

Sentimental  c.-Earth  and  sea.    970 

Sham  c.-Battle  of  Brenneville.     461 

the  Spiritual  vs.  Animal-Man.    4690 

Unequal  c.-Pizarro-Assassins.    1068 

"       personal  c.  4838 

CONFIilCTS. 

Cross-reference. 

Mental  c.  in  religious  duty-Joan. 417 

See  CONTEST  in  loc. 

CONFUSION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Defeated  by  c. -Persian  host.       466- 

Govemmental  c.-New  Jersey.    2408 

See  ANARCHY. 
Authorized  by  Innocent  III.       4948 
Night  of  a.-Flight  of  James  II.  4913 
CONGREGATION. 
Cross-reffrenoes. 
Abandoned  by  c.-Clergy.  922 

Indignant  c.-Depart're-Traitor.2795 

CONGREGATIONS. 
Large  c.  of  John  Wesley.  *1066 

See  ASSEMBLIES. 
Interdicted-Re]igious-England.*375 

See  ASSEMBLY. 

Immense-Centennial  year,  1876. 4084 

"        -80,000  p.-Colosseum.     681 

Popular  a.  opposed.  2452 

Unwieldy-80,000  priests.  3833 

See  AUDIENCE. 
Necessary  for  great  oratory.      3952 
Speaker  impressed  by  a.  4822 

See  HEARERS. 
Unappreciative  h. -Johnson's.  *2532 

See  HEARING. 
Released  from  h.-C'ngr'gation.*2523 


257 
2C6 


Determined  on  a  h.-Luther. 
Prevented  by  appetlte-Cato. 

See  MOB. 
Audacity  of  Paris  m.-Revolutinn.eSS 
Calmness  amid  the  m.-Wesley.  69S- 
of  Fanatics  controlled  by  dem.  40' 
Mlstaken-Cinna  put  to  death.  372 
Terrifying  m.-New  York  draft.  3646 

CONQUERED. 
vs.  Concord-Mistake. 
Conquerors  c.-Pizarro. 

See  DEFEAT  in  loc. 

CONQUERORS. 

by  Resolution-Fremont-Cal. 

CONQUEST. 
by  Destruction-d'Alb'qu'rque.*1070 
Ends  of  c.-Pyrrhus-Pleasure.  *1071 
Fruitless  o.-Ancient  Persians.  *1072' 
Impossible  c.-Darius.  *1073- 

Necessary  c.-Cortez-Mexico.    *1074 
Period  of  c.-Reign  of  Ed.  in.   *1076 
Presumptuous  c.-Three  men.  *1076- 1 
Surrendered-Crusaders-J.        *1077"  i 


*1067 
♦1068 


♦1069- 


CONQUESTS— CONSECRATION. 


795 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Art-Roman  siegre-towers.        326 
Career  of  c.-Pizarro.  641 

Completed  by  conciliation-C.  1031 
Consecrated  for  c. -Youth.  6179 

Extensive  c.  of  Timour.  309 

Genius  for  o.-Wm.  fell-Eng.  is  m.  33 
by  Money  vs.  Arms.  4885 

Numerous  o. -Caesar's.  5898 

Possible  American  c.-Prediction.212 
Robbery-War.  2476 

Successful  C.-1500  citic?-Pom'y.2285 
by  Treachery-Gabians  by  Sextus.  42 
Visionary  c.-De  Soto.  1986 

See  CRUSADERS. 
Numerous  c.-Six  millions.        *1375 
Origin  of  c.-Peter  the  Hermit.  *1376 

See  CRUSADES. 
Craze  for  c.-Sacrifices.  3411 

Credulity  in  c.  5850 

Loss  of  life  in  c.-Two  million.    3258 

See  SUBMISSION. 
Humiliating  s.-Richard  II.        *5381 
of  Soul-Penitential  s.  ♦5882 


Exacting  s.-James  II.  248 

Humiliating  s. -Captive  Emp.  2197 

Prayer  of  s. -Socrates.  4557 

Soul's  s.  to  God.  5382 

See  SUBJUGATION. 

Intolerable  s.  by  Irish  troops.  '•'5378 

Oppressive  s.  by  Mahomet  II.  ♦5379 


Resented  by  Bishop  Mark.  883 

See  SURRENDER, 

to  Death-Boges.  *5468 

Demanded-Ethan  Allen.  *5469 

Disgraceful  s.-Manchester.  *5470 

Final  s.-Civil  War.  *5471 

Impossible  s.-The  Old  Guard.  *5472 

Indignant  s.-P.  Stuyvesant.  *5473 

Prevented-Charter  Oak.  *5474 


Infamous  s.-10,000  Scots  to  500  E.306 
of  Life,  Cheerful  s.  1430 

"    "  "       "-Defeat.         1494 

"    "      Noble  s.  3820 

Refusal  to  s.,  Determined-G.      1372 
Unconditional  s.  Ft.  Donelson.   1891 
See   DEFEAT,  TRIUMPH,  and 
VICTORY  in  loo. 


CONdUESTS, 

of  Peace-Purchase  of  L. 


♦1078 


CONSCIENCE. 

Abdication  of  c.-Pope  Clem.V.^1079 

an  Accuser-Murderer's.  *1080 

"         "     -Death-bed  confess.  ^1081 

Authorized-Jesuits'  Gunp'der.  +1082 

Awakened-Peter  Cartwright.  ♦1083 

"       -John  Bunyan.  ♦lO&l 

"       -Earthquake.  ♦lOSe 

"       -by  Mother's  prayer.*1087 

"       -Rev.  W.  Gassaway.+1088 

"       Rev.  John  Wesley.    +1089 

•'       ♦John  Bunyan.  ^1085 

vs.  Conscience-Intolerance.      ♦1090 

Conquers  conquerors-Wm.  II.  +1091 

Defence  of  c.-Martln  Luther.  ^1092 

Education  of  c.-Rev.  Newton.  ♦lOgs 

Erratic  c.-James  n.  ♦10O4 

Explained-    "       "  *10» 


Guilty  c.-Caracalla's.  *1096 

Honored-King  Wm.  Rufus.        *1097 

Imperfect-A.  d'Albuquerque.   *1098 

Indiscreet  c.-Marcellus.  *1099 

Interpreted-Sacrilege.  ♦IIOO 

Liberty  of  c.-Roger  Williams.  *1101 

"       "  "-Oliver  Cromwell.*1102 

"       "  "-Cromwell's  tlme.^1103 

"  "-Cromwell.  ^1104 

Perverted  by  Jesuits.  ♦IIOS 

"       -Hernando  Cortez.    ♦11C6 

"       -Jacques  Clement.     *1107 

Phantom  of  c.-Constans  II.      *1108 

Power  of  c.-Benj.  Abbott.         *1109 

Quickened-Reaction  of  crime.*1110 

"         -Reign  of  James  II.*1111 

Reminder-King  Philip.  ^1112 

Sale  of  c.-ReIgn  of  James  IL    ^1113 

Scruples  of  o.-Puritans.  ♦IIU 

Terrors  of  c.-Emp.Theodoric.  ♦lllS 

Uneducated-Eng.  slave-trade.  ♦1116 

Victory  of  c.-Sir  Thos.  More.    ♦111? 

Warning  of  c.-Charles  I.  ♦1118 

Worthless  c.  of  James  IL         ^1119 

Wronged-an  Evil  Genius.         ^1120 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Agitation  of  untaught  c.  2374 

Approval  of  c.-Death  of  Vane.  3224 
In  Benevolence-John  Wesley.  518 
549 

"  -Mary  Fletcher.   519 

"  -LadyH'nt'ngd'n.520 

•«  "  •'  546 

"  -Bishop  Coke.       539 

1570 

Compromised-Luther's.  4658 

Convictions  of  c.-Painful.  1180 

"    "       "  1181 

Deceived  c.-Assassins  of  C.  1478 
Dishonored-Regretted.  1336 

by  Education-Relics-Oath.  3840 

"  "        -HeadofEmperor.3842 

Eccentric  c.  of  Penn.  2775 

Erratic  c.-Suicide  of  Donatists.  3506 
Force  to  s-ubdue  tender  c.  2964 

Freedom  of  c.  in  Maryland.  1166 
Hatred  stimulated  by  c.  3389 

Ill-trained  c.  toward  pagans.     1050 
"        "        "  -Pizarro.  10C8 

Inconsistency  of  c.-Wm.  Penn.  607 
License  of  c.by  Gabriel-M'h'm't's.63 
Majorities  cannot  rule.  2431 

Misdirected  c.-Bloody  Mary.     6073 
"  -Joan-Dress.  1739 

Misfortune  interpreted  by  c.  1100 
Mixed-Self  illusion-Fraud.  1468 
a  Pretext-Sunderland.  1186 

Quiet  c.-George  Washington.  5211 
Restless  c.-Hindoo  pilgrimages.2538 
Satisfaction  for  c.-Penance.  1662 
Stings-Guilty  c.-Caracalla.  1096 
Troublesome  c.-Quakers.  8502 

"  "-John  Knox.       3604 

Uncompromised-John  Bunyan.  2764 
Uneducated  c.-Slave-trade.        5221 

See  AWAKENING. 

Spiritual  a.-Bunyan.  1180 

"       "         "  569 

•'       "  -Terrible-Bunyan.    5166 

"       ♦•  -Martin  Luther.         1178 


"          "        -Bunyan.  1191 

"  -A.  Clark. 

1181 

"  -Bartley  Campbell. 

4103 

"  -H.  D.  Gough. 

1179 

"  -Misery  in. 

1193 

"  -Melancholy-Fox. 

3564 

"   by  Prayer. 

1188 

" 

"  -Unhappiness  by. 

1192 

See  CASUISTRY. 

Difficult 

o.-American  Indian. 

♦730 

Question 

in  c.-Galileo. 

B727 

' 

of  c.-Falsehood. 

2045 

See  REMORSE, 
of  Persecutors-Charles  IX.       ♦4762 
Royal  r.-Edward  IV.  ♦4761 


for  Porgery-Dlvion. 

2192 

Sudden  r.  for  murder- Alex. 

1744 

"      "    "         "          " 

4021 

"      "-Ex'n  of  Joan  of  Arc.  4137 

See  RIGHT. 

of  Might-English  earls. 

♦4902 

"   -William  m. 

♦4903 

"        "   -Sword. 

♦4904 

by  Precedent-Napoleon  I. 

♦4905 

and  Wrong-Boundaries. 

♦4906 

of  Might-Conquest.  1098 

vs.     "    -Am.  Revolution.  5924 

of  Reprisal-Arab  robbers.  4926 

Unquestioned,  yet  false.  5747 

See  SCRUPLES. 

Affected  s.  of  Richard  I  IL  3742 

Hypocritical  s-James  II.  1133 

Sacramental-Enemies.  2697 

Temple  robbed-Misfortune.  1100 

See  WRONG. 

Neither  give  nor  take  w.  2872 

Suffering  w.  vs.  Doing  w.  4188 

See    CONVICTION,     GUILT,  MO- 
RALITY, PERSECUTION  and 
RELIGION  <nioc. 

CONSECKATION. 

for  Conflict-Knights.  ^1121 

without  Faith-John  Wesley.  ^1122 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Ceremony  of  c.-Knights.  3086 

for  Conquest-Grecian  Youth.  6179 

of  Spoils,  Pious  c.-Aurelian.  5316 

"      "      to  Benevolence.  529 

for  War-Janizaries.  5255 

See  DEDICATION. 

Changed-Biblia  Polyglotta.  *1485 

True  religious  d.-Church.  *1486 


to  God-Knights. 
"      "  -John  Wesley. 
Indifferent  d.  of  temple. 

See  DEVOTION. 
Absolute  Mohammedan  d. 
Commendable  d.  of  St.  Amb. 
Entire  d.  of  Bp  Thomas  Coke, 
Ministerial  d.  of  Thomas  Lee. 
Self-sacrificing  d.-Belisarius. 


Absolute  d.  of  life, 
to  Amusement-Angelus. 
"  Banner-Mohammedan. 
Blind  d.  of  Persian  assassins. 


1121 
1122 
6159 

♦1568 
♦156» 
♦1570 
♦1571 
♦1572- 

3843 
389ft 
2567 

374 


796 


CONSENT— CONTEMPT. 


External  d.  to  the  pope.  2675 

Filial  d.-Seeking  pardon.  3998 

Reward  of  d.-Garibaldi's.  4042 

Secret  of  d. -Money.  2705 

Servant's  d.  to  mistress.  5180 

of  Soldiers-Swedes  to  Chas.XII.1239 
Soldier's  d.  to  standards.  3838 

to  Study- Young  Napoleon.  5375 
Terrible  oath  of  d.  by  gladiators.102 
of  Wife-Lafayette's.  4318 

"  Woman-H.  Wentworth.  2516 
"         "      -Mrs.  Unwin.  2883 

to  Women-Knights.  2866 

CONSENT. 
Enforced-Senate  to  Caracalla.  *1128 

See  AGREEMENT. 
Forced  a.  a  failure.  123 

Necessary  in  denunciation.  1653 
Policy  in  a.-Cicero-Pompey.      3918 

CONSERVATISOT. 
Cured-Peter  the  Great.  *1124 

Dangers  of  o.-Dr.  Arnold.  *1125 
Described-Robert  Cecil.  ♦1126 

Excessive  c. -Reign  of  Chas.II.*1127 
Foolish  c. -Anti-progressive.     *1128 
Non-Progressive  c.-Duke  of  N.*1129 
"  "  -Mines-Eng*1131 

Opposition  of  c.  to  police.  *1130 
Political  c.-Lord  Halifax.  *1132 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Capital-Romans.  709 

Characteristic  c.-Halifax.  5717 

of  the  Church-Presumed-J.  II.  857 
Impossible-Man  or  mouse.  3396 
Opposition  of  c.-Light.  3932 

of  Property-owners.  4516 

"  Pulpit-Political  c.  4562 

Ruinous  c.-Monmouth.  1222 

See  FOGYISM. 
Judicial  f. -Learning  needless.  *2164 
an  Obstacle-Manufacturers.     *2165 
Unvelled-no  Golden  Age.  *2166 

See  PESSIMISTS. 
Error  of  p.-Evils  are  old.  126 

National  p.-English  bankruptcy.451 

See  TRIMMER. 
Political  t.-Lord  Halifax.  *5717 

CONSISTENCY. 
Disregard  for  c.-James  II.        *1133 

Cross-references. 
Noble  c.-William  Penn.  4255 

Overrated  by  James  II.  4461 

CONSOLATION. 
of  Philosophy-Sen.  Boethius.  *1134 


Cross-refe  rences. 
1n  Religion-Charles  I. 
Strange  c.  in  death. 

See  SYMPATHY. 
by  Experience-S.  Johnson. 
Freaks  of  s.-Napoleon  I. 
ifor  Friendless-Lincoln. 
Mutual  s.-Napoleon  I. 
for  Poor-Lincoln. 
Religious  s.-Puritans. 
Unmanned  by  s. -Columbus. 


4692 
1417 

*5493 
*5494 
♦5495 
*5496 
*5497 
*5498 
*5499 


Beggar's  arts-London.  1293 

Denied  offenders-Old  England.  2860 
Bcoentrlcity  of  s.-Napoleon  I.    3578 


Enraged  by  s.-Fred.  William.     3389 
Female  s.-Lucy  Hutchinson.      6105 
"       "-Joan  of  Arc.  6104 

Power  of  s.-Pardon.  4001 

Prayerful  s.-Wife  of  Martyr  T.     679 
Suffering  in  s.-Dr.  Mott.  5417 

Various  forms  of  s.  for  W.  Scott.    92 

CONSPIRACY. 
Alarming  c.-Reign  of  Wm.  I.    *1135 
Infamous  c.-Royalists,  a.d.1776*1139 
Political  c.-Reign  of  Chas.  II.  *1137 
Unpopular  c.-Catiline's.  *1138 

Unproven  c.-Sir  W.  Raleigh.     *1136 
of  Vice-Catiline's.  *1140 


See  DERISION. 
Public  d.  at  theatre-Walker.    *1539 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Ambition-Triumviri.  192 

"  Assassins-British  Cabinet.  363 
"  "       -Irish  Catholics.       367 

"  "       -Caesar's.  371 

"       -Lincoln's.  373 

"  "       -Napoleon-Thirty.    699 

Dangerous  c.  against  C'lumbus.3758 
Defeated  by  a  woman-FulvIa.  6097 
Detected-Catiline's.  1654 

of  Discontent-G.  Washington.  2308 
Disclosure  of  c.  refused.  3234 

"  "-Japan.  3640 

Escape  from  c.  by  fllght-M.  1023 
Failure  of  c.-Mallet.  2195 

Self-deception  in  c.-Caesar's.  1478 
Sucoeasful  c.-Pelopidas.  4477 

"         "  -Sicilian  Vespers.   1340 
Suspicion  of  a  c,  Needless.  165 

Warning  of  c.  Ineffective.         5948 

CONSPIRATORS. 
Ingrate  c.-Cffisar's.  *1141 

CONSTITUENTS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
Honesty  toward  c.-Bribe.  1207 

See  VOTERS. 
Bribe  for  v.  disguised.  662 

Bribed-£5000  for  one-Ireland.      663 
"      by  public  money-N.  667 

Church-members,  the  only  v.  881 
Coerced-English  v.  662 

Dlsf  ranchised-Catholics  in  Md.   732 
See  ELECTION  in  loc. 

CONSTRUCTION. 

vs.  Destruction-Cromwell's.  *1142 
CONTEMPT. 

Expressed-Timour's.  *1143 

for  Pretension-Pirates.  *1144 

"  "         -Alario.  *1145 

Protected  by  c.-Maximus.  ^1146 

Religious  c.-Puritans.  *1147 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Anger-Unmerited  c.-J.  Hogg.2150 
for  Bribers-Isaac  Newton.  660 

Cured  by  adver8ity-Braddock'8d.97 
Expressed  for  George  II.  9 

Familiarity  breeds  c.-J.  Hogg.  2061 
Foolish  c.-Pope-Luther.  1535 

Folly  breeds  c.-Fanatics.  3528 

of  Genius-Fulton's  c.  2306 

Mistaken  c.  of  Cajetan  for  L.  257 
Public  c.  expressed.  '  4077 

Social  c.  Imperilled  by.  3540 

See  CONTUMACY. 
False  charge  of  c.-Bp.  Cranmer.3065 


Conquered  by  perseverance. 
See  DETESTATION. 
Courage  under  d.-Cromwell's 
Public  d.  of  Eutropius. 

See  INSULT. 
more  than  Injury- Arabs, 
to  Jealousy-Flogging. 
Last  i.-a  Knight's. 
Political  i.  to  William  Pitt. 
Rebellion  from  i. -Persians. 
Remembrance  of  i.-Cyrus. 
Stinging  i.-Col.  Tarleton. 
Unconscious  i.-James  II. 


Abusive  i. -Ambassadors. 
Added  to  injury-Barbarians, 
of  Arrogance- Attlla-Romans. 

Fancied  i.-Xerxes. 
Humiliation  for  i.-Pope. 
Oversensitive  to  i.-Tyrant. 
Resented  by  Bismarck. 
Stinging  i.-Woman's. 
Unresented-Fear- Alexius. 

See  INSULTS. 
Argument  by  i.-Johnson. 
with  Misfortune-James  II. 


4154 

♦1563 
*1564 

♦2896 
♦2897 
*2898 
'*2899 
*2900 
♦2901 
♦2902 
*2903 

4444 

250 

321 

322 

320 

S49 

2527 

3359 

3489 

757 

*3904 
♦3905 


Authorized  for  cowards.  1280 

Cruelty  provoked  by  i.-Ind's.  2074 
Public  i.-Cromwell  to  Parllam't.  410 

Reparation  for  i.,  cheap.  2868 

Women's  i.  to  cowards.  6128 

See  MOCKERY. 

of  Agony  of  martyrs.  1358 

"  Extortloner-Rufinius.  427 

"  Religion-Emperor  Michael.  4723 
Taunt  of  Women-Influence  of.  2504 

See  RIDICULE. 

Changed  by  merit-Puritans.  *4890 

Conquered  by  Napoleon  I.  *4891 

Cures  cowardice-Arab.  *4893 

Defended  by  r. -Caesar.  *4892 

of  Greatness-Julian's.  *4894 

Public  r.  of  Irish  agents.  *4895 

Punished-Religion.  "^4896 

Reformation  by  r.-Laws.  *4897 

Revolution  by  r. -Wales.  *4898 

Unconscious  of  r.-George  III.  *4899 

Unfelt-Diogenes.  '^4900 

Warning  in  r.-Whitefleld.  *4901 

Butt  of  r.-D'Argens.  2237 

"     "  "  -Goldsmith.  2601 

of  Dignity-King  upset.  1586 

"  Enemy-Tlgranes.  3829 

Exposure  to  r. -Columbus.  2587 

Fear  of  poets'  r.-Bums.  4216 

"     "  r. -Clergy.  4416 

Failure  of  r. -Burke.  49 

of  Humiliation-Painful  r.  3719 

Improvement  under  r.-Plato.  1314 

better  than  Indignation.  5773 
Ineffective  r.-Eng.  Methodists.  4656 
Mutual-Fred.  II.  and  Voltaire.      3 

oeace  of  r.-Shame-Error.  3246 

Opposed  by  r.-Demosthenes.  2021 

of  Poverty-Scots-Johnson.  4352 

"  Reform-Calendar  changed.  696 


CONTENTION— CONVERSATION. 


797 


Eeform  by  r.-Peter  the  Great.  1184 
of  Religion  of  Catholics.  4742 

"  Sanctimony  in  ad  vertisements.96 
Unexpected  r.-B.'s  dagger  8cene.49 
Victim  of  r.-Goldsmith.  2664 

Weapon  against  infidelity.         2830 

See  SNEER. 
Sarcastic  s.  at  Demosthenes.       672 
Sneer  for  s.-Colonel  Tarleton.   2902 
CONTENTION. 
Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Benefit  of  c.-Lycurgus.  2522 

Exciting  political  c.-England.    4242 

CONTENTMENT. 
in  Gardening-Diocletian.  *1148 

under  Hardships-John Wesley.*1149 
Inferior  c.-Samuel  Johnson.  *1150 
with  Poverty-Diogenes.  *1151 

Price  of  c.-Napoleon  I.  *1152 


Miscellaueous  cross-references. 
Possession  of  7  acres-Romans.    152 
Postponed-"  What  then  ?"         1071 
with  Poverty-Abdolonymus.     5635 
without  Riches-Phocion.  4882 

See  HAPPINESS  in  loc 

CONTEST. 

Unequal  c.-Greeks  vs.  Rus'ns.  ♦IISS 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Ignoble  c.-War  of  Roses.  5227 

Shameful  c.  In  drinking- Alex.  2912 

Trifles  cause  c.-Revolution.        506 

Unequal-Civilization-Barb'rism.901 

"      naval  c.-Greeks  and  P.  6110 

"      c.-Fred.  n.-VIctories.   5808 

"       "-Eng.-U.  S.  Colonies.  5924 

"       "     "        "  »        "  5946 

See  ANTAGONISM. 

Natural  a.-Protestant  and  C.  I.  248 

In  Personal  character-M.Luther. 761 

"      -Q.  Eliz.     763 

Unnatural  a.-Father  and  Son.    1064 

See  COMBAT. 
Pleasure  In  c.-Roman  shows.     *974 


Amusement  by  brutal  c-Old  E.  218 

"  "       "      "-Rom.    219 

Farcical  c.-Wellington.  1750 

Trial  by  c-Gauls.  3054 

"      "    "-Romans.  5703 

See  CONFLICT. 

Bootless  c.-Bunker  Hill.  *1060 

Land  of  o.-Kentucky.  *1061 

Rule  of  c.-Wm.  of  Orange.       *1062 

Self-sustaining  c-Spoils.  *1063 

Unnatural  c.-Wm.  I.  the  N.      *1064 

Unprepared  for  c.-Greeks.       *1065 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Inglorious  c.-Commodus.  5823 

Sentimental  o.-Earth  and  sea.  970 
Sham  c.-Battle  of  Brenneville.  461 
Spiritual  vs.  Animal-Man.  4690 

Unequal  o.-PIzarro-Assassins.   1068 
"        personal  c.  4838 

See  DISSENSION. 
Religious  d.  in  Reformation.       146 

See  DUEL. 
Combat  by  d.-Alexander.  *1746 

Murder  by  d.-Alex.  Hamilton.*1747 


Naval  d.-Paul  Jones.  *1748 

Proposed  by  monarchs.  *1749 

Religious  d.-Wellington's.        *1750 


Challenge  to  fight  a  d.un'ac'pt' 
Combat  by  d.-Generals. 
Trial  by  combat-Gauls. 
War  ended  by  d.-Thebans. 

See  DUELS. 
Inequality  In  d.-J.  Quinoy. 

See  FIGHTING. 
In  Death-Persians. 
Desperate  f. -Three  out  of  600. 
and  Praying-Admiral  Blake. 


d.75l 
1543 
3054 
3884 

♦1751 

♦2129 
♦2130 
*2131 

Boys  f.  at  school-I.  Newton.       179 
Ineffective  f.  at  "Island  No.lO."  483 

See  LITIGATION. 
Period  of  l.-15th  century.         ♦3321 


for  Principle,  not  for  money.  3139 

See  STRIFE. 

Choice  in  s.-Louis  XIV.  *5360 

Conjugal  s. -Reconciliation.  ^5361 

Family  s. -Abominable.  ^5368 

Premature  s.-Bishop  Burnet.  *5363 
Responsibility  for  s.-James  II.+5364 


Love  of  s.-English  ancestors.     5878 
Music  In  s.-Charles  XII.  3752 

Provoking  s.  by  young  knights.  191 
Needless  s.-BattleofN.  Orleans.487 
Reign  of  s.-English  barons.       2456 
See  CONTROVERSY  and  WAR 
in  loc. 

CONTINGENCIES. 

Combination  of  c.-C.  of  N.  O.  *1154 

of  Success-Columbus.  *U55 

See  CHANCE    in  loc. 

CONTRACT. 

Cross-reference. 
Corrupt  o.  rejected-Newton.       660 

CONTRACTS. 

Suspension  of  c.-M.  Caelius.      ♦1156 

See  BARGAIN. 
Foolish  b.-Indians.  ^457 


Aversion  to  making  a  b.-J.  Watt.689 
Confirmed  by  alms.  4300 

by  Distress  of  owners-M.  C.        683 
Satisfactory  b.-Trinkets.  5771 

See  TREATY, 
an  Observed  t.-Wm.  P.  and  I.  ^5700 


Obscurity  desired  in  t.-Nap.       3850 
CONTRADICTION. 

Proneness  to  c.-S.  Johnson.     +1157 
CONTRAST. 

Miscellaneois  cross-references. 

Affinity  by  c.-Anne-Churchill.   2228 

"         "  "-Burnet-Halifax.    2231 

"         "  "  -Wm.  P.  of  O.         2834 

Greatness  by  c. -Charlemagne.  2478 

CONTRIBUTION. 
Unconscious  c. -Siege  of  Acre.  ^1158 

CONTRIB  UTIONS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

for  Education-Peck  of  com.      1773 

-Yale  CoUege.      1783 

"  "         -Harvard.  1791 

of  Regard-Caesar's  funeral.        8251 

See  BENEVOLENCE  in  loc. 


CONTROVERSY. 

Abusive  c.-Luther. 
Afraid  of  c.-George  Fox. 
Angry  o.-Samuel  Johnson. 
Bitterness  in  c.-Luther. 
Christian  c.-Luther. 
Dread  of  c.-Isaac  Newton. 
Personal  c.-Milton  vs.  Morns. 
Prevented-Maryland . 
Ridiculous  c.-Milton. 
Spirit  of  c.-Constantinople. 


♦1159 
♦1160 
♦1161 
♦1162 
♦1163 
♦1164 
♦1165 
♦1166 
♦1167 
♦1168 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abusive-Milton  vs.  Salmasius.       23 
Advantage  to  truth.  3931 

Dread  of  c.-Newton.  3648 

Prohibited  religious  c.-J.  II.       4563 
Reflection  corrects  c.  4643 

Repressed  by  Government.  573 

on  the  Scaffold-Religious.  2093 

Unequal-Dryden  vs.  Stillingfleet.    7 

See  ARGUMENT. 
Possible-Stealing  defended-^I.  ^298 
Reserved  a.-Violence-Johnson.^299 
Useless-James  II.  to  clergy.       ^300 


Abandoned  for  resentment, 
by  Abuse-Samuel  Johnson. 
Deceptive  a.-Sophists. 
Declined  by  obstinacy-Juror. 
Possible  against  art. 
Powerless  with  bigots. 
Readiness  in  a.-Sophists. 
Trained  in  use  of  a.-Romans. 
Useless-John  son. 
"       with  James  II. 
See  DEBATE. 
Personality  in  d.-S.  Johnson. 


2610 
2904 
2283 
3049 
3793 
2721 
5733 
1857 
3825 
3853 

♦1457 


Decorum  In  d.-Indians.  1483 

Defeat  in  d.  concealed.  1490 

Suppressed  by  Cromwell-Parl.  417 

See  CONTENTION  in  loc 

CONTUMACY. 

Cross-reference. 
False  charge  of  c.-Bp.  Cranmer.3065 

CONVENTS. 

Refuge  in  c.-Pear  of  vice.         *1169 


Cross-reference. 
Nun  by  coercion-Matilda. 


5862 


CONVERSATION. 

Care  in  c.-Cato.  +1170 

Corrupting  c.-Mary  Stuart.  *1171 
Gifts  for  c.-Samuel  Johnson.  ^1172 
Limit  of  0.-"  Bendleather."  ♦inS 
vs.  Talk-Samuel  Johnson.         ♦1174. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Charity  in  c.-Cato.  1170 

in  Eating-Spartans.  2182 

"       "       desired.  3600 

Evaded  by  coughing.  3719 

Inability  in  o.  deplored.  5965 

Inaccuracy  with  words  in  c.  708 
Indecent  c.  resented-Newton.  1472 
Perilous  to  youth-Henry  VI.  1620 
Privacy  of  o.-Lacedaemonians.  4471 
Reserve  in  c.  characteristic.  4806 
Unequal  to  S.  Johnson's  c.         2532 


798 


CONVERSION— CORRUPTION. 


CONVERSION. 

Clear  c.  of  John  Bunyan. 
Demanded  of  Peruvians-P. 
Intellectual  c.-Constantine. 
Peculiar  c.  of  Martin  Luther. 
Remarkable  c.  of  H.  D.  Gough 

"  "  "  J.  Bunyan. 

"  "  "  Adam  Clark, 

Results  of  c.  of  Constantine. 
Sudden  c.-M©thodists. 


♦1175 
*1176 
*1177 
*1178 
*1179 
*1180 
♦1181 
*1182 
♦1183 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Anxiety  for  c.  of  Indians.  5909 

Change  by  c.-BenJamin  Abbott.1109 
Changes  enemy  to  friend.  2646 

Conduct  changed  by  c.  1109 

by  Cruelty-Spanish  priests.  2861 
Evidenced-"  Strangely  warm."1122 
Ignored  in  Church-membership.  878 
by  Marriage-Pocahontas.  4743 

Means  of  c.-A.  Lincoln.  5708 

"      "  "  Humble-Tract.        5652 
Necessary  to  the  State.  1807 

Proof  of  c.-Indlan.  3518 

Published  by  newsmonger.  2400 
Sudden  c.  of  brigands-Joan.  1559 
from  Vice-Ministry.  2351 

Woman's  work  in  c.  6094 

CONVERSIONS. 
Slow  c.  of  Mahomet. 
by  Sword  of  Charlemagne. 

CONVERT. 
Renegade  c.-Lord  Sunderland.*1186 


*1184 
*1185 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Vicious  c.-Dryden  a  Catholic.    3244 
Zealous  Mohammedan  c.  1184 

CONVERTS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Cruelty-Huguenots.  4119 

Executed-Incas  by  Spaniards.  1175 
False  c.  by  compromise.  3022 

Saved  by  murdering-Irish.         1336 
Seeking  c.  a  duty.  1663 

Spurious  c. -Worldly.  453 

Tested  by  persecution.  4124 

Unholy  zeal  fore-Baptized  or  d.l99 
See  CHRISTLA^NS  and  RELIGION 
in  loe. 

CONVICTION. 

Popular  c.-Joan  of  Arc.  *1187 

Prayer  for  c.-George  MuUer.  *1188 

of  Sin-John  Nelson.  '  *1189 


of  Sin-Distressing  c.-Bunyan.   5166 
CONVICTIONS. 

IWaintained-Mass.  Colony.        *1190 

Jtealistic  c.-John  Bunyan.        *1191 

Strong  c.  of  John  Bunyan.       *1192 

"      "  -dear  conversion.     *1193 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Honesty  in  c.-William  Penn.      2603 
Painful  c.  of  conscience.  1180 

"      "    "         "  1181 

Power  of  religious  c.-Puritans.  5249 
Realistic  religious  c.-Bunyan.    1180 
See  CONSCIENCE  in  loc. 

COOK. 

Cross-reference. 
Vexations  of  Antony's  c.  265 


CO-OPERATION. 

Impossible  against  religion.      *1194 
in  Manufactures-17th  century.*1195 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Discoverers-Accumulative.        1631 
vs.  Independence-Labor.  3107 

Liberty  by  c. -Magna  Charta.  3207 
Mutual-Pomp'y's  s.  and  Caesar's.  177 
Pretended  c.-Treachery.  1752 

Progress  by  c.-Inventions.         2981 

See  ALLIANCE. 
Demanded  by  France-U.  S.       *170 
Just  a.-American  Indians.  *171 

of  Self-interest-Romans.  *172 


Deceptive  a.  with  Fred,  the  G.      £08 

See  ALLIES. 
Invisible  a.-Mahomet's  angels.  *175 
Rejected  by  Am.  Congress.        *176 


Abandoned  by  a.  in  adversity.      95 
Neglected  by  Thebans.  465 

Personal  a.  by  fear.  •  1542 

Union  with  a.  inseparable.         3835 

See  ALLY. 
Supernatural  a.-Theseus.  *254 


Incorruptible  Indian  a.  4361 

Pretended  a.-English.  1752 

Unaided  a.-Pyrrhus.  4195 

Valuable  a.-Amr.  2507 

See  HELP. 
Fictitious  h.-Julian  the  apost.  *2649 


in  Adversity.  5420 

Delayed  till  needless.  4083 

Divine  h.  needed-Lincoln.  4380 

from  God,  the  best-Joan.  1559 

Necessary-Briton's  appeal.  2016 

Withheld  makes  manhood.  1560 

See  HELPERS. 
Dependence  on  h.-Auxiliaries.*8550 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Acknowledged  by  I.  Newton.    1631 
Repelled  by  insincerity.  2041 

Sustained  by  Lincoln.  52 

Valuable- Aids  of  Napoleon.       2834 

CORONATION. 
Ceremony  of  c.-Kings  of  Fr'ks.*1196 
a  Personal  act-Napoleon.         *1197 


Cross-reference. 

Festival  of  o.  of  Edward  I.         2127 

See  CROWN  in  loo. 

CORPSES. 

Cross-reference. 

Exposure  of  c,  Horrifying.        4630 

See  BURIAL  in  loc. 

CORPUI.ENCE. 

Distinguished  for  c.-Louis  VI.*1198 
Inactive-Charles  the  Fat.         *1199 

CORRESPONDENT. 

Burdensome  c.-C.'s  son-in-law.  *1200 

See  LETTER. 
Decoy  l.-Am.  Revolution.         *3195 
from  Heaven-Pope's  letter.      *319Q 


Annoying  l.-Warning-Alex.       1048 
Interrupted-Bombshell.  1240 

Mystery  to  American  Indians.  5468 


CORRUPTION. 

Audacious  c.  of  Catiline.  *1201 

Denied  moral  c. -Pelagians.      *1202 

Ecclesiastical  c.-Papal  throne.*1203 

"  "  -Tolerable-P.  *1204 

Governmental  c.-Eutropius.     *1205 

"-Eng.A.D.1616.*1206 

"  "  -by  Ministry.  *1207 

Judicial  c.-Romans.  *1S08 

OfQcial  c.-Roman.  *1209 

"      " -R.  Senator  Verres.   *1210 

Political  c.-Caesar  and  Pompey*1211 

" -Eng. -Whig  and  T.  *1212 

Shameful  c.-Francis  Bacon.     *1213 

of  Statesmen-Eng.  a.d.  1695.    *1214 

Unabashed-Lord  Sunderland.  *1215 

Universal  c.-Reign  of  James  I.*1216 

Unrestrainable  by  law-Eng.     *1217 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Art-Romans.  327 

of    "  -Reign  of  Nero.  327 

by  Associate-Queen  Mary.  1171 

"  Association-Catiline.  6193 

"  Avarice-Clergy-15th  century.  426 
"         "     -Ruflnius.  427 

"         "     -Romans.  428 

Church  c.  by  prosperity.  858 

Clerical  c.-Bishop  Theodosius.  598 
Defeated-"Oracle  Philippized.  "3945 
Destroys  the  State- Arabs.  3783 

"         •'       "    -England.      3784 
Elections  for  Parliament.  1852 

Governmental  c.-Kidnapping.  2403 
'*  "  -English  Pari.  2461 

"  "  -Sale  of  office.  3886 

"  "  -Piracy.  4186 

Irresistible  c.  of  the  age.  666 

in  Legislation-Parliament.  3187 
Legislative-"  Credit  Mobilier."  2996 
of  Manners  destroyed-Rome.  3709 
"  Navy-Reign  of  Charles  II.  5122 
Overlooked-Promotion.  1610 

In  Politics-Romans.  4243 

"       "     -English.  4244 

4245 
Reformation  of  religion  by  c.  4655 
Religious  c.  of  Charles  II.  4688 

of  Religion  by  money.  4707 

Social  c.  of  Romans-Chastity.  787 
Stimulated  by  poor  pay.  669 

Universal  c.  of  Grecian  society.  910 
Wealth  by  c.-Clarendon.  5963 

Worse  than  crime-Censors.         747 

See  BRIBE. 

Rejected  by  Nap.-$800,000.         2357 

"         "    patriot-Reed.         4075 

See  BRIBERY. 

Condemned  by  Isaac  Newton.  *660 

in  Court-Eng.-for  a  hearing.     *661 

Disguised  by  purchase-Eng.      *662 

Legislative  b.-$5000  for  a  vote.  *663 

"         "  -Commons.  *664 

"         "-Scotch  P.  *665 

"        "  -Necessary-Eng.  "^666 

"         "  -Duke  of  N.  *667 

Needy  princes-German  electors*668 

Occasion  for  b.-Small  pay.         "'669 

Papal  b.-Alexander  VI.  *670 

Perilous  b.-Athenians.  *671 

Rejected  by  Samuel  Adams.      "'676 


i 


COSMOS— COURAGE. 


799 


Heproach  of  b.-Demosthenes.  *672 
Resented-Stephen  A.  Douglas.  *673 
Eoyal  b.-Charles  II.  *674 

Seeming  b.-Russell.  *675 

Blot  of  b.-Francis  Bacon.  1213, 1216 
Brand  of  b.-"  Dunkirk  House."  5963 
Competition  Inb.-Irish  P'rlia'nt.663 
"  " -Three  kings.  668 
Condemned  for  b.-Demos'nes.  1477 
of  Death-Beaufort.  1408 

Disguised-Bonus-I.  Newton.  660 
Failure  of  b. -Andre.  1043 

Fear  of  b.  by  Mahomet  II.  202 

Habitual  b.  of  Verres.  1210 

of  Judges-Oatiline.  2201 

"  "  -Public-Romans.  1208 
-Official-Sunderland-Secretary.  2266 
of  Offtcials  by  Goths.  1209 

Proof  against  b.-Pompey.  2606 

Universal  b.-England.  1212 

Unsuccessful- Andrew  Marvell.  1207 
Wealth  by  b.-Sunderland.  1215 

See  DEPRAVITY, 
by  Descent-Nero.  *1532 

Evidence  of  d.-S.  Johnson.      *1530 


Age  of  excessive  d.-Romans.  124 

"    "  d. -Introduction  of  C.  124 

Destructive  d.  of  Nero.  329 

•with  Intellectual  power.  1669 

Inclination  of  d.-Eating.  4203 

Locality  of  d.  concentrated.  1293 

"    "             "  1299 
Parental  d.  confessed-Chas.  IV.2066 

See  DISHONESTY. 
General  d.-Reign  of  James  n.  *1655 

See  FRAUD. 

•Gigantic  f.-S.  Sea  scheme.  *2214 

Governmental  f.-Charles  II.  *2215 

Suspicions  of  f.-First  cable.  *2216 

In  Trade-"  Honest  Leather."  *2217 


Alarming  f. -Forgery. 

1542 

■"Departed  spirit." 

2353 

Exposed-Antony's. 

2149 

Fishermen's  f  -Antony. 

2149 

Living  by  f  .-Beggars. 

5763 

JReligious  f.-Images. 

1282 

"        "  -Weeping  virgin. 

3620 

"       "  -Grecian  oracle. 

3946 

"       *'  -Holy  Lance. 

4667 

"  -Relics. 

4668 

*'       "       " 

4669 

*'       "       " 

4670 

-«       •■       <t 

4671 

4(               <(               K 

4672 

"                "                " 

4673 

"                '*                '♦ 

4674 

tl               iC               <l 

4675 

"                "                '• 

4676 

Spiritualistic  f .-"  Knock." 

3555 

See  VICE  in  loo. 
COSMOS. 

Philosophy  of  the  c.-D'soart's.*1318 
COUNSEL. 

of  the  Dying-Louis  XIV.  *1219 

Inopportune  c.-Deputies  of  N.*1220 
Safety  In  o.-Leaders  in  battle.*1221 


Cross-reference. 
Honest  c.  punished. 


2609 


*97 


See  ADVICE. 
Disdained-Braddock's  defeat. 
Ignored-Clarendon's,  by  J.  II.     *98 
Ill-timed  a.  to  Lincoln.  *99 

Legacy  of  a.-by  Augustus  to  R.  *100 

See  "WARNING, 
of  Danger-Richard  I.  *5947 

Ineffective  w.-Cfesar.  "'5948 


Accepted,  Girl's,  by  Lincoln.  6102 
Admonition  disregarded.  56 

Disregarded  by  Nero's  mother.  196 
Disdained,  A  woman's.  6110 

Effective  w.  to  ofiflcials.  3036 

Felon's  w.-Manufacturers.  512 

by  Interference  of  novice.  3546 

Neglected  w.-Diversion-CaBsar.l689 
Timely- Washington-Woman.  4079 
Unexpected  w.-Scripture.  4901 

Unmoved  by  w.-Alexander.       1048 

COUNSELS. 

Cross-references. 
Rashly  discarded-Charlea  XII.  1239 
Wise  c.  of  wife  Theodora.         5996 

COUNSELLOR. 
Evil c.-Rob't  Ferguson-"  e.  a."*1222 

COUNSELLORS. 
Dangerous  c.  of  James  II.         *1223 
Whimsical  c.-"  Wise  woman."*1224 


Cross-reference. 
Obstructive  c.-Scots. 


975 


COUNTENANCE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Disfigured  by  scrofula.  2017 

Distorted  by  the  flute.  3755 

Unexpressive-Am.  Indians.       1870 

COUNTERFEIT. 
Preserved  by  a  c.-"Sacred  b."*1225 
Relics-Manufactured  by  an  A.*1226 
Signature-Consul  Antony.        *1227 


2601 


Cross-reference. 
Imposed  upon  Goldsmith. 
COUNTRY. 

Contemptible  c.-Scotland-S.J.'*1228 
Deserted  c.-Approach  of  e.  *1229 
Preservation  of  one's'c.-S.'s  1.  ♦1230 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Advantage  of  c.in  early  life-A.  2530 
Common  c. -Rome-Mixed  e.       3785 
Farewell  to  c.-NapoIeon.  2096 

Forsaken  for  wine-Gauls.  6010 

Home  in  c.  beautified-Scott's.  2592 
Love  of  native  c.-William  II.  2762 
Saviour  of  c.-Self-styled-C.  2873 
Service  to  own  c.-Ep'min'ndas.  2346 

See  AMERICA, 
for  Americans-"MonroeDoct."*209 
Future  of  Am.-L.'s  prediction.  *210 
Mission  of  Am.-John  Adams.  *211 
Prophecy  of  Am.-Stormont.  *212 
Transformation  in  A.-"F.ofY."*213 


Obnoxious  foreigners  in  a.  167 

Rescued  from  Philip  II.  902 

See  AMERICANS. 

Despised  by  Samuel  Johnson.  "'214 

Hated  by  Samuel  Johnson.  ^215 

Various  ancestry  of  A.  771 

See  PATRIOTISM  in  toe. 


COUNTRYMEN. 

Abused-Reign  of  Charles  II.      *1231 

COURAGE. 

in  Battle-Marcius.  *1232 

Christian  c.-Taylor  the  m.       *1233 

"-J.  Wesley  at  S.      *1234 

of  Despair-R.  Gladiator's  r.      *1235 

or  Disgrace-Fred,  the  Great.    *1236 

Intrepid  c.-Edward  P.  of  W.    '*1237 

Loss  of  c.  by  one  man.  "'1238 

of  Madness-Charles  XII.  *1239 

Masterly  c.  of  Chas.XII.-Cool.*1240 

Moral  0.  of  M.  Luther-Worms.  *ia41 

"      "  "  Rev.  S.  Johnson.      *1242 

"      "  -Ministerial-G.  O.        *1243 

"      "  -Execution  of  W.  R.  *1244 

"      "  of  Bert,  de  Gurdum.    *1245 

Noble  c.-Execution  of  R.  *]246 

Opportunity  for  c.-Fred.  the  G.*1247 

only  Physical  c.-Duke  of  M.     '1248 

Recovered-Bishop  Cranmer.    *1249 

Religious  c.-Eng.  Puritans.      '^1250 

Safety  inc.-OttomanBajazet.*1251 

Unfaltering  c.-Pelopidas.  *1252 

Unshaken-Lieut.  L.-Tripoli.     *1253 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Admirable  c.-Belisarius.  4561 

Adversities  met  with  c.  by  W.  S.  94 

in  Adversity-Scott  a  bankrupt.      92 

Christian  c.-Martyrs.  3603 

"  -J.  Knox.  3504 

"        "  -Thomas  Becket.     3505 

Considerate  c.-General  Nash.    1608 

Consolation  in  c.-Wounds  in  f.  6173 

of  Despair-Persians.  1543 

under  Detestation-Cromwell.    1563 

facing  Execution-Hale.  1430 

"  "        -Montrose.      1448 

"  "        -Socrates.       1451 

Female  c.-Theodora.  6057 

with  Gentleuess-Brk  Prince.    1260 

Heart  inspires  c.-Colonna.         2537 

Heroic  c.-General  Wolfe.  1458 

Honored-Woman's  c. -Rupert.  6043 

"        by  Alex  -Female.        6096 

Impressive  c. -Dutch.  4048 

Intimidated  by  siege-towers.      326 

Language  of  c.-Pelopidas.  2113 

Manly  c.  of  Spartans.  3401 

Martyr's  c.-Bishop  Latimer.       6147 

Moral  c. -Cromwell-Parliament.  416 

"     "of  Martin  Luther.  505 

"     "  "  President  Jackson.    749 

"     "  lacking-Marlborough.4440 

"     "  of  John  Adams.  3861 

"     "  "  J.  Q.  Adams.  2046 

"     "  "  Martin  Luther.         4633 

"     "  "  Regulus.  5081 

"     "  "  Henry  Vane.  3379 

Mutiny  met  with  c.-Caesar.        ,3756 

in  Old  Age-Bishop  Latimer.       1233 

Patriotic  c.-John  Hampden.      4038 

"       "  -Cont.  Congress.      2783 

Persevering  c.  in  battle.  2227 

Protest  of  c.-Soldier's.  1556 

by  Religion-Martyrs.  4694 

"  "     -Puritans.  4701 

Reputation  for  c.  by  conflict.      191 

Reward  of  c.  sure-Nelson.         4830 

Tested-Alexander's.  2148 


800 


COURT— COURTESY. 


Time  for  o.-"  Win  his  spurs."     1560 
Verbal  o.-Bold  words-Timorous. 617 

Sec  BOLDNESS. 
Verbal  b.-Goldsmith's.  *617 


Christian  b.-Telemachus.  835 

for  Rights.-Capt.  Wadsworth.  4907 

"   the  Truth.-John  Howard.  5721 

Unequalled  b.-Cromwell.  4874 

See  BRAVERY. 

In  Battle-Persians.  *643 

'*       "     -Crusaders.  *644 

Brilliant  b.-Paul  Jones.  *645 

in  Death.-Col.  F.  McCuUough.  *646 

Example  of  b.-Napoleon.  *647 

"Exploit  of  b.-Napoleon.  *648 

Fearless  b.-William  II.  *649 

"       "-Colonel  Moultrie.  *650 

Heroic  b.-Robert  Devereux.  *651 

"      '•-Richard  Grenville.  *652 

Pre-eminence  by  b.-Joan  of  A.  ♦esS 

Query  of  b.-Laced£emonians.  *654 

Rewarded-Paradise-Moh'dan.  *655 

Youthful  b.-Covenanter.  *656 


Answer  of  b.-Tigranes.  3829 

of  Barbaric  warriors.  901 

in  Battle.-Wm.  Prince  of  O.  3410 
Decision  of  b.-Pizarro.  820 

In  Defending  life.  1499 

Enterprise  of  b.-Nap's  return.  74 
Escape  by  b.-Normans.  1922 

Example-"  Kings  never  drown"  1390 
In  Facing  death-Strafford.  1407 
Famous  for-Richard  the  Lion.  3770 
Honored-"  Little  Corporal."     4508 

"       -Colonel  Mulligan.         816 
Impressive  b.-Le  Fort.  5091 

Patriotic  b.-Am.  Revolution.  4059 
Qualified  for  immortality.  1416 

Sailor's  b.-Farragut-Maln-top.  486 
Soldier's  b.-Lieut.  Cushing-A.      73 

"      -Blind  John  of  Bohemia.297 

"     -Thebans-Sacred  band.  465 
Stlmulated-no  Escape.  1274 

Woman's  b.-Montfort.  6042 

•'  "  -Purefoy.  6043 

See  CHAMPION. 

In  Battle- William  of  Norm'ndy.5905 

for  Free  institutions- Wm.  of  0. 3683 

"  Knlghts-God  and  the  ladles.1121 

of  Piety-Oliver  Cromwell.  3921 

Prowess  of  Bellsarlus.  4561 

for  Religion-John  MUton.  4686 

"        "       -Irreligious  c.  4687 

Representative  c.-Alexander.    1746 

for  the  Truth-John  Howard.      5721 

"    "    Weak-Byron  a  c.  2242 

See  FEARLESSNESS 

Astounding  f.  of  Romans.         *2121 

Boyish  f.  of  Benedict  Arnold.  *2122 


Official  f .  of  President  Jackson.  749 

See  FORTITUDE. 
Esteem  for  f.-Muclus.  *2204 

Puritanic  f  .-Hugh  Peters.  *2205 


Amputation  of  own  arm.  1250 

Applauded-Indian  gauntlet.  2667 
Contest  In  f.-  Am.  Indians.  2074 
in  Death-Execution  Rumbold.  1246 
Snoouragement  to  f.-Mezicans.  714 


In  Flames-Bishop  Cranmer.  1233 
Invalids  f.-Wm.  Prince  of  O.  1897 
Noble  f .  in  death-Muley  Moluc.2561 
in  Old  Age-Puritan.  1250 

by  Philosophy-Dionysius.  4166 

in  Tortures- American  Indians.  1426 
Training  in  f. -Spartans.  1817 

Unexpected  f.-Bp.  Cranmer.  1249 
of  Women-Scotch  martyrs.       4142 

See  HERO. 
Patriotic  h.- William  Wallace.  *2560 
Unsurpassed  h.-Muley  Moluc.  ♦2561 


Admired-Belisarlua.  1686 

Christian  h.-Thomas  Lee.  1571 

Contempt  for  cowardice.  1251 

Daring  of  h.-Sergeant  Jasper.  2151 

Delfled-Claudius  Britannlcus.  2706 

Described-Charles  XII.  1970 

Encouraged-Martln  Luther.  1879 
Terrifying  h.-Rlchard  the  Lion.8770 


See  HEROES. 
Dead  h.-Solyman  Invoked, 
for  Freedom-L'Ouverture. 

See  HEROISM. 
Admirable  h.-Lafayette. 

"  "  -Prince  Conde. 

Patriotic  h.-Chevalier  Bayard 
Persistent  h.-Mohammedan. 
In  Sufifering-Lord  Nelson. 
Tarnished-Benedict  Arnold. 
Unfaltering  h.-Jas.  Lawrence, 


*2562 
*2563 

♦2564 
♦2565 
♦2566 
♦2567 
*2568 
*2569 
*2570 


Brave  h.  of  Devereux.  651 

"      "  "  Grenville.  652 

Christian  h.-Jesult  ml3si'naries.3508 

Invalid's  h.-WiUiam  P.  of  O.     2529 

Missionary  h.-Jesuits.  3636 

"  -M.  B.  Cox.  3643 

vs.  Noblllty-Nelson.  5915 

Patriotic  h. -Citizen.  4068 

"       "-Pomponius.  4069 

of  Soldier's  h.-Phlllp.  5945 

Unappreciated  by  Continental  C.176 

See  MANLINESS. 
in  Abstinence-Alexander.  5095 

Admiration  of  m.-Pompey.  3819 
"  "  -Louis  IX.  3821 
"  for  " -Pomponius.  4069 
by  Adversity-Humphry  Davy.  86 
Christian  m.-Gustavus  XII.  4174 
Destitute  of  m.-Clcero.  4370 

"  "  -"Dick"Talbot6032 
Disparaged  by  persecutors.  4144 
Encouragement  to  m.-Latlmer.  12.33 
Exhibited-Ministerlal  m.  1243 

Ideal  m.-Indlan  fortitude.         1425 
Lack  of  m.-Disgraceful.  1272 

"      "    "  -Nero.  1418 

Ministerial  m.-Rev.  S.  Johnson.1242 
in  Poverty-S.  Johnson.  4357 

of  Pride-S.  Johnson.  4349 

by  Self-reliance-Black  Prince.  1560 
Stimulated  by  ridicule .  4892 

Wanting  m.-Marlborough.         1248 
Youthful  m.-Prlnce  of  Wales.    1237 

See  PROWESS. 
Military  p.  of  Bellsarlus.  *4561 

See  PUGILIST. 
Amateur  p.-Palmerston.  1811 


See  VALOR. 
Military  v.-Derar  the  Saracen.  *5764 
Mutual  v.-Anclent  Germans.    *5765 
Proof  of  v.-Tlconderoga.         *5766 
Spur  to  v.-Reputation.  *5767 

Wonderful  v.-Constantine.      *5768 


Badge  of  v.-Wounds.  617* 

"        "    "  "  6171 

Banner  rescued  by  v.  at  Cadiz.   651 

Discretion  better  than  v.-C.  V.  1637 

COURT. 
Infamous  c.-Trial  of  Clodius.    *1254 
Terrible  o.-Star  Chamber.        *1255> 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bloody  0. -Hung  in  scarlet.         306& 
Haste  of  unjust  c.-Jeffreys.       5175 
Insulted  by  a  woman.  5294 

Intemperance  In  c.  2919 

See  COURTS  in  loc. 
COURTESAN. 
Influential  c.-Aspasla- Athens.  *1255 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Reformed  c.-Theodora.  5995 

Tyranny  of  c.-Milo  the  athlete.  5960' 

See  ADULTERESS. 
Approved  by  royal  husband.      4490^ 
Arts  of  the  a.-Cath.  Sedley.       5054 
Bondage  to  a. -James  II.  5054 

Distinguished  a.-Pompadour.  3247 
Influential  a.-Aspasia.  1256 

Patriotic  a.-Fulvia.  6097 

Respected  a.-Aspasia.  6082^^ 

by  Restralnts-Honorla.  343& 

Self-confessed  a.-Queen  of  Sp.  512S 
Strange  charm  of  a.-Sedley.  2842 
Successful  a.-Antonlna.  4858 

Victim  of  a. -James  II.  6085 

See  PROSTITUTE. 
Distinguished  p.-Theodora.      *4533 


Expensive  p.-Charles  IT.  6083: 

Honored  p.-Empress  Theodora.3191 

"       "  -Goddess  of  Reason.4624 
Power  of  p.-Politlcal-Louis  X  V.6079 

ii      »  "-Pompadour.  6080' 

Rule  of  p.-Poppaea.  4373. 

See  PROSTITUTES. 
Dress  of  p.-Luxurlous.  4611 

Rule  of  p.-Papal  chair.  3985 

Wives  made  p.-Gothlc.  1209 

COURTESY* 
Denied  to  Speaker.-J.  K.  Polk.*125r 
Forfeited  by  Bp.  of  Wlnch"st'r.*1258 
Marked  c.-Peculiarity  of  Eng.  *1259 
to  Unfortunates-Black  Prince.  *1SC0^ 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
and  Cruelty  of  Black  Prince. 
Devotion  to  c.-Knights. 
Embarrassing  c.-Goldsmlth. 
Heartless-Roman  c. 
Infidels  denied  c. 
Insensible  to  claims  of  c. 
Scant  c.  remembered. 

See  AFFABILITY. 
Falsehood  in  a. -Charles  II. 

See  POLITENESS. 
Burdensome  p. -Hand-shaking. 


779> 
1121 
4335. 
2643^ 
2831 
2644 
4083 

167S 


COURTS— COVETOUSNESS. 


801 


Characteristic  p.  of  Maiiomet.  801 
J)eatii-bed  p.  of  Charles  II.  3422 
with  Destitution.  8650 

Disagreeable  p.-Caesar'B.  3400 

Distinguished  for  p.-iEmilius.  1902 
Ignored  by  politicians.  3864 

Intentional  p.-Regent  of  China.1035 
Kind  p.-SaUor's.  6021 

Marli  of  p. -Gluttony.  2639 

Rule  of  p.-Johnson.  1592 

Trespass  on  p.-Criticiam.  1312 

to  Women-Sabines.  6116 

COURTS. 
Injustice  of  c.-Pers'c'tion  of  C.*1261 
Packed  c.-Reign  of  James  II.  *1262 
Scandalous  c.-Reign  of  C.  I.     *1263 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bribery  necessary  in  c.-13th  cent.661 
Corrupted  by  money-Commodns.438 
Ineffective  through  b  ribery .  -E.    669 
Purity  of  o.-Safety  by.  4875 

Terrifying  c.-Jeffreys-Children.  803 
Uncertain  action  of  c.  1603 

Se6  ACCUSATION. 

•by  Deception-Maxlmus  Fabius.  701 

Malicious  a.-Wesley  a  vagabond.70a 

"         "  -Alexander.  1048 

a  Pretext-Plundering  the  Jews.  710 

for  violence-R.  III.      242 

See  ACCUSER. 

Accused-Buccaneer  Nutt.  2434 

Blemish  of  a.-James  II.  1119 

Concealed  from  accused.  2877 

Conscience  an  a.-Abbott.  1080 

See  ADVOCATE. 
Personal,  not  proxy.  ♦lOl 

Destitute  of  a.-Henry  Vane.  3379 

Generous  a.-Aristldes.  8055 

See  ARREST. 

Undeserved  a.  of  J.  Bunyan.  *318 


Defeated-Chas.  I.-Commons.  413 
Escape  from  a.  by  emigration.  4660 
Sudden  a.  of  all  Jews  in  Eng.      710 

See  FINE. 
NulUaed  by  Eliot.  *2138 


Limited-Magna  Charta.  8232 

Self-imposed  f.-Emp.  Julian.  3141 

See  JUDGE. 

Dishonorable  j.-R.  Wright.  *3033 


Distempered  j. -Jeffreys. 
Infamous  j.- Jeffreys. 
Inhumanity  of  j. -Jeffreys. 
Savage  j. -Jeffreys. 
Shameful  j.-Appius. 

See  JUDGES. 
Despised  j  .-Athenian. 
Impartial  j. -Early  Greeks. 
Justice  by  j. -Ancient  Persians. 
Partisan  j.-Reign  of  Jas.  II. 
Reputable  j. -Athenian. 


Abuse  of  j. -Frederick  II. 
Appointed  for  verdict. 
Corrupted  by  bribery. 

Obsequious  J. -Charles  I. 
See  JURIES. 
Coerced  by  Jeffreys. 


2906 
6031 
2862 
3048 
3973 

*3034 
*3035 
*3036 
*3087 
*3038 

3041 
1262 
1201 
1217 
1263 

*3048 


Determined  j. -Trial  of  7  Bps.  *3049 
Imprisoned  for  verdict.  *3050 

Limited-"  Three  days."  *3051 

Perverted  by  clergy.  *3052 

Unterrified  j. -Trial  of  Penn.    *3053 


Corrupted  with  money-Eng.        669 

See  JURISPRUDENCE. 
Origin  of  j. -Roman.  *3047 


Monumental  work  of  Julian.  4 

Signs  in  Roman  j.  8986 

See  LAWYER. 

Ignorant  l.-Publius  Cotta.  *3165 


Changed  by  sermon. 
Criminal  l.-Jeffreys. 
Impudent  l.-Useful-Jeffreys. 
Odium  of  client  given  to  1. 
Preparatory  to  political  life. 

See  LAWYERS. 
Arts  of  Roman  1. 
Hatred  of  1.  by  Germans. 
Imprisoned  for  deceit. 
Patriotic  1.  of  N.  Y.,  yr.  1765. 
Special  l.-Reign  of  James  II. 

See  LITIGATION. 
Period  of  l.-15th  century. 

See  PROSECUTION. 
Malicious  p.-Unsuccessful. 

See  PENALTY. 
Excessive  p.-Death. 
Partisan  p.-Devonshire. 


1089 
1994 


3861 


*3166 
♦3167 
*3168 
♦3169 
*3170 

♦3321 

3203 

♦4101 
♦4102 


Death  p.  for  all-French  Rev 
Excessive  p.-Debt -England. 

See  PERJURY. 
Punishment  of  p.,  JudioiaL      ^4112 


5739 
4351 


Punished  with  death.  5219 

Shameful  p.-"  Dick  "  Talbot.     6032 

See  SENTENCE. 
Suspended  fifteen  years.  1139 

See  SUMMONS. 
Exasperating  s.-Black  Prince.  ^5431 
See  CRIME,  CRLMINAL  EXECU- 
TION, JUSTICE  and  LAW 
in  loc. 

COVENANT. 

See  CONTRACT. 
Corrupt  0.  rejected-I.  Newton.   660 
Obscurity  desired  in  c.-Nap.      3850 

See  ENGAGEMENT. 
Heart  broken  by  broken  e.         2534 

See  PLEDGE. 
Temperance  p.-Father  Math'w^4212 


Infamously  broken-Proctor.      2817 

Sacred  p.-Embalmed  b.  1462 

See  PROMISE. 

Forced  p.  of  Galileo.  5727 

See  PROMISES. 

Broken  p.-Queen  Mary's.  ^4504 

Deceptive  p.  to  heretics.  +4505 

Regard  for  p.-Romans.  *4506 


Refused  by  candidate-Jefferson.704 

See  VOW. 
of  Gratitude-Lincoln.  ^5860 

Sudden  v. -Martin  Luther.        ♦5861 


of  Gratitude-Lincoln's. 
"  "        -Unjust  V. 


5860 
5866 


Manifested-Beard  uncut. 
Religious  v.-Columbus. 

Remembered  fifteen  years. 
Wicked  v. -Mahomet's  father. 

See  VOWS. 
Forced  v.-Convent. 
Religious  v.  in  sickness. 
"       "  -Columbus. 

Unjust  v.  are  null. 


490 
1881 
3641 
3495 

795 

*5862 
♦5863 
*5864 
*5865 
♦5866 


Religious  v.  of  Jesuits.  3960 

COVETOUSNESS. 

Contemptible  c.  of  Henry  III.  *1264 
Punished-Melted  gold  down  t.  *1265 
Royal  c.-Henry  III.  ♦1266 

See  AVARICE. 
Acquired  habit-S.  Johnson.       *425 
of  Clergy-15th  century.  *426 

Contempt  for  a.  of  Ruflnus.  *427 
Corrupted  by  a. -Romans.  +428 

Criminal-London  tailors.  +429 

Deception  of  a.-Henry  VII.  +430 
Demands  of  a.-Henry  VII.  +431 
Glory  in  a.-Cato  the  Censor.  *432 
Official  a.-John  of  Cappadocia.  *433 
Punished  a.  of  Crassus.  *434 

Royal  a.-Henry  VIII.  *435 

"     " -Wm.  the  Conqueror.    ♦436 
"      "-George  II.  +437 

Ruled  by  a.-Commodus.  ^438 

Shameful  a.-Courtiers  of  J.  II.  ^439 
Supremacy  of  a.-Confederate8.^440 


Appeal  to  a.  of  James  I.  4478 

"        "  "  successful.  3680 

Confiscations  to  a.-Calignla.  1352 
vs.  Contempt-Romans.  5757 

Craze  of  a.-Gold-seekers.  2388 

Crimes  of  a.  suppressed.  3655 

Degraded  by  a.-Theodora.  1583 
Endangers  the  State-England.  1615 
Enthusiasm  of  a.-Gold-seekerB.2389 
Forgotten-Rebuilding  temple.  863 
Heartless  a. -Rome-Famine.  2079 
Incapable  of  a.-Alexander.  1673 
Reputation  lost  by  a.-Demos.  672 
Royal  a.-Maximin.  1049 

Shameful  a.-Courtiers  of  J.  II.    607 
of  Slavery-English  Prisoners.    5183 
Victims  of  a.-Gold-seekers.        2390 
"  "  -Ofacial.  2403 

War  by  a. -East  India.  5879 

with  Wealth-Pythius.  4881 

Woman's  a.-Court  of  James  II.  6041 

See  EXTORTION. 
Complete  e.-Ensland  by  L.      *2000 
Cruel  e.-Jew's  tooth  dally.       *2001 
"    "  -Mass.  Colony.  *2002 

Dilemma  in  e.-Henry  VIIl.  *2003 
of  Government-Charles  I.  *2004 
Misnamed-"  Benevolence."  *2005 
Outrageous  e.-Romans  in  B.  +2006 
Royal  e.-Riohard  II.  +2007 

Submission  to  e.-M.  Crassus.    ^2008 


of  Benevolence-English  law.  523 

"  "  -Henry  VIIL  430 

"  "  -James  I.  523 

Capitalist's  e.-Jews.  712 


802 


COWARD-CREEDS. 


Church  e.  of  dues-England. 
Disgraceful  e.-Joan  of  Arc. 
of  Gifts  for  Maxentius. 

"      "      "    Charles  I. 
by  Government-France, 
of  Jailers  for  debt. 

"  Merchants-Eoman. 

"  "        -England. 

"  Offertory-Duke  of  Guise. 
Permitted-Courtiers-James  II, 
of  Prisoners  by  jailers. 
Religion  opposed  by  e. 
Revenge  of  masses  on  Ruflnns, 
Royal  e.-James  I. 
of  Traders-England. 
Universal  e. -English  judges. 
Unterrified  by  e.-H.  Peter. 

See  MISER. 
Changed  by  prayer. 
Misery  of  m.  by  S.  Johnson. 

See  PARSIMONY. 
Costly  p.  of  James  II. 


1736 

376 

3662 

3673 

2125 

5658 

5659 

5660 

527 

607 

4469 

1190 

427 

523 

5656 

1217 

2205 

4386 
425 

*4008 


Degrading  p.  of  Federlck  II.  4597 

Reputation  for  p.,  False.  1764 

See  RAPACITY. 

Royal  r.  of  Henry  III.  *4615 

COIFARD. 

Deserted-King  Perseus.  *1267 

Professions  of  the  c.-Gelimer.  *1268 

COTTARDICE. 

Appearance  of  c.-Abdallah. 
of  the  Cruel-Nero's  death. 
Despised-"Gen.  Whitef  eather' ' 

"       -"Little  king." 
Disgrace  of  c.-Daniel  Scott. 
Prevented-R.Guiscard  bum  v. 
Punished  by  Romans-Slavery. 

"  "  retribution  of  h. 

Eeproved-Marius-Face  backs. 
Shameful  c.-Am.  Gen.  HuU-D. 
Unpardonable  c  -Ancient  Ger. 


*1269 
♦1270 
*1271 
♦1272 
*1273 
*1274 
*1275 
*1276 
♦1277 
♦1278 
♦1279 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Blemish  of  c.-Demosthenes.  5959 

Contagious  c.-Roman  army.  8112 

in  Death-Nero.  1418 

Despised-Houston's  mother.  3725 

Device  of  c.-Behind  camels.  1251 

Hinted-Colonel  Tarleton.  2902 

Moral  c.  of  Marlborough.  4440 

"     "  overcome-Cranmer.  1249 

Prevented-Fred.  the  Great.  1247 

"         by  Caesar.  5161 

Proof  of  c.-Self-mutilatlon.  5240 

Punished  by  death-Romans.  1446 

"       -Beards  half  shaven.  1280 

"         with  insults.  1280 

"             "         "  6128 

Eebuked-Go  to  the  rear.  1645 
Reproved  by  insults  of  women.6128 

Resented-Amompharetus.  1556 

Ridiculed-Battle  of  Spurs.  4839 

Ridicule  conquers  o.  4892 

Royal  o.-Honorius-Flight.  1867 

Scomed-Indian  gauntlet.  2667 

Severity  for  c,  Brother's.  1278 

Sting  of  c.-James  II.  2905 

4n  Suicide-American  Indians.  5422 


of  Superstition-Mexicans. 
Surprising  c.-Heraclian. 


5446 
2158 


COWARDS. 

Punlshed-Infamous  to  marry.  ♦1280 

See  EFFEMINACY. 
Royal  e.  of  Elagabalus.  ^1829 


Age  of  e.-English.  3784 

Charged  falsely-Jealousy.  2900 

Honored  for  e.-Buckingham.  3871 

in  Claudius.  3876 
See  INTIMIDATION. 

Successful  i.  of  Indians  by  S.  *2961 


Attempted  1.  of  clergy-J.  II.  877 
Cry  for  i.-"  Rebel  yell. "  789 

Election  by  i.  of  Charles  XII.  144 
by  Example  of  Caesar-Aug.  3891 
of  Government  by  Cromwell.  410 
by  Imaginary  angels.  175 

Message  of  i.-Attila  to  Romans.  321 
by  Punishment-Rebels.  4630 

Reaction  of  i.-James  II.  315 

Remembrance  of  i  -Turks.  3770 
of  Ruler-Tory  Gov.  of  N.  T.  4077 
Success  by  i.-Capt.Wadsworth.3956 
"  "" -Gen.  Jackson.  3773 
by  Violence-Bismarck.  3359 

See  TIMIDITY, 
in  Government-Constantine.    +5621 


in  Business-James  Watt.  689 
Childish  t.-Persecuted  Cowper.  797 
Embarrassed  by  t.-M'Kendree.  2023 

Excuse  of  t  -Blackmail.  2008 

Indecision  of  t.-Conspirators.  2778 

in  Literature-Cowper.  1307 

Loss  by  t.-Justiniai.  1238 

Overcome  by  t.  at  first.  2024 

"        "  earnestness.  2894 

Rebuked  by  example.  1243 

Reproved-Demosthenes.  2021 

Tyrant's  t.-Dionysius.  4411 
See  FEAR  in  loo. 

CRAZE. 

Cross-reference. 

for  Gold-Emigrants.  2388 

See  INFATUATION  in  loo. 

CREATION. 

Cross-reference. 
Theory  of  c.-West  Indians.        2709 

CREDITOR. 

Cross-reference. 
Merciless  c.  exposed.  1855 

CREDITORS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Oppression  of  c.-Infanticide.     2410 
Restrained  by  law-LucuUus.      5759 

See  BANKRUPTCY. 
Predicted-National-British.       ^451 


Courage  In  b.-SIr  Walter  Scott.    92 

See  DEBT. 
Imprisonment  for  d.  In  Eng.    ^1459 
Security  for  d.-Sir  W.  Scott.    *1460 
by  War  of  American  Rev.        ♦wei 


Imprisonment  for  d.-England.  4289> 

"    "        "  4299' 

"    "        "  2126- 

Increase  of  d.  by  extortion  of  J.  712 

Overwhelmed  by  d.-SIr  W.  Scott.91 

Relieved  by  marriage-Cicero.    3464 

-Byron.    3465- 

Son  pawned  for  d.  4354 

See  DEBTS. 
Discouraged-Laws  of  Amasis.  ♦1462 
Dishonest  d. -Precedence  of.    ♦1463- 
Prevented-Solon's  law.  ^1464 

Punishment  for  d.  insolvent.    ♦1465' 
Sealed- Virginia  Colony.  ^1466 

Small  d.-Samuel  Johnson.       +1467 


Due  in  future  life, 
of  Honor-Gambler's. 
Require  economy-Penn. 
Suspension  of  all. 
Trivial  d.  unpaid-Johnson. 

See  LOAN. 
Hopeless  L  to  S.  Johnson. 


Refused  by  professed  friend, 
of  Wife  to  friends-Spartans. 


2258- 
2614 
1767' 
1156 
3324 

♦3324 

2224 
6137 


CREDUIilTY. 

of  Phllosophers-Strange-S.      ♦1281 
Religious  c.-Priestcraft.  ♦1282; 

of  the  Sick-16th  century.  ^1283 

Superstitious  c. -Romans.         ^1284 
"  "  -Persian  Magi.+1285- 


Miicellaneous  cross-references. 

Excess  of  o.-Mohammedans.      3622" 

of  Fanatics-Crusaders.  6860 

Gold-seekers  c.-SIgns-SpIders.  5141 

of  Hatred-Origin  of  Huns.  1528 

'  Superstition -Mystery.  5447 

'  "  -Am.  Indians.     5448 

'  "  -First  Crusade.  5451 

•  "  -N.  E.  Colonies.  5453 

'  TImidlty-Negro  plot.  4214 

brings  Unbelief-Miracles.  3626 

Victim  of  c.-Cotton  Mather.      1567 

See  PRESUMPTION  in  loo. 

CREEDS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Destroyed  o.  bring  union.  2089 

Valued  according  to  effects.      4731 

See  DOCTRINE. 
Zeal  for  d.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  4404 

See  DOCTRINES. 
Confusion  In  d.-Unlon  of  all.      1937 
Erratic  d.  of  Milton.  3922 

Mixed  d.-Gnostlcs-Christians.  1937 
Perverted-Early  Christians.  1982 
vs.  Preferments-Armlnians.  4308 
Tested  by  fire- Sectaries.  2087 

See  HERESY. 
Fined  for  h.-Donatlsts  by  Cath.^2553'. 
Hunting  h.-Roger  Williams.     ^2554 
Madness  at  h.-Philip  II.  ♦2555 

Suppression  of  h.  by  law.         ♦2556^ 


Arrested  for  d.-Charles  IV.  4353 
Cancelled  by  murder-Jews.  4178 
Division  by- American  States.    1987 


Champions  against  h. -Jesuits.  3960- 
Far-fetched  h.-Joan  of  Arc.  1726 
vs.  Malignancy-Parental.  8389 

Punished  for  h. -William  Penn  3970 
Reading  the  Bible  a  h.-R.Hunne.57* 


CREMATION— CEIMES. 


803 


Scientific  h.  of  Galileo.  5727 

Toleration  of  h.-Heresy-R  W.  5638 

See  HERETICS. 
Terrlfied-Branded-Naked  ness .  *2557 
"Vengeance  against  h. -Corpse.  ♦2558 


Pretext  for  persecuting  h.  6073 

See  ORTHODOXY. 
Disavowed  for  office.  3500 

Intense  o.-"  Blue  and  Green."    970 

See  SECTARIAN. 
The  wind  a  "  popish  "  s.  *5066 

See  SECTARIANISM. 
in  Death-Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  *5067 
Narrow  s.  of  Scots.  *5068 


Military  s.  of  James  II 


312 
317 
6222 


Zeal  of  James  II. 

See  SECTS. 
Aversion  among  s.  *5069 

Differences  in  s.  Turk-Persian. *5070 
"         "  "   magnified.      *5071 


Allegory  of  religious  s.,Dryden's.231 

See  THEOLOGY. 
Difficulties  In  t.-Infinite  deity.  ♦5593 
Effects  of  t.-Cromwell.  ^5599 

Philosopher's  t.-Anaxagora8.  ♦5600 
"-Plato.  ♦5601 

"  "-Stoics.  ♦5602 

Ridiculous  t.-Egyptian.  ♦5603 


Character  moulded  by  t.-C.'8.  773 
Imagination  in  t.-Gnostics.  5100 
Maintained  by  law.  4729 

Subtleties  in  t.  vs.  Person  of  C.    826 
See    APOSTASY,   FAITH    and 
PERSECUTION  in  loo. 

CREMATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Kindness  in  c.-Pompey.  2253 

Opposed-Bodies  preserved.  2252 
Popular  0.  of  Caesar's  body.       2251 

CRIME. 
Epidemic  of  c.-Eng.,  a.d.  1692.  ♦  1286 
Evidence  of  c.-Circumstantial.^l287 
Expiation  of  c.-Burning  of  R.  ^1288 
of  Imagining-Duke  of  B.  ^1289 

Memorial  of  c.-"  Labrador."  ^1290 
Organization  for  c.-E.a.d.1752.^1291 
Reaction  of  c.-Rosamond.  ^1292 
Taught-Eng.-"  Devil's  Acre."  ♦lagS 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Absence  of  c.-Plymouth  Col'y.  5224 
Avarice  causes  c.  3655 

Blundering  c.-Execution  of  C.I.6218 
Career  of  c.-Fulk  the  Black.  106 
Colonies  represent  crimes  of  E.2403 
Confession  extorted  by  torture.2878 
Encouraged  by  papal  absolution.  11 
Excuse  for  c.-Julian's.  2549 

Expiated  by  penance.  2800 

4105 
Forced  to  c.-Rosamond.  67 

Grades  in  c.  overlooked.-Solon.3159 
Hope  for  liberty  a  c.  3234 

Indulgence  in  c,  Price  of.  2800 

Information  of  c.  bravely  given.  1242 
Integrity  punished  as  a  c.  3969 

by  Intemperance-England.        2920 


Intoxication  no  excuse  for  c.  2965 
Leads  to  c.-Adultery  to  murder.  67 
Light  prevents  c.-London.  3298 
Monstrous  c. -Library  burnt.  3240 
Natural  recompense  of  o.  2072 

Poverty  punished  as  a  c.  4336 

Preaching  a  c.-Scotland.  4392 

Prevention  vs.  Punishment.  6212 
Profanity  puni shed-Puritans.  4481 
Protection  in  c.  by  corruption.  438 
Reading  the  Bible  a  c.-R.Hunne.572 
Self-punished-Poison.  4225 

Shortens  life-Murder  of  John  XII.66 
Sinless  c. -Jesuits.  1105 

Society  wronged  by  c.  3072 

Unconsciousness  of  c.-Peredeus.  67 

CRIMES. 

Equality  of  c.-Stoics'  doctrIne.*1297 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Ambition-Napoleon.  3395 

Applauded-False  casuistry.  3705 
Degrees  in  c.  overlooked.  3057 

Inconsiderate  of  c.-Napoleon.  3395 
of  Intemperance- Workers.        2921 

See  ADULTERER. 
Advances  of  a.-P.  of  M.  Stuart.3342 
Blot  of  a.-Mahomet.  3242 

Confirmed  a.-James  II.  6222 

Devices  of  a.-Emp.Valentlnlan.2276 
Merciless  punishment  of  a.  3063 
Papal  a.-Pope  John  XII.  4305 

Reparation  by  marriage.  3458 

Royal  a. -Edward  IV.-Wives  of  L  47 
Self-confessed  a.-False.  5177 

Wife  wronged  by  husband.        6068 

See  ADULTERESS. 
Approved  by  husband.  4490 

Arts  of  the  a.-Catherine  Sedley.5054 
in  Bondage  to  a.-James  II.  5054 
Distinguished  a.-Pompadour.  3247 
Influential  a.-Aspaeia.  1256 

Patriotic  a.-Fulvia.  6097 

by  Restraints-Honoria.  3436 

Respected  a.-Aspasla.  6084 

Self-confessed  a.-Q.  of  Spain.  5125 
Strange  charm  of  a.-C.  Sedley.  2842 
Successful  a.-Antonina.  4858 

Victim  of  a.-James  II.  6085 

See  ADULTERY. 
Excused  by  Gabriel-Mahomet's.^63 
Punishment  for  a.-Exiled  by  J.  *64 
Shameless  a.-by  nobility-15  cent.^65 
Vengeance  for  a.-Pope  Jno.  XII.^66 
Victim  of  a.-Peredeus.  ^67 


Common  among  the  Romans. 
Confessed  for  divorce. 
Diverted  evidence  of  a. 
Emasculation  or  death  for  a. 
Evidence  of  a.-Difficult. 
In  High  life-Charles  II. 
Oppressive  a.-Tyrant  Gildo. 
Prerogative  in  a.-Mahomet. 
Shameless-Common-Europe. 

See  ARSON. 
Destruction  by  a.-Chosroes. 


Suspected  of  a.-Nero. 

See  ASSASSIN. 
Honored-Emp.  Caracalla. 


1295 
2188 
1949 
3160 
1931 
3470 
5745 
4210 
3243 

♦324 

1287 

1123 


Honored-Bothwell. 
Married  by  wife  of  victim. 
Motive- History-Names. 
Religious  a.  of  Henry  III. 
Victim,  Mistake  of. 

See  ASSASSINATION. 
Attempted  a.-Louis  Philippe. 
"  "  -Victoria. 

Conspiracy  for  a.-British  Cab. 
Deliverance  by  a.-Henry  III. 
Escape  from  a.-Lincoln. 
Fear  of  a.-Cromwell. 
General  a.  in  Ireland. 
Justifled-Philip  of  Greece. 
Patriotic  a.  of  Caesar. 
Peril  of  a  -Cromwell. 
Remarkable  a.-Cae8ar's. 


2188 
3437 
2052 
1107 
2204 

♦360 
♦361 
*362 
♦36» 
*364 
♦365 
*36e 
♦367 
♦368 
♦369 
♦370 
♦371 


Ambition  provoked  a.  of  Caesar.  184 
Attempted  a.  by  Jesuits.  3009 

"    "       "  301» 

Common-Reign  of  William  I.  1135- 
Denounced  a.-of  Caesar.  2255' 

Disgrace  of  a.-James  II.  462& 

Failure  of  a.-Commodus.  300$ 

by  Government-Richard  III.  3742 
Horrified  by  Caesar's  a.  1138 

Plot  for  a.  of  Elizabeth.  4948 

See  ASSASSINS. 
Hatred  of  a.-Caesar's.  ^372 

Infamous  a.-Lincoln's.  ^373 

Political  a.-Duke  of  Gloucester.2162 
Reaction  of  a.  on  Henry  II.  6145 
Religious  a.-Persia.  ^374 

Resort  to  a.-Nero  and  mother.  1347 
Responsibility  for  a  -Henry  II.  2669 
Revenge  by  a.-J.  Hamilton.  4861 
Scheme  of  wholesale  a.  1140 

"       "  a.-Rosamond's.  67 

"       "  " -Catherine  deM.'s.6066 
Shocking  a.  of  Rizzio.  2687 

Terror  of  a.-Emp.  Augustus.     3891 


Deceived  by  Mahomet.  2495 

Justifled-H.  Dustln-Indian's.  3729 
Partisan  a. -Blue  and  green.  970 
Rebuked  by  f.  honors-Caesar's.  2251 
"  "  "  "  -Lincoln's2254 
Struggle  with  a.-Plzarro.  1068 

Terror  of  a.-Nat'l  panic-Eng.     3982 

See  ASSAULT. 
of  Jealousy-Romans.  2897 

Reparation  for  a..  Cheap.  2868 

Severe  penalty  for  a.-£30,000.    4102 

See  BLACKMAIL. 
Contribution  of  b.  justified.       2008 

See  BRIBE. 

Rejected  by  Nap.-$800,000.         2357 

"        "  patriot-Reed.  4075 

See  BRIBERY. 

Condemned  by  Isaac  Newton.  ♦660 

in  Court-Eng.-for  a  Hearing.    ^661 

Disguised  by  purchase-Eng.      ^668 

Legislative  b.-£5000  for  a  vote.^663 

"         "-Commons.  ^664 

"         "-Scotch  P'rl'm'nt. ♦665 

"         " -Necessary-Eng.  ♦666 

"  -Duke  of  N.  ♦667 

Needy  princes-German  elector8^668 

Occasion  for  b. -Small  pay.        ♦eeo 


804 


CRIMES. 


Papal  b.-Alexander  VI.  *670 

Perilous  b.-Athenians.  *671 

Rejected  by  Samuel  Adams.  *676 

Reproach  of  b.-Demosthenes.  *672 

Resented-Stephen  A.  Douglas.  *673 

Royal  b.-Charles  II.  *674 

Seeming  b. -Russell.  ♦675 


Blot  of  b.-Fraucis  Bacon.  1213, 1216 
Brand  of  b.-"Dunkirk  House."  5963 
Competition  in  b. -Irish  P.  663 

"  "" -Three  kings    668 

Condemned  for  b.-Demos'nes.  1477 
of  Death-Beaufort.  1406 

Disguised  as  Bonus-I.  Newton.  660 
Failure  of  b.-Andre.  1043 

Fear  of  b.  by  Mahomet  II.  202 

Habitual  b.  of  Verres.  1210 

of  Judges  by  Catiline.  1201 

"  Public-Romans.  1208 
Official-Sunderland-Secretary.  2266 
of  Officials  by  Goths.  1209 

Proof  against  b.-Pompey.  2606 

Universal  b.-England.  1212 

Unsuccessful-Andrew  Marvell.1207 
Wealth  by  b.-Sunderland.  1215 

See  BUCCANKER. 
Excused-Sir  Francis  Drake.        902 

See  CALUMNY. 
Instigated-Maximus  Fabius.      *701 
Opposition  by  c.-Chas.  Wesley.*702 


Religious  d.-Welllngton's.        *1750 


Bid  for  c.-Scotch  insurgents.  1947 
Punished-Injuries  in  kind.  3i60 
Shameful  c.  of  physician.  1048 

Victims  of  c.-Knights  Templars.1939 

See  CONSPIRACY. 
Alarming  c.-Reign  of  Wm.  I.  *1135 
Infamous  c.  Royalists,  a.d.1776*1136 
Political  c.-Reign  of  Chas.  II.  *1137 
Unpopular  c.-Catiline's.  *1138 

Unproven  c.-Sir  W.  Raleigh.  *1139 
of  Vice-Catiline's.  *1140 


of  Ambition-Triumviri. 

"  Assassins-British  Cabinet. 

"        "        -Irish  Catholics. 

"        "        -Caesar's. 

"        "        -Lincoln's. 

"  "  -Napoleon-Thirty.  699 
Dangerous  c.  against  C'lumbus.3758 
Defeated  by  a  woman-Fulvia.  6097 
Deteuted-Catiline's.  1554 

of  Discontent-G.  Washington.  2308 
Disclosure  of  c.  refused. 

"  *'  "-Japan. 

Escape  from  c.  by  flight-M. 
Failure  of  c. -Mallet. 
Self-deception  in  c.-Caesar's. 
Successful  c.-Pelopidas. 

"        " -Sicilian  Vespers 
Suspicion  of  a  c.  Needless. 
Warning  of  c,  Ineffective. 
See  CONSPIRATORS. 
Ingrate  c.-Csesar's. 

See  DEFAMATION. 
Punlshed-Titus  Gates. 
See  DUEL. 
Combat  by  d. -Alexander. 
Murder  by  d.-Alex.  Hamilton. *1747 
Naval  d.-Paul  Jones.  *1748 

Proposed  by  monarchs.  *1749 


3234 
3640 
1023 
2195 

1477 
4477 
1340 
165 
6948 

*1141 

1487 

*1746 


Challenge  to  fight  a  d.imaco'pt'd.891 
Combat  by  d.-Generals.  1543 

Trial  by  combat-Gauls.  3054 

War  ended  by  d.-Thebans.         3884 

See  DUELS. 
Inequality  in  d.-J.  Quincy.       ♦1751 

See  FORGERY. 
Confessed-Deed.  ^2192 

Convenient  f. -Emperor  C.  ♦2193 
Delusive  f .-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  *2194 
Perilous  f.-French  officer.        ^2195 


Hands  cut  off.  for  Egypt. 

3160 

Preservation  by  f  .-Assassin. 

1542 

Shameful  f. -An tony. 

1227 

See  FRAUD. 

Gigantic  f.-Soulh  Sea  scheme. *2214 

Governmental  f.-Charles  II. 

♦2215 

Suspicions  of  f  -First  cable. 

♦2216 

in  Trade- 
Alarming 

'  Honest  Leather." 

♦2217 

f. -Forgery. 

1542 

"  Departed  Spirit." 

2363 

Exposed- Antony's. 

2149 

Fishermen's  f.-Antony. 

2149 

Living  by  f.-Beggars. 

5763 

Religious  f. -Images. 

1282 

" 

"  -Weeping  virgin. 

3620 

" 

'  -Grecian  oracle. 

3946 

II 

'  -Holy  Lance. 

4667 

" 

•  -Relics. 

4668 

11 

4669 
4670 

" 

4671 

" 

4672 

" 

4673 
4674 
4675 

"       "       *' 

4676 

Spiritualistic  f.-"  Knock." 

3555 

See  GAMBLING. 

Degraded  by  g.-Charles  Fox. 

♦2265 

"         "  "-Sunderland. 

♦2266 

"         "  "-Coffee Houses. *2267 

Escape  from  g.-Wilberforoe. 

♦2268 

Fashionable  g. -Folly. 

♦2269 

Losses  by  g.-GIbbon. 

♦2270 

Passion  for  g  -Eng.  gentry. 

♦2271 

Pride  in  g.-High  life. 

♦2272 

Ruinous  g. -Oliver  Goldsmith 

♦2273 

"       "  -English  gentry. 

♦2274 

Universal  g.-Crutaders. 

♦2275 

Vice  of  g.- 
Memorial 

-Prolific. 

♦2276 

of  g.-"  Sandwich." 

♦6146 

Ruinous  g.-Edgar  Allan  Poe. 

♦6195 

See  IMPOSITION. 

Artful  i.  of  Alexander. 

♦2753 

Official  i.-Punishment  of  c. 

♦2754 

See  IMPOSTOR. 

Contemptible  i.-Lambert  S. 

♦275S 

Deceived  by  i.  Perkin  W'rb'ck.^2756 

"         "    "-Monmouth. 

♦2757 

Punished-Duke  of  Monmouth.  ♦2758 

Reproved  by  General  Grant. 

♦2759 

See  IMPOSTURE. 

Political  i.-Voice  in  the  wall.^2761 

Rewarded 

-Titus  Gates. 

♦2760 

Duplioated-Titus  Gates. 


8051 


and  Enthusiasm-Mahomet.  1468 
Exposed-Weeping  virgin.  3620 

by  Oracles-Grecian.  3946 

"     -Delphic.  3947 

Supposed  i. -Child  of  James  II.  3913 

See  INCENDIARY. 
Punished  by  fiames-Romans.   ^2772 

See  INCEST. 
by  Marriage  of  relatives.  3454 

See  INFANTICIDE. 
Common  i.  by  misgovemment.  2410 

See  INSULT. 
more  than  Injury-Arabs.  ♦2896 

to  Jealousy-Flogging.  ^2897 

Last  i.-a  Knight's.  *2898 

Political  i.  to  William  Pitt.  *2899 
Rebellion  from  i.-Persians.  ^2900 
Remembrance  of  i.-Cyrus.  ^2901 
Stinging  i.-Colonel  Tarleton.  ^2903 
Unconscious  i.-James  II.  ^2903 


Abusive  i.-Ambassadors. 
Added  to  injury-Barbarians, 
of  Arrogance-Attila-Romans. 

Fancied  l.-Xerxes. 
Humiliation  for  i.-Pope. 
Oversensitive  to  i.-Tyrant. 
Resented  by  Bismarck. 
Stinging  i.-Woman's. 
Unresented-Fear-Alexius. 

See  INSULTS. 
Argument  by  i.-Johnson. 
with  Misfortune-James  II. 


4444 

250 

321 

322 

320 

249 

2527 

3359 

3489 

757 

♦8904 
♦3905 


Authorized  for  cowards.  1280 

Cruelty  provoked  by  i.-Ind's.  2074 
Public  l.-Cromwell  to  Parliam't.410 
Reparation  for  i..  Cheap.  2868 

Women's  i.  to  cowards.  6128 

See  KIDNAPPING, 
by  Gtovemment  of  England.     ♦3076 


Common  crime-Eng.  Colonies.  2403 

See  LIBEL. 
Trials  for  l.-William  Hone.       +3203 


Anonymous  l.-Milton. 
False  accusation  of  1. 
Indifferent  to  l.-Frederick  II. 
Press  prosecuted  for  1. 

See  MATRICIDE. 
Infamous  m.  by  Nero. 

See  MURDER. 
Atrocious  m.-Parmenio. 
of  Innocents-Richard  III. 


1165 
3049 
5299 
4436 
4438 

8743 
1110 

♦3741 
♦3742 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Atonement  for  m.-Money.         3278 
Diabolical  m.  of  A.  Lincoln.        373 
Duellist's  m.-A.  Hamilton.         1747 
Excusable-Persecution.  4122 

Government  provide  funeral-E  8160 
Indignation  at  m.  of  Becket.  3505 
Intentional  m.-Frederick  Wm.  3389 
Justifiable  m.  by  Capt.  J.  Smith.  80 
Legal  m.-Execution  of  J.of  Arc.1726 
Licensed  by  legislation.  3273 

Mania  for  m.-King  Cambyses.   2881 
"       "    " -Scott's  nurse.       2888 


CRIMES. 

805 

Murder  for  m.-Rosamond. 

1292 

See  PROSTITUTES. 

Deterred-Benjamin  Abbott. 

*5423 

Passionate  m.-Insanity-^sop 

.  40:v>2 

Dress  of  p.-Luxurious. 

4611 

Dyspeptic's  escape  by  s. 

*5424 

Reaction  against  m. -Caesar's. 

4316 

Rule  of  p.-Papal  chair. 

3986 

Escape  by  s.-Demosthenes. 

*5425 

Remorse  for  passionate  m. 

4021 

Wives  made  p. -Gothic. 

1209 

Glorification  of  s.-Stoics. 

*5420 

Revenged  by  daughter. 

6056 

See  RAPE. 

Mania  for  s.-William  Cowper 

♦5427 

Reward  for  m.-Necklace. 

1343 

Attempted  r.-  Joan  of  Arc. 

♦4616 

Philosophic  s. -Marcus. 

•5438 

Shocked  by  Lincoln's  m.-So'ty.3»iu 

Remorseful  s.-Mrs.  Shelley. 

*5429 

Slow  m.  of  T.  Overbury. 

4226 

by  Stratagem- Valentinian. 

2276 

Vengeance  for  m.-Mary  Stuart.5784 

Vengeance  for  r.-Catherine. 

5786 

Attempted  by  Cowper.      2691 

,  2883 

See  MURDERCER. 

Victim  of  r.  by  soldiers. 

6113 

at  Command  of  ruler. 

3843 

Painful  hospitality  to  a  m. 

2645 

War  caused  by  r. 

5910 

by        "         -forty  Wives. 

1410 

Remorse  of  m. -Alexander. 

1744 

See  REBELLION. 

of  the  Defeated  Cimbrians. 

1550 

Self-exposed  m.-Abbott. 

1080 

Constructive  r.-Maximilian. 

*4625 

for  Disgrace- Lucre tia. 

5786 

Smitten  of  God-Godwin. 

2496 

Prevented  r.-Scotland. 

*4626 

Fanatic's  s.-Religious. 

3506 

Wholesale  m.-Caracalla. 

1096 

Small  r.-Rhode  Island. 

*4627 

Intentional  s.-Youthful  W. 

1668 

See  MURDERESS. 

Soap  r.-England. 

*4628 

Intimidated-Nero. 

1270 

Murdered-Agrippina. 

See  MUTILATION. 

*3743 

Whiskey  r.-Pennsylvania. 

*4629 

Paradise  gained  by  s. 

1416 

Preparation  for  s.-Shelley. 

3345 

of  Agriculturists  by  Theodorlc.  164 

of  Army  against  bad  food. 

1963 

' -Fred.IL 

3632 

by  Cowards-Romans. 

5240 

Catholic  r.  in  Maryland. 

5642 

Prevented  s.-Alexander's. 

4021 

Punishment  by  m. -Scots. 

5791 

Causes  of  r.-Confederacy. 

5888 

Refuge  from  famine  in  s. 

2015 

Revenge  by  m. -Coventry. 

4857 

Disgrace  from  r. -Clarendon. 

1537 

"          "     adversity  in  s. 

5420 

Self-m.  for  deception. 

5348 

Forced  to  r.-Parl.  by  James  II.  3853 

Required-ex-Officer-Turk. 

3866 

Soldiers  supported  by  State. 

5243 

V  Forfeiture  of  p.  by  rebellion. 

439 

Soldier's  s.-Roman. 

1404 

See  MUTINY. 

Hostility  to  r.-Pompey. 

377 

"       "  -Antony. 

1405 

Courage  against  m.-Caesar. 

■►3756 

Incipient  r.-Am.  Revolution. 

3525 

Temptation  to  s.-Melancholy 

1179 

Cruel  m. -Henry  Hudson. 

*3757 

"        "  Boston  Tea  Party 

3526 

S«e  SWINDLER. 

by  Disappointment-Columbus.  ""STSS 

from  Insult-Persians. 

2900 

Royal  s.  Henry  VI. 

•5487 

Reform  by  m.-Britlsh  navy. 

*3759 

Sin  of  r.  taught. 

3824 

"     "      "       VIII. 

*5488 

of  Sailors-British  navy. 

*3760 

of  Slaves-Romans. 
Soap  rebellion- Women. 

5200 
6131 

"     "   Richard  I. 

*5489 

See  TRAITOR. 

Quelled  by  General  Jackson. 

1963 

against  Tyranny-Jacquerie. 

5737 

Political  t.-Mr.  Huske. 

•5674 

Sailors'  m.-Columbus'. 

1940 

Vengeance  after  r. -Peter. 

2875 

Punished  by  mother. 

♦5675 

Unparalleled  m.-Scottish  s'ld 

rs.306 

See  REBELS. 

Shameless  t.-Sunderland. 

♦5676 

See  NUISANCE. 

Punished  with  Monmouth. 

*4630 

Perpetuated  n.  in  London  filth.*3824 

"            "     Temugin. 

*4631 

Indignation  toward  t.-Am.  Rev.2795 

See  PARRICIDE. 

Infamy  of  t.-Name  changed. 

3764 

Crime  of  p.  "  impossible." 

'*4006 

Denounced  as  r.,  Falsely-Ind 

8.4331 

for  Revenge-Coriolanus. 

6101 

Punishment  of  p. 

♦4007 

See  SEDUCTION. 
Avenged  on  Cariuus. 

*5073 

See  TREACHERY. 

Base  t. -Philip  VI. 

♦5690 

Youthful  p.-Boys  10  years  old 

.   1295 

by  Promises-Henry  VIII. 

*5074 

Consummate  t.-Charles  IL 

•5691 

See  PECULATION. 

Punishment  of  s.-Constantlne.'''5075 

Gold  for  t.-Benedict  Arnold. 

♦5692 

OfiQcial  p.-Small  pay. 

669 

Message  of  t.-Emp.  Alexander 

*t-  nnn 

.•5693 

See  PERJURY. 

Punished  severely-Aurelian. 

4578 

Punishment  of  p.-Judicial. 

♦4112 

Ruinous  scheme  of  s.  of  P. 

67 

Conquest  by  t.-Sextus  over  Q 

.       42 

Punished  with  death.                  5219 
Shameful  p.  of  "Dick"  Talbot.6032 

See  SLANDER. 
Defence  from  s. -Napoleon  I. 
from  Envy-John  Bunyan. 

*5170 
*5171 

in  Court-Criminal. 
Diplomatic  t.  English. 
Disguised-Caesar's  assassins. 

5833 
1752 
1478 

See  PIRACY. 

Fine  for  8.-8500,000. 

♦5172 

"        -Friendship. 

2243 

Ancient  English  p. 

*4185 

Opposition  by  s.-J.  Wesley. 

*5173 

of  Friend-Brutus  vs.  Caesar. 

2852 

Persecutors  s.-Constantine. 

*5174 

"       "     -Francis  Bacon. 

2857 

National  p.-Eng.  and  Prance. 

986 

of  Piety-Richard  Baxter's. 

"►5175 

Friendship's  t.-Dick  Talbot. 

3202 

See  PIRATES. 

Punished  by  James  I. 

*5176 

Infamous  t.-Am.  Revolution. 

1136 

Connivance  with  p. -Gov't. 

'*4186 

Rewarded-Dick  Talbot. 

*5177 

"         "-Pausanias. 

8724 

Period  of  p.-Romans. 

♦4187 

Victim  of  s. -Columbus. 

*5178 

Ingrate's  t.-Burton. 
Massacre  by  t. 

2850 

3520 

Conniving  with  p.-Romans. 

1298 

Abusive  s.  of  Nap.  by  Britons 

24 

National  t.-England  to  France.   986 

"              "     "  -English. 

2434 

of  Americans  by  Sam.  Johnson.  214 

Office  by  t.-Eteocles. 

3884 

Contempt  of  p.-Roman. 

1144 

Inconsistency  of  s.-Nap.  I.  by  E.  24 

Official  t.  to  Columbus. 

3900 

Government  Indifferent  to  p.- 

E.2440 

Victim  of  s.-Cromwell  "  King 

"3893 

Proof  against  t.-Belisarius. 

2128 

Impunity  of  p.-Bribery. 

1210 

"       "  "-Bolivar. 

4044 

"       "  -Patriot. 

4068 

Tribute  to  p.  -Algerine. 

5711 

See  SLANDERS. 

Proposal  of  t.  rebuked. 

4075 

See  PROSTITUTE. 

Vile  s.  against  primitive  ch. 

♦5179 

Proverbial  -"  Word  of  a  king 

"2041 

Distinguished  p.-Theodora. 

'*4.533 

See  SMUGGLING. 

Shameful  t.-Agathocles. 

1538 

Fined  In  England. 

*5216 

Twarted  by  exposure. 

351& 

Expensive  p.-Charles  IL 

6083 

Umpire's  t.-Edward  I. 

5746- 

Honored  p.-Empress  Theodora.3191 

Prevention  of  s.,  Ineffective. 

1558 

See  TREASON. 

"        "  Goddess  of  Reason.  4624 

See  SUICIDE. 

Cry  of  t.-Patriok  Henry. 

•5694 

Power  of  p.-Political-Louis  X  V.6079 

Averted  s.-Napoleon  I. 

•6420 

Defined-England . 

•5695 

"      "  "  -Pompadour. 

6080 

Cause  of  s.-Samuel  Johnson. 

■^5421 

Incipient  t.-War  of  1812. 

*569d 

Rule  of  p.-Poppsea. 

4373 

Cowardice  of  s.-Am.  Indians 

•5422 

Punishment  of  t.-Romans. 

•5697 

806 


CRIMINAL— CRUELTY. 


Retribution  of  t.-Romans.        *5698 

Atrocious  crime  of  t.  4576 

False  charge  of  t.-French  Caths.448 
Official  t.-Ctias.  II.  bribed  by  F.  674 
2007 
4109 
6101 
2569 


a  Pretext  for  extortion. 
by  Resentment-Bourbon. 
"  "         -C.  Marcius. 

Tarnished  by  t.-B.  Arnold. 

See  TRESPASS. 
Revenue  for  t.,  Severe. 

See  SLAVERY  in  loo. 

CRIITIINAIi. 

Monster  c. -Catiline. 


3067 


*1295 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Controlling  gov't  by  money.  2434 

Enthroned-executed.  3678 

Honored  c.-Claude  Duval.  4983 

Monster  c.-Emp.  Caracalla.  1123 

Royal  c.-Nero.  4965 

Unarrested  through  fear-C.  2462 

Warning  of  c.-Scaffold.  512 

CRIMINALS. 

Branded-Clerical  c.branded  M.*1296 
Cleri(;al  c  favored -England.  *1297 
Conniving  with  c.-Gov't  with.  *1298 
Haunts  of  c.-London-Frlar's  h.*1299 
Honored-Highlander's  pay  r.  *]300 
Protection  from  c.-Police,  1780.  *1301 
Rule  of  c.  over  o.-Bridewell  p.*1302 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Cruelty  to  c.-England.  1339 

Emigrant  c.-New  France.  1864 

Escape  of  c.  by  exile.  4659 

Fictitious  c.-Christians.  4140 

by  Heredity-Caesar's  family.  2072 

Indulgence  to  c,  Stain  of.  4824 

Leniency  to  c.-Burns.  1552 

Partiality  to  c.  inf  ormers-J.  919 

Power  over  c.-John  Howard.  541 

Sanctuary  refuge  for  c.  4659 

State  endangered  by  c.  5324 

Torture  of  c.-France.  5648 
See  PRISON  and  PRISONER  in  loo. 

CRIPPLE. 

Cross-reference. 

Distinguished  c.-Timour.  615 

See  LAMENESS. 

Fever  brings  1.  to  W.  Scott.  2882 

Wounds  bring  l.-Timour.  6171 

CRISIS. 

Equal  to  the  c.-Cromwell. 


•1303 


Cross-reference. 
Resolution  at  the  c.-Devereux.    651 

See  EMERGENCY. 
Deliverance  in  e.-Wm.  P.  of  0.*1862 

See  EXTREMITY. 
Desperate  e.-Siege  of  Rome.    *2015 
Miserable  e.-Britons-Romans.  *2016 

CRITIC. 

at  Church-Lord  Geo.  Sackville.*1304 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Honest  c.-Philoxenus.  4217 

Inconsiderate  c.-J.  Adams.        2342 
Negative  c.-Carlyle.  4654 

Rebuked  by  time-Johnson.        2322 


Specialty-Snobs-Thackeray. 
Uninformed  c.  of  princes. 
CRITICISM. 

Aroused  by  c.-Lord  Byron. 
Directed- Alcibiades. 
Feared- William  Cowper. 
Good  c. -Samuel  Johnson. 
Ignored  by  Abraham  Lincoln. 
Mania  for  c.-Snobbism-T. 
Opposition  by  o.-Palmerston. 
Requests  for  c.-S.  Johnson. 
Silenced  by  tyranny-Dionysius, 
Undisturbed  by  c.-Plato. 


3534 
3634 

♦1305 
*1306 
♦1307 
♦1308 
*1309 
♦1310 
*1311 
*1312 
*1313 
♦1314 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bitterness  of  political  c.  4235 

Compliment  of  c. -Johnson.  3937 
Corrected  by  the  masses-P.  P.  168 
Expected  by  authors-Johnson.  406 
vs.  Fame  in  the  future.  2056 

Imperilled  by  small  c. -Lincoln.  99 
Mania  for  c. -Thackeray.  3534 

Modesty  in  c. -Socrates.  3563 

Post-mortem  c.-Egyptians.  2252 
Praise  corrected  by  c.-Post-m.  2256 
Preferred  to  indifference-A.  405 
Resented  by  Commodus.  1591 

Rules  Inapplicable  to  Sh'k'sp're.3309 
-avage  c.  of  Johnson.  3593 

Stimulated  by  suppression.  2554 
Stinging  c.  of  Voltaire-F.'sp'try.403 
Unaffected  by  c.-Cicero.  1025 

CROAKING. 

of  Degeneracy-Eng.  Puritans.  *1315 
Habit  of  c.  about  the  weather.*1316 

See  GRUMBLING, 
over  Failures  of  Ad.  Nelson.    *2490 

CROSS. 
Emblems  of  the  Christian  o.     *1317 
Protection  of  the  c. -Roman  L.*1318 
Recovered-Holy  relic  from  P.  *1319 
Victory  by  the  c.-Constantine.*1320 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Charmed  c.-"  Agnus  Del."  783 

Fraudulent  c. -Relics.  4672 

Peace  by  the  blood  of  the  c.  1175 
Precious  relics  of  the  c.  4672 

Relic  of  the  c. -Nails-Spear.  1047 
Rival  c.-"  Indulgence  Cross."  827 
Saved  by  the  c.-Whitefield.  4770 
True  0.  captured  by  Persians.  324 
Victory  by  sign  of  c.-Con.  1721 

CROWN. 
Composite  c.  of  Napoleon  I.    ♦1321 
Declined  by  Cromwell.  *1322 

"         "  Caesar.  *1323 

of  Honor-Roman  civic  c.  *1324 

"  Merit-Roman  poet.  *1325 

Self-imposed  c.  by  Napoleon.  *1326 
Theft  of  c.  of  Eng.  by  Col.  B.  *1327 
Transferred-Romans.  *1328 

Troublesome  c.  of  D.-Envy.     *1329 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Carelessness  endangers  c.-F.  V.4201 
Corruptible-Incorruptible.         4692 
Declined  by  Amurath  II.  3869 

"   Belisarius.  2128 

Desired-Vanlty-Peril.  3963 


Dishonored  c-  Kicked  off.  2663 

for  Labor-Abdolonymous.  3122 

Precious  c.-Holy  c.  of  thorns.  4673 

Sorrowful  heart,  Covers.  6063 

Tarnished  by  crime.  3742 

of  Thorns-Sacred  relic.  4676 

Unworn  c.-Godfrey.  3556 

OROYFNS. 

Iron  and  gold-Charles  rv.  *1330 


Cross-reference. 
Multiplied-27  for  Timour.  6184 

CRUCIFIXION. 

Modem  c.  In  India.  *1331 


Cross-references. 
Agony  of  c,  Great. 
Honored  after  c. -Jesus. 


148 
1321 


CRUELTY. 

Aristocratic  c.  of  Norman  G.  *133jr 
Atrocious  c.  of  Roman  Emp.C.*1333 
Barbarian  c.-Thurlngians-  *1334 
Bloodless  c.  of  Michael  P.  *1335 
Catholic  c.  to  Protestants  in  I.*1336 
of  Civilization  to  Am.  Indians. *1338 
to  Children  by  Timour  the  T.  *1337 
"  Criminals  in  Eng.  a.d.  1531.  *1339 
for  c. -Sicilian  Vespers'  m.  *1340 
EnjojTuent  of  o.  by  Romans.  *1341 
Exquisite  c.  of  Emp.  Basil.  *1342 
Female  c.  of  Constantina.  *]343 
"       "  "  Theodora.  *1344 

of  Govemment.-Henry  VIII.    *1345 
"  "  to  prisoners.     *1346 

Inherited  c.  of  Nero.  *1347 

Inhuman  c.  of  Phocas  the  t.  ♦1348 
Love  of  c.  by  Scythians.  *1349 

Maternal  c.  of  Spartans.  *1350 

Merciless  c.  of  Napoleon.  *1351 

Monster  of  c.-R.Emp.  Caligula. *1352 
Natural  c.-Samuel  Johnson.  *1353 
Passion  of  c.-Emp.  Commodus. *1354 
Pleasure  In  c. -Lucius  Qumtius.*1355 
to  Prisoners-Black  Hole  of  C.  *1356 
in  Punishment-Andronicus.  *1357 
Reaction  of  c. -Nero's.  *1358 

Refined  c.-Sylvanus  mass'cr'd.*13o9 
Religious  c. -Crusaders.  •1360 

Remorse  from  c.-Clotaire.  *1361 
Royal  0.  of  Constantino  V.  *1362 
Sectarian  c.  of  G.  toward  L.  *1363 
Shameful  c.  of  Jas.  II.  to  rebs.*1364 
of  Slavery-Lacedaem'n'nsto  H.*1365 
Taught  to  Spartan  youth.  *1366 
Terrible  c.  of  Timour  the  T.  •1367 
"  "  *1368 
Undetested  by  Roman  S.  *1369 

Victor's  c.-Emp.  Gallknus.  *1370 
in  War-Timour-4000  buried  a.  *1371 
"  "  to  non  combatants-C.  *13~2 
to  Woman-Queen  Brunehaut.  *1373 
in  Worship  of  Ancient  Druids.*1374 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Ambition  -Roman  Triumviri.  198 
"         "       -Fred.-7  Years'  War.208 
"         "       -Irene  to  Leo.  180 

"         "       -Mahomet  III.  4967 

Amusement  by  c.  to  animals.     223 
Animals  appeal  to  gods  from  c.  219 


CRUELTY. 

807 

/to  Animals-Norman  G. 

1332 

of  Good  principles. 

1121 

to  Prisoners-London. 

4467 

"         "       -Marksmen. 

3430 

Growth  of  a.-Star-Chamber. 

1255 

-"The  Fleet." 

4469 

by         "       -Cats. 

4803 

Judicial  a.-Jeffreys. 

1842 

"        "       -England. 

5183 

of  Avarice-Rebels. 

439 

Political  a.  for  effect. 

4233 

Religious  i.  of  persecutors. 

2557 

Barbarian  c.-Slaughter. 

5180 

Reformation  of  a.-Hopeless. 

4253 

of  Superstition-Lepers  bumed.4418 

Beggars  treated  with  o.-Soots 

5893 

Self-applied  in  preaching. 

1234 

-Sylla. 

5452 

Brutal  m.  of  agriculturists  by  T.164 

vs.  Use-Money. 

6755 

in  War-Romans. 

59ia 

•of  Chivalry-Black  Prince. 

1260 

See  AGONY. 

See  MASSACRE. 

Christianity  corrects  c.-Komans.835 

Crucifixion-"  Highest  lUus." 

*148 

Evidence-m.  of  Crusaders. 

*3513 

.and  Counesy-Chivalry. 

5229 

Delight  in  gladiator's  a. 

108 

General  m.  in  war. 

*351f, 

Cowardice  of  c.-Nero. 

1270 

Indifference  to  a. -Inhuman. 

1362 

Immense  m. -70,000  Romans. 

*351S 

Disclaimed,  yet  practical. 

4543 

Pleasure  In  a.  of  dying. 

1368 

by  Mob  in  Paris. 

i'3514 

Exhibited  in  mercy-James  II. 

3997 

Mental  a.-Josephine's  divorce 

.  1699 

of  Patriots-Boston. 

*3517 

Jlxterminating  c.-Csesar's. 

5181 

Mocked-Martyrs. 

1358 

Prevented-Jamestown,  Va. 

*3518 

Failure  of  c  -Persecution. 

4617 

See  BRUTALITY. 

Punished  by  m.-War. 

♦3615 

Female  c.-Fredegonda. 

6109 

of  Persecutors  to  Rev.  R.  Hill 

*679 

by  Treachery-Thessalonica. 

*352« 

"      "  -Parysatis. 

6048 

Wholesale  m.-300,000  people. 

*3521 

"     "-"  Bloody"  Mary, 
of  Govemment^Floyd. 

6073 
4568 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

^sthetlcal  b.  of  Romans.     102,  103 

Brutal  m.-Caracalla. 

1333 

"           "          -Aurelian. 

1543 

in  Amusements  in  old  England.  218 

of  Captives  by  Franks. 

133H 

fleathen  gods-Odin. 

2380 

"            "            of  Romans. 

219 

"  Christlans-90,000. 

82i 

i»y  Heredity-Nero. 

1347 

"            "          -Normans. 

1332 

Depopulated  by  m.-Bagdad. 

1367 

.<          .i              .< 

2072 

"  '        "          -R.  Gladiators 

204 

Drink  causes  m.-Indians. 

2940 

of  Indifference-Caesar. 

2793 

-R.  Circus. 

223 

Immense  m. -Timour. 

58m 

Ineffective  c.-Persecution. 

4129 

of  Ancestors  overlooked. 

1334 

"        "  by  Caesar. 

5181 

"        "  to  Bishop  Mark. 

883 

Barbaric  b.-American  Indians 

.3508 

Inconsiderate  m.  by  Scythians.  1349 

to  the  Innocent- Alexander. 

6175 

Barbarous  b.  of  Fulk  the  Black.  106 

Indignation  expressed  at  m. 

4539 

"    "   inoffensive  Arcadians. 

448 

of  Chivalry-Edward  I. 

815 

Inhuman  m.  of  workmen-B. 

687 

with  Misfortune-Am.  Indians 

8629 

Common  b.-Old  England. 

2860 

"    "          '«          " 

688 

Mob  c. -Draft  riot,  New  York. 

3646 

in  Court-Jeffreys. 

3048 

by  Law-Lacedaemonian  slaves.  1365 

Monster  in  c.-Mahomet  III. 

4967 

to  Criminals-Shocking. 

2205 

"  Persecutors-Catholic. 

4123 

Monument  of  c.-90,000  heads. 

5920 

Diet  of  flesh-Attila. 

2174 

"          "          -Ireland. 

4132 

I^ational  c.-Spaniards. 

3789 

Executioner's  b.-Monmouth. 

1979 

Prevented  by  informer. 

1006 

Opposition  of  Puritans  to  bear 

C.222 

Execution  of  rebels. 

1980 

of  Protestants-Duke  of  Guise-V.508 

Persecutor's  c.-100,000  victims 

4120 

by  Famine-Athenians. 

2076 

"          "          -Com.  by  Pius  V.  588 

"          "toJews,  R.  I. 

4122 

Indignation  at  b.-Popular. 

3048 

Religious  m.  by  Crusaders. 

4705 

"          savage-Cath. 

4123 

Lawless  b.  of  Cambyses. 

2881 

"          "  of  prisoners. 

ViiJO 

"          c.-England. 

8557 

to  Martyrs-Nero. 

3509 

"          "  -Latins  by  Greeks.  1363 

Pleasure  obtained  by  c. 

3943 

Parental  b.-Fred.  William  I. 

3389 

Small  beginning  of  m.-"  S.  V 

"     29 

iPunishment  by  c.  to  Garibaldi 

.    230 

"         "      '*            '*       *' 

5741 

Terrible  m.-"  Sicilian  "Vespers 

."1340 

lieaction  of  c.-English. 

3972 

Professional  b.-Jeffreya. 

1994 

Unprovoked  m  -Jews  by  ApoU.  6166 

"          "  "-Guises. 

4617 

Vengeance  in  b.-"  Roses." 

5794 

in  War-Walienstein. 

6884 

"          "  "-Jeffreys. 

4843 

in  War-Magdeburg. 

5884 

"    "    -Paris,  A.D.  1418. 

5885 

"          "  "-Commodus. 

5743 

"      "  -Indiscriminate. 

5885 

See  MASSACRES. 

Record  of  c.-Emp.  Augustus's  e.220 

See  EXTERMINATION. 

Religious-French  Revolution. 

♦3522 

in  Religious  persecution. 

2555 
4705 

War  of  e.-Queen  Anne's. 

*1999 
4123 

See  MONSTER. 
Moral  m.-Alexander. 

iReligious  c. -Crusaders. 

by  Persecution-Albigenses. 

1456 

Remembrance  of  c.-Jeffreys. 

3767 

of  Soldiers-Nervii-Maubeuge. 

8130 

-tjanguia. 

1352 

Reputation  for  c  -Nero's  father.  1532 

See  GLADIATORS. 

'       "  -Caracalla. 

1383 

•of  Resentment-Alexander. 

4798 

Courage  of  despair. 

1835 

'       "  -Catiline. 

189S 

"  Sailors'  mutiny-Hudson. 

3757 

Instruction  of  g.  in  brutality-R.  102 

'       "  -Constanthie  V. 

1362 

Sanctified  by  religion-Turks. 

1 

Introduction  of  g.  to  Rome. 

974 

'       "  -Napoleon. 

152& 

"Shameful  c.  of  Spaniards. 

2861 

Suppression  of  exhib.  of  g.-M 

835 

'       "  -Nero. 

1887 

Tyrannical  c.  to  aged. 

5734 

See  INHUMANITY. 

1847 

'Wanton  c.  of  Cambysea. 

8881 

Commercial  i.-Old  slaves. 

*2859 

1359 

In  War-Alexander  at  Tyre. 

4798 

of  Man  to  man.-England. 

♦2860 

*       "  -Timour. 

1387 

of  War-Scotland. 

"    "    -Timour. 

"    "    -Turks, 
•to  Women-Jeffreys. 

5893 
6894 
5895 
2862 

"    "      "      "     -Spain. 
Professional  i.-Jeffreys. 
Revenge  for  l.-Pestilence. 

*2861 
*2862 
*8863 

See  SLAUGHTER. 
Barbarous  8.-58,000  Carth'g'n's 
Exterminating  s.  of  Germans. 

1368 

.*5180 
*5181 

"  Woman's  revenge-Parysatl8.4855 

Age  of  1.  to  criminals. 

2656 

See  ABUSE. 

Avarice  causes  i.-15th  century 

.  426 

Authorized  by  Jesuits. 

1082 

Absence  of  a  -Savage's. 

•22 

to  Beggars-Punishment. 

2703 

in  Battle- Asians. 

308 

Personal  a.  of  Milton. 

*23 

"  Children-Jeffreys'  court- 

803 

"    -100,000  at  Fontenay. 

920 

Glanderous  a.-Napoleon  L 

♦24 

Christian  1.  to  pagans. 

1050 

See  TORTURB. 

Success  by  a. -Political. 

♦25 

of  Commerce-Famine. 

2002 

of  Criminals  in  Franc* 

♦5648 

"          "        -Slave-trade. 
Excnsed-Publio  safety. 

1116 

Punishment  by  t.-Boot. 
Terrible  t. -Garibaldi. 

•5649 
♦5650 

Ts.  Arguments-Johnson. 

2904 

5008 

K>f  the  Blind-Milton. 

23 

of  Government-Bateman. 

540 

Testimony  by  t.-J.  Howard. 

♦5661 

"  Countrymen-London. 

1231 

to  Indians-Explorers. 

908 

^Exposure  of  a.-Applti8, 

1865 

of  Persecutors-Convenantera. 

658 

Ba 

rbarous  t.  by  Indiana. 

8508 

808 


CRUSADERS— DANGER. 


of  Captives  by  Thuringians.  1334 
Confessions  by  t. -Inquisition.  2877 
Defiant  of  t.-Martyrs.  3502 

3503 
Deserved  by  Titus  Gates.  4565 

Devices  of  t.-Englisli  barons.  2456 
by  Executioners-Parysatis.  6048 
Fortitude  in  t.-Am  Indians.  1426 
of  Martyrs  by  Nero.  3509 

••    Arians.  4113 

Medical  t.-Deatii  of  Clias.  II.  4171 
Overcome  by  religion.  2098 

by  Persecutors-to  Irish  P.  1386 

of  Prisoners-Buried  to  neck.  1368 
Prolonged  t.  of  martyrs  4133 

Testimony  by  t  -Mexican  Emp.  714 

CRUSADERS. 
Numerous  o.-Six  millions.        *1375 
Origin  of  c.-Peter  the  Hermlt.*1376 

Sinners  for  c.-First  Crusade.    *6163 
CRCJSADES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Craze  of  c.-Sacriflces.  3411 

Credulity  of  c.  5850 

Loss  of  life-Two  million.  3238 

CUIiTURE. 

Improvement  by  c.-Germany.*1877 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Age  of  c.  lost-Arabians.  3783 

Moral  c.-Pity  acquired.  1353 

VB.  Morality-Union  Impossible.  3707 

Unrefined  by  c.-Milton's  enemy.  23 

See  CIVILIZATION,  KDUCATION, 

AND  INTELLIGENCE 

in  loo. 

CURE. 

Imaginary  c.-Mohammedans.  *1378 
Superstitious  c.-King's  evil.     *1379 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

by  Falth-Bunyan's  wife.  2032 

"      "    -Pascal's  niece.  3625 

"      "    -Monks-False.  3626 

See  MEDICINE. 

Advance  In  m.-England.  *3550 

Aversion  to  m.-Washlngton.  ^3551 

Discarded  m.  by  Napoleon  I.  *3552 

School  of  m.-Flrst-Salerno.  *3553 


Confidence  in  m.-Alexander.     1048 
Dangerous  m.-Alexander.  5449 

See  PHYSICIAN. 
Empirical  p.-Successful.  ♦4168 

Mythological  p.-.iEsculapius.   *4169 


Bombastic  p.-Menecrates. 
Intimidated  by  danger. 
Invention  by  p.-Pit-lron. 
Neglected  by  Gibbon. 
Practice  lost  by  religion. 
Quack  p. -Charles  II. 
Sacrifices  of  p. -Benevolence. 
Studious  p.-Dr.  Harvey. 
Vanity  rebuked-Menecrates. 

See  PHYSICIANS. 
Commlngllng-Death  of  C.  II. 
Disagreement  of  p.-Charles  11. 


Predictions  of  p.-Fallure. 
Quackery  punlshed-Cato's. 


618 
1048 
2985 
3260 
1036 
4588 
540 
628 
5779 

*4170 
♦4171 

3599 

4587 


See  REMEDIES. 
Nature's  r.-Alr,  sunshine,  etc.  2691 
Quack  r.-Superstltlon.  1283 

See  REMEDY, 
by  Force-Chinese.  *4758 

Strange  r. -Walling.  *4759 


for  the  Demonlzed.  1566 

Superstitious  r.-Pestllence.  5443 

"           "-Religious.  5455 
CURES. 

Fanciful  c. -Queen  Anne.  ♦ISSO 

Fraudulent  c. -Queen  Anne.  *1381 

See  DISEASE  in  loc. 

CURIOSITIES. 

Indifference  to  c.-Gen.  Grant.  *1382 
CURIOSITY. 

Destructive  c.-Empedocles.     *1383 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Absence  of  c.-Dr.  Harvey.  628 

Awakens  the  intellect-Disc' v'r'g.912 
Dangerous  c.-Vice.  1171 

Dangers  of  c.-Flood-Legend.  3545 
Infatuation  of  curiosity.  6050 

Knowledge  by  c.-Peter  the  G.  6206 
Morbid  c.-Executlon-Wm.  P.  2885 
Solemn  c.-Llncoln's  remains.    2254 

CURRENCY. 

In  Salt-Abyssinlans.  *1384 

See  MONEY  in  loc. 

CUSTOM. 

Reign  of  c.-Ducklng  female  p.*1385 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Eating-English.  1761 

"       "     -Roman.  1762 

Law  of  c.-Hospltallty.  2648 

Nauseating  c.-Use  of  tobacco.  3368 
Power  of  c.-Irlsh  kings.  719 

"       "" -Civilization  of  Inds.904 
See  FASHION. 
Depreciated  by  f.-Sclence.       *2102 
Dlsregarded-BenJ.  Franklhi.    *2103 
Struggle  for  French  f.  *2104 


Absurdity  of  popular  f .  419 

Discomfort  in  f.  2184 

in  Pleasure- Watering-place.  4205 
Power  of  f.-Tobacco-James  I.  5634 

Uurestrained  by  law.  1734 

See  HABIT. 

Power  of  h.,  Civilization  by.  *2497 


Acquired  h.  of  avarice.  425 
Confirmed,  Licentious  h.-J.  II.  6222 

Disgusting  h. -Eating.  2183 

Hardened  by  h.-Tlmour.  1337 

Nervous  h.-Parlng  nails.  3807 

Prevarication  by  h.-Chas.  II.  5729 

See  HABITS. 

Bondage  of  h.-Vlce.  6085 

"         "  "  -James  II.  5054 

Healthful  h.  of  J.  Wesley.  :i38 

Necessitate  amusement.  3295 

See  MANNERS. 

Blunt  m.-Dlogenes.  ♦3415 

Changed-Romans.  ^3416 

Effects  of  m.-Well-Ill-bred.  ♦3417 

'•       "   "  -Sam'l  Johnson.  ♦ailS 


Neglected-Samuel  Johnson's.  ♦3419 
Plain  m.-G.  Fox,  Quaker.  *342(> 
Unrefined  m.-S  Johnson's.  ♦S421 
Urbane  m.  of  Charles  II.  ^3422 


Affected  by  language.  3132^ 

Awkward  and  aglle-Shelley.  443- 
Blunt  m.  of  William  III.  4229 

Brutal  m.-Frederick  II.  2551 

Chivalrous  m. -Black  Prince.  2336 
Contrasted-Athenlans  vs.  L.  3790 
Corrupted  m. -destroy  Rome.  370^ 
Deceptive  m.-Suuderland.  2967 
Demoralized  by  bad  phllos'phy.4194 
Eccentric  m.-Samuel  Johnson.  2310 
2311 
Endangered  by  wealth.  3654 

too  Familiar  m.-J.  Hogg.  2061 

Imitation  of  m.-J.  Hogg.  2061 

Plain  m.-Mrs.  Pres't  Jackson.  5215 
Simplicity  of  ra.-Mother  of  W.  2786 
Training  In  m.-Effectlve.  S670 

Unrefined  m.  of  Cromwell.  262 

Unrestrained  m. -Perilous.  2062 

See  USAGE. 
not  Law,  Ecclesiastical.  ^5754 

DAMAGES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Excessive  d.  for  defam't'n-J.II.148T 
Scale  of  d.-Personal.  286r 

See  INJURIES. 
Forgetful  of  I. -Caesar.  ♦2865 

Redressing  l.-Knights.  ♦2866 

Reparation  for  i.-Laws.  ♦2867 

"  "  "  -Romans.        ♦2868 

Sensitiveness  to  I. -Voltaire.     ^2869 


Reparation  for  official  l.-S.  H.      41 
Unresented  by  Bishop  Ken.         517 

See  INJURY. 
Mutual  l.-Chas.  I.  and  Rupert.+287a 


Insult  added  to  i.-Arabs.  2896 

"         "       ""-Barbarians.  250 

Unreyenged-Lycurgus.  3204 
See  WRONG  in  loc. 

DANCING. 

Ceremonious  d.-Am.  Indians.  ^1380 

Delight  In  d.-Eng.-16th  cent.  ♦ISS? 

Mystic  d.  of  West  Indians.  ♦1388 

Opposed  to  d.-Eng.  Puritans.  ♦1389; 


Lascivious  d.  of  Idolaters-R.      2085 
See  AMUSEMENTS  in  loc 

DANGER. 

Contempt  for  d.-Wm.  theRed.^1390 
Needless-Nelson's  medals.  ^1391 
Unconsciousness  of  d.-Chas.  1.^1392 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Avoided-Shame  of  general.        1269 
Courting  d.-Napoleon.  647 

Cross  protects  from  d.-Lab'r'm.l318 
Defiant  of  d.-Wm.  II.-Kings,  etc.649 
Disregarded  In  amusement.  3520 
Enthusiasm  amid  d.  1247 

Fear  of  d.  overcome  by  love.  115' 
Indifferent  to  d.-Wellington.  3030 
Insensibility  to  d.-Charles  XII.  1240- 


DARKNESS— DEATH. 


809 


Magnifled  by  fear-Army.  2113 

X^eedless  exposure  to  d.  5082 

Overcome  by  union.  1274 

Patriotism  aroused  by  d.-Eng.  4060 
Protection  from  d.-Columbus.  1853 
Providence  protects  Wash.  3274 
Undeterred  by  d.-Lutherto  W.  1241 
Unintimidated  by  d.-Socrates.  700 
Unity,  d.  brings-Sects.  4262 

Warning  of  d. -Richard  I.  5947 

See  ALARM. 
Neediess-Pertinax  made  emp.  *165 
Religious  a.  of  Luther.  *166 


of  Oonscience-B.  Abbott.  1109 

Messenger  of  a. -Paul  Revere.  5881 
Nations  in  a.  of  Napoleon.  4199 
Quieted  by  Scripture.  1087 

Religion  promoted  by  a.-Luther5861 
Superstitious  a.-Europeans.  5439 
Unexpected  a. -Rome-Geese.  1961 
by  Vision-Brutus.  5846 

See  PERIL. 
Familiar  p.  forgotten.  ^4110 

Pleasure  in  p.-Wm.  P.  of  O.     *4111 

Alarming  p. -Spanish  Armada.  3801 
Escape  from  p.  by  boldness.  5817 
Fearless  of  p.-Wm.  P.  of  O.  3633 
Fictitious  p.-Popish  plot.  4213 

Pleasure  in  p.,  Boyish.  2122 

Unconscious  p.-Captain  Cook.  1519 
Unity  by  common  p.  5750 

See  PERILS, 
in  Primitive  life-George  Wash.     76 
Personal  p.  of  Capt.  J.  Smith.       80 
Unexpeqted  p.-Bombardm't-S.  462 

See  RISK. 
Assumed  by  Alex's  physician.    1048 

See  VENTURE. 
Instructive  v.  of  Franks.  *5795 


Heroic-Sherman's  march  to  the  s.70 

DARKNESS. 

a  Convenience-Columbus.         *1393 
Feared-London  d.  in  daytime.  '1394 

See  ECLIPSE. 

Alarm  from  e.,  Superstitious.    5445 

"     "  "  5459 

See  NIGHT. 

Activity  at  n.-Africans.  *3816 

Desire  for  n.  at  Waterloo.         *3817 


False  alarm  at  disturbance-P.     165 
of  Terror-London  panic.  3983 

Work -Johnson  writes  all  n.         404 

DAUGHTER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Appreciative  d.-Cromwell's.  1200 

Expelled  for  piety-Bosanquet.  1663 

Obedient  to  p.  in  marriage.  123 

Pleadings  of  d.  for  Pardon.  3998 

Revenge  of  d.-Murderer.  6056 

"Unappreciated  in  China.  1035 
See  CHILD  in  loc. 

DAYS. 

Inauspicious  d.-Black  day-R.  *1395 
Observed  by  Samuel  Johnson.  ♦1396 


Cross-reference. 
Laoky  d.,  Belief  in. 


3361 


THE  DEAD. 

Charity  for  the  d.-Agesllaus.  *1397 
Consciousness  of  the  d.-Am.  I.*1398 
Respected  in  speech-Solon's  l.*1399 
Unburied-Parsees  in  India.      *1400 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Apparition  of  the  d.-H.  Miller.     969 
Charity  for  the  d.,  Bolingbroke'8.777 
Consciousness  of  the  d.-Ind's.  1398 
Denounced-Commodus.  2816 

Fear  of  the  d.  in  Slam.  2355 

"      "    "    "-Tyrant.  2840 

Forgiveness  for  the  d.-Nap.  2198 
Honored- Webster  by  Stevens.  703 
"  -Undeserving-Andr6.  2616 
Honors  for  the  d.-Constantine.  2838 
Intimidated  by  the  d.-Nap.  2839 
Rampart  of  d.  bodies  by  Caesar.  606 
Remembrance  of  dead  mother-C.llO 
Respected-Sepulture.  4832 

Services  of  the  d.  forgotten.  2851 
Vengeance  on  the  d.  bodies.      2558 

DEATH. 

Admirable  d.-Mahomet's.  *1401 
Apprehension  of  d .  by  Caesar.  *1402 
by  Attrition-Samuel  Johnson.  *1403 
Banquet  of  d.-Ceesar  in  Africa.  *1404 
"  "  " -Antony-Suicide.  *1405 
Bravado  toward  d.-Dukeof  G.*1406 
Bravery  in  d.-Lord  Strafford.  *1407 
Bribery  of  d.  by  rlches-Card.B.*1408 
Choice  in  d.-Sudden  by  Caesar.*  1409 
Companions  in  d.-Chinese  E.    *1410 

"  "  "-Am. Indlans*1411 

Composure  In  d.-Duke  of  M.  *14]2 
Conquered  by  persuasion  of  I.  *1413 

"  "  Sir  H  Vane.  *1414 
Conquers  Wm.  the  Conqueror.*1415 
Contempt  of  d.  by  Sc'ndin'v'ns*14I6 

"  *1417 

Cowardly  d.  of  Nero.  *1418 

Deceived  In  d.  by  frlends-H.V.*1419 

Deception  In  d.-Chas.  II.andP.*1420 

Defiant  In  d. -Charles  XII.         *1421 

Encouragement  in  d.-"God  l."*1422 

Fear  of  d.-Samuel  Johnson's.    *1423 

"    "  "-The  Druids.  *1424 

Feast  of  d.-American  Indians. *1425 

Fortitude  in  d.-Am.  Indians.   *1426 

Honorable  d.-Buuyan's.  *1427 

Impassionedatd.  of  friend.  A.*1428 

Information  of  d.-S.  Johnson.*1429 

Patriotic  d.  of  Capt.  N.  Hale.  *1430 

Permitted  by  Mahomet.  *1431 

Prayer  in  d.-Mahomet's.  *1432 

'•  "  -Luther's.  *1433 

u       »  "-Cromwell's.  *1434 

Preparation  for  d.-German  b.  *1435 

"  " -Mahomet's.  *1436 

"  "  "  -Johnson's.  *1437 

"  "  -Capt.  of  C.  *1438 
Reflections  in  d.-Card.Wol8ey.*1439 
Results  of  d.  to  Christlans-A.  *1440 
Sayings  In  d.-Sir  Henry  Vane.  ♦1441 
a  Seeming-Swedenborg's  com.*1442 
Self-evoked-Marlus.  ♦1443 

Strength  for  d.-Cromwell.  *1444 
Study  in  d.-Explorer  B.  *1445 

Substitutional  d.-Milltary  p.  ^1446 
Sudden  d.  of  Geo.  Washington. ♦  1447 


Testimony  In  d.-Lord  M'ntr'se, 
Thoughts  in  d.-"  France,  a.  J.'' 

"         of  " -S.  Johnson. 
Tranquillity  in  d.^Socrates. 

"  "-"S.J." 
Triumph  in  d.-Gen.Wolfe-Q. 
by  Violence-Roman  emperors 
Welcomed  in  defeat-Gen.  M. 
of  the  Wicked-A.'s  "carcass." 


♦1448 
♦1449 
*145(> 
♦1451 
♦145S 
♦1452 
♦1454 
♦1455' 
♦1456- 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Accidental  escape-Thos.  Paine.  30' 
-iEsthetical  d.  of  Roman  glad'rs.  102 
Amusement  unchecked  by  d.  5083 
Anticipation  of  d.-8outhey.  556 
Apprehended  brings  a  throne.  165 
Apprehension  of  d.  by  Gen.  A.  J.  105 
Associations  In  d.-London  T.  745' 
Bloody  d.  deserved-Richard  I.  1245 
Bravery  in  d.  64S 

"  "  -Col.  McCulIough.  646 
Bribery  of  d.-Beaufort.  140& 

Cares  of  office  hasten  d.  2624 

Caused  by  love  of  Johnson.  3349' 
Choice  in  d.-Gladiators.  1835^ 

Coincidence  in  d.-Adams-Jeff.  968 
Comfort  in  d.-Reflections.  4765- 

"        "  "  -Martyr.  4130 

Companions  in  d.  by  burial  of  L  684^ 
Confession  of  crime  In  d.  1081 

Concealed  from  friends.  2561 

Conquered-Fear  of  d.  2111 

Conversion  at  d.-Sudden.  4772 

Counsel  in  d.-Louis  XIV.  1219 

Day  of  d.,  Fit- Adams  and  Jeff.  968 
by  Debauchery-Dionysius.  4411 
Desired-Christian  hope.  20.39 

Disappointment  causes  d.  1603- 

Disgrace  in  d.-Tyrant's.  1357 

vs.  Disgrace,  Choice  of  d.  6057" 

Dishonorable  d.-Bonlface  VIII.  760- 
of  Enemy,  Satisfaction  in  d.  4809 
Equality  in  d.-Egyptian  rites.  2252^ 
Escape  from  d.  by  arrest.  3631 

Exposes  character-Charles  II.  90& 
Family  changes  by  d.-H.  Davy.  86 
Fear  of  d.-Profligate.  3210 

"     "  "   overcome-Huss.        1964 
"     "  "-Johnson.  3046 

"     "  "  -Recantation.  1249 

"     "  "   Unmanned  by-Nero.l270 
Fearless  in  d.-Young  Cov'n'nter.656 
"       of  "-Canonchet.  5301 

by  Fight  or  flight-Normans.  1922 
Fighting  In  d. -Persians.  2129 

Gratification  in  d.-Blake.  4341 

Heroic  d.-General  Bayard.  2566 
Honesty  In  d.-Chas.  II.  a  CathoUo.13 
Honorable  d.-Wounds  in  front.  6173 
Hopeless-"Death  an  eternal  8."  840 
Impending  d.-Charles  II.  4989 

Influence  survives  d.-C.  2838 

Instrument  of  d.,  Remote.  3810 

Invited  by  disregard  for  health.  429 
Jesus  sought  in  d.-Joan  of  Arc.4137 
Last  words  in  d.-J.  Q.  Adams.  3259 
"  prayer  in  d.-Ode  on  Death. 3342 
from  Miasma  of  lU-drainage.  1641 
by  Necromancy-Superstition.  3804 
Noble  endeavors  in  d.-Moluc.  2561 
Obedience  unto  d.-Fanatics.     884S 


?ilO 


DEBATE— DEBT. 


Obduracy  in  d  -Infidel  Ferrers.  2539 
Overwhelmed  by  d.-60,000-6  iniu.731 
Parental  anxiety  in  d.-Burns's  f.246 
Patriotism  in  d.-Pitt.  4010 

'•         "  "  -Hampden.        4041 
Power  departs  at  d.  4451 

Prayer  in  d..  Brief.  4375 

"  "  " -SamuelJohnson.  4377 
Preparation  for  d.-Reparation.  3045 
Reflections  in  d.-Card.Wolsey.  4644 
"  "  Comforting.  2395 
Kspentance  in  d.-William  II.  1091 
Rushing  into  d.-King  Jphn.  1544 
Satisfaction  in  d.-Soldier's.  652 
by  Self-destruction-Chinese.  1960 
Self -exposure  to  d. -Ho  ward.  4430 
"  "  "  -Napoleon.     647 

Submission  to  d.-CaJsar.  371 

Sudden  d.  of  mocker.  4896 

"       "  by  pestilence.  4158 

Superstition  at  d.  by  lightning.  3299 
"  Survival  of  the  fittest  "-S.  J.  811 
In  a  Tempest-Cromwell  965 

Testimony  for  religion  in  d.  4744 
Toiling  till  d.-Baeda.  6150 

vs.  Treasures-Incas  of  Peru.  1176 
Trifle  brings  d.-Touch-Pariah.  3537 
Triumphant  d.-Martyr"s.  2098 

Unintimidated  by  d.-Martyr.  4142 
Unmanned  by  fear  of  d.  2119 

of  Unprepared  men,  Sad  d.  5925 
Unterrifled-Lord  Raleigh.  1244 

Untimely  d.-Keats-Byron-S.  2323 
Vengeance  in  d.  of  tyrant.  1357 

or  Victory,  Devoted  to  d.  1543 

See  BEREAVEMENT. 
Comfort  in  b. -Cromwell's.  *555 

Depression  by  b.-Southey.  *556 

Distress  of  b.-A.  Lincoln.  *557 

Piotltlous  b.-Queen  Anne.  ^558 

Porgettlng  b. -Johnson's  r.  *559 
Memory  of  b.-Wordsworth.  *560 
Tears  of  b.-Daniel  Webster.  *561 
Weakness  in  b.-James  Watt.     '562 


Anguish  of  b -Self  destroying-R.678 
of  Children  better  than  ruin  of  c.  794 
■Comfort  in  b. -Johnson.  5312 

•Consolation  in  b.-"  God  lives."  1422 
"  "  "  Mohammedan. 1568 

with  Financial  ruin  of  W.  Scott.  94 
•Grief  in  b.  of  a  mother-Sertorius.113 
"  punished  with  death.  2881 
"  of  Jefferson,  Conjugal.  2486 
Husband's  b.-Gen.  Jackson.  6086 
vs.  Living  sorrow.  5267 

Madness  by  b. -Alexander.  1428 

Melancholy  from  b.-Cowper.  2691 
of  Mother-Grlef-Solltude.  5859 

Mourning  in  b.-Graded.  3736 

Hellgion  by  b.-A.  Lincoln.  829 

Repeated-Washington  Irving.  8351 
Shook  of  b.-William  III.  6077 

■Sorrow  of  b.-F^esldent  Jackson.105 
Sorrows  of  b.-Frederick  II.  3632 
Treasures  in  b.-Walter  Scott's.  Ill 

See  CORPSE. 

Dangerous  c.-Napoleon's.  2839 

Hevenge  on  c.  of  Conoini.  4850 

"        "  "  Ignoble.  4851 

Sleeping  in  room  with  c.  6807 


See  EXTERMINATION. 
War  of  e.-Queen  Anne's.  ^1999 


by  Persecution-Albigenses. 
of  Soldiers-Nervil-Maubeugo. 

See  MASSACRE. 
Brutal  m.  by  Timour. 
Evidence-m.  of  Crusaders. 
General  m.  in  war. 
Immense  m.-70,000  Romans, 
by  Mob  in  Paris, 
of  Patriots  at  Boston. 
Prevented  at  Jamestown,  Va. 
Punished  by  m.-War. 
by  Treachery-Thessalonica. 
Wholesale  m.-300,000  people. 


4123 
2130 

*5214 
*3513 
*3514 
*3515 
*3516 
*3517 
*3518 
*3519 
*3520 
*3521 


Brutal  m.  of  Caracalla.  1333 

of  Captives  by  Franks.  1334 

'•  Christians-90,000  by  Chosroes.324 
Depopulated  by  m. -Bagdad.  1367 
Drink  causes  m.-Indians.  2940 

Immense  m.  by  Timour.  5894 

Immense  m.  by  Cassar.  5181 

Inconsiderate  m.  by  Scythians.  1349 
Indignation  expressed-Crom  4539 
Inhuman  m.  of  workmen- Alaric. 687 

"      -Attila.  688 

by  Law-Lacedasmonian  slaves.  1365 

"  Persecutors-Catholics  vs.  P.  4123 

-Ireland-C.  vs.  P.  4132 

Prevented  by  informer.  lOOC 

of  Protestants-Duke  of  Guise.     508 

"  "  -Com.  by  Pius  V.  588 

Religious  m.  by  Crusaders.         4705 

"        "   of  prisoners.  1360 

"   -Latins  by  Greeks.1363 

Small  beginning  of-"S.  Vespers."  29 

Terrible  m.-"Slclllan  Vespers."  1340 

Unprovoked-Jews  by  A.  6166 

in  War-Wallensteln.  5884 

"     *'  -Paris,  A.D.  1418.  5885 

See  MASSACRES. 
Religious-French  Revolution.  *3522 

See  ORPHAN. 
Successful  o.-A.  Hamilton.  185 

See  ORPHANS. 
Adopted  by  the  State-Soldiers'.    58 
Hardships  of  o.  apprentices.        798 

See  POISON. 
Slow  p.-Thomas  O  verbury.        ♦4226 
Well  applied-Caesar  Borgia.     *4225 


for  Poison-Rosamond. 
Prepared  for  suicide. 
Warning  of  p.-Alexander. 
See  POISONING. 
Protected  by  p. -Nero. 
Punished  by  boiling. 
Unprotected  from  p.-Antony. 

See  POISONS. 
Study  of  p. -Cleopatra. 

See  SLAUGHTER. 
Barbarous  s.-58,000  Carthag's. 
Exterminating  s.  of  Germans. 


1292 
3632 
1048 

1347 
1339 

4515 

*4227 

*5180 
*5181 

Authorized  by  Jesuits.  1082 

in  Battle-Asians.  308 

"      "     -100,000  at  Fontenay.  920 

See  "WIDOW. 

Benevolent  w.  punished.  656 

Noble  son  of  a  w.-G.  Wash.  6198 


See  WIDOWER. 
Foolish  third  marriage-Milton.  3732 
Hasty  marriage  of  w.  3481 

Many  times-Twenty-two  w.       6038 
Marriage  of  young  wife  by  w.    3441 
"  w.-111-mated.  3451 

Second  marriage  approved.       3482 

See  WIDOWHOOD. 

Consolation  offered  in  w.-N.    *5992 

See  EXECUTION,  MURDER  and 

SUICIDE  in  loo. 

i>e:bat£. 

Personality  In  d  -S.  Johnson.  *1457 

See  DISCUSSION. 
Agreement  In  d.  nec'y-Chas.  11.3911 
Candor  In  d.-Eccleslastlcal.  705 
Importance  of  d.-Stamp  Act.  3194 
Repressed  by  Gov't-Rellglous.  573 
Suppressed-Authnrs  punished.  2040 

See  DISCUSSIONS. 
Foolish  d. -Pericles-"  Dead  h."  2170 
Unprofitable,  Verbal  d.-Stolcs.  1294 

See  REASONING. 

Abandoned  for  action.  1480 

See  CONTROVERSY  in  loc 

DEBAUCHERY. 

Royal  d.  of  Catheiine  II.  of  R.*1458 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Concealed,  Wife's  d.  6064 

"         -Faustina.  1675 

Death  by  d.-Dionyslus.  4411 

Devoted  to  d. -Bacchus-Rome.  1038 
Period  of  general  d.-.Alexander.4196 
Prolonged  d.-Dlonysius.  2942 

Unmanned  by  d. -Alexander.      1428 
See  LICENTIOUSNESS  in  loc 

DEBT. 

Imprisonment  for  d.  in  Eng.  ^1459 

Security  for  d.-Slr  W.  Scott.  *1460 

by  War  of  American  Rev.  *1461 


Arrested  for  d.-Charles  IV.        4353 

Cancelled  by  murder  of  Jews.    4178 

Division  by d. -American  States.1987 

Imprisonment  for  d.-England.  4289 

"     "  "         4299 

"  "    "  "  2125 

Increase  of  d.  by  extortion  of  J.  712 

Overwhelmed  by  d.-Slr  W.  Scott.91 

Relieved  by  marriage-Cicero.    3464 

"  "       -Byron.    3465 

Son  pawned  for  d.  4354 

See  BANKRUPTCY. 
Predicted-National-British.       *451 


Courage  in  b.-Sir  Walter  Scott.    92 

See  CREDITORS. 
Merciless  c.  exposed.  1855 

Oppression  of  c.-Infantlcide.  2410 
Restrained  by  law.  5759 

See  DEBTS. 
Dlsoouraged-Laws  of  Amasis.*1462 
Dishonest  d.-Precedence  of.     *1463 
Prevented-Solon's  law.  *1464 

Punishment  for  d.-Insolvent.  •1465 
Scaled  by  the  Virginia  Colony.  *1466 
Small  d.-Samuel  Johnson.        ♦1467 


Due  in  future  life, 
of  Honor-Gambler's  d. 


2258 
8614 


I 


DEBUT— DECEPTION. 


811 


Jleqaire  economy-Wm.  Penn.    1767 
Suspension  of  all  d.  1156 

Trivial  d  unpaid-S.  Johnson.    3324 

See  INSOLVENCY. 
-Governmental  i.-Chas.  II.         ♦2893 
Refuge  in  i.-London.  1299 

See  LOAN. 
Hopeless  1.  to  SamuelJohn8on.*3324 


Refused  by  friend.  2234 

See  USURY. 

Jnevitable-Rome.  *5757 

Law  of  u.-Romans.  *5758 

"     "  "-Luoullus.  *5759 

Laws  against  u.  in  England.  ♦5760 

DEBUT. 

Cross-reference . 

Unsuccessful  d. -Disraeli.  4551 

See  BEGINNING. 

Discouragement  at  the  b.  *504 

Tious  b.  -Great  Reformation.  ♦SOS 

Small  b.-Am.  Revolution.  *506 

"      "  -Roman  Revolution.  *507 

"      "  -"  Massacre  of  Vassy."  *508 


©ad  b  -Success  after.  2023 

Ceremony  at  b  -a  City- Ancients.  897 
Defeat  at  b. -Success  after.  2024 
^Failure  at  the  b. -Demosthenes.  2021 
Hesitation  at  the  b  -Mahomet.  876 
Humble  b.-Yale  College.  1783 

Unpromising  b.  in  the  ministry.  1860 

DECEIT. 
Temptation  to  d  -Mahomet's.  ♦1468 
Timely  d.-Perslan  prince.         ♦1469 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Lawyers  imprisoned  for  d.         3168 

vs.  Deceit-Harold  II.  3840 

dn  Diplomacy-English.  1752 

"  "         -Napoleon.  3850 

DECEITFUIiNESS. 

Described-Lord  Breadalbane.  ^1470 

DECEIVER. 

Deceired-Lord  Rochester.       ^1471 


Cross-reference. 
Deoelyed-Lord  Sunderland. 


2967 


DECENCY. 

flegard  for  d.-Young  Newton.^1472 

See  MODESTY. 

Conspicuous-Ben j.  Franklin.  ♦3647 

of  Genius-  Isaac  Newton.  ♦3648 

Hero's  m.-Garibaldi.  ♦3649 

Unopposed-John  Howard.  *3650 


einshing  y.  m.  hated.  6178 

of  Genius-Socrates.  3563 

Heroic  m.  of  Charles  XII.  1970 

Importance  of  m.-Cato  and  M.  107 
Noble  m.  of  Isaac  Newton.       1631 

DECEPTION. 

Betrays  itself-Guise  of  Rich.  I.*1473 
Day  of  d.-"  Dupe's-day."  ♦1474 
Justified  by  Jesuits.  *1475 

Pleasing  d.-"  Sugar-coated."  ^1476 
Punished-Dem'sth'nes  bribed. ^1477 
of  Self-Roman  senators  and  o.^l478 
Superstitious  d.-"  Sacred  F."  +1479 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Appearances-Phllopoemen's.  258 
"  "         -O.  Cromwell's.      260 

"  "         -Indians  to  C'rnists.36 

"  "         -in  Bereavement.    558 

Aroused  by  d.-Anger.  1587 

Artful  d.  of  Cotton  Mather.        1567 
by  Audacity-Napoleon.  393 

in  Avarice-Henry  VII.  430 

by  Brief  acquaintance-Savages.  36 
of  Conscience-Assassins.  1478 

Contagious  d.  Shelley's  friends.  2738 
Death  bed  d.-Charles  II.  1420 

by  Equivocation-James  II.         1919 
"  Evasion-Johnson.  1929 

In  Finance-Louis  XIV.  620 

by  Flattery-Rochester.  1471 

"  Hoax-William  Irvlng's  d.       2586 
Huge  d.-Titus  Gates.  4213 

by  Imagination.  2737 

in  Intemperance.  2938 

Justifiable  d.  of  assassins.  1023 

Net^essary  d.  by  Columbus.  5353 
Painful-"  Land  I    Land  1"  1605 

by  Physicians  of  Henry  V.  1419 

"  Prejudice-Steam-engine.  4410 
Preserved  by  d.-Pagan  temple.  3621 
of  Senses-Donatist's  doctrine.  5100 
*'       "     -Eleatics.  5101 

by  Self-mutilatiou-'War.  5348 

Spirits  of  the  departed.  2353 

Successful  d.- Spies.  5304 

by  Vastness-Discovery.  1921 

in  War-Decoy  letter.  3195 

"  Wine-Samuel  Johnson.  6012 

Woman's  d.-Antonina.  4858 

See  APPARITION. 
Belief  In  a.-8amuel  Johnson.     ^256 
False  a.-"  Three  knights."         ♦254 
Fancied  a.  of  Theseus.  ^255 


1120 


Cross-references. 
of  the  Dead-H.  Miller. 
Startling  a.-"  Evil  genius." 

See  BETRAYAL. 
Unintentional  b.-Missionary.     3381 

See  CHARM. 
Protecting  c.-Thunder  and  1.     ^782 
"  -Agnus  Del.  ^783 

See  COUNTERFEIT. 
Preserved  by  a  c.-"Sacred  b."^1225 
Relics-Manufactured  by  an  A.*1226 
Signature-Consul  Antony.        *1227 

Imposed  upon  Goldsmith.  2601 

See  DELUSION. 

Disastrous  d.  of  Crusaders.  ^1520 

Optical  d.-Island  seen  by  C.  ^1521 

Political  d.-Stamp  tax.  ^1522 


of  Ambition-"  What  then  ?"  1071 
"         "        -Maximus.  183 

by  Depreciation-Reformation.  1535 
Financial  d.-John  Law.  2134 

by  Forgery-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  2194 
of  Gtenius-Newton  an  alchemist.814 
"  Qold-seekers-Califomia.  2392 
"  "  "  -Jamestown.  2388 
»      ••        '«  "  2807 

"  »  ••  -Londoners.  2389 
«'  "  "  -Spaniards.  2390 
"      »       »•  «  2735 


Liberty  a  d.-Romans. 

Popular  d.-Civil  War. 
"       "  -Crusaders. 
"       "  -De  Soto's  exp'diti 
"        "  -Joan  of  Arc. 

by  Trifles-Indians-Trinkets. 

Visionary  d.  of  gold  seekers. 
See  DEMAGOGUE. 

Changeful  d.-Buckingham. 

Class-Rome- Votes. 

First  d.-Menestheus. 

Marks  of  the  d. 


3215 

1985 
2095 
n.l986 
1187 
5771 
1984 

♦1524 
♦1525 
♦1526 
♦1527 


Business  with  d.-Politics  a.  d.  4244 
Dangerous  d.-R.  Ferguson.  4259 
Guided  by  sagacity  .-England.  4274 
Rule  of  a  d.-Augustus.  4256 

Shameless  d.-Catiline.  392 

Subdued  by  threatenlngs-G.  G.    40 

See  DISGUISE. 
Betrayed  d. -ex-Queen  Mary.    *1649 
Clerical  d.-John  Bunyan.  *1650 

Dangerous  d.-Longchamp.  *1651 
Detected-Claudius  Pulcher.  ♦1652 
DifBcult  d.-Flight  of  Charles  I.+1653 
Successful  d.-Emp.  Majorian.  *1654 


Difficult  d.-Richard  I.  1473 

for  Evil  deeds-Politics-Bribery.  662 
Ineffective  d.-Richard  II.  4614 

"  Jeffreys.  4843 

in  Masquerade-Deadly.  3512 

of  Patriots-Boston  Tea  Party.  3526 
Penetrated  by  Joan  of  Arc.  2895 
Perilous  d.  of  martyrs.  3509 

Personal-Successful-Charles  11.3911 
Religious  d.  of  Jesuits.  3012 

Successful-Alfred  the  Great.  5820 
Wife  disguised  in  man's  dress.  3483 

See  DISSEMBLING. 
Successful  d.  of  Faustina.        ^1675 
Unsuccessful  d.  of  Charles  I.    ^1676 


of  Melancholy-Young, 
in  Speech-Romans. 

See  DISSIMULATION. 
Dangers  of  d.-Charles  I. 
Politic  d.  of  courtiers. 
Political  d.-Newcastle. 

"       "  -Turks. 
Religious  d.-Emperor  Julian. 
Royal  d. -George  III. 

See  DUPES. 
Day  of  d. -France. 
Undeceived-Ruined. 

See  DUPLICITY. 
National  d.-Queen  Anne. 


Religious  d.-Sclater. 
Shameful  d. -North. 
Shameless  in  d.-Leo  X. 
Success  by  d. -Louis  XI. 

See  ENCHANTMENT. 
Boyish  e.-David  Crockett. 
"      "   in  books-Irving. 
Personal  e.  by  Mahomet. 
See  EVASION. 
Deceitful  e.-Samuel  Johnson. 
Legal  e.-Reversing  the  tablet. 


by  Absence-Cicero. 
Clerical-Conscience  act. 


1670 
5292 

♦1677 
♦1678 
♦1679 
♦1680 
♦1681 
♦1682 

1474 
2214 

♦1752 

4700 
3040 
4250 
5391 

634 

626 

2124 

♦1929 
♦1930 

2058 
253S 


812 


DECISION. 


Confession  by  construction. 

4118 

See  MAGIC. 

of  Genius-Columbus. 

2344 

Dishonorable  e.-Charles  II. 

5729 

Belief  in  m.-Columbus. 

♦3378 

"  God-American  Indians. 

238a 

See  FALSEHOOD. 
Confirmed  in  f  .-Charles  I. 

Illusive  v.-Blaise  Pascal, 
by  Imaglnatlon-Bunyan. 

2741 
2733 

*2041 

Printing  a  work  of  m. 

4465 

Governmental  f. -Napoleon  I. 

♦2042 

of  Science  working  wonders. 

5051 

Instructed  by  v.-Constantine 

5440 

Growth  of  f.  by  carelessness. 

*2043 

See  MISTAKE. 

of  Invisible  guide-C'nstantine 

S.2492 

Justified  by  Jesuits. 

"         "  Samuel  Johnson. 

♦2044 
*2045 

Encouraging  m.-Columbus. 

♦3645 

Prompted  by  v. -P.  Cooper's  f 
Remarkable  v.  verified-S. 

4407 

915 

Alarming  m. -Omen-Duke  Wm.     31 

of  Saints- Joan  of  Arc. 

2384 

Diplomacy  of  f. -Elizabeth. 

1596 

Blundering  m.-Goldsmith. 

609 

Startling  v.-Poet  Shelley. 

2736 

by  Lying  spirits-Swedenborg. 

5311 

in  Religion-"  Take  blessing  b. 

'    601 

"       "      "          " 

2738 

Pious  f .  of  loyalty. 

1348 

Ridiculous  m.-Cato's. 

1011 

Timely  v.  of  Mahomet. 

655 

vs.  Truth-Samuel  Johnson. 

5722 

by  Magnitude-Columbus. 

3645 

of  Wealth,  Deceptive. 

5985 

See  FLATTERY. 

Ridiculous  m.  of  Aristotle. 

6016 

Woman  transformed  in  v. 

6106 

Artful  f .  of  captive  Zenobia. 

♦2152 

See  PHANTOM. 

See  WITCH. 

False  f.  of  Henry  VIII. 

*2153 

Alarmed  by  p.-Theodoric. 

1115 

a  Suspected  w.-Esqulmo. 

♦6023 

Fulsome  f .  of  James  I. 

♦2154 

Pursued  by  p.-Murderer. 

1108 

Irritating  f.  of  Frederick  the  G.*2155 

See  SHAMS. 

Burned  as  a  w.-Joan  of  Arc. 

1726 

Resented  by  Alexander. 

*2156 

Military  s.-Am.  Revolution. 

♦5126 

Cured  by  flogging-Salem. 

845 

♦2157 

Suspected  w. -Duchess  of  Orl'n 

S.3512 

Rewarded,  Excessive  f. 

1471 

Rldiculed-Affectation. 

See  SORCERY. 

1506 

"        w.-Quakers. 

See  IMPOSITION  in  loo. 

4129 

Deception  by  f. -Rochester. 

Develops  servitude-Romans. 

305 

Condemned-England,  yr.  1440. ^5264 

DECISION. 

Embarrassment  by  f  .-Cassar. 

2657 

Fear  of  s.-Joan  of  Arc. 

♦5265 

Final  d.-Rubicon. 

♦1480 

for  Favor- Voltaire. 

2825 

Punished  by  Henry  VI. 

♦5266 

"            •<                  K 

♦1481 

Fulsome  f .  of  Charles  I. 

60 

Lacking  d.-Charles  I. 

♦1482 

Wealth  by  f.-Legacies. 

5971 

Belief  in  s.-Romans. 

1284 

of  Woman's  beauty-Elizabeth.  2684 

vs.  Discipline-Russians. 

1493 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

See  FRAUD. 

Work  of  s.-Joan  of  Arc. 

2894 

Hastened  d.-Peace  or  war. 

5896 

Gigantic  f.-S.  Sea  scheme. 

♦2214 

See  SPECTRE. 

Lacking  d.-Charles  II. 

2751 

Governmental  f.-Charles  II. 

♦2215 

Terrifying  s.-Brutus's  vision. 

5846 

See  CHOICE. 

Suspicions  of  f. -First  cable. 

♦2216 

See  TREACHERY. 

of  Both  by  Lysander. 

♦819 

in  Trade-"  Honest  Leather." 

♦2217 

Base  t.-Philip  VI. 

♦5690 

Manifested  by  Plzarro. 

♦820 

Consummate  t.-Charles  II. 

♦5691 

Necessary-My  head  or  king's 
Painful  c-Death  of  Strafford 

♦821 

Alarming  f  .-Forgery. 

1542 

Gold  for  t.-Benedict  Arnold 

♦5692 

♦822 

"  Departed  spirit." 

2353 

Message  of  t.-Emp.  Alexander,  ♦segs 

Exposed- Antony's  f. 

2149 

Difficult  c.-which  Child  to  save.  117 

Fishermen's  f.-Antony. 

2149 

Conquest  by  t.-Sextus  over  G 

.       42 

Necessary  o.-Charles  I. 

416 

Living  by  f  .-Beggars. 

5763 

in  Court-Criminal. 

5833 

of  Life-Youthtlme. 

3254 

Religious  f. -Images. 

1282 

Diplomatic  t.-English. 

1752 

Painful  c.-Charge  or  be  charged.  71 

"        "  -Weeping  virgin. 

3620 

Disguised-Caesar's  assassins. 

1478 

"      "-Clotilda. 

1646. 

"       "  -Grecian  oracle. 

8946 

-Friendship. 

2243 

of  Paradise  or  Perdition. 

6141 

"       "  -Holy  lance. 

4667 

of  Friend-Brutus  vs.  Caesar. 

2852 

Politician's  c.-Ch.  vs.  Vote. 

3874 

"  -Relics. 

4668 

"       "     -Francis  Bacon. 

2857 

Thirst  vs.  Royalty. 

5952 

4669 

Friendship's  t.-Dick  Talbot. 

3202 

Unhappy  c.-Money  or  teeth. 

2001 

»       .<       » 

4670 

Infamous  t.-Am.  Revolution. 

1136 

See  DETERMINATION. 

a           .<           u 

4671 

"        "  -Pausanias. 

3724 

Asserted-"Sword  shall  give  It.' 

'♦1555 

.(                  X                  <i 

4672 

Ingrate's  t.-Burton. 

2850 

Emphatic  d. "Stone  my  bfill't. 

'♦1556 

u           u 

4673 

Massacre  by  t. 

♦3520 

Fixed-Joan  of  Arc. 

♦1557 

u 

4674 

National  t.-England  to  Prance.  986 

Obstinate  d. -Scotch  Presb's. 

♦155f> 

.4               i.                « 

4675 

Ofllce  by  t.-Eteocles. 

3884 

Strange  d.-Joan  of  Arc. 

♦1559 

l<              11              u 

4676 

Oflfioial  t.  to  Columbus. 

♦3900 

for  Success-"Win  his  spurs." 

♦1560 

Spiritualistic  f .-"  Knock." 

3555 

Proof  against  t.-Belisarius. 

2128 

Want  of  d.-Philip  of  France. 

♦1561 

See  GHOST. 

"          <■     "  -Patriot. 

4068 

Youthful  d.-Alciblades. 

♦1562 

an  Improvised  g. 

2353 

Proposal  of  t.  rebuked. 

4075 

See  GHOSTS. 

Proverbial-"  Word  of  a  king. 

'  2041 

Bold  d.-Napoleon  at  Lodl. 

2752 

Belief  in  g.-Samuel  Johnson. 

♦2354 

Shameful  t.-Agathocles. 

1538 

Expressed  by  Juryman. 

3049 

Fear  of  g.-the  Siamese. 

♦2355 

Thwarted  by  exposnre. 

3518 

Inventor's  d.-John  Fitch. 

2990 

See  HALLUCINATION. 

Umpire's  t.-Edward  I. 

5746 

Success  of  young  A.  Hamilton.  185 

Realistic  h.-Luther-Devil. 

♦2506 

See  VISION. 

See  DILEMMA. 

Fanciful  v. -Phantom  city. 

♦5845 

Decided  by  Marcia. 

♦1591 

Enthusiast's  h.-Joan  of  Arc. 

2384 

Horrible  v.-Marcus  Brutus. 

♦5846 

See  INFATUATION. 

Spiritual  v.-Swedenborg. 

♦5847 

Painful  d.-Church  vs.  State. 

4118 

Destructive  i.  of  Nero. 

♦2819 

of  War-Hannibal. 

♦5848 

Ruin  inevitable. 

4955 

of  Pride-James  II. 

♦2820 

Unavoidable  d. -Extortion. 

2oa? 

Auspicious  V.-"  Holy  Lance.' 

4667 

See  RESOLUTION. 

of  Curiosity-Pliny. 

5050 

Child's  V.  of  f  uture-Cromwel 

.  2474 

Success  by  r.-Am.  patriots. 

♦4816 

Inventor's  l.-Arkwright. 

M6A 

of  Conqueror-Solyman. 
"  the  Cross  by  Constantino. 

2562 

of  Love-Page  of  Mary  Stuart.  3342 

1320 

Moral  r.  of  Luther. 

1092 

Political  i.-James  II. 

3388 

Delusive  optical  v.-Canaries. 

1521 

Success  by  r.-Fremont. 

1069 

Popular  l.-Conquest  of  Florida.    75 

Fanatics  v.-"  Plough  the  e." 

1003 

Unsurpassed  in  r.-Plzarro. 

106? 

of  War-Charles  XII. 

1239 

Faith's  V.  of  the  cross. 

1175 

Weakness  In  r.,  Moral. 

5054= 

DECORUM— DEFIANCE. 


813 


See  VACILLATION. 

Political  V.-"  Bobbing  John."      769 

See  FICKLENESS  in  loo. 

DEcoRumr. 

In  Debate- American  Indians.  *1483 

Ministerial  d.-S.  Johnson.         *t484 

See  DECENCY  and  DIGNITY 

in  loe. 

DEDICATION. 

Changed-Blblia  Polyglotta.      *1485 
True  d.-Religious-Church.       *1486 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 

to  God-Knights.  1121 

"     "  -John  Wesley.  1122 

Indifferent  d.  of  temple.  6159 

See  CONSECRATION, 

for  Conflict-Knights.  •IISI 

without  Faith-John  Wesley.  *1122 


'Ceremony  of  c. -Knights, 
for  Conquest-Grecian  Youth, 
of  Spoils,  Pious  c.-Aurellan. 
"     "       to  benevolence, 
for  War- Janizaries 

See  DEFAMATION. 
Punlshed-Titus  Gates. 

See  DEVOTION. 
Absolute  Mohammedan  d. 
Commendable  d.  of  St.  Amb. 
Entire  d.  of  Bp.Thomas  Coke. 
Ministerial  d.  of  Thomas  Lee. 
Self-sacrificing  d.-Belisarius. 


6179 

5316 

529 

5255 

*1487 

♦1568 
*1569 
*1570 
*1571 
♦1572 


Absolute  d.  of  life.  8848 

to  Amusement- Angelas.  8896 

"  Banner-Mohammedan.  8667 

Blind  d.  of  Persian  assassins.  374 

Conjugal  d.-Jefiferson.  2486 

Entire  d.-Soldier*s-Peyton.  2109 

External  d.  to  the  pope.  2676 

Filial  d. -Seeking  pardon.  3998 

Friendship's  d.  to  Wm.  P.  of  O.  2223 

"            "  In  Battle.  2227 

"           "at  St.  Helena.  2230 

"           "  -Serg.  Hubert.  2839 

"to  God's  work-Luther.  2229 

"  Liberty-Lafayette.  2225 

of  Life-Fanatics.  8843 

"     "    to  others-Spartans.  4045 

Misapplied-Wolsey.  1439 

Reward  of  d.-Garibaldi's.  4042 

Secret  of  d.-Money.  2705 

Servant's  d.  to  mistress.  6120 
of  Soldiers-Swedes  to  Chas.XTI.  1239 

Soldiers'  d.  to  standards.  3838 

to  Study- Young  Napoleon.  5375 
Terrible  oath  of  d.  by  gladiators.  102 

•of  Wife-Lafayette's.  4318 

•**  Woman-H.  Wentworth.  2516 

"       "      -Mrs.  Unwin.  2883 

to  Women-Knights.  2866 

See  SLANDER  in  loo. 

DEFEAT. 

Beginning  with  d.-Lincoln.  ♦1488 
Brilliant  d.-Napoleon-W.  +1489 

Concealed  d.-Samuel  Johnson^l490 
DiflBcult  d.-Caesar.  ^1491 

Inspiring  d.  -Bunker  Hill.  +1492 

Instruction  by  d.-Peter  the  G.  *1493 


Mortification  of  d.-Montcalm.+1494 
Overwhelming  d.-Moscow.  „  ^1495 
Service  of  d.-BuU  Kun.  ^1496 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Beginning  with  d.-Am.  Eev.  5881 
Despair  by  d.- American  Rev.  1541 
Embittered  by  d.-John  Adams.  4234 
Exempt  from  d.-CromwelL  311 
Fatal  d.-Horace  Greeley.  4281 

Honor  in  d.-Perslans  at  Petra.  643 
Humiliation  by  d.-Romans.  2662 
Impossible  d.-Col.  Moultrie's.  650 
Mortifying  d.-Henry  Clay.  4247 

"  "  of  Charles  L  3523 

Stinging  d.-Persians  by  B.  614 

See  GRUMBLING, 
over  Failures  of  Ad.  Nelson.    ^2490 

See  SURRENDER, 
to  Death-Boges.  ♦5468 

Demanded-Ethan  Allen.  ♦5469 

Disgraceful  s.-Manchester.  *5470 
Final  s.-CIvil  War.  ♦5471 

Impossible  s.-"  The  Old  G."  +5472 
Indignant  s.-P.  Stuy  vesant.  ♦5473 
Prevented-Charter  Oak.  ^5474 


Infamous-10,000  Scots  to  600  E.    306 
of  Life,  Cheerful  s.  1430 

"    "  "        "-Defeat.        1494 

"    "     Noble  s.  3820 

Refusal  to  s.,  Determined-G.      1372 
Unconditional  s. -Ft.  Donelson.  1891 
See  DISAPPOINTMENT  in  loo. 

DEFECTS. 

Covered,  Personal  d.~Pericle8.*1497 


Cross-references. 
Forgotten,  Deformity  of  face. 
Sensitive  to  d. 

See  BLOT. 
Shameful  b.-William  Penn's. 
of  the  Tlme-Cassar's. 

See  CENSOR. 
Official  c.-Roman. 

See  CENSURE. 
Resented-Dlonyslus. 
Unmoved  by  c.-Jackson. 


1506 
5104 


♦607 
♦608 


♦746 

♦747 


♦748 
♦749 


Changed  to  pralse-Thebans.  2855 
of  the  Dead  refused-Bolingb'ke.911 
vs.  Insult-Lincoln.  534 

Unmerited  c.-Mary  P.  of  O.         788 

See  COMPLAINTS. 
Characteristic  c.-Palmerston.    1311 
Croaker's  c.-Bad  times.  1315 

Disregarded-Romans.  3143 

Ill-tempered  c.-Sam'l  Johnson.  1593 
Inconsiderate  c. -Pericles.  1769 

Perilous  c.  of  captives-Indians.  565 
Presentation  of  c.-denied.  1261 

Useless  c.  against  mother-Alex.  114 

See  CROAKING, 
of  Degeneracy-Eng.  Puritans.  ♦ISIS 
Habit  of  c.  about  the  weather.  ♦ISlC 

See  FAULTS. 

of  Friends  seen  quickly.  2231 

Kindness  conceals  f.-Hervey.   2465 

Overlooked  in  Burnet.  2798 

"  "  friends.  2230 


See  PESSIMISTS. 

Error  of  p.-Evlls  are  old.  126 
National  p.-English  bankruptcy.451 

See  CRITIC  in  loo. 

DEFENCE. 

a  Bondage-Pall  of  Verona.  ^1498 

Brave  d.  of  Count  Gerontius.  ^1499 

Declined  by  Charles  I.  *1500 

Frail  d.  at  Waterloo.  ♦ISOl 

Heroic  d.  of  La  Roohelle.  *1502 

Patriotic  d.  of  Holland.  *1503 

Savage  d.-Babylonians.  ^1504 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Delay  needful  for  d.  5175 

Exhibitions  of  self  defence-Eng.218 
Impossible-trial  of  Dr.  Bateman.540 
Negleoted-Constantinople.  605 

Noble  d.-Siege  of  Metz.  2208 

Omitted  on  Sabbath-Jews.         4985 
Self-defence  at  Londonderry.      927 
"       "        In  argument.  1857 

See  ARMOR. 
Protected  by  a.-Battle  of  B.        461 

See  BLOCKADE, 
by  Chains-Constantin'ple  by  M.^605 
of  Death-Corpses-Caesar.  ♦eoe 

See  PROTECTION, 
of  Industry-Clashing.  ♦4534 

"  Manufacturers-England.  ♦4535 
by  Secrecy-Athanaslus.  ♦4536 

for  the  Weak-Georgia.  ^4537 


by  Armor-Battle  of  Brenneville.461 
Bible  p.-John  Knox-Queen  M.  581 
by  Charms-Numa.  782 

"       "       -"Agnus  Del."  783 

"  Climate-Ethiopians.  956 

Costly  and  futile-Chinese  wall.    295 
Divine  p.  of  Geo.  Washington.  3274 
"      "  sought.  3718 

Feeble  p.-Miles  Standish-6  men.  313 
Hurtful  p.  of  property  by  H.  701 
Impartial  p.  of  children-Dustin.  117 
Ineffective- Arrows  at  Hastings.  391 
National  p.  made  necessary-C.  172 
of  Peace-Am.  Ind's  peace  plpe.4092 
"  Provldence-Wm.  P.  of  O.       4555 

See  SAFETY. 
Public  s.  by  Gothic  hostages.    ♦5005 
Selfish  s.-Darlus.  ♦5004 


Ashamed  of  s.-Gen.  in  battle.  1269 

by  Boldness-Cortez.  2653 

In  Counsel-Battle.  1221 

Dishonorable  s.-Maximln.  2060 

Indifference  to  personal  s.  1391 

Neglect  of  personal  s.-Caesar.  1402 


DEFIANCE. 

Challenge  of  d.-Wm.  P.  of  O. 


•■1505 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Angry  d.-Black  Prince.  5431 

Coronation  of  Napoleon  I.  1321 

in  Death-Sword  grasped.  1421 

Emblem  of  d.-Rattlesnake.  3939 

See  CHALLENGE. 

Dangerous  c.-Rebel  invasion.  ^753 

Offered-Revolutionary  War.  ^754 

Political  c.-Lincoln-Douglas.  ^755 


814 


DEFINITION— DELICACY. 


Royal  c.-Austrian  prince. 
Unaccepted  c. -Alexius. 


*756 

*757 


Ignored  by  Caesar.  4893 

Naval  o.-American-English.      2570 
Unfortunate  c. -Henry  II.  28 

DEFINITION. 

Cross-reference. 
Partial  d.-Plato's  man.  S391 

DEFORMITY. 

Forgotten-Thackeray.  ♦1506 


Cross-references. 

Absence  of  bodily  d.-Am.  Ind's.  616 

in  Art-Chinese  paintings.  838 

See  DEFECT  in  loo. 

DEGENERACIT. 

Athenian  d.-despised.  *1507 

National  d.-England  a.d.  1775.*1508 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Civilization-Physical-Am.  I.  616 
"  Luxury-Alex's  soldiers.         3366 
Luxury  marks  Eoman  d.  3369 

National  d.-pleasure-loving  G.    901 
See  DEPRAVITY  in  loc. 

DEGRADATION. 

National  d.  of  Hungarians.       *1509 
and  Poverty-Ireland.  *1510 

Social  d.-Ireland.  *1511 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

by  Amusements-Romans.  220 

"  Avarice-Theodora.  1583 

"  Drink-Dionysius.  2942 

in  Employment-Clergy.  924 

of  Genius-Gratian.  1007 

Irresponsible-Irish  people.  3944 

Legal  d.  of  women.  6118 

Love  amid  d.-Soldiers.  3344 

Moral  d.  of  English  clergy.  925 
National  d.  of  aboriginal  Irish.   727 

Shameful  self-d.-Vitellius.  3879 

Social  d.-Roman  masses.  3256 

by  Superstition-Egyptians.  5457 

Voluntary  d.-Monkery.  3684 

See  BONDAGE, 

to  Vice-James  II.  6085 

"  Wealth-Peruvians.  4527 

of  "Wife  to  h.-Romans.  1707 

See  BRANDING, 

of  Criminals  in  London.  1296 

See  DISPARAGEMENT. 

Intellectual  d.-O.  Goldsmith.  *1664 

See  PROFLIGATE. 

Royal  p.-Queen  of  Spain.  *4490 


Clerical  p.-Pope  John  XII.  4305 

Marriage  of  p. -Byron.  3465 

See  SERFAGE. 

Burdens  of  s.-Eng.-13th  cent.  •5116 

See  SERVILITY. 

Disgraceful  s.-James  Bagge.  ♦5123 


Genius  for  s.-Bagge.  5123 

of  Flatterers-Romans.  305 

Required  by  tyrant-Sapor.  2527 

Shameful  s.-Roman  Senate.  4373 

Shameless  s.  of  husband  of  Z.  63 


See  SHAME. 
Consummate  s. -Ferdinand. 


*5125 


Burdens  life-Martyr  Huss.  1964 

by  Drink-OfBoials.  2947 

Hereditry  of  s.-Ferdinand.  2066 
Indifference  to  s.-Common  vioe.3243 

Indifferent  to  s.-Charles  II.  3470 

for  Ingratitude-Thebans.  2855 

Insensible  to  s. -Henry  VIII.  458 

"           " "    Feversham.  4602 

Life  of  8.  overlooked.  3177 
National  s.-Eng.-Reign  of  Ed.  III.87 
Overwhelming  s.-Roman  army.2662 

"-Traitor.  2795 

Punishment  by  s.-Alexander.  2148 

Vice  without  s.-Nobility.  65 

of  Women  overlooked.  8712 

See  SLAVERY. 

Antiquity  of  s.-Gieat.  *5182 

Avarice  of  s.-English.  *5183 

Beginnings  of  s.-Georgia.  +5184 

of  Captives-Romans.  ♦5185 

in  England,  a.b.  1215.  ♦5186 

Introduced  in  Virginia.  ^5187 

Mitigated-Athenian.  *5188 

"         -Roman.  ♦5189 

Natural-Turks.  ^5190 

Opposed  by  friends.  ♦5191 

Prevalence  of  s.-Rome.  ^5192 

of  Prisoners-England.  ^5193 

Punished  by  s.-England.  ^5194 

Repulsive  s.-England.  ^5195 

Unchristian  s.-British.  *5196 


Abolition  of  s.-Struggle  for.  4160 
Affection  in  s.-Pompey.  2253 

Captives  sold  into  s.-Caesar.  608 
Cowards  punished  by  s.-R.  1275 
Cruelty  of  s. -Helots.  1365 

Death  preferred  to  s.-Chlnese.  1960 
"     of  American  s.-Lincoln.  3227 
Debtors  sold  into  s.-Romans.     1465 
Desperate  defence  of  s.  4159 

Doubt  respecting  morality  of  s.1106 
Escape  from  s.  by  murder.  83 

Galling  s.  of  Peruvians.  4527 

Hatred  to  s.-Rash-J.  Brown.  3688 
Imperilled  by  s.-American  C.  3806 
Indian  s.-Victims  from  L.  1290 

Labor  degraded  by  s.  3536 

Opposition  to  s.  by  Abolitionists.  147 
Poor  sold  into  s.-England.  502 

Sold  into  s.-Plato.  748 

Suppressed  s.-Boston,  year  1701.1859 
to  Wealth,  Peruvians-Hlus.  5983 
Wretched  s.  of  Helots.  1366 

See  SLAVES. 
Angelic  s.-the  English.  ^5197 

of  Disbelievers-Virginia.  ^5198 

Docility  of  s.-Civil  War.  ^5199 

Rebellion  of  s.-Roman.  ^5200 

White  s.  in  Virginia.  ^5201 

of  Ceremony-Constantine.  752 

"  "       -Ambassadors.         750 

Condition  of  Anglo-Saxon  s.  720 
Fidelity  of  s.  of  Cornutus.  5351 

Imperilled  by  s.-Rome.  4366 

Sale  of  aged  s.-Inhumanity.       2859 
See  DEGENERACY,  DEPRAVITY, 
DISGRACE  fcutt  VlCJii  in  loc. 


DEIFICATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Caesar-Romans.  2657 

"  Heroes- Ancient  Greeks.         3511 
"  Self-Alexander  in  India.        2753; 

DEITIT. 
Belief  in  d.-Grecians.  ♦1512 

Concealed-Ancient  Italians.    ♦1513 
Subjugated  by  chains-Apollo.  *1514 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Benevolence  of  d.-Socrates.       4550 
by  Hallucination-Menecrates.    5779 
Personified-Minerva.  5438 

Presence  of  d.-Thales.  6157 

Unchaste  d.-Faustina.  1675 

Vicious  d.-Pagans.  3974 

See  DIVINITY. 
Proof  of  d.  required.  ♦1691 

of  the  Soul-Pythagoras.  5269' 

See  CHRIST  and  GOD  in  loc. 

DEJECTION. 

Mental  d.  of  William  Pitt. 


♦1516. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
by  Bereavement-Southey.  556- 

the  Weathar  brings  d.,  Bad.         949 

See  DESPONDENCY  in  loc. 

DEIiAlT. 

Dangerous-Business  to-m'rr'w.^l*16- 
Providential-Settlement  of  T.  ♦1617 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Anguish  of  d.-Nap.-Blucher. 
of  Appreciation-Paradise  Lost, 
Co-operation  by  d. 
for  Defence  refused-Jeffreys. 
Excusable  d.  in  dying. 
Failure  by  d.-Invasion  of  Ca. 
Impatient  of  d.-Washington. 
Loss  by  d. -Waterloo. 
Opportunity  lost  by  d. 

"  "     "  "-Lee. 

"  "     "  "-Help. 

Success  by  d.-Mflller. 

See  DETENTION. 
Overruled-Goldsmith's. 
Providential  d.-Cromwell. 
See  HESITATION. 
Beginning  with  h.-Mahomet. 

See  HINDRANCE, 
of  Criticism-A.  Lincoln. 
Ofiacial  h.-Fonseca-Columbus. 

See  PROCRASTINATION. 
Fatal  p.  of  Archias. 


3817 
422' 
6115 
5175 
8422 
2025 
2748 
3957 
5400' 
392? 
4083 
1604 

3631 
4547 


99 

3900 


♦4477' 


Dangerous-Business  to-m'rr'w.l516 

See  TARDINESS. 
Punished  with  death.  5247 

See  WAITING. 

Weariness  in  w.-Etiquette.        1925 

DELIBERATION. 

Cross-reference. 

Hastened-"  We  march."  2281 

See  CARE  in  loo. 

DELICACT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Essential  to  pleasure- Vice.        3320 
of  Feeling-Goldsmith.  5102^ 

See  SENSITIVENESS. 
to  Criticism-Newton.  1164 

"        "       -Voltaire. 


DELIVERANCE— DEPARTURE. 


815. 


to  Insult,  Excessive,  Tyrant.  2527 
Natural  s.-Excessive-Koberts.  1860 
of  Vanity- Voltaire.  2155 

See  EFFEMINACY  and  REFINE- 
MENT in  loc. 

delivsrance:. 

from  God-Orleans-Attila.  *1518 
Strange  d.-Captain  Cook.         *1519 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Emergency- Wm.  of  Orange.  1862 
by  God-Attila-Orleans.  1518 

Great  d.  of  England.  2187 

See  EMANCIPATION. 
Advocated  in  Mass.  year  1701.  ♦ISSO 


Proclaimed  by  A.  Lincoln.        3227 

See  ESCAPE. 
by  Bravery-Battle  of  Hastings.  *1922 
Difficult  e.-Martin  Luther.       *1923 


from  Assassins-Lincoln's.  365 

Declined-Death  of  Socrates.  3147 
Extraordinary  e.  of  Louis  P.  360 
Impossible-Roman  Empire.  1710 
Mortifying  e.  of  Napoleon  L  393 
"  to  pride.  3203 

Narrow-Thos.  Paine  from  death.  30 
"      -John  Wesley  from  fire.  119 
Peril  of  all  from  e.  of  some.       1274 
Shameful  e.-Agathocles.  1538 

See  PRESERVATION. 
Remarkable  p.  of  Mahomet.      1023 
Requirement  for  p.-C'mm'n'sts.l003 
Strange  p.  of  Rome-Geese.        1961 

See  RANSOM. 
Paternal  r.-£5000.  ^4613 

Willmg  r. -Richard  II.  *4614 


Immense  r.  of  Darius  for  queen.  186 
for  a  Life-Alaric.  1145 

Price  of  r.-Louis  IX.  1520 

Prodigal  r.  explained.  2705 

See  REDEMPTION. 
Price  of  r.  of  Calais.  *4639 

See  REFUGE. 
Sanctuary  for  r.-15th  century.  *4659 
Secured-In  America.  *4660 


Failure  of  r.-Earthquake-Li8bon.731 

in  Prayer  from  adver8ity-G.W.4382 

-A.  J.4387 

Temple  of  r. -Founding  of  Rome.387 

See  RELIEF. 

Vain  desire  for  r.-Napoleon-"W.3817 

See     DEFENCE,     FREEDOM, 

LIBERTY,    PROTECTION, 

and  VICTORY  in  loo. 


deluge:. 

Cross-reference. 
Tidal  d.-Mediterranean. 


1758 


DEIiUSION. 

Disastrous  d.  of  Crusaders.  +1520 

Optical  d. -Island-Columbus.  *1.521 

Political  d.-Stamp  tax.  *1522 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Ambition  for  ofBce-Maximus.183 

-"What  then  f"      1071 

by  Depreciation-Reformation.  1535 

Financial  d.-John  Law.  2134 


by  Forgery- Wm.  of  Orange.  2194 

of  Genius-Newton  an  Alch'm'st.814 

"  Gold-seekers-Jamestown.  2388 

"  "  -Londoners.  2:89 

"  "  -Spaniards.  2390 

in  Gold-California.  2392 

of  Gold-seekers-Spaniards.  2735 

"  "  -Jamestown.  2807 

Liberty  a  d.-Romans.  3215 

Popular  d.-Civil  War.  1985 

"       "-Crusaders.  2095 

"       "-De  Soto's Exp'd't'n.l986 

"       "  -Joan  of  Arc.  1187 

by  Trifles-Indians-Trinkets.  5771 

Visionary  d.  of  gold-seekers.  1984 

DEIiUSIONS. 

Popular  d.-Ferdinand  de  Soto.*1523 

See  HALLUCINATION. 
Realistic  h.-M.  Luther-Devil.  *2506 


Enthusiast's  h.-Joan  of  Arc.  2384 

See  INFATUATION. 

Destructive  i.  of  Nero.  *2819 

of  Pride  in  James  II.  *2820 


of  Curiosity  in  Pliny.  5050 

Inventor's  i.-Arkwright.  5168 

of  Love-Page  of  Mary  Stuart.  3342 
Political  i.-James  II.  3388 

Popular  i.-Conquest  of  Florida.    75 
of  War-Charles  XII.  1239 

See  MAGIC. 
Belief  in  m.-Columbus.  ♦3378 


Printing  a  work  of  m.  4465 

of  Science  working  wonders.    5051 

See  SORCERY. 
Condemned-Eng.,  year  1440.    *5264 
Fear  of  s.-Joan  of  Arc.  *5265 

Punished  by  Henry  VI.  *5266 


Belief  in  s.  by  Romans. 
vs.  Discipline-Russians. 
Work  of  s.-Joan  of  Arc. 
See  WITCH. 
Suspected  w.-Esquimau. 


1284 
1493 
2894 

*6023 


Burned  as  a  w.-Joan  of  Arc.  1726 

Cured  by  flogging-Salem.  845 

a  Suspected  w. -Duchess  of  0.  3512 

"  -Quaker  in  N.  E.4129 

See  WITCHCRAFT. 

Alleged  w.-Salem.  *6024 

Epidemic  of  w.-Salem.  *6025 

Malice  in  w.-Salem.  *6026 

Punished  w.-England.  *6027 

"  -Salem.  *6028 

See  DECEPTION  in  loc. 

demagogue;. 

Changeful  d.-Duke  of  B.  *1524 

Class-Rome- Votes.  *1525 

First  d.-Menestheus.  *1526 

Marks  of  the  d.  *1527 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Dangerous  d.-R.  Ferguson.       4259 
Guided  by  sagacity-England.     4274 
Rule  of  d.-Augustus.  4256 

Shameless  d.-Catlline.  392 

Subdued  by  threatening-G.  G'o.  40 


DEMAGOGUES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Business,  Politics  a  d.  4244 

Dangerous  d.-Socialistic.  5218 

Disgraceful  work  of  d.-d'th  of  S.700 
Legislation  of  d.-Rome.  115& 

Rule  of  d.-French  Republic.      352^ 
See  POLITICS  in  loc. 

DEMAND. 

Cross-reference. 

Offensive  d.  of  France  on  U.  S.    170 

See  COERCION  in  loc. 

DEMONS. 

Origin  of  semi-d.-Huns.  *1528" 

See  DEVIL  in  loc. 

DENTISTS. 

Barbers  the  dentists  in  6th  cent.  456. 

DENUNCIATION. 

Terrible  d.  of  Napoleon  I.         *1529 

Safety  by  d.-Charles  I.  1663- 

See  THREATENING  in  loc. 

DEPARTURE. 

Mysterious  d.-Cleomedes.        ♦1530' 


Cross-reference. 
Beneficial  d.-Hernando  Cortez.    78 

See  ABANDONMENT. 
Inhuman  a.-Moslems.  *1 

Mortifying  a.-Tlmothy  Hall.         ^2 


of  All  for  safety-Rome.  2117 

"  Army  by  General  Agathocles.1538 

"  Civilization-S.  Houston.         905 

Deserved  a.-Catlline.  392 

Forsaken  justly-James  II.       *2203 

Heartless  a.  by  sailors-Hudson.3757 

Humiliating  a.  of  Nero.  1270 

Just  a.  by  children-James  II.     220* 

Outcast  for  religion- W.  Penn.*3970- 

Painful  a.  of  wife-Dustin.  117 

Sudden  a.  of  Richmond.  6167 

"  "  Wife-Shelley.         599* 

See  ADJOURNMENT. 

Forced  a.  of  Pari,  by  Cromwell.  410 

See  DESERTION. 
Imita ted-to  Wm.  of  Orange.    ♦1534 
Shameful  d.  by  Agathocles.      ♦ISSS 


Constructive  d.-Fred.  II.  3389' 

See  DISCHARGE. 
Honored  d. -Lord  Rochester.    *1610 


Pretence  for  d.  of  Protestants.    312 
Sectarian  d.  of  soldiers-Jas.  II.    317 

See  DISMISSAL. 
Humiliating  d.  of  Castlemaine.*1661 


Humiliating  d.-Luther  by  C.  257 
Shameful  d.  of  Parl.-Cromwell.  410 

See  EXILE. 

Happily  ended- Cicero.  1658 

Honored  e.-Lafayette.  4318 

Long  e.-"  The  Pretender."  622» 

Provision  in  e.-Generous.  2641 

See  EXPULSION, 

of  Scholars-Fellows  of  M.  C.  ♦1994 

of  Aliens  from  U.  S.  i67 

Deserved  e.-Bribery-Sir  J.  N.      860 
Humiliating  e.  from  Lincoln.      534. 


816 


DEPENDENCE— DESPAIR. 


from  Mial8try-Sam"l  Johnson.  3616 
Vigorous  e.-Bribery  re8ented-D.673 
Wronged  by  e.-Minister.  1081 

See  FAREWELL, 
to  Country-Nap.  I.  to  France.  ♦2096 
i^nal  f .  desired-James  II.        *2097 
Xast  f. -Dying  Christian's.         *2098 
Touching  f. -Washington's.      *2099 


Sad  f.  of  Josephine  and  Nap.      104 

See  FLIGHT. 
Cowardly  f.-Heraclian.  2158 

Famous  for  f.-Maximin.  2060 

for  Safety-Eoman  panic.  2117 

Sec  FUGITIVE. 
Hopeless  of  escape-Marcellus.  1710 
JRoyal  f.-James  II.  5788 

Sympathy  for  f.-Americans.      4660 
Welcomed  in  France-James  n.5990 

See  FUGITIVES. 
Generosity  to  royal  f .  2641 

if*unished  by  slavery.  502 

Refuge  of  f.-Asylum-Rome.        387 
fianotuary  of  f.-N.  Carolina.      2489 

See  RUNAWAY, 
if rom  Abuse-Frederick  II.  3389 

Arrested  r.-David  Crockett.        634 
Distinguished  r.-Pizarro.  *4984 

aieformed-David  Crockett.  637 

^Successful  r.-B.  Franklin.  638 

"         "  -Samuel  Houston.    905 
See    DESERTION,    EMIGRA- 
TION and  SECESSION 
in  loo. 

DEPENDENCE. 

Needless  d.-Colonists  in  Va.    *1531 


Grots-reference. 
^Filial  d.conrected-"  Win  spurs. "2630 

See  TRUST  in  loo. 

DEPRAVITY. 

*y  Descent.-Nero's.  ♦1532 

Evidence  of  d.-S.  Johnson.      ♦1533 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Age  of  excessive  d--Romans.  124 

"    "  d.-Introduction  of  C.  124 

Destructive  d.  of  Nero.  329 

with  Intellectual  power.  1669 

Inclination  of  d.-Eating.  4203 

Xooality  of  d.  concentrated.  1293 

"  "              "  1299 

Tarental  d.  confessed-C.  IV.  2066 

See  APOSTASY. 

Open  a.  of  Romanus.  ^251 

Primitive  a.  by  persecution.  ^252 


Encouraged  by  law-Maryland.  4116 
Explained-Inconslstency.  2774 

Discreditable  a.-Protestant.  1936 
Reaction  of  forced  converts  to  a.920 
Hequired  of  ofBcer.  1471 

See  APOSTATE. 
Honored  unwisely.  3177 

Shameful  a.-Justus.  1359 

See  APOSTATES. 
Forgiven  by  Primitive  Church.  ♦253 


:Malice  of  a.-Knights  Templars.  1939 

"       "  "  -Julian's.  2546 

«ee  CORRUPTION,  DEGRADATION 

and  SIN  in  loo. 


DEPRECIATION. 

Financial  d.-Plymouth  Col.      ♦1534 
Foolish  d.  of  Martin  Luther.    ♦1535 

See  CAVIL. 
Answered-Legislation.  *740 


Silenced  by  success.-Cent.  Ex.    743 

See  CROAKING. 
of  Degeneracy-Eng.  Puritans.  ^1315 
Habit  of  0.  about  the  weather. ♦  1316 

See  DISPARAGEMENT. 
Intellectual  d.-O.  Goldsmith.   ♦1664 

See  GRUMBLING. 
over  Failures  of  Ad.  Nelson.    ^2490 
See  COMPLAINTS  and  CRITI- 
CISM in  loc. 

DEPRESSION. 

Cross-reference, 
by  Bereavement-Southey, 


556 


Weather  causes  d.-Bad.  949 

See  DESPONDENCY  in  loo. 

DERISION. 

Public  d.  at  theatre- Walker.   ^1536 
See  RIDICULE  in  loc. 

DESCENDANTS. 

Cross-references. 
Degeneracy  of  modem  Greeks.1507 
Sufferings  and  ruin  of  Csesar'sd.2075 

See  POSTERITY. 
Denied  to  Mahomet.  ^4333 


Reproach  of  p.  feared  by  Ch.  I.  1500 
"        "  "       "    -Strafford.  120 
See  CHILDREN  in  loc. 

DESECRATION. 

Cross-references. 
Horses  stabled  in  St.  Paul's-C.    860 

See  SABBATH-BREAKING. 
by  Amusements-Eng.  games.      224 
-Lond.,yr.  1141.4987 
Denouncement  of  s.-b.pun'sh'd.2040 
Law  requiring  s.-b.  4988 

by  Nobility.  4986 

See  SACRILEGE. 
Infamous  s.-Hakem  the  Turk.^6001 
Sectarian  s.-Cathollcs.  ^5002 


Grave  opened-Death.  2471 

Holy  places  of  Jerusalem-C.       324 

See  PROFANITY  in  loc. 

DESERTION. 

Imitated  d.-to  Wm.  of  Orange. ^1537 
Shameful  d.  by  Agathocles.     ♦ISSS 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Constructive  d. -Frederick  II.    3389 
of  Friends  of  Washington.         2308 
"       "        "  Caesar.  371 

Pardoned  after  intercession.       536 
for  Plunder-Soldiers.  2417 

of  Wife  by  Shakespeare.  3496 

See  ABANDONMENT  in  loc. 
DESIRES. 
Potential  d.-Swedenborg's      ^1539 

Cross-reference. 
Contracted  bring  happiness.      2517 

See  REQUEST. 
Waiting  for  a  r.- Alexander.    ^4796 

See  WISHES. 

Kind  w.-"  Better  luck."  ♦6021 

Ruinous  w.-Covetousness.        ^6022 

See  COVETOUSNESS  in  loc. 


DESOLATION. 

by  Pestilence-London.  ♦1540 

See  EXTERMINATION. 
War  of  e. -Queen  Anne's.  ^1999 


by  Persecution- Albigenses.       4123 
of  Soldiers-Nervii-Maubeuge.    2130 
See  CALAMITY  and  DESTRUC- 
TION in  loo. 

DESPAIR. 

of  the  Defeated- Am.  Rev.         ^1541 
Determination  of  d.-Aurelian.+1548 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Appeal  of  d.  rejected.  2015 

Confidence  succeeds  d.-Col.       1880 
Courage  of  d. -Gladiators.  1235 

Spiritual  d.-Seeker.  1193 

Suicide  in  d.-of  defeat.  1438 

"       of  persecuted  Jews.       4122 
"       suggested  in  d.  5423 

Weakness  of  d. -Chinese.  1410 

See  DESPONDENCY. 
by  DiflQculties  relieved.  3846 

See  MELANCHOLY. 
Characteristic  m. -Aborigines.  +3557 
Depressed  by  m.-Charles  V.  ♦3558 
Excusable  m.-John  Milton.  ^3559 
Inherited  m.-Samuel  Johnson.  ♦3560 
♦3561 
Natural     "  "  "  ♦3562 

Philosophy  of  m.-Unf 'th'm'ble.  ♦3563 
Religious  m.-George  Fox.         +3564 
"  "  -Puritans.  ♦3565 

Resisted  by  Samuel  Johnson.  ♦SSee 
Royal  m.-Queen  Elizabeth.       ♦3567 


Adversity  produces  m.-Young.  1670 
of  Bereavement-Jefferson. 
Death  desired  in  m. 
Hallucination  of  m.-Luther. 
Marriage  relieves  m. 
Misfortune  brings  m. 


In  Old  Age-Elizabeth. 
Religious  m.-H.  D.  Gough. 

"  "  -Nelson. 

"         "    of  Cromwell. 

"  "  -Anabaptists. 

See  REMORSE. 
Persecutor's  r. -Charles  IX. 
Royal  r.-Edward  IV. 

Assassins  r.-Nero. 
of  Conscience-Charles  I. 
of  Ingrate  son-Richard. 
Murderer's  r.-Constans  U. 
Renegade's  r.-Argyle. 
Victim  of  r.-Clotalre. 

See  SUICIDE. 
Averted  s.-Napoleon  I. 
Cause  of  s. -Samuel  Johnson. 
Cowardice  of  s.-Am.  Indians. 
Deterred-Benjamin  Abbott. 
Dyspeptic's  escape  by  s. 
Escape  by  s. -Demosthenes. 
Glorification  of  s.-Stoics. 
Mania  for  s  -William  Cowper. 
Philosophic  s.-Marcus. 
Remorseful  s.-Mrs.  Shelley. 


2486 
2619 

2506 
8480 
3633 
3559 
3567 
1179 
1189 
4718 
4719 

♦476fl 
♦4761 

1110 

1118 
1634 
1108 
6209 
1361 

♦542(f 
♦5421 
♦5423 
♦5423 
♦5424 
♦5423 
♦5426 
♦5427 
♦5428 
♦5429 


Attempted  by  Cowper.       2691, 2883 


DESPERATION— DETECTIVE. 


Sir 


at  Command  of  ruler.  3843 

by  "  -Forty  wives.  1410 
of  the  Defeated  Cambrians.  1550 
for  Disgrace-Lucretia.  5786 

Fanatic's  s.-Keligious.  3506 

Intentional  s.-Youthful  W.  1668 
Intimidated-Nero.  1270 

Paradise  gained  by  s.  1416 

Preparation  for  s.-Shelley.         3345 
"  "-Fred.  II.         3632 
Prevented  s.-Alexander's.         4021 
Refuge  from  famine  in  s.  2015 

"  "     adversity  in  s.       5420 

Eequlred-ex-OfBcer-Turk.  3866 

Soldier's  s.-Roman.  1404 

"        "  -Antony.  1405 

Temptation  to  s.-Melancholy.  1179 

See  DISAPPOINTMENT  and  DIS- 
COURAGEMENT in  loc. 

DESPERATION. 

In  Battle-Persians.  "'1543 

Final  d. -Blind  King  John.  *1544 

Scheme  of  d.-Stra£Eord's.  *1545 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Audacity  of  d.-Florida  Indians.  394 
Defence  of  d.-Desolatlon.  5968 

of  Hunger-Cannibals.  706 

"       "      -Sailors.  1893 

Rashness  of  d.-Joseph.  4451 

Self-destructive  d.-Cimbrians.  1550 
Success  of  d.-Cortez.  3830 

Vice  brings  to  d.-Catiline.  1140 

See  DESPAIR  in  loo. 

DBSPONDENCY. 

Miscenaneous  cross-references. 
Days  for  d.-Valley  Forge.  2308 

Rebuked-Columbus.  1881 

Removed  by  dissipation.  5449 

See  DEPRESSION. 
Bad  weather  brings  d.  949 

Bereavement-Southey.  556 

See  HYPOCHONDRIA. 

Constitutional  h.-Wm.  Cowper.2691 

See  DISCOURAGEMENT  and 

DOUBT  in  loc. 

DESPOTISM. 

Revival  of  d.-CardinalWolsey.*1546 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Colonial  d.-Massachusetts.         3208 
Social  d.-Landlord.  724 

See  TYRANNY. 
Cruelty  of  t.-Xerxes.  *5734 

Ecclesiastical  t.-Cathollc.  *5735 

Emblem  of  t.-Bastile.  *5736 

Insurrection  against  t.-P.  *5737 

Legislative  t.-Long  Parli'm'nt.'*5738 
of  Liberty-French  Revolution.*5739 

-Rev.  Tribunal.  '^5740 
Parental  t.-Frederick  Wm.  I.  *5741 
Recompense  for  t.-France.  *5742 
Self-destructive  t.-Roman.  '►5743 
Shameful  t.-Spaniards.  '^5744 

Terrible  t.-Glldo.  *5745 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
In  Amusements-Spaniards.        5744 
of  Caste,  Social  t.  3491 

Displaced  by  t. -Virginia.  2443 

Ecclesiastical  t.-Exc'mm'nic'n.4944 


Exasperated  by  t.-Sicilians.       1340 
Household  t.  of  elder  brother.  2331 

'      "  "  638 

or  in  Excommunication.  4944 

Legislative  t.-B.  Parliament.     3154 
Non-resistance  to  t.  3824 

Oppression  of  t.-Hope-Crime.    3234 
Reaction  against  t.-Rufinus.        427 
Resented-New.  Eng.  Colonists.    990 
See  GOVERNMENT  and  RULER 
in  loc. 

DESTINT. 

Unavoidable-Napoleon  I.         *1547 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Belief  in  fixed  d.-Scandinavians.4405 
Depending  on  one,  National  d.  5857 
Impending  d.-Nelson.  4830 

Providence  in  national  d.  5883 

Sign  of  d.-Mahomet.  5132 

Turning-point  of  d.-Manklnd.   1501 

See  FATE. 
Belief  in  f.-Mohammedans.      *2106 


Belief  in  f. -Napoleon  I.  1547 

"  "  "  -Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  3633 
See  PREDESTINATION. 

Belief  in  p.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  *4404 
"      "  "-Scandinavians.       *4405 


Extreme  view  of  p.  4384 

Timely  p.-Before  birth.  1845 

See  IMMORTALITY  in  loc. 

DBSTRVCTION. 

Difficult  d.-Temple  of  Jupiter.*1548 
of  Empire-Fall  of  Rome.  *]549 

Terrible  self-d.-Clmbrians.       ♦1550 


of  Art  by  Nero. 

327,329 

"    "   In  ruin  of  Paganism. 

331 

"    "   by  Puritans. 

330 

vs.  Construction-Mouse. 

3106 

followed  by  d. -Hannibal. 

5848 

of  Life  by  architecture. 

332 

"    "    in  Crusades. 

8258 

"    "    "  war-Attlla. 

5899 

"    "    "     "   -Prance. 

5900 

"  Politics  challenged-D.  by  L.    889 

"  Self  by  infatuation-Pride. 

2820 

by  Strife-Blue  and  Green. 

5072 

"  War-Csesar's. 

5898 

"     "    -Provence. 

5943 

See  ANNIHILATION. 

Death  an  a. -John  Milton. 

8922 

See  EXTERMINATION. 

War  of  e.-Queen  Anne's. 

♦1999 

by  Persecution-Albigenses. 

4123 

of  Soldiers-Nervii-Maubeuge 

.    2130 

See  MASSACRE. 

Evidence  of  m.-Crusaders. 

*3513 

General  m.  in  war. 

♦3514 

Immense  m  -70,000  Romans. 

*3515 

by  Mob  in  Paris. 

*3516 

of  Patriots-Boston. 

*3517 

Prevented-Jamestown,  Va. 

*3518 

Punished  by  m.-War. 

♦3519 

by  Treachery-Thessalonica. 

♦3520 

Wholesale  m. -300,000  people. 

♦3581 

Brutal  m.  by  Caracalla. 


1383 


of  Captives  by  Franks.  133* 

"  ChrIstians-90,000  by  Cho8roes.324 
Depopulated  by  m.-Bagdad.  1867 
Drink  causes  m.-Indians.  294*- 

Immense  m.-Timour.  5894 

"         "    by  Caesar.  5181 

Inconsiderate  m.  by  Scythians.  1349' 
Indignation  expressed-C.  4539 

Inhuman  m.  of  workmen- Alaric. 687 
"  "  "  -Attlla.688 
by  Law-Lacedaemonian  slaves.  1365 
"  Persecutors-Catholic  vs.  P.  4123- 
"  "  -Ireland  C.  vs.  P.4132- 

Prevented  by  informer.  1006 

of  Protestants-Duke  of  Guise-V.508 
"  "         -Com.  by  Pius  V.  58» 

Religious  m.  by  Crusaders.         470&^ 
"  "   of  prisoners.  1360^ 

"  "  -Latins  by  Greeks.  1363 

Small  beginning  of  m.-"  S.  V."  29' 
Terrible  m  -"  Sicilian  Vespers.''  1340* 
Unprovoked-Jews  by  ApoU's.  6165 
in  War-Wallenstein.  5884 

"      "      -Paris,  A.D.  1418.  5885 

See  MASSACRES. 
Religious-French  Revolution.    3522' 

See  SLAUGHTER. 
Barbarous  s.-58,000  Carth'g'n's.  *5180^ 
Exterminating  s.  of  Germans.  *5181 


Authorized  by  Jesuits.  1082" 

in  Battle-Asians  30S 

"     "    -100,000  at  Fontenay.  920 

See  VANDALISM. 

of  Beggars-England.  502 

Clerical  v.  of  Theodosius.  598 

Depraved  v.  of  Nero.  829' 

Fanatical  v.  of  Puritans.  83a' 
See  CALAMITY  in  loc. 

DETAILS. 

Importance  of  d.-Military.  ^1551^ 

See  TECHNICALITIES. 

Strenuous  for  t.-Lincoln.  ♦5541- 


Invalidating  t.-Plymouth  pat.   315a' 

"  "-Jurisprudence.  3985- 

See  TRIFLES. 

Effect  of  t.-Battle.  ♦5715. 

Power  of  t.-Social  life.  ♦5716- 


Contentment  with  t.-Men.  1150" 

Contests  from  t.-Stamp  act.  506- 

"          "     "  -Roman  Rev.  507 

Discussion  of  t.-Useless.  1800f 

Importance  of  seeming  t.  1501 

Magnified  In  government.  2459- 

Preserved  by  t.-Spider's  web.  8377 

DETECTIVE. 

Harmless  d.-Robert  Bums.  -^1552 
Stupid  d.-Col.Jam"8'n-Andr6.  *1553 
Useful  d.-Clcero's.  ^1554 


Cross-reference. 
Conniving  d.-Robert  Bums.     ♦1972 

See  INFORMER. 
Dastardly  i.-James  Burton.        285a 
Massacre  prevented  by  I.  100& 

See  INFORMERS. 
Rejected  by  Vespasian.  ♦2845- 


Blackmail  paid  to  1. 


SQO» 


818 


DETENTION— DIFFICULTIES. 


Criminals  for  i.-Jeffrey's  court.  919 

Detested-Am.  Revolution.  2257 

Heartless  i.-Jeffrey's  court.  2850 

Infamous  i.-Titus  Gates.  6033 

Tools  of  tyranny.  1953 

See  SPY. 

an  Infamous  s.-Tempter.  *5321 


Arrested-Major  Andre.  1043 

Honored-Andre  "s  memorial.  2616 
Suspicion  created  by  s.,  False.  5350 

Unsuspected  s.-Alfred  the  G.  5826 

See  SPIES. 

Ensnared  by  s.-Ostragoths.  ♦5304 

Shameless  s.-John  Locke.  *5305 


Victims  of  s.-Theodora's. 
DETENTION. 

See  HIKDRA>'CE  in  loc. 
DETERMINATION 

Asserted-'Sword  shall  give  it." 
Emphatic  d.-Stone-My  ballot. 
Fixed  d.-Joan  of  Arc. 
Obstinate  d.-Scotch  Presb's. 
Strange  d.-Joan  of  Arc. 
for  Success-"  Win  his  spurs." 
Want  of  d.-Philip  of  France. 
Youthful  d.-Alcibiades. 


1344 


*1555 
♦1556 
*1557 
*1558 
*1559 
*1560 
*1561 
*1562 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ambitious  d.  of  Alex.  Hamilton.185 
Resolute  d.-Luther  to  Worms.  1241 
Success  by  d.-Wadsworth.         3956 

See  DECISION. 
Final  d.-Eubioon.  *1480 

"    "        "  *1481 

Lacking  d.-Charles  I.  *1483 


Hastening  d.-Peace  or  war. 
Lacking  d.-Charles  II. 

See  FIRMNESS. 
Call  to  f .  by  William  HI. 
Effect  of  f .-Alex.  Severus. 

See  OBSTINACY. 
Depraved  o.-App.  of  H.  VIII. 
Extraordinary  o.  of  James  II. 
Immovable  o.  of  James  II. 
Political  o.  of  James  II. 


6896 
2751 

•2147 
*2148 

*3852 
♦3853 
♦3854 
•3855 


Argument  declined  by  o.  3049 

Assumed  o.-Dead  bodies.  2568 

against  Counsel-Charles  XII.  1239 
Creditable  o.  of  Samuel  Adams.  676 
Defect  of  o.-Milton.  2923 

Eoollsh  o.-Hasty  words.  2748 

Plea  of  o.-William  Penn-J.  II.  8548 
Refuge  in  o.-Amb.  of  Wm.  III.  750 
Religious  o.  against  p'rs'cut'rs.  1558 
Subdued  by  magnanimity.  2199 

See  RESOLUTION. 
Success  by  r.-Am.  patriots.       *4816 


Moral  r.  of  Luther.  1092 

Success  by  r.-Gen.  Fremont.  1069 

Unsurpassed  in  r.-Pizarro.  1068 

Weakness  of  r..  Moral.  5054 
See  HERO  in  loc. 

DETESTATION. 

Courage  under  d. -Cromwell.  *1563 

Public  d.  of  Eutropius.  •1664 

See  HATRED  in  loc. 


DEVELOPMENT. 

Social  d.-Lombards.  *1565 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
of  Genius-Periods.  2297 

Inventions  by  d.-Steam-engine.5732 
Perfection  by  d.-Paradise  Lost.4108 

See  ATHLETE. 
Remarkable  a.-Thracian.  *388 

Royal  a.-Henry  II.  *389 


Moral  weakness  of  Mllo. 
Strong  a.-Father  of  Jefferson. 
"      "  -George  Washington. 
See  ATHLETES. 
Early  training  of  a.-Persian. 

"  "        "  "  -Spartans. 

Education  of  a.-Roman. 
Military  a.-Roman. 
Trained  a.-Roman  soldiers. 

See  PRECOCITY. 
Remarkable  p.-James  Watt. 
"  "  -Alex.  Pope. 


5960 
5358 
5359 

1770 
1817 
1778 
1827 
5672 

•4402 
•4403 


Educational  p.-S.  Johnson.  1815 

of  Genius-William  C.  Bryant.  2329 

Juvenile  p.  of  Themistocles.  635 

in  Mathematics.  3532 

"          "             -Colburn.  3533 
Remarkable  p.-S.  Johnson-3yrs.793 

Youthful  p.  of  B.  Franklin.  636 

See  TRAINING, 

for  Greatness- Alexander.  ♦5668 

Lack  of  t.-Military.  •5669 

Lasting  t.-Walter  Scott.  •5670 

by  Obedience-Spartans.  •5671 

Physical  t.-Romans.  *5672 

Success  without  t.-Wm.  of  0.  *5673 


for  Manhood-Themistocles.  635 

Military  t.-Importance  of.  1981 

Misapplied-Emp.  Gallienus.  1830 

Success  without  special  t.  136 

of  Voice-Demosthenes.  6853 
See  EDUCATION  in  loc. 

DEVIIi. 

Casting  out  the  d.-J.  Bunyan.  ^1566 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Disturbance  from  d.  resisted.    2506 
Evidence  of  d.-Bunyan's  heart.1084 
Learned  in  Latin,  Greek  and  H.1567 
Possessed  of  d.-Fanatio.  2084 

Realistic  belief  In  d.-Bunyan.    1180 
1191 
Virginity  debars  the  d.  5837 

DEVIIiS. 

Tested-Boston  damsel.  ^1567 

See  DEMONS. 
Ancestry  by  d.-Huns.  ^1524 

DEVOTION. 

Absolute  Mohammedan  d.  *1568 
Commendable  d.  of  St.  Amb.  ^1569 
Entire  d.  of  Bp.  Thomas  Coke.*1570 
Ministerial  d.  of  Thomas  Lee.  ^1571 
Self-sacrificing  d.-Belisarius.  ^1572 


Absolute  d.  of  life, 
to  Amusement-Angelus. 
"  Banner-Mohammedan. 


3843 


2567 


Blind  d.  of  Persian  assassins.  374 

External  d.  to  the  pope.  2675 

Filial  d.-Seeking  pardon.  3998 

Reward  of  d. -Garibaldi's.  4042 

Secret  of  d.-Money.  2705 

Servant's  d.  to  mistress.  5120 
of  Soldiers-Swedes  to  Chas.XII.1239 

Soldier's  d.  to  standards.  3838 

to  Study-Young  Napoleon.  5375 
Terrible  oath  of  d.  by  gladiators.  102 

of  Wife-Lafayette's.  4318 

"  Woman-H.  Wentworth.  2516 

"       "       -Mrs.  Unwin.  2883 

to  Women-Knights.  2866 

See  DEDICATION. 

Changed-Biblia  Polyglotta.  *1485 

True  religious  d.-Church.  *1486 


to  God-Knights.  1121 

"     "  -John  Wesley.  1122 

Indifferent  d.  of  temple.  6159 

See  RELIGION  in  loc. 

DEVOTIONS. 

Morning  d.-Ancient  Britons.     *1573 
See  WORSHIP  in  loc. 

DIARY. 

Artful  use  of  d.  ^1574 


Cross-reference. 
Honest  Quaker's  d. 


2604 


DICTATION. 

Simultaneous  d.-Napoleon.      *1575 
See  COMMAND  in  loc. 

DIET. 

Simplicity  In  d.-John  Howard.  •1576 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Frugal  soldier's  d.-Emp.  Cams.  447 
Importance  of  plain  d.-Youth.  6212 
Life  prolonged  by  d.  2176 

an  Obstacle-Young  Irving.        2734 
See  FOOD  in  loc. 

DIFFERENCES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Sectarian  d.-Persian  vs.  Turk.  5070 

"        "  magnified.  5071 

See  CONTRAST. 

Affinity  by  c.-Anne-Churchill.   2228 

"        "  "-Burnet-Halifax.    2231 

"  "  _win.  p.  of  O.         2234 

Greatness  by  c.-Charlemagne.   2472 

See  DIVERSITY. 

of  Interests  in  society.  *1690 

See  DISAGREEMENT  in  loc. 

DIFFICULTIES. 

Firmness  amid  d.-Claudius.  ^1577 
Mechanical  d.-Goodyear.  *1578 
Overcome-Timour  in  India.  *1579 
"  -Napoleon  I.-Alps.  *1580 
Removed-Gordium  knot.         *1581 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Discouragement  relieved.  3846 

Ingenuity  superior  to  d.  2846 

Perseverance  amid  d.-Mah't.    3845 
"  "     " -Columb.4146 

Stimulate  Invention-Clocks.      2969 

See  DILEMMA. 
Decided  by  Marcla.  *1519 


DIGNITARIES— DISAPPOINTMENT. 


819 


See  HINDRANCE, 
of  Criticism-A.  Lincoln.  99 

OfScial  h.-Fonseca-Columbus.  3900 

See  IMPOSSIBILITIES. 
Accomplished  at  bridge  of  L.  *2752 

See  OBSTACLES. 
Overcome  by  perseverance-D.  3949 
See   DESPONDENCY,   DETERMINA- 
TION, DISCOURAGEMENT, 
STRIFE  and  TRIALS 

in  loc. 

DIGNITARIES. 

Multiplied-Virginia  Colony.     *1582 

See  ARISTOCRACY, 
in  Battle-Roman.  *301 

Expense  of  a.-Romans.  *302 

Ruction  for  a.-Puritans.  *303 

Ruin  of  a.-Greeks.  *304 

Brutal  pleasures  of  a.-Normans  1322 

Rule  of  a.-Burdensome-Va.       2443 

See  RULERS  in  loc. 

DIGNITY. 

Compromised-Theodora. 
■Cruel  d.-Death  to  smile. 
Exhibited-Samuel  Johnson. 
Ludicrous  d.-Chas.  the  Simple, 
Offended  d.-Rodolph-Ott'c'r's. 
Preserved  d.-Captive  Porus. 
Regard  for  d.-Washington. 
"       "    "  -LucuUus. 


*1583 
*1584 
*1585 
♦1586 
*1587 
*1588 
*1589 
♦1590 


Miscellaneous  crosa-references. 
Affected  d.  ridiculed.  1506 

Foolish  d.  of  Xerxes  "Insulted."320 
•by  Humiliation  of  enemy.  2527 

Husband's  d.-Wm.  of  Orange.  2681 
%    Inflexible  d.-Constantius.  2468 

•Judges'  d.-Athenian.  3038 

Lack  of  d.-Commodus.  1591 

Maintained  by  refusal-C.  2623 

Offended-House  of  Peers.  3868 

-Clarendon.  3899 

4n  Politics-Thomas  Jefferson.     704 

See  ARROGANCE. 

Answered-Charles  V.  *319 

•Childish  a.-Xerxes  Fetters-Sea.  *320 

Insulting  a.-Attila.  *321 

"  -Charles  V.  *322 


Boastful  a.-Disabul  the  Turk.     384 
■Clerical  a.  in  politics.  920 

"  "       "  4929 

Lofty  a.  of  Attila.  322 

National  a.-English.  323 

Peril  in  a.-Braddock's  defeat.      97 

See  DECORUM. 
In  Debate-Am.  Indians.  ♦1483 

Ministerial  d.-S.  Johnson.        *1484 

See  HAUGHTINESS. 
Lordly  h.  of  Sapor.  *2527 

Humbled-Klngly-Cromwell.      2623 

See  MANLINESS. 
in  Abstinence-Alexander.  5095 

Admiration  of  m.-Pompey.        3819 

-Louis  IX.       3821 

"         for  "  -Pompouius.   4069 

■by  Adversity-Humphry  Davy.     86 

Christian  m.-Gustavus  XII.       4174 

Destitute  of  m.-Cicero.  4370 

..  •>  "_«'Dick"Talbot.6032 


Disparaged  by  persecutors.  4144 
Encouragement  to  m.-Latimer.l233 
Exhibited-Ministerial  m.  1243 

Ideal  m.-Indian  fortitude.  1425 
Lack  of  m.-Disgraceful.  1272 

"      "    "-Nero.  1418 

Ministerial  m.-Rev.  S.  Johnson.  1242 
in  Poverty-Samuel  Johnson.  4357 
of  Pride-Samuel  Johnson.  4349 

by  Self-reliance-Black  Prince.  1560 
Stimulated  by  ridicule.  4892 

Wanting  m.-Marlborough.  1248 
Youthful  m.-Prince  of  Wales.    1237 

See  NOBILITY. 
of  Appearanoe-Numitor.  *3818 

Honored-Sthenis-Pompey.  *3819 
Patriotic  n.-Sylla.  *3820 

Recognized-Louis  IX.  *3821 

In  Abstinence- Alexander.         5095 

of  Ancestry  despised-Nap.         3592 

See  HONORS  in  loc. 

DILEmitlA. 

Decided  by  Marcia.  *1591 

DINNER. 

Bad  d.  brings  Ul-humor-S.  J.  *1592 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Forgotten  d.-Isaac  Newton.         20 

Waiting  d.-Samuel  Johnson.    *1593 

See  FEAST  and  FOOD  in  loc. 

DIPLOMACY. 

Effect  of  d.-Corrupting.  *1594 

Expensive  d.-British  d.  *1595 

of  Falsehood-Elizabeth.  *1596 

Game  of  d.-Concealment.  *1597 

Inscrutable  d.-Bismarck.  *1598 

Revengeful  d.-French.  *1599 

Trained  to  d.-J.  Q.  Adams.  *1600 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Art  of  d. -Consummate-Nap.      2693 
Deceit  in  d.-Napoleon.  3850 

"    of  "  -Wm.  Pitt.  4794 

Deception  of  d.-Henry  VIII.  430 
Degrading  d.  of  Charles  II.  169 
Dexterous  d. -Philip.  1887 

Distinguished  in  d.  1594 

Double-dealing  in  d.-Chas.  II.  5729 
Energetic  d.-Successful.  5714 

Treachery  of  d.-English.  1752 

Unfitness  for  d.-J.  Adams.         8894 

See  STATESMAN. 
Dangerous  s.-Chas.  Townsend.*5331 
Degeneracy  of  English  s.  *5332 

Intriguer,  not  a  s.-Sunderland.  2967 
Unsuccessful  s.-Talented-B.      2343 

See  STATESMANSHIP. 
Contemptible  s.-Napoleon  III.*5333 
Foolish  8. -James  II.  *5334 

National  s.-Wm.the  Conqu'r'r.*5335 
Ruinous  s.-Spaniards.  ♦5336 


Blunder  of  s.-Taxing  Colonies.  2406 

Imagination  addressed  in  s.  2740 

Masterly  s.-Cromwell.  2313 

Results  of  s.-Cromwell.  2327 

Scandalous  s.-British.  5061 

Wise  s.  of  Jefferson.  3929 

Woman's  s.-Queen  Caroline.  2683 


DIRECTIONS. 

Cross-reference. 

Disregarded  by  Gen.  Jackson.  3773 

DIRECTNESS. 

Commanded-Russian  R.  R.      ^1601 


Cross-reference. 
In  Attack-"  Go  at  them.' 

See  BREVITY. 
Famous  b.-Cassar. 


3399 


♦659 


DISAGREEMENT. 

Cross-reference. 
of  Physicians  of  Charles  II.       4171 

See  ANTAGONISM. 
Natural  a.-Protestant  and  C.  I.   243 
in  Personal  character-M.  L.        761 
"       "  "         -Queen  E.  763 

Unnatural  a.-Father-Son.  1064 

See  ANTIPATHY. 
Race  a.  of  Irish  in  Ireland.        ^248 

See  DIFFERENCES. 

Sectarian  d.-Persian-Turk.        6070 

"         "  magnified.  5071 

See  DISUNION. 

Weakness  of  d.-Johnson.         ^1688 

See  DIVERSITY. 
of  Interests  in  society.  ^1690 

in  Social  life-Nap.  and  peasant.  187 

See  DIVISION,  OPPOSITION  and 

STRIFE  in  loc. 

DISAPPOINTMENT. 

Bitter  d.-Inventor's-R.  Fulton.^1602 
Fatal  d.-Cicero.  *1603 

in  Life-Fountain  of  youth.  ^1607 
Overruled-George  Mliller.  +1604 
Trial  by  d.-Columbus.  ♦1605 

with  Yictory-Richard  I.  ♦leoe 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Delight  in  oflace-Emperor  Max.  183 
Expectations  in  religion-L'th'r'8.53 
In  Life.-Cicero.  1603 

"  Love-Blighted-Isaac  Newton.108 
"     "    -Miss  Perronet.  2534 

Lover's  d.-Exile-Kosciusko.  3341 
"  "-David  Crockett.  3438 
Mutiny  from  d.-Columbus.  3758 
of  Parental  affection-Henry  II.  4005 
Revenged  foolishly  by  Xerxes.  320 
Violence  from  d.-Eng.  Monks.    217 

See  DEFEAT. 
Beginning  with  d  -Lincoln.      ♦1488 
BriUiant  d.-Napoleon-W.         ^1489 
Concealed  d.-Samuel  Johnson.^1490 
Difficult  d.-Csesar.  ^1491 

Inspiring  d.-Bunker  Hill.  ^1492 

Instruction  by  d.-Peter  the  G.^1493 
Mortification  of  d.-Montcalm.  ^1494 
Overwhelming  d.-Moscow.  ^1495 
Service  of  d.-Bull  Run.  ^1496 


Beginning  with  d.-Am.  Rev.  5881 
Despair  by  d.-Am.  Revolution.  1541 
Embittered  by  d.-John  Adams.42.S4 
Exempt  from  d.-Cromwell.  311 
Fatal  d. -Horace  Greeley.  4281 

Honor  in  d.-Perslans  at  Petra.  643 
Humiliation  by  d.-Romans.  2662 
Impossible  d.-Col.  Moultrie's.  650 
Mortifying  d.-Henry  Clay.  4247 

"  of  Charles  I.  3.583 

Stinging  d.-Persians  by  B.  614 


820 


DISASTER— DISCOVERY. 


See  FAILURE. 
Beginning  with  f. -Demos.        *2021 
Cause  of  f.-Pirst  Cable.  *2022 

Discouragement  by  f.-Bp.McK*2023 
at  First-Frederick  the  Great.  *2024 
by  Incompetence-Inv's'n  of  C.  *2025 
Lesson  of  f.-Ignorance.  *2026 

in  Life-Robert  Bums.  *2027 

Signal  f. -Spanish  Armada.       *2028 


Beginning  with  f. -Shelley.  2314 
Business  f.-Misdirection.  2321 

Discouragement  from  f .-Demos.2021 
-Bishop  McK.   2023 
Mortification  of  f. -James  11.      3719 
Mortifying  f. -Crusaders.  1606 

in  Oratory- Washington  Irving.  3950 
Reputation  for  f.-Bibulus.  2771 
Retrieved-Burke's  speech.  49 

Success  a  f..  Apparent.  5402 

after  f  -Grant.  5414 

Vanity  causes  f  .-Timotheus.  2213 
in  War-Eight  Years'.  5906 

"    "    -Seven  Years*.  5907 

See  FAILURES. 
Misunderstood-Providential.  *2029 
in  Professions-Goldsmith's.     *2030 
Surmounted- Atlantic  cable.    ^2031 


in  Life-Oliver  Goldsmith's.      *2030 

See  DISCOURAGEMENT  in  loc. 

DISASTER. 

Concealed  d.-General  Nash.    *1608 
Energy  by  d.-Romans.  *1609 


Distressing  national  d.-St.  Clair.  56 

See  MISFORTUNE, 
Born  to  m.-Charles  I.  *3628 

Cruelty  with  m.-Am.  Indians.  *3629 
Fellowship  inm.-L.  Bon'p'rte.*3630 
Overruled-Qliver  Goldsmith.    *3631 


Business  m.  overruled.  2969 

Comfort  in  m.-Mahomet  lives.  1568 
Courted-Battle  of  Fr'd'cksb'rg.5366 
Exasperation  in  m.  feared.  1267 
Greatness  in  m. -Cornelia.  6072 

"        shown  in  m.-Caesar.  1491 
Heedlessness  brings  m.  2546 

Insulted  in  m.- James  II.  2905 

Interpreted  by  conscience.  1100 
Mitigated  by  courtesy.  1260 

Multiplied-Melancholy  by  m.  3559 
National  m.-Armada  fails.  2028 
Overwhelmed,  Suddenly-A.  3106 
Reversed  by  tact-Slave.  32 

Solace  in  m..  Music  a.  3748 

Wealth  by  others'  m.-Crassus.    683 

See  MISFORTUNES. 

Effect  of  m.-Fred.  the  Great.   *3632 

See  ADVERSITY,  CALAMITY  and 

DEFEAT  in  loc. 

DISC  BARGE. 

Honored  d.-Lord  Rochester.    *1610 


mSCIPIilNARIAN. 

Valued-Baron  Steuben-Rev.    *1618 

BlSCIFIilNE. 

Failure  of  d.-Romans.  *1613 

"       "  "-0'nst'ntin'sarmy.*1614 

Impossible-Reign  of  Chas.  II.  *1615 

Military  d-Belisarius.  *1616 

"        "  -Aurelian.  *1617 

Resented  by  Goths-Athalaric.  ^1618 

Severe  d.  in  Roman  army.       *1619 

"       "  of  boy-Henry  VI.     *1620 

"       "  -Oliver  Cromwell,    '►lesi 

Value  of  d.-Unterrified.  *1622 

Want  of  d.-Soldiers.  *1623 


MlscellaneoTiB  cross-references. 
Abandoned-Retreat  of  Nap.      1495 
Calmness  by  d.-Napoleon.  699 

Destructive  d.  of  J.  Howard.  411 
Difficult-Child-Frederick  II.  5752 
Effectiveness  of  Christian  d.-G.  834 
Enforcement  of  d.-Alexander.  2148 
Precise  d.  of  child.  4978 

Preserved  by  promptness.  4567 
by  Religious  training-Cromwell.898 
Religious  d.  relaxed-C'nst'nt'ne.839 
In  School  diminished.  5029 

Self-d.-Charies  XII.  1240 

Severe  d.  of  monks.  3847 

"  "  "  soldiers-G.  XII.  4174 
Severity  in  School  d.-Luther.  1793 
Severity  of  military  d.  5124 

Success  by  d.-Greek  navy-P.     6110 

See  CHASTISEMENT, 
of  Children-Scourge.  *784 


Ineffective  c. -Wordsworth.  1668 

Humiliating  o.-Goldsmith's.  2664 

Morality  improved  by  c.  3711 

Passionate  c.  deplored.  4019 

Moral  effect  of  c.-Salem  witch.  845 

See  CALMNESS. 

Christian  c.-J.  Wesley-Mob.  *698 

of  Discipline-Napoleon.  *699 

Exasperating  c.-Socrates.  *700 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Pretence  for  d.  of  Protestants.    318 
Sectarian  d.  of  soldiers-Jas.  II.   317 

See  DISMISSAL. 
Humiliating  d.  of  Ca8tlemalne.*1661 

DISCIPIiKSHIP. 
Honor  of  d.-Constantlne.         *1611 


Conquered  by  c.-Mob. 
in  Death-Monmouth. 

"      "    -Strafford. 

"     "    -Socrates. 
Faith  produces  c.-Storm. 
of  Genius-Admiral  Drake. 
Masterly  c.-Napoleon  I. 
Power  in  c.-Cromwell. 


1234 
1412 
1407 
1451 
2111 
2525 
2330 
1563 


Religion  secures  c. -Earthquake.  1087 

Religious  c-Flogging.  2159 

in  a  Tumult-Thomas  Lee.  1571 

See  COMPOSURE, 

before  Execution- Argyle.  5209 

Remarkable  c.-Alexander.  5356 

See  FLOGGING. 

Comfort  under  f.-Christian.  *2159 

Excessive  f. -Titus  Gates.  *2160 


Brutality  in  f  .-Jeffreys's.  2862 

Common-Servants-Ch.-WIves.  2860 
Triple  f.-Real  and  false.  2754 

See  SELF-COMMAND. 
against  Fear- William  III.         *5082 

See  SELF-CONTROL. 
Remarkable  8.-c.-Duke  Fred.  *5083 


Abandoned-C.  J.  Fox.  5806S 
in  Excitement-G.  Washington.  3406 

Power  over  others  by  s.-c.  3695 

Sleep  at  will-Napoleon  I.  5205 

in  Suppressing  indignation.  5693 

"          "           resentment.  4804 

Weakness  in  s.-c.  confessed.  5091 

See  SELF-POSSESSION. 

Brave-Admiral  Le  Fort.  *5091 

See  EDUCATION  in  loc. 

DISCONTENT. 

Cross-reference. 
by  Discouragement- Am  p'tr'ts.l628 

DISCORD. 
Dangers  of  d.-State.  *1624 

Perverted  by  d.-Crusaders.      *1625 
Shameful  d.-Roman  Emperors.  *1626 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Popular  factions-Blue-Green.     970^ 

Religious  d.  of  pagans.  4697 

from  Want-Famine.  2076 

See  DISAGREEMENT  and  STRIFE 

in  loc. 

DISCOURAGEMENT. 

Difftcult-Pilgrim  fathers.  *1627 

"     -Discontent  of  d.  *1628 

Superior  to  d.-S.  Adams.  *16a9 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

at  Beginnlng-PUgrims.  504 

by  Disappointment-Henry  n.    4005 

"  Discord  of  Scottish  nobles.      306 

"  Failure-Demosthenes.  2021 

'*       "     -Bp.  McKendree.        £023 

"  Friends-Luther's.  2229 

Inventor's  d.-James  Watts.       2975 

"-Ellas  Howe.  4344 

Overcome  by  d. -Cable.  2031 

"  "  genius.  331* 

Perseverance  in  d.-Mahomet.    3845 

Removed  by  dream-N.  Bangs.    3845 

by  Sickness  and  death-Pilgrims. 95T 

Son  of  Napoleon-Birth-Death.    597 

Superior  to  d.-Timour  the  T.        89 

"        "   " -Sir  Walter  Scott.    91 

Undeterred  by  d.-Lafayette.      6188 

See  DEJECTION. 
Mental  d.  of  Wm.  Pitt.  *1515 


Bad  weather  brings  d.  949 

by  Bereavement-Southey.  556 

See  DESPONDENCY  and  DISAP- 
POINTMENT in  loc. 

DISCOTJRAGEniENTS. 

Ministerial  d.-Mahomet's.         *1630 
DISCOVERIES. 

Accumulative  d.-I.  Newton.    *1631 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Arts,  in  Useful-Davy.  3290 

in  Astronomy  by  Galileo.  2721 

by  Missionaries-Catholics.  3635 

Periods  of  d.  3580 

"       "  "-Portuguese.  2862 

DISCOVERT. 
Age  of  d  .-Galileo.  *  1 632 

Ambition  ford.-PrinceHenry.*1633 
Heart-breaking  d.-Ingrate  s.  *1634 
Simple  d.-Goodyear-Rubber.  ♦1635 
Unappreciated  d.-Potato.        *163& 


DISCRETION— DISGRACE. 


821 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Age  of  d.-A.D.  1485-1514.  912 

Alarming  d. -Fighting  his  fath'r.l064 
Brilliant  d.-Agitation  by.  1871 

"Christianity  prompts  d.-Col'b's.  841 
Co-operation  in  d.-Newton.  2304 
Excitement  from  d.-Gold-C.  1974 
of  Gravitation,  Law-Newton.  2295 
Greatest  d.  made  by  mind-B.  697 
Joy  of  d. -Galileo.  3028 

Passion  for  d.-Sir  Wm.  Parry.  77 
Eight  by  d. -Treasure.  5755 

Title  by  d.  lost.  3787 

not  Utilized-Chinese-Compass.2978 
Vexation  the  r' w'rd  of  d.-Dr.M:.2334 

See  INVENTION, 
lay  Accident-Spinning  jenny.    *2968 
"         "       -Chauncey  Jerome*2969 
Aid  of  i.-Caesar's  sickles.  *2970 

Appreciated-Power  loom.  *2971 
"Benefit  of  i.-Karthenware.  *2973 
Crisis  of  i.-Elias  Howe.  *2974 

Discouragement  in  i.-J.  Watt.*2975 
Failure  of  i.-Geo.  Washington.  *2976 
•Genius  for  i.-A.  Lincoln.  *2977 

"       "    "-Chinese.  *2978 

"  "-James  Watt.  *2979 
■Great  l.-Spinning  machine.  *2980 
■Growth  of  i.-Many  minds.  *2981 
Preservation  by  i.-Greek  fire.  *2982 
Saved  by  i.-the  State.  *2983 

Useful  i.-Chauncey  Jerome.     *2984 

"      "  -Pit-iron.  *2985 

an  Youth-Crompton's  "mule."*2986 


Architectural  i.-Llmited.  282 

"Genius  for  i.-Greeks.  283 

lUiscredited-Telescopes  by  R.  B.697 
Protection  by  i. -Archimedes.  343 
TJnapplied-Chlnese-Magnetic  n.  273 
Victory  by  i.  of  cannon.  350 

Want  spurs  i.- Weapons-Tools.   337 

See  INGENUITY. 
VS.  Diflaculties-Augustus.         *2846 
Practical  i.-Benj.  Franklin.     *2847 
-of  Savages-Hatchets.  *2848 

Success  by  l.-Columbus.  *2849 


Boyish  i. -Isaac  Newton. 
Female  i.-Silk-  weaving. 
Genius  shown  by  i.-Newton. 
Knowledge  increased  by  i. 
Printing  mezzotints. 
Progress  by  i.-Telescope. 
Rewarded  by  Power-loom. 
15tlmulated-New  sauce. 
Unrewarded-Spinning-jenny. 

See  INVENTIONS. 
Co-operative  I.-Arkwright-W. 
And  Politics-Cotton-gin. 
See  INVENTOR, 
by  Accident-S.  F.  B.  Morse. 
Trials  of  i.-John  Fitch. 
"Wronged-Eli  Whitney. 
"        -John  Kay. 


642 
6070 
2303 
3028 
1898 
1632 
2971 
2185 


♦2987 
*2988 

*2989 
*2990 
*2991 
*2992 


DISCRETION. 

Better  than  valor-Charles  V.   *1637 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

■Ruler  without  d.-Cbarles  II.      2432 

"Wife's  d.  rules  husband.  3352 

See  PRUDENCE  in  loo. 


DISCRIMIN  ATION. 

Cross-reference. 
Hurtful  d.-Hannibal-M'x'mus  F.701 

DISCUSSION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Agreement  in  d.  nec'ss'ry-C.  11.3911 
Candor  in  d.-Ecclesiastical.  705 
Importance  of  d.-Stamp  Act.  3194 
Repressed  by  Gov't,  Religious  d. 573 
Suppressed- Authors  punished.  2040 

DISCUSSIONS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Foolish  d.-Perioles-"Dead  h."  2170 
Unprofitable,  Verbal  d.-Stoio"s.l294 

See  DEBATE. 
Personality  In  d.-S.  Johnson.  *1457 

See  REASONING. 

Abandoned  for  action.  1480 

See  CONTROVERSY  in  loo. 

DISEASE. 

Destructive  d.-One  thlrd-A.  *1638 

"  Literary  "-Leigh  Hunt.  *1639 

Peculiarities  of  d.-W.  Scott.  *1640 

Preventable-Cromwell.  *1641 

Protection  from  d.-Indians.  *1642 

in  Religion-Mahomet.  *1643 

Survival  of  d.-Walter  Scott.  •1644 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Blemished  by  d.-Scrofula.  2017 

Civilization  diminishes  d.  2166 

Cleanliness  prevents  d.-W.  531 

Contagious  d.-Death  of  Howard.548 
Contracted  from  nurse.  1379 

Corrective-Bajazet-Gout.  611 

Delusion  from  fever.  1520 

Destructive,  contagious  d.  471 

Folly  of  knowledge-Aristotle.  2020 
Filth  causes  d.-Kngland.  2132 

Fits  of  Mahomet.  1944 

Fraudulent  use  of  d. -Mahomet.  1643 
Health  follows  d.-Cholera.  2132 
Impediment  of  d.-Wm.  Pitt.  2835 
Investigation  of  d.-Dangerous.4430 
Invited  by  bad  air.  429 

"      "   food.  433 

Miraculously  cured-Fistula.  3625 
Neglected-Dropsy-Gibbon.  3260 
Overcome  by  mind-Wm.P.of  0. 5274 
Prevalence  of  d. -Plymouth  Col.  504 
Quickens  thought.-J.  Fitch.  1876 
Retribution  of  d.-Jail  fever.  4845 
"    "      "        "  4860 

Revenge  by  d.-Inhumanity.  2863 
Struggle  with  d.-Life-long.  3599 
Superior  to  d.-Muley  Moluc.      2561 

See  EPIDEMIC. 
Destructive  e.  in  India.  ♦1912 

See  ILL-HEALTH. 
Loss  by  i.-h.-Peter  Cooper.       1785 
Superior  to  i.-h.-Wm.  of  Or'nge.l897 

See  INFECTION. 
Feared-London  pest-field.       *2821 

See  PESTILENCE. 
Devastating  p.-England.  ♦4157 

Rapid  p.-Rome.  ♦4158 


Benevolence  during  p.-C.  3018 

Desolating  p. -London.  1540 

Destructive  p.-N.  E.  Pilgrims.  957 

Infection  of  p.-Plague.  2821 

Prevented  p.-Sanitary  laws.  3550 


Sea  PLAGUE. 

Desolating  p.-Widespread.  *4190 

Destructive  p.-Romans.  ♦4191 

See  THE  SICK. 

Charity  for  the  s.-Tetzel.  1888 

Credulity  of  the  s.-Audley.  1283 

See  SICKNESS. 

Cured  by  gifts-England.  ^5128 

Friends  in  s.-S.  Johnson.  ^5129 

Information  in  s.-Aristotle.  ^5130 

Saintly  s.-J.  W.  Fletcher.  ♦5131 


an  Apology  for  weakness.  1244 

Benevolence  in  time  of  s.-H.  548 

"            "  s.-Perilous-C.  655 

Blessing  In  s.-Pascal.  4335 

by  Disappointment.  3106 

Feigned  by  Demosthenes-B.  672 

Friend  in  s.-Samuel  Johnson.  5129 

Gifts  cure  s.  5128 

Helpful  friend  In  s.-Wm.  III.  2223 

Improvement  by  s.-Luther's.  166 

Invited-English  prisons.  4164 

Labor  In  s.-Baeda.  6150 

Love-s.  fatal.  8349 

"     "-Shelley.  3350 

"    developed  In  marriage.  3445 

Recovery  by  resolution.  1977 
Reformation  in  s.-Abstin'ce  of  w.  16 

Resolution  made  In  s.  1576 

Saved  by  apoplexy-Rev.  K.  1093 

Vow  In  s.-Rellglous.  5863 

See  TUMOR. 

Sacred  t.-Mahomet's.  1878 

See  DEATH,  MEDICINE,  REMEDY, 

and  PHYSICIAN  in  loc. 

DISGRACE. 

Humiliating  d.-Lee  at  M.  ♦164$ 

Insupportable  d.-Clotilda.  *1646 
Punishment  by  d.  In  Denmark.  ♦  1647 
Unmerited  d.-Columbus.  *1648 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Anger  of  d.,  Terrifying.  1267 

Augmented  by  perseverance.    2777 

Branded  on  the  cheek-Women.5791 

Breaking  caste-India.  3537 

of  Cowardice-' 'White  feather."1271 

-"  Little  King."    1272 

"  "         -Daniel  Scott.       1273 

Fear  of  d.-Controlled  by.  4608 

Humiliating  d.-Foot  on  neck.    2527 

Indifference  to  d.-Bothwell.      2188 

Removed-Persecution.  2040 

Self-d.-Ferdinand.  2066 

Shameful  d.-English  gent.         4616 

Solitude  in  d.-Coward  king.       1267 

Terror  of  d.-Soldlers.  1236 

Unmerited  d.-Religious  joy  In.  2159 

"         "from  ancestry.       225 

"         "-Mlnlster-Theft.   1081 

of  Woman,  Adultery  the  great.3436 

See  DEGRADATION. 
National  d  of  Hungarians.       ♦1509 
and  Poverty-Ireland.  ^1510 

Social  d.-Ireland.  ^1511 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

by  Amusements-Romans.  220 

"  Avarice-Theodora.  1583 

"  Drink-Dlonysius.  2942 

in  Employment-Clergy.  924 


822 


DISGUISE— DISLOYALTY. 


of  Geniu8-Gratian.  1007 

Irresponsible-Irish  people.  3944 
Legal  d.  of  Women.  6118 

Love  amid  d. -Soldiers.  3344 

Moral  d.  of  English  clergy.  925 

National  d.  of  aboriginal  Irish.  727 
Shameful  selfd.-Vitelllus.  3879 
Social  d.-Roman  masses.  3256 

by  Superstition-Egyptians.  5457 
Voluntary  d.-Monkery.  3684 

See  INDIGNITY. 
Deserved  1.  by  Juba-in  Court.  ♦2796 


Base  i.  to  dust  of  Ad.  Blake.  1657 
Humiliating  i.-Captive  Bajazet.2661 
the  Reward  of  presumption.      4444 

See  INFAMY. 
Posthumous  i.-Emperor  C.       *2816 
Stain  of  i.,  Massacre-Gen.  P.   *2817 


by  Assassination-Booth.  373 
Conspicuous  for  i.-Commodus.  5743 

Deserved  i.-Titus  Gates.  4565 

Exposed-Spartan  bachelors.  446 

Immortal  i.  of  Jeffreys.  2862 

for  Money-Charles  II.  4688 

Overlooked-Pompadour.  3712 

Renown  of  i.-Erostratus.  4763 
Remembrance  of  i.-"BoIlman."1364 

Reward  of  i.-Assassin.  2052 

See  MORTIFICATION, 

by  Pailure-Castlemaine.  *3719 

Hateful  m.-James  II.  *3720 


of  Defeat-Montcalm. 
by      "     -Horace  Greeley, 
in  Disappointment-Henry  III. 
of  Pride-Oliver  Goldsmith's. 


See  ODIUM. 
Accidental  o.-Earl  of  Str'fford 
Braved  by  J.  Adams. 

See  SHAME. 
Consummate  s.-Ferdinand. 


1494 
4281 
1911 
2263 
4453 
4455 

♦3860 
♦3861 

♦5125 


Burdens  life-Martyr  Huss.  1964 

by  Drink-Officials.  2947 

HerediDy  of  s.-Perdinand,  2066 

Indifference  to  h.-C'mmon  vice.3243 

Indifferent  to  p. -Charles  IL        3470 

for  Ingiatitude-Thebans.  2855 

Insensible  to  s.-Henry  VIII.        458 

"  "  "-Feversham.       4602 

Life  of  s.  overlooked.  3177 

National  s.-Eng.-Reign  of  E.  III.  87 

Overwhelming  s.-Roman  army.2662 

"  "  -Traitor.  2795 

Punishment  by  s.-Alexander.    2148 

Vice  without  s.-Nobility.  65 

of  Woman  overlooked.  3712 

See  DISHONOR  and  SLANDER 

in  loc. 

BISOI7ISE. 

Cross-references. 

Betrayed-ex-Queen  Mary.  ^1649 

Clerical  d.-John  Bunyan.  ♦1650 

Dangerous  d.-Longchamp.  ♦leSl 

Detected-Clodius  Pulcher.  ♦1652 

Difficult-Flight  of  Charles  L  ^1653 
Successful  d.-Emp.  Majorian.  ♦1654 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Adversity  a  blessing  in  d.  4334 

Difficult-Richard  I.  1473 

for  Evil  deeds-Politics-Bribery.  662 
Ineffective  d.-Richard  IL  4614 

"         "-Jeffreys.  4843 

in  Masquerade-Deadly.  3512 

of  Patriots-Boston  Tea  Party.  3526 
Penetrated  by  Joan  of  Arc.  2895 
Perilous  d.  of  martyrs.  3509 

Per8onal-Successful-Charle8lI.8911 
Pride  in  d.-Rags.  5677 

Religious  d.  of  Jesuits.  3012 

Successful- Alfred  the  Great.  5826 
Wife  d.  in  male  dress-Spartan.  3483 

See  DISSEMBLING. 
Successful  d.  of  Faustina.        ^1675 
Unsuccessful  d.  of  Charles  I.   ♦1676 


of  Melancholy- Young.  1670 

in  Speech-Romans.  5292 

See  DISSIMULATION. 
Dangers  of  d.-Charles  I.  *1677 

Politic  d.  of  courtiers.  *1678 

Political  d. -Newcastle.  ^1679 

"        "-Turks.  ♦1680 

Religious  d. -Emperor  Julian.  ♦leSl 
Royal  d.-George  HI.  ♦1682 

See  AFFECTATION  and  IMPOS- 
TOR in  loc. 

BISOTJST. 

Cross-reference. 

Popular  d.-"Rump''  P'rl'm'nt.  2442 

DISHONESTY. 

General  d.-Reign  of  James  II.^1655 

See  INSINCERITY. 
Blemish  of  i.-Csesar.  +2886 

of  Jesuits-Dissembling.  ♦2887 


in  Politics-Newcastle. 
Political  i.-James  II. 
Reaction  of  i.-Charles  I. 

Repels  assistance. 

See  DECEPTION  in  loc. 

DISHONOR. 

Insensible  to  d. -Princes  of  Sp, 
Posthumous  d.-Ad.  Blake. 
Recompensed-Cicero's  return, 


1679 
4258 
1676 
1677 
2041 


♦1656 
♦1657 
♦1658 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Disguised  in  politics.  662 

Posthumous  d.-Cr'mwell's  body.685 
Reward  of  d.-Bp.  Hall  aband'ned.2 
Vices  bring  d.-Emp.  Elagabalus.960 

See  DEFAMATION. 
Punlshed-Titus  Gates.  ^1487 

See  DISPARAGEMENT. 
Intellectual  d.-O.  Goldsmith.  ^1664 

See  DEPRECIATION. 
Financial  d.-Plymouth  Col.      ^1534 
Foolish  d.  of  Martin  Luther.    ^1535 

See  DISTRUST. 
Prudential  d.  of  Pertinax.  165 

See  INSOLENCE. 
Consummate  i.-Jeffreys.  *2888 

Ecclesiastical  i.-Gregory  VH.  ^2889 
Official  I.  of  James  II.  ♦2890 

Resented  i.  of  Darius.  ^2891 


Aggravating  1  -A.  Lincoln.  534 

In  Defeat-Roman  Emperor.       2197 


Papal  i.  to  Henry  VI.  2663- 

Patriotic  i.-Am.  Revolution.  4953 

Unresented  by  Philip.  5297 

"           "  Anytus.  4804 

"          -Patriots.  4813 

Victim  of  i.-Columbu8.  1648 

War  occasioned  by  i.  1624 

See  REPROACH. 

Escape  from  r. -Napoleon  I.  ^4777 

Gtentle  r.-Anaxagoras.  ^4778^^ 

Aroused  by  r.-Brutus.  369' 

Bribery  of  Demosthenes.  672 

Desperation  from  r.-Valens.  913 

Irritating  r.-Johnson  by  Miss  S.  215 

Life  saved  in  r.  1238 

Mutual  r.-James  II.  1119 

Nobly  received- Alexander.  4031 

for  Pusillanimity-Justinian.  123& 

See  CONTEMPT,  DISGRACE  and 
mSULT  in  loc. 

DISIilKE. 

Natural  d.-Queen  Mary.  ♦165» 

See  ANTIPATHY. 

Race  a.  of  Irish  in  Ireland.  ^243^ 

See  ANIMOSITY. 

Fraternal  a  -Caracalla  and  G.    ♦239' 

of  Ignorance-National.  ^240 

Unreasonable,  Anti-Cathollo  a.  ^241 

See  ANGER  and  HATRED 

in  loc. 

DlSIiO¥AI.Tir. 

Detested-Revolutlonary  War.  ♦1660 


4767 


Cross-reference. 
Reparation  for  d.-Am.  Rev. 
See  INSURRECTION. 
Suppressed  l.-Am.  Revolution.  1136 

See  MUTINY. 
Courage  against  m.-Caesar.      ♦3756^ 
Cruel  m.-Henry  Hudson.  ^3757 

by  Disappolntment-Columbus.^3758 
Reform  by  m.-British  navy.  ^3759 
of  Sailors-British  navy.  ♦3760 


Quelled  by  General  Jackson. 
Sailors'  m.-Columbus. 
Unparalleled  m.-Scottish  s'ld 

See  REBELLION. 
Constructive  r. -Maximilian. 
Prevented  r.-Scotland. 
Small  r.-Rhode  Island. 
Soap  r.-England. 
Whiskey  r.-Pennsylvania. 


1963 

1940 

rs.30& 

♦4625 
*462& 
♦4627 
♦4628 
♦4629 


of  Army  against  bad  food.  1963 

Catholic  r.  in  Maryland.  5642 

Causes  of  r.-Conf ederacy.  5888 

Disgrace  from  r.-Clarendon.  1537 
Forced  to  r.-Parl.  by  James  II.  3853 

Forfeiture  of  p.  by  r.  439 

Hostility  to  r.-Pompey.  377 

Incipient  r.-Am.  Revolution.  3525 
"  -Boston  Tea  Party.  352& 

from  Insult-Persians.  2900 

sm  of  r.  taught.  8824 

of  Slaves-Romans.  520© 

Soap  r.-Women.  6181 

against  Tyranny-Jacquerie.  5737 

Vengeance  after  r.-Peter-  2876 


DISMISSAL— DISTINCTION. 


823 


See  REBELS. 
Punished  with  Monmouth. 
•'  "    Temugin. 


♦4630 
♦4631 


Denounced  as  r.  falsely-Ind's.   4331 

See  TRAITOR. 
Political  t.-Mr.  Huske.  *5674 

Punished  by  mother.  *5675 

Shameless  t.-Sunderland.         *5676 


Indignation  toward  t.-Am.  Rev.2795 
Infamy  of  t.-Name  changed.  3764 
for  Revenge-Coriolanus.  6101 

See  TREACHERY. 
Base  t.-Philip  VI.  *5690 

Consummate  t.-Charles  II.  *5691 
Gold  for  t.-Benedict  Arnold.  *5692 
Message  of  t.-Emp.  Alexander. *5693 


Conquest  by  t.-Sextus  over  G.      42 

in  Court-Criminal.  5833 

Diplomatic  t.-English.  1752 

Disguised-Csesar's  assassins.  1478 

"       -Friendship.  2243 

of  Friend-Brutus  vs.  Caesar.  2852 

"       "      -Francis  Bacon.  2857 

Friendship's  t.-Dick  Talbot.  3202 

Infamous  t.-Am.  Revolution.  1136 

"         "  -Pausanias.  3724 

Ingrate'st. -Burton.  2850 

Massacre  by  t.  *3520 
National  t.-England  to  France.  986 

Office  by  t.-Eteocles.  3884 

Official  t.  to  Columbus.  *3900 

Proof  against  t.-Belisarius.  2128 

"       "-Patriot.  4068 

Proposal  of  t.  rebuked.  4075 
Proverbial-"  Word  of  a  king."  2041 

Shameful  t.-Agathocles.  1538 

Thwarted  by  exposure.  3518 

Umpire's  t.-Ed ward  I.  5746 

See  TREASON. 

Cry  of  t.-Patrick  Henry.  *5694 

Deflned-England.  ♦5695 

Incipient  t.-War  of  1812.  ♦5696 

Punishment  of  t.-Romans.  ^5697 

Retribution  of  t.-Romans.  ^5698 


Atrocious  crime  of  t.  4576 

a  Pretext  for  extortion.  2007 

by  Resentment-Burbon.  4109 

"           "           -C  Marcius.  6101 

Tarnished  by  t.-B.  Arnold.  2569 
See  APOSTASY  in  loo. 

DISMISS  A  L. 

Humiliating  d.-Castlemaine.  ^1661 

See  DISCHARGE. 

Honored  d.-Lord  Rochester.  ♦leiO 


Pretence  for  d.  of  Prot.  soldier8.312 
Sectarian  cause  ford,  of  soldiers.317 

DISOBlilDIENCX:. 

Atoned  by  disgrace-Johnson.  *1662 
Necessary  in  religion-Mary  B.  ♦1663 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Excuse  for  d.-Nelson.  1904 

Honorable  d.  of  Lafayette.  210 

Punished  severely-Parent.         51;34 
See  DISLOYALTY  and  REBEL- 
LION in  too. 


DISPA  R  A  GEMENT. 

Intellectual  d.-O.  Goldsmith.  ^1664 
See  DEPRECIATION  in  loo. 

DISPARITY. 

in  Battle- Arbela.  466 

of  Losses  in  battle-N.  O.  3331 

See  NUMBERS  in  loo. 

DISPATCH. 

Demanded  by  Napoleon  I.       *1665 

See  HASTE  in  loo. 

DISPIiAY. 

Confusing  d. -Ceremonious.      ♦1666 
Distasteful  to  Julian.  ♦1667 


Cross-ref:rence. 
Deception  in  d.-Banquet.  3768 

See  EXHIBITION. 
Immense  e.-Am.  Centennial.    ♦igSS 


of  Beauty-Cleopatra-Antony.  5278 
Brutal  e.-iEsthetical- Romans.  102 
Dishonorable  e.-Commodus.  3430 
Impressive  e.  of  bloody  garments.46 
Realistic  e.  of  Romans.  103 

See  MAGNIFICENCE. 
VS.  Happiness- Abdalrahmans.  ♦3382 
Oriental  m.-Constantinople.     ♦3383 
Royal  m.-Arcadius.  ^3384 


Display  of  m-Funeral  of  A.  4474 

"       "  "  -Aurelian.  4476 

"  "  -Cleopatra.  6050 

<•       <•  " -Wedding-Tlmour.5987 

Excessive  m.-Constantine.  3903 

See  OSTENTATION. 

Meritless  o.-Demaratus.  ^3963 

Oriental  o.-Chosroes'.  ^3964 

Rebuked  by  Parmenio.  ^3965 

Ruinous  o.-Anthemius.  ^3966 

Vain  o.  of  Romans.  ^3967 


Eagerness  of  o.  3967 

Deceptive  o.-Feast.  3768 

of  Greatness-Napoleon  I.  2480 

Military  o.  of  Darius.  433* 

Oriental  o.-Emp.  Angelus.  3896 

Rebuked-Barber.  1667 

Royal  o.-Constantine.  3903 
See  ORNAMENT  and  VANITY 
in  loc. 

DISPOSITIOIV. 

Alarming  d. -Wordsworth's.  ^1668 

Evil  d.-Charles  the  Bad.  ^1669 

Gloomy  d.  of  Dr.  Young.  ^1670 

Quarrelsome  d.-Louis  XIV.  ^1671 

Savage  d.  of  Frederick  Wm.  +1672 

Variable  d.  of  Alexander.  ^1673 


Acquired- Avarice-Johnson. 
Changed  by  discord-James  V. 

"        "   adversity. 
Distrusted-Frederick  II. 

"  -James  II. 

Embittered  by  wrongs. 
Helpful  d. -Alex's  education, 
by  Heredity-Frederick  II. 
"        "       -Melancholy. 
"        "       -Nero. 
Inherited  by  Nero. 

See  HEART  in  loo. 


425 
306 
1670 
2202 
3996 
4805 
4796 
2551 
8660 
6260 
1347 


DISPUTATION. 

Rewarded-Oliver  Goldsncith.    ♦1674 
See  DEBATE  in  loc. 

DISSEMBIilNG. 

Successful  d.  of  Faustina.         *1675 
Unsuccessful  d.  of  Charles  I.    ♦16Te 


Miscellaneous  cross- references. 

Artful  d.  of  Faustina.  1675 

of  Melancholy-Young.  1670 

in  Speech-Romans.  529» 

See  DECEPTION  in  loo. 

DISSENSION. 

Cross-reference. 

Religious  d.  in  Reformation.       146 

DISSIMUIiATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Affable  d.  of  politician.  1679 

"       "   "  Turks-Proverb.      1680 
See  DECEPTION  in  loc. 

DISSIPATION. 

Philosopher's  d.-S.  Johnson.    ♦1683 
Youthlul  d.-E.  A.  Poe.  ^1684 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Clerical  d.-Old  England.  925 

"       " -Eighteenth  century.  941 
Despondency  removed  by  d.      5449 
Reaction  of  d.-Cartwright.        1083 
Shortens  life-"  Artemus  Ward."3883 
See  AMUSEMENT,  INTEMPER- 
ANCE and  VICE  in  loc. 

DISSUASION. 

Impossible -Cortez.  ♦1685 

DISTINCTION. 

Cross-reference. 
Military  d.-Belisarius.  1686 

See  DIGNITARIES. 
Multiplied- Virginia  Colony.      ♦1582 


See  EMINENCE, 
by  Adversity- Abraham  Lincoln.    83 
in  Allegory-John  Bunyan.  168 

"  Art,  Superior  e.  347 

"    "  "         "  -Raphael.        348 

"  Self-sacriflce-Bishop  Coke.    1570 

See  EXCELLENCE. 
Testofe.,  Time  the.  *1968 


without  Credit-Emp.  Gratian. 
Imitation  proves  e. 

See  FAME. 
Belated-J.  Q.  Adams, 
by  Competition-Wm.  Parry. 
Costly  f.-Sir  Walter  Scott, 
by  Discovery-N.  W.  passage. 
Distant  f.-Lincoln-Italy. 
Impostor's  f.-Titus  Gates, 
by  Infamy- Assassin  of  Nap. 
Locality  for  f.-Napoleon  in  E. 
Perverted-Memory  of  C. 
Posthumous  f. -Columbus. 
Regarded-"  What  will  h.  say?'' 
Sudden  f .  of  Byron. 

"       "  -Bemer's  St.  Hoax. 
Trials  of  f  .-Walter  Scott. 
Undesired-Emp.  Maximus. 


1107 
284 

♦2046 
♦2047 
♦2048 
♦2049 
♦2050 
♦2051 
♦2052 
♦2053 
♦2054 
♦2055 
♦2056 
♦2057 
♦2058 
♦2059 
♦2060 


Ambition  for  f  .-Themistocles.     189 
Ambitious  for  f. -Trajan.  2367 


«24 


DISTRESS— DIVISION. 


•Coutradiction-Great  vs.  M.  a485 
Delayed,  Milton's.  2325 

Desired  next  to  power.  195 

diminution  of  f .  2476 

Diminishing  f.-Thirty  authors.  3304 
Increasing  posthumous— Burns.2481 
.Literature  necessary  to  f.  3311 

Merited-Frederick  II.  5808 

JUisappropriated  f  .-Charles  Lee.4789 
Monuments  of  f.-Pyramids.  2365 
Neglect  followed  by  f .  3270 

•Omission  of  f .-T.  Cromwell.  2580 
Passion  for  f.-Themistocles.        189 

"  " -Fred,  the  Great.  208 
■without  Popularity-H.  Clay.  4310 
Toll  for  f.-VirgU.  2341 

Undesirable  f. -Shame.  6063 

Wide-extended  f .  of  Wash.        3081 

See  GREATNESS. 
JBlot  on  Dryden's  g.  *2469 

JBurdensome  g.-O.  Cromwell.  *2470 
iBuried  g.-Alexander.  *2471 

4by  Contrast-Charlemagne.  *2472 
J)ownfall  of  g.-Columbus.  *2473 
JDream  of  g.-Cromwell.  *2474 

End  of  g.-Saladin.  *2475 

Fictitious  g.-D'Albuquerque.  *2476 
of  Goodness-Cosmo  de  Medici.  *2477 
Impossible-Fr.  under  Chas.  IX.*2478 
Multiplex  g.-Caesar's.  *2479 

Patriotic  g.-Cromwell's.  *2480 

.Proof  of  g.-Eobert  Burns.  *2481 
Eecognized-Richelieu.  *2482 

■Threefold  g.  of  Francis  I.  *2483 

-with  Vice-Hannibal's.  *2484 

"iyy  Wisdom-Alexander.  "■2485 


in  Adversity-Cornelia.  6072 

Art  vs.  War,  Fine  Art  of  Qreece.4200 
Assumed  g.-Despised-Nero.       4325 
"  -Unworthily.  4457 

.Blemished  by  vice.  2484 

Blot  on  g.  of  Alexander.  3741 

Detested-Restraints  of  g.  3436 

Disappearance  of  Pompey's  g.  5719 
Evinced  in  architecture.  2487 

Field  required  for  g. -Milton.  2335 
-of  Goodness-Perioles.  2395 

"  "  -National-Eng.  2396 
■by  Great  deeds-Themistocles.  34 
Incompleted  g. -Cicero.  2886 

Natural  g.  of  Luther  by  Carlyle.  769 
Overpraise  of  g.-Pompey's.  4370 
Pei-sonal  g.  of  Oliver  Cromwell.1322 
Respected  g.-G.  Washington.  3738 
Ridiculed-Emperor  Julian.  4894 
of  Soul-Muley  Moluc.  2661 

True  g. -Alfred  the  Great.  4962 

"    "  -Charles  Martel.  4963 

"    "  -Canute.  4964 

Unsurpassed  military  g.-C8esar.4312 
Vanity  with  g. -Elizabeth.  5775 

See  INFAMY. 
Posthumous  i.  of  Emperor  C.  *2816 
Stain  of  i.-Massacre-Gen.  P.    '*2817 


"by  Assassination-J.  W.  Booth.  373 
•Conspicuous  for  i.-Commodus.  5743 
Deserved  by  Titus  Gates.  4565 

Exposed  to  i.-Spartan  bachelors.446 
Immortal  i.  of  Jeffreys.  2862 


for  Money-Charles  II.  4688 

Overlooked-Pompadour.  3712 
Remembrance  of !.-"  Boilman."1364 

Renown  of  i.-Erostratus.  4763 

Reward  of  i.-Assassins.  2052 

See  MERIT. 

Evidence  of  m.-Promotion.  *3589 

Force  of  m.-Poet  Terence.  *3590 

Ignorance  of  m. -Saracens.  *3591 

Nobility  by  m.-Napoleon  I.  *3592 

Partial  m.-Samuel  Johnson.  *3593 

Promotion  by  m.-Anglo-Sax.  *3594 

Supremacy  of  m.-Napoleon  I.  *3595 

vs.  Adulation-Athenians.  5337 

Borrowed  m.  charged-Raphael  445 
Combined  m.  of  Raphael.  446 

Crown  of  m.-Romans.  1325 

Encouragement  to  m.-Crown.    1324 
Honors  without  m.  3963 

"       for  m.-"  Win  spurs."     2630 
Less  than  money.  3671 

Mediocre  m.  despised  by  Shelley.  197 
vs.  Merit-Moez.  3674 

Nobility  of  m. -Sentimental.        1917 
Overlooked-John  Adams.  4314 

Persecuted  by  inferiors.  2055 

Precedence  of  m.,  Small.  4398 

Promotion  by  m.-Cromwell.      4512 
•'    "  -Spartans.        1822 
Recognition  of  m.  by  Timour.    1367 
Respect  for  m.-School.  4891 

Rewarded  vs.  Rank.  5033 

Royalty  of  m.-Cromwell.  2320 

of  Saints-Transferred  by  pope.  711 
Success  by  m.-"  Win  his  spurs.  "1560 
5416 


6076 


"  "  "  -A.  Johnson. 
Test  of  m.-Flght-Cerberus. 
Women,  Four  perfect. 

See  PRECEDENCE. 

Infinitesimal  p.-S.  Johnson.      "■4398 

Quarrels  for  p.-Ambassadors.  "^4399 

"         "    "-Greeks.  "■4400 

Valued-Caesar.  *4401 


Declined  by  wounded  Nelson.  2568 
Guarded-Napoleon  vs.  Pope.  1326 
Ludicrous  regard  for  p.-Court.  750 
Quarrel  for  p.-Louis  XIV.  1671 

See  PRE-EMINENCE. 
Surpassing  p.-Geo.  Washington.  1928 

See  PROMOTION. 
Earned- General  Grant.  "■4507 

Jocose  p.-Napoleon.  *4508 

Loss  by  p.-Saturninus.  ♦4509 

Offensive  p.-Senators.  ♦4510 

Providential  p.-Queen  Eliz.  "■4511 
Remarkable  p.-Cromwell.  *4512 
Unexpected  p. -Cromwell's.       ♦4513 

Alarmlng-Pertinax-not  death.  165 
Changed  by  p.-Archbp.  Becket.  882 
Deserved  p.-Lannes  at  Lodl.  648 
Failure  by  p.-Soldiers.  5669 

Peculiar  p.-Cook  chief  engin'er.l239 
Ruined  by  p.-Young  Carlnus.  1701 
Shameful  p.  by  disgrace.  1111 

Undeserved  p.  of  an  adv'nt'r'r-V.494 

See  RENOWN, 
for  Honesty- Aristides.  ♦4762 

of  Infamy-Eroetratus.  ""4763 

Literary  r. -Samuel  Johnaon.    *4764 


Noble  r.-Pericles. 


♦4765 


by  Architecture-Pericles.  1769 

See  ARISTOCRACY  and  HONORS 
in  toe. 
DISTRESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abstinence  in  d.  3063 

Amusement  followed  by  d.  28 

Public  d.  utilized  for  gain.  683 

See  ANGUISH.  PAIN  and  TOR- 
TURE in  loc. 

DISTRUST. 

Concealed-Roman?.  *1687 

See  SUSPICION  in  loc. 

DISUNION. 

Weakness  of  d  -Johnson.  "■1688 

See  DISCORD. 

Dangers  of  d.  to  the  State.  "■1624 

Perverted  by  d.-Crusaders.  *1625 

Shameful  d.-R.  Emperors.  "■1626 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Popular  factions'  d.-Blue-Green.970 

Religious  d.  of  Pagans.  4697 

from  Want-Famine.  2076 

See  DIVISION  and  DIVORCE 

in  loo. 

DIVERSION. 

Mental  d.  dangerous-Caesar.     *1689 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Mental  d.-Logarithms  by  Nap.  3826 

of  Thought-Policy  in.  3627 

See  AMUSEMENT  i7i  loc. 

DIVERSITY. 

of  Interests-Society.  "-legO 


Cross-reference. 

in  Social  life-Napoleon -Peasant.  187 

See  CHANGE  in  loc. 

DIVINITY. 

Proof  of  d.  required.  •1691 


Cross-reference. 
of  the  Soul-Pythagoras. 

See  DEITY  in  loc. 

DIVISION. 

Helpless  by  d.-Aurellan. 
Necessary  d.-Bar  Allies. 
Partisan  policy  of  d. 
Ruinous  d. -Roman  Empire, 
by  War-Roundheads-Cav'll'rs, 
Weakness  by  d. -Germans. 


526S 


♦1698 
"■1693 
"■1694 
*1695 
"■1696 
•1697 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Caste  d.  in  India.  3537 

"      "    «'      "  943 

Conquered  by  d.-Armada.  1885 

"    "  2218 

Fomented  by  lawyers.  3166 

by  Food-Scots-English.  1913 

Needless  conjugal  d.-W.  and  M.5998 
Result  of  d.,  Dnexpected-Rom.  678 
Weakness  by  d.-P.  of  R.  t'w'rd  G.79 

See  ANTAGONISM. 

Natural  a.-Protestant  and  C.  I.  243 

in  Personal  character-M.  L.         761 

-Queen  E.  763 

Unnatural  a.-Father-Son.  1064 

See  ANIMOSITY. 
Fraternal  a.-Caracalla  and  G.    "■239 
of  Ignorance-National  a.  *240 

Unreasonable,  Anti-Catholic  a.  *2il 


DIVORCE— DRAMA. 


825 


See  ANTIPATHY. 
Race  a.  of  Irish  in  Ireland.  243 

See  DISAGREEMENT, 
©f  Physicians  of  Charles  II.        4171 

See  DIVERSITY, 
of  Interests  in  society.  *1690 


in  Social  life-Nap.  and  peasant   187 

See  DIFFERENCES. 

Sectarian  d.-Persian  vs.  Turk.  5070 

"         "  -Magnified.  5071 

See  DISUNION. 

Weakness  of  d.-Johnson.  *1688 

•  See  ESTRANGEMENT. 

Connubial  e.-Wm.  and  Mary.  *1924 

See  OPPOSITION. 

Benefits  of  o.-Christianity.  ♦2931 

of  Folly-"  Street  Lights."  *2932 

Help  by  o.-Persecution.  *2933 

Impolitic  o.-Taxation.  *2934 

Political  o.-President  Tyler.  *2935 

Prepared  o.-Politics.  *2936 

Proof  by  o.-Reaction.  *2937 

Useless  o.  of  Goths.  *2938 


Conciliation  by  bribery-Adams.  676 
Courted-Quakers  in  New  Eng.  3502 

Female  o.  to  liturgy-Scots.  6133 

Foolish  o.  to  cotton  goods.  513 

Mutual  o.-Cato-Scipio.  1899 

Obstructive  o.-Scots.  975 

Perseverance  in  o.  of  slavery.  147 

of  Prejudice  to  highways.  4414 

Provoked-Donatists.  3506 

by  Slander  of  Bunyan.  5171 

"  Wesley.  5173 

"        "       "  Constantine.  5174 

Vice  in  o.  to  vice.  3002 

of  Wife,  Violent  o.  5168 

See  PARTIES. 

Difiference  in  English  p.  '4010 

Independence  of  English  p.  *4011 

Natural  in  politics-Two  p.  *4013 

Opposite  p.  among  Romans.  ♦4013 

Passion  of  p. -Romans.  *4014 

Value  of  English  p.  *4015 


In  Politics  needed  for  liberty.  4263 

See  PARTISAN. 

by  Contagion-Parliamentary.  *4017 

Effective  p.-Rev.  J.  Swift.  *4016 

vs.  Mediator-James  II.  3547 

in  Politics-Right  or  wrong.  4264 

See  PARTISANS. 
Appointment  of  p. -Pres't  Polk.    276 

Bitterness  of  p.-Politics.  4235 

Hurtful  influence  of  p.  1694 

Judges-Jeffreys'  court.  4102 

Overruled-Mexican  War.  276 

Protected  by  p.-Sylla.  3882 

Reign  of  p.-Blue-Green.  970 

See  PARTY. 
Changed,  Honorably-Falkrnd.*4018 


Confessed  injudiciously-Andr6. 1043 
Controlled  by  p.  4162 

See  SEPARATION. 

Necessary- Army  of  James  11.     315 

Punishment  by  s.-Adulterers.       64 

Safety  by  s.-Early  Germans.      3000 

See  CASTE,  DISCORD,  HATRED 

and  STRIFE  in  loc. 


DIVORCE. 

Advocated-John  Milton. 
Agonizing  d.-Nap.-Josephine 
Causes  of  d. -Confucius. 
Convenient  d.-Carinus. 
Demoralized  by  d.-Romans. 
Disallowed-N.  E.  Puritans. 
First  Roman  d.-Carvilius. 
of  Mothers- American  Indians 
One-sided  d.-Roman. 
Permissible-Roman  law. 
Regulated-  Emperor  Augustus, 
Views  of  d.-Reformers. 


*1698 
♦1699 
*1700 
*1701 
♦1702 
*1703 
♦1704 
.♦1705 
*1706 
*1707 
*1708 
*1709 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Adultery  confessed  for  d.  2188 

Anguish  by  d.  of  Josephine.  104 

Chosen  by  both,  permissible.  3490 

Commanded-Decllned.  2788 

Common-Roman  Empire.  3439 
by  Corruption  of  pope-Alex.VI.  670 

from  False  union-Henry  VIII.  3444 

Fear  of  a  d.  by  Josephine.  178 

of  Innocent  one-Mahomet.  3242 

Looseness  in  d.-Romans.  3460 
Marriage  before  d.-A.  Jack8on.3453 

Misdirection  of  d.-Mahomet.  63 

Pretext  for  d.-Henry  VIII.  6069 

"       "    " -Peter  IIL  6009 

Required  without  cause.  5107 

"        by  superstition.  5155 

Rival  applications  ford.  6009 

Suspicion  requires  d. -Caesar.  1*42 

Unknown  for  520  years.  3439 

See  DISCOVERY. 

DOCTRINES. 

Cross-reference. 
Zeal  for  d.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  4404 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Confusion  in  d. -Union  of  all.     1937 
Erratic  d.  of  Milton.  3922 

Mixed  d.-Gnostics-Chrlstians.  1937 
Perverted-Early  Christians.  1932 
vs.  Preferments-Arminians.  4308 
Tested  by  fire-Sectaries  d.         2087 

See  ORTHODOXY. 
Blue  o.-"  Blue  "  and  "  Green."   970 
Denied  for  Office.  3500 

See  CREEDS.  HERETICS,  PER- 
SECUTION and  THEOL- 
OGY in  loc. 

Doe. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Combat  with  d.  Cerberus.  3338 

Fidelity  of  soldier's  d.  3578 

Misused  d.,  Alcibiades'.  1306 

DOOS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Martyred  by  d.-Nero's-per't'n.  1358 
Provision  for  d.-Cyrus.  4285 

Serviceable-Shepherd's  d.  238 

DO  n  A  IN. 

Cross-reference. 
Purchase  of  d. -Louisiana.         1078 

DOMINION. 

Boundless  d.-Roman.  *1710 

Proofs  of  d.-Perslans.  *1711 

See  GOVERNMENT  in  loc. 


DONATION. 

Cross-reference. 

National  d.  of  Capuans  to  R.      172 

See  GENEROSITY  in  loc. 

DOURT. 

Expressed-Marcius  Crassus.    *1712 
Philosophic  d.-Academles.       *1713 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Dishonors  God-Bunyan.  2032 

Temptation  to  d. -Bunyan.  569 

Wavering  betrays  doubt.  4155 

DOURTS. 
Overcome  by  inner  voice.        *1714 

See  DISTRUST. 
Concealed  d.-Romans.  *1687 

See  INCREDULITY, 
of  Friends-Mahomet's  family.  6201 
Popular  i.-Robert  Fulton.  8306 

See  SUSPICION. 
Above  s.-Caesar's  wife.  *5476 

Clamorous  s.-Free  Masons.      *5477 


Appeal  to  Alexander's  s. 
from  a  Dream- Antigonus. 
Exposed  to  s.-Philotas. 
Overconfidence  begets  s. 
Sectarian  s.-Jesuits. 
Slender  men-s.  of  Caesar. 
Victim  of  s.-"The  Pretender. 

See  UNBELIEF, 
by  Intercourse-Christians. 
"  Peril-Reign  of  James  II. 
Primitive  u. -Christian. 
Vicious  u.-Samuel  Johnson. 


1048 
2523 
3741 
3528 
1475 
263 
'  6223 

♦5749 
♦5750 
♦5751 

♦5748 


VS.  Fanaticism.  2083 

"  Faith-Contras'ed.  2229 

See  INFIDELITY  in  loc. 

DRAINAGE. 

Scheme  of  d. -Charles  I.  +1715 

Success  by  d.-Romans.  ♦1716 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Agriculture  improved  by  d.       1715 
Death  by  lack  of  d.  4158 

Health  by  d.-John  Howard.  4165 
Opposition  to  d.-Sportsmen.      1128 

DRAMA. 

Indecent  d.-Twelfth  century.  ^1717 
Literature  of  the  d.-Greece.  ^1718 
Origin  of  d.-Rome.  ♦1719 

Religious  d.  In  churches.  ^1720 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
Degraded  by  scenic  machinery.  220 

See  ACTORS, 
and  Actresses-Origin  of  a.  ^43 

Dishonored  by  Roman  law.         ^44 
Respect  for  a.  by  S.  Johnson.      ^45 


Infamous  a.-Success  of  Roman.  220 
Punished  at  whipping-posts  byP.222 

See  COMEDY. 
Undignified  employment  in  c.    3038 

See  GESTICULATION. 
Oratorical  g.  opposed.  1854 

Specialty  in  g. -Actors.  2352 

See  PANTOMIME. 
In  Jurisprudence-Romans.         3985 
Scandalized-Marozia.  3966 


826 


DREAM— EARNESTNESS. 


See  THEATRE. 

eorrupted-English  t.  *5582 

Dangers  of  t.-S.  Johnson.  *5583 

Licentiousness  and  t.  *5584 

Opposition  to  t.-Dr.  Dawson.  *5585 

"  "  "  punished.  *5586 

Kestored-Eng.  Restoration.  *5587 

and  Sensuality-Roman  t.  *5588 

Vicious  t.-English.  *5589 

"  *5590 


Degenerated-Religious  orlgiii 

.      43 

Immoral  and  destruotive-R. 

103 

Pleasure  In  t. 

341 

Political  power  of  t. 

1536 

Shameful  exhibitions. 

4533 

See  THEATRICALS. 

in  Churches-Biblical. 

♦5591 

Condemned  by  Solon. 

♦5592 

DREAm. 

Directed  by  d.-Constantine. 

•1721 

Realized-Cicero's. 

*1722 

Regard  for  d.-Am.  Indians. 

*1723 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Discoyery  by  d.-Relics.  4671 

Encouraged  by  d.-Minlster.  3846 
Encouragement  by  a  d.  3765 

of  Heaven-Mahomet's  visit.  2544 
Influential  d. -Edmund  Rich.  3180 
Instruction  by  a  d.-Alexander.  1514 
Punished  for  a  d. -Death.  2881 

Reproof  in  d.-Friar.  3364 

Suspicion  awakened  by  a  d.       2523 

DRSJiMS. 
Verified  d.-Rich'd  Boardman.  ♦1724 
Visionary  d.-Napoleon  I.  *1725 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Deceptive  d.  in  bereavement-L.  891 
Direction  by  d.-Savages.  2261 

Horrible  d.  of  Bunyan.  2733 

Revelation  in  d. -Temple  Ino.    5213 

See  ABSTRACTION. 
Art  of  a-"  Waistcoat  button."  *19 
Blunders  by  a.-Newton.  *20 

Dangerous  a.-Archimedes.  *21 

Absence  of  mind-0.  Goldsmith.  609 

Aroused  from  a.-S.  Johnson.     2310 

Philosopner's  a.-Archimedes.    1905 

Youthful  a.  by  study-Newton.  2100 

"  -Study  of  Pascal.     2324 

See  REVERIE. 

Discovery  by  r. -Gravitation.      2295 

Lost  In  r.-Samuel  Johnson.        2310 

See  VISION  in  loo. 

DRESS. 

Criminal  d.-Joan  of  Arc-Male. ♦1726 

Exchanged  d.-Joan  of  Arc.      *1727 

Extravagance  in  d..  Period  of  ^1728 

"  "-Mid.  Ages*1729 

•'  "  "   Loss  by.    ^1730 

Impressed  by  d.-M.  Luther.      *1731 

Investment  in  d.-S.  Johnson.  *1732 

Legislation  on  d.-England.       ^1733 
..  ..         »  #^734 

♦1735 

•«  "  "         "  *1736 

an  Obstacle-O.  Goldsmith.       ^1737 

Preaching  against  d.-Ellz'b'th.^l738 


Sinful  d.-Joan  of  Arc. 


♦1739 


Dislike  for  ceremonial  d.-Nap.    751 

Extravagance  vs.  Parsimony.    4008 

"  of  Diocletian.         26 

Fantastic  d.-Constantine.  5772 

Indifference  to  d.-Cromwell's.    262 

Neglect  of  d.-Dissipation.  1684 

"       "  "  -Samuel  Johnson.  2312 

Neglected  by  absence  of  mind.     20 

Ornamental  d.-Am.  Indians.      3961 

Regulated  by  law- Romans.       3416 

Unchanged- Visitor-Mrs.  Wa8h.2786 

Vanity  in  d.-Constantine.  5772 

»       "  "-Tiribazus.  5773 

•'       "  "  -"  Fine  Coat."  5776 

"       "  "-Goldsmith.  5777 

See  JEWELRY. 

Passion  for  j  .-Henry  VII.         ^3023 

Extravagance  in  j. -Charles  I.    2011 

Treason  for  j.-Woman.  5698 

See  CLOTHING  in  loc. 

DRINKING. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Ancient  English  d.  ^1740 

Art  in  d.-Samuel  Johnson.       ^1741 

Effects  of  d.-Samuel  Johnson. ^1742 

*1743 

See  DRUNKENNESS  in  loc. 

DRUGOIST. 

Cross-reference. 
Eminent  d.-Sir  Humphry  Davy.  86 

DRUNKARD. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Converted  d.-Irishman.  1183 

Habitual  and  constant  d.  1741 

Happiness  of  d. -Present.  2631 

Unconscious  appeal  of  d.  1741 

See  INTEMPERANCE  in  loc. 

DRUNKENNESS. 

Melancholy  by  d.-Alex's  fury.  *1744 
Punished-Drunkard's  cloak.    ^1745 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Folly  ot  d.-Dangerous-Alboin.  3971 
Judicious  clerical  d.  3708 

Paradise  of  d.-Anc'nt  Germans.3988 
Punished-Death-Officlal.  3790 

DUEIi. 

Combat  by  d.-Alexander.  ♦1746 
Murder  by  d.-Alex.  Hamilton.  ^1747 
Naval  d.-Paul  Jones.  *1748 

Proposed  by  monarchs.  ^1749 

Religious  d. -Wellington's.        ♦17(50 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Challenge  to  fight  a  d.  unacc'p'd.891 
Combat  by  d. -Generals.  1543 

Inglorious  d.-Commodus.  5823 

Needless  d. -Decatur-Barron.     4595 
Trial  by  combat-Gauls.  3054 

War  ended  by  d.-Thebans.        3884 

See  DUELS. 
Inequality  in  d.- Josiah  Quincy.^1751 


DUIiNESS. 

Cross-reference. 
Intellectual  d.  rebuked. 


740 


See  STUPIDITY. 
Hopeless  s.  of  James  II. 


♦5376 


Improvident  s.-Gold-seekers.  2807 

Insult  of  s.-James  II.  2903 

Mistake  of  s.-Bag  vs.  Pearls.  2723 

Official  s.-Newcastle.  2716 

"      "      "        "  2717 

"     "  -Traitor-Arnold.  1553 

Traveller's  s.-Crusaders.  2724 

See  DUPES  in  loc. 

DUMB. 

Cross-reference. 
Delivered-Son  of  Croesus.  5295 

DUPES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Day  of  d.-France.  1474 

Undeceived-Ruined.  2214 

See  FOLLY  and  STUPIDITY 
in  loc. 

DUPIilCITY. 

National  d.-Queen  Anne.         *1752 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Religious  d.-Sclater.  4700 

Shameful  d.-F.  North.  3040 

Shameless  in  d.-Leo  X.  4250 

Success  by  d.-Louis  XI.  5391 

See  DECEPTION  in  loc. 

DUTIES. 

High  d.-Relgn  of  Wm.  III.        ♦1753 


Cross-reference. 
Reciprocal  d.-Wm.  and  Mary.  2690 

DUTY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Discouragement  in  d.-Honesty.l615 
Faithfulne:-  s  to  d.-Bunyan.  4393 
Fidelity  to  d.  expected.  404ft 

Joy  in  duty  done-M.  Luther.      1092 
Life  less  than  d.  2788 

Mistaken  d.-Crusaders.  1520 

Obedience  necessary-Joan.        1557 

"  to  d.-John  Milton.  604 
Protection  in  d. -William  III.  508* 
Supremacy  of  d.-Mahomet.       360T 

DW^ARFS. 

Cross-reference. 

Lunar  beings-Sweden borg's  v.  2658 

Dll^EIililNOS. 

Plainness  in  d.-Lycurgus.         ^1754 

See  ARCHITECTURE  and  HOME 

in  loc. 

EARI.Y  RISING. 

Cross-reference. 

Sleepiness  from  e.-r.  6806 

EARS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Amputated  e.-Punishment.       204» 
Importance  of  e.-War.  5887 

Insult  by  boxing  e.  27 

Trophy  in  amputated  e.  593* 

EARNESTNESS. 
Eloquence  of  e.-Peter-Hermit.^lTS 
vs.  Humor-A.  Lincoln.  ♦I? 

Success  by  e  -Wooden  sword. *175t 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Accepted-Lord  Nelson.  39 

Convincing  e.-Mahomet 
Evidence  of  e.-Soldiers. 


EARTHQUAKE— EATING. 


827 


Impressive  e.  of  Brutus.  6181 

Lack  of  clerical  e.  945 

Patriotic  e.-Robert  Morris.  4053 
Power  of  one  man-Hermit.  1376 
Ridicule  overcome  by  e.  4656 

Savage  e.  of  Cassar-Rampart  of.  606 
Success  rewards  e.-Cable.  2031 

Victory  by  e  -Marathon-Charge.467 

See  ACTIVITY. 
Military  a.-Romans.  *39 


Determined-"  Close  action." 
Success  by  unexpected  a. 

See  ARDOR. 
Soldiers  a.-B)ind  John-Crecy. 

See  DETERMINATION. 
Asserted-'Sword  shall  give  it.' 
Emphatic  d.-Stone-My  ballot. 
Fixed  d.-Joan  of  Arc. 
Obstinate  d.-Scotch  Presb's. 
Strange  d.-Joan  of  Arc. 
for  Success-"  Win  his  spurs." 
Want  of  d.-Philip  of  France. 
Youthful  d.-Alcibiades. 


1904 
1491 

*297 

*1555 
*1556 
♦1557 
*1558 
*1559 
♦1560 
♦1561 
♦1562 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ambitious  d.  of  Alex.  Hamilton.185 
Resolute  d.-Luther  to  Worms.  1241 
Success  by  d.-Wadsworth.         3956 

See  ENERGY. 
Complimented-Napoleon  I.      *1890 
Expression  of  e.-Gen.  Grant.    *1891 
Individual  e.-Rienzi.  *1892 

Military  e.-Emp.  Trajan.  *1893 

of  Patriotism-I.  Putnam.  *]894 

Success  by  e.-C'rd'nal  Wolsey.*1895 
Surpassing  e.-Mahomet  II.       *1896 


by  Climate-Hungarians. 

In  Disaster-Romans. 

Expressed-Caesar. 

Lack  of  e.  brings  disaster. 

Navy  created  in  60  days  by  R. 

Personal  e.-"  Chas.the  H'mer. 

See  ENTHUSIASM. 
Patriotic  e.  "Indepe'd'nce  H." 
Persistent  e.-Lord  Nelson. 
for  Philosophy-Archimedes. 
Remarkable  e.-Joan  of  Arc. 
Soldier's  e. -Manassas. 


952 

1609 

1033 

2025 

39 

"2187 

*1903 
*1904 
*1905 
♦1906 
♦1907 


Affecting  e.  for  M.  Theresa.  4035 

of  Affection  for  Ceesar.  2851 

Aroused  by  Scipio  Africanus.  5702 

In  Battle-Philip.  5945 

for  Battle-Charles  XII.  3752 

Beginning  of  e.,  Remarkable.  2090 
Church-builders-Jewish  temple.863 

Despair  followed  by  e.  1906 

Eloquence  of  e.-Peter  the  H.  1755 

Evil  e.  for  Tetzel.  4309 

by  Example-Joan  of  Arc.  653 

of  Fanaticism-Joan  of  Arc.  2086 

Inventor's  e.-John  Fitch.  2990 

Lack  of  e.-General  Lee.  1645 

for  Liberty-Lafayette.  3220 

Literary  e.-Samuel  Johnson.  404 

Maiden  martyr's  e.-Scot.  4142 

Missionary  e.  of  Irish.  8637 

"          "  "  -Spanish.  3638 

"          "  "  -Columbus.  3641 

"          "  "  -Thos.  Coke.  3644 


in  Old  Age-Thomas  Coke.  3644 

Partisan  e. -Lincoln's  rails.        3104 
Patriotic  e.-Am.  Revolution.     4036 

"         "-Bunker  Hill.  1894 

Popular  e.-Patriotic  Paris.        3211 

"        welcome  of  Nap's  son.597 

e.  cultivated.  4323 

Religious  e.-Crusades.        1375,  1376 

"         "  -Pilgrimages.  5981 

"  "  -Woman's-Isabella.4182 
Soldier's  e.-Benedict  Arnold.  4049 
of  Soldiers-Confederates.  1907 

Springs  of  e.-Religion-War-G.    817 
Stimulated  by  courting  danger.  647 
"  at  crisis-Banner.       651 

Strange  e.-Prolonged-Crus'des.4150 
Successful  religious  e.  3636 

Success  by  e.-Crusaders.  4705 

.4  ..  "-Cromwell's  sold'rs.311 
of  Superstition-Joan  of  Arc.  226 
Victory  by  e.-Saratoga.  5814 

of  Victory-W.  at  Waterloo.      3030 
Youthful-Ali.  6201 

"       -Lafayette.  6188 

See  HASTE. 
Defects  of  h.  in  Fine  Arts.        *2524 
Needless  h.-Ad.  Drake.  *2525 


Imperils  justice. 
Patriotic  h. -Israel  Putnam. 
Perilous  h. -Crusaders. 
In  Writing-Samuel  Johnson. 

See  ZEAL, 
in  Arl^Protogenes. 
Christian  z.-G.  Whitefield. 
Encouraged-Lincoln. 
Imprudent  z.-Puritans. 
Ineffective  z.-John  Milton's. 
Misdirected  z.-Religious. 
Punished  z.-Charles  Wesley. 
Sectarian  z.-James  II. 
Unrewarded-Pretender. 


3051 

4036 

5701 

404 

*6215 
*6216 
*6217 
♦6218 
'*6219 
*6220 
*6221 
*6222 
*6223 


of  Affection-Jobn  Howard's.  122 
in  Benevolence-John  Howard .  541 
of  Christians-Primitive  Church.  834 
Church-b'ilding.z.-J'wish  t'mple.863 
"  "  -St.  Sophia.  865 
Convert's  z.-Ali-Mohammedan.ll84 
Excessive  z.  for  religious  pros.  199 
Intolerant  z.  of  Bishop  Mark.  883 
Ministerial  z.  of  Dr.  Coke.  539 

Pretended  z.-Charles  II.  2215 

Religious  z.  of  women-Q,uakers.4129 
Woman's  z.  in  religion.  6133 

"  "  "  reform.  6124 

"  "  politics.  6114 

in  Worship-England.  4733 

EARTHaUAKE:. 

Destructive  e. -Ancient.  *1758 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Alarmed  by  e.  at  London.         1087 
Appalling  e.  at  Lisbon.  731 

E  A  RTHQUAKES. 

Periods  of  ancient  e.  "■1759 

EASE. 
Irreligious  e  -Samuel  Johnson. *1760 
See  INDIFFERENCE  and  INDUL- 
GENCE in  he. 


EASTER. 

Cross-reference. 
Bloody  e.-Sicilian  Vespers. 
EATING. 

Custom  in  e.-English. 
"     "   "  -Roman. 


1340 


*1761 
*1762 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Club-"  Inimitable  Livers."  966 

Conversation  in  e.-Spartans.      2182 

"  "  "  desired.         3600 

Gluttony-Hospitality.  2639 

See  ABSTINENCE. 
Certainty  by  a.-S.  Johnson.         *14 
Limit  of  a.  in  fasting.  *15 

Prudential  a.  by  experience.  *16 
Twofold  a.-Wine  and  water.  *17 
Unconscious  a.  from  f .-Sbelley.  *18 


in  Distress  of  mind. 

"  Excitement-Gamblers'. 

"  Grief-Wife  of  James  II. 
Necessary-"  One  glass." 
Nobility  in  a.-Alexander. 
Self -conquest  by  a.-Mahomet. 

See  APPETITE. 
Fastidious  a.  of  Antony. 
Indulgence  of  a.-Shameless. 
Perils  of  a.-Cato  the  Censor. 
Protest  of  a.-Monks. 
Ruled  by  a  -Epicure. 


3063 
6146 
6068 
2955 
5095 
5077 

*265 
*269 
*266 
*267 
*268 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Degraded  by  indulgence  of  a.-P.368 
Surrender  to  a.-Henry  VIII.       3852 
Voracious  a.-Samuel  Johnson.  2183 

See  BOARD. 
Prayers  exchanged  for  b.  *610 

See  CANNIBALISM. 
Christian  c.-Crusaders.  706 


2077 
2679 


in  Famine-France. 
"       "      -California. 

See  DINNER. 
Bad  d.,  Ill-humor  by-Johnson  *1592 
Waiting  d.-Samuel  Johnson.    *1593 

See  EPICURES. 
Reputed  e.-English  by  Scots.   *1913 

See  GLUTTONY. 
Hospitality  complimented  by  g.2639 

See  GOURMAND. 
Characteristic  g.-Johnson.         2183 
"         "  2927 

Indigestion  of  g.-Soliman.         2926 

See  HOSPITALITY. 
Appreciated-Roman.  2639 

without  Charity-English. 
Courtly  h.-Louis  XIV. 
Duty  of  h.-Arab's  tradition 
False  h.-Exposed-Roman. 
Forgotten  by  Benedict  Arnold. *2644 
Painful  h.-Son's  murderer.  *2645 
Reluctance  in  h.-"  I  hate  to."  *2646 
Sacred  h.-S'p'rst't'n  of  Arabs.'*2647 
"  "-"  Salt  "-Orientals.  *2648 
of  Savages  to  Columbus.  *2649 

Spirit  of  h.-Derrick.  ♦2650 

Universal  h.-Amerlcan  Indian8.2()51 


♦2640 
*2641 
♦2642 
♦2648 


Complimented  by  gluttony.  2689 
Delay  by  h.  of  Mary  Lindley.  6115 
Drunkenness  by  h.  2936 


HI 


828 


ECCENTRICITY— EDUCATION. 


Obligation  follows  h.-Sylla.  3820 
Poor  welcomed  to  Cimon's  h.  529 
Refused  by  mistake.-Eng.  M'nkF.217 
Remunerated  by  prayers.  610 

Rewarded  with  cruelty.  2850 

Unexpected  results  of  h-Whitney.88 
Violated-Adulterer.  2276 

See  HUNGER. 
Insatiable  h.  of  gold-seekers.   *2679 


Address  to  h.  difficult.  2014 

Desperation  of  h.-Cannibals.       706 
Perishing  from  h.-Siege.  1502 

Pressure  of  h.-Sailors.  1393 

See  VEGETARIAN. 
Health  sought  by  v.-Howard.    1576 
Successful  v.-B.  Franklin.  3095 

Trials  of  a  v.-Ritson.  *5783 

See  VEGETARIANS. 

by  Necessity-English.  2181 

Eellgious  v.- Austere  Priscirists.  401 

"        "  -Persians.  1001 

See  FAMINE,  FEAST  and  FOOD 

in  loc. 

ECCENTRICirY.  . 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Conscience-William  Penn.     3775 
"  "         -Suicide.  3506 

Crankish  e.-Ferguson.  5774 

of  Genius-Samuel  Johnson.        2309 
2310 
of  Sympathy-Napoleon.  8578 

See  PECULIARITIES. 
Religious  p.  of  Puritans.  4732 

ECL.IPSE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Alarm  from  e.,  Supei'stitious  a.  5441 
"         "      "  "  5459 

ECONOMY. 

Habit  of  e.  a  treasure.  *1763 

Misrepresented-Meanness.  *1764 

National  e.-Fred.  the  Great.  *1765 

and  Thrift-Imperial.  *1766 

Wise  e.  of  William  Penn.  *1767 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
for  Benevolence-Mrs.  Fletcher.  519 
"  "  -Emp.  Trajan.    547 

"  "  -John  Wesley.    549 

In  Burial- Athenian  law.  5113 

Criticised-Funeral  of  Chas.  II.   2247 
vs.  Display-LucuUus.  1590 

in  Government-Excessive.  2420 

Honorable  e.-S.  Adams.  3660 

Noble  e.-Benjamin  Franklin.     3095 
Patriotic  e  -Romans.  3416 

Remarkable  e.-Wesley'e.  4289 

vs.  Renown- Architecture.  1769 

Taxed  by  Henry  VII.  2003 

See  FRUGALITY. 
Misapplied  f  .-Charles  II.  *2245 

Plan  of  f  .-Irish  painter.  *2246 


Example  of  f.-Caesar.  3162 

111  timed  f  .-James  II.  4008 

Patriotic  f. -Virginia  Colony.      4833 


ECSTASY. 

Religious-John  Bunyan. 
See  JOY  in  loc. 


♦1768 


EDIFICE. 

Monumental  e. -Pericles.  *1769 

See  ARCHITECTURE  in  loc. 

EDITOR. 

Cross-reference. 
Patriotic  e.-American  Rev.        4438 

EDITORS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Predictions  of  e. -Civil  War.       4406 
Punished  for  false  news.  4442 

EDUCATION. 
Ancient  e.  of  Persians.  ♦1770 

"      "  -Popular.  *1771 

Anti-classical  e.-Frederick  II.  *1772 
Apportionment  for  e.-Mass.  C.*1773 
Appreciated  by  ancient  R.        ^1774 
-R.  Arkwright.      *1775 
"  -William  Jones.    *1776 

-Rob't  St'ph'ns'n.  *1777 
Athletic  e.  of  Romans.  *1778 

Beginning  in  e.-Col.  Mass.  *1779 
Christian  e.-England.  *1780 

Civilization  bye.-Ancient  Ger.*1781 
Collegiate  e.  detested-Southey  ^1782 
Contributions  for  e.-Yale.  *1783 
Deficiency  in  e.-Washington.  *1784 
Deprived  of  e.-Peter  Cooper.  *1785 
Devoted  to  e.-Confucius.  *1786 

Difficult-Abraham  Lincoln.  *1787 
"  -Geo.  Washington.  *1788 
Disparaged  by  friends- Lincoln.*1789 
Distinction  by  e.,  Relative.  *1790 
Donations  to  e.-Harvard  C.  *1791 
End  of  e.-Cooper  Institute.  *1792 
Errors  in  e.-Luther's.  *1793 

General  e.  in  New  England.  *1794 
Guarded-Prince  of  Wales.  *1795 
Helps  to  e.-Robert  Burns.  *1796 
Higher  life  by  e.-Aristotle.  *1797 
Imperfect  e.-Washington.  *1798 
ImperlUed-Bad  teacher.  *1799 

Indecision  in  e.-S.  Johnson.  *1800 
Independent  e.-Gibbon.  *1801 

vs.  Legislation-Lycurgus.  *1802 

"  Licentiousness-R.  of  C.  II.  *1803 
Ministerial  e.Lady  H'nt'ngd'n.*1804 
Misdirected-Accomplishm'nts.*1805 
Necessary-Alfred  the  Great.  *1806 
Neglected-Ireland.  *1807 

"        -Reign  of  Chas.  II.    *1808 
"        -Sam  Houston.  *1809 

Opposed  Governor  of  Virginia.*1810 
Patron  of  e.-Luther's.  *1811 

Philanthropic-Smithsonian  I.  *18]2 
Political  e.  of  Alexander.  *1813 

Power  of  e.-Pulpit.  *1814 

Precocity  in  e.-S.  Johnson.  *1815 
Prohibited  in  Ireland.  *1816 

Public  e.-Spartans.  *1817 

Religious  e.-Napoleon  I.  *1818 

"  -Wesley's.  *1819 

Sacrifices  for  e. -Mother's.  ♦1820 
and  State-Alexander.  ^1821 

"       "     -Spartans.  *1822 

Substituted  by  experience.  1823 
Suspected- Jesuits  in  Eng.  ^1824 
Tax  for  e.-Harvard  University.  ♦1825 
Trials  in  e.-Samuel  Johnson.  ^1826 
Varied  military  e.-Roman.  ^1827 
Wealth  for  e.-Cooper  Institute^l828 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Appreciation  of  e.-Puritans.      4106 

Backwardness  in  e.-W.  Irving.  6190 

Beginning  in  e.-A.  Lincoln.        6213 

Caution  in  e.-Parental-Pascal.  2324 

for  Citizenship-Spartan  youth.   894 

Compensation  of  e.  for  humble  b.594 

of  Conscience-John  Newton.    1093 

"  "  -Relics.  3840 

"  "  -Head  of  Emp.     3842 

Deficient  e.-Lincoln  one  year.  6200 

"         "-Geo.  Washington.  6198 

Discouragement  in  e .  -G'ldsm'th  .640 

in  Doing  good-Persians.  2393 

Earned  by  labor-D.  Crockett.      637 

Encouraged  by  the  State.-C.       354 

Female  e.-Q,ueen  Elizabeth.       6098 

Importance  of  e. -Persians.        6212 

Impossible-English  clergy.  939 

Interest  in  e.-Napoleon  I.  2330 

Late  start  in  e.  5416 

Legal  e.  of  Romans.  3140 

Life  enlarged  by  e.  1781 

"   transformed  by  e.  1797 

Need  of  e.-Eng.  country  gent.    240 

Negleoted-Peter  the  Great.        6206 

"        e.  of  Milton's  d.  805 

"        -Emp.  Honorius.        1877 

"        -Eng.-17th  century.    624 

by  Observation-Fine  Arts.  333 

Opportunity  denied-P.  C.  3277 

Origin  of  ancient  e.-Egyptians.   338 

Patriotic  e.  by  mothers.  4047 

Patron  of  e.  rewarded-Nap.       2358 

Prejudice  against  e.-Barbar'ns.3303 

by  the  Press-Unqualified.  44.34 

Prohibited-Scientific.  2034 

Qualifies  for  life-Alexander.      3278 

Religious  e.,  Power  of.  1111 

Restricted  in  year  1509.  928 

Revival  of  e.  in  Europe.  912 

Sacrifices  for  e.-J.  Sparks.         3094 

"  "    "-B.  Franklin.      3095 

"    "-John  Fitch.       3096 

without  School-Mr.«.  Adams.     3497 

State  protected  by  e.  5327 

5328 

"     requires  female  e.  8727 

Strife  for  institutions  of  e.  973 

Success  without  e.-Pizarro.         641 

Sunday  school  e.  5435 

of  Talent-Alexander.  5505 

Wise  investment-Wm.  Penn.     1767 

by  Woman-Hypatia.  6078 

of  Women  opposed-Swift.         6117 

See  COLLEGE. 
VS.  Capital-Location  of  Yale.    ^973 

Disgraaed  in  President.  3177 

Rebellion  in  c.  justified.  248 

Struggles  in  c.-S.  Johnson.  261 

See  INSTRUCTION. 
Dangerous  1.  of  enemy.  3729 

by  Defeat-Peter  the  Great.  1493 
"  Example-Siege  of  Rome.  1961 
"  "  -Divinity  of  the  Son.  825 
"  Failure-Minucius.  2026 

Need  of  i.-Petrarch.  621 

Needed  with  authority. -How'rd.411 
Popular  i.  by  architecture.  287 


EFFEMINACY— EGOTISM. 


829 


See  KNOWLEDGE. 
Desired-Samuel  Johnson.        *3087 
Eagerness  for  k.-Poet  Shelley.  *3088 
Happiness  by  k.-Socrates.        *3089 
Humility  for  k.-Divine.  *3090 

without  Learning-P.  Cooper.  *3091 
Limitations  of  k.-Aristotle.  *3092 
Progress  of  k.-Aristotle.  *3093 

Promotion  by  k.-Jared  Sparks.*3094 
Sacrifices  for  k.-B.  Franklin.    *3095 
"    "-John  Fitch.      *3096 
Theft  of  k.-Stilpo.  *3097 

Cost  of  k.-Lottery-P.  Cooper.  3334 
Criminal  k.-Persecution.  4118 

Dangerous  k.  of  law.  3321 

Experimental  method  in  k.  3775 
False  k.  of  Aristotle.  2020 

Love  of  k. -Blaise  Pascal.  2324 

Opposition  to  k.-Catholicism-E.  735 
Perilous  pride  of  k.-B.'s  defeat.  97 
Pursuit  of  k.-Peter  the  Great.  2328 
■Responsibility  comes  with  k.  4825 
of  k.-"Gunp.  p."2089 
Self-k.  by  adversity-Fred.  V.  84 
Unapplied-Chinese-Compass.  2978 
Valueless  k.  when  unapplied-C.  273 

See  LEARNING. 
Dishonored-James  II.  *3177 

Esteemed  by  Puritans.  *3178 

Honored  by  Timour.  *3179 

Secular  1.  rejected.  *3180 

Superficial  1.  diffused.  *3181 

Wide  1.  of  Samuel  Johnson.      *3182 


Influence  of  l.-Courtesan.  1256 

Misapplied-Discussion.  2170 

Needless-Plead  in  Latin.  2164 

Proficiency  in  l.-Egypt-Astron.  3530 
Progress  in  biblical  l.-Tyndale.  566 
See  ORTHOGRAPHY.  * 

Excused-Napoleon  I.  *3962 

See  SCHOLAR. 
Comparative  s.-17th  century.       624 
Eminent  s.-Petrarch.  621 

See  SCHOLARS. 
Expulsion  of  s.  by  James  II.  1998 
Independence  of  s.-James  II.  2890 
Misjudgmentofs.-Pilg's  Prog.  168 
Rivalry  of  s.-Isaac  Newton.  179 
"  "-W.  Scott.  "Button."19 
See  SCHOLARSHIP. 
Defective  s.  of  Robt.  Fulton.  *5024 
by  Emulation-Charles  XII.  *5025 
Revised  s.  of  Arabs.  *5026 

See  SCHOOL. 
Aversion  toward  s.-Garibaldl.*5027 
Caste  in  s.-Harvard.  *5028 

Discipline  in  s.-S.  Johnson.      *5029 
Everywhere-Socrates.  *5030 

of  Observation-H.  Miller.         *5031 
Perils  of  s.-E.  A.  Poe.  *5032 

Trials  at  s. -Napoleon  I.  *5033 


Discipline-Inconsiderate.  2714 

Examination  of  s.-  Napoleon  1.3596 
Humiliation  at  s.-Byron.  3722 

Medical  s.,  The  first.  3553 

See  SCHOOL-DAYS. 
Happy  s.-d.of  Samuel  Jobnson.*5034 

See  SCHOOL-LIFE. 
Tedious  s.-l.-Shakespeare.       *5035 


Temptations  of  s.-l.-W.  *5036 

See  SCHOOLMASTER. 

Imitated-William  Cowper.  *5037 

vs.  Soldier-Wellington.  *5038 

See  SCHOOLS. 

Appreciated-Mass.  Colony.  ♦5039 
Beginning  of  s.-N.  E.  Colonies.*5040 

Christianized-Roman.  *5041 

Excellence  in  Athenian  s.  *5042 

Perverted  to  Romanism.  *5043 

Ragged  s -London.  *5044 

"-Portsmouth.  *5045 

Struggle  for  s.-James  II.  *5046 


of  Art  established  by  C'n8t'nt'ne.354 
"    "  Three  s.  346 

Dangers  at  s.-Isaac  Newton.      379 
of  Painting-Florence,  etc.  344 

"  Vice-Saloons.  £803 

"    "    -Prisons.  5804 

See  SPELLING. 
Bad  s.,  George  Washington's.  *5302 
Diverse  s.-Shakespeare.  *5303 

Error-Conquered  vs.  Concord.  1067 

See  STUDENT. 
Belated -Charlemagne.  *5367 

Folly  of  s.-Oliver  Goldsmith.    *5369 
Royal  s.-Charlemagne.  *5368 


Close  s.-John  Milton.  6211 

Precocious  s.-Alexander  Pope.  4403 
Pride  stimulates  s. -Newton.  4492 
Pugilistic  s.-H.  Miller.  2463 

Royal  s.-Queen  Elizabeth.  6098 
Rules  Ignored  by  s.  2664 

See  STUDENTS. 
Patriotism  of  s.-Am.Rev'lution.4072 

See  STUDIES. 
Ancient  s.-Italy.  ♦5370 

See  STUDY. 

Devoted  to  s.-T.  Jefferson.       +5371 

"        '«  "-Prest.  Madison.  *5372 

Preparation  by  s.-J.  Milton.    ^5373 

"   "    "       "         *5374 

"   •• -Napoleon  L^5375 


in  Death-Sea  chart. 
Devotion  to  s. -Young  Nap. 
Dislike  for  s.-Robert  Fulton. 
Humble  s.  of  Burns. 
Incentive  to  s. -Emulation. 
Passion  for  s.-Blaise  Pascal. 
Perseverance  in  s.-Caesar. 
Plan  of  s.  vs.  Plan  of  Battle. 
Prolonged  s.-All  night-Milton, 
Success  by  continued  s. 

See  TEACHER. 
Punished  by  scholars 
Relation  of  t.-Aristotle. 
Responsibility  of  t.-Alex. 
Value  of  t.  to  Alexander. 


Crime  to  be  a  Catholic  t. 
Devoted  to  youth-Basda. 
Honored-Aristotle. 
Ingenious  t.-Ell  Whitney. 
Maternal  t.-Lincoln's  mother. 
Remarkable  t.-Hypatia. 
Severe  t.-Wrongheaded. 
Valuable  t.-Aristotle  to  Alex. 


1445 
4891 
5024 
1016 
5025 
2324 
1491 
2330 
1014 
4032 

♦5536 
♦5537 
♦5538 
♦5539 

2963 
6150 
3278 
88 
1789 
6078 
2714 
1813 


See  TEACHERS. 
Pay  of  t.- Athenians. 

Parental  t.  of  Mrs.  Adams. 
Tyrannical  t.,  Martin  Luther's 

See  TRAINING, 
for  Greatness  -Alexander. 
Lack  of  military  t. 
Lasting  effect-Walter  Scott, 
by  Obedience  of  Spartans. 
Physical  t.  of  Romans. 
Success  without  t.-Wm.P.of  O. 


♦5540 

3497 
.  1793 

♦5668 
♦5669 
♦5670 
♦5671 
♦5672 
.♦5673 


for  Manhood-Themlstocles.        635 

Military  t.,  Importance  of.         1981 

Misapplied-Gallienus.  1830 

Success  without  special  t.  136 

of  Voice  by  Demosthenes.         5853 

See  CULTURE,  DISCIPLINE, 

INTELLIGENCE  and 

INTELLECT 

in  loo. 

EFFEMINACY. 

Royal  0.  of  Elagabalus.  ^1829 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Age  of  e.-English.  3784 

Charged  falsely-Jealousy.  2900 

Honored  for  e.-Buckingham.     3871 

"       in  Claudius.  3876 

See  DELICACY. 

Essential  to  pleasure- Vice.        3320 

of  Feeling-0.  Goldsmith's.         5102 

See  COWARDICE  and  WEAKNESS 

in  loc. 

EFFORT. 

Misdirected-Useless  sciences.  ♦1830 
Useless  e.-Fred.  II.-Battle.      ♦1831 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Perseverance  in  e.-D'm'sth'n"s.5403 

Personal  e.-John  Howard.  516 

"  -Humble  Cath.  W.      531 

Stupendous  e.  misapplied.  295 

See  FATIGUE. 
Insensible  to  f.-Mary  Stuart.     6100 

See  WEARINESS. 

in  Bereavement-James  Watt.     562 

"  Pleasure  seeking-Charles  II.  4206 

Unconscious  of  w.from  labor-W.142 

See  WORK  in  loc. 

EFFKONTERY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Bold  e.-Prince  Albion.  2645 

in  Literature-Bet  Flint  to  S.  J.      37 

See  AUDACITY  in  loc. 

EGOTISM. 

Caste  e.-Young  Byron.  ♦1832 

Characteristic  e.  of  J.  Adams.  ♦ISSS 
Contrast  in  e.-Ctesar  and  Cic.  *1834 
of  Genius-Oliver  Goldsmith.  ♦1835 
Royal  e.-James  II.  *1836 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Outraged-Cicero's  e.  2873 

Rebuked  by  Plato.  5778 

See  BOASTING, 
of  Pride-Bajazet.  *611 

Rldiculous-"Great  T walmley. '  '♦612 
Senseless  b.-American  Tory.  ^613 
Vain  b.-Persian  immortals.       ^614 


Boasting  of  Power-Pompey.      4365 


830 


ELECTION— EMIGRANTS. 


1896 


*618 
♦619 


Intimidating  b.-Tarks. 

See  BOMBAST. 
Rebuked-  "  Jupiter  "  M. 
Ridiculous  b.  of  James  II 

See  CONCEIT. 
Changeless  c.-Cioero's.  *1025 

Foolisti  c.-Xerxes-Shackle.  *1026 
Literary  c.-Thomas  Paine.  ♦1027 
of  Silly  c.-Xerxes-Mountain.    ♦lOSS 


National  c.  of  English.  3781 

Political  c.  of  James  II.  4958 

Removed-"  Invulnerables."      5242 

See  SELF-CONCEIT. 
Braggart's  s.-c. -Royalist  in  N.  Y.613 
Polly  of  s.c.-Bajazet-Gout.         611 
Personal  majesty  of  Sapor.         441 

ELECTION. 
Close  e.  of  John  Adams.  ♦1837 

Coercion  in  e. -S.  Adams.  ^1838 

Expenses-Treating  in  Eng.  ♦ISSQ 
Frustrated-John  Howard.  *1840 
of  Grace-Cromwell.  *1841 

Resented-Pres.  of  M'gd'l'neC.^1842 
Scandalous  e. -Intimidation.  ^1843 
Tie  e.-Jefferson-A.  Burr.  *1844 

Timely  e.  of  grace-R.  Newton.^1845 
Unanimous  e.  of  Washington.  ♦1846 
Unique  e.  of  Spartans.  ^1847 

"  "  Capt.  J.  Smith.      *1848 
Vociferous  e.-Emp.  Pompey.  ^1849 


Defeat  at  e.  consoled.  4062 

"        Mortifying-J.  Adams.   4314 

Impoverished  by  e.-Chas.  IV.    4353 

See  CANDIDATE. 
Dead  c.-Daniel  Webster.  ♦703 

Dignified  c.-Thomas  Jefferson.  ^704 

See  VOTE. 
Only  one  V. -Cromwell.  ^5855 

Power  of  one  v. -Sparta.  ♦5856 

"       "    "    "-Marathon.      ^5857 


Basely  given-Rochester.  3875 

Complimentary  v.-Lincoln's.  1488 
Declining  always  to  v.-A.  J.  3192 
Emphatic  v.-Stone  ballot.  1556 

Minority  v.  elects  Lincoln.  3870 
One  decisive  v.-Impeachment.  2750 
Ostracism  by  v.-Athenians.  3968 
Unanimous  v.  forlnd'pend'nce.2790 

See  VOTES. 
Soliciting  v.-Grenville.  ^5858 


by  Bribery  of  German  princes.  668 
Character  controls  v.-Wash.  2836 
Coerced  by  Communists.  1276 

Controlled  by  force-Cromwell.3189 
Corrupt-' '  Cred  it  Mobilier. ' '  2996 
for  Dead  candidate-Webster.  703 
Excluded  by  Cromwell.  2422 

Independent  English  v.  4011 

Influencing  v.-Women.  3416 

Majority  to  rule-United  9tates.3387 
Perseverance  in  seeking  v.  4153 
Resentment  at  v. -James  II.       2890 

See  VOTING. 
for  Christ-Roman  Senate.        ^5859 

ELECTIONS. 

Parcioal-Reign  of  James  II.  ^1850 
Free  e.-Wm.Prince  of  Orange.^1851 


Venal  e.-Parliament,  a.d.  1768.^1852 

See  POLITICS  in  loc. 

ELECTRICITY. 

Light  of  e.-Columbus,  2d  v.      ^1853 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Discovery  in  e.-Strange-C.         2849 

Experiments  in  e.-Franklin.      2847 

"  " -Young  S.         639 

See  LIGHTNING. 

Fear  of  1. ,  Superstitious.  ^3299 

"     "  "-W'sh'ngfn's  mother. ^3300 


Death  by  l.-JEsculapius.  4169 

Significant  l.-Sacrifices.  4994 

See  TELEGRAPH. 

Valuable  to  the  state.  ♦5542 

Cable,  P.  Cooper's  Atlantic.  5984 

Failure  of  t.  by  neglect.  2022 

Invention  of  electric  t.  4030 

S  jepticism  overcome.  2216 

ELEMENTS. 

Cross-reference. 

Warfare  with  the  e  -Philip  II.    2028 

See  ATMOSPHERE. 
Convulsions  of  a.  by  oracle.       3947 

See  WATER. 
Need  of  w.-Kingdom  for.         ^5952 
Overflow  of  w.-Alban  lake.      ^5953 

See  WIND. 

Dependence  on  w.-Wm  P.of  0.1862 

Experiment  with  w.-Newton.    1993 

Sectarian  w.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.5066 

See  STORM  in  loc. 

ELOPEMENT. 

Royal  e.-Philip  of  France. 


♦1858 


Cross-reference. 
Proposed  to  Shelley.  3350 

ELOQUENCE. 

of  Action-Samuel  Johnson.  ^1854 

"  Facts-Story  of  misery.  ^1856 

Fear  of  e.-Demosthenes.  ^1856 

Necessary-Romans.  ^1857 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Artificial  e.,  Burke's.  49 

and  Drlnk-Sheridan.  2952 

of  Earnestness-Peter  the  H.  1755 
Employed-Funeral  of  Caesar.  2255 
Money  stimulates  e.-Athenians.  672 
Persuasion  of  e.-Pericles.  4156 

See  ORATOR, 
the  Great-Demosthenes.  ^3949 

Unsuccessful  o.-W.  Irving.      ^3950 

See  ORATORS. 
Audience  for  o.-William  Pitt.  ♦3952 
Dangerous  in  Parliament.        ♦3951 
Despised  by  Samuel  Johnson.  *3953 
Disregarded  in  pulpit.  ^3954 

Taste  in  o.-Samuel  Johnson.    ^3955 

See  ORATORY. 
Difficulties  in  o.-Demosthenes.  2021 
Illiterate-"  Black  Harry."  4389 

Perseverance  in  o. -Disraeli.       4151 
Preparation  for  o.-D'mosth'n's.4424 
Self-abnegation  in  o.-Demos.     5080 
See  SPEAKING  in  loc. 


EMANCIPATION. 

Advocated-A.u.  1701  in  Mass.    ^1859 


Proclaimed-Abraham  Lincoln.  3227 
EMBARRASSMENT. 

in  Public  speaking-Bp.Roberts.*1860 

See  AWKWARDNESS. 
and  Agility-Poet  Shelley.  *443 


Exhibited  in  etiquette. 
EMBLEM. 

Significant  e.-Turk- Wolfe. 


1586 


•■1861 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Character-Wolfe-Turk.  1861 

"  Defiance-Rattlesnake.  ,  3939 
False  e.-"  Paschal  Lamb."  5245 
of  Industry-"Leathern  apron.  "2811 
"  Inferiority-Jackai.  2167 

"  War-Rattlesnake.  5901 

"  Wisdom-Physician-Serpent.  4169 

See  BANNER. 
Devotion  to  b. -Mohammedan.  2567 
Inappropriate  b. -Paschal  Lamb.5245 
of  Industry-"  Leathern  apron."2811 
Influence  of  b.-Mexican.  4( 

Rescued  by  valor-Cadiz.  651 

Shocking  b.-Mary  Stuart.  5110 

Slgnificant-"Don't  tr'd  on  me.  "3939 

See  FLAG. 
Despised-U.  S.,  year  1812.         +2150 
Devotion  to  f  .-Serg'nt  Jasper.  *2151 


Dangerous  display  of  f. 

See  SIGN. 
of  Destiny-Mahomet's  s. 


753 


♦5132 


of  Talent,  Mathematics  a  s.  5506 

See  SIGNS. 

]to,ith  in  s.-Gold-seekers.  ♦SWl 

Need  of  s.  by  ignorance.  ♦5143 

Significant  s.  of  the  times.  *5143 

Welcomed  by  Columbus.  *5144 


in  Jurisprudence,  L'ngu'ge  of  s.3985 

See  OMEN. 

Accidental  o.-Duke  William.  31 

"    felL  33 
See  OMENS. 

Ancient  o.-Romans.  +3905 

Annoyed  by  o.-Charles  I.  ♦3906 

Presage  of  o.-Romans.  ♦3907 

Terrorized  by  o.-Sailors.  ♦3908 


Regard  for  o..  Superstitious.     2237 
"       "    "  by  Romans.  385 

EMERGENCY. 

Deliverance  in  e.-Wm.  P.  of  0.^1862 


1848 


Cross-reference. 
Justified  by  e. 

See  CRISIS. 
Equal  to  the  c.-Cromwell.        ^1303 


Resolution  at  the  c.-Devereux.  661 
EMIGRANTS. 

City  of  e.-New  York.  ♦1863 

Dangerous  e.-Criminals.  ^1864 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Army  of  e.-Gotha.  1866 


EMIGRATION— EMPLOYMENTS. 


831 


Corruption  by  e.-National.  2191 
Dangerous  e.-Virglnia  Colony.  4666 
Incousiderate  e.-Mass.  Colony.  2002 
Trials  of  e.-Plymouth  Colony.  2081 

ElIIORATION. 

Benefits  of  e.-Greeks.  *1865 

Military  e.-Goths.  *1866 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Dangers  to  the  State  from  e.-T.  173 
P,.pula  ion  increased  by  e.         4327 
"    "  4328 

Prosperity  by  e.-Scots.  1228 

Stimulated-Constantine.  4326 

Ex^INENCE. 
Cowardly  e.-Emp.  Honorius.    *1867 
by  Worth-Henry  Wilson .  *1868 


Miscellaneous   cross-references. 

by  Adversity-Abraham  Lincoln.  83 

in  Allegory  of  John  Bunyan.       168 

"  Art,  Superior.  347 

"    "  "        -Raphael.  348 

"  Self-sacrifice-Bishop  Coke.    1570 

See  DISriNCTION  in  loc. 

EMOTION. 

Orerp  )wcred  by  e.  *1869 

EMOTIONS. 

Hidden  e.-American  Indians.  *1870 
from  Succeps-Isaac  Newton.  *1871 


^,,  Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

'  Irrepre-sible  e.- Washington's  f .2099 
Moved  by  distant  bells-Nap's  e.  509 
"     -10,000  men  wept.  4137 

Overpowering-Josephine's  f.      104 
"  e. -Swoon.  1699 

"  "-bereavement.  557 

Overwhelming  e.  -M.  Theresa.  4035 
" -Lino'ln's  Cab.4379 
Tatriotic  e.,  Andrew  Johnson's.4387 
Privacy  of  e.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange. 121 
Religious  e.-W'sh'gt'n's  prayer.  4382 
Violent  e.  of  Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  121 

See  EMBARRASSMENT. 
in  Public  speaking-Bishop  R.  *186ff 

See  FEELINGS. 
Suppressed  for  duty.  2116 

See  IMPULSE. 
Success  by  i.-Sylla.  *2767 


vs.  Reasoning-Caesar. 
"Victim  of  i.-O.  Goldsmith. 

"      "  "-David  Crockett. 
See  HEART. 
Broken-Miss  Perronet. 

"     -Story-W.  Irving's. 
Hardened-James  II. -Rebels. 
Homest  ha"  fortress  "-S.  C. 
Longing  for  God-Hindoo. 
Obdurate  h.-Murderer  Ferrers 


Religion  of  the  h.-M.  Luther.  1486 
Sin  of  the  h.,  Offensive.  2656 

Supremacy  of  the  h.  needed.  263 
Way  to  the  h.-Love  of  mother-N.115 
Wounds  unhealed.  2903 

See  AFFECTION,  ANGER,  FEAR 
and  DISTRESS  in  loc. 

EMPIRE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Downfall  of  Roman  e.  913 

Failure  of  e.  in  North  Carolina.  2436 
Gift  of  e.-Papal  bull.  2287 

EMPLOYMENT. 

Agreeable  e.-Audubon-Nature  *1872 
Humble  e.-Breeding  mules-W.*1873 
Opportune  e.-S.  A.  Douglas.  *1874 
Refused-Oliver  Goldsmith.  *1875 
Seeking  e .  -John  Fitch.  *1876 

Unworthy  e.-Emp.  Honorius.  *1877 
"         "  -Emp.  Th'dosius.  *1878 


1480 

2466 

634 

♦2534 
*2535 
♦2536 
*2537 
*2538 
.♦2539 


Better  than  genius.  2535 

Broken  by  grief- Artaxerxes.  2487 

"       "      "    -Henry  n.  4005 

Enigma  of  the  human  h.  3344 
:    Bvilh.  concealed-Chas.theBad.1669 

Pallure  of  h.,  Executioner's.  1979 

Hardened  by  spilling  blood.  1337 

t»oetry  without  h.-Gray's.  4218 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Degrading  clerical  e.  924 

Dignified  Indian  e.-War,  5908 

"       e.  in  war.  5932 

Irksome  e.-Young  H.  a  clerk.      905 

"       "-Milton's  daughters.   805 
Luxuries  give  e.-Poor.  3362 

Search  for  e-Benj.  Franklin.      638 

See  INDUSTRY. 
Education  in  i.-S.  Johnson.  *2804 
Exposition  of  i.-Timour's.  *2805 
Happiness  by  i.-Eng.  people.  *2806 
Misapplied  i.-Jamestown  Col.  ^2807 
Proof  of  i.-CaUoused  hands.  *2808 
Report  of  i.  '^2809 

Sacrificed  to  prlde-Chas.  I.  *2810 
Standard  of  i.-Leathem  apron.*2811 
Virtue  by  i.-Hannibal's  army.  ♦2812 


for  Drink-Tartars.  2950 

Encouragement  of  i.-Year  1754.3423 
Incited  by  money.  3677 

Protection  of  i.-Unequal.  4534 

4535 
Required  by  Athenian  law.  2704 
Success  by  i.-Benj.  Franklin.     5389 

See  MISSION, 
in  Llfe-Wm.  Prince  of  Orange.*3633 
Misjudged-Louis  Philippe.       *3634 


Laws  for  t.-Sumptuary.  *5656 

Overreaching  in  t.-Egyptians.  '►5657 
Regulated-Fixed  prices.  '*5658 

"        -Emperor  Julian.     "'5659 
"        -England.  *5660 

Tricks  of  t.-England.  *5661 


Divine  m.-Evidence  in  fits.         1944 
Ignored-Queen  Christina.  3928 

in  Life-Columbus's.  6151 

Life  am.-"StonewaH"  Jackson.5228 
Shameful  m.-Mahomet's  angel.     63 

See  OCCUPATION.^ 
Changes  in  o.-Peter  Cooper.    *3857 
One  o.  only-Weavers.  ''3858 

Caste  in  o.-Egypt  I486 

Chosen  o.  of  Grant-Farmer.  5880 
-'  "  "  noblest  Romans-F.  159 
Delightful  o.of  Wash.-Farming.1873 
Honest  o.  required-Egyptian.  2809 
Ignoble  o.-Emperor  Gratian.     1007 

See  TRADE. 
Contempt  for  t.-S.  Johnson.    *5653 
Illicit  t.-American  Colonies.    '^5654 
Inhuman  t.-Slave-trade.  i'5656 


Competition  in  t.  denied.  3689 

3692 
"  "       "  3693 

Conscience  in  t.-Peter  Cooper.  3694 
Degraded  by  t.-Empress.  1583 

Honesty  in  t.,  Laws  for.  2217 

Profits  in  t.  great-Firmus.  3987 

See  USEFULNESS. 
Survival  of  u. -Monks.  *5756 


Rewarded  by  dinner.  2393 

See  LABOR,  WAGES  and  WORK 

in  loc. 

EMPLOYMENTS. 

See  ARTISANS. 
Capture  of  a.-Silk- weavers.       '*351 
Wages  of  a.-England,  1680.        *352 

See  AUTHOR. 
Humiliated-Frederick  the  G.     *403 
Rapid-Samuel  Johnson.  ^404 

Unnoticed  a.-Humiliated-S.  J.  *405 


Fame-Sudden-Byron.  8057 

Rebuked  for  adulation.  2156 

Shameful  a. -Patrons.  1485 

Successful-Exceptional.  3286 

See  AUTHORS. 

Importunity  of  a.-Patrons.  498 
Unappreciated-Milton-C,  etc.    630 

See  AUTHORSHIP. 

Anxieties  of  a.-S.  Johnson.  '»418 

Imputed  a.-'*  Margaret  N."  *419 

Originality  in  a.-Thomas  J.  *420 

Qualified  a.-The  Stamp  Act.  *421 

Reward  of  a. -Financial- J.  M.  ♦422 

Certified-Youthful-Bryant.  2329 

Confusion  in  reputed  a.  8771 

Inferred-Libellous.  1167 

Prohibited  judges-Comedy.  3038 

Responsibility  for  a.-Regrets.  1249 

Rewarded  liberaUy-Pope.  8317 

Supposititious-Libellous.  1165 

See  BANKERS. 
Prejudice  against  b.-Lombards.+450 

Plundered-Jewish-England.  *449 

Injustice  to  b. -Charles  II.  2892 

Patriotic  b.-Robert  Morris.  3659 

Prejudice  against  Jewish.  449 

See  BARBER. 

Ostentatious  b.  rebuked.  1667 

Superlative-lOOO-Constantine.  3903 

See  BARBERS. 
Surgical  b.-Eng.-16th  century.  ^456 

Carelessness  of  b.  punlshed-L.    738 

See  CAPITALISTS. 

Extortionate  c  -Jews.  *71Si 

Nation  of  c.-Jews.  *713 

See  COOK. 

Vexation  of  Antony's  c.  265 

See  DETECTIVE. 

Harmless  d.-Robert  Burns.  ^1552 


EMPLOYMENTS. 


Stupid  d.-Col.  Jam's'n-Andr6.  *1553 
Useful  d.,  Cicero's.  *1554 


Conniving  d.-Robert  Bums.     ♦1972 

See  DENTISTS. 
Barbers  the  dentists  in  6th  cent.  456 

See  ENGINEERS. 
Service  of  e.  to  Wm.  P.  of  O.  ♦1897 


343 


Distinguished  e.-Archimedes. 

See  ENGRAVING. 
Invented-Mezzotint.  ^1898 

See  FARMER. 
Unsuccessfu)  f. -Isaac  Nev^ton.^2100 
"  -Edmund  Burke.  ♦2101 


Chosen  occupation-Gen.Grant.5880 
Extensive-Catacuzene.  5969 

Occupation  changed-Crom.      2327 
Son  of  a  f. -Geo.  Washington.    6053 

See  GAMBLING. 

Degraded  by  g.-Charles  Fox.  *2265 

'•         "   "-Sunderland.    *2266 

"         "    " -Coffee  Houses*2267 

Escape  from  g.-Wilberforce.    *2268 

Fashionable  g.-Folly.  *2269 

Losses  by  g.-Gibbon.  *2270 

Passion  for  g.-Eng.  gentry.      *2271 

Pride  in  g.-Hlgh  Life.  +2272 

Ruinous  g.-Oliver  Goldsmith.  *2273 

**       "  -English  gentry.      *2274 

Universal  g.-Crusaders.  *2275 

Vice  of  g. -Prolific.  *2276 


Memorial  of  g.-"  Sandwich."  *6146 
Eulnous  g.-Edgar  Allan  Poe.   *6195 

See  GARDENING. 
Contentment  in  g.,  Emperor's.  1148 
Pleasure  In  g.-Cyrus.  5636 

See  HORTICULTURE. 
Pleasures  of  h.-Theodoric.       *2637 
"  "-Napoleon.  *2638 


947 


Climate  affects  h. 

See  HOTEL-KEEPERS. 
Indulgences  sold  by  h. 

See  LAWYER. 
Ignorant  l.-Publius  Cotta.        *3165 


2803 


Changed  by  sermon. 
Criminal  l.-Jeff  reys. 
Impudent  l.-Useful-Jeffreys. 
Odium  of  client  given  to  1. 
Preparatory  to  political  life. 

See  LAWYERS. 
Arts  of  Roman  1. 
Hatred  of  1.  by  Germans. 
Imprisoned  for  deceit. 
Patriotic  1.  of  N.  Y.  year  1765. 
Special  l.-Reign  of  James  II. 

See  MERCHANTS. 
Enterprise  of  m.-.Tohn  Cabot. 
Patriotism  of  m  -Boston  Rev. 

See  MUSICIAN. 
Illustrious  m.-Homer. 
Neglected-Starving-Evans. 

See  PAINTER. 
Celebrated  Eng.p.-J.Reynolds. 


1089 
1994 
2888 
3861 
83 

♦3166 
♦3167 
♦3168 
♦3169 
♦3170 

981 
692 

2317 
4338 

♦3976 


Invention  of  telegraphy  by  p.    2989 

See  PAINTING, 
niustrates  only-no  Inf 'rmat'n.^3977 


Defects  In  Chinese-Deformity.    328 


Imitation  in  p.-Servile,  15th  cent.345 
Schools  of  p.-Florence,  etc.  344 
Supremacy  in  p.-Raphael.  346 

See  PHYSICIAN. 
Empirical  p.,  Successful.  ^4168 

Mythological  p.-.(Esculapius.    ^4169 


Bombastic  p.-Menecrates. 
Intimidated  by  danger. 
Invention  by  p.-Plt-iron. 
Neglected  by  Gibbon. 
Practice  lost  by  religion. 
Quack  p.-Charles  II. 
Sacrifices  of  p.-Benevolence 
Studious  p.-Dr.  Harvey. 
Vanity  rebuked,  Menecratei 

See  PHYSICIANS. 
Commingling-Death  of  C.  II. 
Disagreement  of  p.-Charles  II. 


618 
1048 
2985 
3260 
1036 
4588 
640 
628 
6779 

♦4170 
♦4171 


Predictions  of  p.-Failure.  3599 

Quackery  punished,  Cato's.        4587 

See  POET. 
Respected-Pindar.  ^4215 

Terrorizing  p.-Robert  Burns.  ^4216 


3305 


3307 


Criticised-Taseo. 

"        -Ariosto. 

-MUton. 

"        -Dry  den.  3308 

"        savagely-Byron.  1305 

Despised-Churchill  by  J.  3593 

Honored-Coronal  ion  of  p.  1325 

Impracticable- Voltaire  an  amb.    3 

Incensed-Voltaire.  3002 

Late  in  life-Cowper.  2300 

Misjudged-Gray  by  Johnson.     2322 

Patient  p. -Seven  years- Virgil.  2341 

Popularity,  Sudden-Terence.    3590 

Precocious  p.-Alexander  Pope.  4403 

Preparation  of  p.-Milton.  5373 

u    ..       u  g374 

Prophetic  p.-Virgil.  4524 

Sensitive  p.-Dionysius.  1313 

Unwelcome-"Bet  Flint  seeks  J."  37 
Youthful  p.-Precocious-Bryant.2329 

See  PRINTING. 
Beginning  of  p.-Almanac.        ^4463 
Restricted-Punishment  for.     ^4464 
Suspicion  of  magic.  ^4465 


Genius  developed  In  p.-ofBce.  2331 
Opposition  to  p.-Va.  Colony.  1810 
Prohibited  in  Virginia  by  C.  II.  3941 

See  SAILOR. 
Great  s.-Cabot.  ♦5006 

Youthful  s.-Sir  Francis  Drake.^5007 

Brave  s.-Fairagut  at  main-top.  486 

Intentional  s.-Young  Irving.  2734 

"-Wash.  Irvhig.  626 

Renowned  s.-Admiral  Blake.  2345 

See  SAILORS. 

Destitution  of  Eng.-Chas.  II.  ^5008 

Patriotic  s.-English  s.  ^5009 

Avoided  by  Egyptians.  983 

Deliverance  of  suffering  s.  3029 

Destitute  of  s.-Russia.  3802 

the  First  s.-Phoenicians.  985 

Impromptu  s.-English  navy.  1615 

Mutiny  of  s.-Cruel-Hudson.  3757 


Mutiny  of  s.-English  navy.  375» 

"        "  "         "            "  3760 

Patriotic  s.-American.  1660 

Peril  of  s. -Captain  Cook.  1519- 

Superstition  of  s.-Columbus'.  3908 

"  '--St.  Elmo.  1853 

See  SCHOLAR. 

Comparative  s.-17th  century.  624 

Eminent  s.-Petrarch.  621 

See  SCHOLARS. 

Expulsion  of  s.  by  James  II.  1998- 

Independence  of  s. -James  II.  2890 
Misjudgment  of  s.-Pilg's  Prog.    168 

Rivalry  of  s.-Isaac  Newton.  179 
"       "  "  -W.  Scott-"  Button."19 

See  SCIENTIST. 

Deranged  by  curiosity.  1383 

Failure  of  s.  in  experiment.  1992 

Youthful  s.-Newton-Wind.  1993 

See  SCULPTOR. 

Mental  s.-Socrates.  ♦SOSe 
Nobility  In  s.-"  Eternal  fame."  ^5057 

See  SHOEMAKER. 

Dlustrious  s.-Henry  Wilson.  1868 

See  SERVANT. 

Devotion  of  s.-Marla.  ♦5120' 

Useful  8.-Godolphin.  ^5121 


Devoted  s.  of  John  Howard.      4430 
Mistaken  for  a  s.-Philopcemen.  258 

See  SERVANTS. 
Absolute  powerover  s.-T.prince.408 

See  STUDENT. 
Belated-Charlemagne.  *5367 

Folly  of  s.-Oliver  Goldsmith.    *5369 
Royal  s.-Charlemagne.  ♦5368 


Close  s.-John  Milton.  6211 

Precocious  s.-Alexander  Pope.  4403 
Pride  stimulates  s.-Newton.  4492 
Pugilistic  s.-H.  Miller.  2463 

Royal  s.-Queen  Elizabeth.  6098 

Rules  Ignored  by  s.  2664 

See  STUDENTS. 
Patriotism  of  s.-Am.  Rev'lutlon.4072 

See  SURGEONS. 
Barbers  the  s.-16th  century.        456 
Insensibility  to  sufferings.  193 

See  SURGERY. 
Brave  s.-Duke  Leopold.  ♦5464 

Skill  In  s.-Dr.  V.  Mott.  ^5465 

See  SURVEYOR. 
Illustrious  s.-Geo.  Washlngton.6198 
Unsuccessful  s.-A.  Lincoln.  83 

See  TAILORS. 
Oppression  of  t.  by  man'f 'ct'r'rs.429 
"  "   "        "  1839' 

See  TEACHER. 
Punished  by  scholars.  ♦5536 

Relation  of  t.-Aristotle.  *5537 

Responsibility  of  t.-Alexander.^5538 
Value  of  t.  to  Alexander.         ♦SSSO 


2963 
6150 
3278 


Crime  to  be  a  Catholic  t. 
Devoted  to  youth-Baada. 
Honored- Aristotle. 
Ingenious  t.-Eli  Whitney.  88 

Maternal  t. -Lincoln's  mother.    1789 
Remarkable  t  -Hypatia.  6078 

Severe  t.-Wrongheaded.  2714 

Valuable  t.-Aristotle  to  Alex.    1813 

See  TEACHERS. 
Pay  of  t.^Athenians.  ♦5540> 


ENCHANTMENT— ENTERPRISE. 


833 


Parental  t.  of  Mrs.  Adams.         3497 
Tyrannical  t.,  Martin  Luther's.  1793 

See  WEAVERS. 

Importance  of  w.  of  silk.  351 

See  ARCHITECTURE,  BEGGAR, 

INVENTOR,    MECHANICS, 

MINISTRY,  OFFICER, 

POLITICIAN  and 

SOLDIER 

,  in  loo. 


ENCHANTMENT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

Boyish  e.-David  Crockett. 

634 

"       "  in  books-Irving. 

626 

Personal  e.  by  Mahomet. 

2124 

See  CHARM. 

Protecting  c.-Thunder  and  1. 

♦782 

"  -Agnus  Del. 

♦783 

See  FASCINATION. 

of  Beauty-Mary  Stuart. 

6089 

"       "     -Zenobia. 

6055 

"       "     -Heartless  woman. 

109 

"  Books-Dr.  Harvey. 

628 

lover's  f.-Wm.  the  Conqueror.  2583 

"       "-Robert  Burns. 

4219 

'*       "-Garibaldi. 

3480 

of  Mistress-James  H. 

1133 

"  Vice-Mary  Stuart. 

1171 

"  Woipan. 

2819 

"       "       -Catherine  Sedley. 

2842 

"       "       -Mary  Stuart. 

3342 

"       "       -Courtesan  of  Milo 

5960 

"  Women-King  John. 

2618 

See  HALLUCINATION. 

Realistic  h.-Luther-Devil. 

*2506 

Jkithusiast's  h.-Joan  of  Arc.  2384 

See  INFATUATION. 

Destructive  i.  of  Nero.  *2819 

of  Pride-James  II.  *2820 

of  Curiosity-Pliny.  5050 

Inventor's  i.-Arkwright.  5168 

of  Love-Page  of  Mary  Stuart.  3342 
Political  i.-James  II.  3388 

Popular  i.-Conqaest  of  Florida.    75 
of  War-Charles  XII.  1239 

ENCOURAGEMENT. 
Timely  e.  for  Luther.  *1879 

"       "  -Columbus.  *1880 

Visionary  e.-Columbus.  *1881 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Defeat-American  patriots.    1492 
by  Dream-Rev.  Bangs.  3846 

of  Effort-Alms  for  strugglers.       90 
Helpful  e.  of  a  friend.  5403 

Needless  e.-Why  fear?  2120 

See  COMFORT. 

hy  Affection  of  friends.-Martyr.3403 

*■  Dream-Napoleon  I.  1725 

in  Misfortune-Mohammedan  o.  1568 

Religious  c.  in  distress.  2159 

"         "  "  trial.  2205 

See  CONSOLATION. 

of  Philosophy-Boethius.  *1134 


in  Religion-Charles  I.  4692 

Strange  c.  in  death.  1417 

See  SYMPATHY, 

by  Experience-S.  Johnson.  •5493 

Freaks  of  s.-Napoleon  I.  ♦5494 


for  the  Friendless-A.  Lincoln.  *5495 
Mutual  s.-Napoleon  I.  *5496 

for  Poor- A.  Lincoln.  *5497 

Religious  s.-Puritans.  *5498 

Unmanned  by  s.-Columbus.     *5499 

Beggars'  arts-London.  1293 

Denied  offenders-Old  England.2860 
Eccentricity  of  s.-Napoleon  I.  3578 
Enraged  by  s.-Fred.  WiUiam.  3389 
Female  s.-Joan  of  Arc.  6104 

"       "  -Lucy  Hutchinson.      6105 
Power  of  s.-Pardon.  4001 

Prayerful  s.-Wife  of  Martyr  T.  679 
Suffering  in  s.-Dr.  Mott.  5417 

Various  forms  of  s.  for  W.  Scott.  92 
END. 

Recorded-Finis-Charter  oak.  *1882 
See  DESTINY  in  loc. 

ENDURANCE. 

German  e.-Am.  Rev.-Soldier8.*1883 


Cross-reference. 

Trained  to  e.-Spartans.  1822 

See  FORTITUDE  and  SUFFERING 

in  loo. 

ENEMIES. 
Detraction  of  e.-Advocatus  d.  *1884 
Divided-Spanish  Armada.        *1885 
Neglected-Turkmans.  *1886 

Partiality  to  e  -Philip  of  M.      *1887 


Miscellaneous  cross-references- 
Adopted  as  friends-Indians.      2074 
Beset  by  e.-Britons.  2016 

Changed  to  friends.  2833 

Combined  against  Chas.  XII.  4514 
Confederacy  of  e.-Napoleon's.  4367 
Contempt  for  e.-Romans.  2121 

Counsels  of  e.-Inopportune.  1220 
Destroyed-Turkish  rulers.  3866 

Fierce  e.-English  ancestors.  4185 
Generosity  to  e.-Cromwell.  3924 
Ignored-Abraham  Lincoln.  1309 
Instructed  by  example  of  e.  1493 
Joy  of  e.-Death  of  Cromwell.  3075 
Kindness  to  captive  e.  6105 

"         "  e.-Bishop  Ken.  517 

Knowledge  of  e.  undesired.  5828 
of  Mankind- Assassins  of  Persia.  374 
Needless  e.-Duellists.  4595 

Prejudice  against  e.  4417 

at  Sacrament,  Hypocrisy.  2697 

Superior  to  combined  e.-R.  2424 
Worse  e.  than  death  to  Jews.  4122 
Youth  imperilled  by  e.-Wm.of  0.6194 

ENEMY. 
Generous  e.,  Luther  a.  *1888 

Weapons  from  the  e.  ♦1889 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Apologizing  to  national  e.  1978 

Changed  to  friend.  4957 

of  Civilization-Philip  II.  902 

Common  e.-Strafford.  3860 

Contempt  of  e.-Fanatics.  3843 

Contributions  from  e.-War.  1158 

Despised-Romans  by  Attila.  322 

Favor  to  e.-Pericles.  4027 

Fictitious  e.  in  politics.  4233 


Generosity  to  e.-Luther-Tetzel.l888 

of  Mankind-Caracalla.  1333 

"        "       -Napoleon.  1529 

Mistaken  for  e.-Jackson.  2226 

Prayer  disarms  e.-Christian.  2350 

"      for  Eliz.  by  Puritans.  3360 

Protected  e.  of  Columbus.  3900 

Recruits  from  the  e.-Cortez.  3830 

Satisfaction  in  death  of  e.  1245 

Self  an  e.  of  self-James  II.  3858 

Spared-Hospitality.  2647 
Unapproachable  e.-Scythlans.    1073 

Worst  e.-Bad  mother.  3728 
See  ENMITY  in  loc. 

ENERGY. 

Complimented-Napoleon  I.  ^1890 

Expression  of  e.-Gen.  Grant.  ^1891 

Individual  e.-Rienzi.  ♦1892 

Military  e.-Emperor  Trajan.  *1893 

of  Patriotism- Israel  Putnam.  ♦1894 
Success  by  e.-Cardinal  Wolsey.^1895 

Surpassing  e.  of  Mahomet  II.  ♦1896 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

by  Climate-Hungarians.  952 

in  Disaster-Romans.  1609 

Expressed  by  C£esar.  1083 

Lack  of  e.  brings  disaster.  2025 
Personal  e.-Chas.  the  Hammer.  2187 

See  MIGHT. 

makes  Right-Indians  robbed.  4331 

"          "-Pedestrians.  5355 

See  PROMPTNESS. 

Success  by  p.-Charles  XII.  ^4514 

See  RESOLUTION. 

Success  by  r.-Am.  patriots.  *4816 


Moral  r.  of  Luther.  1092 

Success  by  r. -Fremont.  1069 

Unsurpassed  in  r.-Pizarro.  1068 

Weakness  in  r..  Moral.  5054 

See  VIGOR, 
in  Age-Ma«inissa.  187 

"   "   -J'ohn  Wesley.  138 

"   "    »   "         »  5854 
"   "  -Cato  the  Censor.  139 

"    "  -Palmerston.  140 

See  EARNESTNESS  and  ENTER- 
PRISE in  loc. 

ENGAGEMENT. 

Cross-reference. 

Broken-Heart-broken.  2534 

See  COVENANT  in  loo. 

ENGINEERS. 

Service  of  e.  to  Wm.  P.  of.  O.  ♦1897 

ENGRAVING. 
Invented-Mezzotint.  ^1898 

ENMITY. 
Persistent  e.-Cato.  ♦1899 

Race  e.  of  Normans.  *1900 


MiBcellaneous  cross-refsrences. 
Avowed,  Bravely-Pomponius.  4069 
Causeless  e.  to  Aristides.  1910 

Eternal  e.  of  Athenians.  1019 

Natural  e.-Wife  for  concubine.  1659 

See  MALIGNITY. 

Parental  m.  of  Fred.  William.  ♦3889 

See  HATRED  in  loc. 

ENTERPRISE. 

Vast  e.-Paclflo  Railroad.  ♦1901 


834 

ENTERTAINMENT— EPITAPH. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Religious  e-Crusades.       1375,  1376 

Belief  In  i.  personal-Mahomet 

.  1401 

Grand  e.-Centennial  Exhibition.  743 

"         "  -Pilgrimages. 

5981 

"      "  personal  i.-Joan. 

1906 

Memorable  maritime  e.,  Most 

3428 

"         "  -Woman'8-Isabella.4184 

Claimed  for  the  Zendave8:;a. 

625 

National  e.,  Fruits  of. 

2368 

Soldier's  e.-Benedict  Arnold. 

4049 

for  Conflict-"  God  is  with  us ! 

'    464 

Valuable  to  the  State-Cabots. 

981 

of  Soldiers'-Confederates. 

1907 

Divine  Impulse-Excuse. 

2428 

Visionary  e.-De  Soto's. 

1523 

Springs  of  e.-Religion-War-G 

.    817 

False  l.-Delphlc  priestess. 

3947 

"         "  -Columbus. 

1881 

Stimulated  by  courting  danger.  647 

In  Hatred-Wm.  P.  of  Orange. 

2654 

See  ADVENTURE. 

"          at  crisis-Banner. 

651 

Language  produced  by  i. 

3134 

Courageous  a.-Lieut.  Cushing 

*73 

Strange  e.-Prolonged-Cru8'des.4150 

in  Love-Robert  Bums. 

481» 

Daring  a.-Napoleon  I. 

*74 

Successful  religious  e. 

3636 

in  Music-Wesley-Mobs. 

698 

Passion  for  a.-Conquest. 

*7.5 

Success  by  e.-Crusaders. 

4705 

Poetic  i.  Intermlttent-Mllton. 

1014 

PrimitiTe  a.-Geo.  Washington 

's.*76 

"       "  "-Cromwell's  sold 

rs.311 

of  Religious  faith-Battle. 

203S 

Spirit  of  a.-William  Parry. 

♦77 

of  Superstition-P'ple  for  Joar 
Victory  by  e. -Saratoga. 

1.    228 
B814 

See  EARNESTNESS  in  loc 

ENTHUSIASTS. 

Love  of  a.-Young  Lincoln. 

8272 

of  Viotory-W.  at  Waterloo. 

8030 

Gospel  e.-Quakers. 

♦1908 

Youthful-Romantic-Cortez. 

3353 

Youthful- All. 

6201 

ENTREATY. 

See  ADVENTURER. 

"       -Lafayette. 

6188 

Cross-reference. 

Bom-Hemando  Cortez. 

*78 

See  FANATIC. 

Ineffective  e.  of  Romulus. 

5081 

Insane  f.-Puritan  Muggleton. 

*2083 

See  DISSUASION. 

Dream  of  an  a.-Count  de  B. 

188 

See  FANATICISM. 

Impossible  d.  of  Cortez. 

♦1685 

Honored-Geo.  Villiers  by  Jas. 

L494 

Dangers  of  f. -Reformation. 

*2084 

See  IMPORTUNITY. 

"        Disgraceful  a. 

2416 

Idolatrous  f.-Emp.  Antoninus. 

*2085 

Victim  of  i. -Charles  II. 

2751 

See  ADVENTURERS. 

Inflamed  by  f.-Joan  of  Arc. 

*2086 

See  INTERCESSION. 

Disappointed-Theodorio  and  G.  *79 

Miracles,  Test  by. 

*2087 

of  Innocents-Tlmour  rejects. 

1337 

Numerous  with  Capt.  J.  Smith 

.   *80 

Religioixs  f.-Ref.  "  prophets." 

*2088 

Life  saved  by  l.-Deserters. 

536 

"        "  -Gunpowder  plot. 

*2089 

Woman's  l.-Queen  Phlllppa. 

463» 

Remarkable  a.-De  Soto's  exp'n.l98(5 

"        "  -Peter  the  Hermit.  *2090 

See  PERSUASION. 

Successful  a.-Three  men. 

1076 

"        "  -Fifth  Monarchy. 

*2091 

Eloquence  in  p.-Pericles. 

*4156 

See  ENERGY  in  loo. 

♦2092 
"        "  -Prots.  in  Scotland.*2093 

ENTERTAINMENT 

Divinity  In  p.-Themlstocles. 

2387 

Genius  for  e.-.(Emillus. 

♦1902 

Scandalous  f  .-Quakers. 
Visions  of  f.- Crusaders. 

♦2094 
*2095 

Effective-Joan  of  Arc. 

1557 

See  PETITION  in  loc. 

Cross-reference. 

ENVIRONMENT. 

Rewarded  with  contempt.          1333 
See  FEAST  and  HOSPITALITY  in  loo. 

Assassinator's  f .-Henry  III.  of  F.364 
Bloody  massacre  by  f.-Florida.   855 

Cross-reference. 
Mind  influenced  by  e. 

3602 

ENTHUSIASM. 

Courage  of  f  .-Crusaders. 

390 

ENVY. 

Patriotic  e.-Independence  H. 

*1903 

Curse  of  f .  on  Luther. 

600 

Rebuked-Oliver  Goldsmith. 

*1909 

Persistent  e.-Lord  Nelson. 

*1904 

Quietists  in  Asia. -Monks. 

357 

of  Reputation- Arlstldes. 

♦1910 

for  Philosophy- Archimedes. 

*1905 

See  EXCITEMENT. 

Unhapplness  of  e.-Henry  III. 

*1911 

Remarkable  e.-Joan  of  Arc. 
Soldier's  e. -Manassas. 

*1906 
*1907 

Delusive  e.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange  *1Q'7-1 

of  Discovery-California  gold. 
Popular  e. -Assassination  of  C. 

*1974 
*1975 

Miscellaneous  cross-reference 
of  Attentions-Goldsmith. 

i. 

1835 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

Cruelty  and  folly  of  e.-Emp. 
Opportunity  for  e.-Ostraeism 

2797 

Affecting  e.  for  M.  Theresa. 

4035 

Abstinence  in  e.-Gamblers. 

6146 

3969 

ot  Affection  for  Caesar. 

2851 

of  Adventure-Conquest  of  Fla 

I.      75 

Opposition  from  e.-Bunyan. 

5171 

Aroused  by  Scipio  Africanus. 

5702 

Collapse  after  e  -Columbus. 

3598 

Slanders  of  e.-Raphael. 

347 

in  Battle-Philip. 

5945 

Fatal  in  old  age-Prest.  Harrison.  131 

Sleepless  e.  of  Themlstocles. 

189 

for  Battle-Charles  XII. 

3758 

Labor  in  e.,  Tireless. 

1602 

See  COVETOUSNESS. 

B^sinning  of  e. -Remarkable. 

2090 

Love  of  perilous  e.-Wm.  P.of  0.4111 

Contemptible  c.  of  Henry  III. 

*1264 

rhurch-builders-Jewish  temple.  863 

by  Novel-reading-"  Pamela." 

3827 

Punlshed-Melted  gold  down  t 

.*1865 

Despair  followed  by  e. 

1906 

Pleasure  in  e. -Roman  circus. 

221 

Royal  c.-Henry  III. 

*1266 

Eloquence  of  e.-Peter  the  H. 

1755 

Popular  e.-Boston  massacre. 

3517 

EPICURES. 

Evil  e.  for  Tetzel. 

4309 

"       "  against  Charles  I. 

3523 

Reputed  e.-The  English. 

*1913 

by  Example-Joan  of  Arc. 

653 

"       "  by  Stamp  Act. 

3525 

See  EATING  in  loc. 

of  Fanaticism-Joan  of  Arc. 

8086 

"       "  against  Catholics. 

241 

EPIDEMIC. 

Inventor's  e.-John  Fitch. 

8990 

"  -Stamp  Aot-N.  Y. 

4077 

Destructive  e.  in  India. 

*1912 

Lack  of  e.-General  Lee. 

1645 

Public  e. -Acquittal  of  Bishops 

.3031 

See  PLAGUE. 

for  Liberty-Lafayette. 

3280 

Religious  e. -Methodists. 

4703 

Desolating  p.-Widespread. 

♦4190 

Literary  e.-Writes  all  night. 

404 

Unmanned  by  e.-Wealth. 

4884 

Destructive  p.-Romans. 

♦4191 

Maiden  martyr's  e.-Scot. 

4142 

See  HOBBYIST. 

See  DISEASE  in  loc. 

Missionary  e.  of  Irish. 

3637 

Rldlculed-Columbus  a  h. 

•2587 

'*           "  "  Spanish. 
«          .i  11  Columbus. 

3638 
8641 
3644 

2910 
1899 

EPISCOPACY. 

Fictitious  e.-Roman. 

Poor  h.-One  Idea,  that  wrong 
Speakers-Cato-Sclplo. 

*1914 

"          "  "   Thos.  Coke. 

Cross-reference. 

In  Old  Age-Thomas  Coke. 

3644 

See  INSPIRATION. 

Unessential  to  the  Church. 

867 

Partisan  e.-Lincoln's  rails. 

3104 

Claim  of  l.-Alarlc. 

♦2893 

See  BISHOP  in  loc. 

Patriotic  e.-Am.  Revolution. 

4036 

Professed  i.-Joan  of  Arc. 

♦2894 

EPITAPH. 

Unique  e.-Ellhu  Yale. 

"        "-Bunker  Hill. 
Popular  e.-Patriotic  Paris. 

1894 

3211 

n.597 

Proof  of  i.-Joan  of  Arc. 
In  Art>-Romans. 

♦2895 
833 

*1915 

"        welcome  of  Nap's  so 

Cross-reference. 

"      e.  cultivated. 

4323 

"    "  -Italians. 

836 

Hypocrite's  e.-Emp.  Alexius. 

8700 

EPITHETS— EVIDENCE. 


835 


EPITHETS. 

Cross-reference. 
Abnslre  e.,  Luther's. 


1159 


EQUALITY. 

Sellgious  e.-Mohammedan.     *1916 
Sentimental  e.-Napoleon  L      •1917 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Communistic  e.-Lycurgua.  999 

in  Crimes-Stoics.  1294 

"  Filth-Daniel  Webster.  8133 

with  the  King.  2787 

Legal  e.-Romans.  3141 

Natural  e.  doubted.  3413 

With  Officers  of  State.  3228 

Eeligion  favors  e.  2656 

Social  0.  hindered.  4606 

"      "  tested.  5217 

of  Women  in  religion.  6124 

See  IMPARTIALITY. 

In  Judprment-Alexander.  3064 

of  Justice-Roman.  3062 

in  Parental  affeotion-Mr.  Dustln.117 

See  COMMUNISM  in  loc. 

EiiUIPAGE. 

Cross-reference. 

Display  of  e.-Extravagance.  2012 

EQUIVOCATION. 

Declined  by  John  Huss.  ♦1918 

Ingenious  e.,  Bp.  Compton's.  ♦1919 

Oracular  e.-Sibylllne  books.  ^1920 


2044 


Cross-reference. 
■Jnstifled-Jesnits. 

See  DISSEMBLING. 
Successful  d.  of  Faustina.        *1675 
TTnsaccessful  d.  of  Charles  I.  ♦1676 


Artful  d.  of  Faustina.  1675 

of  Melancholy-Young.  1670 

in  Speech-Romans.  5292 

See  DECEPTION  in  loo. 

ERROR. 

from  Vastness-Explorer. 


♦1921 


Cross-reference. 
Acknowledgment  of  e.-Chas.  I.  413 

ERRORS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Blindness  to  personal  e.  3855 

Conviction  of  e.  impossible.  3854 

Obstinate  adherence  to  e.  3853 

TJnabjured-Martyr  Huss.  1918 

Useful  for  instruction.  2026 

See  APOSTASY. 

Open  a.  of  Romanus  ^251 

Primitive  a.  by  persecution.  ^262 


Discreditable  a.-Protestant.  1936 
Encouraged  by  law-Maryland.  4116 
Explained-Inconsistency.  2774 

Reaction  of  forced  converts  to  a.920 
Bequired  of  officer.  1471 

See  APOSTATE. 
Honored  unwisely.  8177 

Shameful  a.-Jnstus.  1359 

See  APOSTATES. 
Forgiven  by  primitive  C.  ^253 


See  HERESY. 
Fined  forh.-Donatists  by  Cath.*2553 
Hunting  h.-Roger  Williams.     ^2554 
Madness  at  h.-PhUip  II.  +2555 

Suppression  of  h.  by  law.         ♦2566 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
Champions  against  h.-Jesuits.   3960 
Far-fetched  h.-Joan  of  Arc.       1726 
vs.  Malignancy-Parental.  8389 

Punished  for  h.-William  Penn.  3970 
Reading  the  Bible  a  h.-R.  Hunne.572 
Scientific  h.  of  Galileo.  5727 

Toleration  of  h.-Roger  W.  5638 

See  HERETICS. 
Terrified-Branded-Nakedness.*2557 
Vengeance  against  h.-Corpse.  ^2558 


Pretext  for  persecuting  h.  6073 

See  MISTAKE. 

Encouraging  m.-Columbus.      ♦3645 

See  DELUSION  and  IGNORANCE 

in  loc. 

ESCAPE. 

by  Bravery-Battle  of  Hastings.  ^1922 
Difficult  e.-Martin  Luther.        ♦1923 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
from  Assassins-Lincoln's.  365 

Declined-Death  of  Socrates.  3147 
Entraordinary  e.  of  Louis  P.  360 
Impossible-Roman  Empire.  1710 
Mortifying  e.  of  Napoleon  I.  393 
"'  to  pride.  3203 

Narrow-Thos.  Paine  from  death.  30 
"       -John  Wesley  from  fire.  119 
Peril  from  possibility  of  e.  1274 

Shameful  e.-Agathocles.  1588 

See  FLIGHT. 
Hasty  f.  of  Fred.  V.  "  Left  his  c."84 

See  SURVIVOR. 
Solitary  soldier-English.  5935 

ESCORT. 

Cross-reference. 
Burlesque  e.  4895 

ESTRANGEMENT. 

Connubial  e.-Wm.  and  Mary.   ^1924 
See  DIVISION  in  loc. 

ETHICS. 

Cross-reference. 

Boundaries  in  e.  4906 

See  RIGHT, 

of  Might-English  earls.  ^4902 

"      "     -William  in.  ^4903 

"      "     -Sword.  ^4904 

by  Precedent-Napoleon  I.  ^4905 

and  Wrong-Boundaries.  ♦4906 


of  Might-Conquest. 
vs.    "     -Am.  Revolution, 
of  Reprisal- Arab  robbers. 
Unquestioned,  yet  false. 


1098 
5924 
4926 
5747 


Malice  of  a.-Enights  Templars.  1939 
•*      "  "  -Julian's.  2549 


See  CONSCIENCE  and  MORALITY 

in  loc. 

ETIQUETTE. 

Burdensome  e.-Edward  IV.  ^1925 

Question  of  e.-Wash.  's  Ad.  ♦1926 

Restraints  of  e.-Anne.  ♦1927 


Disgusting  e.-James  II. 
Important-Gen.  Washington. 
Necessary- Washington-Howe. 
Overdone-King  upset. 
Quarrel  over  e.-Ludicrous. 
See  COURTESY. 
Denied  to  Speaker,  J.  K.  Polk. 
Forfeited  by  Bp.  of  Winch'st'r. 
Marked  c.-Peculiarity  of  Eng. 
to  Unfortimates-Black  Prince. 


2590 

4634 

1589 

1586 

750 

♦1257 
♦1268 
♦1259 
♦1260 


and  Cruelty  of  Black  Prince.  779 

Devotion  to  c.-Knights.  1121 

Embarrassing  c.-Goldsmith.  4335 

Heartless-Roman  c.  2643 

Infidels  denied  c.  2831 

Insensible  to  claims  of  c.  2644 

Scant  c.  remembered.  4083 

See  POLITENESS. 
Burdensome  p.-Hand-shaking.  2509 

Characteristic  p.  of  Mahomet.  801 

Death-bed  p.  of  Charles  II.  3422 

with  Destitution.  2650 

Disagreeable  p.,  Caesar's.  3400 

Distinguished  for  p.,  .^Emilius.  1902 

Ignored  by  politicians.  3864 
Intentional  p.-Regent  of  China.  1035 

Kind  p.,  Sailor's.  6021 

Mark  of  p.-Gluttony.  2639 

Rule  of  p.-Johnson.  1592 

Trespass  on  p.-Criticism.  1312 

to  Women-Sabines.  6116 

EUCHARIST. 

Cross-reference. 
Blessing  in  e.,  Spiritual.  5085 

EUIiOGIUm. 

Sublime  e.  of  Washington.       ^1928 
See  PRAISE  in  loc. 

EVASION. 

Deceptive  e.-Samuel  Johnson.^1929 
Legal  e.-Reversing  the  tablet.  ♦1930 

See  EQUIVOCATION. 
Declined  by  John  Huss.  ^1918 

Ingenious  e.  by  Bp.  Compton.  ♦1919 
Oracular  e.-Sibylllne  books.     ^1920 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Awkwardness  of  e,  J686 


Justified  by  Jesuits. 

EVIDENCE. 

Abundant  e.  impossible. 
Circumstantial  e.-Nero's  p. 
Confiioting  e  -Napoleon  I. 
Constructive  e.-Trial  of  S. 
Convincing  e.-S.  Johnson. 
Discredited  by  suspicion. 
External  e.,  Gnostic's. 
Fame,  E.  of  common. 
Forced  e.-Knights  Templars. 
Impossible-Mutlny-Columbus. 
Indisputable  e.-Coat-of-mail. 
Inferential  e. -Caesar's  wife. 
Manufactured  o.-Blackmail. 
Perverted-Mahomet's  fits. 
of  Prejudice-Gunpowder  plot, 
Presumptive  e.-R.  of  Chas.  II. 
Purchase  of  e.  by  pardon. 
Refuted  by  e.,  Peculation. 
Rejected-Wife  of  Belisarlus. 
Religious  e.-Joan  of  Arc. 
Secondary  e.-Christian-J. 


2044 

♦1931 
♦1932 
♦1933 
♦1934 
♦1935 
♦1936 
♦1937 
♦1938 
♦1939 
*1940 
*1941 
♦1942 
♦1943 
♦1944 
♦1945 
♦1946 
♦1947 
♦1948 
♦1949 
♦1950 

♦rsi 


836 


EVIL— EVOLUTION. 


Slender  e.-Trial  of  Strafford.    *1952 

"       "   sufficient.  *1953 

by  Symbols-Barbarians.  *1954 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference-t. 
Assumed-English.  1135 

by  Astrology  of  crime.  1953 

Blindness  to  e.-James  II.  3855 

Circumstantial  e.,  False.  1081 

Conclusive  e.-Letter  of  Chas.  1.1677 
Concocted  e.-Priest  and  king.  2386 
Constructive  e.  misleading.  2742 
Contradictory  e. -Shoes.  3364 

Convincing  e.-False  religions.  2731 

"  "  -Prejudice.  2760 

"  "  -False-Adultery.  2276 

for  Credulity-Negro  plot.  4214 

by  Cruelty-Cut  open.  3056 

Deceptive  e.-Hannibal's  f.  701 

"  "  -Sacred  Fawn.        1479 

"  "-Bunyan's  disguise.  1650 

Denied  successfully.  5676 

DifBcult  e.-Adultery.  1931 

Encouraging  e.-Columbus.  4155 
Ex-party  e.  doubted.  3913 

Expert  e.-Blacksmith-C.  n.  3851 
by  False  witnesses-Henry  VII.  3156 
Flimsy  e.-Imagination.  1289 

Forged  documents.  2192 

by  Imposture-Voice  In  walL  2761 
Inferential  e.-Alexander.  2822 

by  Informers-Criminals-Jas.  II.  919 
Infuriating  e.-Caesar's  bloody  g.  46 
Manufactured  e.-Conspirators.  1137 
"Negative  vs.  Positive  e.  2874 

Outrages  on  e.  of  spies.  1344 

Positive  e.  necessary.  3058 

of  Prejudice-Lepers  burned.  4418 
Preparation  of  e.-Cicero.  1554 

Presumptive  e.-Nero  burns  E.  1287 
Eefused-Trial  of  Scipio.  5702 

Rejected  unheard-Cicero.  2873 

Satisfying  e.-Discovery  of  Am.  1880 
Self-convincing  e.  of  Christi'nity.833 
Smitten  of  God,  Murderer.  2496 
Unconscious  e.-Mary's  white  h.l649 
TJndesired-Perfidy-James  II.  4038 
Venal  e.-Pardon  for  e.  3067 

See  ACCUSATION. 
be  Deception-Maximus  Fabius.  701 
Malicious  a.-C.  Wesley-V.  702 

"         "  -Alexander.  1048 

a  Pretext-Plundering  the  Jews.  710 
"       *'      for  violence-R.  III.       242 

See  CREDULITY. 
of  Philosophers-Strange-S.      *1281 
Religious  c.-Priestcraft.  *1282 

of  the  Sick-16th  century.  *1283 

Superstitious  c.-Romans.  *1284 

"  "  -Persian  Magi.  *1285 


Excess  of  o.-Mohammedans.     3622 
of  Fanatics-Crusaders.  5850 

Gold-seekers  c.-Signs-Spiders.  5141 
of  Hatred-Origin  of  Huns.  1528 

'  Superstition-Mystery.  5447 

'  "  -Am.  Indians.     5448 

*  "  -First  Crusade.  5451 
-N.  E.  Colonies.  5453 

•  Timidity-Negro  plot.  4214 
brings  Unbelief-Miracles.  3626 
VlcMm  of  c.-Cotton  Mather.      1567 


See  DETECTIVE. 
Harmless  d.-Robert  Burns.      *1552 
Stupid  d.-Col.  Jam's'n-Andr6.*1553 
Useful  d.,  Cicero's.  *1554 


Conniving  d.-Robert  Burns.     *1972 

See  EXAMINATION. 
Needless-End  of  web  shows.   *1959 


Fearless  of  e.-Methodists 

See  FACTS. 
Assumed  by  Aristotle. 


705 


*2020 


Eloquence  of  f  .-Appius.  1855 

Nature's  f.  evince  her  laws.  3799 

■   See  INFORMER. 

Dastardly  i. -James  Burton.  2850 

Massacre  prevented  by  i.  1006 

See  INFORMERS. 

Rejected  by  Vespasian.  *2845 


Blackmail  paid  to  i.  2008 
Criminals  for  i.-Jeffreys'  court.  919 

Detested-Am.  Revolution.  2257 

Heartless  i.-Jeffreys'  court.  439 

Infamous  i.-Titus  Gates.  6033 

Tools  of  tyranny.  1953 

See  INQUISITION. 

Abominable  in  Spain.  *2877 

Romish  in  France.  *2878 


Ignorance  directing  i.  2721 

Truth  outraged  by  i.  5727 

See  INVESTIGATION. 

Opposed-Financial-England.  *2994 

Resented  by  Clarendon.  *2995 

Startling  i.-Credit  Mobilier.  *2996 


Personal  i.-Royal-Majorian.      1654 

See  MIRACLE. 
Fraudulent  m. -Weeping  V.      *3620 


Apparent  m.-Walls  fall.  5824 

Constructive  m.-Wm.  P.  of  O.  4555 
Contempt  for  false  m.  3528 

Failure  of  expected  m.  2087 

Popular  m.-Coincidence.  965 

by  Saints  only.  5704 

of  Superstition-Persian.  1285 

"  "  -"  King's  Evil."  1380 

Supposed  m.-Joan  of  Arc.         2895 

See  MIRACLES. 
False  m.-Delphic  priests.  *3621 

"       "-Mahomet's.  *3622 

*3623 
by  Martyrs-Catholic.  *3624 

Modern  m.-Pascal's.  *3625 

Monkish  m. -Legendary.  3626 

See  OMEN. 
Accidental  o.-Duke  William.        31 
"      "  "       fell.  33 

See  OMENS. 
Ancient  o.-Romans.  *3905 

Annoyed  by  o.-Charles  I.  ♦3906 

Presage  of  o.-Romans.  *3907 

Terrorized  by  o.-Sailors.  ♦3908 


Regard  for  o..  Superstitious.     2237 
"       "    "  by  Romans.  385 

See  PROOF, 
of  Good  intentions-Cleopatra.^4515 


Demanded  of  divinity. 


1691 


of  Religlon-Constantine's.  4534 

Sophistical  p.-Either  side.  5733 

See  SIGN. 

of  Destiny-Mahomet's.  ♦5132 


of  Talent,  Mathematics  a  s.  5506 

See  SIGNS. 

Faith  in  s.-Gold.  *5141 

Need  of  s.-Ignorance.  *5142 

Significant  s.  of  the  times.  *5143 

Welcomed  s.-Columbus.  ^5144 


in  Jurisprudence,  Language  of.3985 

See  SPIES. 

Ensnared  by  s.-Ostragoths.  *5304 

Shameless  s.-John  Locke.  ♦5305 

Victims  of  s.-Theodora's.  1344 

See  SPY. 

an  Infamous  s.-Tempter.  ♦5381 


Arrested-Major  Andre.  1043 

Honored-Andr6's  memorial.  2616 
Suspicion  created  by  s.,  False.  5350 
Unsuspected  s.-Alfred  the  G.     5826 

See  TEST, 
for  Office,  Religious  t.  *5574 


Benevolence  a  t.  of  religion.  550 

of  Bigotry  in  benevolence.  528 

"  Confidence-Alexander.  1048 

"  Demonized  damsel.  1567 
"  Parental  affection-Maurice.  1348 

Religious  t.  for  civil  office.  3841 

See  TESTIMONY. 

Christian  t.-John  Bunyan.  ^5575 

Imaginative  t.-Columbus.  *5576 

Trial  of  t.-Middle  Ages.  ^5577 


in  Death-Montrose. 
Disreputable  t. -Titus  Gates 
by  Torture-England. 

See  TRADITION. 
Worthless  t. -Cromwell.  ^5667 


1448 
4213 
5651 


Supreme  faith  in  t.-Jews  2036 

See  "WITNESS. 

Abuse  of  w.,  Jeffreys'.  ^6031 

False  w.-Dick  Talbot.  *C038 

"       "-Titus  Gates.  *6033 

of  the  Spirit-J.  Wesley.  ^6034 


Discreditable  w.-Trial  of  B.        540 
False  w.,  Confusion  of.  2192 

Murder  of  w.  by  Callias.  2871 

Shameless  w.  ingrate-Burton.   2850 

See  WITNESSING. 

for  Christ-Early  Christians.      ♦6035 

See  CONFESSION,  FAME  and 

TRIAL  in  loc. 

EVIIi. 

Overruled-Passlonsof  H.vm.  ♦ISSS 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Hatred  of  doers  of  e.  8831 

Overcome  by  good-Lycurgus.    8264 

See  ADVERSITY  and  SIN 

in  loc. 

EVOIiUTION. 

Cross-reference. 
Traces-Animal  like  men.  1470 


EXAGGERATION-EXCITEMENT. 

837 

See  DEVELOPMENT. 

Light  of  e.-English  martyrs. 

1233 

Persecuted  by  inferiors. 

2055 

Social  d.-Lombards. 

*1565 

Profiting  by  e.  of  fools, 
in  Public  life- Washington. 

6020 
2013 

Precedence  of  m.,  Small. 
Promotion  by  m.-Cromwell. 

4398 

4512 

of  Genius  in  periods. 

S297 

Significant  e.-Pausanias. 

3724 

"           "    "  -Spartans. 

1822 

Inventions  by  d. -Steam  engine.5732 

Sustained  by  e. -Torture. 

714 

Recognition  of  m.  by  Timour. 

130. 

Perfection  by  d. -Paradise  Lost.4108 

Teaching  children  by  e. 

2928 

Respect  for  m  -School. 

4891 

See  HEREDITY. 

Terrifying  e.  for  heretics. 

2557 

Rewarded  vs.  Rank. 

5033 

of  Disposition-Fredericli  II. 

*2551 

"        "  -Rebels. 

2875 

Royalty  of  m.-Cromwell. 

2320 

Failure  of  h.-Howard's  father. *2552 

See  IMITATION. 

of  Saints-Transferred  by  pope 

711 

Fameless  i.-Fenimore  Cooper. *2743 

Success  by  m.-"  Win  his  spurs. 

"1560 

of  Character-Charles  I. 

3628 

Unappreciated  in  art. 

*2744 

"        "    "  -A.  Johnson. 

5416 

Contradicted-Orleans  princes 

227 

Test  of  m.-Fight-Cerberus. 

3338 

of  Crime-Caesar"s  family. 

2072 

of  Genius-Columbus'  egg. 

2316 

Women,  Four  perfect. 

6076 

Cruelty  by  h.-Nero. 

1347 

vs.  Invention-Red  Man. 

2909 

See  WORTH. 

"        "    "      " 

2072 

of  Manners -J.  Hogg. 

2061 

Moral  w.-Louis  IX. 

♦6170 

of  Dlsposition-Fredericls  II. 

2551 

in  Painting,  Servile-15tb  century.345 

"          "         -Melancholy. 

3560 

Skill  by  i.  in  Fine  Arts-Angelc 

».    345 

Eminence  by  w.-H.  Wilson. 

1868 

"          "         -Nero. 

5260 

"     "  "   "    "       "    -Italy. 

349 

Work  brings  w.-Oxen. 

6154 

Failure  of  h.-Cromwell's  son. 

5957 

See  PRECEDENT. 

See  EXPERT,  SKILL  and  VIRTUE 

of  Genius- Watts. 

2315 

Establishing  p.-Napoleon  I. 

4905 

in  loc. 

"       "     -Blaise  Pascal. 

2324 

Right  by  p.-Napoleon  I. 

4905 

EXCESS. 

in  Government-Monarchy. 

2451 

Reaction  of  e.-Ex.  of  Chas.  I. 

♦1969 

"          "           -Female  line-I 

2458 
h.4342 

EXASPERATION. 

Rashness  of  e.-Ethan  Allen 

♦1967 

Incompetence  by  h.-Goldsmit 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

in  Mechanics-East  Indian. 

3537 

in  Recreation-"  Gentlemen." 

4637 

of  Profession  In  Egypt. 

4486 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Tendency  of  wine-Johnson 

16 

"  Shamelessness-Ferdinand. 

2066 

Calmness  provokes  e. -Socrates.  700 

See  FANATICISM  in  loc. 

by  Inhumanity-Sepoys. 

4847 

EXAGGERATION. 

in  Misfortune  feared. 

1267 

EXCESSES. 

Barbarian  e. -Personal  awe. 

*1956 

See  ANGER  and  PROVOCATION 

Ruinous  e. -Charles  XII. 

♦1970 

Detected-Samuel  Johnson. 

*1957 

in  loc. 

See  EXTREMISTS. 

Impious  e.-Politioal. 

♦1958 

EXCELLENCE. 

Exaggeration  of  e.-Non-resist. 
Judgment  of  e..  Religious. 

3824 
1125 

Miscellaneous  cross-reference 

Cost  of  e.-Time. 

♦1968 

See  DISSIPATION,  EXTRAVA- 
GANCE, EXTREMES  and 

Needless  e.  rebuked. 

2156 

Cross-references. 

GLUTTONY  in  loc. 

See  BURLESQUE. 

without  Credit-Emp.  Gratian. 

1007 

Christmas  festivities  in  Italy. 

850 

Imitation  proves  e. 

284 

EXCHANGE. 

See  CARICATURE. 

See  GOOD. 

Cross-reference. 

Religious  c.-Pope-Eugland. 

4933 

Doing  g.  daily. 

♦2393 

Unequal  e.-Romulus. 

See  SUBSTITUTE  in  loc. 

5081 

EXAMINATION. 

for  Evil,  Returning  g. 

4027 

EXCISE. 

Needless  e.-End  of  a  web  s. 

♦1959 

See  GOODNESS. 

False  g  -Charilaus. 
Greatness  of  g. -Pericles. 

♦2394 
♦2395 

Laws-First  English. 

♦1971 

Cross-reference. 

Unexecuted-Robert  Burns. 

♦1972 

Fearless  of  e.-Methodists. 

705 

"           "  "  -Puritans. 

♦2396 

EXCITEMENT. 

See  DISCUSSION  and  EVIDENCE 

Terrified  by  g.-Henry  III. 

♦2397 

Delusive  e.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange 

♦1973 

in  loc. 

of  Discovery-California  gold. 

♦1974 

EXAMPLE. 

of  God,  Infinite  g. 

1423 

Popular  e.-Assassination  of  C.^1975 

Polio  wed-Self-destruction. 
Instruction  by  e. -Gauls. 

♦1960 
*1961 

Greatness  of  g.-C.  de'  Medici. 
Lasting  glory  of  Agesllaus. 

2477 
2363 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

Power  of  e.-Patriotism. 

*1962 

Respected-John  the  Good. 

2618 

Abstinence  in  e.-Gamblers. 

6146 

"       "  "-Gen.  Jackson. 

*1963 

See  MERIT. 

of  Adventure-Conquest  of  Fla 

.     75 

"       "  "-John  Huss. 

*1964 

Evidence  of  m.-Promotion. 

♦3589 

Collapse  after  e.-Columbus. 

3598 

"       "  "-Peter  the  Great. 

*1965 

Force  by  m.-Poet  Terence. 

♦3590 

Fatal  in  old  age-Prest.  Harrison.  131 

Quoted-Johnson  by  G. 

*1966 

Ignorance  by  m.-Saracens. 

♦3591 

Labor  in  e..  Tireless. 

1602 

Nobility  by  m. -Napoleon  I. 
Partial  m. -Samuel  Johnson. 

♦3592 

Love  of  Perilous  e.-Wm.  P.  of  0.4111 

Miscellaneous  cross-reference 

i. 

♦3593 

by  Novel-reading-"  Pamela." 

3827 

of  Benevolence-Mahomet. 

524 

Promotion  by  m.-Anglo-Sax. 

♦3594 

Pleasure  in  e.-Roman  circus. 

221 

Encouragement  by  e.-Napoleon.647 

Supremacy  of  m  -Napoleon  I. 

♦3595 

Popular  e.-Boston  massacre. 

3517 

Enthusiasm  by  e.-Joan. 

653 

"      "   against  Charles  I. 

3523 

Following  e.  of  others. 

3740 

vs.  Adulation-Athenians. 

5337 

"      "   by  Stamp  Act. 

3525 

"          "-Benevolence. 

4163 

Borrowed  m.  charged-Raphael.  445 

"      "    against  Catholics. 

241 

"          "-Desertion. 

1537 

Combined  m.  of  Raphael. 

446 

"      "  -Stamp  Act-N  Y. 

4077 

of  Frugality-Caesar. 

^162 

Crown  of  m.-Romans. 

1325 

Public  e.-Acquittal  of  Bishops 

3031 

"  Generosity-J.  Harvard. 

2288 

Encouragement  to  m.-Crown 

1324 

Religious  e.-Methodists. 

4703 

Gift-the  Better. 

2288 

Honors  without  m. 

3963 

Unmanned  by  e.-Wealth. 

4884 

Imitated-Government. 

4873 

"       for  m.-"  Win  spurs." 

2630 

See  AGITATION. 

Inspiration  by  e.-Columbus. 

981 

Less  than  money. 

3671 

Perils  of  a.-Reformatlon. 

♦14« 

Instructed  by  e.-Peter  the  G. 

1493 

Mediocre  m.  despised  by  Shelley.  197 

Perseverance  In  a.-Antl-Slav. 

♦147 

Instruction  by  e.-Paul. 

3824 

vs.  Merit-Moez. 

3674 

"           "  "  -Cato. 

397 

Nobility  of  m.-Sentimental 

1917 

Clairvoyant  a  -Swedenborg. 

914 

"          "  "  -P.  Henry. 

5694 

Overlooked-Johu  AdfiQis. 

4314 

"           "           " 

915 

838 


EXCOMMUNICATION— EXPEDITION. 


Embarrassment-J.  A.  b.  G.  III.  274 

Needless  a.-London  panic.  3983 

Patriotism  inflamed  by  a.  3525 

"          aroused  by  a.  4071 

Political  a.-England.  4242 

"       "   opposed-Whigs.  4912 

Power  of  a.-Peter  the  Hermit.  1376 

Unseasonable  a.-Cato.  1899 

See  ALARM. 

Needless-Pertinax  made  emp.  *165 

Religious  a.  of  Luther.  *166 


of  Conscience-B.  Abbott.  1109 

Messenger  of  a. -P.  Revere.  5881 
Nations  in  a.  of  Napoleon.  4199 
Quieted  by  Scripture.  1087 

Religion  promoted  by  a.-Luther.5861 
Superstitious  a.-Europeans.  5439 
Unexpected  a.-Rome-Geese.  1961 
by  Vision-Brutus.  5846 

See  ANXIETY. 
Consuming  a.  of  Marlborough.  *245 
Maternal  a.  for  infant-Indians.    118 
Parental  a.  of  R.  Burns'  father.  *246 
of  Responsibility-A.  Lincoln.     *247 


Common  to  humanity. 

3604 

Parental  a.  of  Emp.  Severus. 

239 

Relief  from  a. -God. 

4558 

Relieved  by  humor-L. 

1756 

See  AWAKENING. 

Spiritual-Bunyan. 

1180 

"              " 

569 

"       -Terrible-Bunyan. 

5166 

"       -Martin  Luther. 

1178 

"       -Terrifying-Nelson. 

1189 

"               "          -Bunyan. 

1191 

"       -A.  Clark. 

1181 

"       -Bartley  Campbell. 

4103 

"       -H.  D.  Gough. 

1179 

*'       -Misery  in. 

1193 

"       -Melancholy-Fox. 

3564 

"       -by  Prayer. 

1188 

"       -Unhappiness  by. 

1192 

See  CRAZE. 

for  Gold-Emigrants. 

2388 

See  ENCHANTMENT. 

Boyish  e.-David  Crockett. 

634 

"      "   in  books-Irving. 

626 

Personal  e.  by  Mahomet. 

2124 

See  EXASPERATION. 

Rashness  by  e.-Ethan  Allen. 

*1967 

Calmness  provokes  e.-Socrates.  700 
by  Inhumanity-Sepoys.  4847 

Intended-mad  Cambyses.  2881 

in  Misfortune  feared.  1267 

Rashness  of  e.-Boston  m'ssacre.3517 
Uncontrollable  e.  of  ■W'shingt'n.4480 

See  EXHILARATION. 
Music  vs.  Drink.  3753 

See  MOB. 
Audacity  of  Paris  m.-Revolatlon.658 
Calmness  amid  the  m.-Wesley.  698 
of  Fanatics  controlled  by  dem.  40 
Mistaken-Cinna  put  to  death.  372 
Terrifying  m.-New  York  draft.  3646 

See  NERVOUSNESS. 
Evinced  by  Samuel  Johnson.   *8807 

See  PANIC, 
by  Contraction  of  finances.      *3979 
Flnancial-U.  S.,  1873.  ♦3980 


Financial-England,  1847.  *3981 

Needless  p.-"  Popish  plot."  *3982 
Night  of  p.-Anarchy  in  Lond.  *3983 
Unexpected  p.-England  1825.  *3984 


Artificial  cause  of  p.  2195 

Citizens  p.-Paul  Jones  at  W.        645 

Civil  War-Rome-Rubicon.  2117 

Defeated  by  p.-Agincourt.         3834 

"         "   Nap.,  Financial  p.  5287 

Financial  p.-France.  2214 

"  -Eng.-Chas.  II.         2892 

"        "  -France.  5286 

See  ENTHUSIASM,  FANATICISM 

and  PASSION  in  loc. 

EXCOOTOTUNICATION. 

or  Money-Papal.  *1976 


Cross-reference. 
Terrors  of  e. -Greek  Church. 
See  EXPULSION  in  loc. 

EXCUSE. 
Abandoned  by  Ligarius. 


12 


*1977 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Convenient  e.-Disobedience.      1904 
Feeble  e.-Divorce  of  H.  VIII.    3444 
for  Shameful  conduct-Penn.       607 

EXCUSES. 
Ignominious  e.  of  James  II.      *1978 

See  APOLOGY. 
Degrading  a.demanded  by  J.II.*248 


Assassin's  a.-Caracalla.  1123 

Doubtful  a.-Marriage  of  H.  VIII.458 
Weak  a.  for  ingratitude.  2857 

See  PRETEXT. 

for  Banishment  of  French  Caths.448 

Commercial  p.-Lysander.  819 

Conscience  a  p.-Sunderland.      1186 

for  Divorce-Henry  VIII.  6069 

-Peter  III.  6009 

Flimsy  p.  for  war-Romans.  428 

"  Extortion-Henry  VIII.  430 

Religion  a  p.-Bibulus.  3856 

Religious  p.  for  vlce.-Mahomet.  63 

"         "  of  James  II.  577 

See  VINDICATION. 

Audacious  v.  by  Bothwell.       *5832 

See  EXPLANATION  in  loc. 

EXECUTION. 

Brutal  e.-Duke  of  Monmouth.  *1979 
Inhuman-Monmouth's  rebels.  *1980 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Bravery  at  e.-Du  Chatelard.  3342 

Brutality  in  e.  of  Monmouth.  1979 

"  "   "  rebels.  1980 

Composure  at  e.                 1407,  1412 

Coveted  e.-Donatist  martyrs.  3506 

Disgraceful  e.  merited.  1357 

Escape  from  e.-Swedenborg.  5681 

First  American  e.  on  gallows.  4063 

of  Friend  by  a  friend.  1364 

Horrifying  e.  of  rebels.  4630 

"        "-Boiling  water.  4631 

Ineffective,  Public  e.  4569 

Infamous  e.  of  Raleigh.  1139 

of  Innocent  men-Negro  plot.  4214 

Pleasure  in  witnessing  e.  1355 


Prevented-Capt.  John  Smith.  6087 
Ransomed  by  e.  of  friends.  1364 
Shameful  e.,  Henry  Vane's.  1441 
Triumph  in  e.  by  fortitude.        1246 

See  CRUCIFIXION. 
Modern  c.  in  India.  *ia31 


Agony  of  c.  Great.  148 

Honored  after  c-Jesus.  1321 

See  HANGING, 
Forecast  of  h.-Am.  patriots.    *2510 
Public  h.-S.  Johnson's  views.  *2511 
a  Remedy-Cromwell's.  *2512 


or  Marriage-Wm.  Wat's  choice. 3434 

EXERCISET. 

Important  e.-Military.  *1981 

See  ACTIVITY. 
Military  a.-Romans.  *39 


Determined  a.-"  Close  action."  1904 

Success  by  unexpected  a.  1491 

See  "WALKING  in  loc. 

EXERTION. 

Absorbed  in  e.-Napoleon  I.      *1982 
See  ENERGY  in  loc. 

EXHIBITION. 

Immense  e.-Am.  Centennial.    *1983 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Beauty-Cleopatra-Antony.    5278 
Brutal-.^sthetical  e.  of  Romans. 102 
Dishonorable-Commodus.  3430 

Impressive  e.  of  bloody  g'rm'nts.46 
Realistic  e.  of  Romans.  103 

See  CIRCUS. 
Passion  for  c. -Romans.  221 

See  EXPOSITION. 
of  Industry-Timour.  2805 

See  TOURNAMENT. 

of  Chivalry-Edward  I.  815 

Splendid  t.  by  Henry  II.  of  F.       28 

See  DISPLAY  and  THEATRE 

in  loc. 

EXHILARATION. 

Cross-reference. 
of  Music  vs.  Drink.  3753 

See  CHEERFULNESS  and  IN- 
TEMPERANCE in  loc. 

EXILE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Happily  ended-Cicero.  1658 

Honored  e.-Lafayette.  4318 

Long  e.-"  The  Pretender."         6223 
Provision  in  e.,  Generous.  2641 

EXISTENCE. 

Cross-reference. 

Memorials  of  e.-Few  Indians.    3568 

EXPECTATION. 

Delusive  e.  of  Columbus.  *1984 

EXPECTATIONS. 

Popular  e.-Oivil  War.  *1985 

See  CONFIDENCE  ai.d  HOPE 

in  loc. 

EXPEDITION. 

Remarkable  e.,  De  Soto's.        *1986 


Cross-reference. 
Remarkable  e.-Hannibal-Alps.  5234 


EXPENSE— EXTORTION. 


839 


See  ADVENTURER. 
Bom  a. -Hernando  Cortez. 


*r8 


Dream  of  an  a.-Count  de  B.         188 
Honored-Geo.  Villiers  by  Jas.  1. 494 
-Disgraceful  a.  2416 

See  ADVENTURERS. 
Disappointed-Theodoric  and  G.  *79 
Numerous  a.  with  Capt  J.  Smith.*80 


Eemarkable  a. -De  Soto's  ex.  1986 

Successful  a.-Three  men.  1076 

See  EXPLORERS. 

Inliumanity  of  e.  to  Indians.  908 

Eeligious  e. -Catholics  in  Am.  736 

See  CRUSADES  in  loc. 

EXPENSE. 

Division  by  e.-13  States.  *1987 


Cross-reference. 

Inconsiderate  of  e. -Goldsmith.  2263 

See  ECONOMY,  EXTRAVAGANCE, 

FRUGALITY  and  PRICE 

in  loc. 

EXPERIENCE. 

Guidance  of  e.-Disc.  of  S.  A.  *1988 
Needless-Corn.  Perry-Am.  R.  *1989 
Personal  e.  for  reformation.  ^1990 
Test  of  human  e.-S.  Johnson.  *1991 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Benevolence  prompted  by  e.      4355 

Gained  by  loss-Spaniards.  2815 

Judgment  from  e. -Father.         2108 

Lesson  of  e.-" Adversity."  3277 

"      "  "  -Napoleon  I.  4621 

Xessons  of  e.-Peter  Cooper.       1785 

*'  "  -Soldiers.  2814 

»       "  "  -Wm.  P.  of  O.        6194 

of  Poverty-Lessons-Johnson.    4365 

Sympathy  from  e.-S.  Johnson.  5493 

Untaught  by  e.-James  II.  4085 

"         "    "-Crusaders.  4150 

EXPERIMENT. 

Incomplete  e.-Prof.  Silliman.  *1992 

Scientific  e.- Youthful- Newton.  *1993 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
in  Diet  of  Sailors-Irving.  2734 

Proof  by  e.  of  matter.  1935 

Science  by  e.-Bacon.  5049 

Success  by  e.-Dr.  Morton.  5410 

EXPERimiENTS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Knowledge  by  e.-R.  Stevenson.  639 
Progress  of  society  by  e.  906 

EXPERT. 
by  Practice-Jeffreys.  *1994 

Cross-reference. 

Physical  e.-Henry  II.  889 

EXPERTS. 

TTnappreciated-Prederick  n.  3041 

See  ABILITIES. 

Misapplied-Pred.  II. -Voltaire.  *3 
Numerous  a  -R.  Emp.  Justinian.  *4 

Overrated-Pompey.  *5 

Shown  in  youth.-Alexander.  ♦B 

TJseless-J.  Dryden-Debate.  *7 


Balanced-George  Washington.  3406 


Conversational  a.-S.  Johnson.  1172 
Dangerous  a.-Uninstructed.  1507 
Diplomatic  a. -Corrupted.  1594 

"  -Remarkable.       1600 
Field  for  a.,  Appropriate.  4224 

Impractical  a.-Milton  in  p'litics.4257 
Manifold  a. -Queen  Elizabeth.    3605 
Misapplied-Failure-Newton.     2100 
"      -Golds'h.    2030 
"  -"Magn't  brute."    1068 

Misplaced-Gibbon  in  Parrment.4054 
Multiplex  a.,  Csesar's.  2479 

Numerous  a.-Gallienus.  1830 

Practical  a.-M.  Van  Buren.  4251 
Presumable  a.-Elevation.  3589 

Prostituted  a.-Emp.  Gratian.  1007 
Restricted  field  for  a.  of  Caesar.  275 
Triumph  of  a.-Wm.  Pitt.  3586 

Wrecked,  Splendid  a.-Burns.     2027 

See  SAGACITY. 
Political  s.-Henry  Clay.  4275 

"       "  -Professional  polit'n.4274 

See  SKILL. 
Misapplied  s.-Perp'l  motion.    *5168 
Proof  of  s.-Rothschild.  *5169 


Marksman's  s.-Commodus.        3430 
"  "-Crockett.  4322 

See  SPECIALITY. 
Success  by  s.-Emp.  Maximian.  *5277 

EXPIATION. 

Cross-reference. 
Sin  of  youthful  pride.  1662 

See  ATONEMENT. 
Belief  of  American  Indians.       5158 
of  Vengeance.-Am.  Indians.      4848 

EXPIiANATION. 

Relief  by  e.-Louis  Philippe.      ♦1995 


411 


Cross-reference. 
Neglect  of  e.  in  family  gov't. 

See  APOLOGY. 
Degrading  a.  demanded  by  J.II.*248 


Assassin's  a.-Caracalla.  1123 
Doubtful  a. -Marriage  of  H.  VIII.458 

Weak  a.  for  ingratitude.  2857 

See  DEFINITION. 

Partial  d.-Plato's  man.  3391 

See  EXCUSE. 

Abandoned  by  Ligarius.  *1977 


Convenient  e.  for  disobedience. 1904 
Feeble  e.-DIvorce  of  H.  VIII.  3444 
for  Shameful  conduct  -W.  Penn.607 

See  EXCUSES. 
Ignominious  e.  of  James  II.     *1978 

See  INTERPRETATION. 
Unrestricted  i.  of  mythology.  *2959 


three  Senses  in  the  Bible-S.         583 
See  INSTRUCTION  in  loc. 

EXPIiORERS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-referencea. 
Inhumanity  of  e.  to  Indians.       908 
Religious  e.-Catholics  In  Am.      736 

EXPORTS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Opposed-Coal  from  England.     1131 
Restricted  e.-New  England  Col.  880 


EXPOSITION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Immense  e.-Centennial.  1983 

of  Industry  by  Timour.  2805 

EXPOSURE. 

of  Purpose-Catholic  plans.       *1996 
Threat  of  e.,  Oflace  by.  *1997 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Cruelty  of  Appius  Claudius.  1855 
"  Hypocrisy-Pleasing.  2694 

"  Vices  of  M.  Parliament.         4874 
"  Vice,  Woman's  revenge  for.  4858 

See  INFORMER. 
Dastardly  i.-James  Burton.       2850 
Massacre  prevented  by  i.  1006 

See  INFORMERS. 
Rejected  by  Vespasian.  *2846 


Blackmail  paid  to  I.  2008 

EXPUL.SION. 

of  Scholars-Fellows  of  M.  C.    *1994 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Aliens  from  U.  S.  167 

Deserved  e.-Brlbery-Sir  J.  N.  660 
Humiliating  e.  from  Lincoln.  534 
from  Ministry-S.  Johnson.  3616 
Vigorous  e.-Bribery  resented-D.673 
Wronged  by  e.-Minister.  1081 

See  EXILE. 
Happily  ended-Cicero.  1658 

Honored  e.-Lafayette.  4318 

Long  e.-"The  Pretender."  6223 
Provision  in  e.,  Generous.  2641 

EXTE  R  MIN  ATION. 

War  of  e..  Queen  Anne's.  *1999 

See  DESOLATION  and  DESTRUC- 
TION in  loc. 

EXTORTION. 

Complete  e.-England  by  L, 
Cruel  e.-Jew's  tooth  daily. 

"      "  -Mass.  Colony. 
Dilemma  in  e.-Henry  VIII. 
of  Government-Charles  I. 
Misnamed  "  Benevolence." 
Outrageous  e.-Romans  in  B. 
Royal  e. -Richard  II. 
Submission  to  e.-M.  Crassus. 

of  Benevolence-Henry  VIII. 

"  "  -James  I. 

Capitalist's  e.-Jews. 
Church  e.  of  dues-England. 
Disgraceful  e.-Joan  of  Arc. 
of  Gifts  for  Maxentius. 

"      "      "    Charles  I. 
by  Government-France, 
of  Jailers  for  debt. 

"  Merchants-Roman. 


♦2000 
*2001 
*2002 
*200S 
*2004 
■►2005 
*2006 
*2007 
*2008 

430 
523 
712 
868 
1726 
376 


"  "         -England. 

"  Offertory-Dnke  of  Guise. 
Permitted-Courtiers-James  II, 
of  Prisoners  by  jailers. 
Religion  opposed  by  e. 
Revenge  of  masses  on  Rufinius.  427 
of  Traders-England.  5656 

Universal  e.-English  judges.      1217 
Unterrified  by  e.-H.  Peter        aaOP 


2125 
565S 
5659 
5660 
627 
607 
4469 
1190 


840 


EXTRAVAGANCE— FAITH. 


See  BLACKMAIL. 
Cross-reference. 
Contribution  justified. 

See  RAPACITY. 
Royal  r.  of  Henry  III. 

EXTRAVAGANCE. 
Domestic  e.-R.  11.-10,000  p. 
in  Food-"Coflfee  and  Tea." 
Oppression  by  e. -Charles  I. 
Pride,  of  Wounded- Wm.  Pitt. 
Rebuked  by  Washington. 
Buinous  e.  of  Romans. 


2008 
*4615 

♦2009 
*2010 
*2011 
*2012 
*2013 
*2014 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Banquet-Court  of  Rome.  452 
Crimes  proceed  from  e.-Arnold.2569 

Cruel  e.  of  Wm.  de  C.  3943 
in  Dress  encouraged-H.  VIII.    1728 

"     "    -Period  of  e.  1729 

*'  Feasts-Romans.  3371 

•'  Female  dress-Romans.  1730 

*'  Food-Singing-birds.  2178 

Limited  by  law-England.  1733 

vs.  Poverty-Castlemaine.  4338 
Prevention  of  e.-Plain  dw'lllngs.l754 
Rebuked-Oslentatious  barber.  1667 

in  Recreation-Bajazet.  4638 

Ruinous  e.-Gov't-F.  3673 

In  Sport-Ottoman.  5318 

See  LUXURIES. 

Comparative  l.-Scots-Eng.  1913 

Demoralizing  1. -Alexander.  5668 

Heaven's  1. -Mohammedan.  2540 

Rejected  by  Mahomet.  2672 

Repressed  by  sumptuary  1.  3161 

Warfare  against  1.,  Caesar's.  3162 

See  LUXURY. 

Dangers  of  l.-Puritans.  *3363 

Denied-Oxford  friars.  *3364 

Employment  of  the  poor.  *3362 

Evil  of  l.-Spartans.  *3365 

Excess  in  1 -Alexander.  *3366 

Misplaced  in  Roman  camp.  *S367 

Nauseous  l.-Tobacco.  *3368 

vs.  Poverty-Romans.  *3369 

Repudiated-Primitive  C.  *3370 

Senseless  1  -Roman  feast.  *3371 

■Unsatisfying  l.-Baian.  *3372 

Abolished-Vices  gone.  3655 

Character  deteriorated  by  1.  4888 

Condemned,  Roman.  3384 
Corruption  by  l.-Roman  families.407 

Debased  by  l.-Vandals.  953 

Enervated  by  I.-Romans.  901 

Exhibition  of  1.  3383 
Increased  by  R.  aqueducts.  459,  460 

"National  enervation  by  1.  4200 

Perilous  to  the  State-Cato.  266 

State  endangered  by  1.  5856 

Suppressed  by  disgrace.  4611 

See  PRODIGALITY. 

Checked  by  instruction.  ♦4478 

Enoouraged-Ruinous.  *4479 

See  EXCESS  in  loc. 

EXTREinES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Climatic  e.  bring  rev's.  951 

Corrected  by  e.-Napoleon.  3552 

in  Religion-Puritans.  4704 

**       "       -Crusaders.  4705 


EXTREMITY. 

Deliverance  in  e.-Wm.  P.  of  0.*1862 

See  CRISIS. 
Equal  to  the  c.-Cromwell.         *1303 


Resolution  at  the  c.-Devereux.    651 
EYE. 

Disflgured-Samuel  Johns^on.     *2017 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Accident  kills  Henry  II.  of  France. 28 
Blind.  Conveniently-Nelson.       1904 
Defioient^Samnel  Johnson.         3262 
Destroyed  in  anger.  3264 

Wounded  in  the  e.-IIarold.  391 

EYES. 
Useless  e.-Siamese  junks.         *2018 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Deceived-Mirage.  1521 

Destroyed  by  tyrant.  1335 

"  -Captives-Basil.         1342 

Moral  protection  of  e.-Monks.    402 
Soldiers  vanquished  by  e.  1622 

See  BLINDNESS. 
Disqualified  by  b.,  Kings.  *603 

by  Study-John  Milton.  *604 


Bravery  of  King-Blind  John.        297 

See  APPEARANCES  and  VANITY 

in  loc. 

FACE. 

Cross-reference. 
Winsome  f.  of  Edward  IV.  47 

FACTIONS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Conspiracy  of  f  .-Columbus.        3758 
Dangerous-"  Blue  and  Green."  2019 
Growth  of  f.-Caracalla  and  Geta.239 

See  DISUNION  and  PARTY 
in  loc. 

FACTS. 

Assumed  by  Aristotle.  *2020 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Eloquence  of  f.-Appius.  1855 

Nature's  f .  evince  her  laws.        3799 

See  EVIDENCE  and  TRUTH 
in  loc. 

FACUL.TIES. 

Cross-references. 

in  Age,  Brilliant  f.-Adams.         2046 

Well-preserved  f.  of  Wesley.       138 

"    "       "  5854 

See  ABILITIES  and  GENIUS 

in  loc. 

FAILURE. 

Beginning  with  f  .-Demos.  *2C21 
Cause  of  f. -First  Cable.  *2022 

Discouragement  by  f.-Bp.  McK*2023 
at  First-Frederick  the  Great.  *2024 
by  Incompetence-Inv"s'on  of  C.*2025 
Lesson  of  f. -Ignorance.  *2026 

in  Life-Robert  Burns.  ♦2027 

Signal  f. -Spanish  Armada.       ^2028 


Mortification  of  f. -James  II.  3719 
Mortifying  f. -Crusaders.  1606 

in  Oratory- Washington  Irving.  8050 
Reputation  for  f  .-Bibulus.  2771 

Retrieved-Burke's  speech .  49 

Success  of  f..  Apparent.  5402 

"       after  f.-Grant.  5414 

Vanity  causes  f.-Timotheus.  2213 
in  War-Eight  Years'.  5906 

"    "    -Seven  Years'.  5907 

See  BANKRUPTCY. 
Courage  in  b.-Sir  Walter  Scott.    92 
Predicted-National-British.       ^451 

See  DEFEAT. 
Beginning  with  d.-Lineoln.       ♦148S 
Brilliant  d.-Napoleon-W.  *1489 

Concealed  d.-Samuel  Johnson.^l49(> 
Difficult  d.-C£esar.  *1491 

Inspiring  d.-Bunker  Hiil.  *l4Si 

Instruction  by  d.-Peter  the  G.  *1493 
Mortification  of  d.-Montcalm.^l494 
Overwhelming  d.-Moscow.  *1495 
Service  of  d.-BuU  Run.  ♦149& 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Beginning  with  f. -Shelley.  2314 

Business  f.-Misdirection.  2321 

Discouragement  from  f. -Demos. 2021 

,         "  -Bishop  McK.    2023 


Beginning  with  d.-Am.  Rev.  5881 
Despair  by  d. -American  Rev.  1541 
Embittered  by  d.-John  Adams.  4234 
Exempt  from  d.-Cromwell.  311 
Fatal  d.-Horace  Greeley.  4281 

Impossible  d.-Col.  Moultrie's.  650 
Honor  in  d.-Persians  at  Petra.  643 
Humiliation  bv  d.-Romaas.  2662 
Mortifying  d.-Henry  Clay.  4247 

"         "  of  Charles  L  3523 

Stinging  d.-Persians  by  B.  614 

See  INSOLVENCY. 

Governmental  i.-Charles.  II.     *2892 

See  DISAPPOINTMENT  and  DIS- 

COURAGEMENT  in  loc. 

FAITH. 

Conditioned-John  Bunyan.  *20.3^ 
Defenders  of  the  f. -Henry  VIII.*2033 
Despised-Julian's  "  Science."  *20.34 
Fed  by  f.-Miiller's  orphans.  *2035 
Invigorated  by  difficulties.  *9036 
Living  by  f. -George  Muller.  *2037 
Power  of  f.-English  Puritans.  *2038 
Victory  by  f. -Henry  Vane.       *203» 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Benevolence  by  f.-G.  Muller.       528 
<i  ..  <4    ..         ..  2035 

Business  f  .-Cable.  2031 

Compulsory  f.-Cortez-Inca.  1176 

vs.  Doubt-George  Fox.  1714 

Encouragement  of  f  .-Luther.  2229 
Fanatical  f  .-Crusader's  assault.  390 

Fear  conquered  by  f.  2111 

in  God,  Helpful  f.  4387 

Inspiration  of  religion.  3921 

Life  of  f.  for  temporalities.  2035 

"    "  "-George  Muller's.  2037 

Little  f.  rebuked-Columbus.  1881 

Loss  of  f.  in  mankind.  3412 

vs.  Penitence-Luther.  1178 

Protection  of  f.  needless.  2713 

"  "  -Harmful.  2721 
Qualified  Christian  f .  of  Shelley.  847 

Shaken  in  the  compass".  2849 

«<>£uperstition- Persian.  1280 


FAITHFULNESS— FAME. 


841 


Sustained  by  f. -Luther  to  Augs.     8 

"         "  "   in  bereavement.  556 

"         "   "  -N.  E.  Pilgrims.    957 

"Victory  by  f.-Bajazet.  1251 

"       of  f.-Grave.  1440 

••       "  "-Conversion.  1175 

See  CREDULITY. 

of  Philosophers-Strange-S.       *t281 

Religious  c.-Priestcraft.  *1282 

of  the  Sick-16th  century.  *1283 

Superstitious  c. -Romans.  *1284 

"  "-Persian  Magi.  *1285 


Excess  of  c.-Mohammedans. 
of  Fanatics-Crusaders. 
Gold-seekers'  c. -Signs. 
of  Hatred-Huns. 

"  Superstition-Mystery. 

•'  "  -Am.  Indians. 

"  "  -First  Crusade. 

*'  "  -N.  E.  Colonies. 

"  Timidity-Negro  plot, 
brings  Unbelief-Miracles. 
Victim  of  c.-Cotton  Mather. 

See  CREEDS. 
Destroyed  c.  bring  union. 
Valued  according  to  effects. 

S^e  DOCTRINE. 
Zeal  for  d.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange. 

See  DOCTRINES. 
Confusion  in  d.-Unlon  of  all. 
Erratic  d.  of  Milton. 
Mixed  d.-Gnostics-Christians. 
Perverted-Early  Christians. 
vs.  Preferments- Arminians. 
Tested  by  fire-Sectaries. 

See  PRESUMPTION. 
Foolish  p.-Emperor  Rienzl. 
Reward  of  p.-Indignity. 


8622 
6850 
5141 
1528 
5447 
5448 
5451 
5453 
4214 
3626 
1567 

2089 
4731 

4404 

1937 
3922 
1937 
1932 
4308 
2087 

*4443 

♦4444 


Ridiculed  by  Parthians.  1712 
by  Success-Captain  Lawrence.  2570 

Successful  p.  of  three  men.  1076 

of  Youth-Nasica.  2814 

"     *•     -Pompey.  6210 

"      "      -Louis  XIV.  6209 

FAITHFUIiNESS. 

Rewarded  by  the  people.  *2040 


■Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Rewarded-"  It  is  thine  own."    4879 

See  FIDELITY. 
Tested-Crown  rejected.  *2128 


3578 
1247 
2253 
3835 


of  Animal-Soldier's  dog. 
Confidence  in  f. -Frederick. 
Humble  f. -Pompey 's  slave. 
Oath  of  f .  to  Mahomet. 

"     "  "-Roman  soldier. 
Political  f.  ill-rewarded. 
Remarkable  f.-Indians-Penn, 

"  "  -Slaves. 

Rewarded  with  treachery, 
of  Slaves  of  Comutus. 
to  Truth  rewarded. 
Unfailing  f. -Napoleon's  grave.  2239 

See  LOYALTY. 
Esteemed-Oliver  Cromwell.     ♦3357 
Unreserved-Widow  Windham.*3358 
Vigorous  1.  of  Bismarck.  *3359 

Zealous  1.  of  Puritans.  fSSSa 


2854 
5700 
5199 
2850 
5351 
2040 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Disqualified  by  l.-James  II.       3549 
Distrusted-Romanists.  4946 

vs.  Liberty-Revolution.  1696 

Loving  1.  to  Adrian.  4969 

Outward  1.  recommended.  3848 

Proof  of  l.-Severe.  1364 

Sacrifice  of  l.-Woman.  1348 

See  DUTY  and  OBEDIENCE 
in  loc. 

FAIiSEHOOD. 

Confirmed  in  f.-Charles  I.  *2041 
Governmental  f .-Napoleon  I.  *2042 
Growth  of  f.  by  carelessness.  *2043 
Justified  by  Jesuits.  +2044 

"         "  Samuel  Johnson.  *2045 


Diplomacy  of  Elizabeth. 

by  Lying  spirits-Swedenborg. 

Pious  f.  of  loyalty. 

vs.  Truth-Samuel  Johnson. 

See  FLATTERY. 
Artful  f. -Captive  Zenobia. 
False  f.  of  Henry  VIII. 
Fulsome  f .  of  James  I. 
Irritating  f.-Fred.  the  Great. 
Resented-Alexander. 
Rewarded,  Excessive  f. 


1596 
5311 
1348 
5722 

*2152 
*2153 
♦2154 
*2155 
*2156 
♦2157 


Deception  by  f. -Rochester.  1471 
Develops  servitude-Romans.  305 
Embarrassment  by  f.-Cassar.  2657 
for  Favor- Voltaire.  2825 

Fulsome  f.  of  Chas.  I.  by  Finch.  60 
of  Royalty-Charles  I.  by  Finch.  60 
Wealth  by  f. -Legacies.  5971 

of  Woman's  beauty-Elizabeth.  2684 

See  LIAR. 
Proverbial  l.-Dick  Talbot.        *3202 

See  LIBEL. 
Trials  for  l.-William  Hone.       *3203 


Anonymous  I.-Milton.  1165 

False  accusation  of  1.  3049 

Indifferent  to  l.-Frederick  II.    5299 
Press  prosecuted  for  1.  4436 

4438 
See  PERJURY. 
Punishment  of  p.,  Judicial.      *4112 


Punished  with  death. 
Shameful  p.-"  Dick  "  Talbot. 

See  SLANDER. 
Defence  from  s.-Napoleon  I. 
from  Envy-John  Bunyan. 
Fine  for  s.-$500,000. 
Opposition  by  s.-J.  Wesley. 
Persecutor's  s  -Constantine. 
of  Piety-Richard  Baxter's. 
Punished  by  James  I. 
Rewarded-Dick  Talbot. 
Victim  of  s. -Columbus. 


5219 
6032 

*6170 
*5171 
*5172 
♦5173 
♦5174 
*5175 
♦5176 
*5177 
*5178 


Abusive  s.  of  Nap.  by  Britons.  24 
of  Americans  by  Sam.  Johnson.  214 
Inconsistency  of  s-Nap.  I.  by  E.  24 
Shameful  s.  of  woman.  6034 

Victim  of  s.-Cromwell-"Klng."3893 
"        "  "-Bolivar.  4044 

See  DECEPTION  in  loc. 


FAOTE. 

Belated-J.  Q  Adams. 

by  Competition-Wm.  Parry. 

Costly-Sir  W.  Scott. 

by  Discovery-N.  W.  passage. 

Distant-Lincoln-Italy. 

Impostor's- Titus  Gates. 

by  Infamy-Assassin  of  Nap. 

Locality  for-Napoleon  in  E. 

Perverted-Memory  of  C. 

Posthumous-Columbus. 

Regarded-"  What  will  h.  say?' 

Sudden  f .  of  Byron. 

"       "  -Berner's  St.  Hoax. 
Trials  of  f.-W.  Scott. 
Undesired-Emp .  Maximus. 


*2046 
♦2047 
*2048 
*2049 
*2050 
*2051 
*2052 
*2053 
*20.54 
*2055 
'*2056 
*2057 
*2058 
*2059 
*2060 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ambition  for  f.-Themistocles.     189 
Ambitious  for  f. -Trajan.  2367 

Contingencies  of  f. -Mules.  3322 
Contradiction-Great  vs.  M.  2485 
Delayed-Milton's  f.  2325 

Desired  next  to  power.  195 

Diminution  of  f.  2476 

Diminishing-Thirty  authors.  3304 
Increasing  posthumous-Burns.  2481 


Literature  necessary  to  f. 
Merited-Frederick  II. 
Mlsappropriated-Chas.  Lee. 
Monuments  of-Pyramid. 
Neglect  followed  by  f . 
Omission  of  f.-T.  Cromwell. 
Passion  for  f.-Themistocles. 

"         "    •'  -Fred,  the  Great 
without  Popularity-H.  Clay. 
Toil  for  f. -Virgil. 
Undesirable  f.-Shame. 
Wide  extended  f .  of  Wash. 
See  GREAT  MEN. 
Courting  g.  m. 
Periods  of  g.  m. 
Providential. 


3311 
5808 
4789 
2305 
3270 
2580 
189 
208 
4310 
2341 
60C3 
3081 

*357!^ 
♦3580 
♦3581 
♦358? 


coincidence-Romulus  and  T.  967 
Dishonored-Columbus.  164* 

-Ad.  Blake.  1657 

Example  of  g.m.-Conversation.ll70 
Overpraised-Pompey.  4370 

Weakness  of  g.m.-D'mosth'n's.595* 

See  HONORS. 
Burdensome-Grant-Alfonso.    *2621 
Compulsory-Saturninus.  ♦2622 

Demanded  by  Cromwell.  ^2623 

Mis-erable-Aged  Titus.  ^2624 

Premature  h.  of  Bolivar.  *2625 

Resianed-Emp.  Diocletian.      ♦2626 
-Charles  V.  ^2627 

Unexpected-Sallie  Thompson.^2628 
Unmerited-Emp.  Carlnus.  ♦2629 
Won  by  Merit-"  Win  his  s."     ♦2630 


from  Abroad-Lombards.  2645 

Bestowed  on  animals,  E.  2172 

"          "  goose.  5451 

Burdensome-Lincoln.  247 

for  Criminals-Scots.  1300 

Dangerous- Violent  death.  1454 
Declined-Crown-Cromwell-W.  1322 

"            "     -Caesar.  132.? 


84^ 


FAMILIARITY— FAMINE. 


Divine  to  Demetrius.  2157 

Endangered  by  h.-Cromwell.  366 

"    »         »  370 

Envied-Demosthenes.  1329 

Exchanged,  Pitt  vs.  Cliatliam.  5632 

for  Faithfulness  to  truth.  2040 

Funeral-Caesar's.  2251 

-Egyptians.  2252 

"      -Lincoln's.  8254 

111  proportioned-Martel.  2187 

Literary  degrees  undeserved.  5633 

Lost  by  delay-Spartans.  467 

for  Merit-Coronation.  1325 

Misapplied-Pocahontas.  5097 

Misplaced-Olympic  games.  2280 

"        -Emperor  Claudius.  3876 

Music  brings  f.-Rizzio.  3751 

Opportunity  of-Black  Prince.  470 
Received  reluctantly-Pertinax's.l65 

Restored  to  Cicero.  1658 

Sale  of  h.  invented.  5629 

Self  imposed-Napoleon.  1326 

Selfishness  in  seeking.  5078 

Surrender  for  virtue.  686 

of  Triumph-Magnificent.  5719 

Troublesome-Golden  crown.  1329 

Unappreciated-Cromwell's.  5957 

Undeserved-A  farmer.  3177 

Unenjoyed-Milton's.  3310 

Unsatisfactory  h.-High  offlce.  183 

Vexatious  h.-Napoleon.  751 

Viciously  bestowed  on  Nero.  4325 

Wearisome-Cromwell's.  2470 

Withdrawn-Cromwell's.  4851 

Withheld-John  Cabot.  991 
See  DISTINCTION  in  loc. 

FAMILIARITir. 

Ill  mannered-James  Hogg.      *2061 

Mistake  of  f.-Du  Chatelard.     ^2062 

See  FELLOWSHIP  in  loc. 

FAmililES. 

Old  American  f.-.\dams. 

FAMILY. 

Benefits  of  the  f  .-M.  Luther. 
Deteriorated-Rome. 
Discord-Charles  IV.  of  Spain. 
Interest-Theodoric. 
Kinship  lines-Indians. 
Prestige  of  Irish  f  .-Celtic-Nor. 
Religion  in  the  f.-Mahomet. 
Responsibility  to  f  .-14  reasons. 
Sanguinary  f.,  Caesar's. 
Sorrowful  f.-Dr.  R.  Taylor's. 
Substitution  in  f.-Am.Indians, 
Sufferings-House  of  theCaes'rs. 


*2063 

•2064 
♦2065 
♦2066 
♦2067 
♦2068 
♦2069 
♦2070 
*2071 
♦2072 
♦2073 
*2074 
♦2075 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Affectionate  f. -Charlemagne.  4970 
Ambition  for  the  future  of  the  f .206 
Artificial  f.-English  Guilds.  381 
Authority  in  f  .-Absorte-R'm'ns.407 
Contentions  in  Milton's  f.  3732 

Degraded  in  poverty.  1510 

"         by  corruption.  1702 

Deserted  for  coffee-house.  2594 

Desire  for  a  f. -Wicked  vow.  795 
Discipline  in  f.,  Severe-Old  E.  2860 
Disgraceful  f .-Charles  VI.  5125 

Diversity  of  character  In  f.  227 

Economy  in  rearing  f .  926 


Encouragement  for  large  f .-S.  446 
Enemy  of  the  f .  5362 

Extinction  of  Caesar's  f.  3478 

Factions  in  f.,  Folly  of.  2019 

Fame  of  f .  endangered  by  ad'ltry.  64 
Immense  f.-10,000-Richard  II.  2009 
Importance  of  f.  to  character.  444 
Miserable  f .-Stuarts.  4951 

Need  of  a  f.  "Continuation  of  h."800 
Protected-Anti-divorce.  1703 

Protection  of  f.,  first-Charles  I.  822 
Shameless  f.  of  adulterers.  65 

Substitutes  for  the  dead-Indians.  57 
Trained  in  industry.  3101 

Treasures  by  legacy,  Old  Eng.  2858 
Unhappy-Discordant-King.       3389 

f.  of  Fred.  Wm.  I 
Unprogressive-Purkess. 
Vice  destroys  the  f. 
"    ruins  peace  of  f. 

See  ANCESTORS. 
Brutality  of  a.  overlooked 
Offencesof  a.  punished  inch'd'n.6175 
Regard  for  a.-Russians.  1124 

See  ANCESTRY. 
Humble  a.  of  poet  Horace.        *225 
Ineffective  a.-Prince  Rupert.     *226 
Unlike  a.-Orleans  princes.  *227 


5741 
4491 
4373 
6068 

1334 


Barbarous  a.  of  Europeans.       2719 
Base  a.-Witches  and  demons.    1528 
Character  from  a.-Q.  Elizabeth.  763 
"  "     "  -Americans.    771 

Depraved  a.,  Nero's.  1532 

"       a.  confessed.  2066 

Disreputable  a.-John  XII.  4305 

Divine-Spurious-Silenus.  2386 

Genius  by  a.-John  Milton.  2298 

Happiness  affected  by  a.  3560 

Humble  a.-N.  R.  Gabrinl.  594 

"       "-Diocletian.  595 

Nobility  of  a.  desplsed-Nap.  3592 
Pride  in  honest  a.-Napoleon.  3592 
Savage  a.  of  Europeans.  2719 

Selected  a.-Pilgrim  Fathers.  3173 
Unfortunate  a. -Charles  I.  3628 

See  BROTHER. 
Bloody  b.-Caracalla.  1123 

Rejected  for  cowardice.  1273 

Tyranny  of  Franklin's  elder  b.  2331 
"  "  638 

See  HEREDITY. 
of  Disposition-Frederick  II.     ♦2551 
Failure  of  h.-Howard's  father. *2552 


of  Character-Charles  I. 
Contradicted-Orleans  princes, 
of  Crime-C£esar"s  family. 
Cruelty  by  h.-Nero. 


of  Disposition-Frederick  II. 

"  "         -Melancholy. 

"  "  -Nero. 

Failure  of  h.-Cromwell's  son, 
of  Genius- Watts. 

"       "     -Blaise  Pascal, 
in  Government-Monarchy. 

-Female  line-I.  2458 
Incompetence  by  h.-Goldsmith.4342 
in  Mechanics-East  Indian.  3537 
of  Profession  in  Egyot.  4486 

"  Shamelessness-Ferdlnand.     2060 


227 
2072 
1347 
2072 
2551 
3560 
5260 
5957 
2315 
2324 
2451 


See  HOME. 

Beautified-Walter  Scott's.  *2592 
Common  Roman  h.  described. *2593 

Deserted-Londoner's  h.  *2594 

Palatial  h.-Roman.  *2595 

Shaded-Puritan's  h.  *2596 

Thoughtful  of  h.-A.  Lincoln.  *2597 


Bloody  h.-Palaceof  the  Caesars. 2072 
a  Castle,  Poor  man's  h.  3142 

Courtesy  at  h.-Ancients.  4869 

Desolated  by  death-J.  Watt.  562 
Expelled  from  h.  for  piety.  1663 
Inferior  to  English  inn.  2876 

Invention  benefits  h.  dishes.  2973 
Mistaken-Oliver  Goldsmith.  609 
Protected,  Poor  woman's.  3057 

Religious  training  at  h.-W.  1819 
"  h.-Puritan-Cromwell.3919 
Remembrance  of  h.-Gen.  Fraser.182 
Ruined  by  war-Nicetas'  h.  2211 
vs.  the  State-Josephine's  d.  178 
Transformed-Garibaldi's  h.  4042 
Wasted  by  death-Sir  W.  Scott.    190 

See  HOMES. 
Banishment  from  h.-Arcadians.  448 
Building  of  h.-Plymouth.  .504 

Destitute  h.-English  laborers.  3123 
Destitution  of  h.-Old  England.  2858 
Discord  in  palatial  h.  1626 

Filthy  h.  of  Irish  poor.  1510, 1511 
Humble  h.-Tartars.  3978 

of  the  Poor  degraded-England.  4293 
Unattractive  h.-Spartan.  1754 

See  HOME  LIFE. 
of  Savages- Am.  Indians.  *2598 

See  KINDRED. 
Confidence  of  k.  withheld.         6201 

See  KINSHIP. 
Lines  of  k.  reversed-Indians.     2068 

See  KINSMAN. 
Obligation  of  k.-Kindness  of  M.  918 

See  MATRICIDE. 
Infamous  m.  by  Nero. 


See  PARRICIDE. 
Crime  of  p.  "  impossible." 
Punishment  of  p. 


3743 
1110 


♦4006 
♦4007 


by  Boys  ten  years  old.  1295 

See  SISTER. 
Comforting  s.,  John  Bunyan's.*5167 
See  CHILDREN  and  PARENTS 
in  loc. 

FAMINE. 

Brutalized  by  f.-Athenians.  *2076 
Cannibals  in  f. -France.  *2077 

Depopulated  by  f. -Bengal.  *2078 
Distress  of  f.-Rome,  a.d.  546.  ♦2079 
Resource  in  f.  Horses-Moscow.*2080 
Trials  of  f.-Plymouth  Colony.  ^2081 
by  War-Canada,  ad.  1758.        ♦2082 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Brutality  in  f.-Athenians.  2076 

Death  by  f  .-20,000  Moslems  robbed.l 
Depopulated  by  f.-Italy.  5822 

Endurance  in  f.-Sixty  days.  15 

Extortion  during  f  .-Mass.  2008 

Life  destroyed  by  f.-One-third.  2078 
by  Mou'^polists-Roman.  3698 


FANATIC— FAULTS. 


843 


Subdued  by  f. -Calais.  4639 

by  War-Siege  of  Rouen.  5904 

"      "    -England.  5933 

Winter  of  f  .-Virginia  Colony.  2435 

See  HUNGER. 

Insatiable  h.  of  gold-seekers.  *2679 


Address  to  h.  difficult.  2014 

Desperation  of  h.-Cannibals.  706 

Perishing  from  h. -Siege.  1502 

Pressure  of  h.-Sailors.  1393 

Subjugated  by  h.-Pride.  4455 

See  STARVATION. 

Depopulated  by  s.-Italy.  ♦5322 


Contradicted-Fat. 


1933 


*2084 
*2085 


FANATIC. 

Insane  f. -Puritan  Muggleton.  *2083 

FANATICISOT. 

Dangers  of  f.-Reformation. 
Idolatrous  f.-Emp.  Antoninus, 
Inflamed  by  f .-Joan  of  Arc. 
Miracles,  Test  by. 
Religious  f.-  Ref.  "  prophets." 

"         "  -Gunpowder  plot. 

"         "  -Peter  the  Hermit. 

"         " -Fifth  Monarchy. 


*2087 


"        "  -Prots.  in  Scotland 
{Scandalous  f.-Quakers. 
Visions  of  f.-Crusaders. 


*2089 
*2090 
♦2091 
*2092 
*2093 
*2094 
♦2095 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Assassinator's  f .-Henry  III.  of  F.364 
Bloody  massacre  by  f.-Florida.  855 
Courage  of  f.-Crusaders.  390 

Curse  of  f.  on  Luther.  600 

Greatness  by  so-called  t.  2578 

Popular  f.-Monkery.  3683 

<Juietists  in  Asia-Monks.  357 

Reaction  of  f.-Rom.  Catholics.  3528 
Sagacious  f.- John  Wildman.  4821 
Shameful  f.  of  Qujfkers.  3502 

Trances  of  nun  of  Kent.  5679 

FANATICS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
De»^otionof  f.-War.  3843 

Environment  and  f.  3602 

King  of  f.-Jack  of  Leyden.  3078 
Obedience  of  f  .-Monks.  3847 

Power  of  f.-James  Otis.  3377 

Reformation  by  f.-Muncer.  5834 
Rule  of  f.-"  Barebones  P."  3188 
Suicide  of  f.-Donatist.  3506 

See  ENTHUSIASM  and  SUPER- 
STITION in  loc. 

FARCE. 

Cross-reference. 

Viotim  of  pirates'  f.  1144 

See  DRAMA  in  loo. 

FARE:i¥EIiI<. 

to  Country-Nap.  I.  to  France.  *2096 
Final  f.  desired-James  II.  *2097 
Last  f .,  Dying  Christian's.  *2098 
Touching  f. -Washington's.      *2099 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
Sad  f .  of  Josephine  and  Nap. 
See  DEPARTURE  in  loc. 


104 


FARMER. 

Unsuccessful  f. -Isaac  Newton. *2100 
"  "  -E.  Burke.         *2101 


Chosen  occupation-Grant.         5880 
Extensive  f.-Catacuzene.  5969 

Famous  f. -Horace.  153 

Occupation  changed-Cromwell.2327 
Son  of  a  f. -Washington.  6053 

See  AGRICULTURE  inloc. 

FASHION. 

Depreciated  by  f.,  Science.  *8102 

Disregarded-Benj.  Franklin.  *2103 

Struggle  for  French  f.  *2104 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Absurdity  of  popular  f.  419 

Discomfort  in  f .  2184 

in  Pleasure- Watering- place.  4205 
Power  of  f  .-Tobacco-James  I.  5634 
Unrestrained  by  law.  1734 

See  CUSTOM  in  loo. 

FAST. 

Religious-Early  Methodist. 


*2105 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Christmas  changed  to  a  f .-P.       851 
Health  by  f. -Napoleon.  3552 

Preparation  by  f.-Knighthood.  3086 
Vision  of  God  by  f  .-Am.  Ind.  2383 
Voice  of  God  by  f  .-Joan.  2384 

FASTS. 

Cross-reference. 

Religious  f .  of  Abysslnians.        882 

See  ABSTINENCE  in  loo. 


FATE. 
Belief  in  f  .-Mohammedans. 


♦2106 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Belief  in  f.-Napoleon  I  1547 

"      ""-Wm.  P  of  Orange.   3633 
See  DESTINY. 
Unavoidable-Napoleon  I.         ♦1547 


Belief  in  fixed  d.-Scandlnavians.4405 
Depending  on  one  national  d.  5857 
Impending  d.-Nelson.  4830 

Providence  in  national  d.  5883 

Sign  of  d.-Mahomet.  5132 

Turning-point  of  d.-Mankind.    1501 

See  PREDESTINATION. 
Belief  in  p.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  *4404 
"      "  "  -Scandinavians.       ^4405 


Extreme  view  of  p. 
Timely  p.  before  birth. 

FATHER. 

Confiding  f.-John  Milton's. 


4384 
1845 


♦2107 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Assistance  declined  wisely.        8630 
Blessed  In  daughter-Cromwell.  1200 
Brutal  f.-Fulk  the  Black.  106 

Deserted  by  his  f. -Henry  II.  2853 
Disappointed  in  son-W.  Penn's  4745 
Disobedience  to  f. -Pious.  1663 

Dying  father's  blessing.  1219 

God  a  Heavenly  f .  1453 

"  the  F.  of  men-Alexander.  2371 


Grief  of  f.-Rowland  Taylor.  3403 
Hated  by  misgoverned  children. 805 
Heart-broken  f  .-Henry  11.  4005 

16.34 
Help  of  f.  refused.  1560 

Humane  f.-Mr.  Dustin  and  Inds.ll? 
Justice  vs.  Affection.  3062 

Life  of  f.,  Petition  for-Chas.  I.  4162 
Loss  of  a  f.  recompense  of  H.  D.  86 
Malignant  f  .-Fred.  William.  3389 
Misgovernment  of  son-Howard.  411 
Murder  of  f.  by  Ostius.  4006 

Murderer  of  son-Catiline.  1295 

Pride  of  f.  in  son-Pascal.  2324 

Punished  for  crime  of  son.  3741 
Remorse  of  cruel  f  .-Clotaire.  1361 
Sacrifices  of  f.  for  son.  4613 

Self-sacrificing-Poverty.  1777 

Sin  against  f.  expiated.  1662 

vs.  Son  in  battle-William  I.  1064 
Trials  of  f .  by  son.  6214 

' "  cruelty.  1348 

Unhappy  f.  of  quarrelling  sons.  239 
See  PARENT  in  loc. 

FATHERHOOD. 

Experience  of  f.-Agesllaus.  *2108 
Suppressed-S.  Rebellion.  *2109 

FATHER-IN-IiAW. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Disregarded,  cause  for  divorce.  2642 
Hasty  f.-Hugh,  f.  of  Alberic.        507 

FATIGUE. 

Cross-reference. 
Insensible  to  f.-Mary  Stuart.      6100 

See  WEARINESS, 
of  Pleasure  seeking-Chas  II.      4206 

FAUIiTS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Friends  seen  quickly.  2231 

Kindness  conceals  f.-Hervey.  2465 

Overlooked  in  Burnet.  2798 

"          "  friends.  2230 

See  ACCUSATION. 

by  Deception-Max  imus  Fabius.  701 

Malicious  a.-C.  Wesley-V.  702 

"         "  -Alexander.  1048 

a  Pretext-Plundering  the  Jews.  710 

"      for  violence-R.  in.  242 

See  BLAME. 

Assumed-Epaminondas.  2855 

"        -Generously-Lee.  3380 

DIsowned-Church  vs.  King.  3617 

Endurance  of  b.-Washington.  2342 

See  BLOT. 

Shameful  b.,  William  Penn's.  ♦eOT 

of  the  Times-Caesar's.  ♦608 

See  CENSOR. 

Oflaciar  c.-Roman.  *746 

"       "        "  ^747 
See  CENSURE. 

Resented-Dionysius.  *748 

Unmoved  by  c.-Jaokson.  ^749 


Changed  to  praise-Thebans.  2855 
oftheDeadrefused-Bolingbr'ke.777 

vs.  Insult-Lincoln.  534 

Unmerited  c.-Mary  P.  of  O.  988 

See  COMPLAINTS. 

Characteristic  c.-Palmerston.  1311 

Croaker's  c.-Bad  times.  1315 


844 


FAVOR— FEAR. 


Disreffarded-Romans.  3143 

Ill-tempered  c.-Johnson.  1593 

Inconsiderate  c.-Pericles.  1769 

Perilous  c.  of  captives-Indians.  565 
Permission  of  c.  denied.  1261 

Useless  c.  against  his  mother-A.114 

See  CRITIC, 
at  Church-G.  S.  Germain.  *1304 

See  CROAKING, 
of  Degeneracy-Eng.  Puritans.  *1315 
Habit  of  c.  about  tlie  weather.  *1316 

See  DEFECTS. 
Covered,  Personal-Pericles.      *1497 

Forgotten,  Deformity  of  face.    1506 
Sensitive  to  d.  5104 

See  PESSI-HISTS. 
Error  of  p.  -Evils  are  old.  126 

National  p.-English  bankruptcy.451 

See  REPRIMAND. 
Fictitious  r.-Lafayette.  *4774 

of  Kindness-Johnson.  *4775 

See  REPROOF. 
Meekness  in  r.-Dr.  Taylor.       *4779 
Undeserved-Dr.  Arnold.  *4780 

Undisturbed  by  r.-G.  Wash.     *4781 

Death  by  r.-Tetzel's.  1888 

Desired-Good  Emp.  Julian.  5296 

Sagacious  r.- Wife's.  4881 

See  ERROR  in  loo. 

FAVOR. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Flattery  for  f. -Voltaire.  2825 

Ingenious  request  of  f.  4663 

Rejected-Responsibility.  1258 

Seductive  f.-Golden  rose.  2161 

FAVORITISOT. 

Scandalous  f.  of  Chas.  II.  ^2110 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
OflSce  by  f.-Buckingham.  3871 

Royal  f.-Geo.  Villiers-James  I.  494 
Success  by  f.-Charies  II.  4487 

See  PARTIALITY. 
Application  of  law.  3146 

Evinced  by  James  II.  4009 

to  Friends,  Judge's  p.  3069 

of  Public  opInion-Sackvllle.  3043 
in  Punishment-Romans.  4574 

Religious  p.-Royal  proselyte-C.  839 
Resented-Speaker  Polk's  p.  1257 
Ruler's  p.  for  friends.  3070 

FAVORS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Independent  of  f. -Diogenes.      3415 
Rejected-Tyrants-Sylla.  3820 

Solicited,  To  be-Alexander.  4796 
Transient  effect  of  f.-Anne.       1030 

See  PATRON. 
Abandoned  shamefully.  1485 

Dependence  on  p.  1004 

Helpful  to  young  Luther.  1811 

Noble  p.-Isabella-Columbus.     4182 

See  PATRONAGE. 
Age  of  p.-Anglo-Saxon.  *4080 

Division  of  p.-James  II.  *4081 

Governmental  p.-Am.  Col's.  *4082 
Ill-timed  p.  of  Chesterfield.  *4083 
Immense  p.-U.  S.  Centennial.  *4084 
Partiality  in  p .  -James  II.  *4085 

Proselytes  by  political  p.  3388 


FEAR. 

Conquered  by  faith. 
Contagious  f. -Roman  army, 
and  Courage- Version  of. 
Government  by  f. -English. 
"  "  -School. 
Overcome-Joan  of  Arc. 
Panic  of  f.-Cassar-Rubicon. 
of  Retribution-Politicians. 
Shameless  f.-Duke  of  M. 
Stranger  to  f. -Cherokee  Ind. 


♦2111 
*2112 
*2113 
*2114 
*2115 
*2ll6 
*2117 
*2118 
*2119 
*2120 


Miscellaneous  cross-references 
Alliance  of  f. 
Appeal  to  f.-Columbus. 
of  Assassins-Cromwell's. 
Conspicuous  by  f.-Honorius. 
Counteracted  by  f. 
of  Darkness-London. 
"  Death,  Oppressive. 


Death  without  f. -Scaffold. 
Discarded  amid  perils. 
Faith  conquers  f. 
of  Ghosts  in  Siam. 
"  God,  Painful  f.-Cromwell. 
"  Goodness-Henry  III. 
Government  by  f.-Army. 

"    '"-Despotisms. 
"  "   "  -Cromwell's. 

Ignorance  begets  f. 
from  Ignorance-"  Be  Negroes. 
of  Insanity-Samuel  Johnson. 
"  Lightning- Wash's  mother. 
Natural  to  all  men. 
Panic  of  f. -English  nation. 
Religion  of  f. -Druids. 

"       stimulated  by  f. 
Reverential  f .  of  Mohammedan 
Superior  to  f.-William  IIL 
Sappresf«ion  of  f.  necessary. 

See  ALARM. 
Needless-Pertinax  made  Emp. 
Religious  a.  of  Luther. 


1542 
5445 
366 
1867 
6767 
1394 
1423 
1450 
8342 
1402 
2111 
2355 
1841 
2397 
1619 
2455 
2459 
5459 
"954 
2880 
3300 
2828 
3982 
6162 
4938 
iS.876 
5082 
5745 

*165 
*166 


of  Conscience-Ben j.  Abbott.  1109 
Messenger  of  a.-Paul  Revere.  5881 
Nations  in  a.  of  Napoleon.  4199 
Quieted  by  Scripture.  1087 

Religionpromoted  by  a.«Luther.5861 
Superstitious  a.-Europeans.  5439 
Unexpected-Rome-Geese.  1961 

by  Vision-Brutus.  5846 

See  DANGER. 
Contempt  for  d.-Wm.  the  Red  *1390 
Needless-Nelson's  medals.       *1391 
Unconsciousness  of  d.-Chas  I.  ♦1392 


Avoided-Shame  of  General.  1269 
Courting  d.-Napoleon.  647 

Cross  protects  from  d.-Lab"r'm.  1318 
Defiant  of  d-Wm.  IL -Kings,  etc.649 
Disregarded  in  amusement.  3520 
Enthusiasm  amid  d.  1247 

Fear  of  d.  overcome  by  love.  115 
Indifferent  to  d.-Wellington.  3030 
Insensibility  to  d. -Charles  XIL  1240 
Magnified  by  fear-Army.  2112 

Needless  exposure  to  d.  5082 

Overcome  by  union.  1274 

Patriotism  aroused  by  d.-Eng.  4060 


Protection  from  d.-Columbus.  1853 
Providence  protects  Wash.  3274 
Undeterred  by  d. -Luther  to  W.  1241 
Unintimidated  by  d.-Socrates.  700 
Unity,  Brings-Sects.  426^ 

Warning  of  d.-Rlchard  I.  594r 

See  DESPAIR. 
of  the  Defeated-Am.  Rev.         *1541 
Determination  of  d.-Aurellan.  *1542 


Appeal  of  d.  rejected. 
Confidence  succeeds  d.-Col. 
Courage  of  d.-Gladiators. 
Spiritual  d.-Seeker. 
Suicide  in  d. 

"       of  persecuted  Jews. 
"       suggested  In  d. 
Weakness  of  d.-Chinese. 

See  DESPONDENCY, 
by  Difficulties  relieved. 

See  FRIGHT. 
Death  by  f. -Child  In  court. 

See  INTIMIDATION. 
Successful  1.  by  Capt.  J.  Smith, 


2015- 
1880 
1235 
119a 
1438 
4122: 
5423 
14ia 

3846. 

80» 

♦2961 


Art  of  i.  in  war.  162* 

Attempted  i.  of  clergy-J.  II.        877 
Consent  by  i.-Caracalla.  112$ 

Cry  for  i.-"  Rebel  yell."  789 

by  Dead  man-Napoleon.  283» 

"      "         "  -Noureddin.  284(V 

Election  by  1.  of  Charles  XII.       144 
by  Example  of  Caesar-Aug.        3891 
Failure  of  i.-  Prince  of  Wales.     1237 
"        "  "  -Mortifying.  3548' 

of  Government  by  Cromwell.       410 
by  Imaginary  angels.  175 

Message  of  i.-Attila  to  Romans.  321 
by  Punishment-Rebels.  4630 

Reaction  of  i.-James  II.  315 

Remembrance  of  i. -Turks.  3770 
of  Ruler-Tory  Gov.  of  N.  Y.  4077 
Success  byl.-Capt.  Wadsworth. 395ft 
"  "  "  -Gefteral  Jackson.  3773 
by  Violence-Bismarck.  335* 

See  TERROR. 
VS.  Happiness-Damocles.  *5572 

Reign  of  t.-France.  *557a 


of  Assassins-Emp.  Augustus. 

3891 

"  Conscience-Constans. 

llOS 

-Benj.  Abbott. 

1109 

"          "         -Nero. 

1110 

"          "         -Theodoric. 

1115- 

by  Earthquake-London. 

108r 

Government  by  t.-Henry  VIII 

1345. 

Needless  t.  of  superstition. 

3908 

by  Storm-London. 

5345 

See  TIMIDITY. 

In  Government-Constantine. 

*5621 

in  Business-James  Watt.  689 

Childish  t.-Persecuted-Cowper.  797 
Embarrassed  by  t.-M'Kendree.  2023 
Excuse  of  t.-Blackmail.  2008 

Indecision  of  t.-Conspirators.  2778 
in  Literature-Cowper.  1307 

Loss  by  t.-Justiniani.  1238 

Overcome  by  t.  at  first.  2024 

"         "   earnestness.  2894 

Rebuked  by  example.  124.^ 


FEARLESSNESS— FINANCES. 


845 


Reproved-Demosthenes.  2021 

Tyrant's  t.-Dionysius.  4411 

See  COWARDICE,  FEARS  and 

SUPERSTITION  in  loc. 

FEARIiESSNESS. 
Astounding  f.  of  Komans.         *2121 
Boyish  f .  of  Benedict  Arnold.   *2122 


Cross-reference. 

Official  f.  of  President  Jackson.  749 

See  COURAGE  in  loc. 

FEARS. 

Imaginary  f.-Battle  in  the  rear.*2123 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Disdained-Assassination.  1406 

Eflfeminate  f.-D'Argens.  2237 

Groundless  f.-Coal  mines.  1131 

Ignorance  produces  f .  Compass.2849 

Needless  f.-Suez  Canal-Drown.2713 

"        " -Columbus' oppo's.   2712 

"        "-Invention-Sew.-m.  2765 

See  FEAR  in  loc. 


FEAST. 

Intellectual  f .  of  Mahomet. 


*2124 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ale-feast  of  old  England.  1740 

Banquet  of  death.  1404 

"       "       "     -Indians.         1423 
Deception  in  display.  3768 

Drunkenness  usual.  2922 

2923 
Extravagant  f.-Roman.  3371 

of  Fools  and  asses-C.-I.-P.  850 

Humiliation  at  a  f  .-Goldsmith.  2664 
Painful  thoughts  at  a  f.  2645 

Wedding  f.-Grandsons  of  T.        741 

See  BANQUET. 
Extravagant  b.-Court  of  R.       *452 

Prevented  by  death-Mrs.  J.         105 

See  CAROUSAL. 
Fatal  to  Alexander  the  Great.   2931 

See  FESTIVAL. 

Coronation  f.  of  Edward  I.       *2127 

See  EATING  in  loc. 

FEE. 

Extortionate  f.  of  jailers-P.     *2125 

See  WAGES  in  loc. 

FEEIilNGS. 

Cross-reference. 
Suppressed  for  duty.  2116 

See  INSENSIBILITY. 
Professional  i.-Sui  gery.  193 

to  Suffering  of  others.  2079 

See  OBDURACY. 

Criminal  o.-Earl  of  Ferrers.       2539 

Immovable  o.  of  James  II.         2536 

See  CRUELTY,  EMOTIONS  and 

PASSIONS  in  loc. 

FEIiIi01¥SHIP. 

Cross-references. 

In  Misfortune-Napoleon  I.  3630 

"  Suffering-Napoleon  I.  5707 

See  ASSOCIATION  and  FRIEND 

in  toe. 

See  FEMALES. 

Imitation  of  f. -Theseus.  *2126 

See  WOMAN  in  loo. 


FEKTIIilTY. 

Cross-reference. 

Commended-''  Many  crabs."     3593 

See  AGRICULTURE  in  loc. 

FESTIVAIi. 

Coronation  f.  of  Edward  I.       *2127 
See  FEAST  m  Ion. 

FICKIiENESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Affection-Countess  of  C.         109 

"        -Davi  1  Crockett.     3438 

Characteristic  f.-Queen  C.  3928 

Lover's  f.-Robert  Burns.  3354 

See  VACILLATION. 
Political  V.-"  Bobbing  John."      759 

FICTION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Ecclesiastical  f.-Bishop.  1914 

Historical  f.-Ancient  Britons.   2573 

"        "-Pocahontas.  2574 

5097 

"         "  -I.  Newton.  2575 

vs.  Truth-Tames  II.  5723 

See  ALLEGORIST. 
Best  a.-Bunyan.  *168 

,     See  ALLEGORY. 
Animals  representing  religions.  231 
Bible  misused  in  a.  5118 

Sec  NOVELS. 
Contempt  for  n.-Napoleon  I.    *3826 
Reading  n.-Excitement.  *3827 

FIDELITY. 

Tested-Crown  rejected.  ♦2128 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Animal-Soldier's  dog._ 
Confidence  in  f.-Frederick. 
Humble  f.-Pompey's  slave. 
Oath  of  f.  to  Mahomet. 

"      "" -Roman  soldier. 
Political  f.  ill-rewarded. 
Remarkable-Slaves. 
Rewarded  with  treachery, 
of  Slaves  of  Cornutus. 
to  Truth  rewarded. 
Unfailing  f. -Napoleon's  grave. 

See  FAITHFULNESS. 
Rewarded  by  the  people. 


3578 
1247 
2253 
3835 
3838 
2854 
5199 
2850 
5351 
2040 
2239 

♦2040 


Discouraged  by  government.  1605 

Rewarded-"  It  is  thine  own."  4879 

See  INTEGRITY. 

Recognized-Samuel  Adams.  676 

Reputation  for  i.-Aristides.  4788 

"           "  "-Cato.  4793 

"  "-Lincoln.  4792 

See  LOYALTY  m  loc. 

FIGHTING. 

in  Death-Persians.  *2129 

Desperate  f. -Three  out  of  600.*2130 
and  Praying- Admiral  Blake.    *2131 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Boys  f.  at  school-I.  Newton.       179 
Ineffective  f.  at  "  Island  No.l0."'483 

See  CONFLICT. 
Bootless  c.-Bunker  Hill.  ♦1060 

Land  of  c.-Kentucky.  *1061 

Rule  of  c.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  ^1062 


Self-susfaining  c.-Spoils.  *1063 

Unnatural  c.-Wm.  I.  the  N.      *1064 
Unprepared  for  c.-Qreeks.       *1065 


Inglorious  c.-Commodus.  6823 

Sentimental  c.-Earth  and  sea.    970 

Sham  c.-Battle  of  Brenneville.    461 

the  Spiritual  vs.  Animal-Man.   4690 

Unequal  c.-Pizarro- Assassins.   1068 

*'       personal  c.  4838 

See  CONTEST  and  WAR 

in  loc. 

FIIiTH. 

and  Disease-England.  ♦2123 

Equality  in  f. -Daniel  Webster.  ♦2ia^ 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Beard,  Populous-Julian.  2501 

Garbage  or  Park.  3828 

Homes  of  f.-English.  2599 

Religion  of  f. -Austere  monks.  402 

Stench  by  f. -Scotch.  3868 

Streets  of  f.-England.  5355 

FINANCE. 

Delusions  in  f.-John  Law.  ^2134 
Fraudulent  f.-Rome,  year  544.*2135 
Patriotism  in  f.-Wm.  P.  of  O.  ^2136 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Adventurer  in  f.-John  Law.      3665 
Coercive  f.  of  James  II.  3682 

Desperation  in  f. -France.  3673 

Patriotism  and  f.-Am.  Rev.        4053 
Prejudice  in  f. -National  Bank.  4400 

FINANCES. 

Unsoundness  in-Restoration.   *2137 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Controlled  by  gambler-Law.  3665 

Deficiency  in  f  -Treasury.  2994 

Exigency  in  f. -Sales.  3681 

Inflation  of  f. -Louis  XIV.  620 

Panic  by  contraction  of  f.  3979 

"      "  deranged  f.  3981 

"      "  distrust  of  f.-England.3984 

"      "        "         "  "-U.  8.  3980 

Uncertain  basis-Gifts.  3206 

See  CAPITAL. 

Conservative  c. -Cicero.  ^709 

a  Crime-Jews.  *710 

Spiritual  c.-Indulgences.  ^711 


vs.  Labor-English  weavers. 
See  CAPITALISTS. 
Extortionate  c.-Jews. 
Nation  of  c.-Jews. 

See  EXPENSE. 
Division  by  e.-13  States. 


3098 


♦718 
♦713 


♦1987 


Inconsiderate  of  e.-Goldsmith.  2263 

See  INVESTMENT. 
Timely  i.-Manhattan  Island.    ^2997 

See  REVENUE. 
Ancient  Roman  r.  ^4864 

from  Injustice.-Turks  r.  ♦4865 

Mismanaged-Am.  Colonies. 


from  Drink,  State  r.  2946 

See  BUSINESS  and  MONKT 

in  loc. 


846 


FINANCIER— FOLLY. 


FINANCIER. 

Inconsiderate  f.-O.  Goldsmith.  2263 
Self -ruinous  f  .-Charles  I.  3662 

Successful  f. -Hamilton.  1461 

FINE. 

Nullified  by  Eliot.  *2138 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Llmited-Magna  Charta.  3232 

Self-imposed  f.-Emp.  Julian.     3141 

See  CONFISCATION. 
Avaricious  c.-Emp.  Maximin.  *1049 
Religious  c.-A.d'Albuquerque.*1050 


of  Property  of  cowards-Rom.   1275 
FIRE. 

Ancient  f  .-Religion  of  Pers'ns. 
Calamity  by  f  .-Rome. 


Destruction  by  f  .-G.-L.  XIV. 
Destructive  f. -Greek  fire. 
Helpful  f.-London  rebuilt. 
Holy  f .-Altar  of  Jupiter. 
Ignorance  of  f.-Pacifio  I. 


*2139 
♦2140 
*2141 
*2142 
*2143 
*2144 
*2145 
*2146 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Escape  from  f. -Wesley  family.    119 
Fatal  f .  by  amusement.  3512 

Fearless  of  f.-Boy  martyr.         4130 
Fighting  with  f  .-Archimedes.      343 
Fortitude  in  f.-Bp.  Cranmer.      1233 
"  "-Suffering.  2204 

by  Incendiaries-Rome.  1058 

Information  by  signal  f.  4089 

Preservation  by  Greek  f .  2982 

Sacred  f. -Virgin's  taper.  1282 

"     "  extinguished.  1428 

Survival  of  f.-Ch.  of  St.  Sophia.  865 
Trial  by  f.-Romans.  5704 

Unquenchable  f. -Engines  gone.  1056 

See  ARSON. 
Destruction  by  a.-Chosroes.      *324 


Suspected  of  a.-Nero.  1287 
See  CONFLAGRATION. 

Defensive  c.-Columbia,  S.  C.  *1051 

Destructive  c.-Boston.  *1052 

"          "-Chicago.  *1053 

"         "  -London.  *1054 

"         "  -Moscow.  *1055 

"          "         "  *1056 

"  -New  York.  *1057 

"         "  -Rome.  *1058 

In  War-Cartbage.  *1059 


a  Blessing-Health  of  L.  3451 

Destructive  c.  of  London.  694 
Patriotic  c.-B.  of  Jamestown.   4043 

Utilized  in  war.-Paul  Jones.  645 
"       by  avarice-M.  Crassus.  683 
See  CREMATION. 

Kindness  in  c.-Pompey's.  2253 

Opposed-Bodies  preserved.  2252 

Popular  c.  of  Caesar's  body.  2251 

See  INCENDIARY. 

Punished  by  fiames-Romans.  *2772 

FIRMNESS. 

Call  to  f .  by  William  III.  *2147 

Effect  of  f.-Alex.  Severus.  *2148 


See  PERSISTENCE. 
Underrated-Columbus.  *4155 

See  DETERMINATION,  FORTI- 
TUDE and  PERSEVER- 
ANCE in  loc. 

FISH. 

Extravagant  price-Wa8hington.2013 
Remarkable-Legend.  3545 

Terrifying  f.-Conscienoe.  1115 

FISHING. 

Fraud  In  f  .-Antony.  *2149 

FliAG. 

Despised-U.S.,  year  1812.  *2150 

Devotion  to  f  .-Serg'nt  Jasper.  *2151 


Cross-reference. 

Dangerous  display  of  f.  753 

See  BANNER  in  loc. 

Fli  A^TTERT. 

Arful  f.-Captive  Zenobia.  *2152 

False  f.  of  Henry  VIII.  *2153 

Fulsome  f .  of  James  I.  *2154 

Irritating  f.  of  Fred,  the  G.  *2155 

Resented  by  Alexander.  *2156 

Rewarded,  Excessive  f.  *2157 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Deception  by  f.-Rochester.        1471 
Develops  servitude-Romans.       305 
Embarrassment  by  f.-Caesar.     2657 
for  Favor- Voltaire.  2825 

Fulsome  f.  of  Charles  I.  60 

Wealth  by  f.-Legacies.  5971 

of  Woman's  beauty-Elizabeth.  2684 

Sfee  ADULATION. 
Official  a.  of  Chas.  I.  by  Finch.    *60 
Rebuked  of  James  I.-s.  m.  *61 

Ridiculous  a.  of  H.  Vlll.-r.  b.  g.  *62 


for  Money-Dedication  of  books.498 
See  COMPLIMENT  and  PRAISE 

in  loc. 

FliEET. 

Immense-Powerless-H'raoran*2158 

See  SHIPS  in  loo. 

FI^IGHT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Cowardly  f.-Heraclian.  2158 

Famous  for  f. -Maximin.  2060 

for  Safety-Roman  panic.  2117 

See  ABANDONMENT  in  loc. 

FLIRTATION. 

Cross-reference. 
Dangerous  f.with  Caesar's  wife.1652 

FliOGGING. 

Comfort  under  f .-Christian.     *2159 
Excessive  f.-Titus  Gates.  ♦2160 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Brutality  in  f..  Jeffreys'.  2862 

Common-Servants-Ch.-Wives.  2860 
Triple  f.-Real  and  false.  2754 

See  CHASTISEMENT  in  loc. 

FLOUR. 

Cross-reference. 
Honesty  in  manufacture  of  f.    2611 


FIi01¥ERS. 

in  Blood- War  of  Roses.  *2162 

Influence  of  f.-Wordsworth.    *2163 
Mysterious  f.-Golden  rose-P.  *2161 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bloody  f.-War  of  the  Roses.      5930 
Language  in  f .-"  Cutting  p'ppies,"4? 
Mania  for  tulips.  2466' 

FOE. 

or  Friend-Agesilaus.  2221 

Friend  changed  to  f  .-H.  VIII.    2033 

FOGYISIW. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Judicial  f.-Learning  needless.  *2164 
an  Obstacle-Manufacturers.     *2165 
Unveiled-No  Golden  Age.         *216& 

See  CONSERVATISM  in  loc. 

FOLIiOT^ER. 

Inferior  f.  of  greater  men.       *2167 

See  DISCIPLESHIP. 
Honor  of  d.-Constantine.         *1611 

FOLLY. 

Delight  in  f.-Diogenes.  *2168 

Incurable  f.  of  James  II.  *2169 

Learned  f.-Disputations.  *2170 

Rebuked  by  Joan  of  Arc.  *8171 

Religious  f.  of  Egyptians.  *2172 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Age-Fountain  of  youth.         6196 
Alchemist's  f.-Sir  I.  Newton.      814 
of  Anger-John  Milton.  1167 

"        "    -John  Adams.  4234 

in  Benevolence  -"  Jenny's  w."  552 
City  built  in  memory  of  a  dog.  235 
Consummation  of  f.-Diogenes.  3249 
of  Court  etiquette-Edward  IV.  1925 
Crusaders  following  a  goose.  237 
Educated-"  Wisest  fool."  2154 

of  Extravagance.  3871 

Honoring  geese  by  Romans.  234 
Official  f.-Sir  H.  Walker.  2025 

in  Old  Age-Lovers.  2684 

Opposition  to  progress-Lights.  3932 
Overruled-King  John.  4553 

Presumptuous  f  .-Legate.  930 

of  Pride-Sapor-Presence-Awe.  441 
Rebuked- William  III.  1380 

"       by  Joan  of  Arc.  1559 

Religious  f. -Pillar  saints.  4706 

by  Self-conceit-Xerxes.  1026 

1028 

Self-injury,  Folly  of.  2797 

Shameful  f.-Byron's  mother.     3722 

Superstitious  f.-"King's  Evil."  1379 

"-Mahomet's  t.     1378 

with  Wisdom-Aristotle.  2020 

Wise  f .-"  Fulton's  Folly."  2306 

of  Youth-Edgar  Allan  Poe.       6195 

See  DUPES. 

Day  of  d. -France.  1474 

Undeceived-Ruined.  2214 

See  FOOLS. 

Teach  wise  men  by  example.  6020 

See  IMBECILITY. 

Intemperance  produces  1.  2916 

Official  i.-Invasion  of  Canada.  2025 

Ridicule  of  natural  i.  1566 


FOOD— FORETHOUGHT. 


847 


See  INDISCRETION. 
Destructive  l.-Passion  of  V.     *2797 
Pre-eminent  i.  of  Bp.  Burnet.  *2798 

See  NONSENSE. 
against  Nonsense.  *3825 


Preferred  to  wisdom.  2166 

Unperceived-Slielley'sburrsque.419 

See  STUPIDITY. 
Hopeless  s.  of  James  II.  *5376 


Improvident  s.-Gold- seekers.  2807 

Insult  of  s.-James  II.  2903 

Mistake  of  s.-Bag  vs.  Pearls.  2723 

Official  s.-Newcastle.  2716 

"     '•  "  2717 

"     "-Traitor- Arnold.  1553 

Traveller's  s.-Crusaders.  2724 


FOOD. 

Abominable-Horse-  flesh. 
Animal-King  of  Huns. 
Changes  in  f  .-England. 
Chosen  f.  of  Palmerston. 
Dangerous-Poison  f.-Yuca. 
Extravagance  in  f.-S.  birds. 
Figure  by  f.-Spartans. 
Mind  affected  by  f. -Mahomet. 
Poor  f. -England. 
Public-Spartan  tables. 
Regard  for  f.-S.  Johnson. 
Suspicious-"  Watering-place." 
Variety  in  f.-Invention. 
Wonder  in  f. -London. 


*2173 
*2174 
*2175 
•2176 
♦2177 
♦2178 
*2179 
*2180 
*2181 
•2182 
•2183 
♦2184 
♦2185 
•2186 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Animal  f.  rejected-Phirsoph'rs.4709 
Aversion  to  salt  pork-W.  I.  626 

Cannibals  by  necessity,  706 

Caste  in  f .  resented.  724 

Communism  in  f.-Savages.  2649 
Dangerous  f.- Soldiers.  433 

Degrading  f.  of  Irish  kings.  719 
Division  by  f.-Scots.  1913 

Extravagant  f  .-Tea.  2010 

"  "  rebuked.  2013 

"  "-1,000  cooks-C.    3903 

Fierceness  by  flesh  diet.  2174 

First  question-French  Rev.  658 
Inequality  in  f.-Mind.  4606 

Intemperance  in  f .  2926 

Mistake-Camphor  vs.  Salt.  3591 
Neglected  in  study-Newton.  3794 
Offensive  manners  with  f.  3421 

Orders  for  f.,  Unexpected.  2759 
Pleasure  in  f.  rejected-Pascal.  4681 

•'        •'  "-Dyspeptics'.  5424 

of  the  Poor-Ireland.  1510 

Prayer  brings  f  .-Mtiller.  2035 

Present  of  f.  rewarded.  4431 

"       "  "-Ada  to  Alexander.  5876 
Public  provision-Romans.  657 

Rebellion  against  f.-Army.  1963 
Reward  of  usefulness  2893 

Strange  theory  of  f.-Artist.  6015 
Unappreciated-Discovery  of  f.  1636 
Unsubstantial  f.-Perfume.         5779 

See  BREAD. 
Public  provision  of  b.-Romans.*657 
Question  of  b.-Mob  of  Paris.     *658 

See  COOK. 
Taxations  of  Antony's  c.  265 


See  DIET. 
Simplicity  ind.-John  Howard.*1576 


Frugal  d.,  Soldiers'-Emp.  Caru8.447 
Importance  of  plain  d.-Youth.  6212 
Life  prolonged  by  d.  2176 

an  Obstacle- Young  Irving.        2734 

See  FEAST. 
Ale-feast  of  old  England.  1740 

Banquet  of  death.  1404 

"        "     "     -Indians.         1425 
Deception  in  display.  3768 

Drunkenness  usual.  2922 

2923 
Extravagant-Roman.  3371 

of  Fools  and  asses-C.-I.-F.  850 

Humiliation  at  f.-O.  Goldsmith. 266 4 
Painful  thoughts  at  f.  2645 

Wedding  f.-Grandsons  of  T.        741 

See  FRUIT. 

Costly  f  .-Russian  Court  supper.  452 

Small  f.  commended  much.       3593 

Suggestive-Apple-Newton.        6185 

See  EATING,   EXTRAVAGANCE, 

FAST,  FAMINE  and  LUXURY 

in  loc. 

FOOIiS. 

Cross-reference. 

Teach  wise  men  by  example.     6020 

See  FOLLY  in  loc. 

FORCE. 

Distinguished  by  f  .-"H'mm'r."*2187 
Fictitious  f.-Mary  Queen  of  S.*2188 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
VS.  Conscience-Subjugation.      2964 
Divinity  in  f.-Themistocles.       2387 
vs.  Perseverance-Illustration.  4149 

See  ENERGY. 
Compllmented-Napoleon  I.      *1890 
Expression  of  e.-Gen.  Grant.    *1891 
Individual  e.-Rienzi.  *1892 

Military  e.-Emperor  Trajan.  *1893 
of  Patriotism- Israel  Putnam.  *1894 
Success  by  e.-Caidinal  Wolsey.*1895 
Surpassing  e.  of  Mahomet  II.  *1896 


by  Climate-Hungarians.  952 

in  Disaster-Romans.  1609 

Expressed  by  Caesar.  1033 

Lack  of  e.  brings  disaster.  2025 
Personal  e.-Chas.  the  Hammer.  2187 

See  POWER. 

Authority  by  p.-Charles  H.  ^4362 

Balance  of  p.-Origin.  *4363 

"       "  "-Europe.  *4364 

Boast  of  p.-Pompey.  ^4365 

Humbled-Roman.  *4366 

Personal  p.-Napoleon.  *4367 
♦4368 

Threat  of  p.,  Agrippina's.  *4369 

Use  of  p.  for  freedom.  *4370 

beyond  Capacity-Geo.  III.  2879 

by  Combination-the  Poor.  1688 

Dangerous  to  liberty.  3819 

by  Good  and  evil  mixed.  3015 

Love  of  p.  by  Irene.  180 

Might  makes  right-Wm.  III.  4903 

"         "          "    -Cromwell.  4904 

"        "          "    -Earls.  4902 


Monarch  of  the  world- Timour.  195 

Moral  p.  in  conscience.  1109 

Official  p.-Roman  Censor.  74G 

Personal  p.  of  Bothwell.  1171 

"-Cromwell-Moral.  1322 

Resigned-General  Bolivar.  4044 

in  Rldicule-Publlc.  4895 

"       "       -Reformation.  4897 

"        "       -Revolution.  4898 

"  Wealth-Philip.  4886 

See  STRENGTH. 

Consciousness  of  s.-Alex.  *5356 

Physical  s.-Peter  Jefferson.  *535a 

"        "-Washington.  *5359 

by  Piety-Cromwell.  *5357 

See  VIOLENCE. 

Error  of  v.-Christlans.  *5884 


Argumentative  v.  from  w'kness.299 
Paternal  v. -Frederick  II.  338» 

Reaction  of  v.-Becket-H.  II.      6145 
Savage  v.  of  Fred.  Wm.  1672 

for  Violence-Agrlpplna.  2072 

See  COERCION  in  loc. 

FOREIGNER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Generous-James  Smithson.       1812 
Insulting  Government-Genet.  2429 
Odious-Concini  2526 

Prejudice  against  f.-Columbus.2055 
in  reports  of  f.  2573 

FOREIGN  ERS. 
Antipathy  to  f. -Egyptians.       *2189 
Dishonored-Athens.  *2190 

Feared  at  Sparta.  *2191 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Government  depending  on  f.  3658 

Hated-Aboriginal  Irish.  727 

Hatred  of  English  in  Ireland.  3151 

Intermarriage  saves  state.  304 
Language  of  f..  Contempt  for.   3131 

Legislation  against  f.-U.  S.  167 

Marriage  with  f.  opposed.  349& 

Prejudice  against  f.  240 

Services-Fame  of  state.  89a 

See  ALIENS. 

Expulsion  of  a.-U.  S.  *167 

Cross-reference, 

Rule  of  a. -Rome.  1208; 

See  EMIGRANTS. 

City  of  e.-New  York.  *186a 

Dangerous  e.-Criminals.  *1864 


Army  of  e.-Goths.  1866' 

Corruption  by  e.-National.  2191 

Dangerous  e.-Va.  Colony.  4666 
Inconsiderate  e.-Mass.  Colony.  2002 

Trials  of  e.-Plymouth  Colony.  2081 

See  NATURALIZATION. 

of  Citizens-Roman.  892 

FORESTS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Charm  of  the  f.-Home.  388& 

Life  in  the  f. -Audubon.  310& 

Protection  of  f  .-Manufacturers.216& 

See  TREES  in  loc. 

FORETHOUGHT. 

Cross-reference. 

Impulse  more  reliable.  276f 

See  PREPARATION  in  loo. 


848 


FORGERY— FRAUD. 


FORiGERY. 

Confessed-Deed.  *2]92 

Convenient  f. -Emperor  C.  *2193 
Delusive  f.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange. *2194 
Perilous  f.-French  ofBcer.        *2195 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Hands  cut  off  for  Egypt.  3160 

Xilfe  saved  by  f.  5713 

Preservation  by  f.-Assassln.      1542 
Shameful  f.-Antony.  12S7 

FORGETF  UliNESS. 

Desired-Themistocles.  *2196 


411 


Cross-reference. 
Parental  f.  of  son-Howard, 
See  ABSTRACTION. 
Art  of  a.-"  Waistcoat  button."   *19 
Blunders  by  a. -Newton.  *20 

Dangerous  a.-Archimedes.  *21 


Absence  of  mind-0.  Goldsmith.  609 
Aroused  from  a.-Johnson.  2310 
Philosopher's  a.-Archimedes.  1905 
Youthful  a.  by  study-Newton.  2100 
"         study  of  Pascal.  2824 

See  HEEDLESSNESS. 
JLoss  by  h.-O.  Goldsmith's.       ♦2546 


Alarming  h. -Political. 

See  MEMORY  in  loc. 

FORGIVENESS. 

Christian  f.-the  Turk, 
for  the  Dead-Napoleon  I. 
■Generous  f.-John  Wesley. 

"         "-Louis  XII. 
Impossible  to  mankind. 
Prospective  f.-Frederick  Wm. 


3786 


*2197 
*2198 
*2199 
*2200 
*2201 
♦2202 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Assumed  by  Raleigh.  1139 

Confession  brings  f.  3819 

Despised  by  King  James  II.  2169 

"  Am.  Indians.  5928 

Ill-timed  f. -Duellists.  4595 

by  the  Injured  not  the  gov't.  4499 

of  Injuries-Matthew  Hale.  4852 

for  Money-Jeffreys.  3067 

by  Penance-Henry  II.  4104 

Political  f. -Napoleon.  4254 

Severe  condition  of  p.  1359 

of  Sin-Papal  power  of.  827 

"  by  Christ  alone.  4103 

Solicited-Peter  the  Great.  5091 

Undeserved-Murderers.  4826 

See  ABSOLUTION, 

m  Advance  by  Pope  Julius  II.  *Il 

Costly  a.  of  Palaeologus.  *12 
Desired  in  death  by  Charles  II.  *13 

Penance  for  pope's  a.  2889 

See  ATONEMENT. 

Belief  of  American  Indians.  5158 

of  Vengeance-Am.  Indians.  4848 

See  PARDON. 
Declined-American  patriots.  *3994 

by  the  innocent.  +3995 

Hopeless  of  p.-James  II.  *3996 

Odious  by  considerations.  *3997 

Plea  for  p.-Napoleon  I.  *3998 

Purchase  of  p.  of  sins.  *3999 


without  Reformation.  *4000 

from  Sympathy-  A.  Lincoln.    +4001 

FOROTAIilTY. 

Cross-reference. 
Weakens  the  Church-Macaulay.  858 

FORSAKEN. 

Justly  f.-James  11.  ♦2203 

See  ABANDONMENT  in  loc. 

FORTITUDE. 

Esteem  for  f.-Mucius.  ^2204 

Puritanic  f  .-Hugh  Peters.         ^2205 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Amputation  of  own  arm.  1250 

Applauded-Indian  gauntlet.  2667 
Contest  in  f.-Am.  Indians.  2074 

in  Death-Execution-Rumbold.  1246 
Encouragement  to  f. -Mexicans.  714 
in  Flames-Bishop  Cranmer.  1233 
Invalid's  f.-Wm.  Prince  of  0.  1897 
Noble  f.  in  death-Muley  Moluc.2561 
in  Old  Age-Puritan.  1250 

by  Philosophy-Dionysius.  4166 

in  Tortures-American  Indians.  1426 
Training  in  f.-Spartans.  1817 

Unexpected  f. -Bishop  Cranmer.1249 
of  Women-Scotch  Martyrs.        4142 

See  ENDURANCE. 
German  e.-Am.  Rev.-Soldiers.^l883 

Trained  to  e.-Spartans.  1822 

See  COURAGE  and  MARTYR 

in  loc. 

FORTUNE. 

Change  of  f.-Columbus. 
Contrasts  in  f. -Alexander. 
Favors  of  f.-Cbarles  V. 
Forsaken  by  f.-Louis  XIV. 
Reversed-Duke  of  Exeter. 

"        -Nicetas. 
Reverses  of  f.-Banishment. 
Sensitiveness  of  f.-TImotheus, 


♦2206 
♦2207 
♦2208 
♦2209 
♦2210 
♦2211 
♦2212 

^2213 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Change  of  f -Countess  of  R.       2628 
"        "  "-Sudden-Claudius.  3876 
Good  f.  vs.  Merit.  5393 

in  Hands-Omar.  2507 

Irony  of  f.-CIan  of  Scott.  190 

Remarkable  good  f.  5407 

Reversal  of  f.  in  Sparta.  95 

Reversed-Titus  Gates.  6831 

Sudden  f.,  Joy  in.  4884 

Unsatisfying  to  Emp.  Severus.   206 

See  BEQUESTS, 
for  Spiritual  benefits.  ♦sai 

of  Wife-by  Athenians.  5995 

See  LEGACY, 
for  Churches-15th  century.  554 

of  Political  advice-Augustus.      100 

See  LEGACIES. 
Christian  1.  to  Church.  *3183 

Eagerness  for  l.-Romans.         ^3184 
Enriched  by  l.-Cicero.  ^3185 

See  INHERITANCE, 
of  Household  goods-England.  ^2858 

Inferior  i.-Riches  vs.  Spirit.      2908 

Transferred  by  religion.  2963 

See  CHANCE  and  WEALTH 

in  loc. 


FORTUNE-TEL,  I.INO. 

See  ASTROLOGY. 
Regard  for  a.-Roman  omens.    ♦38f 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Crime  proven  by  a.  1953 

Faith  in  a.-Charles  II.  5442 

See  AUGURY. 
Book  of  a.-Chinese.  ♦395 

Building  by  a.-City  of  Rome.     ♦396 

See  NECROMANCY. 
Proof  of  n.-"FamiIiar  spirit."  ♦3804 


Impostors  In  n.-Barbarians.       2261 

See  OMENS  in  loc. 

FOUNDI^INGS. 

Cross-reference. 
Protection  of  f.-Emp.  Paulus.     807 

FOUNTAIN. 

Cross-reference. 
Fabulous  f.  of  jouth.  6196 

FRANKNESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Brave  ministerial  f.  1243 

Noble  f. -Confession.  3819 

Straightforward  f.,  Luther's.     1098 

See  SINCERITY  in  loc. 

FR  ATER^  ITY. 

Cross-reference. 

Fictitious  f.-Louis  and  Crom.    2628 

See  BROTHERHOOD  in  loo. 

FRAUD. 

Gigantic  f.-S  tea  scheme.  ^2214 

Governmental  f.-Charles  II.  +2215 

Suspicions  of  f.-First  cable.  ^2216 

In  Trade-"Honest  Leather."  ^2217 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Alarming  f.-Forgery.  1542 

"  Departed  Spirit."  2353 

Fishermen's  f.-Antony.  2149 

Literary  f.-Shelley  and  Hogg.     419 

Living  by  f. -Beggars.  5763 

Religious  f. -Images.  1282 

"         "-Weeping  virgin.      3620 

"         "  -Grecian  oracle.       3946 

"         "-Holy  Lance.  4667 

"         "  -Relics,  4668 

4669 

4670 

"       "  4671 


467S 
4674 
467S 
4676 
3555 


SpirituaUstic  f  -"  Knock." 

See  COUNTERFEIT. 
Preserved  by  ac.-"Sacredb." 
Relics-Manufactured  by  an  A, 
Signature-Consul  Antony. 


♦1225 
♦1226 
♦1227 

2601 


Imposed  upon  Goldsmith. 

See  DECEIT. 
Temptation  to  d.,  Mahomet's.  ^1468 

Timely  d.-Persian  prince.  ^1469 

Lawyers  imprisoned  for  d.  3168 

vs.  Deceit-Harold  II.  3840 

In  Diplomacy-English.  1758 

"          "        -Napoleon.  3850 


FREEDOM— FRIENDSHIP. 


849 


See  DUPES. 
Day  of  d.-France. 
Undeceived-Ruined. 

See  SHAMS. 
Military  s.-Am.  Revolution. 


1474 
2S14 


*5126 


Ridiculed-Afifectation.  1506 

See  SWINDLER. 

Royal  8.-Henry  VI.  *5487 

"     •'       "      VIII.  *5488 

"     "-Richard  I.  *5489 
See  CORRUPTION  and  DECEP- 
TION in  loc. 

FRESDom;. 

Determination  for  f.-WaUace.  *2218 
of  Speech  in  Parliament.  ♦2219 


Miscellaneous  cross-references 
by  Assassination  in  Ireland. 
of  Conscience  in  Md. 
Gratitude  prompts  f. -Lincoln. 
Knowledge  brings  f . 
Nominal  f.  of  Romans. 
Origin  of  political  freedom. 
by  Protestantism-England. 
Public  spirit  by  f . 
Untimely  f.-Pirates. 

See  EMANCIPATION. 
Advocated  in  Mass.,  a.d.  1701.*1859 


367 

1166 

5860 

5735 

85 

142 

735 

4106 

4186 


Proclaimed  by  A.  Lincoln. 

See  INDEPENDENCE. 
American  i.-Samuel  Adams. 
Childish  i.,  Samnel  Johnson's. 
Declaration  of  l.-America. 

Defeated,  Canadian  i. 
Determined-Algernon  Sidney. 
Domestic  i.-Wash's  mother. 
Ministerial  i.-Methodist  Conf. 
Natural  i. -Young  Caesar. 
Necessary  i.-ArchBp.  Anselm. 
Proclaimed-American  i. 
Profitless-Samuel  Johnson. 


Better  than  wealth. 
Changed  to  conservatism. 
Declaration  of  i.,  First-N.  C. 
"  -Work  of  genius. 

Df  Fashion-Charming. 

*'  Governmental  restraints. 

*'  Gov't-N.  Carolina. 
Love  of  i.-Mother  of  Wash. 
Manly  i.-Somerset-James  II. 
Noble  i.-English  jury-Penn. 
OflQcial  1.  necessary- Wm.  III. 
Preferred  to  money-Pope. 
Proof  of  i.-"Make  me  come." 
Spirit  of  I.-Alex.  Murray. 
Unrestrained  by  law. 
without  Wealth-S.  Adams. 
See  LIBERTY  in  loc. 

FREE-IiOVERS. 

Cross-reference. 
Religious-Sensual-English. 
FREE  SPEECH. 

Cross-reference. 
Punished  severely-Floyd. 

FREE  TRADE. 

Cross-reference. 
Forbidden  to  colonies. 


3227 

*2T80 
*2781 
♦2782 
♦2783 
♦2784 
*2785 
*2786 
*2787 
*2788 
*2789 
*2790 
*2791 


3548 
1492 
2305 
2103 
2414 
2439 
6054 
3138 
3053 
3892 
3656 
3930 
3085 
1121 
3660 


3335 


4568 


980 


frie:nd. 

Chosen  f.,  Alexander's.  *2220 

or  Foe-Agesilaus.  *2221 

Obsequious  f.,  Caesar's.  *2222 

in  Sickness-Prince  of  Orange.  *2223 

Sordid  f..  Goldsmith's.  *2224 

Welcome  f. -Lafayette.  *2225 

Wounded  f.-"Stonewall  J."  *2286 


1428 
2915 
2033 
1864 
5495 
5408 
5420 


Miscellaneous   cross-references, 
Bereaved  of  f  .-Alexander. 
Bui'densome  f.-Drinking. 
Changed  to  foe-Henry  VIII. 
Executed  by  f. 
of  the  Friendless-Lincoln. 
Helpful  f.  of  Demosthenes. 

"      "  in  adversity. 
Irritating  f.-Fred.  Il.-Voltaire.  2155 
Neglected-Anaxagoras.  4778 

Polluting  f.  rejected.  1472 

Ruinous  f.-Ferguson.  1222 

in  Sickness-Samuel  Johnson.     5129 
Treacherous  f.-Francis  Bacon.  8857 

FRIENDS. 
in  Battle-Locked  shields. 
Complemental  f.-Ladies. 
Discouraging  f.,  Luther's. 
Faults  of  f  .-Napoleon  I. 
Unlike-Halifax-Burnet. 


*2227 
♦2228 
♦2229 
*2230 
♦2231 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abuse  of  f.  by  jokes.  3025 

Daugerous  f.-Assassinators.       165 
Dead  f..  Recognition  of.  1398 

Desertion  of  f. -Washington.      2308 
Destitute  of  f. -Emperor.  3672 

Enemies  changed  to  f.  2833 

Forsaken  by  f.-Csesar.  371 

"  of  f.-Nero.  1270 

Impatience  divides  f.  2748 

in  Misfortune-Diverse  f.  92 

Partiality  to  f.-Judge.  3069 

-Ruler.  3070 

Ruinous  f. -Mutually.  2870 

Sacrificed  to  ambition.  192 

FRIENDSHIP. 
Applanded-Nap.-Alexander. 
Commanding-K.  of  Hearts. 
Complemental-Wm.  III.-B. 
Confidential-Wm.  III.-B. 
Confirmed  by  money, 
by  Contrast-Fred-D'Argens. 
Controlling-Alex.  Pope. 
Insepardble-Hubert  for  Nap. 
Perilous  to  Robert  Burns. 
Repaired-Samuel  Johnson. 
Sohool-boys-Lord  Byron. 
Treacherous  f.  of  James  I. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
Aflfecting-Lincoln-Stanton. 
Affectionate- Wash's  farewell. 
Apparent-False-Romans. 
Communion  necessary, 
by  Common  purpose. 
Complemental-Dlocletlan. 

"  -Cowper. 

Disagreeable-Coward. 
Disgraceful-Pompadour. 
Disreputable-Hannibal. 
Distrusted-Cleopatra's. 


*2233 
*2233 
*2234 
*2235 
*2236 
*2237 
♦2238 
*2239 
♦2240 
*2241 
♦2242 
*2243 

116 
2099 
2643 
2957 
3216 
2402 
4834 
1267 
8712 

701 
4515 


Forgotten-Benedict  Arnold. 
Hypocrisy  in  f. -Orleans  and  B. 
Incorruptible-Indian. 
Needed-Edgar  Allan  Poe. 
Perilous  f .  for  Geta. 

"       "-Turks. 
Proof  of  f.  in  exile  with  Nap. 
beyond  Suspicion. 
Traitors  to  f.-Conspirators. 
Treacherous-Dick  Talbot. 
"  f.  of  savages. 

Tribute  of  f.,Melanchthon's. 
Unworthy  of  f.  -Epicure. 

See  ACQUAINTANCE. 
Brief  a.,  Deceived  by. 
Unwelcome  a.,  S.  Johnson's. 

See  AFFABILITY. 
Falsehood  in  a.-Charles  II. 

See  AFFINITY. 
by  Complement-Wm.  P.  of  O. 
"  Contrast-Anne-Churchill. 
"  '•     -Burnet-Halifax. 

See  ASSOCIATES. 
Dangerous  a.-J.  Howard's  son. 
Impure  a.-Sir  Isaac  Newton. 
Influence  of  a.-1'eter  the  Great, 


Burial  of  living  a.-Barbarians. 
Dangerous  a.-Queen  of  Scots. 
Despicable  a.-James  II. 
Selection  of  a.-S.  Johnson. 
Uncontaminated  by  evil. 

See  ASSOCIATION. 
Changed  by  a.-G reeks. 
Contaminated  by  prison. 
Controlled  by  a. -Alex.  Pope. 
Dangerous  a.  with  Theodora 
Destructive-" Artemus  Ward." 
Religious  a.  prized. 
Repelled-John  Milton. 
Ruinous-Gamblers. 

"       to  Nero. 
Unity  by  a.-Cromwell-Fox. 

See  ASSOCIATIONS. 
Beneficial  a.-Marcus  Aurelius. 
Guild  of  a.-Eng.,  a.d.  1214. 
Protective  a.-Anglo- Saxons. 


2644 
2695 
4361 
5032 
1096 

173 

715 
3381 

371 
3202' 
3518 
570». 

26& 

*3ft 
♦37 

1679 

2234 
2228 
2231 

*378 
*379' 

,*38a 

684 
1171 
6177 
1157 
503ff 

1865 
5804 
2238 
4533 
3283 
260S 
2701 
227S 
281» 
5749- 

*382 
*381 
*383. 


Contaminating  a.-Luther  at  R.  896' 
Dangers  from  a.  in  government. 408 
Effect  of  early  habits  and  a.-N.  509 
Horrifying  a.  of  London  Tower.  745 
Unimproved  by  good  a  -Indians.904 

See  BROTHERHOOD. 
Acknowledged- Am.  Indians.     *677 


Artificial  b.-Old  English  Guilds.  38l 

Proclaimed- Penn  to  Indians.  4094 

See  CLUBS. 
Ancient  c.-"Inimitable  livers. "*962^ 

Organization  of  old  English  c.  381 

See  COMMUNION, 

with  God-Oliver  Cromwell.  *995 

by  Likeness-John  Milton.  *996 

Unity  by  c.-Oliver  Cromwell.  *99r 

See  COMPANIONS. 

Bad  c.  condemn  to  prison.  3631 

in  Death-American  Indians.  1411 

Selected,  Shameful  c.  3708 

See  FAVOR. 

Flattery  for  f.-Voltaire.  2625 


850 


FRIGHT— GALLANTRY. 


Ingenious  request  for  f.  4663 

Rejected-Responsibility.  1258 

Seductive  f.-Golden  rose.  2161 

See  FAVORITISM. 

Scandalous  f.  of  Charles  II.  *2iio 


Oflftce  by  f.-Buckingham.  3871 

Royal  f.  of  Jas.  I.-Geo.  Villiers.  494 

See  FAVORS. 
Independent  of  f  .-Diogenes.      3415 
Rejected,  Tyrant's  f.-Sylia.       3820 
Solicited,  to  be- Alexander.        4796 

See  FELLOWSHIP. 
In  Misfortune-Napoleon  I.         3630 
"  Sufifering-Napoleon  I.  5707 

See  KINDI!fESS. 
Religion  of  k.-Rev.J.Newton.  *3077 


Conceals  faults-Hervey. 
Crime  of  k.  to  criminal. 
Reprimand  of  k.-S.  Johnson, 
of  Savages  to  Columbus. 
Spirit  of  k.-Pope  to  Howard. 

See  LOVER. 
Fallen  l.-Hernando  Cortez. 
Fickle  l.-Robert  Burns. 
Youthful  l.-Lord  Byron. 


2465 
4466 
4775 
2649 
145 

*a353 
*3354 
*3355 


Artful-Cleopatra.  6136 

Blind  1.  of  Catherine  Sedley.  2342 

Blinded-Marcus.  1675 
Ensnared- Antony  by  Cleopatra. 6136 

Fascinated-Wm.  the  Conq.  2583 

"         -Robert  Burns.  4219 

Female  1.,  Mahomet's.  3472 

"-Honoria.  3476 

Preservation  of  l.-Ariadne.  6051 

Royal  1.  of  Lucy  Waters.  3470 

Unsuccessful-Isaac  Newton.  5992 

Visits  of  1.,  Dangerous.  6049 

See  LOVERS. 

Rival-Jefferson-others.  *33t)6 


3335 
853 


Religious-Sensual-England 
Restrained-Church  service. 

See  PETS. 

Singular-Scott's  pig  and  hen.      232 

Women's  dogs  condemned  by  C.  233 

See  AFFECTION  and  SYMPATHY 

in  loo. 

FRIGHT. 

Cross-reference. 

Insanity  from  f. -Ghost.  2353 

See  FEAR  in  loc. 

FRIVOIilTY. 

Shameful  f.  of  Charles  IL         *2244 

See  NONSENSE  in  loc. 

FRUGALITY, 

Misapplied  f.-Charles  II.  *2245 

Plan  of  f  .-Irish  painter.  *2246 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Example  of  f.-Cassar.  3162 

til-timed  f. -James  II.  4008 

Patriotic  f.-Virginia  Colony.      4833 
See  COVETOUSNESS  and  ECONOMY 
in  loc. 

FRUIT. 

Costly  f.-Russian  Court  supper.  452 
Small  f.  commended  much.  3593 
Suggestive  Apple-Newton.       6185 


FUGITIVE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Hopeless  of  escape.  1710 

Royal  f. -James  II.  5788 

Sympathy  for  f.-America.  4660 

Welcomed-James  II.  5990 

FUGITIVES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Generosity  to  royal  f.  2641 

Punished  by  slavery.  502 

Refuge  of  f.-Asylum-Rome.         387 
Sanctuary  of  f  .-N.  Carolina.      2439 

See  ELOPEMENT. 
Royal  e.-Philip  of  France.        *1858 


3350 


Proposed  to  Shelley. 

See  FLIGHT. 

Cowardly  f.-Heraclian.  2158 

Famous  for  f.-Maximin.  2060 

for  Safety-Roman  panic.  2117 

See  ABANDONMENT  in  loc. 

FUNERAL. 

Criticised-Charles  II. 
Customs  from  Romans. 
Expensive  f.-Queen  Mary's. 
Fatal  exposure  at  f . 
Honor  of  f.-Cassar's. 

"      "  "-Egyptians. 
Humble  f.-Pompey's. 
Immense-Abraham  Lincoln'] 
Impressive  f  -Caesar's. 
Panegyrics  criticised. 
Patriotic  f. -Boston. 


*2247 
*2248 
*2249 
*2250 
*2251 
*2252 
*2253 
i.*2254 
♦2255 
*2256 
*2257 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Carousal  after  f .-Alexander.      2912 
Impressive  f. -Caesar's.  1975 

"  "  -Caesar's  bloody  g.  372 

Passions  aroused  at  f.  241 

Pompous  f.  of  Alexander.  4474 

Unworthy  f. -Sacred  cats.  2172 

See  BURIAL  in  loc. 

FURY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Anger-Byron"s  mother.         3722 

"      "      -Frederick  Wm.  I.       5741 

"  Indignation  a  disguise.  1652 

See  PASSION  in  loc. 

FUTURE. 

Future  life-Gauls'  belief.  *2258 

"       "  -Persian's  belief.      *2259 

Overlooked-Improvident  Ind.  *2260 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Happiness  in  the  f.  2631 

Hints  of  f. -Augury.  3907 

Predictions  of  American  f.  210 

See  AUGURY. 
Book  of  a.-Chinese.  *395 

Building  by  a  .-City  of  Rome.    *396 

See  PREDICTIONS. 
Editorial  p.-Civil  War.  *4406 

Parental  p.  for  Peter  Cooper.  *4407 
Realized-New  York.  '4408 


Augury-Birds-Building-Rome.    396 
of  Bankruptcy-National.  451 

Equivocal  p.-Delphic  oracle.      3948 
Foolish  p.-J.  Dryden.  5049 

Fttlfilled-J.  Fitch-Steamboats.  2306 


Oracular-Nero  to  kill  his  mother.196 
"       -Sylla-Reins  of  gov't.    495 
Political  p.-Am.  Revolution.      1599 
Popular  political  p.-False.  1985 

Realized-Diflfusion  of  the  Bible.  578 

See  PREMONITION. 
Accidental  p.-Charles  I.  *4419 

of  Death-Charles  V.  *4420 

"       "    -Lincoln's.  *4421 

♦4422 
See  PROPHECY. 
False  p.-Empires.  *4523 

Unconscious  p. -Virgil.  *4524 


of  America's  future-Lafayette.  210 
"    -Stormont.   212 

Fictitious  p.-Contucius  of  C.  395 
See  OMENS  in  loc. 

FUTURITY. 

Disclosed  by  impostors.  •2261 

See  HEAVEN. 

Carnal  h.-Mahomet's.  *2,540 

Division  of  h.-Swedenborg.  *2541 

Materialistic  h.-Boswell's.  *2542 

Views  of  h.-Adaptation.  *2543 

Visited  by  Mahomet.  *2544 

Warrior's  h.-Scandinavians.  *2545 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Approaching  near  to  h.-Taylor.3403 
Children  in  h.-Swedenborg.       6207 
or  Hell-John  Bunyan.  1085 

Infants  in  h.-Swedenborg.  2818 
Letter  from  St.  Paul  to  Pepin.  3196 
Nearness  to  h.  in  sickness.  5131 
Visited  by  Mahomet.  3623 

Women  in  h.-Mahomet.  8992 

See  HELL. 
Necessary-Prest.  A.  Jackson.  *2547 
Temporary  h.-Mohammedan.  *2548 


1423 


Fear  of  h.-Samuel  Johnson. 

See  PARADISE. 
Drunkard's  p.-Ancient  Germ's.  *3988 

Earthly  p.  in  Damascus.  *3989 

Language  of  p.-Persian.  *3990 

Mussulman's  p.-Five.  *3991 

Sensual  p.  of  Mahomet.  *3992 

Strange  p.-Mahomet.  *3993 


Admission  to  p.  by  epilepsy-M.  1643 
Belief  in  p.-Persians.  2259 

Brave  men  go  to  p.  1416,  1435 

Heroes'  bloody  p.-Pagans.  1417 

Letters  sent  to  p.-Gauls.  2258 

vs.  Perdition,  Which  ?  6141 

Qualifications  for  p.-"Goodfore.'"33 
Visionary  p.  of  Crusaders.  2095 

See  PURGATORY. 
Compensations  of  p.-Moham.  *4580 
Mohammedan  p.-Punishment.*4581 


Belief  in  p.-Ancient  Persians.    2259 
Mohammedan  p.-Seven  hells.   2549 

GAIN. 

or  Lose-Timour's  demand.       *2262 

See  GAMBLING  and  PROFIT 

in  loc. 

GALLANTRY. 

Inconsiderate  g. -Goldsmith.    *2263 
Proof  of  g.-Female  rulers.        *2264 


GAMBLERS— GENIUS. 


851 


See  CHIVALRY. 
Baseness  of  o.-Edward  I.  *815 

Modem  c. -Union-Confederate.  *816 
Order  of  o.-Knights  of  St.  John.*817 
Patriotic  o.-Paul  Jones.  *818 


In  Battle-Brennville-Bloodless.  461 

"      "     -Prince  Rupert.  464 

Brutality  of  c.-Edward  I.  815 

Courtesy  of  c.-Black  Prince.      1260 

Demoralized  by  shameful  c.-F.  269 

Misdirected  c.-De  Soto-Am.      1986 

▼s.  Property-Marriage.  8466 

"  Puritanism- England.  4583 

See  POLITENESS  in  loc. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Association  with  g.  dangerous.2273 
Debts  of  g.  honored.  2614 

"       ""  Precedence  in.  1463 

OAIflBIilNQ. 

Degraded  by  g.-Charles  Fox.  *2265 

"           "  "-Sunderland.  *2266 

"  "-Coffee  Houses*2267 

Escape  from  g.-Wilberforce.  *2268 

fashionable  g.-FoUy.  *2269 

Losses  by  g.-Gibbon.  *2270 

Passion  for  g.-Eng.  gentry.  *2271 

Pride  in  g.-High  life.  *2272 

Ruinous  g. -Oliver  Goldsmith.  *2273 

"       "-English  gentry.  *2274 

Universal  g.-Crusaders.  *2275 

Vice  of  g. -Prolific.  *2276 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Memorial  of  g.-"  Sandwich."  *6146 

Ruinous  g.-Edgar  Allan  Poe.  *6195 

See  SPECULATION  in  loc. 

game:. 

Preservation  of  g.-Justinian.  *2277 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Fondness  for  hunting  g.  4638 

Laws  preserving  g.-Burden.  155 

Monopoly  of  g.-Wm.  the  C.  3943 

Passion  for  g.-Andronicus.  4204 

"        "  " -Malek-Sultan.  4197 

Pleasure-Perilous  g.  4111 

Skill  in  shooting  g.-Crockett.  4322 

GAMES. 

Beneficial  g.-Ancient.  *2278 

Employment  in  military  g.       *2279 
Passion  for  g.-Greeks.  *2280 

Use  of  g.-Samuel  Johnson.      *2281 
See  AMUSEMENT  in  loc. 

GAMIiVG. 

Ck>ndemned  by  Napoleon  I.     *2282 

GARDEN. 

Cross-reference. 
Famous-Waterloo.  1501 

GARDENING. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Contentment  in  g.-Emperor.     1148 

Pleasure  in  g.-Cyrus.  5636 

See  AGRICULTURE  in  loc. 

GENEALOGY. 

Misfortune  a  satire  on  iU'str's  g.226 

See  ANCESTOR  in  loc. 


GENERALIZATION. 

Vicious  g.  of  Sophists.  2283 

GENERALS. 

Too  many  g.-Macedonians.      *2284 

Cross-reference. 
Overrated-Pompey-Accident.         5 

GENERAIiSHIP. 

Successful  g.-Pompey.  *2285 


Miscellaueous  cross-references. 

Success  by  g.-Cortez.  3830 

Want  of  g.-Agincourt.  3834 

See  WAR  in  loc. 

GENEROSITY. 

Artful  g.-Emperor  Tacitus.  *2286 
Easy  g.-Pope  Alexander  VI.  *2287 
Example  of  g.-John  Howard.  *2288 
Indiscreet  g.-Mahomet.  *2289 

Noble  g.-Benjamin  Franklin.  *2290 
"     "  -Peter  Cooper.  *2291 

Patriotic  g.-Am.  Revolution.   *2292 
"     "  "  *2293 

Sincerity  in  g.-Cromwell.         *2294 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Bountiful  g.  of  Alexander.  5699 

Characteristic  g.-S.  Johnson.  2659 

Conceals  vices-Sackville.  3043 

Destitute  of  g.-James  II.  1005 

Embarrassment  from  cost.  2263 

Enemy's  g.-Luther-Tetzel.  1888 

Example  of  g.-J.  Harvard.  2288 

Extraordinary  g.-Youthful.  2915 

False  religious  g.  4707 

Liberty  of  Am.-Lafayette.  3216 

Noble  g. -William  Penn.  4255 

Offensive  g.-Humiliating.  2356 
Overwhelmed  by  g.-Napoleon.  1152 

of  the  Poor-Plymouth  Colony.  2081 

Suspicious  g.-Tacitus.  2286 

Wife's  g.  to  husband-Mary.  5998 

See  BENEFACTOR. 

Praise  of  b.-A.  Lincoln.  *511 


Exiled-John  Kay. 

2992 

Wronged-Eli  Whitney. 

2691 

See  BENEFACTORS. 

Opposed-James  Hargreaves. 

*512 

See  BENEFICENCE. 

False  f.-Charles  II. 

2751 

See  CONTRIBUTIONS. 

for  Education-Peck  of  com. 

1773 

-Yale  College. 

1783 

"           "          -Harvard. 

1791 

of  Regard-Caesar's  funeral. 

2251 

See  MAGNANIMITY. 

Admirable  m.  of  H.  Vane. 

♦3379 

Noble  m.-General  Lee. 

*3380 

of  Savages-Onondagas. 

*3381 

of  Affection-Josephine.  2201 

Appeal  to  m.,  Alexander's.  1588 

in  Forgiveness- Wesley.  2199 

"  Misfortune-Philip  II.  2028 

Sagacious  m.-Csesar.  5828 

in  Self- sacrifice- Alexander.  5095 

See  LIBERALITY. 

Cloak  of  l.-Commodus.  *3204 

in  Opinions-John  Wesley.  *3205 

Uncertain  1.  of  Charles  I.  *3206 


See  TREATS. 

Election  t.-Costly-England.  1839 

Exacted-Engllsh  prieous.  5804 

Prisoners'  t.-Bridewell.  1302 

Temptation  in  t.-Builders.  2933 
See  BENEVOLENCE  and  HOSPI- 
TALITY in  loc. 

GENIUS. 

Advance  of  g.-Isaac  Newton.  *2295 
Age  of  g.-Athenians.  *2296 

Ages  of  g.-Peculiarity.  *2297 

by  Ancestry-John  Milton.  *2298 
Ascendency  of  g.-Wm.  Pitt.  *2299 
Belated-William  Cowper's.  *2300 
in  Childhood-0.  Goldsmiths.  *2301 
Constructive  g.-Caesar's.  *2302 

"  -I.  Newton's.    *2303 
Co-operative  g.-I.  Newton.      *2304 
Creation  of  g.-Robert  Fulton.  *2305 
Disdained-Robert  Fulton.         *2306 
-John  Fitch.  *2307 

Disparaged-Geo.  Washington. *2308 
Eccentricity  of  g.-S.  Johnson.  *2309 
i.  ..    c.         ..        *23io 

"  "  "  "  *2311 
"  "  "  "  *2312 
Enterprise  of  g.-Cromwell.  *2313 
Failures  of  g.-Youthful  poets.  *2314 
Hereditary  g.-James  Watt.  *2315 
Imitation  of  g.-Columbus.  *2316 
Impoverished-Homer.  *2317 

Late  evidence  of  g.-W.  Scott.  *2318 
Manifold  g.  of  Napoleon  I.  *2319 
Merit  of  g.-Cromwell.  *2320 

Misdirected-Audubon's.  *2321 

Misjudged-Gray's.  *2322 

Mortality  of  g.-Early  deaths.  *2323 
Originating  g.-Blalse  Pascal.  *2324 
Overlooked-John  Milton.  *2325 

Perils  of  g. -Swift's  ambition.  *2326 
Power  of  g.-Cromwell's.  *2327 

Practical  g.-Peter  the  Great.  *2328 
Precocious  g.-Wm.  C.  Bryant.  *2329 
Prodigious  g.-Napoleon  I.  ♦2330 
Proof  of  g.-Benj.  Franklin.  *2331 
Remarkable  g.-Benj.  Franklin. *2332 
Resources  in  g. -Caesar.  *2333 

Rewards  of  g.-Dr.  Morton.  *2334 
Subjects  for  g.-John  Milton.  *2335 
Success  by  g.-Black  Prince.  *2336 
Successful  g.-Turk.  *2337 

Superstition  of  g.-S.  Johnson.  ♦2338 
Time  for  g.-Revival  of  letters. *2339 
Timely  g.-Isaac  Newton.  ♦2340 

Toils  of  g.-Virgil.  +2341 

Unappreciated-Washington.  ^2343 
Uncontrolled-Ed.  Burke.  ♦2343 

Undiscovered-Columbus.         ^2344 
-Ad.  Blake.         *2345 
Work  of  g.-Epaminondas.        ♦2346 
"  "-Lycurgus.  ♦2847 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Absence  of  mind-Newton.  20 

Age  of  g.-Golden  age  of  Art.        325 

"    "  "  -Athenian.  2296 

"    "  "-LeoX.  2297 

Ambition  of  g.-Alex.  Hamilton.  185 

"  "  "-Power-Fame.      193 

by  Ancestry-John  Milton.  2298 

Ascendency  over  others-N.        2838 


853 


GENTILITY— GENTLENESS. 


In  Boyhood-Themistocles.  635 

Combination  of  g.-Cromwell.  2792 
Contempt  the  reward  of  g.  2307 
Dangers  of  g.-Robert  Burns.  246 
for  Conquest-Duke  Wm.  of  Eng.  33 
Defects  of  g. -Milton's  f.  gov't.  805 
Delusion  of  g.-Newton  an  a.  814 
Effective  g.  of  Chas.  Martel.  2187 
Egotism  of  g.-Clcero.  1834 

"  "-Goldsmith.  1835 

In  Entertainment-^  milius.  1902 
Evil  g.  of  Brutus.  1120 

Extraordinary  g.-Eoger  Bacon.3775 
Field  for  g.  in  agriculture.  158 

"      "    "   necessary.  2053 

for  Government- Alfred  the  G.  2423 
"       .     "  -Eichelieu.         2484 

Heart  more  than  g.  2535 

by  Heredity-Watts.  2315 

"      -Blaise  Pascal.  2324 

Horse  managed  by  g. -Alexander.  6 
Humble  origin  of  g.-Bunyan.  3959 
Impediments  to  g.  overcome-B.  596 
Influence  of  g.-Posthumous.  3270 
for  Intrigue,  Aptness.  2966 

Labor  of  g.-Demosthenes.  4424 

Limited  to  great  purposes.  34 

in  Literature-Tasso.  3305 

"  "        -Ariosto.  3306 

"  "        -Milton.  3307 

"  "        -J.  Dryden.  3308 

"  "        -Shakespeare.        3309 

"  "        -Pope.  3312 

not  Manifested.  4512 

Mark  of  g.-Wolsey.  1895 

for  Mathematics-Egyptians.  3530 
-Colburn.  3532 

35.33 
Military  g.  of  Caesar.  4484 

Misplaced-Gibbon  in  Pari.  4249 

Modesty  of  g.-Franklin.  3647 

"  "-Newton.  3648 

Multiplex  g.  of  Gallienus.  1830 

in  Old  age-Cowper.  2300 

Overlooked  by  critics.  168 

Patience  of  g.-Discovery.  4032 

Periods  of  g.-Discoverers.  3580 

for  Politics-Corrupt-Newcastle.  667 
Poverty  with  g.-Isaac  Newton.  4339 
vs.  Presumption-C.  and  Pom.  5828 
Resources  of  g.  343 

"         "  "-Napoleon  393 

Reward  of  g.-S.  Crompton-I.      535 

"       "   "-Faraday-Sclentl8t.537 

"    " -Eli  Whitney.         2991 

Rewarded  by  exile-Kay.  2992 

Savage  g.  of  Fred.  William.       1672 

Solitary  g.  of  Wren  in  England.  280 

State  protected  by  g.-A.  343 

for  Sucoess-Pizarro.  1068 

"        "      -Frederick  the  G.     5394 

Success  of  g.-Caesar.  136 

"         "  "  -Fred.  II.-Leuthen.  474 

"  "  "  "  "  -Rosbach.  477 
Sudden  display  of  g.-Cromwell.5231 
3581  I 


Victories  of  g. -Napoleon  I.        5809 

Victory  by  g.-Washington.         5817 

"  "-Cromwell.  5818 

"        "  "  -Cassar.  5819 

Weakness  of  g.-Frederick  II.     4224 

"  "-Shelley.  18 

for  Wealth-Marcus  Crassus.       5972 

Woman's  great  g.-Zenobla.       6055 

"        g.-Aspasia.  6082 

Work  of  g. -Jefferson's  D.  of  Ind.420 

Youthful  evidence  of  g.-Milton.  194 

"        g.-Isaac  Newton.         6185 

See  ABILITIES. 

Misapplied-Fred.  Il.-Voltaire.      *3 

Numerous-Rom.  Emp.  Justinian.  *4 

Overrated-Pompey.  *5 

Shown  in  youth. -Alexander.         *6 

Useless-J.  Dryden-Debate.  *7 


Balanced-George  Washington.  3406 
Conversational  a.-Johnson.  1172 
Dangerous-Uninstructed.  1507 

Diplomatic  a.-Corrupted.  1594 

"        "  -Remarkable.        1600 
Field  for-Appropriate.  4224 

Impractical-Milton-Politics.  4257 
Manifold-Queen  Elizabeth.  3605 
Misplaced-Gibbon  in  Pari.  4054 

Misapplied-Failure-Newton.      2100 
"      Goldsmith.    2030 
"        -"Magn'fic'ntbrute."1068 
Multiplex-Csesar's.  2479 

Numerous-Gallienus.  ,         1830 

Practical-M.  Van  Buren.  4251 

Presumable-Elevation.  3589 

Prostituted-Emperor  Gratlan.  1007 
Restricted  field  for  a.  of  Caesar.  275 
Triumph  of  William  Pitt.  3586 

Wrecked-Splendid-Burns.  2027 

See  GREATNESS. 
Blot  on  Drydens  g.  *2469 

Burdensome  g.-O.  Cromwell.  *2470 
Buried  g.-Alexander.  *2471 

by  Contrast-Charlemagne.  *2472 
Downfall  of  g.-Columbus.  *2473 
Dream  of  g.-Cromwell.  *2474 

End  of  g.-Saladin.  *2475 

Fictitious  g.-D' Albuquerque.  *2476 
of  Goodness-Cosmo  de  Medici.  *2477 
Impossible-Fr.  under  Chas.  IX.*2478 
Multiplex  g.,  Caesar's.  2479 

Patriotic  g.,  Cromwell's.  2480 

Proof  of  g.-Robert  Bums.  *2481 
Recognized-Richelieu.  *2482 

Threefold  g.  of  Francis  I.  *2483 

with  Vice-Hannibal's.  *5484 

by  Wisdom-Alexander.  *2485 


Sway  of  g.-Cromwell. 

"     "  "  -Charlemagne.  3582 

Triumph  of  g.-Willlam  Pitt.  2835 

Universality  of  Grecian  g.  339 

Versatility  of  g.-Queen  Eliz.  3605 

Victories  of  g.-Frederick  n.  5808 


in  Adversity-Cornelia.  6072 

Art  vs.  War,  Fine  Art  of  6.  4200 

Assumed  g.-Desplsed-Nero.  4325 

"        "  -Unworthily.  4457 

Blemished  by  vice.  2484 

Blot  on  g.  of  Alexander.  3741 

Detested-Restraints  of  g.  3436 

Disappearance  of  Pompey's  g.  5719 

Evinced  in  architecture.  2487 

Field  required  for  g.-Mllton.  2335 

of  Goodness-Pericles.  2395 

"         "        -National-Eng.  .2396 

by  Great  deeds-Themistocles.  34 


Incompleted  g. -Cicero.  2886 

Natural  g.  of  Luther  by  Carlyle.  769 
Overpraiseofg.,  Pompey's.  4370 
Personal  g.  of  Oliver  Cromwell.1322 
Respected  g.-G.  Washington.  3738- 
Ridiculed-Emperor  Julian.  4894 
of  Soul-Muley  Moluc.  2561 

True  g.-Alfred  the  Great.  496* 

"    "  -Charles  Martel.  -^ges 

"    "  -Canute.  4964 

Unsurpassed  military  g.-Caesar. 4312 
Vanity  with  g.-Elizabeth.  5775 

See  TAPT. 
Lack  of  t.-John  Adams.  *5501 

Natural  t.-Henry  Sidney.  *5502 


Rewarded-Careless  slave. 
Superstition  overcome  by  t. 


32 
31 


See  SKILL. 
Misapplied-Perpetual  motion.  *5168 
Proof  of  s.-Rothschild.  *5169 


3430 
4382 

*5503 
*5504 
*5505 
*5506 
♦5507 
*5508 
*5509 

2057 
1305 
4509 
4920 


Marksman's  s.-Commodus. 
"  -Crockett. 
See  TALENT. 
without  Character-Fred.  II. 
Discovery  of  t. -Napoleon  I. 
Education  of  t.-Alexander. 
Indications  of  t.-Mathematics. 
Lack  of  t.-Confederate  Gen's. 
Overestimated-Napoleon  I. 
Untaught- Zerah  Colburn. 

vs.  Character-Byron. 
Developed  by  criticism. 
Misapplied-Ruler. 
Money  rivals  t.-Crassus. 
Without  success-Goldsmith.      2030 
See  DISCOVERY  and  MIND 
in  loc. 

OENTIIilTT. 

by  Restraint-Samuel  Johnson.*2348 
Vicious  g.-Samuel  Johnson.     *234^ 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
VS.  Character-Cromwell.  4591 

Effect  of  g.-Love-Hatred.  3417 

V8.  Religion-Offence.  2656 

"   Rudeness-Johnson.  3418 

Vice  gilded  by  g.  2349 

of  Woman  by  restraint.  2348 

See  FASHION  and  POLITENESS 
in  loc. 


GENTIiElTEEN. 

Cross-reference. 
Respect  for  g.  shown. 


3146 


GENTIiENESS. 
Power  of  g..  Christian.  *2350 


"  "   exhibited. 


*2351 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Excessive  g.  in  ruler.  2394 

Failure  of  g.-Impiety.  3418 

Power  over  s.  by  g.-Joan  of  A.  1559' 
"     of  g.-Joan  of  Arc.  412 

of  Rebuke-Caesar's.  4632 

Success  by  g.-Missionaries.        5395 
See  COMPASSION  in  loc. 


GESTICULATION— GOD. 


853 


GESTICULATION. 

Speciality  in  g.-Actors.  *2352 


Cross-reference, 
Oratorical  g.  opposed. 


1854 


GESTURES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
the  Language  of  animals.  1854 

Kidiculed  by  Samuel  Johnson.      48 

See  PANTOMIME. 

in  Jurisprudence-Romans.       *3984 

See  ORATORY  in  loo. 

GHOST. 

Improvised  g. -Goldsmith.  *2353 

Cross-reference. 
Apparent  g.-Rev.  Tunnell.         8398 


GHOSTS. 

Belief  in  g.-Samuel  Johnson. 
Fear  of  g.,  Siamese. 

See  SPIRITS. 
Communication  with  8.-S. 

Intercourse  with  s.-Platonist8, 
Ljring  s.-Swedenborg. 
Ministering-Samuel  Johnson. 


♦2354 
*2355 

•5308 
*5309 
♦5310 
*5311 
♦5312 


Communion-Swedenborg.  1442 

"  with  conditioned.   3554 

"  "    8.-Swedenb'rg.914 

Manifestations,  Fraudulent.       3555 

of  s.-John  Dee.8804 

Possessing  horses.  5460 

"Visit  from  an  evil  s.-Luther.      2506 

See  SPECTRE. 
Terrifying  s.-Brutus's  vision. 

See  PHANTOM. 
Alarmed  by  p.-Theodoric. 
Pursued  by  p.-Murderer. 
See  VISION  in  loo. 


5846 


1115 
1108 


GIANT. 

Cross-reference. 
Work  of  a  g.-Cleomedes. 


1530 


GIANTS. 

Cross-reference. 
Soldiers  of  Frederick  William.  3584 


See  BEQUESTS. 
for  Spiritual  benefits. 


*554 


GIFT. 

Dangerous  g.-S.  Johnson. 
Eejected-Obllgation-Nap.  I. 


Cross-reference. 
Worthless  g. -Curiosities. 

GIFTS. 

of  Affection-Napoleon. 
Bridal  g.  of  Placidia. 
Fictitious-Belisarius. 
Bare  g.  for  royalty. 


♦2356 
♦2357 


1382 


♦2358 
♦2359 
♦2360 
♦2361 


Miscellaneous  cross-referenees. 

of  Bible  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  571 

Boldness  in  bringing  g.-Jews.  4122 

Books-Valuable-Scarce.  632 

Corrupting-Roman  treats.  4243 

Disdained  by  Saracens.  4662 

Forced  g.  for  Maxentlus.  376 

"      "   to  Charles  I.  3662 

Generous  bestowment-Alex.  5699 

Sickness  cured  by  g.  5128 


of  Wlfe-by  Athenians.  5995 

See  BONUS. 
for  Bribery  rejected-I.  Newton. 660 

See  CONTRIBUTIONS. 

for  Education-Peck  of  corn.  1773 

'♦          "         -Yale  College.  1783 

"          "         -Harvard.  1791 

of  Regard-Caesar's  funeral.  2251 

See  LEGACY, 

for  Churches-15th  century.  554 

of  Political  advice- Augustus.  100 

See  LEGACIES. 

Christian  1.  to  Church.  ^3183 

Eagerness  for  l.-Romans.  ^3184 

Enriched  by  l.-Cicero.  ^3185 

See  BENEVOLENCE  and  BRIBERY 

in  loo. 

GIRIi. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Advice  of  g.  accepted-Lincoln.  61C2 
Courage  of  g.-Joan  of  Arc.         2894 
Remarkable  g.-Joan  of  Arc.       1726 
Wildness  of  Frances  Jennings.  6062 

See  SCHOOL-GIRLS. 
Captured  by  s.-g.-Napoleon.       2358 

GLADIATORS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Courage  of  despair.  1235 

Instruction  of  g.  in  brutality-R.  102 
Introduction  of  g.  to  Rome.  974 
Suppression  of  exhib.  of  g.-M.    835 

GLORT. 

Departed  g.  of  Portuguese.  ^2362 

Enduring  g.  of  goodness.  ♦2363 

False  g.-Edward  IIL  ♦2364 

Forgotten-Pyramid  builders.  ^2365 

to  God  only-Cromwell.  ♦2366 

Military  g. -Emperor  Trajan.  ^2367 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
In  Acquiring  wealth-Cato.  432 

Age  of  g.-Saracens.  3782 

Departure  of  national-England.  87 
to  God  alone-Cromwell.  2366 

of  Goodness,  Lasting  g.-A.         2363 
"  John  the  Good."2618 
Love  of  g.-Woman*s-Dustin.      3729 
See  HONORS  in  loo. 

GLUTTONY. 

Cross-reference. 
Hospitality  complimented  by  g.2639 

See  GOURMAND. 
Characteristic  g.-Johnson.         2183 
2927 
Indigestion  of  g.-Soliman.  2926 

GOD. 

Conception  of  G.-Am.  Indians. ♦2368 
"  "-Gen.  La  Hire. ♦2369 
Existence  of  G.  rejeoted-F.      ^2370 
our  Father-Egyptians.  ^2371 

First  for  G.-Thomas  Moore.  ^2372 
Ideas  of  G.,  Philosophers'.  ^2373 
Ignorance  of  G.,  Philosophers'. ^2374 
Invisible-Revealed-Arabs.  ^2375 
Political  G.-East  Indian.  ^2376 

Presence  of  G.-Mahomet.         ♦2378 
"        "  "  -Huron  chief.     *2377 


Required  by  the  soul.  ^2379 

Severity  of  G.-Scandinavians.*2380 


Sons  of  G. -Christians. 
Views  of  G.,  Comforting. 
Vision  of  G.-Am.  Indians. 
Voice  of  G.-Joan  of  Arc. 
Will  of  G.-Crusaders. 


*2381 
*2382 
♦2383 
*2384 
♦2385 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abandoned  of  G.,Not 
Belief  in  G.-Natural-Indians. 
Blood-thirsty  G. -Druids. 
Commissioned  of  G. 
Communion  with  G.-Cromwell 
Dedication  to  G.-Knights. 

"  "  "  -Wesley. 

Defiant  of  G.-Claverhouse. 
by  Deification  of  Caesar. 
Deliverance  by  G. -Orleans. 
Displeasure  of  G.,  Sense  of. 
Elevating  thought  of  G. 
Existence  denled-Reason. 
Faith  In  G.,  Helpful. 
False  Arlew  of  G.-Bunyan. 
Father,  A  heavenly. 
Fear  of  G.,  Painful-Cromwell. 

Glory  to  G.  alone-Cromwell. 

Goodness  of  G.,  Infinite. 

Help  from  G.  the  best-Joan. 

Holy  Spirit  reveals  G. 

Human-Claudius  Britannlcus. 

Ideal  G. -Chinese-Greek. 

Ignorance  of  G.-Drulds. 

Impotence  of  false  6. 

Kneeling  to  G.  alone. 

Liveth-Servants  die. 

Longing  for  G. -Heart-Hindoo. 

Obedience  to  G.  first-Socrates 

Omnipresence  of  G.-Mahomet. 

Personated  by  young  man. 

Praise  to  G.-Victory. 

Revealed  In  meditation. 

Seeking  G.-Cromwell. 

Service  of  G.,  Benefits  of. 

Submission  to  G.,  Soul's. 

Treasure  in  G.,  Choice  of. 

Trust  in  G.,  not  omens. 

Unsearchable-Simonides. 

Withdrawal  of  G.-f  rom  Pari. 
See  DEIFICATION. 

of  Caesar-Romans. 
"  Heroes-Ancient  Greeks. 
"  Self-Alexander  in  India. 
See  DEITY. 

Belief  In  d.-Grecians. 

Concealed-Ancient  Italians. 

Subjugated  by  chains-Apollo. 

Benevolence  of  d.-Socrates. 
by  Halluclnation-Menecrates. 
Personified-Minerva. 
Presence  of  d.-Thales. 
Unchaste  d.-Faustina. 
Vicious  d.-Pagans. 

See  DIVINITY. 
Proof  of  d.  required. 


108i 

2826 

1374 

5848 

.  995 

1121 

1122 

4141 

2657 

1518 

1181 

292 

4624 

4387 

5753 

1453 

1841 

2366 

1423 

1559 

5307 

2706 

328 

6163 

2703 

3085 

1422 

2538 

,  6158 

1023 

2376 

3788 

1714 

5076 

4181 

5382 

3254 

31 

4599 


2657 
3511 
3753 

♦1512 
♦1513 
♦1514 

4550 
5779 
5438 
6157 
1675 
8974 

♦1691 
5269 


of  the  Soul-Pythagoras. 

See  LORD. 
Absent  from  House  of  Com.     ♦3328 

See  THEOCRACY. 
American  t.-Jews-Puritans.     *5597 


854 


GODS— GOVERNMENT. 


See  THEOLOGY. 
Difficulties  in  t.-Infinite  Deity.  *5598 

Effects  of  t.-Cromwell.  *5599 

Philosopher's  t.-Anaxagoras.  *5600 

"-Plato.  *5601 

"             "  -Stoics.  *5602 

Ridiculous  t.-Egyptian.  *5603 


Character  moulded  by  t.-C.'s.  773 
Imagination  in  t.-Gnostics.  5100 
Maintained  by  law.  4729 

Subtleties  in  t.  vs.  Person  of  C.    826 
See  CHRIST  in  loo. 

CODS. 

Descent  from  g..  Spurious.  *2386 
Great  g.-Persuasi'n  and  Force. ♦2387 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Benevolence  of  g.-Gifts.  4550 

Descent  from  g.-Alexander.  2753 
Devotion  to  the  g.-L.  Albinus.  4184 
Regarded-a  Pretext-Bibulus.  3856 
Terrifjingg.  of  Druids.  6162 

See  IDOLATRY, 
of  Heroism-Emp.  Claudius.      *2706 


Degradation  of  i.,  Egyptian. 
Fanaticism  of  i.,  Roman. 
Inferential  i.-George  Fox. 
Lascivious  dances  in  R.  i. 
Minute  i  -"  Few  grains  of  1." 
of  Nature- Ancient  Germans. 
Religion  of  vices. 
Weakness  of  i.  exposed. 

OOIiD. 
Craze  for  g.-Emigrants  to  Am. 
Delusion  of  g.-Londoners. 
"         *'  "  -Spaniards, 
vs.  Labor-Cortez. 
Ruined  by  g.-J.  A.  Sutter. 


2172 
2085 
2083 
2085 
849 
6164 
3974 
5456 

*2388 
*2389 
*2390 
♦3391 
*2392 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Captivated  by  g. -Demosthenes.  672 
Corrupted  by  g.-Spartans.  5856 

Crop  of  g. -Dream.  2523 

Delusion  of  g.-Jamestown.  2807 
Delusive  hopes  of  g.  1984 

Exciting  discovery-Ca.  1974 

Punishment-Melted  g.-Crassus.  431 
Sought  by  I.  Newton- Alchemist.814 
Value  of  g.-Indian's  estimate.     457 

See  JEWELRY. 
Passion  for  j. -Henry  VII.         *3023 


Extravagance  in  j. -Charles  I    8011 

Treason  for  j.-Woman.  5698 

See  AVARICE,  MONEY  and 

RICHES  in  loc. 

GOIiD-S  EEKERS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Delusion  of  g.-s.  at  Jamestown.2807 
..      ..    »  .<  23gg 

"        "     "  -Londoners.  2389 

"        "      "  -Spaniards.  2390 

"        "      "           •'  2735 

"        "     "  -California.  2392 

»        "      »  -Visionary.  1984 
CM>OI>. 

Doing  g.  dally.  *2393 


for  Evll-Pericles. 

See  EXCELLENCE  in  toe 


4027 


GOODNESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  God,  Infinite  g.  1423 

Greatness  of  g.-C.  de'  Medici.  2477 
Lasting  glory  of  Agesilaus.  2363 
Respected-John  the  Good.        2618 

GOSPEIi. 

a  Heavenly  message-Sailor.  *2398 
Triumph  of  g.  over  Paganism.  *2399 

Cross-reference. 

or  War-Mass.  Colony.  5909 

See  CHRISTIANITY  in  loc. 

GOSSIP. 

Serviceable  for  publication-O.*2400 

See  TALEBEARERS. 
Mischievous- Voltaire's  crit'ism.3002 

GOURjniAND. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Characteristic  g.-S.  Johnson.     2183 
"    •'       "  2927 

Indigestion  of  g.-Soliman.         2926 
See  BENEVOLENCE  and  SYM- 
PATHY in  loc. 

GOVERNMENT. 

Arbitrary  g.  causes  Am.  Rev.  *2401 
Art  of  g.-Diocletian.  *2402 

Atrocious  g  -Kidnapping.  *2403 
Coerced-Charles  I. -Finance.  *2404 
Complex  g.-W.  P.  of  Orange.  *2405 
Concentrated.  *2406 

"  "The  state  is  myself."*2407 
Confused-Counter-claims.  *2408 
Dangerous-Rome-Decemvirs.  ^2409 
Demoralizing  society-Bad  g.  *2410 
Destitute  of  g.-New  Jersey.  *2411 
Detested-Chas.  Il.-Weakness.  *24]2 
Dictatorial  g.-Gustavus  III.  ♦2413 
Difficult-Scottish  people.  ^2414 

Discordant  g.-Many  s'ver'gns.  ^2415 
Disgraced  by  follies.  ^2416 

Disordered  Reign  of  C'mm'd's.^2417 
Divine  form-Monarchical-Eng.^2418 
Earliest  g. -Limited  monarchy. *2419 
Economical  g.  of  Washington.  *2420 
Farcical  g.-Constantine.  ^2421 

Fraudulent  g.-Commons.  ^2422 

Genius  for  g.-Alfred  the  G.      ^2423 
"       "    "-Richelieu.  ^2424 

Growth  of  g.,  Necessary.  ^2425 

Imperfections  of  British  g.  +2426 
Impracticable  g.-James  II.  *2427 
Indiscreet  g.-Unmanly-Jas.  I.  ^2428 
lusulted-U.S.  by  Fr.  citizen.  ^2429 
without  Law-Am.  Indians.  *2480 
Moral  g.-"  Optimism  "-M.  *2437 
Spirit  of  g.-Honor-Fear-V.  *2455 
Strife  in  g.-English  Barons.  ^2456 
Strong  g.,  Cromwell's.  ^2457 

Succession  in  g.-Am.  Indians.  ^2458 
Trifles  in  g. -Revolution.  ^2459 

Unfitted  for  g. -Richard  I.  ^2460 
Venal  g. -Fourteenth  Par.  ^2461 
Weakness  of  g. -Roman.  ♦2462 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Absolute  g.  by  Cromwell.  1142 

"        "  -Scheme  of-Eng.      1545 

"         "  Louis  Xrv.  6209 

Authority  over  jf. -Cromwell.      821 

Autocratic  g.-J.  II.  in  Scotland.3865 


Avarice  of  g.-Charles  I.  1715 

Betrayed  by  gambler.  2266 

Bigotry  in  g.,  Destructive-F.      4126 

Bloody  g.-Robespierre.  573» 

Bribed  by  pirates-Rome.  4086 

Bribes  of  g.,  Ministerial.  1207 

Burden  of  g.-Death  of  Harrison. 131 

Burdens  of  misgovernment.        155 

Business  prostrated  by  g.  3979 

Censure  of  g.resented-Dionysiu8.748 

Change  in  g.,  Sudden-Sweden.  2413 

Choice  vs.  Force.  1332 

by  Christian  monarchy.  2091 

Coerced  by  faction-Rome.         2019 

Commerce  promotes  good  g.       977 

Conciliation  in  g. -Caesar.  1031 

Conservatism  in  g.  1126 

Conservatives,  Excessive.  1127 

Controlled  by  Commerce-Eng.    987 

"  '•  Wealth-England.  3676 

Corrupted  and  prodigal  g.-Eng.l508 

"         by  avarice.  1280 

.<  »       »  1210 

'•  "       "       -Roman.    438 

"  "  bribery-Bacon.     1216 

"  "       "      -England.1214 

"  "       "      -Sun'land.1215 

"  "  Eutropius.  1205 

"  "  foreign  M.  3653 

"  "  sale  of  office.        1206 

"         -Endangers.  1211 

"  in  g.-James  II.  1655 

"  of  g.-Sale  of  office.  3886 

Corruptly  administered.  2995 

Criticism  of  g.  in  time  of  peril.     99 

Cruelty  of  g.-Henry  VIII.  1345 

Deceit  ofg.-CharlesII.  2215 

Degraded  by  diplomacy  of  C.II.  169 

Delusive  g.-Plato's- Persian.      1281 

Demoralizing  g.-Charles  II.        1615 

Despair  of  g.-Corruption-Eng.  4253 

Despotism  of  g.-Mails.  3386 

Difficult  iu  large  cities-London.  890 

by  Dignitaries-Colony  of  Va.     1582 

Discord  in  divided  g.  1626 

Disgusting  g.-Louis  XIV.  4051 

Dishonored  by  c.  2137 

Division  of  g..  Ruinous.  1695 

"Drunken  Parliament."  2935 

Education  by  g.-Persians.  6212 

Effective  by  self-control.  3595 

Endangered  by  assassins-Booth. 373 

Energetic  g.,  Cromwell's.  4776 

Extortion  of  g.-Morton's  fork.  2003 

"   "-Richard  II.         2007 

Extortions  of  France.  3673 

Falsehood  in  g.-Napoleon  II.     2042 

Family  g.  by  t.-16th  century.       802 

"      "  overdone-J.  Howard.  806 

"      "  "  "  411 

Favoritism  in  g.-Charles  II.       2110 

by  Fear-England.  2114 

"    "     -Roman  army.  1619 

Finances  of  g.-Sacrifices.  1987 

by  Foreigners-Eng.  by  French.  726 

Free  speech  suppressed  by  g.     3940 

Frugality  in  g.-Misapplied.         2245 

Headless  g.-Roman  Empire.      2613 

by  Humiliation  of  subjects.         248 

Ignored  by  g..  Official.  98 

'-Agent.  3899 


GRACE— GRATITUDE. 


855 


Imbecile  g.  of  Van  Buren.  51 

Imbecility  of  Roman  g.  2016 

Imperilled  by  factions-Roman.  970 
Imprudence  in  g.-Charles  I.  413 
Ineffective  g.-13  States.  1987 

Insolvent  g.-Charles  II.  2892 

Irritation  of  masses  by  narrow  g.851 
Liberal  g.,  Growth  of-Romans.  304 
Men  misplaced  in  g.  3583 

Morals  necessary  to  g.  8716 

Neglect  of  g.-George  II.  2717 

Neglected  by  Emp.  Honorius.  1877 
Obedience  to  illegal  g.  5088 

Oppression  of  g.-Idsh  people.    3944 
"  '•  women  by  g.         6122 

Oppressive  g.  resisted-France.  3200 
Partiality  in  g.-Caths.vs.  Prots.3214 
Patriotic  g.  by  Cromwell.  204 

Petition  to  g.  rejected.  4159 

Right  of.  4161 

Plundering  subjects.  2005 

Popular  g.-Sacred  cause.  1246 

Prosperity  by  good  g.  4531 

Pu-illanimous  g.-by  authority.  920 
Reform  g.-Civil  service- Alfred.4647 
"  "-Roman  Empire.  4649 
Revolutionized-Cromwell.  4874 
Right  of  self-g.-"Squatters."  4909 
Scheme  of  g.,  Noble-Puritans.  4549 
Service  demoralized-England.  5122 
Shameful  conduct  of  g.  4487 

Spleen  in  g.-Senators.  275 

Strong  g  by  personal  force.  1322 
Supported  by  agriculture.  154 

Sustained  by  vice.  2409 

Terrifying  g.-Caracalla.  1333 

Terrorized-New  York  mob.  3646 
by  Terror-Henry  VIII.  1546 

Trifles  magnified  by  g.  399 

Tyrannical  g.  re^ented-Consp.  1340 
Vassalage  of  Eng.  to  France.  5782 
Women  overturn  g.-Rome.        6121 

See  ADMINISTRATION. 
Responsibility  of  a. -Cabinet.       *50 
Unfortunate  a.  of  Van  Buren.     *51 
United  a.  of  A.  Lincoln.  *52 


Revolutionized  by  Cromwell.      410 

See  AMBASSADOR. 
Ridiculous- Voltaire  to  Fred.  IL     4 
Strange  a.-Joan  of  Arc.  2893 

See  AMBASSADORS. 
Bribed  by  Philip  of  Macedon.     671 

See  AUTHORITY. 
Absolute  a.  necessary  in  war.   *406 
"        "-Early  Romans.        *407 
"-Turks.  *408 

Acknowledged-Franks  in  G.  *409 
Assumed-Oliver  Cromwell.  *410 
Dependence  on  parental  a.-H.  ^411 
by  Gentleness-Joan  of  Arc.  *412 
Imprudence  with  a.  *413 

Necessary-Military.  *414 

Personal  a.-Am.  Indians.  *415 

Popular  a.-Chas.  I.  humiliated.  ♦416 
Supreme  a.-Joan  of  Arc.  *417 


Bought  with  money-Sylla.  3877 
by  Character- Aristides.  766 

Command  without  a.  4049 

Common  a.-Spartan  c. -Horses.  808 
Conflicting  a.-Capt.Wadsworth.3956 
"        "  -Inspiration.  2893 

Confusion  of  a. -Gov't  of  Acre.  2415 
Delegated  to  the  pope-Indulg.  827 
Disregarded-Pope  Innocent  III.4934 
Divided-Failure.  975 

Greatest  act  of  personal  a.  4741 
Intolerable  to  Am.  Indians.  3780 
Investment  of  a.-R.  censor.  746 
Parental  a.-Perfect-Harmful-H.806 
Possession  of  a.-Cromwell.  821 
Power  gives  a.-Joyce.  4362 

Recognition  of  a.  by  symbols.  173 
Representative  of  a.-I.  H.  VI.  790 
Symbol  of  a.  lost-Seal.  5060 

Unrecognized  by  Charles  I.  1500 
Usurpation  of  a.-Pretext.  2855 

See  AUTOCRAT. 
Military  a.-Pompey.  *423 

Royal  a.-Henry  VIII.  *424 

See  CIVIL  SERVICE. 
Examination,  unprepared  for.   2345 

See  DESPOTISM. 
Revival  of  d.-Cardinal  Wolsey.*1546 


724 


Arbitrary  a.-Edward  I.  710 

Autocratic  a.  of  Henry  VIII.  424 

"         "   "  Pompey.  423 

Beneficial-Arrogated-Popes.  4302 


Colonial  d.-Massachusetts. 
Social  d.-Landlord. 

See  REBELLION. 
Constructive  r. -Maximilian.     *4625 
Prevented  r.-Scotland.  *4626 

Small  r.-Rhode  Island.  ^4627 

Soap  r  -England.  *4628 

Whiskey  r. -Pennsylvania.        *4629 


of  Army  against  bad  food.  1963 

Catholic  r.  in  Maryland.  5642 

Causes  of  r.-Confederacy.  5888 

Disgrace  from  r.-Clarendon.  1537 
Forced  to  r.-Parl.  by  James  II.  3853 

Forfeiture  of  p.  by  rebellion.  439 

Hostility  to  r. -Pompey.  377 

Incipient  r.-Am.  Revolution.  3526 
"         "-Boston  Tea  Party.  3526 

from  Insult-Persians.  2900 

Sin  of  r.  taught.  3824 

of  Slaves-Romans.  5200 

Soap  r. -Women.  6131 

against  Tyranny-Jacquerie.  5737 

Vengeance  after  r.-Peter.  2875 

See  REPUBLIC, 

in  Decay-Roman.  *4782 

Presaged-John  Cabot.  *4783 


Ruled  by  one  will.  2444 

<.      .4      .<      »  _Washington.2836 

Virtue  necessary  to  r.  2455 

See  RESTRAINT. 
Difficult-Martin  Luther.  *4829 


of  Etiquette-Distasteful.  1927 
Gentility  favored  by  r.- Johnson.2348 

Hateful  to  wild  men.  4503 

by  Rudeness  of  rebukes.  3418 

See  SELF-COMMAND, 

against  Fear- William  III.  *5082 

See  SELF-CONTROL. 

Remarkable  s.-c.-Duke  Fred.  ♦5083 


in  Excitement-G.  Washington.  3406 

Power  over  others  by  s.-c.  3595 

Sleep  at  will-Napoleon  I.  5205 

in  Suppressing  indignation.  5693 

"          "          resentment.  4804 

Weakness  in  s.-c.  confessed.  5091 

See  SELF-POSSESSION. 

Brave  s.-p.-Admiral  Le  Fort.  ♦5091 


in  Danger-Charles  XII.  1240 

See  SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
Basis  of-Virtue-Intelligence.    *5087 
Capacity  for  s.  g.-Mass.  *5088 

Faculty  of  s.-g.-Romans-Eng.  *5089 
Withheld-Colony  of  Virginia.  ^5090 

See  TYRANNY. 
Cruelty  of  t.-Xerxes.  *5734 

Ecclesiastical  t.-Catholic.  ♦5735 
Emblem  of  t.-Bastile.  *5736 

Insurrection  against  t.-P.  ♦5737 
Legislative  t.-Long  Parli'm'nt.*5738 
of  Liberty-French  Revolution.  *5739 
"  "  -Rev.  Tribunal.  ^5740 
Parental  t.-Frederlck  Wm.  I.  *6741 
Recompense  for  t. -France.  *5742 
Self-destructive  t.-Roman.  *5743 
Shameful  t.- Spaniards.  *5744 

Terrible  t.-Gildo.  *5745 


in  Amusement-Spaniards.  5744 

of  Caste,  Social  t.  3491 

Displaced  by  t. -Virginia.  9443 

Ecclesiastical  t.-Exc'mm'nic'n.  4944 
Exasperated  by  t.-Sicilians.       1340 
Household  t.  of  elder  brother.  2331 
"  "  "        "       "  638 

in  Excommunication.  4944 

Legislative  t.-B.  Parliament.      3154 
Non-resistance  to  t.  3824 

Oppression  of  t.-Hope-Crime.    32.34 
Reaction  against  t.-Rufinus.       427 
Resented-New  Eng.  Colonies.     990 
See  DIPLOMACY,  POLITICS  arid 
RULERS  i?i  loo. 

grace:. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Election  of  divine  g.-Crom.        1841 
Restraints  of  g.-Anger.  4033 

Revelation  of  God's  g.-Bunyan.l768 
for  Suffering-Unexpected.         1249 
See  RELIGION  in  loo. 

GRADUATION. 

Dishonorable  g.  of  H.  Miller.    ♦2463 
See  PROMOTION  in  loo. 

gratitude;. 

Expressed-Charles  II.  ^2464 

"        -S.  Johnson.  *2465 

Improvident  g.  of  Goldsmith.  ^2466 


Abandoned-G,  J.  Fox. 


5806 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Begets  love-J.  Howard.  3445 

Christian  g.-Benevolence.  525 

Genuine  g.  to  Lincoln.  514 

Inappropriate-Princes  of  Spain.1656 
Prayer  of  g.,  Silent.  4379 

Reward  of  g.-General  Grant.  4878 
for  Sparing  mercy  of  God-S.  W.  119 
Speechless-Peasant-Nap.  1152 

Unexpected  g.  of  Darius.  5272 

Unpleasant  consequences  of  G.    54 


«56 


GRATUITY— GUILT. 


Vow  of  g.,  Lincoln's.  5860 

"     "  "  An  unjust.  5866 
See  THANKS. 

Expressed-Samuel  Johnson.  *5578 


1257 


Eefused,  Customary  t.-Polk. 
See  THANKSGIVING. 
Duty  of  t.-Neglected.  *5579 

Threefold-Thales.  *5580 

(or  Victory-Spanish  Armada.  *5581 


Heartless  t.  for  food.  924 

Parental  t.-Escape  fromb'rn'ng.812 
Psalm  of  t.-Victory  of  Dunbar.  5821 

GRATUITY. 

Cross-reference. 

Lafayette's  noble  g.  of  services.176 
GRAVE. 

Possession  of  g.-William  of  N.*3467 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Charity  at  the  g.  1397 

Guarding  Napoleon's  g.  2239 

Interesting  g.-Holy  Sepulchre.  1881 
Possession,  The  only-Cyrus.  2471 
Unknown  g -John  Cabot.  991 

Vengeance-Robbing  the  g.         1657 

GRAVES. 

Cross-reference. 
Decorated-Soldiers-Greeks.       5241 
See  BURIAL  in  loo. 

GRAVITY. 

by  Discipline-Constantius.        *2468 


Cross-reference. 
Characteristic  g.  of  Am.  Inds.    4641 

Greatness. 

Blot  on  Dryden"s  g. 
Burdensome  g.-O.  Cromwell. 
Buried  g.-Alexander. 
by  Contrast-Charlemagne. 
Downfall  of  g.-Columbus. 
Dream  of  g.-Cromwell. 
End  of  g.-Saladin. 
Fictitious  g.-D'Albuquerque. 
of  Goodness-Cosmo  de  Medici 
Impossible-Fr,  under  Chas.  IX, 
Multiplex  g.,  CaBsar's. 
Patriotic  g.,  Cromwell's. 
Proof  of  g.-Robert  Bums. 
Recognized-Richelieu. 
Threefold  g.  of  Francis  I. 
with  Vice-Hannibal's. 
by  Wisdom-Alexander. 


*2469 
*2470 
♦2471 
♦2472 
*2473 
*2474 
♦2475 
♦2476 
*2477 
.♦2478 
*2479 
*2480 
*2481 
*2482 
*2483 
*2484 
*2485 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
In  Adversity-Cornelia.  6072 

Age  of  g.-Moors.  125 

Art  vs.  War,  Fine  Art  of  Greece.4200 
Assumed  g  -Desplsed-Nero.       4325 
"        "  -Unworthily.  4457 

Blemished  by  vice.  2484 

Blot  on  g.  of  Alexander.  3741 

Detested-Restraints  of  g.  3486 

Disappearance  of  Pompey'sg.  5719 
Evinced  in  architecture.  2487 

Field  required  for  g. -Milton.      2335 
of  Goodness-Pericles.  2395 

"        "       -National-Eng.       2396 


34 


by  Great  deeds-Themistocles 

Incompleted  g. -Cicero.  2886 

Natural  g.  of  Luther  by  Carlyle.  769 

Overpraise  of  g.,  Pompey's.        4370 

Personal  g.  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  1322 

Respected  g.-G.  Washington.     3738 

Ridiculed-Emperor  Julian.         4894 

of  Soul-Muley  Moluo.  2561 

True  g. -Alfred  the  Great.  4962 

"    "  -Charles  Martel.  4963 

"    "  -Canute.  4964 

Unsurpassed  military  g.-Caesar.4312 

Vanity  with  g. -Elizabeth.  5775 

See  EMINENCE,  GENIUS  and 

FAME  in  loe. 

GRIEF. 

Conjugal  g.-Thoe.  Jefferson.  *2486 

Fatal  g.-Artaxerxes.  •2487 

Public  g.-Fall  of  Jerusalem.  *2488 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abstinence  in  g.-Wife  of  James.6068 

of  Affection.-Daniel  Webster.      561 

Aged  by  g.-Andrew  Jackson.       105 

Angered  by  g.-Caracalla.  1096 

at  g.-Cambyses-  2881 

False  oure  for  g.- Promotion.      2903 

Fatal  g.  of  James  V.  of  Scotrnd.306 

"    "-Dying  for  love.  a349 

"      Sudden  g.-Dr.  Mott.        3810 

Heart  broken  by  g.-Henry  II.     4005 

"   "-Perronet.    2534 

Madness  of  g.-Alexander.  1428 

Overcome  by  g.-Josephine.        1869 

of  Separation.-Nap's  friends.      715 

Silence  of  g. -Napoleon  I.  5146 

Solitude  for  g  -Confucius.  5259 

See  BEREAVEMENT  and  SORROW 

in  loo. 

GRIEVANCES. 

Cross-reference. 
Ignored  by  James  II.  3853 

GROVES. 

Worship  in  g. -Ancients.  *2489 


Cross-reference. 

Dreadful  g.  of  Druids.  (5162 

See  TREE  in  loc. 

GRUMBIilNG. 

over  Failures  of  Ad.  Nelson.    *2490 

See  COMPLAINTS. 
Disregarded-Billeting  act.        *1008 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Characteristic  c.-Palmerston.    1311 
Croaker's  c.-Bad  times.  1315 

Dlsregarded-Romans.  3143 

111  tempered  c-Johnson.  1593 

Inconsiderate  o.-Perlcles.  1769 

Perilous  c.  of  captives-Indians.   565 
Permission  of  c.  denied.  1261 

Useless  c.  against  his  mother- A.  114 

See  GRIEVANCES. 
Ignored  by  James  II.  3853 

See  CROAKING, 
of  Degeneracy-Eng.  Puritans.  *1315 
Habit  of  c.  about  the  weather.  *1316 

GUARD. 

InsufQcient  g.-Cortez.  *2491 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Splendid  g.-7000  horsemen.         1686 

Treacherous  g.,  Washington's.  1136 

See  ESCORT  in  loo. 

GUEST. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Entertainment  of  g.-England.   3600 
Fortunate  g.-Host  poisoned.      4225 
Gratitude  of  g.-Sylla.  3820 

Politeness  of  g.-Csesar.  3400 

Treacherous  g. -James  Burton.  2850 
Ungrateful  g.-Benedlct  Arnold.2644 
Welcomed  g. -American  Indian  .2651 

GUESTS. 

Cross-reference. 

Misjudged  -Princes  of  France.    3634 

See  FEAST  and  HOSPITALITY 

in  loc. 

GUIDANCE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

by  Dream-Cicero.  1722 

"       "     -Deliverers.  1724 

"  Good  genius-Good  men.  3706 

See  LEADER. 

Matchless  l.-Henry  Clay.  *3172 

Noble  l.-John  Winthrop.  ♦3173 

Unnatural  1.-"  The  tall."  ^3174 


Deserted-Geo.  Washington.  2308 

Duty  of  1.  on  the  field.  1269 

Natural  1. -J.  Smith.  4877 

Timid  1.  unsuccessful.  1228 

See  LEADERS. 

Change  of  1.  ruinous.  ^3175 


Strange  l.-Crusaders-Goose. 

See  LEADERSHIP, 
without  Authority-Ind.  Chief. 
Blindly  foUowed-Sheep. 
Destitute  of  l.-Charles  I. 
Impaired  by  large  views. 
Merit  required  for  1. 
Natural  l.-Henry  Clay. 

"       "-William  Wallace. 
Omen  of  l.-Tarquin. 
of  Public  opinlon-Greeley. 
Resignation  nobly  offered. 
Resigned  after  failure. 


5451 


3740 
1482 
4311 
5765 
4277 
4310 
2560 
3176 
4281 
1274 
2026 


GUIDE. 

Invisible  g.,  Constantino's.       *2493 
Unseen  g.,  Constantino's.  *2493 

GUIIiDS. 

Establishment  of  g.-12th  cent.^2494 

See  CLUBS. 
Ancient  c.-"  Inimitable  llvers."^962 

Organization  of  old  English  c.     381 
See  BROTHERHOOD  in  loc. 

GUIIiT. 

Division  of  g.-Assassins.  ♦2495 

Evidence  of  g.-Sudden  death.  ^2496 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Confessed,  Honorably.  3819 

Degrees  In  g.  overlooked.  3056 

Division  of  g.-Agsasslns.  1023 

See  CRIME  dnd  SIN  in  loc. 


HABIT    HARANGUE. 


857 


HABIT. 

Power  of  h.,  Civilization  by.    *2497 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Acqui-ed  h.  of  avarice.  425 

Confirmed,  Licentious  h.-J.  II.  6222 
Disgusting  hi.-Eating.  2183 

Hardened  by  h.-Timour.  1337 

Nervous  h.-Paring  nails.  3807 

Prevarication  by  h.-Chas.  11.     5729 


HABITS. 

Personal  h.-John  Milton. 


*2498 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bondage  of  h.-Vice.  6085 

"  "  -James  II.  5054 

Careless  h.-O.  Goldsmith.  71& 

Fixedness  of  h.-Am.  Indians.  904 
Healthful  h.  of  John  Wesley.  138 
Modify  religious  expressIon-N.  843 
Necessitate  amusement.  3295 

See  PRACTICE. 
Expert  by  p.-Jeffreys.  1994 

Expertnesa  by  p  -Horsemen.      2634 
See  GAMBLIIfG  and   INTEMPER- 
ANCE in  loo. 


HAIR. 

Changed  in  early  life. 
Manly  h.-First  cutting. 
Pride  in  h.-Emperor  Julian. 
Princely  style  of  h.-Franks. 
Eldiculed-'*  Roundhead." 
Uncombed-Harald  II. 
Use  of-Grace-Terror-Sp'rt'ns. 


*2499 
♦2500 
*2501 
♦2502 
♦2503 
*2504 
♦2505 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Beauty  in  h.-Sylla-Gold.  495 

Memento  of  vengeance.  4847 

See  BEARD. 
Significant  b.-Walter  Scott.      *490 


Changed  by  b.-Lincoln  advlsed.6102 
of  Cowards-Half -shaven.  1280 

Golden  (Red)  b.  of  Henry  VIII.     62 
Indignity  to  b.-Cassar.  2796 

Vow  to  leave  uncut-Scott's  f .     490 

See  BEARDS. 
Characteristic  b.-Lombards.     *491 


Legislation  to  shave.  1735 

Limited  use  of  b.-Franks.  2502 

Long-Lombards.  1565 

Pride  in  populom-Jul[&n.  2501 

Shaven-"  lie  against  faces."  3370 
Trimmed  for  battle-Alexander.2500 

See  BARBER. 

Ostentatious  b.-rebuked.  1667 

Superlatlve-lOOO-Constantine.  3903 

H.4IiLUCINATION. 

Realistic  h.-Luther  and  the  d.  *2506 


2384 


Cross-reference. 
Enthusiast's  h.-Joan  of  Arc. 

See  CHARM. 
Protecting  c.-Thunder  and  1.     *782 
"-Agnus  Dei.  *783 

See  CHIMERA. 

Pursuit  of  c.-Isaac  Newton.      *814 

See  CRAZE. 
for  Gold-Emigrants.  2888 


See  ENCHANTMENT. 

Boyish  e. -David  Crockett.  634 

"      "  in  books-Irving.  626 

Personal  e.  by  Mahomet.  2124 

See  INFATUATION. 

Destructive  1.  of  Nero.  *2819 

of  Pride-James  II.  *2820 


of  Curiosity-Pliny.  5050 

Inventor's  i.-Arkwright.  5168 

of  Love-Page  of  Mary  Stuart.  3342 
Political  I. -James  II.  3388 

Popular  i.-Conqaest  of  Florida.    75 
of  War-Charles  XII.  1239 

See  FASCINATION. 

of  Beauty-Mary  Stuart.  6089 

"       "     -Zenobia.  6055 

"       "     -Heartless  woman.       109 

"  Books-Dr.  Harvey.  628 

Lover's  f .-Wm.  the  Conqueror.  2583 

"       "-Robert  Bums.  4219 

"-Garibaldi.  3480 

of  Mistress-James  II.  1133 

"  Vice-Mary  Stuart.  1171 

"  Woman.  2819 

"       "       -Catherine  Sedley.    2842 

"       "       -Mary  Stuart.  3342 

•'       "       -Courtesan  of  Milo.  5960 

"  Women-King  John.  2618 

See  DECEPTION  and  INSANITY 

in  loc. 


HAND. 

Cross-reference. 
Punished-Bishop  Cranmer. 


1249 


HANDS. 

Fortune  in  h.-Amr  the  Arab.  *2507 
Hundred  h.-.iEg8son  the  giant.  *2508 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Calloused  prove  honesty.  2808 

Concealing  h.,  Safety  by.  1649 

HAND-SHAKING. 

Weariness  of-General  Grant.  *2509 
HANGING. 

Forecast  of-Am.  Patriots.  *2510 
Public-S.  Johnson's  views.  ^2511 
a  Remedy-Cromweirs.  *2512 


Cross-reference. 

or  Marriage- Wm. Wat's  choice.  3434 

See  EXECUTION  in  loc. 

HAPPINESS. 

vs.  Amusement-Geo.  Story.  *2513 
Compared-Samuel  Johnson.  *2514 
Constructive  h.-S.  Johnson.  *2515 
Domestic  h.-Duke  of  M'nm'th.*2516 
Receipt  for  h. -Plato's.  *2517 

Simplicity  in  h.-Quakers.         *2518 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Always  in  the  future.  2631 

Benevolence  brings  h. -Lincoln.  536 
Destroyed  by  marriage-M.        3490 

-Shak.   3493 

Fictitious  h.  of  young-Johnson.  261 
Heavenly  h. -Mohammedan's.  2540 
Impossible-Marriage  of  M.  S.  3496 
Industry  favors  h.  2806 

Ingredients  of  h.,  Three.  3717 

in  Life  by  benefactions.  2358 


in  Life  without  wealth.  4886 

"  "  disparaged-Johnson.  3289 
Lost  by  ambition  for  office-M.  183 
vs.  Magnificence-14  days.  3382 

two  Months  of  h.-Timour.  205 

with  Pttverty-Gen.  Grant.  4340 

in  Piison-John  Nelson.  4999 

Quiet  h.  vs.  Power.  1148 

Sin  prevents  h.-H.  D.  Gtough.  1179 
Substituted  for  ambition.  2516 

Surrender  of  public-Josephine.  1869 
Surrendered  to  ambition-Nap.  1699 
Unattained  by  successful  a.  206 
Virtue  brings  h.  \  1134 

See  CHEERFULNESS. 
Simulated-Queen  Mary.  *788 


Necessary  in  worship.  6160 

Policy  of  c.  vs.  Melancholy.  1670 

See  COMFORT, 
by  Affection  of  friends.-Martyr.3403 

"  Dream-Napoleon  I.  1725 
in  Misfortune-Mohammedan  c.  1568 

Religious  c.  in  distress.  2159 

"  "  trial.  2205 
See  CONTENTMENT. 

In  Gardening-Diocletian.  *1148 

under  Hardships- J.  Wesley.  *1149 

Inferior  c.-Samuel  Johnson.  *1150 

with  Poverty-Diogenes.  *115l 

Price  of  c.-Napoleon  I.  *1152 


Possession  of  7  acres-Romans.  152 
Postponed-"  What  then  ?"  1071 
with  Poverty-Abdolonymus.  5635 
without  Riches-Phocion.  4882 

See  ECSTASY. 
Religious  e.-John  Bunyan.       *1768 

See  JOY. 
of  Discovery-Galileo.  *3028 

Fatal  j.-Shock  to  explorers.  *3029 
Intoxicating  j..  Wellington's.  *3030 
Public  j.-Acquittal  of  7  Bps.    *3031 


of  Benevolence-A.  Lincoln.         536 
"  "  -Faraday.  537 

"  "  -John  Howard.  4192 

"  "  -Rev.J.Newton.3077 

"  Buslness-Chauncey  Jerome.  690 
"  Discovery-Spaniards.  2206 

Domestic  j.  of  Marcius.  112 

Fatal  j. -Lover's.  3348 

Inconsiderate  j.  of  peace.  4091 

of  Peace-War  of  1812.  4091 

Reaction  of  j. -Insanity.  3998 

of  Realization-Columbus.  4623 

Religious  j.  in  persecution.  684 

Speechless  j.-Lajolais.  3998 

of  Success-Columbus.  5398 

in  Wealth-Sudden.  4848 

See  RAPTURE. 
of  Martyrs-Scots-Iron  boots.    2098 

See  REJOICING. 

Premature  r. -Fatal.  1603 

"-"  Land  1  Land  ! "  1605 

See  AMUSEMENT,  ENJOYMENT, 

HEAVEN  and  PLEASURE 

in  loc. 


HARANGUE. 

Incessant  b.,  Napoleon's. 
See  SPEECH  iw  loc. 


♦2519 


858 


HARDSHIPS— HEARING. 


HARDSHIPS. 

Military  h.-Roman  legionaries.  •2520 
Success  by  h.-C.  Jerome.         *2521 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ministerial  h.-John  Wesley.       1149 
touthful  h.-A.  Lincoln.  6213 

"    "       "  6200 

"         "  -C.  Jerome.  6199 

"         "-Geo.  Washington.  6198 
See  ADVERSITY  and  TRIALS 
in  loo. 

HARMONY. 

Fear  of  h.-Spartan9-C'nt'nt'n.*2522 

See  CONCORD. 
VS.  Conquered-Mistake.  1067 

See  AGREEMENT. 

Forced  a.  a  Failure.  123 

Necessary  in  denunciation.        1653 

Policy  in  a.-Cloero-Pompey.     8918 

See  MUSIC  in  loc 

HARVEST. 

Lost-Gold-fillngs  sown.  *2523 

See  FRUIT  in  loc. 

HASTE. 

Defects  of  h  -Fine  Art.  ♦2524 

Needless  h.-Admiral  Drake.     ♦2525 

See  IMPATIENCE. 
Disagreement  by  i.-Hamilton.  ^2748 
Folly  of  i.-O.  Goldsmith.  ^2749 


Foolish  i.  of  Xerxes-Fetter.         320 
HATRED. 

Savage  h.-French  vs.  Italians.^2526 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abandoned  at  the  grave.  1399 

Credulity  of  h.-Goths.  1528 

Deserved-Name  of  Jeffreys.  3767 
Expressed,  Popular  h.  1357 

Expression  of  h. -Controversy.  1165 
Insurer's  h.  toward  the  injured.  215 
Inspiration  of  h.-Wm.  P.  of  O.  2654 
of  Mankind  deserved-B  )rgia.  4225 
Maternal  h. -Sarah  Jennings.  6071 
Political  h.of  American- Johnson.215 
Popular  h.-Joan  by  England.  1950 
Race  h.  inflamed  by  ruler.  3549 

Returned  for  affection.  2883 

Stimulated  by  conscience.  3389 
Universal  h.  of  Commodus.  5743 
Victims  of  h.  of  J.  Il.-Jefifreys  c.  919 

See  ANGER. 
Symptom  of  a  -Napoleon.  ^229 


Anti-religious  a.  4741 

Brutal  a.-Prederick  Wm.  I.  5741 

Controlled  by  a.-Peter  the  G.  5091 

Costly-£30,000.  4102 

Folly  of  a.-Milton.  1167 

Foolish  a. -John  Adams.  4234 

Furious  a. -Byron's  mother.  3722 

of  Jealousy- Voltaire.  3002 

Overpowering  a. -Washington.  56 

Quenched  by  reading  Koran.  32 

"         "  good-humor.  1933 

Reaction  of  a.-Alexander.  1744 

Savage  a.-Frederlck  William.  1672 

Undeserved  a.  of  Washington.  2748 

Weakness-Philip.  5104 


See  ANIMOSITY. 
Fraternal  a.-Caracalla  and  G.    *239 
of  Ignorance-National.  *240 

Unreasonable.  Anti-Catholic  a.  ^241 

See  CONTEMPT. 
Expressed,  Timour's  c.  ^1143 

for  Pretension-Pirates.  ^1144 

-Alaric.  ^1145 

Protected  by  c.-Maximus.        *\\AQ 
Religious  c.-Puritans.  ^1147 


of  Anger-Unmerited  c.  8150 

for  Bribers-Isaac  Newton.  660 

Cured  by  adversity-Braddock's.  97 
Expressed  for  George  II.  9 

Familiarity  breeds  c.-J.  Hogg.  2061 
Foolish  c.-Pope-Luther.  1535 

Folly  breeds  c.-Fanatics.  3528 

of  Genius -Fulton's  c.  2306 

Mistaken  c.  of  Cajetan  for  L.      257 
Public  c.  expressed.  4077 

Social  c,  Imperilled  by.  3540 

See  DETESTATION. 
Courage  under  d.-Cromwell.  ♦1563 
Public  d.  of  Eutropius.  *1564 

See  HOSTILITY. 
Supreme  h. -Enmity  to  France. ^2654 


Implacable  h.-Ro  man's  oath.    3842 

See  INDIGNATION. 

Affected  i.-Napoleon  I.  393 

Aroused  by  deception.  1587 

at  Bribery-Isaac  Newton.  660 

"     -S.  A.  Douglas.  673 

Expressed  by  absence.  2 

"         -Patriotic  i.  *2795 

Farious-Disguised  man.  1652 

of  Gods  expected-Pagans-Nile.  694 

Ill-timed  i.-Tnvestigation.  2995 

Irrepressible-Geo.  Washington.    56 

Popular  i.  at  Brutality.  3048 

"      "  "  assassinators  of  C.     46 

"       "  "  Clarendon.  3898 

"       "  "  murder  of  Becket.3505 

"       "  "  Stamp  Act.  3525 

of  Pride-Samuel  Johnson's.       434^ 

Public  i.  at  absentee-George  II.      9 

"     "  -Bribery  of  Demofl.        67jJ 

at  Threatening  of  Gates.  2795 

Unuttered  l.-Napoleon  I.  5693 

See  WRATH. 

Victim  of  w.-Jews-AntiochuB.  «4136 

See  STRIFE  and  VENftiSAVrCfl 

in  loc. 

H.4TS 

Cross-refere-n''.e 
DifSculty  in  getting  v...-iingJaud,2I04 

HAUGHTINESS. 

Lordly  h.  of  Sapor.  ♦2537 


Miscellaneous  cruss-reference. 

Humbled-Kingly-Cromwell.  2623 

See  ARROGANCE. 

Answered-Charles  V.  ♦319 

Childish  a.  of  Xerxes-Fetters.  ^320 

Insulting  a.-Attila.  ^321 

" -Charles  V.  ♦322 


Boastful  a.-Disabul  the  Turk.     384 

Clerical  a.  in  politics.  920 

"      "    "        '«  4929 


Lofty  a.-Attila.  322 

National  a.-English.  323 

Peril  in  a.-Braddock's  defeat.  97 

See  ASSUMPTION. 

Boastful  a.  of  Disabul  the  T.  *2SA 


Rebuked-Bishop  Coke. 

278? 

See  CONTUMACY. 

False  charge  of  c.-Bp.Cranmer.306& 

See  CONTEMPT  and  PRIDE 

in  loc. 

HEAD. 

Cross-reference. 

Elongated-Pericles. 

1497 

See  SKULL. 

Ominous  discovery  of  s. 

3176 

HEAIiTH. 

Following  disease-Cholera.  *2528 
Heroism  without  h.-Wm.  IIL  ♦252& 
Prized  by  Arabs.  *2530 

by  Travel- William  Irving.        *2531 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bath  restores  h. -Napoleon.        3552 
Cure  for  h.-Longevity.  3282 

Dejection  from  bad  h.-Pitt.  1515 
Disordered  by  excitement.  1180 
Disregarded  by  employers.  429 

Exposed  at  funerals.  2250 

Impaired  by  over-study.  3794 

Imperilled  by  bath-Alexander.  1048 
"  "  garbage.  3828 

Improved-Public-Sanitary.  3550 
Longevity  with  feeble  h.  3386 

In  Old  Age-Samuel  Johnson.  123 
"  "  '"  -"Tower undermined. "132 
Preferred  to  dignity-Charles  V.2627 
"  "  "  -Diocletian.  2626 
Public  h.  impaired  52  years.  4191 
Restoi-inK  h.-'"Fountain  of  Y."  619S 
SaCMfltoes  fee  h.-Clothes.  2254 

See  DIET. 
WcipUcity  in  d.-John  Howard. *157ft 


Frugal  soldier's  d.-Emp.  Carus.  447 
Importance  of  plain  d.  -Youtfe,  ep^ 
Life  prolonged  by  u.  Hlfi 

an  Obstacle- Young  Irving.         2734 

See  DRAINAGE 
Scheme  of  d.-Charles.  ♦I?!? 

Success  by  d.-Romans.  ♦171i 


Agriculture  Improved  by  d.  171| 

Death  by  lack  of  d.  4158 

Health  by  d.-John  Howard.  4164 

Opposition  to  d.-Sportsmen.  112t. 

See  WATERING-PLACES. 

Rustic  w.-p.-England.  ♦595< 

Uninviting  w.-p.-England.  ♦595,* 


Pleasures  of  w.  p.-Old  Eng.       i205 

Suspicious  diet-Dog-Englaii(r    2184 

See  BATH  and  PHYSICIAN  ..t  loc. 

HEARERS. 

Uuappreciative  h.,  Johnson's.  *2532 

See  AUDIENCE. 
Necessary  for  great  oratory.     3958 
Speaker  impressed  by  a.  4822 

HEARING. 

Released  from  h.-C'ngr'g'tlon.^2523 


HEART— HERESY. 


859 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Determined  on  a  h.-Luther.  257 

Prevented  by  appetite-Cato.  266 

See  EARS. 

Amputated  e.-Punishment.  204C 

Importance  of  e.-War.  5887 

Insult  by  boxing  e.  27 

Trophy  in  amputated  e.  5939 

HEART. 

Broken-Miss  Perronet.  *2534 

"      -Story- Wm.  Irving's.  *2535 

Hardened-James  II.-Eebels.  ♦2536 

Honest  h.  a  "  fortress"-S.  C.  *2537 

Longing  for  God-Hindoo.  *2638 
Obdurate  h.-Murderer  Ferrers.*2539 


Miscellaneou.s  cross-references. 
Better  tiian  genius.  2535 

Broken  by  grief- Artaxerxes.     2487 
*'       "      "    -Henry  II.  4005 

Enigma  of  the  human  h.  3344 

Evil  h.  concealed-Chas.theBad.1669 
Failure  of  h.,  Executioner's.  1979 
Hard'  ned  by  spilling  blood.  1337 
Poetry  without  h.,  Gray's.  4218 
Religion  of  the  h.-M.  Luther.  1486 
Sin  of  the  h.,  Offensive.  2656 

Supremacy  of  the  h.  needed.  268 
Way  to  the  h.-Love  of  mother-N.115 
Wounds  unhealed.  2903 

See  EMOTION  and  DISPOSITION 
in  loc. 


HEARTS. 

Cross-reference. 
King  of  h.-Charles  Talbot. 


2233 


HEATHEIV. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ctonscience  unsatisfied.  2538 

Rights  of  h.  ignored.  2476 

See  PAGANISM. 
Tnjurious  by  vice.  *3974 

Overthrow  of  p.  -Alaric.  *3975 


Overthrow  of  p.-Theodosius.     2399 
See  IDOLATRY  and  MISSIONARY 

in  loc. 

HEAVEN, 

Carnal  h  -Mahomet's.  ♦2540 

Division  of  h.-Swedenborg.  +2541 

Materialistic  h.,  Bos  well's.  ^2542 

Views  of  h.-Adaptation.  +2543 

Visited  by  Mahomet.  ^2544 

Warrior's  h.-Scandinavians.  ^2545 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Approaching  near  to  h.-TayIor.3403 
Children  In  h.-Swedenborg.       6207 
or  Hell-John  Bunyan.  1085 

Infants  in  h.-Swedenborg.  2818 
Letter  from  St.  Paul  to  Pepin.  3196 
Nearness  to  h.  In  sickness.  5131 
Visited  by  Mahomet.  3623 

Women  In  h.-Mahomet.  3992 

See  PARADISE. 
Drunkard'sp.-AncientGerm's.^3988 
Earthly  p.  in  Damascus.  *3989 

Language  of  p.-PersIan.  ^3990 

Mussulman's  p.-Five.  ^3991 

Sensual  p.  of  Mahomet.  ^3992 


Strange  p.-Mahomet. 


*3993 


Admission  to  p.  by  epilepsy-M.1643 
Belief  In  p.  -Persians.  2259 

Brave  men  go  to  p.  1416,  1435 

Heroes'  bloody  p.-Pagans.  1417 

Letters  sent  to  p.-Gauls.  2258 

vs.  Perdition,  Which  ?  6141 

Qualifications  for  p.-"Good  fore. "32 
Visionary  p.  of  Crusaders.         2095 

HEEDLESSNESS. 

Loss  by  h.,  Goldsmith's.  ^2546 

See  CARELESSNESS  in  loc. 

HEIR. 

Cross-referenoe. 

Suspicious  h.  of  James  II.  3528 

See  PRIMOGENITURE. 
Disregarded  in  Old  Testament. ♦4459 

See  LEGACY, 
for  Churches-15th  century.  554 

of  Political  advice-Augustus.      100 

See  LEGACIES. 
Christian  I.  to  Church.  *3ia3 

Eagerness  for  l.-Romans.         *3184 
Enriched  by  l.-Cicero.  ♦3185 

See  INHERITANCE  in  loc. 
HEIili. 
Necessary-Prest.  A.  Jackson.  ^2547 
Temporary  h.-Mohammedan.  ^2548 


1423 


Cross-reference. 
Fear  of  h.-Samuel  Johnson. 

See  PURGATORY. 
Compensations  of  p.-Moham.  *4580 
Mohammedan  p.-Punishment.^4581 

Belief  in  p.-Ancient  Persians.    2259 

Mohammedan  p.-Seven  hells.   2548 

HELP. 

Fictitious  h. -Julian  the  apost.  *2549 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

in  Adversity.  5420 

Delayed  till  needless.  4083 

Divine  h.  needed-Lincoln.  4380 

from  God,  the  best-Joan.  1559 

Necessary-Briton's  appeal.  2016 

Withheld  makes  manhood.  1560 

HELPERS. 

Dependence  on  h.- Auxiliaries. ^2550 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Acknowledged  by  I.  Newton.  1631 

Repelled  by  insincerity.  2041 

Sustained  by  Lincoln.  52 

Valuable-Aids  of  Napoleon.  2834 

See  ASSISTANCE. 

Energetic  a.  of  Pompey.  ♦377 


Refused  wisely  to  son.  2630 

Response  to  Mahomet's  call.       173 

See  REINFORCEMENTS. 

Dangerous  r. -Emigrants  to  Va.^4666 

See  ALLIANCE,  CONTRIBUTIONS 

and  PATRONAGE  in  loc. 

HEREDITT. 

of  Disposition-Frederick  II.     *2551 
Failure  of  h.-Ho ward's  father. +2552 

Miscellaneous  cross-referencea. 
of  Character-Charles  I.  3628 


Contradlcted-Orleans  princes.  227 

of  Crime-Caesars  family.  2072 

Cruelty  by  h.-Nero .  1347 

"    "      "  2072 

of  Disposition-Frederick  II.  2551 

"         -Melancholy.  3560 

"          -Nero.  5260 

Failure  of  h.-Cromwell's  son.  5957 

of  Genius- Watts.  2315 

-Blaise  Pascal.  2324 

In  Government-Monarchy.  2451 

-Female  line-I.  2458 

Incompetence  by  h.-Goldsmith.4342 

in  Mechanics-East  Indian.  3537 

of  Profession  in  Egypt.  4486 

"  Shamelessness-Ferdinand.  2066 

See  ANCESTORS. 

Brutality  of  a.  overlooked.  1334 
Offences  punished  in  children.  6175 

Regard  for  a.-Russians.  1124 

See  ANCESTRY. 

Humble  a.  of  poet  Horace.  *225 

Ineffective  a.-Prince  Rupert.  *226 

Unlike  a.-Orleans  princes.  *227 


Barbarous  a.  of  Europeans.  2719 

Base  a.-WItches  and  demons.  1528 
Character  from  a.-Q.  Elizabeth.  763 
"     "  -Americans     771 

Depraved  a.,  Nero's.  1533 

"       a.  confessed.  2066 

Disreputable  a.-John  XII.  4305 

Divine-Spurious-Silenus.  2386 

Genius  by  a.-John  Milton.  2298 

Happiness  affected  by  a.  3560 

Humble  a.-N.  R.  Gabrini.  594 

"       "-Diocletian.  595 

Nobility  of  a.  despised-Nap.  3592 

Pride  in  honest  a.-Napoleon.  3592 

Savage  a.  of  Europeans.  2719 

Selected  a.-Pilgrim  Fathers.  3173 

Unfortunate  a. -Charles  I.  3628 

See  BIRTH. 

Accident  of  b.-Napoleon.  *592 

Concealed-Mohammedan's.  ^593 

Humble  b.,  Gabrini's.  +594 

"       "  -Diocletian's.  *595 

Superior  to  b.-Robert  Burns.  *596 

Welcome  b.-Napoleon's  son.  *597 


Abilities  more  than  b.  2725 

Caste  of  b.-Italians.  722 

Celebrated  shamefully.  1266 

Illustrious  b.  Inefifective-Rupert.226 

"         "  "       -SonofN.597 

Meanness  of  b.-PIzarro.  641 

Misfortune  by  b. -Charles  I.        3628 

"  "  "-"Pretender." 6223 

See  PATERNITY. 

Inferred  by  conduct.  ^4026 

See  PARENT  in  loc. 

HERESY. 

Pined  for  h.-Donatists  by  Cath.^2553 

Hunting  h.-Roger  Williams.     *2554 

Madness  at  h.-Phillp  II.  *2555 

Suppression  of  h.  by  law.  *2556 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Champions  against  h.-Jesults.   3960 
Far-fetched  h.-Joan  of  Arc.       1726 
vs.  Mallgnancy-Parentai.  3389 

Punished  for  h.-William  Penn.  3970 


860 


HERETICS— HOME. 


Reading  the  Bible  a  h.-R.  Hunne.572 
Scientific  h.  of  Galileo.  5727 

Toleration  of  h.-R.  Williams.     5638 

See  HETERODOXY. 
Evidence  of  h.  in  trifles.  *2571 

HERETICS. 

Terrified-Branded-Nakedness.*2557 
Vengeance  against  h.-Corpse.  *2558 


Miscellaneous  cross-refereno*. 
Pretext  for  persecuting  h.  6073 

See  APOSTASY. 
Open  a.  of  Romanus.  *251 

Primitive  a.  by  persecution.      *252 


Encouraged  by  law-Maryland.  4116 
Explained-Inconslstency.  2774 

Discreditable  a.-Protestant.  1936 
Reaction  of  forced  converts  to  a. 920 
Required  of  officer.  1471 

See  APOSTATE. 
Honored  unwisely.  3177 

Shameful  a.-Justus.  1359 

See  APOSTATES. 
Forgiven  by  Primitive  C.  ♦253 


Malice  of  a.-Knights  Templars.1939 
"       "  "  -Julian's.  2549 

See  PERSECUTION  in  loo. 

HERiniT. 

Mysterious  h.  of  Niagara  Falls. *2559 

HERO. 

Patriotic  h.-William  Wallace.  *2560 
Unsurpassed  h.-Muley  Moluc.  *2561 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Admired-Belisarius.  1686 

Christian  h.-Thomas  Lee.  1571 

Contempt  for  cowardice.  1251 

Daring  of  h. -Sergeant  Jasper.  2151 
Deifled-Claudius  Britannicus.  2706 
Described-Charles  XII.  1970 

Encouraged-Martin  Luther.  1879 
Terrifying  h.-Richard  the  Lion  3770 

HEROES. 
Dead  h.-Solyman  invoked.       *2562 
for  Freedom-L'Ouverture.       *2563 

See  HEROISM. 
Admirable  h.-Lafayette.  *2664 

"  "  -Prince  Conde.     *2565 

Patriotic  h.-Chevalier  Bayard.*2566 
Persistent  h.-Mohammedan.  *2567 
in  Suffering-Lord  Nelson.  ♦Sses 
Tarnlshed-Benedict  Arnold.  *2569 
Unfaltering  h.-Jas.  Lawrence.*2570 


Brave  h.  of  Devereux.  651 

"     "    "  Grenville.  652 

Christian  h.-Jesuit  mi8sionaries.3508 

Invalid's  h.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  2529 

Missionary  h.-Jesuits.  3636 

"  -M.  B.  Cox.  3643 

vs.  Nobility-Nelson.  6915 

Patriotic  h.-Cltizen.  4068 

"        "  -Pomponius.  4069 

of  Soldier's  h.-Phillp  5945 

Unappreciated  by  Continental  C.176 

HEROINE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Revenge  of  h.-Hannah  Dustin.  3729 


Revenge  of  h.-"Capt.  Molly."   4078 

See  COURAGE  and  MARTYRS 

in  loc. 

HETER01>0X¥. 

Evidence  of  h.  in  trifles.  *2571 

See  HERESY  in  loc. 

HINDRANCE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Criticism- Abraham  Lincoln.     99 
Official  h.-Fonseca-Columbus.  3900 

See  BLOCKADE. 
by  Chalns-Constantin'ple  by  M.*605 
of  Death-Corpses-Caesar.  *606 

See  OBSTACLES. 
Overcome  by  perseverance-D.  3949 

See  OBSTRUCTION. 
Legislative  o.-Romans.  *3856 


Misguided  o.-Scots.  975 

See  DIFFICULTIES  and  OPPOSI- 
TION in  loc. 


HISTORY. 

Divisions  of  h.-Ancient  and  m. 
Fictitious  h.-Ancient  Britain. 

"        "-Pocahontas. 

"        "  -Newton's  apple. 
Influence  of  h.-N.  Rienzl. 
Misinterpreted,  Cromwell's  h. 
Mistakes  of  h. -Cromwell. 
Overlooked-Senator  Yulee. 
Partiality  of  h.-T.  Cromwell. 
Providence  in  h. -Battle. 
Rewritten  h.,  O.  Cromwell's. 
Romance  of  h.-Battle  of  H. 
Slandered  by  h.,  Christians. 
Voluminous  h.  about  S. 


*2572 
*2573 
*2574 
*2575 
*2576 
*2577 
♦2578 
*2579 
♦2580 
*2581 
*2582 
*2583 
♦2584 
♦2586 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Attraction  of  h.  to  Gibbon.        6205 

Coincidence  in  h.-R'm'lus  and  T.967 

Contradictions  of  h.-Cromwell.2921 

Corrected-Cromwell's  h.  3921 

Crisis  in  h. -Mahomet  vs.  Christ. 2187 

Exaggerations  of  h.-Adulation.2156 

Fiction  of  h. -Romulus.  2425 

Foreshadowed-American  h.      4783 

Greatest  event-Fall  of  Rome.     1549 

Omissions  of  h.-Mrs.  Adams.      6058 

"         "  " -Com.  people.     3524 

Parallels  in  h.-Julian-James  11.2727 

Prejudice  in  h.-Dionysius.         4411 

Providence  in  American  h.  902 

"  "  h.-James  II.  4551 

..  .»  14  _jq^  j;  Pilgrims.4552 

"  "  «' -"New  Fr'nce. "3787 

Turning-point  in  English  h.       6133 

Unwritten  h.-Forgotten-Attila.331 1 

HOAX. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Successful  h.,  T.  Hood's.  2058 

Victim  of  h.-O.  Goldsmith.         2601 

HOAXES. 

Success  by  h.-W.  Irving.  *2586 

See  TRICK  in  loc. 

HOBBITIST. 

Ridiculed-Columbus.  ♦2587 

See  ENTHUSIASM  in  loc. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Poor  h.-One  idea,  that  wrong.  2910 
Speakers-Cato-Scipio.  1899 

HOLIDAY. 

Cross-reference. 
Perverted-Chi  isi  mas  a  fast-day. 4704 

See  RECREATION  in  loc. 


HOLINESS. 

Fictitious  h.  of  Mahomet. 


♦2588 


HOLY  SPIRIT. 

Professed-Mahomet.  *2589 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Dishonored  by  Crusaders.  237 

Reveals  God-Qnaker.s.  5307 

Witness  of  the  H.  S.- Wesley.     6034 

See  SPIRIT. 

Impelling  S.-George  Fox.         ♦5306 

Teachings  of  the  S.-Quakers.  *5307 

See  INSPIRATION  in  loc. 


HOMAGE. 

Disgusting  h.  of  James  II. 
Unsurpassed-S.  Johnson's. 


♦2590 
♦2591 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Refused  by  Crusader  891 

to  Vanity  of  Diocletian.  26 

"       "       "  Greek  emperors.       59 

See  KNEELING, 
to  God  only-Alex.  Murray.       *3085 


2590 


♦4817 


Disgusted  by  king's  k. 

See  RESPECT. 
Beneficial-Samnel  Johnson. 

See  REVERENCE. 
Excessive  r.-Wm.  Pitt.  ♦4867 

Filial  r.-Alexander.  +4868 

for  Parents-Ancients.  ♦4869 

Religious  r.-Pagans.  ^4870 


for  Animals-Egyptians.  2171 

"  Clergy  excessive-Ferd.  II.  921 
Excessive  religious  r.-Pagans.  4870 
Foolish  r.-Sacred  goose-Goat.  5451 
for  Relics-Religious.  4676 

4678 
Restraint  of  r.-Repairing  temple.876 
Superstitious  r.  for  the  Bible.      585 

HOME. 

Beautified-Walter  Scott's.  ^2592 
Common  Roman  h.  described.  ^2593 

Deserted-Londoner's  h.  ^2594 

Palatial  h.-Roman.  ^2595 

Shaded-Puritan's  h.  ^2596 

Thoughtful  of  h.-A.  Lincoln.  ^2597 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bloody  h.-Palaoe  of  the  Caesar8.2072 
a  Castle,  Poor  man's  h.  3142 

Courtesy  at  h.-Ancients.  4869 

Desolated  by  death-J.  Watt.  562 
Expelled  from  h.  for  piety.  1663 
Inferior  to  English  inn.  2876 

Invention  benefits  h.  dishes.  .2973 
Mistaken-Oliver  Goldsmith.  609 
Protected,  Poor  woman's.  3057 

Religious  training  at  h.-W.        1819 
"        h.-Puritan-Cromwell.3919 
Remembrance  of  h.-Gen.  rraser.188 


HOME-LIFE— HONORS. 


861 


Buined  by  war-Nicetas's  h.  2211 
vs.  the  state-Josephine's  d.  178 
Transformed-Garibaldi's  h.  4042 
Wasted  by  death-Sir  W.  Scott.    190 

HOME-IilFC:. 

of  Savages-Am.  Indians.  *2598 


HOMES. 

Filthy-England,  year  1509. 
Robbed  of  h.-Cheroliees. 


*2599 
♦2600 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Banishment  from  h.-Arcadians.  448 
Building  of  h.-Plymouth.  504 

Destitute  h.-English  laborers.  3123 
Destitution  of  h.-Old  England.  2858 
Discord  in  palatial  h.  1626 

Filthy  h.  of  Irish  poor.  1510, 1511 
Humble  h.-Tartars.  3978 

of  the  Poor  degraded-England.  4293 
Unattractive  h.-Spartan.  1754 

See  RESIDENCE.  ' 
Intolerable  r.-London.  ♦4807 

See  FAMILY  in  loo. 

HOME-SICKNESS. 

Cross-references. 
Sorrows  of  h.s.-Chinese  women. 5712 
Victims  of  h.-s.-Pizarro's  men.   820 


HONESTY. 

Assumed-C'chman-Goldsmith. 
Confessed- Sir  C.  Shovel, 
of  Convictions-Wm.  Penn. 
Ludicrous  h. -Diary. 
Official  h.-Abubeker. 
Promotion  by  h.-Pompey. 
Public  h.  in  Italy, 
in  Public  life-0.  Cromwell. 
Punished-Lascaris  II. 
Scarcity  of  h.-Plato. 
Unquestioned- Washington. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Aversive  to  h.-Politlcians. 
Childish  h.  to  Robert  Burns. 
Conspicuous  h.-Portland. 
Contentment  favors  h. 
Poverty  a  proof  of  h.-Scipio. 
Renown  for  h.-Aristides. 
Uncorrupted-Opportunity. 
Unpopular- Aristides. 

See  CANDOR. 
Christian  c.  in  discussion. 
See  FIDELITY. 
Tested-Crown  rejected. 


♦2601 
♦2602 
*2603 
♦2604 
*2605 
*2606 
*2607 
*2608 
*2609 
*2610 
*2611 


1840 
1972 
1214 
1207 
1948 
4762 
2285 
4374 

*705 

*2128 


of  Animal-Soldier's  dog.  3578 

Confidence  in  f.-Frederick.  1247 

Humble  f.-Pompey's  slave.  2253 

Oath  of  f .  to  Mahomet.  3835 

"      "  "-Roman  soldier.  3838 

Political  f.  ill  rewarded.  2854 

Remarkable  f.-Slaves.  5199 

"  "-India  ns-Penn.  5700 

Rewarded  with  treachery.  2850 

of  Slaves  of  Cornutus.  5351 

to  Truth  rewarded.  2040 
Unfailing  f. -Napoleon's  grave.  2239 

See  INTEGRITY  and  SINCERITY 
in  loo. 


HONOR. 

Appeal  to  h.  of  Claudius. 
Dangeruus  h.-Emp.  of  Rome. 
Debts  of  h. -Gamblers. 
Humility  with  h.-Young  B. 
Misplaced  h.-Major  Andr6. 
National  h.  of  Romans. 
Test  of  h.-John  II.,  the  Good. 
Vanity  of  h.-Queen  Mary, 
in  War-Napoleon. 


*2612 
*2613 
*2614 
♦2615 
♦2616 
♦2617 
♦2618 
♦2619 
♦2620 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Appeal  to  soldier's  h. -Banner. 

"       "  h.,  Successful. 
Crown  of  h.-Roman. 
Defence  of  h.-Insult. 
Defended  by  combat-Gauls, 
by  Destruction  of  others'  h. 
Disgraceful  h.-Aristides. 
Distrust  of  personal  h. 
for  Goodness-Medici. 
Gov't  by  h. -Monarchies. 
Honor  for  honor-Pomponius. 
Increased-Iron-Gold  crown. 
Misapplied  h.-T.  Gates. 
Misplaced  h.-Claude  Duval. 
Motive  of  h.  vs.  Money. 
Noble  sense  of  h.-Socrates. 
Obligation  of  h.-Promises. 
Office,  Complimentary. 
Posthumous  h.  of  Webster. 
Restraints  of  h.,  Arab's. 

"  "  "  -Am.  Savage. 

"  "  "-Robber. 

Revenged  dishonorably. 

Seductive  h.-Golden  rose. 

a  Snare-Caesar's  crown. 

Stolen  h. -Crown  of  England. 

for  Strangers-Am.  Indians. 

above  Strategy-Persians. 

Supremacy  of  h.-Regulus. 

Tarnished  h.  declined. 

Terrifying  h.-Emp  Julianus. 

Transferred  to  Jupiter. 

in  Victory-Alexander. 

War  for  h.-Trojan. 

in  Warfare-Mohammedans. 

Won  in  early  life-Napoleon. 

Wounded  h.-Women-Beards. 

HONORS. 

Burdensome-G  rant- Alfonso. 
Compulsory-Satuminus. 
Demanded  by  Cromwell. 
Miserable-Aged  Titus. 
Premature  h.  of  Bolivar. 
Resigned-Emp.  Diocletian. 

"       -Charles  V. 
Unexpected-Sallie  Thompson, 
Unmerited-Emp.  Carlnus. 
Won  by  merit-"  Win  his  s." 


651 

2612 
1324 
2900 
3054 
5780 
4374 
3412 
2477 
2455 
4069 
1330 
2760 
4923 
4887 
3147 
4505 
3872 
703 
2647 
2649 
2648 
4799 
2161 
1323 
1327 
2651 
5352 
5081 
3469 
3672 
1328 
5820 
5910 
5937 
6180 
2896 

♦2621 
♦2622 
♦2623 
♦2624 
♦2625 
♦2626 
♦3627 
,♦2628 
•2629 
♦2630 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
from  Abroad-Lombards.  2645 

in  Agriculture-Anglo-Saxons.     720 
Bestowed  on  animals-E.  2172 

"  "  goose.  5451 

••  "  the  vicious-A.       1256 

Burdensome-Lincoln.  247 

for  Criminals-Scots.  1300 

Dangerous-Violent  death.  1454 

Declined-Crown-Cromwell-W.  1322 


Decllned-Crown-Caesar. 
Divine  to  Demetrius. 
Endangered  by  h.-Cromwell. 


1323 
2157 
366 
370 
1329 
6632 
2040 
2251 
2252 
2254 
2187 
5633 
467 
1325 
3650 
2416 
5097 
2280 
3876 
3751 


Envied-Demosthenes. 

Exchanged,  Pitt  vs.  Chatham. 

for  Faithfulness  to  truth. 

Funeral-Caesar's. 
"      -Egyptians. 
"      -Lincoln's. 

Ill-proportioned-Martel. 

Literary  degrees  undeserved. 

Lost  by  delay-Spartans. 

for  Merit-Coronation. 

Merited  by  benevolence-J.  H. 

Misapplied-George  Villiers. 
"        -Pocahontas. 

Misplaced-Olympic  games. 

"        -Emperor  Claudius. 
Music  brings  f.-Rizzio. 
Opportunity  of  h.-Black  Prince.  470 

Received  reluctantly-Pertinax's.  165 
Restored  to  Cicero.  1658 

Sale  of  h.  invented.  5629 

Self  imposed-Napoleon.  1326 

Selfishness  in  seeking  h.  5078 

Surrender  for  virtue.  686 

of  Triumph-Magnificent.  5719 

Troublesome-Golden  crown.  1329 
Unappreciated-Cromwell's  s.  5957 
Undeserved-a  Farmer.  3177 

Unenjoyed-Milton's.  3310 

Unsatisfactory  h.-High  office.  183 
Vanity  of  h.-Queen  Mary.  2619 

Vexatious  h.-Napoleon.  751 

Vice  receiving  h.-Emp.Carinus.2629 
Viciously  bestowed  on  Nero.  4325 
Wearisome-Cromwell's.  2470 

Withdrawn-Cromwell's.  4851 

WIthheld-John  Cabot.  991 

See  CORONATION. 
Ceremony  of  c.-Kings  of  Fr'ks.^1196 
a  Personal  act-Napoleon.         ^1197 


2127 


Festival  of  c.  of  Edward  I. 
See  DIGNITARIES. 
Multiplied  in  Virginia  Colony.  ♦ISSa 

See  EMINENCE. 
Cowardly  e.-Emp.  Honorius.    *1867 
by  Worth-Henry  Wilson.  ^1868 


by  Adversity- Abraham  Lincoln.  83 
in  Allegory  of  John  Bunyan.  168 
"  Art,  Superior  e.  347 

"    "  "        "  -Raphael.        348 

"  Self-sacrifice-Bishop  Coke.    1570 

See  FAME. 
Belated-J.  Q  Adams.  ^2046 

by  Competition-Wm.  Parry.  ^2047 
Costly-Sir  W.  Scott.  *2048 

by  Discovery-N.  W.  passage.  *2049 
Distant  f  .-Lincoln  in  Italy.  *2050 
Impostor's- Titus  Oates.  ^2051 

by  Infamy- Assassin  of  Nap.  *2052 
Locality  for  f .-Napoleon  In  E.  ^2053 
Perverted-Memory  of  C.  *20,54 

Posthumous-Columbus.  ^2055 

Regarded-"  What  will  h.  say?"*2056 
Sudden  f .  of  Byron.  ^2057 

■•  -Bemer's  St.  Hoax.  ♦2058 
Trials  of  f.-W.  Scott.  ^2059 


862 


HOPE— HUMANITY. 


Undesired-Emp .  Maximus.      *2060 


Ambition  for  f -Themistoclea.  189 

Ambitious  for  f. -Trajan.  2367 

Contradiction-Great  vs.  M.  2485 

Delayed-Milton's  f.  2325 

Desired  next  to  power.  195 

Diminishing-Thirty  authors.  3304 

Diminution  of  f.  2476 
Increasing  posthumous-Burns.  2481 

Literature  necessary  to  f.  3311 

Merited-Frederick  II.  5808 

Misappropriated-Chas.  Lee.  4789 

Monuments  of  f. -Pyramids.  2365 

Neglect  followed  by  f .  3270 

Omission  of  f.-T.  Cromwell.  2580 

Passion  for  f.-Themistocles.  189 
"        "    "  -Fred,  the  Great.  208 

without  Popularity-H.  Clay.  4310 

Toil  for  f.-Virgil.  2341 

Undesirable  f.-Shame.  6063 

Wide-extended  f.  of  Wash.  3081 

See  GLORY. 

Departed  g.  of  Portuguese.  *2362 

Enduring  g.  of  goodness.  *2363 

False  g.-EJward  III.  *2364 

Forgotten-Pyramid  builders.  *2365 

to  God  only-Cromwell.  *2366 

Military  g.-Emperor  Trajan.  *2367 


in  Acquiring  wealth-Cato. 

432 

Age  of  g.-Saracens. 

3782 

Departure  of  national  g.-Eng 

87 

to  God  alone-Cromwell. 

2366 

of  Goodness,  Lasting  g.-A. 

2363 

"           "         "John  the  Good 

"2618 

Love  of  g.,  Woman's-Dustin. 

3729 

See  GREAT  MEN. 

Courting  g.  m. 

*3579 

Periods  of  g.  m. 

*3580 

Providential. 

♦3581 

" 

*3582 

Coincidence-Romulus  and  T.      967 
Dishonored-Columbus.  1648 

-Ad.  Blake.  1657 

Example  of  g.m.-Conversation.ll70 
Overpraised-Pompey.  4370 

Weakness  of  g.m.-D'mosth'n's.5959 

See  RANK. 
Plea  for  social  r.  by  Johnson.  *4612 

See  RENOWN. 
for  Honesty- Aristldes.  ^4762 

of  Infamy-Erostratus.  *4763 

Literary  r. -Samuel  Johnson.    *4764 
Noble  r.-Pericles.  *4765 


by  Architecture-Pericles.  1769 

See  SERENADE. 
Response  to  s.-A.  Lincoln.        *5115 
See  AMBITION.  CROWN,  DISTINC- 
TION, FAME,  GREATNESS 
and  HOMAGE  in  loo. 

HOPE. 

Happiness  in  h.-S.  Johnson.     *2631 
a  Treasure-Perdiccas.  *2632 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Delusion  of  Parental  h.  4002 

Enchantment  of  h.-Goodyear.  4154 
vs.  Experience-Marriage.  3481 


in  the  Grave-Indian  burial.  3261 

of  Liberty-a  Crime.  32.34 

Sorrow  in  loss  of  parental  h.  4005 

Strengthened  by  h.-S.  Adams.  1629 

a  Treasure-Alexander.  5699 

Virtue- Varro  despaired  not.  1609 

HOPES. 

Cross-reference. 
False  h.-"  Land  1  land  1"  1605 

See  EXPECTATION. 
Delusive  e.  of  Columbus.  ♦1984 

See  EXPECTATIONS. 
Popular  e.-Civil  War.  ♦igSS 

See  OPTIMISM. 

Disconcerted  by  earthquake.     2437 

See  CONFIDENCE  and  TRUST 

in  loo. 

HORROR. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Death  from  h.-Cruelty.  1342 

Overcome  by  h.-Executioner.    1979 
Public  h.-Executions.  4630 

Unmanned  by  h.-Nero.  1418 

See  DETESTATION  in  loc. 

house:. 

an  Honored-G.  Washington's.  ^2633 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abused-Drawing  by  the  tail.  455 

Affection  for  h. -Inseparable.  2785 

Better  than  rider.  1088 

Children  trained  to  use  of  h.  1771 

Endurance  of  h.-lOO  miles-P.  1894 

Food  for  man-Tartars.  2173 

Knowing- Vicious-Caesar's  h.  3400 

Managed  by  genius  of  Alex.  6 

vs.  Philosopher-Newton.  20 

Pretence  of  knowledge  of  h.  2020 

Terrified  by  Columbus's  h.  3463 

Won  in  battle-Lannes.  648 

HORSEMEISr. 

Expert  h.-Scythians.  ♦2634 

HORSES. 

Care  of  h.,  G.  Washington's.    ^2635 
in  War-Capture  of  Troy.  ^2636 

See  CIRCUS. 
Captivated  by  the  c.-Woman.     216 
Passion  for  the  c.-Romans.         221 

HORTICUIiTURE. 

Pleasures  of  h.-Theodoric.      ^2637 
'«         '♦   "  -Napoleon.       ^2638 


947 


Cross-reference. 
Climate  affects  h. 

See  FRUIT. 

Costly  f. -Russian  Court  supper.  452 

Small  f.  commended  much.       3593 

Suggestive-Apple-Newton.        6185 

See  AGRICULTURE  in  loc. 

HOSPITAIi. 

Cross-reference. 
Patients  massacred-Timour.      1388 

HOSPITAIilTY. 

Appreciated-Roman.  ^2639 

without  Charity-English.  ♦2640 

Courtly  h.-Louis  XIV.  ^2641 

Duty  of  h.-Arab's  tradition.  ^2642 

False  h.-Exposed  Roman.  +2643 


Forgotten  by  Benedict  Arnold. 
Painful  h.-Son's  murderer. 
Reluctance  in  h.-"I  hate  to." 
Sacred  h.-S'p'rst't'n  of  Arabs. 

"       "-"Salt  "-Orientals. 
of  Savages  to  Columbus. 
Spirit  of  h.-Derrick. 
Universal  h.-Am.  Indians. 


♦2644 
♦2645 
*264e 
*2647 
♦2648 
♦2649 
♦2650 
♦2651 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Complimented  by  gluttony.       2639 
Delay  by  h.  of  Mary  Lindley.     6115 
Drunkenness  by  h.  2936 

Obligation  follows  h.-Sylla.  3820 
Poor  welcomed  to  Cimon  s  h.  529 
Refused  by  mistake-Eng.  M'nks.217 
Remunerated  by  prayers.  610 

Rewarded  with  cruelty.  2850 

Unexpected  res  Its  of  h.- Whitney .28 
Viglated-Adulterer.  2276 

See  GUEST  in  loc. 

HOSPITALS. 

Mohammedan  h.-Imarets.       ^2652 


Cross-reference. 
Mohammedan  h. 


524 


HOSTAGE. 

Safety  by  h.-Mon*  ezuma-C.     *2653 

HOSTAGES. 

Cross-reference. 
Children  for  h. -Captive  Goths.    810 

HOSTIIilTV. 

Supreme  h.-Enmity  to  France.^2654 

Cross-reference. 

Implacable  h.-Roman's  oath.    3842 

See  HATRED  and  STRIFE 

in  loc. 

HOTELS. 

First  established  h.-England.  ♦2655 


Cross-reference. 
Perilous  h.-Cannibals-France.  2077 

See  INNS. 
Attractive  i.-01d  English.         ♦2876 


Despotic  landlord-L.  Philippe.    724 

Indulgences  sold  at  i.  2803 

HUOTANITY. 

Common  h.-Sinfu).  ^2656 

Deifled-Person  of  Caesar.  ^2657 

Dwarfs  of  h.-Lunarians.  ♦2658 

Generous  h.-S.  Johnson.  ^2659 


Miscellaneoui  cross-references. 

Degraded  by  idolatry.  2172 

Devotion  of  self  to  h.  4430 

Disdain  for  wretched  h.  2656 

Enemy  of  h.-Phlllp  II.  of  S.  902 

Oneness  of  h.-Babes.  3587 

Trained  to  h.,  Children.  2393 

Unexpected  h.  of  Cortez.  1106 

Uniformity  of  dispositions.  1281 

of  Women-War.  6105 

See  MANKIND. 

Distrusted  by  Charles  II.  ^3412 

Inequality  of  m.-S.  Johnson.  ^3413 

Prosperity  of  m.-Period.  ♦3414 

Benefactors  of  m.-R.  Bacon.  llOi 


HUMILIATION— HUMOR. 


863 


Detested  by  m.-Caesar  Borgia.   4225 
Enthusiasm  for  welfare  of  m.-L.2]0 
Hatred  toward  m.-False  charge.  1358 
Regard  for  m.-Aristotle's  alms.  779 
See  COMPASSION  and  MAN 
in  loc. 
HUmtllilATION. 
Abject  h.  of  Clarendon. 
Barbarous  h.-Timour. 
by  Defeat-Romans  by  S'mn't's 
with  Insult-Henry  VI. 
Insupportable  h.-Goldsmith. 
National  h.  by  James  II. 
Painful  h.  of  Attains. 
Proof  of  h.-Indian  gauntlet. 
Royal  h.  of  Barbarossa. 
"     "  "  -Henry  II. 


*2660 
*2661 
.*2662 
♦2663 
*2664 
*2665 
♦2666 
*2667 
♦2668 
♦2669 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abject  h.-Burgesses  oi  Calais.  4639 
in  Adversity-Poverty.  2210 

Apostate  Christians  Pers'cution.253 
Appointment  for  h.  of  Caesar.      275 
an  Author's  h.-Fred.  the  Great.  403 
"         "         "  -S.  Johnson.  405 

Before  Diocletian  by  subjects.      26 
"     Greek  emperors.  59 

of  Cowards-Beards  half  sh'v'n.  1280 
Degrading  h.-Emp.  of  Rome.  2197 
Demoralized  by  h.  -Cicero.  4370 

Deplored  by  Charles  of  Anjou.  82 
Difficult-Louis  XIV.  2623 

by  Discourtesy-Coughing.  3719 

Disgraceful  to  Chas.  I.,  by  Finch.60 
Dread  of  h.-Soldier-Montcalm.  1455 
Exposed-Ottocarus  II.  1587 

by  Failure- Minister.  2023 

Fatal  h.-Tetzel  reproved.  1888 

Filial  h.  to  Fulk  the  Black.  106 

by  Generosity-Offensive.  2356 

Lesson  of  h.  improved.  2024 

Memorial  of  h.  at  Rome.  249 

National  h.  by  ruler.  1978 

"-Scots.  5746 

for  Office-Disgraceful.  1248 

Official  h.-Lord  (.  larendon.  3899 
Painful  h.  of  Oliver  Goldsmith.  2664 

"      " -Speaker  Trevor.        1214 
Penitential  h.-Henry  II.  4104 

"  "-Emp.  Theodosius.  4105 

Preserved  by  daily  blows.  1366 

toy  Rebuke-"  Be  less."  3965 

Required  for  absolution.  2889 

Resented-Fellows  of  M'gdal'n  C.248 

"        -James  II.  to  Pope.     2590 

Scandalous  h. -Picture.  1661 

Shameful  h.-Neck  of  emperor.  2527 

"  -Emp.  Vitellius.       3879 

"  "  of  subjects  to  r'l'ty.  751 

•Shameless  h.  for  life.  2119 

by  Subordination  to  wife.  3892 
Substitute  in  h.  1586 

Unresented-Orleans  princes.     2833 

See  CROSS. 
Emblems  of  the  Christian  c.     *1317 
Protection  of  the  c.-Roman  L.*1318 
Recovered-Holy  relic  from  P.  *1319 
Victory  by  the  c.-Constautine.*1320 


Peace  by  the  blood  of  the  c. 
Precious  relics  of  the  c. 
Relics  of  the  c.-Nails-Spear. 
Rival  c.-"  Indulgence  Cross." 
Saved  by  the  c.-Whitefield. 
True  c.  captured  by  Persians. 
Victory  by  sign  of  c.-Con. 
See  DISGRACE. 
Humiliating  d.-Lee  at  M. 
Insupportable  d.-Clotilda. 
Punishment  by  d.  in  Denmark 
Unmerited  d.-Columbus. 


1175 
4672 
1047 

827 
4770 

324 
1721 

*1645 
*1646 
*1647 
♦1648 


Anger  of  d.,  Terrifying.  1267 

Augmented  by  perseverance.  2777 
Branded  on  the  cheek- Women.  5791 
in  Breaking  caste-India.  3537 

of  Cowardice-"  White  feather."1271 
-"  Little  King."     1272 
"  "  -Daniel  Scott.       1273 

Fear  of  d.-ControUed  by.  4611 

Humiliating  d.-Foot  on  neck.  2527 
Indifference  to  d.-Bothwell.  2188 
Removed-Perseeution.  2040 

Self-d.  of  Ferdinand.  2066 

Shameful  d  .-English  gent.  461 6 

Solitude  In  d.-Coward  king.  1267 
Terror  of  d.-Soldiers.  1236 

Unmerited  d.-Religious  joy  in.  2159 
"        "-from  ancestry.       225 
"-Minister-Theft.     1081 
of  Woman,  Adultery  the  great.  3436 

See  DISHONOR. 
Insensible  to  d.-Princes  of  Sp.  *1656 
Posthumous  d.-Ad.  Blake.       *1657 
Recompensed-Cicero's  return.  *1658 


Charmed  c.-"  Agnus  Dei."  783 

Fraudulent  c.-Relics.  4672 


Disguised  in  politics.  662 

Posthumous  d.-Cr"m well's  body. 685 
Reward  of  d.-Bp.  Hall  aband'ned.  2 
Vices  bring  d.-Emp.  Elagabalus.960 

See  DISPARAGEMENT. 
Intellectual  d.-O.  Goldsmith.    *1664 

See  MORTIFICATION, 
by  Failure-Castlemaine.  *3719 

Hateful  m.^ames  II.  *3720 


of  Defeat-Montcalm.  1494 

"  "  -Horace  Greeley.  4281 
In  DIsappoIntment-Henry  HI.  1911 
of  Pride-Oliver  Goldsmith's.  2263 
4453 
"        "  "  "  4455 

See  INDIGNITY. 
Deserved  i.  by  Juba  in  court.  *2796 


Base  1.  to  dust  of  Ad.  Blake.  1657 
Humiliating  i.-Captlve  Bajazet.2661 
the  Reward  of  presumption.      4444 

See  SHAME. 
Consummate  s.-Ferdinand.      *5125 


Burdens  life-Martyr  Huss.  1964 

by  Drink-Officials.  2947 

Heredity  of  s.-Ferdinand.  2066 

Indifference  to  s.-Common  Tlce.3243 
Indifferent  to  s.-Charles  II.  3470 
for  Ingratitude-Thebans.  2855 

Insensible  to  s. -Henry  VIII.        458 
"       "  "-Feversham.         4602 
Life  of  s.  overlooked.  3177 

National  s.-Eng.-Reign  of  Ed.III.87 


Overwhelming  s.-Roman  army.2663 
'•-Traitor.  2795 

Punishment  by  s.-Alexander.    2148 
Vice  without  s.-Nobillty.  65 

of  Women  overlooked.  3712 

See  DEFEAT,  INSULT  and  RE- 
PROACH in  loc. 

HUmililTlT. 

Christian  h.-St.  Bernard.  *2670 

•'  -Godfrey.  *2671 

Mohammedan  h.-Mahomet.  *2672 

"  "  "  *2673 

and  Pride  united.-Becket.  *2674 

Victor's  h.-Charles  VIII.  *2675 

Wisdom  by  h.-Am.  pioneers.  *2676 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Apparent  h.-Agesilaus.  4449 

Characteristic  h.-J.  Howard.  4372 
Exhibition  of  h.-Mahomet.  3045 
Farcical  h.  of  pirates.  1144 

Fictitious  h.-Resignation  of  A.  3880 

"    "         3881 

of  Genius-Caesar.  4447 

Honor  received  with  h.-Byron.  2615 
Incapable  of  h. -Alexander.  1673 
Knowledge  by  h.  5368 

"   "-Dr.  Coke.        3090 
Pious  h.-JupIter  crowned.  1328 

"  " -Cromwell's  prayer.  1434 
Surprising  h.  of  Philopcemen.  258 
Vow  of  h.-Constantine.  1611 

See  MEEKNESS. 
Christian  m.-Godfrey  de  B.      *3666 


Christian  m.  In  reproof. 
Husband's  m.-Rumford. 
Martyr's  m.-Taylor  at  stake. 
Philosophic  m.-Plato. 
Power  of  Christian  m. 
in  Reproof-Dr.  Taylor. 
Victory  by  m.-Lycurgus. 
See  MODESTY. 
Conspicuous-Ben j.  Franklin, 
of  Genius-Isaac  Newton. 
Hero's  m.-Garlbaldl. 
Unopposed- John  Howard. 


2787 
3462 
679 
1314 
2850 
4779 
3264 

♦3647 
♦3648 
♦3649 
♦3650 


Blushing  young  man  hated.  6178 

of  Genius-Socrates.  3563 

Heroic  m.  of  Charles  XII.  1970 
Importance  of  m.-Cato  and  M.    107 

Noble  m.  of  Isaac  Newton.  1631 

See  RESERVE. 

Social  r.-S.  Johnson.  *4806 

See  UNWORTHINESS. 

Oppressed  by  sense  of  u.-B.  ♦5753 


Sense  of  sinner's  u.  1088 

See  REPENTANCE  and  REVER- 
ENCE in  loc. 

HXimOR. 

Admlred-Abraham  Lincoln.     ♦2677 
Fondness  for  h.-A.  Lincoln.     ^2678 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
VS.  Earnestness-Lincoln.  1756 

Subdued  by  h.-Amazon.  1983 

See  HOAX. 
Successful  h.-Thomas  Hood's.  2058 
Victim  of  h.-Oliver  Goldsmith.  2601 


864 


HUNGER— IDOLATRY. 


See  HOAXES. 
Success  by  h.-W.  Irving.  *2586 

See  JOKE. 
Accepted-"  Worthy  to  bear."  *3084 


Practical  j .  on  Goldsmith.  2601 

See  JOKES. 
Practical  j. -Frederick  the  G.   *3025 


♦3025 


1311 


Ahuse  of  friends  by  j. 

See  LAUGHTER. 

Power  in  l.-Palmerston. 

See  LEVITY. 

Characteristic  l.-French.  *3199 

Contrasted-Eng.  and  French.  •3200 


Fictitious  l.-Mary  wife  of  Wm.   788 

See  MIRTH, 
m-timed  m.  of  O.  Cromwell.    ♦3627 

See  SMILE. 
Besented  by  Timour.  *5214 

See  WIT. 
Dangerous  w.-Claudian.  *6029 

Quick  w.,  Woman's-Charles  I.*6030 


Failure  in  w.-Goldsmith.  3670 

Ready  w.-John  Wesley.  4768 

Saved  by  Intercessor's  w.  4663 
See  AMUSEMENT   AND  CHEER- 
FULNESS in  loc. 

BUNGER. 

Insatiable  h.  of  gold-seekers,  *2679 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Address  to  h.  difficult.  2014 

Desperation  of  h.-Cannibals.       706 
Perishing  from  h. -Siege.  1503 

Pressure  of  h.-Sailors.  1393 

See  STARVATION. 

Depopulated  by  s.-Italy.  *5322 

See  APPETITE,  FAMINE  and  FAST 

in  loc. 

HURRICANE. 

Ominous  h.-Death  of  Crom.    *2680 
See  STORM  in  loc. 

HUSBAND. 

Dignity  of  the  h.-Willlam  11. 
Good  h.-Cato's  view. 
Governed  by  wife.-George  n. 
vs.  Lover-Queen  Elizabeth. 
Precedence  of  h.-William  of  O, 
Servitude  of  h.-Belisarius. 
"Vicious  h.  of  Mary  Queen  of  8, 


*2681 
*2682 
*2683 
*2684 
♦2685 
♦2686 
♦2687 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Acceptance-Scandalous.  2188 

Adultery  of  h.  forgiven.  3242 

Affectionate  h.-Napoleon.         3340 
"  "  punished.  107 

"-0.  Washington.  6001 
Agonized-Mr.  Dustln  and  Inds.  117 
Anger  appeased-Kisses.  3084 

Avenged-Seducer.  5073 

Avenging  death  of  wife.  4861 

Bereavement,  Keflections  in.     6002 
Brutal  h.-Henry  VIII.  6004 

"      "  -Nero.  4965 

Brutalized- Fulk  the  Black.  106 

Converted  by  wife.  6046 

Counselled  by  wife-Justinian.  6057 
Credulons-Belisarius.  4858 


Deserted-Montfort.  1858 

Disgraced  by  shameless  wife.    6063 

Disgusting  to  Cath.  II.  3450 

Distressed-Mart  J  r-Taylor.         2073 

Gentle  h.-G.  Washington.  4781 

Grief  of  bereaved  h.-Jefferson.2486 

Humiliated- Wm.  P.  of  Orange.1924 

Infamous  h. -Byron.  3465 

Inferiority  of  Peter  of  Russia.   3450 

Insulted  in  his  wife.  3489 

Jealous  of  Andrew  Jackson.      3453 

Lord  of  the  house.  1706 

Moneyless  h.  preferred.  3467 

Negligent  h.  won-Wm.  Ill         6007 

Noble  h.-General  Jackson         699S 

Reproached  unjustly.  2276 

Revenged  by  murder  of  J.  xn.    66 

Ruled  by  affection.  3352 

"     "  wife-Bellsarius.  2686 

"  .  "    "    and  child-Themis.  792 

"     "    "    -Garriok.  1683 

"     "    "    -George  IL  2683 

"     "    *'    -Marlborough.       6052 

Shameful  h.  5177 

"-Charles  IV.  4490 

Spiritless  h.-King  of  Spain.        5125 

Spurred  to  ambition  by  his  wife.203 

Unfaithful  h.-Antony.  6136 

Unsuspicious  h.-Belisarius.        1949 

Unworthy  h.-Napol'n's  divorce.  104 

Virtuous  h.-Belisarius.  786 

Wife  given  to  shame  by  h.         8242 

"    subordinate-Wm.  III.         3892 

See  FAMILY,  MARRIAGE  and 

WIDOWER  in  loc. 

HUSBANDRir. 

Changes  by  h.-Egypt.  ♦2688 

See  AGRICULTURE  in  loc. 

HUSBANDS. 

Good  h.  detended-Sabines.      ^2689 

to  Love-Mary  to  Wm.  P.  of  O.*2690 

See  HUSBAND  in  loc. 

HYPERCRITICIS]!!. 

Cross-reference. 

of  Rhetorical  gestures-Johnson.  48 

See  CAVIL  and  CRITIC  in  loc. 

HYPOCHONDRIA. 

Cross-reference. 

Constitutional  h.-Cowper.        ♦2691 

See  MELANCHOLY  in  loc. 

HYPOCRISY. 

Brazen  h.-Pope  Adrian  VI.  ^2692 

Diplomatic  h.-Napoleon  I.  ^2693 
Exposed-Religious-Charles  II.^2694 

in  Friendship-Rival  dukes.  ♦2695 

Invited-Puritan  Parliament.  ^2696 

Religious  h.-Rival  dukes.  ♦2697 

"  -Roman  philos.  ^2698 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Political  h.-Augustus.  4856 

Religious  h.-Charles  II,  4711 

See  CANT. 

Political  c. -Samuel  Johnson.     ^708 

See  DECEPTION  in  loc. 

HYPOCRITB. 

Accomplished  h.-"Dick"  T.      ^2699 
Epitaph  of  the  h.-Alexius.        ^2700 


See  INSINCERITY. 
Blemish  of  i.-Csesar. 
of  Jesuits-Dissembling. 


♦2886 
♦2887 


in  Politics-Newcastle. 
Political  i.-James  II. 
Reaction  of  i.-Charles  I. 


1679 

4258 

1676 

1677 

Repels  assistance.  2041 

See  DECEPTION,  FRAUD  and 

IMPOSTOR  in  loc. 

IDEAIi. 

Cross-reference. 
God  of  Plato  an  i.  2373 

IDEAIilST. 

Cross-reference. 
Political  i.-John  Milton.  4257 

IDEAIilSTS. 

Cross-reference. 
vs.  Practical  life-Philosophers.  4167 

See  THEORY. 
False  t. -Aristotle.  6015 

vs.  Practice-Philosophy.  4370 

"         "       -Seneca.  4657 

See  THEORETICAL. 
VS.  Practical- Webster  vs.  Clay.  ♦5604 
See  IMAGINATION  and  IMITA- 
TION in  loc. 

IDEAS. 

Penalty  for  i.-John  Milton.       ♦2701 
See  INTELLIGENCE  in  loc. 

IDIOT. 

Cross-reference. 

Supposed  an  i.-S.  Johnson.        2309 

See  FOOLS  in  loc. 

IDIiENESS. 

Burden  of  i.-Spartans.  ♦2702 

Punished-Beggars-England.  ♦2703 

"       -Athenians.  ^2704 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Amusement  necessitated  by  i.   3295 
Dangers  of  i.-Hannibal's  sold"rs.310 
Habitual  i.-Boswell.  2804 

Manly  i.-Amerlcan  Indians.  2598 
Misjudged-French  princes.  3634 
Opposed-Other  people's  i.  3120 

Pride  cures  i. -Isaac  Newton.  4492 
Prohibited-Athens.  4359 

"        -Count  Rumford.         503 
Punished  with  death.  3159 

Punishment  of  i.-Whlpped.         501 
"  "  "-Ineffectual.      502 

See  INDOLENCE. 
Fruit  of  i.-Roraan  masses.         3856 
Philosopher's  i.-Dr.  Johnson.     2799 

See  LEISURE. 
Art  requires  1.  2524 

Importance  of  1.  to  J.  Bunyan.     81 

See  TRAMPS. 

Philosophic  t. -Cynics.  ♦seT? 

See  VAGRANT  in  loc. 

IDOIi. 

Helpless  i.  destroyed  by  M.      ^2705 

IDOLATRY. 

of  Heroism-Emp.  Claudius.      ^2706 

See  DEIFICATION. 
of  Cssar-Romans.  2657 


IGNORANCE— IMAGINATION. 


865 


3511 
2753 


of  Heroes-Ancient  Greeks. 
"  Self- Alexander  in  India. 

See  IMAGE. 
Supernatural  I.  of  Christ.         *2730 

See  IMAGES, 
in  Churches-Introduction  of.  ♦2731 
Worship  of  i.-Year  842.  *2732 


Sacred  1. -Mysteries.  1282 

Worship  of  l.-Origin  of.  6165 

See  HEATHEN  in  loc- 

IGNORANCE. 

of  Bigotry-Country  parson.  *2707 
Confessed  by  S.  Johnson.  *2708 
■PoIIy  of  i.-West  Indians.  *2709 

General  i.-Reign  of  Charles  II.*2710 
Geographical  i.-Capt.  J.Smith. *2711 
an  Impediment-Columbus.  *2712 
Loss  by  i.-Egyptians.  *2713 

vs.  Negligence-S.  Johnson.  *2714 
Night  of  i.-England.  *2715 

Official  i.-Duke  of  Newcastle.  *2716 
"      "      "         "  *2717 

Professional  i.-Navy.  *2718 

Removed-Europeans.  *2719 

Royal  i.-Emperor  Justin.  ♦2720 

Stubborn  i.-Inquisitors.  ♦2721 

Superstition  of  i.-Ancients.  +2722 
Unappreciative  of  pearls.  ^2723 
Zeal  of  i.-Crusader's  g'gr'phy.^2724 


See  STUPIDITY. 
Hopeless  s.  of  James  II. 


*5376 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abounding  i.-12th  century.        1204 
Animosity  of  i.-English.  840 

Barbarian's  i.  of  value  of  coin.  278 
Barrier  to  interview.  2960 

of  Clergy-Middle  Ages.  923 

"  Common  things.  1651 

Costly,  National  i.-Iron.  4415 

Dangers  of  i.-Bible  prohibited.  580 
of  Enemies  preferred.  5828 

Evil  proceeds  from  i.  5327 

Expensive  i.  in  architecture.  283 
Fears  from  i.-Compass.  2849 

"       "     "-Portuguese  8ailors.954 
of  Geography-Crusaders.  3411 

"  God-Druids.  6162 

Heedless  i.-O.  Goldsmith  lost.  718 
of  Inexperience.  1653 

Information  by  signs.  5142 

Intentional  i.-Sailors.  1393 

Loss  by  i.  of  use  of  mag.  needle.273 
Mistakes  of  i.-English  sailors.  1067 
Oppression  requires  i.  8941 

Promotion  in  i.-Navy.  4487 

Religious  i.  confessed.  2382 

Ridiculed-P.  Cotta.  3165 

of  Self  was  Pompey's  ruin.  5 

Signature  of  i.-Tbeodoric.  5136 
Superstition  by  I.  5450 

Unacknowledged-Aristotle.  6015 
Uncommon  i.  of  fire.  8146 

United  with  wisdom- Aristotle.  6016 
Victim  of  i. -Countrymen.  1231 

Worship  in  honest  1.  2374 

"      "  8378 

See  ILLITERACY. 
Compensated-Col.  Wm.Wash.  ♦2726 


Improvident  s.-Gold-seekers.    2807 
Insult  of  s.-James  II.  2903 

Mistake  of  s.-Bag  vs.  Pearls.     2723 
Official  s.-Newcastle.  2716 

'•       "  "  2717 

"      "-Traitor-Arnold.  1553 

Traveller's  s. -Crusaders.  2724 

See  ERRORS,  INEXPERIENCE, 
MISTAKES  and  SUPERSTI- 
TION in  loo. 

IliliEOITIMAClT. 

Respected- William  the  Conq.  ♦2726 


Cross-reference. 
Shameful  i.  confessed. 


2066 


Ilili-HSAIiTH. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Loss  by  i.h.-Peter  Cooper.         1785 

Superior  to  i.-h.-Wm.  P.  of  O.    1897 

See  DISEASE  in  loc. 

IlililTERACY. 

Compensated-Col.  Wm.  Wa8h.^2726 

See  ORTHOGRAPHY. 
Bad  o.  excused-Napoleon  I.    ^3962 

See  SPELLING. 
Bad  s.,  George  Washington's.  ♦5302 
Diverse  s.-Shakespeare.  ^5303 


Error-Conquered  vs.  Concord.  1007 
See  IGNORANCE  in  loc. 

llil^VSTRATION. 

by  Analogy-Rev.  S.  Johnson.  ^2727 
Information  by  i.-Paintings.    ^2728 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Baldness-Emperor  Carus.       447 
Office  of  palnting-S.  Johnson.    3977 

See  ALLEGORIST. 
Best  a.-Bunyan.  ^168 

See  ALLEGORY. 
Animals  representing  r.  sects.     231 
Bible  misused  in  a.  5118 

ILIiUSTRATIONS. 

Use  of  1.- Abraham  Lincoln.      ^2729 


♦2730 


imagje:. 

Supernatural  i.  of  Christ. 

imAGES. 

in  Churches-Introduction.       ^2731 
Worship  of  i.,  year  842.  ^2732 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Sacred  l.-Mysterles.  1282 

Worship  of  i.-Oriein.  6165 

See  STATUARY. 

Destroyed-Ruln  of  paganism.     831 

Mutilated  by  Romans.  327 

Unappreciated-S.  Johnson.         334 

See  IDOL  and  PORTRAIT  in  loc. 

lOTAGIIVATION. 

Active  i.,  John  Bunyan's.  ♦2733 

Corrected- Washington  Irving.  ^2734 
Delusions  of  i.-Spanish  in  Am. ♦2735 
Diseased-Poet  Shelley.  ♦2736 

Misled  by  i..  Historians.  +2737 

Overwrought  i.-Poet  Shelley.  ♦2738 


Ruled  by  i.-the  World-Nap.  ^2739 

in  Statesmanship-Napoleon.  *2740 

Suffering  by  i. -Blaise  Pascal.  ♦2741 

Victim  of  i.-Columbus.  ^2742 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

a  Crime-Buckingham's  trial.  1889 

Cured  by  i.-Mohammedans.  1378 

Deluded  by  i.-Crusaders.  2095 

Distressed  by  i.-Insanity.  2860 

Exaggeration  by  i.-Invasion.  1»73 
Greatness  in  i. -Pompey's  ruin.       5 

Helpful  to  Columbus-Voice.  1881 

Imperilled  by  1. -Roman  army.  2123 

Inflamed  by  austerity.  2090 
Intimidated  by  i.-Mah's  angels.  175 

Misunderstood-Dulness-G.  640 

Music-Imagination-Harp.  3746 

Need  of  1.  in  fine  art.  349 

Rule  of  i.-Wrongs-War.  6175 

Sailor's  i.-Junk's  eyes  to  see.  2018 

Superior  to  fact-Raphael.  346 

Traveller's  tales.  3583 

Vivid  religious  i.-J.  Bunyan.  1085 

"    "       "  1180 

See  ALLEGORIST. 

Best  a.-John  Bunyan.  ^168 

See  ALLEGORY. 

Animals  representing  r.  sects.  231 

Bible  misused,  in  a.  5118 

See  APPARITION. 

Belief  in  a. -Samuel  Johnson.  ♦256 

False  a.-"  Three  knights."  ^254 

Fancied  a.  of  Theseus.  *255 


1120 


of  the  Dead-Hugh  Miller. 
Startling-"  Evil  genius." 
See  DREAMS. 
Directed  by  d.-Constantine.     ^1721 
Realized-Cksero's.  ^1722 

Regard  for  d  -Am.  Indians.      ♦1723 


Discovery  by  d.-Relics.  4671 

Encouraged  by  d.-Mlnister.  3846 
Encouragement  by  a  d.  3765 

of  Heaven-Mahomet's  visit.  8544 
Influential  d. -Edmund  Rich.  3180 
Instruction  by  a  d.-Alexander.  1514 
Punished  for  a  d.-Death.  2881 

Reproof  in  d.-Friar.  8364 

Suspicion  awakened  by  a  d.       8523 

See  DREAMS. 
Verifled  d.-Rioh'd  Boardman.  ^1784 
Visionary  d.-Napoleon  I.  ^1785 


Deceptive  d.  in  bereavement-L.  891 
Direction  by  d.-Savages.  2261 

Horrible  d.  of  John  Bunyan.      3783 
Revelation  in  d. -Temple  Ino.    5213 

See  REVERIE. 
Discovery  by  r.-Gravitation.      2895 
Lost  in  r. -Samuel  Johnson.        2810 

See  ROMANCE. 
Origin  of  the  word  r.  ♦4988 


in  History-Pocahontas. 

"      "       -Pretty  feet, 
of  Love-Dropped  dead. 

"    "     for  JohnsoB. 
Perils  of  r.-Cortez  a  lover. 
Power  in  r.-Jane  MacCrea. 


2574 
2583 
3348 
3349 
3358 
5108 


866 


IMBECILITY— IMPROVEMENT. 


In  Religion-Pocahontas. 

Spirit  of  r.-Eichard  I. 

In  War-"Por  God  and  Her." 

See  TRANCE. 
Conttnuous-Swedenborg. 

See  TRANCES. 
Punished  for  t.-EIlz.  Barton. 

See  VISION. 
Fanciful  v.-Phantom  city. 
Horrible  v.-Marcus  Bmtos. 
Spiritual  v.-Swedenborg, 
of  War-Hannibal. 


4743 
2460 
5929 

*6678 

*5679 

*5845 
*5846 
*5847 
*5848 


Auspicious  V.-"  Holy  Lance."  4867 
Child's  V.  of  future-Cromwell.  8474 
of  Conqueror-Solyman.  2563 

"  the  Cross  by  Constantine.  1320 
Delusive  optical  v. -Canaries.  1521 
Faith's  V.  of  the  cross.  1175 

Fanatic's  v.-"  Plough  the  e."  1003 
of  Genius-Columbus.  2344 

"  God-American  Indians.  2383 

Illusive  V. -Blaise  Pascal.  2741 

by  Imagination. -Bunyan.  2733 

Instructed  by  v.-Constantine.  5440 
of  Invisible  guide-C'n8tantine's.2492 
Prompted  by  v. -P.  Cooper's  f.  4407 
Eemarliable  v.  verified-S.  915 

of  Saints-Joan  of  Arc.  23&4 

Start;ling  v.-Poet  Shelley.  2736 

2738 
Timely  v.  of  Mahomet.  655 

of  Wealth,  Deceptive.  5985 

Woman  transformed  in  v.  6106 

See  FICTION,  GHOSTS,  NOVELS, 
POETRY  and  SUPERSTITION  in  loc. 

I]HBECII.IT¥. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Intemperance  produces  I.  2916 

Official  i.-Invasion  of  Canada.  2025 
Ridicule  of  natural  i.  1566 

See  IDIOT. 

Supposed  I.-Young  Johnson.     2309 

See  FOOLS  in  loc. 

I]niTATION. 

Fameless  i.-Fenimore  Cooper. *2743 
Unappreciated  in  art.  *2744 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Genius-Columbus'  egg.  2316 

vs.  Invention-Red  Man.  2909 

of  Manners-J.  Hogg.  2061 

in  Painting,  Servile-15th  century.345 
Skill  by  I.  in  Fine  Arts-Angelo.  345 
"  "  "  "  "  "  -Italy.  349 
See  COUNTERFEIT. 
Preserved  by  a  c.-"  Sacred  b."*1225 
Relics  Manufactured  by  an  A.*1226 
Signature-Consul  Antony.       *1227 


Imposed  upon  Goldsmith.  2601 

See  PARODT. 

Libellous  p.  on  Lord's  Prayer.    2303 

See  DISGUISE,  EXAMPLE,  IDEAL 

and  PRECEDENT  in  loc. 

i]n[]noR.4.i.iTT. 

strange  infatuation-C.  Sedley.*2842 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Clerical  I.-Eng.  18th  century. 
"     "  -Inebriety. 


941 
923 


Clerical  I.-Inebriety.  925 

"       incontinence.  928 

Common-Eng.-Reign  of  Jas.  11.1655 

with  Intolerance-Charlemagne.2962 

Necessary  i.-Age  of  bribery.       666 

and  Religion-Churchill.  1111 

See  CRIME,  MORALS  and  VICE 

in  loc. 

mmoRTAiiiTir. 

Belief  In  i.  by  Poet  Shelley.  *2745 
Faith  in  i.,  Arab's.  *2746 

Hope  of  i.-Walter  Raleigh.       *2747 

ICiseeUaneooB  anm  rofereaceuL 
Belief  In  i.-8oorates.  870e 

"    "  "  strengthens.  1413 

of  Brutes  doubted-S.  Johnson.  680 
Burial  for  i.-Am.  Indians.  1425 

Confident  of  i.-Bunyan.  1192 

Effective  Christian  doctrine-G.  834 
Preparation  for  i.  by  bravery.  1416 
Soul's  i.-Socrates.  5270 

Stimulates  courage.  Belief  in  i.  1424 
in  Work-Church  building-Mah.  864 

See  DESTINY. 
Unavoidable-Napoleon  I.  *1547 


Belief  in  fixed  d.-Scandinavians.4405 
Depending  on  one  national  d.  5857 
Impending  d.-Nelson.  4830 

Providence  la  national  d.  5883 

Signof  d.-Mahomet.  5132 

Turning-point  of  d.-Mankind.   1501 

See  RESURRECTION. 
Hinted  by  ancients.  *4832 


Belief  in  r.-American  Indians.   2259 
See  FUTURITY  and  SOUL  in  loc. 

lOTPARTIAIilTlT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Judgment-Alexander.  3064 

of  Justice-Roman.  3062 

In  Parental  affection-Mr.  Dustin.117 

See  ARBITRATION. 
Rejected  by  Eng. -Napoleon.      *279 


Confidence  in  a.-Barbarians.      2617 

Peace  by  U.  S.  va.  Eng.  1595 

Settlement  by-Alabama  clalms.4825 

See  EQUALITY  and  JUSTICE 

in  loc. 

IMPATIENCE. 

Disagreement  by  i.-Hamilton.  *2748 
Folly  of  i.-O.  Goldsmith.  *2749 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
Foolish  I.  of  Xerxes-Fetters.       320 

See  DISCONTENT, 
by  DIscouragement-Amp'tr'ts.  1628 

See  HASTE. 

Defects  of  h.-Plne  art.  *2524 

Needless  h.-Admiral  Drake.     *2525 

See  ANGER  and  IRRITABILITY 

in  loc. 

imPE  A  C  HMENT. 

Escape  from-Pres't  Johnson.  ♦2750 


Cross-reference. 

Constitutional  i.  of  blshops-M.P.413 

See  ACCUSATION  in  loc. 


IMPERTINENCE. 

Cross-reference. 

Counsellor's  I.  rebuked.  2284 

See  INSOLENCE  in  loc. 

IMPORTS. 

Cross-reference. 
Prohlblted-England. 

IMPORTUNITY. 

Cross-reference. 
Victim  of  i.-Charles  II. 

See  ENTREATY  in  loo. 

IMPOSITION. 

Artful  I.  of  Alexander.  *2758 

Official  L-Punlshment  of  c.       *2754 


979 


2751 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
and  Enthusiasm-Mahomet.        1468 
Exposed- Weeping  virgin.  3680 

"         Oracles-Grecian.  3946 

"  "      -Delphic.         3947 

by  Postage  expense-Scott.  2048 
Supposed  1. -Child  of  James  II.  3913 
on  Verdant  countryman.  1281 

IMPOSSIBILITIES. 

Accomplished  at  hridge  of  L.  *2752 

See  DIFFICULTIES  iti  loc. 

IMPOSTOR. 

Contemptible  i.-Lambert  S.  *2755 
Deceived  by1l.-Perkin  W'rb'ck.*2756 
"  "-Monmouth.  *2757 
Punished-Duke  of  Monmouth.  *2758 
Reproved  by  General  Grant.    *2759 


Cross-reference. 
Blasphemous  i. -Titus  Gates.      5018 

IMPOSTORS. 

Cross-reference. 

Power  of  i.-Barbarians.  2261 

IMPOSTURE. 

Political  i.-Voice  in  the  wall.    *2761 
Rewarded-Tltus  Gates.  *2760 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
Duplicated-Titus  Dates.  2051 

See  DUPES. 

Day  of  d. -France.  1474 

Undecelved-Ruined.  2214 

See  DECEPTION,  DISGUISE  and 

FORTUNE-TELLING  in  loc. 

IMPRESSIONS. 

Early  I.-Wm.  III.  for  Holland.*2762 
Tragical  i.-Son  of  Chas  I.-Ex.  *2763 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Early  maternal  i.upon  Cowper.    1 10 

Power  of  early  l.-Cromwell.      5643 

Swayed  by  i.-Cromwell.  4383 

See  FEELINGS  and   INFLUENCE 

in  loc. 

IMPRISONMENT. 

Long  i.-John  Bunyan.  *2764 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Honorable-Diocletian's  pers'c'n.  84S 

Shameful  i.  of  innocent  children.808 

See  PRISON  in  loc. 

IMPROVEM  ENT. 

Opposed-Sewing  machines.      *2765 
Repressed,  Social  i.-England.  *27e6 


IMPROVIDENCE— INDIFFERENCE. 


867 


Miscellaneous  cross-references 

Agricultural  i.  opposed. 

1129 

"          "in  Germany. 

1377 

Forestalled-Conservatlves. 

1126 

Period  of  architectural  i. 

286 

Prevented  by  legislation. 

3110 

"       "           " 

3111 

Self-improvement-Mental. 

1776 

See  DEVELOPMENT. 

Social  d.-Lombards. 

*1565 
2297 

of  Genius-Periods. 

Inventions  by  d.-Steam-engine.5732 

Perfection  by  d. -Paradise  Los 

^,.4108 

See  SELF-IMPROVEMENT 

Belated- Arkwright-50  years. 

1775 

Difficulties  in  s.-i.-A.  Lincoln. 

1787 

Suceessf  ul-G.  Washington. 

1788 

See  PROGRESS  and  STUDY            | 

in  loc. 

lOTPROVIOENCE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

Characteristic  i.-Goldsmith's. 

2466 

by  Heredity-O.  Goldsmith. 

4342 

Spending  unearned  money-Poet. 94  1 

UnPRUDENCE. 

Cross-reference. 

Characteristic  i. -Goldsmith. 

4455 

See  RASHNESS  in  loc. 

lOTPUDENCB. 

Cross-references. 

Fictitious  i.-Jeffrey's  charge. 

1842 

Friendship's  i.-O.  Goldsmith. 

2224 

See  ARROGANCE. 

Answered-Charles  V. 

*319 

Childish-Xerxes-Fetters. 

*320 

Insulting  a.-Attila. 

*321 

"         " -Charles  V. 

♦322 
384 

Boastful  a.-Disabul  the  Turk. 

Clerical  a.  in  politics. 

920 

"       "  "       " 

4929 

Lof  ry  a.  of  Attila. 

320 

National  a. -English. 

323 

Peril  in  a.-Braddock's  defeat. 

97 

See  EFFRONTERY. 

Bold  e.-Prince  Albion. 

2645 

In  Literature-Bet  Flint  to  S.  J 

37 

IMPCJIiSE. 

Success  by  i.-Sy  11a. 

♦2767 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

VS.  Reasoning-Caesar. 

1480 

Victim  of  i.-O.  Goldsmith. 

2466 

"       "  "-David  Crockett. 

634 

See  RASHNESS. 

Apparentr.-Young  Alex,  rides  B.    6  | 

Childish  r.-Frederick  II. 

5752 

in  Generalship-Hood. 

3175 

"  Love  for  woman. 

8476 

Perilous  r.-Boethius. 

3234 

Provoked  to  r.-Valens. 

913 

See  FEELINGS  in  loc. 

INAUGURATION. 

Joyful  i.-G.  Washington's. 

♦2768 

Mystic  i.-Turkish  Sultan. 

*2769 

Simplicity  of  i.-T.  Jefferson. 

♦2770 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

Ancient  i.-Founding  a  city. 

897 

Ceremony  of  i.-Gothic  kings.     1196 
Parsimonious  i.-James  II.  4008 

See  INITIATION. 
Terrific  i.-Mysteries  of  Eleusls.*2864 


Absurd  i.  of  women  prisoners.  1385 

INCAPACITY. 

Official  i.-Roman  Bibulus.        *2771 


Cross-reference. 
Trust  in  enemies'  i.-Caesar.       2771 

See  IMBECILITY. 
Intemperance  produces  i.  2916 

Official  i. -Invasion  of  Canada.  2025 
Ridicule  of  natural  i.  1566 

See  IMPROVIDENCE  and  STUPID- 
ITY in  loc. 

INCENDIARY. 

Punished  by  flames-Roman.    *2772 

INCEST. 

by  Marriage  of  relatives.  3454 

INCOMPETENCE. 

Cross-reference. 

Official  I.-Slr  H.  Walker.  5390 

See  INCAPACITY  in  loc. 

INCONSISTENCY. 

of  Character-Motassem-Pity.  *2773 
Christian  i.- Slavery  andrelig'n.*2774 
Disgraceful  i.  of  Wm.  Penn.  *2775 
by  Self-interest-S.  Johnson.     *2776 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

in  Conduct-James  II.  1094 

5723 

"       -Steele.  1037 

Disgraceful  i.-William  Penn.     3548 

Example  of  i. -Clarendon.  1537 

Indifference  to  i.-James  II.        1133 

of  Intolerance-Puritans.  1104 

Moral  i.  of  James  II.  1094 

"     "  -A.  Herbert.  1119 

"     "  -Christians.  1098 

by  Perversion  of  conscience.      1105 

«  1106 

1107 

Religious  1.  of  Abyssinians.  832 

"        "  -Sacrament.  4993 

Saving  life-Battle  vs.  Ice.  3332 

Undiscovered-Churchill.  1111 

See  HYPOCRISY  and  INSINCERITY 

in  loc. 


INCONTINENCE. 

Cross-reference. 
Palliated-Mahomefs  i. 


63 


INCREASE. 

Cross-reference. 
Ineffective-G.  III.  and  Am.  C.  *2777 

INCREDUIilTY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Friends-Mahomet's  family.    6201 
Popular  i.-Robert  Fulton.  2306 

See  DOUBT  and  SUSPICION 

in  loc. 

INDECISION. 

of  Timidity-Conspirators.         ♦2778 
in  Wrong-doing-James  II.        ^2779 

See  VACILLATION. 
Political  V.-"  Bobbing  John. ' '     759 


INDEPENDENCE. 

American  i. -Samuel  Adams. 
Childish  i.,  Samuel  Johnson's. 
Declaration  of  i.-America. 

Defeated,  Canadian  i. 
Determined-Algernon  Sidney, 
Domestic  i.-Wash's  mother. 
Ministerial  i.-Methodist  Conf. 
Natural  i. -Young  Caesar. 
Necessary  i.-Arch  Bp.  Anselm 
Proclaimcd-American  i. 
Profitless-Samuel  Johnson 


*2T8« 
♦2781 
♦2783 
♦2783 
♦2784 
*2785 
*2786 
*2787 
*2788 
.*2789 
*2790 
*2791 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Better  than  wealth.  4882 

Celebration  of  Am.i.-Centennial.743 
Changed  to  conservatism.  3548 

Clerical  i.-Samuel  Wesley.  922 

Declaration  of  i.,  First-N.  C.     1492 
"  -Work  of  genius.    2305 

of  Fashion-Charming.  2103 

"       "       -Cato's  dress.  397 

"  Gtovernmental  restraints.  2414 
"  Government  of  N.  Carolina.  2439 
in  "  -State.  946 

Love  of  i.-Mother  of  Wash.  6054 
Manly  i.-Somerset-James  II.  3138 
Necessary  for  military  success.  406 

Noble  i.-English  jury-Penn.  3053 

Official  i.  necessary-Wm.  III.  3892 

in  Politics-T.  Jefferson.  704 

Preferred  to  money-Pope.  3656 

Proof  of  i.-"Make  me  come."  3930 

Spirit  of  i.-Alex.  Murray.  3085 

Unrestrained  by  law.  1121 

without  Wealth-S.  Adams.  3660 

See  UNRULINESS. 

Childish  u.-Frederick  II.  *5752 

See  LIBERTY  in  loc. 

INDEPENDENTS. 

Religious  i.-Crom  well's  time.  ♦2798 

INDIANS  (American.) 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Deluded  by-' Most  gentle  and  I  "36 

Embraced  by  painted  I.-G.  54 

Plea  for  protection  of  I.  4537 

INDIFFERENCE. 

Cruel  i.  of  Caesar.  ♦2793 

Religious  i.  of  Charles  II.  *2794 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Affected  I.  to  misfortune-Scott.   92 
Answer  of-Romans.  2015 

to  Applause  of  the  masses-Nap.  272 
"  Human  life- War.  1070 

"  Suffering  of  others-Surgeon.  193 
Vice  overlooked  by  woman.      3718 
"    shamefully  overlooked.      3177 
4849 
Women's  i.  to  vices  of  men.       3468 

See  ABSTRACTION. 
Art  of  a  -"  Waistcoat  button."  ^19 
Blunders  by  a.-Isaac  Newton.     ^20 
Dangerous  a.-Archimedes.  *21 


Absence  of  mind-Goldsmith.  609 
Aroused  from  a.-S.  Johnson.  2310 
Philosopher's  a. -Archimedes.    1905 


868 


INDIGNATION— INFAMY. 


Youthful  a.  by  study-Newton.  2100 

"       study  of  Pascal.  2324 
See  APATHY, 

by  Overconfldence.  5839 

See  CARELESSNESS. 

Censure  of  c.-S.  Johnson.  *717 

Habitual  c.-O.  Goldsmith.  ♦TIS 


of  Personal  safety-Nelson.  1391 
Self-punished  c.-Barber-Lincoln.738 
Unpunished  c.-Koran  quoted.      32 

See  FORGETFULNESS. 
Deslred-Thetnistocles.  ♦2196 


Parental  f.  of  son-Howard. 
See  HEEDLESSNESS. 
Loss  by  h.,  Goldsmith's. 


411 


*2546 


Alarming  political  h.  3786 

See  INSENSIBILITY, 
of  Ambition  toothers'  suffering.  193 
Professional  i. -Surgeon.  193 

to  Suffering  of  others-Famine.  2079 

See  NEGLECT. 
Atonement  for  n.-Posth'mous.  8270 
Explained-Alexander.  4432 

Failure  by  n.-Cable.  2022 

of  Friend- Anaxagoras.  4778 

"  Helpers  by  Thebans.  465 

Life  lost  by  n.-Gibbon.  3260 

Mortifying  to  Adams-"Postage."35 
Responsibility  for  n.-Life.  3160 

See  NEUTRALITY. 
Enforced-Louis  XVI.  *3808 

Nominal  n.-Alabama.  *3809 


Appreciated  by  Caesar.  1032 

Dangerous  n. -Religious.  1125 

Evaded-Expensive-England.  1595 
Firmly  maintained-G"v'rnm'nt.2429 
Offensive  n.  of  U.  S.  170 

Political  n.-Infamous-Solon.     1230 

See  PROCRASTINATION. 
Fatal  p.  of  Archias.  ♦4477 

See  RECKLESSNESS. 
of  Desperation-Napoleon-Lodi.  648 
Example  of  r.-Napoleon.  647 

of  Necessity- William  XL  649 

See  STOICISM. 

Admired-Southey.  ^5341 

See  DELAY  in  loo. 

INDIGNATION. 

Patriotic  i.  expressed-Tories.  ♦2795 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Affected  i.-Napoleon  I.  893 

Aroused  by  deception.  1587 

at  Bribery-Isaac  Newton.  660 

-S.  A.  Douglas.  673 

Expressed  by  absence  and  negl'ct.2 

of  Gods  expected-Pagans-Nile.  694 

Furious-Disguised  man.  1652 

Ill-timed  i.-Investigation.  2995 

Irrepressible-Geo.  Washington.    56 

Popular  i.  at  Brutality.  SMS 

"       "  "  assassinators  of  C.  46 

"       "  "  Clarendon.  8898 

"       ""  murder  of  Becket.  3505 

"       "  "  Stamp  act.  3525 

of  Pride-Samuel  Johnson's.       4349 

Public  i.  at  absentee,  George  II.     9 

"     "  -Bribery  of  Demos.       672 


Smothered-Shame. 

3712 

at  Threatening  of  Gates. 

2795 

Unuttered  i.-Napoleon  I. 

5693 

See  RESENTMENT. 

Cruel-Alexander. 

♦4798 

Infamous-Benedict  Arnold. 

♦4799 

Passlonate-Maximin. 

♦4800 

of  Patriots-Lord  Chatham. 

♦4801 

Public-Am.  Colonists. 

♦4802 

Savage-Theodore  Lascaris. 

♦4803 

Withheld-Robbery. 

♦4804 

of  Wrongs-Irishmen. 

♦4805 

Dishonorable-Treason.  4109 

Expressed  forcibly.  2891 

Infldels  treated  with  r.  2831 

Opportunity  for  r.-Clovis  L  409 

Patriotism  sacrificed  to  r.  306 

Premature-Bp.  Burnet.  5363 

Vain-Breaking  the  arrow.  391 
See  ANGER  and  CONTEMPT 
in  loc. 

INDIONITY. 

Deserved  i.  by  Juba  in  court.  ^2796 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Base  i.  to  dust  of  Ad.  Blake.      1657 
Humiliating  i.-Captive  Bajazet.2661 
the  Reward  of  presumption.      4444 

.   See  DISHONOR. 
Insensible  to  d.-Princes  of  Sp.^1656 
Posthumous  d.-Ad.  Blake.       ♦1657 
Recompensed-Cicero's  retum.^1658 


Disguised  in  politics.  662 

Posthumous  d.-Cr'mweir8body.685 
Reward  of  d.-Bp.  Hall  abandoned.2 
Vices  bring  d.-Emp.  Elagabalus.  960 
See  DISGRACE  and  INSULT 
in  loc. 

INDISCRETION. 

Destructive  i.-Passion  of  V.     ^2797 
Pre-eminent  i.  of  Bp.  Burnet.  ♦2798 


Cross-reference. 

of  Drunkards  i.-Robert  Bums.  1009 

See  FOLLY  in  loo. 

INDOIiENCE. 

Constitutional  i.  of  Johnson.  ^2799 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Fostered  by  charity  of  Constan.  533 

*'         "        "       -Roman.      657 

Habitual  i.  of  Samuel  Johnson.  622 

See  IDLENESS  in  loc. 

INDUI^GENCE. 

Cross*eference. 
to  Sin  by  penance.  2800 

INDITI,G£NCES. 

Cargo  of  i.-Papal.  ^2801 

Papal  1.  by  Tetzel.  '  ^2802 

Sale  of  i.-Church-  building.  ^2803 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Appetite-Degraded  by.  368 

"       "       -Shameless.  260 

"       •*       -Voraciou8-Johns'n.2183 
Authority  for  papal  i.  837 

Sale  of  i.,  Tetzel's.  5164 

..     ..  «         ..  4309 


Spiritual  i.,  Origin  of.  711 

to  Sin-Pope  Leo.  5156 

See  INCONTINENCE. 
Palliated  offence  of  Mahomet.     63 

See  LICENSE. 
Legislative  1.  for  murder.  3278 

See  SELF-INDULGENCE. 

Ruinous  s.-i.-Fox.  5806 

See  LICENTIOUSNESS,  LUXURY 

and  PARTIALITY  in  loc. 

INDUSTRY. 

Education  in  i.-S.  Johnson. 
Exposition  of  i.,  Timours. 
Happiness  by  l.-Eng.  people. 
Misapplied  i.-Jamestown  Col. 
Proof  of  i.-Calloused  hands. 
Report  of  i. 

Sacrificed  to  pride-Charles  I. 
Standard  of  i.-Leathern  apron, 
Virtue  by  i.-Hannibal's  army. 


♦2804 
♦2805 
♦2806 
♦2807 
♦2808 
♦2809 
♦2810 
♦2811 
♦2812 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
for  Drink-Tartars.  2950 

Encouragement  of  i.-Year  1754. 3423 
Incited  by  money.  3677 

Protection  of  i.-Unequal.  4534 

"  "         "  4535 

Required  by  Athenian  law.        2704 
Success  by  i.-Benj.  Franklin.     5389 
See  EMPLOYMENT,  MANUFACT- 
URES and  "WORK 
in  loc. 
INEdUAIilTY. 
Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Conflict-Macedonian8-P'r8'n8.466 
467 
Matrimonial  i.  of  Cato  and  bride.  139 

See  DISPARITY. 

In  Battle-Arbela.  466 

of  Losses  in  battle-N.  Orleans.  3381 

See  CASTE,  DISTINCTION  and 

FAVORITISM  in  loc. 

INEXPERIENCi:. 

Mistakes  from  i. -Skirmish.  ^2813 
Presumption  of  i.-Youth.  ^2814 
Removed  by  loss- Army.  ^2816 


Miscellaneous    cross-references. 
VS.  Climate-Discoverers.  1988 

DifBculties  from  i. -Cannon.         707 
Failure  by  i.-War.  930 

Ignorance  of  i  -Chas.  I.-Cook.  1653 
Timidity  of  i.-Frederick  II.        2024 
"  "-Bp.  M'Kendree.   2023 
Victim  of  i.-Countryman.  1231 

INFAMY. 
Posthumous  i.-Emperor  C.       ♦2816 
Stain  of  i.,  Massacre-Gen.  P.  ^2817 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
by  Assassination-Booth.  813 

Conspicuous  for  i.-Commodus.  5743 
Deserved  i. -Titus  Gates.  4565 

Exposed-Spartan  bachelors.        446 
Immortal  i.  of  Jefifrieys.  2862 

for  Money-Charles  II.  4688 

Overlooked-Pompadour.  8712 

Remembrance  of  i.-"Boilman."1364 
Renown  of  i.-Erostratus.  4763 

Reward  of  i.-Assassin.  2053 

See  DISGRACE  in  loc. 


INFANT— INGENUITY. 


869 


INFANT, 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
King  of  England  and  Fr.  H.  VI.3080 
*'      "  Scotland-James.  3079 


INFANTICIDE. 

Cross-reference. 
Common-Misgovernment. 


2410 


I^FANTS. 

in  Heaven-Swedenborg.  *2818 

See  BABE. 
Influence  of  b.-Pardon.  4001 

Supposititious  b.-Believed.        3913 

See  FOUNDLINGS. 
Protection  of  f.-Emp.  Paulas.      807 

INFATUATION. 

Destructive  i.  of  Nero.  *2819 

of  Pride- James  II.  *2820 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Curiosity-Pliny.  5050 

Inventor's  i.-Arkwright.  5168 

of  Love-Page  of  Mary  Stuart.    3343 
Political  i.-James  II.  3388 

Popular  i.-Conquest  of  Florida.    75 
of  War-Charles  XII.  1239 

See  CHARM. 

Protecting  c.-Thunder  and  1.     *782 

"-Agnus  Dei.  *783 

See  CRAZE. 

for  Gold-Emigrants.  2388 

See  ENCHANTMENT. 
Boyish  e.-David  Crockett.  634 

"      "  in  books-Irving.  626 

Personal  e.  by  Mahomet.  2124 

See  HALLUCINATION. 
Realistic  h.-LutLer-Devil.        *2506 


Enthusiast's  h.-Joan  of  Arc.      2384 

See  DELUSION  and  INSANITY 

in  loo. 

INFECTION. 

Feared-London  pest- field.        *2821 
See  DISEASE  in  loc. 

INFERENCE. 

Mistakes  by  i.-Alexaader.         *2822 


Cross-reference. 
False  i.-Sensitive-James  II. 
See  REASONING  in  loc. 

INFIDEI<. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
Monster-Obd  urate. 
Rebuked  by  Andrew  Jackson. 

INFIDEI.ITT. 

Dishonest  i  -S.  Johnson. 
Escape  from  i.-Benj. Franklin. 
Leader  in  i.-Voltaire. 
Metaphysical  i.-Unnatural. 
Peril  of  l.-Samuel  Johnson. 
Secret  of  i.-S.  Johnson, 
and  the  State-Prance. 
Weakness  of  i. -Napoleon. 


3917 


258C 
2547 

♦2823 

*2824 
♦2825 
*2826 
*2827 
♦2828 
♦2829 
♦2830 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Credulity  of  i.-Superstitious.  2237 

Destructive,  not  constructive.  2829 

Escape  from  i. -George  Fox.  1714 

"        "    "  -Isaac  Newton.  1951 

from  Spiritual  ignorance-G's.  844 

Virtue  relaxed  by  1.  3246 


INFIDELS. 

Treatment  of  i.-S.  Johnson.     *2831 


2831 


Cross-reference. 
Robbers  of  humanity. 

See  ATHEISM. 
Concealed-Romans.  2668 

Tried-Rejected-France.  2370 

See  ATHEISTS. 
Nation  of  a.— No.  4737 

See  SCEPTICS. 
Superstition  of  s.-Earl  of  S.      *5023 

See  SCEPTICISM. 

Prejudice  charges  s.  4413 

Punished  by  fanatics.  3078 

Unwarranted  s. -Atlantic  cable.2216 

See  UNBELIEF  in  loc. 

INFIRMITIES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Age  delayed  till  86-Wesley.     1-38 

'Ex'poseA-' Advocatus  diaboli."    1884 

See  DEFECTS  and  SICKNESS 

in  loc. 

INFLUENCE. 

Personal  i.  of  Chas.  Edward.  *2832 

"       "-Napoleon.  ♦3833 

"       "-Napoleon's  aides.  *2834 

"-William  Pitt.  *2835 

"       "-Washington.  ♦sase 

"-Caesar.  ^2837 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Associates-Peter  the  Great.    380 
Association,  Changed  by  Gre'ks.1865 
of  Association  in  prison.  5804 

Bad  i.  of  women  on  James  II.    6323 

"  "  "       '      5054 

"  "  "       "        -Mistresses.     4487 

Child's  i.-Henry  VI.-5  yrs.  old.    790 

Controlling  i.  of  associates.        2238 

Destructive  i.  of  a."  A.W."         3383 

"  "gamblers.         2273 

Far  extended,  Evil  i  4823 

Imperilled  by  evil  associate.      4533 

Indirect  i.-Pizarro's  pig.  4984 

Ineffective  i.  of  good  examples.  904 

Mysterious  personal  i.-Vicious.  2842 

i.  of  Cromwell  in  P.  263 

Perpetuated  in  works.  330 

Personal  i.-Rule  of  Indians.        415 

"       "-Strange-Nap.  1.         1656 

"       "-Napoleon-1000  1890 

"       "-Lycurgus  a  god.        2347 

"       "-Napoleon.  4367 

4368 

Posthumous  i.-Personal-Nap.    22.39 

"  "-Stench-Alex.       1456 

"  "-Caesar's.  3772 

"  "-Illustration.         4671 

Silent  i.  of  banner-Mexicans.    4088 

Strange  i.-Joan  of  Arc.  1559 

Undeserved  i. -George  Villiers.    494 

See  ENTREATY,  INFATUATION 

and  INSPIRATION  in  loc. 

INFORMATION. 

Importance  of  i.-Black  Hawk.^2843 
Pleasing  i.-A.  Lincoln.  ^2844 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Crime-Bravely  given.  1842 

Dangerous  1.  of  conspiracy.       3741 


by  Signal  fires.-Eng.  coast.  4089 

Startling  i.-Powder-mine.  1392 

Suppressed  by  murder.  2871 

Unimportant  vs.  Important.  3814 

See  NEWS. 

Fatal  n.-Dr.  Mott-Lincoln  d.  ♦3810 
Writer  of  n.  devices  of  yr.  1709.+3811 


Good  n.-Haste-Gold.  1974 

Manipulated-Sertorius.  1479 
Shocking  n.-Fatal-Unexpected.  1608 

See  NEWSPAPERS. 

Colonial  Am.  n.,  year  1740.  ^3812 

Deprecated  by  Addison.  *3813 

Primitive  n.-English.  ♦3814 

Thought  directed  by  n.  ♦3815 


Attacks  of  n.  ignored-Lincoln.  1309 

Fabulous  accounts  in  n.  1973 

Want  of  n.-Preserve  liberty.      3237 

See  INTELLIGENCE,  SCHOOL 

and  STUDY  in  loc. 

INFORMER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Dastardly  i.-James  Burton.       2850 
Massacre  prevented  by  1.  1006 

INFORMERS. 

Rejected  by  Vespasian.  ^2845 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Blackmail  paid  to  I.  2008 

Criminals  for  i.-Jeffreys'  court.  919 
Detested-Am.  Revolution.  2257 
Heartless  i.-Jeffreys'  court.  2850 
Infamous  l.-Titus  Gates.  6033 

Tools  of  tyranny.  1953 

See- DETECTIVE  m  loc. 

INGENUITY. 

vs.  Difficulties-Augustus.  ♦2846 

Practical-Benjamin  Franklin.  ^2847 
of  Savages-Hatchets.  ^2848 

Success  by  i.-Columbus.  ^2849 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Boyish  i.-I.  Newton.  642 

"    »  "       "  3543 

in  Boyhood-Eli  Whitney.  2410 

Female  i.-Silk-weaving.  607O 

Genius  shown  by  i.-Newton.  230» 

Knowledge  increased  by  i.  3028 

in  Printing  mezzotints.  1898 

Progress  by  l.-Telescope.  1632 

Resources  of  i.-John  Fitch.  1876 

Rewarded  by  power-loom.  2971 

Saved  by  i.  of  intercessor.  4663 

Silmulated-New  sauce.  2185 

Unrewarded-Spinning.  2968 

Woman's  i.-Dr.  Cole.  5383 

See  EXPERT, 

by  Practice-Jeffreys.  ^1994 


3041 


Physical  e.-Henry  II. 

See  EXPERTS, 
Unappreciated-Frpderick  II. 

See  INVENTION. 
by  Acoident-Spinning-jenny.   ♦2968 
"        "      -Chauncey  Jerome.  ^2969 
Aid  of  i.-Caesar's  sickles.  ♦8970 

Appreclated-Power-loom.        ♦2971 


870 


INGRATE— INJURIES. 


Benefit  of  i.-Earthenware. 
Crisis  of  i.-Elias  Howe. 
Discouragement  in  i.-J.  Watt. 
Failure  of  i.-Geo.  Washington 
Genius  for  i.-A.  Lincoln. 

"     "    "-Chinese. 

"     "    "-James  Watt. 
Great  i.-Spinning-machlne. 
Growth  of  i.-Many  minds. 
Preservation  by  i.-Greek  fire. 
Saved  by  i.-the  State. 
Useful  i.-Chauncey  Jerome. 

"    "-Pit-iron, 
in  Youth-Crompton's  "  mule.' 


♦2973 
*2974 
*29r5 
.*29r6 
*297r 
*29r8 
*2979 
*2980 
*2981 
♦2982 
*2983 
♦2984 
*2985 
'*2986 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Architectural  i. -Limited.  282 

Genius  for  i.-Greeks.  283 

Miscredited -Telescopes  by  R.  B.697 
Neglected-Mag.  needle  100  yrs.  273 
Protection  by  i.-Archimedes.  343 
Victory  by  i.  of  cannon.  350 

Want  spurs  i.-Weapons-Tools.    337 

See  INVENTOR. 

by  Accidents.  F.  B.Morse.     *2989 

Trials  of  i.-John  Fitch.  *2307 

Wronged-Ell  Whitney.  *2991 

"  -John  Kay.  ^2992 


Boy  1.-1.  Newton. 
Disappointment  of  i. 
Discouragement  of  i. 
Ingenious  i.-EU  Whitney. 
Straggle  of  i.-Goodyear's. 

"  "  "-Howe's. 
Study  of  i.-John  Fitch. 
Vexations  of  S.  C.  "  mule." 

See  INVENTORS. 
Remunerated  slowly. 

See  TACT. 
Lack  of  t.-John  Adams. 
Natural  t.-Henry  Sidney. 


Rewarded-Careless  slave. 
Superstition  overcome  by  t. 

See   SKILL. 
Misapplied-Perpetual  motion. 
Proof  of  s. -Rothschild. 


642 

5404 

5388 

88 

4343 

4344 

871 

535 

*2993 

*5501 
♦5502 


*5168 
*5169 


Marksman's  s.-Commodus.       3430 
"  "-Crockett.  4322 

See  ABILITIES  and  ARTS  in  loc. 

INGRATE). 

Cowardly  i.-James  Burton.  ♦2850 

INGRATITUDE. 

Base  i.  of  Louis  XIII.  *2851 

"    "-Brutus.  ^2852 

Filial  i.-Sons  of  Henry  11.  ♦2853 

Official  i. -James  n.  ^2854 
Political  i.  -Grecian  democracy.  *2855 

"-Athenians.  ^2856 

Shameful  i  -Francis  Bacon.  ^2857 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 

to  Animals  reproved.  5866 

Apology  for  i.,  Weak.  2857 

Disgraceful  1.  to  Columbus.  1648 

Filial  i.,  Nero's.  1110 

"    "-Sons  of  Henry  U.  1634 

"    "      "     "       "       "  4005 


Infamous  i. 
National  i. -Athenians. 
Punishment  for  i.,  Severest. 
Reproved  by  Mahomet. 
Services  rewarded  by  i. 
Shameful  i.-Assassins  of  C. 
"  of  Henry  VIII. 
Shame  of  i.-Charles  I. 

INHERITANCE. 
of  Household  goods-England. 


3713 
4664 
6212 
5866 
4877 
1141 
435 
1118 

♦2885 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Inferior  i.-Riohes  vs.  Spirit.       2908 
Transferred  by  religion.  2958 

See  BEQUESTS, 
for  Spiritual  benefits.  ♦554 


of  Wife-by  Athenians. 
See  HEIR. 
Suspicious  h.  of  James  II. 

See  LEGACY. 
for  Churches-15th  century, 
of  Political  advice-Augustus. 

See  LEGACIES. 
Christian  1.  to  Church. 
Eagerness  for  l.-Romans. 
Enriched  by  1. -Cicero. 

See  PRIMOGENITURE. 
Disregarded  in  Old  Testament, 

INHUMANITY. 
Commercial  i.-Sell  old  slaves, 
of  Man  to  man-England. 
"    "    "       "   -Spaniards. 
Professional  i.-Jeffreys. 
Revenge  for  i. -Pestilence. 


5995 

8528 

554 
100 

♦3183 
♦3184 
♦3185 

♦4459 

♦2859 
♦2860 
♦2861 
♦2862 
♦2863 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Age  of  i.-P'ment  of  criminals, 
in  Amusements-Agony. 

by  Avarice-15th 'century, 
to  Beggars-Punishment. 

"  Children-Jeffreys'  court. 
Christian  i.  to  Pagans. 
of  Commerce-Slave  trade. 

"         "  -Famine. 

In  Conquests- Whole  populat'n. 
Excused-Public  safety, 
of  Goverument-Dr.  Bateman. 
to  Indians-Early  explorers. 
Indifference  to  agony, 
of  Persecutors~Cf)venanters. 
to  Prisoners-English  convicts. 
"  "       -London. 

"  "       -"  The  Fleet." 

Religious  1.  of  persecutors, 
of  Superstition-Sylla. 

"  "  -Lepers  burned, 

in  War-Romans. 

See  CANNIBALISM. 
Christian  c.-Crusaders. 


2656 

102 

1368 

426 

2703 

803 

1050 

1116 

2002 

1070 

5003 

540 

908 

1362 

656 

5183 

4467 

4469 

2557 

5452 

4418 

5912 

♦706 


in  Famine-France.  2077 

"      -California.  2679 

See  BRUTALITY  and  CRUELTY 
in  loc. 

INITIATION. 

Terrific  I.-Mysteriesof  Erusis.^2864 


Cross-reference. 
Absurd  i.-Women  prisoners. 


1385 


See  INAUGURATION. 

Joyful  i.,  Washington's.  ^2768 

Mystic  i. -Turkish  Sultan.  *2769 

Simplicity  of  i.-T.  Jefferson.  ^2770 


Ancient  i.-Founding  a  city. 
Ceremony  of  i.  -Gothic  kings. 
Parsimonious  i.-James  II. 
INJURIES. 
Forgetful  of  i.-Cassar. 
Redressing  i.-Knights. 
Reparation  for  i.-Laws. 

"  "   "-Romans. 

Sensitiveness  to  i.-Voltaire. 


897 

119 

4008 

♦2865 
♦2866 
♦2867 
♦2868 
♦2869 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Compensated  in  future  life. 
Overlooked-Louis  XII. 
Reparation  for  ofScial  i.-S.  H. 
Unresented  by  Bishop  Ken. 

See  ABUSE. 
Absence  of  a.,  Savage's. 
Personal  a.  of  Milton. 
Slanderous  a. -Napoleon  I. 
Success  by  a.-Politlcal. 


4580 

2200 

41 

517 

♦22 
♦23 
♦24 
♦25 


vs.  Arguments-S.  Johnson.  2904 

of  the  Blind-Milton.  23 

"  Countrymen-London.  1231 

Exposure  to  a.-AppIus.  1855 

of  Good  principles.  1121 

Growth  of  a. -S tar-Chamber.  1255 

Judicial  a.-Jeffreys.  1842 

Political  a.  for  effect.  4233 

Reformation  of  a.-Hopeless.  4253 

Self-applied  a.  in  preaching.  1234 

vs.  Use-Money.  5755 

See  DAMAGES. 
Excessive  d.  for  defam't'n-J.II.1487 

Scale  of  d.-PerPonal.  2867 

See  GRIEVANCES. 

Ignored  by  James  II.  8853 

See  LOSS. 

Gain  by  l.-Hannibal.  *«829 

Irretrievable  l.-Sedgemoor.  ♦3330 


Irreparable  1.  of  architectural  m.329 

See  LOSSES. 

Disparity  In  l.-New  Orleans.  ♦3331 

Made  good  by  courage.  1247 

See  OUTRAGE. 

Horrible  o.  of  Albion.  ^3971 

Reaction  of  o.-Joan  of  Arc.  ^3972 

Resented  by  parent.  ♦3973 


Shameful  o.-Columbus. 

i648 

See  TRESPASS. 

Revenge  for  t.,  Severe. 

8057 

See  WOUNDS. 

Honorable  w.-Timour. 

♦6171 

"          "  -Sertorius. 

♦6172 

"          "  -in  Front. 

♦6173 
'J.    2226 

from  Friends-"  Stonewall ' 

Honorable  w.-Persians  at  Petra.643     | 

Indifferent  to  w.-Phillp. 

5945     1 

See  WRONG. 

1 

Neither  give  nor  take  w. 

2872     1 

Suffering  w.  vs.  Doing  w. 

4188     1 

See  WRONGS. 

1 

Redressed,  Imaginary  w. 

♦6175    1 

Excessive  redress-Knights. 
Resentment  of  w.-Irlshmen. 


2866   J 
4805  ■ 


INJURY— INSPIRATION. 


871 


INJURY. 

Mutual  i-Chas.  I.  and  Rupert.*2870 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Insult  added  to  i.-Arabs.  2896 

"  "       "  "-Barbarians.     250 

Unrevenged-Lycurgus.  3264 

See  MUTILATION, 
of  Agriculturists  by  Theodoric.  164 
by  Cowards-Romans.  5240 

Punishment  by  m.-Scots.  5791 

Revenge  by  m.-Coventry.  4857 

Self-m.  for  deception.  5348 

Soldiers  supported  by  State.     5243 
See  RESENTMENT  and  REVENGE 
in  loo. 

INJUSTICE. 

Covered  by  cruelty-Callias.  *2871 

Reproved  by  Puritans.  *2872 

Stigma  of  i.-Cicero.  *2873 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abhorrence  of  i.-Prolonged.      1263 
Costly  i.-Eng.  bankruptcy.  451 

Exasperation  of  i.-Parent.  3973 

Persecutors  of  Christians.  1261 

Revenged  by  nature-Jail  fever.4860 
Revenue  from  i.  4865 

Revolution  by  i.-Bngland.  4875 

Submission  to  i. -Romans.  1210 

to  Women-Property.  6127 

See  CRIME,  FAVORITISM  and 
PERSECUTION  in  loo. 


INNOCENCE. 
False  i.-Bet  Flint. 


*2874 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Assumed  by  Richard  I.  1245 

"  falsely-Demosthenes.1477 
Eloquently  pleaded  by  Str'ff'rd.l934 
Intercession  of  i.  rejected.  1337 

Mediation  of  l.-Pardon.  3998 

■Naliedness  of  angels  Sw'd'b'rg.  958 
Profession  of  i.,  Faise-Timour.  4543 
Unprotected  by  i.-Martyr.         4141 
"  "    "-Jeffreys' ct.    803 

Vindicated  by  death-bed  conf .  1081 

See  PURITY. 
Sentimental  p.-Edward  III.     *4586 


Bravery  of  p.-Joan  of  Arc. 
Ueligion  of  p.-Perslan. 


1727 
4176 


Romish  i.  in  France. 


*2878 


INNOCENT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Intercession  of  the  1.  5261 

Punishment  of  i.  children.         4571 

"  the  i.  4570 

INNOVATION. 

Eesented-Subjects  of  Peter.    ♦2875 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Opposed-Highways.  4414 

"      to  i.-S.  Johnson.  2511 

See  PROGRESS  in  loo. 

INNS. 
Attractive  i.-Old  English.         *2876 

See  HOTEL-KEEPER. 
Indulgences  sold  by  h.-k.  2803 

INQUISITION. 
Abominable  in  Spain.  *2877 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Ignorance  directing  i.  2721 

Truth  outraged  by  i.  5727 

INSANITY. 

Capability  with  i.-George  III.  *2879 

Feared  by  Samuel  Johnson.  *2880 

Moral  i.  of  Cambyses.  ♦2881 

Perils  from  i.-Walter  Scott.  *2882 

Religious  i.-Wm.  Cowper.  *2883 

Royal  i.  of  George  III.  ^2884 


Emotional  i.-^sop  the  actor.   4022 
"  "-Lajolais.  3998 

Employment  relieves  i.  2300 

by  Fright-False  ghost.  2353 

Genius  tinged  with  i.  3601 

of  Genius-John  Fitch.  8307 

Hopeless  i.-J.  Howard's  son.  122 
by  Ill-health  and  bereavement.  2691 
of  Monomania-John  Brown.  3688 
Nature's  cure  for  i.-Air,  etc.  2691 
Religious  i.-Muggleton.  2083 

Self-destructive  i.-W.  Cowper.  5427 
by  Vanity-Ferguson.  5774 

"  Witchcraft-Supposed.  3512 

See  MADNESS. 
Effective  m.  of  James  Otis.      *3377 


Courage  of  m.-Charles  XII. 

See  MANIA. 
Popular  m.-Crusades. 


1239 


♦3411 


for  Criticism-Thackeray.  1310 

Popular  m.-Crusades.  1375 
for  Speculation-Eng.,  a.d.  1720. 5280 

"  "  -France.  5281 

"  "  -England.  5282 

"  "  -France.  5283 

"  Suicide- Wm.  Cowper.  5427 
See  INFATUATION  in  loc. 

INSENSIBIIilTY. 

to  Suffering-Execution.  +2885 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Professional  i.-Surgery.  193 

to  Suffering  of  others.  2079 

See  INDIFFERENCE. 
Cruel  I.  of  Caesar.  ♦2793 

Religious  i.  of  Charies  II.  *2794 


Affected  I.  to  misfortune-Scott.  92 
to  Applause  of  the  masse8-Nap.272 
"  Human  life- War.  1070 

"  Suffering  of  others-Surgeon.  193 

See  OBDURACY. 

Criminal  o.-Earl  of  Ferrers.       25.39 

Immovable  o.  of  James  II.         2536 

See  BRUTALITY,  CRUELTY  ard 

INGRATITUDE  in  loc. 


INSINCERITY. 

Blemish  of  i.-Caesar. 
of  Jesuits-Dissembling. 


♦2886 
♦2887 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Forced  conversions.  1185 

in  Politics-Newcastle.  1679 

Political  I.-James  II.  4258 

Reaction  of  i.-Charles  I.  1676 

"  1677 

Repels  assistance.  2041 


See  AFFECTATION. 
Ridiculed  by  Thackeray. 

See  CANT. 
Political  c. -Samuel  Johnson. 

See  DISHONESTY. 
General  d.-Reign  of  James  II. 

See  HYPOCRISY. 
Brazen  h.-Pope  Adrian  VI. 
Diplomatic  h.-Napoleon  I. 
Exposed-Religious-Charles  II, 
in  Friendship-Rival  dukes. 
Invited-Puritan  Parliament. 
Religious  h. -Rival  dukes. 
"  "-Roman  Philos. 


1506 

♦708 

♦1655 

♦2692 
♦2693 
♦2694 
♦2695 
♦269S 
♦2697 


Political  h.-Augustus.  4256 

ReUgious  h.-Charies  II.  4711 

See  HYPOCRITE. 

Accomplished  h.-"Dick"  T.  ♦2699 

Epitaph  of  the  h. -Alexius.  ^2700 

See  DECEPTION  in  loc. 

INSOIiENCE. 

Consummate  i.-Jeffreys.  ♦2888 

Ecclesiastical  i.-Gregory  VII.  ♦2889 

Official  i.  of  James  II.  +2890 

Resented  i.  of  Darius.  ♦2891 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Aggravating  l.-A.  Lincoln.  534 

In  Defeat-Roman  Emperor.       2197 
Papal  i.  to  Henry  VI.  2663 

Patriotic  i.-Am.  Revolution.      4963 
Unresented  by  Philip.  5297 

"  Anytus.  4804 

-Patriots.  4813 

Victim  of  i.-Columbus.  1648 

War  occasioned  by  I.  1624 

See  EFFRONTERY. 

Bold  e.-Prince  Albion.  2645 

in  Literature-Bet  Flint  to  S.  J.      37 

See  CONTEMPT  and  RIDICULE 

in  loc. 

INSOI.VENCY. 

Governmental  l.-Charles  II.     ♦2892 


Cross-reference. 
Refuge  in  i.-London. 

See  DEBT  in  loo. 


1299 


INSPIRATION. 

Claim  of  i.-Alarlc.  ♦2893 

Professed  i.-Joan  of  Arc.  ^2894 

Proof  of  i.-Joan  of  Arc.  ♦2895 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

in  Art-Romans.  333 

"   "  -Italians.  336 

Belief  in  1.,  Personal-Mahomet.  1401 

"      "  personal  i.-Joan  of  A.  1906 

Claimed  for  the  Zendavesta.       625 

for  Conflict-"God  is  with  us  1"    464 

Divine  impulse-Excuse.  2422 

False  i.-Delphic  priestess.  3947 

in  Hatred-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.    2654 

Language  produced  by  i.  3134 

in  Love-Robert  Burns.  4219 

"  Muslo-Wesley-Mobs.  698 

Poetic  1.  Intermittent-MIlton.    1014 

of  Religious  faith-Battle.  2088 

See  ENTHUSIASM  and  FUTURE 

in  loc. 


872 


INSTRUCTION— INTELLECT. 


INSTRUCTION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Dangerous  i.  of  enemy.  3729 

by  Defeat-Peter  the  Great.  1493 
"  Example-Siege  of  Rome.  1961 
"  *'  -Divinity  of  the  Son.  825 
"  Failure-Mi  Qucius.  2026 

Need  of  i.-Petrarch.  621 

Needed  withauthority-Howard.411 
Popular  i.  by  architecture.  287 

Religious  i.  neglected-Eogland.  886 

See  ADMONITION. 
Disregarded-Gen.  Braddook.      *56 

See  ADVICE. 
Disdained-Braddock's  defeat.     *97 
Ignored,  Clarendon's,  by  J.  II.    *98 
Ill-timed  a.  to  A.  Lincoln.  *99 

Legacy  of  a.  by  Augustus  to  R.*100 

See  COUNSEL. 
of  the  Dying-Louis  XIV.  ♦laiQ 

Inopportune  c,  Deputies'.  •1220 
Safety  in  c.-Battle.  *1221 


Discarded  rashly-Chas.  XII.  1239 

Honest  c.  punished.  8609 

See  COUNSELLOK. 

Evil  c.-"Evil  angel."  *1222 

See  COUNSELLORS. 

Dangerous  c.  of  James  II.  *1223 
Whimsical  c.-'Wise  woman."*1224 


Obstructive  o. -Scots.  975 

Various  c.  to  G.  Washington.    1926 
Volunteer-too  many  generals.  2284 

See  REPROOF. 
Meekness  in  r.-Dr.  Taylor.       *4779 
Undeserved  r.-Dr.  Arnold.       *4780 
Undisturbed  by  r.-G.  Wash.     *4781 


5896 

4881 


Death  by  r.,  Tetzel's. 
Desired-Good  Emp.  Julian 
Sagacious  r.,  Wife's. 

See  WARNING, 
of  Danger- Richard  I.  *5947 

Ineffective  w. -Caesar.  *5948 


Acoepted-Girl's  w.,  by  Lincoln.  6102 
Admonition  disregarded.  56 

Disdained-a  Woman's  w.  6110 

Disregarded  by  Nero's  mother.  196 
Effective  w.  to  officials.  3036 

Felon's  w.  to  manufacturers.  512 
Interference  of  novice.  3546 

Neglected-Diversion-Cassar.  1689 
Timely  w.-Wash.  by  woman.  4079 
Unexpected  w.-Scripture.  4901 

Unmoved  by  w.-Alexander.       1048 
See  EDUCATION,  INFORMATION 
and  SCHOOL  in  loo. 


INSTRUMENT. 

Cross-reference. 
Hamad  i.  in  divine  hands-L. 


611 


2018 


INSTRUMENTS. 

Cross-reference. 
Useless-Eyes  for  junks. 

See  MACHINERY. 
Benefits  of  m.-Clocks.  *3374 

a  Means-Samuel  Johnson.        *3375 
Triumph  of  m.-Brass  clocks.    ♦3876 


Hallucination-Perpetual  mofn.5168 

Importance  of  ra.-Cotton  gin.  2988 

Intricate-Mechanical  birds.  3383 

Labor-saving  m.-Clocks.  2984 

Relieves  labor-Changes.  3107 

"          "    -Cotton-gin.  3115 

"           "    -Miners.  3108 


*2896 
*2897 


INSUIiT. 

more  than  Injury- Arabs, 
to  Jealousy-Flogging. 
Last  i.,  a  Knight's. 
Political  i.  to  William  Pitt.  *2899 
Rebellion  from  i.-Persians.  *2900 
Remembrance  of  i.-Cyrus.  *2901 
Stinging  i.-Col.  Tarleton.  *2902 

Unconscious  i.-James  II.  *2903 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abusive  i.-Ambassadors.  4444 

Added  to  injury-Barbarians.  250 

of  Arrogance-Attila-Romans.  321 
322 

Fancied  i.-Xerxes.  320 

Humiliating  i. -Caesar-Beard.  2796 

Humiliation  for  i.-Pope.  249 

Oversensitive  to  i.-Tyrant.  8587 

Resented  by  Bismarck.  3359 

-Making  love- Wife.  8416 

Stinging  i.-Woman's.  3489 

Uni*esented-Fear-Alexius.  757 


INSULTS. 

Argument  by  i.-S.  Johnson, 
with  Misfortune-James  II. 


*8904 
*2905 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Adversity-James  11.  2908 

Authorized  for  cowards.  1280 

Cruelty  provoked  by  i.-Ind's.  2074 
Public  i.-Cromwell  to  Parli'm'nt  410 
Reparation  for  i..  Cheap.  2868 

Women's'i.  to  cowards.  6128 

See  INSOLENCE. 
Consummate  i.-Jeffreys.  *2888 

Ecclesiastical  i.-Gregory  VII.  *2889 
Official  i.  of  James  II.  *2890 

Resented  i.  of  Darius.  *2891 


Gentos  tor  m.-Eli  Whitney.       3113 


Aggravating  i.-A.  Lincoln.  534 

in  Defeat-Roman  Emperor.  2197 

Papal  i.  to  Henry  VI.  8663 

Patriotic  i.-Am.  Revolution.  4953 

Unresented  by  Philip.  5297 

"           "  -Anytus.  4804 

"         -Patriots.  4813 

Victim  of  i.-Columbus.  1648 

War  occasioned  by  i.  1684 

See  CONTEMPT  and  RIDICULE 

in  loo. 

INSURRECTION. 

Cross-reference. 

Suppressed-Am.  Revolution.  1136 

See  MUTINY. 

Courage  against  m. -Caesar.  *3756 

Cruel  m.-Henry  Hudson.  *3757 
by  Disappointment-Columbus.  *3758 

Reform  by  m. -British  navy.  *3759 

of  Sailors-British  navy.  *3760 


Unparalleled m.-Scottish sld'rs.  306 
See  REBELLION  in  loc. 

INTEGRITY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Recognized-Samuel  Adams.        676 
Reputation  for  i.-Aristides.       4788 
"  "-Cato.  479a 

"  "  "-Lincoln.  4792 

See  FIDELITY,  HONOR  and  HON- 
ESTY in  loc. 

INTELLECT. 

Clouded-Jeffreys'.  *890& 

Dulness  of  i.-John  Howard.  *2907 
Parsimonious  i.-Later  Greeks.  *2908 
Uncultivated-Am.  Indians.      *890» 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Deficiency  in  i.-S.  Am.  Indians.3531 
Display  of  i.  by  Egyptians.         353a 
"       "  "  "  Jesuits.  3008 

Dull  i.  quickened-Goldsmith.  640 
Freedom  of  i. -Quakers.  1908- 

Moral  depravity-Chas.  the  Bad.  1669 
Originality-Newton's  inventi'ns.642 

See  MIND. 
VS.  Body-Columbus.  *3598 

"  "  -Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  *3599 
Entertainment  of  m.  at  meals.*360a 
Infirmities  of  m.-Uni versa!.  *3601 
Surroundings  of  m.,Cr'mw'irs*3602 
Undeveloped-Countrymen.  *3<)03 
Undisturbed  by  anxiety.  *3604 

Versatility  of  m.-Queen  Eliz.    *3605 


Quelled  by  General  Jackson.      1963 
Sailor's  m.,  Columbus'.  1940 


Absence  of  m.-O.  Goldsmith.  609' 
Absorbed  by  study-Shelley.  18 

Abstraction  of  m.,  Art  in-W.  S.  1* 
"  -Blunders  by  Newton. 80 
"         -Dangerous- A.  21 

Achievement  of  m..  Brilliant.  1871 
Activity  of  m.  in  old  age.  1010' 

Agitated  by  religion-Fox.  3564 

Affects  the  body-Clark.  1181 

Agony  of  m.-Josephine.  1699 

Anguish  of  m.-Nap.at  Wat'rloo.3817 
Art  of  controlling  m.-Sadness.  3561 
Ascendency  of  m.-Civilization.  5735 
Complex  action  of  m.-Nap.  1575' 
Confused  by  a  trick-"Button."  19 
Dejected-William  Pitt.  1515 

Diet  affects  m.-Mahomet.  2180- 

Display  of  powers-Jefferson.  2305 
Diversion  of  m.  heals  melanch.  3561 
Diverted  by  amusement.  5138 

Dulness  overcome  by  study.       1776- 
of  m.-Fogies.  2165 

"       "    "  in  boyhood.  64& 

Employment  of  m.,  Noble-Nap.3826 
Fed-Body  unfed.  3794 

Food  makes  inequality  in  m.  4606 
Harmonious  m.,  Milton's.  8340 

vs.  Morals-Aspasia.  1256 

Morbid  m.  of  Benj.  Abbott.       1109 
"       "     "  Constans.  1108 

Phenomena  of  m.,  Mysterious.  3761 
"  "  "  3762 

Polish  vs.  Morality.  3707 

Preparation  of  m.-Milton.  1014 

Presence  of  m.  in  battle.  1608 

"  "  "  -Margaret.  1045 

Reaction  of  m.  on  body.  101? 


INTELLIGENCE— INTEMPERANCE. 


873 


Reviewed  in  a  diary.  1574 

Superior  to  surroundings-B'rns.1016 
Superiority  of  m.-Sculptor.  5056 
Supremacy  of  m.-Body-Nap.  1982 
Triumph  of  m.-Roger  Bacon.      697 

See  MINDS. 

Narrow  m.-Cliaracteristlc.       *3606 

See  INTELLIGENCE  in  loo. 

HVTEIililGENCE. 

Poverty  of  i.-Samuel  Johnson. *2910 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Clothing  represents  i.  958 

Eyes  without  i.-Junks.  3018 

Hindered- Would  not  see,  o'uld  n.762 
Lack  of  i.-Literature.  3771 

Merit  of  i.-Timour.  1367 

Mysterious  i.-Swedenborg.  915 

Mystery  of  letter-Indians.  5458 

Respected  by  physician.  5130 

See  DISCRETION. 
Better  than  valor-Charles  V.    *1637 


Ruler  without  d.-Charles  II. 
Wife's  d.  rules  husband. 
See  READING. 
Effects  of  r.-A.  Lincoln. 


Absorbed  in  r. -Shelley. 
Excitement  in  r.  "  Pamela." 
Profitable  r.-A.  Lincoln. 
Profitless  vs.  Profitable-Nap. 
Swift  r.-Poet  Shelley. 

See  SCIENTIST. 
Deranged  by  curiosity. 
Failure  of  s.  in  experiment. 
Youthful  s.-Newton-Wind. 

See  TACT. 
Lack  of  t.-John  Adams. 
Natural  t.-Henry  Sidney. 


Misfortune  reversed  by  t. 
Rewarded-Careless  slave. 
Superstition  overcome  by  t. 


2432 
3352 


*4620 


3827 
3576 
3826 
3572 

1383 
1992 
1993 

*5501 
*5502 

32 
32 
81 
83 
8683 


of  Woman-Queen  Caroline. 

See  THOUGHT. 

Conditioned  by  respiration.  *5606 

Flexibility  of  t.-Julian.  *5607 

Food  for  t.-Observation.  *5608 

Suggested-Robert  Peel.  ♦5609 


Carefulness  in  t.-S.  Johnson.  708 
Co-operative  t.,  Inventor's.  2987 
Development  of  t.-Gravitation.2295 


Develops  t.-Invention. 
Growth  of  t.-Invention. 
Seed-thought  of  telegraphy. 
Walking  quickens  t.-Nap.  I. 

See  WISDOM. 
False  w.  of  Aristotle, 
with  Ignorance- Aristotle. 
Occasional  w.-S.  Johnson. 
Practical  W.-Socrates. 
Ridiculed-Savans. 
Source  of  w.-Folly. 


by  Adversity-Fred,  the  Great. 

"  "       -Romans. 

"  "       -Dionysius. 

Best  w.-Knowing  self. 


2975 
2981 
2989 
1575 

*6015 
*6016 
*6017 
•6018 
♦6019 
♦6020 

84 
86 

4889 


Folly  preferred  to  w.-Dlogenes  2168 

by  Humility-Statesmen.  2676 

Tested  by  questions.  4598 

See  CIVILIZATION,  EDUCATION, 

INFORMATION,  INTELLECT, 

LITERATURE,  TALENT, 

and  WIT  in  loc. 


INTSmPER  AN  CE. 

Ancient  i.-"  Norman  gent." 
"      "-Alexander  the  G. 
Art  of  i.-Fine-Cyrus'  ability. 
Blight  of  i.-Edgar  Allan  Poe. 
Burdens  of  i.-B.  Franklin. 
Character  destroyed  by  i. 
Churchly  i.-"Whitsun-ales." 
Common  i. -England,  1593. 
in  Court-Trial  of  Strafford. 
Crime  by  i  -England,  1750. 
Crimes  of  i.-Working-cl. 
Custom  of  i.-England,  1742. 

Debased  by  i.-English  society. 
Disease  by  i.-Galerius. 
in  Eating-Soliman  the  Cal. 
"       "     -S.  Johnson's. 
Example  of  i.-Warning  to  y. 
Fatal  i.-Louis  X. 

' '      '  - Athalaric  the  Goth. 

"      "-Alexander  the  Great. 
Females-Eng.  nob.,  1606. 
Fostered-English  mechanics, 
and  Genius-Addison. 
Governmental  i.-Parllament. 
by  Hospitality-"  Treating." 
Loss  by  i.-S.  A.  Douglas. 
Manifested-Unconsciously. 
Perils  of  i.-Retreat  from  M. 

"         "-American  Indians. 
Power  of  i  -Barbarians. 
Prolonged-Dionysius-90  d. 
Property  lost  by  i.-Cato. 
Religion  against  i.-Puritans. 
Renounced-Normans. 
Revenue  from  i.-Eng.  excise. 
Shameful  i  -Justice  Jeffreys. 
Shameless  I. — English. 
State  endangered  by  i. -Battle 
Strange  i.  of  Tartars. 
Suppression  of  I.  by  legislation 
Victim  of  i.-8heridan. 
"       "  -Robert  Burns. 

"       "     Edgar  Allan  Poe. 
Wages  and  l.-Eng.-17th  cent. 


♦2911 
♦2912 
♦2913 
♦2914 
♦2915 
♦2916 
♦2917 
♦2918 
♦2919 
♦2920 
♦2921 
♦2922 
♦2923 
♦2924 
♦2925 
♦2926 
♦2927 
♦2928 
♦2929 
♦2930 
♦2931 
♦2932 
♦2933 
♦2934 
♦2935 
♦2936 
♦29.37 
♦2938 
♦2939 
♦2940 
♦2941 
♦2942 
♦2943 
♦2944 
♦2945 
♦2946 
♦2947 
♦2948 
♦2949 
♦2950 
.♦2951 
♦2953 
♦3953 
♦2954 
♦2955 
♦3956 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Appetite  for  food.  2188 

Destruction  by  i.-IUustrated.  5848 
in  Pood.  2926 

"  Heaven-Scandinavians.  2545 

Imperilled  by  i.-Archias.  1516 

Indiscretion  vtrith  l.-Burns.  1009 
Infamy  by  l.-Jefifreys.  2906 

Lawless  tendency  In  1.-R'belli'n.4629 
Ministerial  tippllng-Impr'prlety.  1484 
Passion  aroused  by  l.-Peter.  5091 
Perilous  to  the  State.  27 

Refuge  in  i.-Walter  Scott.  91 

"  "  "-Oppressed  tailors.  429 
Responsibility  for  acts  in  1.  2965 
of  Statesmen-S.  A.  Douglas.        207 


Vices  come  with  l.-Poe.  619S 

Victim  of  i.-Alexander.  5449 

Victims  of  i.-Charles  VI.  5319 

War  occasioned  by  i.  1634 

Woman  suffers  by  man's  i.         2914 
Youthful  victim  of  i.-Athalaric.l618 

See  ABSTINENCE. 
Certainty  by  a.-S.  Johnson.         ♦U 
Prudential  a.  by  experience.       ♦le 
Twofold  a.-WIne  by  confessor.  ^17 


Necessary  a.-"  One  glass."  2955 

Self -conquest  by  a.-Mahomet.  5077 

See  APPETITE. 

Fastidious  a.  of  Antony.  ^265 

Indulgence  of  a. -Shameless.  ^269 

Perils  of  a.-Cato  the  Censor.  ^266 

Protest  of  a. -Monks.  ^267 

Ruled  by  a.-EpIcure.  ♦268 


Degraded  by  Indulg.  of  a.-P. 
Surrender  to  a.-Henry  VIII. 
Voracious  a.-S.  Johnson. 

See  BEER. 
Antiquity  of  b.-Germans. 

See  DISSIPATION. 
Philosopher's  d.-S.  Johnson. 
Youthful  d.-E.  A.  Poe. 


3852 
2183 


496 


♦1683 
♦1684 


Clerical  d  -Old  England.  925 

"  "-Eighteenth  century.  941 
Despondency  removed  by  d.  5449 
Reaction  of  d.-Cartwrlght.  1083 
Shortens  life-" Artemus  Ward."3283 

See  DRINKING. 
Ancient  English  d.  ^1740 

Art  In  d.-Samuel  Johnson.       ^1741 
Effects  of  d.-Samuel  Johnson.  ^1742 
"      "  "         "  "        ^1743 

See  DRUNKARD. 
Converted  d.-Irlshman. 
Habitual  and  constant  d. 
Happiness  of  d.,  Present. 
Unconscious  appeal  of  d. 

See  DRUNKENNESS. 
Melancholy  by  d.-Alex.'s  fury.^1744 
Punished-Drunkard's  cloak.    ^1745 


1183 
1741 
2631 
1741 


Folly  of  d.-Dangerous-Alboln.  3971 
Judicious  clerical  d.  3708 

Paradise  of  d.-Anc'ntGermans.8988 
Punished-Death-Ofiadal.  3790 

See   EXCISE. 
Laws -First  English.  ♦1971 

Unexecuted-Robert  Burns.       ♦1973 

See  GLUTTONY. 
Hospitality  comp'imented  by  g.2639 

See  GOURMAND. 
Characteristic  g.-Johnson.         2183 
2927 
Indigestion  of  g.-Soliman.  2926 

See  INTOXICATION. 
Responsibility  for  crIme8-Mur.^2965 

See  PLEDGE. 
Temperance  p.-Father  Math'w+4212 


Infamously  broken- Proctor. 
Saored  p.-Embalmed  b. 
See  TREATS. 
Election  t.-Costly-England. 
Exacted-Engllsh  prisons. 
Prisoner's  t.-Brldewell. 
Temptation  in  t.-BuUders. 


2817 
1462 

1839 
5804 
1302 
2C3" 


874 


INTENTION— JEALOUSY. 


See  WINE. 

Charm  of  w.-Gauls.  *6010 

Danger  in  w. -Ancients.  *6011 

Deception  in  w.-S.  Johnson.  *6012 

Defended-Samuel  Johnson.  *6013 

rorbidden-Samuel  Johnson.  *6014 


Deception  in  w. -Samuel  Johnson.  14 

Pleasure  in  w.,  not  happiness- J.  14 

See  TEMPERANCE  in  loc. 

INTENTION. 

Cross-reference. 

Evidence  of  good  i.  4515 

Guilt  by  i.-Betrayal.  3381 

See  MOTIVE  in  loc. 

INTERCESSION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Innocents-Timour  rejects.    1337 
Life  saved  by  i. -Deserters.  536 

Woman's  i.-Queen  Philippa.      4639 

INTERCESSOR. 

Cross-reference. 
Saved  by  wit  of  i.  4663 

See  MEDIATION. 
Rejected-James  II.  ♦3547 


of  Innocence-Daughter.  3998 

Eejected  m.  of  Alex.-Eng.  and  F.279 

See  MEDIATOR. 
Temporizing  m.-Wm.  Penn.     *3548 
Unfaithful  m.-James  11.  *3549 


Slain-Montezuma.  2491 

Successful  m.-T.  Cranmer.  1018 

Unfaithful  m.-James  II.  2926 

INTERCOURSE. 

Unity  by  i.-North  and  South.  *2957 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
Union  by  i.-United  States.  5888 

See  CONVERSATION  and  FEL- 
LOWSHIP in  loc. 

INTEREST. 

Prohibited-Henry  VIII.  *2958 

See  USURY. 

Inevitable-Rome.  *5757 

Law  of  u.-Romans.  *5758 

"    "    "-Lucullus.  *5759 

Laws  against  u.  in  England.  *5760 

INTERFERENCE. 

Cross-references, 
of  Novice-Bp.  Burnet.  3546 

Political  i.  res"nted-"Mon.  doct."209 

See  MEDDLING. 
Destructive  flood  by  m.  *3545 

Keproved-Bishop  Burnet.         *3546 


In  Families-England.  4458 

Mischief  by  m.  5300 

Well  meant  m. -Hurtful.  3041 

See  INTERCESSOR  in  loc. 
INTERPRETATION. 
Unrestricted  i.  of  mythology.  *2959 


Cross-reference. 

three  Senses  In  the  Bible-S.        583 

See  EXPLANATION  in  loc. 

INTERVIEtr. 

Formal  i.-Grant  and  McMahon*2960 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abusive  i.  with  Lincoln.  534 

Embarrafising-Adams-Geo.  III.    274 

See  CONVERSATION  in  loc. 

INTIMIDATION. 

Successful  i.  of  Indians  by  S.    *2961 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Attempted  i.  of  clergy-Jas.  n.     877 
Cry  for  i.-"  Rebel  yell."  789 

Election  by  i.  of  Charles  XII.  144 
by  Example  of  Caesar- Aug.  3891 
of  Government  by  Cromwell.  410 
by  Imaginary  angels.  175 

Message  of  i.-Attila  to  Romans.  321 
by  Punishment-Rebels.  4630 

Reaction  of  i. -James  II.  315 

Remembrance  of  i.-Turks.  3770 
of  Ruler-Tory  Gov.  of  N.  Y.  4077 
Success  by  i.-Capt.  Wadsworth.3956 
"  "  "  -General  Jackson.  3773 
by  Violence-Bismarck.  3359 

See  FEAR  in  loc. 

INTOI^ERANCE. 

Cross-references. 

Conscientious  i. -England.  1090 

Unexpected  i.  of  Pilgrims.  591 

See  BIGOTRY  in  loc. 

INTOXICATION. 

Responsibility  for  crimes-M.    *2965 
See  INTEMPERANCE  in  loc. 

INTRIGUE. 

Genius  for  i.-Beaumarchais.    ^2966 

INTRIGUER. 

Successful  i. -Sunderland.         *2967 
See  PLOT  in  loc. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Cross-reference. 
Eidiculous-S.  Johnson.  612 

INVASION. 

Cross-references. 
Terrified  by  i.-Montezuma.       1685 
Threatened -Span' sh  Armada.  2028 

INVENTION. 

by  Accldent-Spinning-jenny. 
"       *'       -Chauncey  Jerome. 
Aid  of  i.-Caesar's  sickles. 
Appreciated-Power-loom. 
Benefit  of  i. -Earthenware. 
Crisis  of  i.-Elias  Howe. 
Discouragement  in  i.-J.  Watt. 
Failure  of  i.-G.  Washington. 
Genius  for  i.-A.  Lincoln. 

"       '*   "  -Chinese. 

"       "   "  -James  Watt. 
Great  i.-Spinning-machine. 
Growth  of  i.-Many  minds. 
Preservation  by  i.-Greek  fire! 
Saved  by  i.-the  State. 
Useful  i.-Chauncey  Jerome. 

"      "-Pit-iron, 
in  Youth-Crompton's  "mule.'' 


*2968 
*2969 
*2970 
*2971 
*2973 
*2974 
*2975 
*2976 
*2977 
*2978 
*2979 
♦2980 
*2981 
*2982 
♦2983 
♦2984 
♦2985 
'*2986 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Architectural  i.-Limited.  282 

Genius  for  i.-Greeks.  283 

Miscredited-Telescopes  by  R.  B.697 
Protection  by  i  -Archimedes.      343 


Unapplied-Chinese- Magnetic  n.  273 
Victory  by  i.  of  cannon.  350 

Want  spurs  i.-Weapoos-Tools.    337 

INVENTIONS. 

Co-operative  i.-Arkwright-W.*2987 
and  Politics-Cotton-gin.  *2988 

INVENTOR. 

by  Accident-S.  F.  B.  Morse.  *2989 

Trials  of  i.-John  Fitch.  *2990 

Wronged-Eli  Whitney.  *2991 

-John  Kay.  *2992 

See  DISCOVERY  and  INGENUITY 

in  loc. 

INVESTIGATION. 

Opposed-Finaiicial-England.   *2994 
Resented  by  Clarendon.  *2995 

Startling  i.-Credlt  Mobilier.      *2996 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
Personal  i  -Royal-Majorian.      1654 

See  EXAMINATION. 
Needless-End  of  web  shows.  *1959 


Fearless  of  e.-Methodist.  705 

See  EVIDENCE  in  loo. 

INVESTMENT, 

Timely  i.-Manhattan  Island.    *2997 
See  PURCHASE  in  loc. 


IRON. 

Importance  of  i.-England. 
Prized-Early  Greeks. 


♦2998 
*2999 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Honored  metal-Crown.  1321 

1330 

Invention  of  pit-iron.  2985 

Manufacture  hindered.  3426 

"  of  i.  opposed.        4415 

prohibited.  3425 

Money  debased  with  i.  3655 

IRONV. 

Miscellaneous  cross-reference*. 

Apostate's  hatred  shown.  2549 

Invader's  apology  to  Caesar.       250 

See  RIDICULE  in  loc. 

IRRITATION. 

Cross-references. 
Flattery  causes  i.-F.  the  Great.2155 
of  Friend -Voltaire-Fred.  II.      2155 

ISOIiATION. 

Safety  by  i.-German  States.     *3000 

ITINERANCY. 

Ministerial  1  -Methodist.  *3001 

JEAIiOUSV. 

Appeal  to  j.,  Voltaire's.  *3002 

Cruelty  of  j.-Commodus.  *3003 

Extensive  j.-Fatal-200Virgins.*3004 
National  j. -English-French.     *3005 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Anger  of  j. -Voltaire.  3002 

Childish  j. -Blaise  Pascal.  791 

Cruelty  of  j  -Persian  kings.  603 
Defeated  by  j. -James  V.  of  Scot.306 
Discord  of  brothers  by  j.  1626 

of  Popularity-Politician's  j.  4306 
Provoked,  Intentionally-H.  .      701 


JESTING— JUDGMENT. 


875 


Revenge  of  j.-Assault.  2897 

"        "  "-Darnley.  2687 

Soldier's  J.-Kuinous-Aghrim.     1221 
of  Sucoess-Hargreaves.  2968 

Unaffected  by  j.-A.  Lincoln.     6217 
Victim  of  j.-A.  Jackson.  3453 

See  RIVAL. 
Authority  In  religion-H.  VIII.   4301 
Bitterness  toward  r.-Clay.         4247 
Dangerous  r.  to  royalty.  4284 

Dislilie  of  r. -Cicero.  4454 

Hateful  r.,  Wife's.  6068 

Jealous  of  r.-O.  Goldsmith.       4453 
"       "  "  -S.  Johnson.  4450 

Mortifying  success  of  r.  doctor .4168 
Threat  of  r.-Nero-Britannicus.  4369 

See  RIVALS. 

Combat  of  r.-Thebans.  3884 

Defeat  of  r.by  Jeflferson-Lover8.3356 

Discord  in  gov't  by  r.-Acre.       2415 

Female  r.-Octavia  vs.Cleopatra.6136 

Jealous  of  r.-Brothers.  1626 

"       "  "-S.  Johnson.  4450 

"       "  "  -Robespierre.         4482 

Wife  vs.  Concubine  r.  6109 

See  ENVY  and  SUSPICION  in  loc. 

JESTING. 

Danger  of  j.-D^imoralizing.      ^3006 
See  JOKE  in  loc. 

JESUIT. 

Abollshed-Fr.,  Sp.,  Port.and  S.*3007 
Achievements  of  J.-Dlsting'd.*3008 
Assassination  by  J.-Henry  IV.*3009 
"  "  -Wm.  of  O.*3010 
Estranged  from  J.-Pope.  *3011 
Mission  of  J. -Cosmopolitan.  *3012 
Plotting  of  J. -Gunpowder  plot.*3013 
Popularity  of  J  -18th  century.  +3014 
Power  of  J.-18th  century.  *3015 
Purpose  of  J.-18th  century.  *3016 
Rescued  by  J.-Papacy.  *3017 

Self-sacriflce  of  J.-Ben'vol'nce.*3018 
vs.  the  State-England.  *3019 

Suppressed  by  government.     *3020 
Vices  of  J.-Insincerity.  *3021 

Victories  of  J.-Fictitious.         *3022 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Conscience  perverted  by  J.  1105 

Distrusted-Imposture.  3913 

Equivocation  of  J.-Rules.  2044 

Falsehoods  concerning  J.  4213 

Heroism  of  J.  missionaries.  3508 

Prohibited  in  New  York.  4716 
See  CATHOLICS  in  loo. 

JESUS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

no  Comforter  but  J.-Mary  6.  5067 

Honored  king-Godfrey.  2671 

King,  the  only-Puritans.  1250 

"     of  all  nations.  2894 

Kingdom  of  J.-Contrasted-N.  3347 

Precious  name-Martyr.  4137 

Saints  with  J.  1453 

See  CHRIST  in  loo. 

JElTEIiRY. 

Passion  for  j. -Henry  VII.         *3023 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Extravagance  in  j.-Charles  I.    2011 
Treason  for  j.-Woman.  5698 


JElVEIiS. 

Cross-reference. 
Sacrificed  to  religion. 


4182 


JE\rS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Capitalists,  Nation  of-Europe.    713 
Extortions  of  J.-12th  century.     712 
Hatred  toward  J.-Crusaders.     3411 
Opposition  to  J.  justified.  4522 

Oppression  of  J  -Drawing  tooth2001 
"  "  J.  by  Moors.         3663 

Persecution  of  J.-England. .       4122 
"  "  "-France.  4128 

Plundering  J.-Edward  I.  710 

"  "  lawful  for  prlnces.449 

Suppression  of  J. --Jerusalem.     4753 

JOKE. 

Accepted-"  Worthy  to  bear."  *3024 


Cross-reference. 
Practical  j.  on  Goldsmith. 


2601 


JOKES. 

Practical  j.-Fred  the  Great.    *3025 


3025 


Cross-reference. 

Abuse  of  friends  by  j. 

See  HOAX. 

Successful  h.,  Thomas  Hood's.  2058 

Victim  of  h.-O.  Goldsmith.        2601 

See  HOAXES. 
Success  by  h.-W.  Irving.  *2586 

JOURNEY. 

Bridal  j.,  Thos.  Jefferson's.     *3026 
Tireless  j.-"  Soft  litter."  *3027 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Delusive  j. -Crusaders.  3411 

Dreamer's  j.  to  Heaven-M.  2544 
Exhausted  by  j.-M.  Luther.  1923 
Expedited-Putnam  to  Boston.  1894 
Extraordinary  j.,  Wolsey's.  1895 
Sad  j.-Luther  to  Augsburg.  8 

Sorrowful  j.  of  captives-D'rfi'ld.565 

See  ADVENTURERS. 
Disappointed-Theodorlc  and  G.  *79 
Numerous  with  Capt.  J.  Smith.  ♦SO 


Remarkable  a.-De  Soto's  exp'n.  1986 

Successful  a.-Three  men.  1076 

See  PILGRIMAGE. 

Memorials-Old  shoes.  3569 

See  VOYAGE. 

Celebrated  v.  of  Greeks.  *5867 

Preparation  for  v.-Church.  *5868 


Fatal  V. -Youth  to  labyrinth.      6051 

Prevented,  Happily-Goldsmlth.3631 

See  EXPEDITION  and  TRAVEL 

in  loc. 

JOY. 

of  Discovery-Galileo.  *3028 

Fatal  j. -Shock  to  explorers.  *3029 
Intoxicating  j.,  Wellington's.  *3030 
Public  J.-Acqulttal  of  7  Bps.    *3031 


MiscellaneouB  cross-references. 
of  Benevolence-A.  Lincoln.        536 
"  "  -Faraday.  537 

"  "  -John  Howard.  4192 

"  "  -Rev.J.Newton.3077 


of  Business-Chauncey  Jerome.    690 

"  Discovery-Spaniards.  2206 

Domestic  j.  of  Marcius.  112 

Fatal  j,  Lover's.  3348 

Inconsiderate  j.  of  peace.  4091 

of  Peace- War  of  1812.  4091 

Reaction  of  j. -Insanity.  3998 

of  Realization-Columbus.  4623 

Religious  j.  in  persecution.  584 

Speechless  j.-Lajolais.  3998 

of  Success-Columbus.  5398 

in  Wealth-Sudden.  4848 

See  CHEERFULNESS. 

Simulated-Queen  Mary.  *788 


Necessary  in  worship.  6160 

Politic  vs.  Melancholy.  1670 

See  ECSTASY. 
Religious  e.-John  Bunyan.       *1768 

See  EXHILARATION. 

of  Music  vs.  Drink.  3753 

See  AMUSEMENT,  HAPPINESS 

and  PLEASURE  in  loo. 

JUBIIiEE. 

National  j.,  British,  year  1809.  *3032 

See  CELEBRATION. 
Marriage-Grandsons  of  Timour.*741 
Municipal  c.-Constantinople.    ♦742 
National  c.-Centennial.  ♦743 


in  Bereavement-July  4th. 

JUDGE. 

Dishonorable  j.-R.  Wright. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Distempered  j. -Jeffreys.  2906 

Infamous  J.-Jeffreys.  6031 

Inhumanity  of  j. -Jeffreys.  2862 
Savage  j.-Jeffreys.  3048 

Shameful  J.-Appius.  3973 

JUDGES. 

Despised  j.-Athenian.  ^3034 

Impartial  j. -Early  Greeks.  ♦3035 
Justice  by  j.- Ancient  Persians. ♦3036 
Partisan  j.-Reign  of  Jas.  II.  ♦3037 
Reputable  j.-Athenian.  ^3038 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abuse  of  j. -Frederick  II.  8041 

Appointed  for  verdict.  1262 

Corrupted  by  bribery.  1201 

1217 
Obsequious  j.-Charles  I.  1263 

See  UMPIRE. 

Dangerous  u.-Edward  I.  ^5746 

See  COURTS  in  loc. 

judghient. 

Dishonest  j.  sought.  ^3039 

Duplicity  in  j.-Francis  North.  +3040 
by  Experts-Fred,  the  Great.  *3041 
Mistake  of  j. -General  Gage.  ^3042 
Partiality  In  j.-Chas.Sackville.+3043 
Unfortunate  j. -Louis  XVI.       ♦3044 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Clouded  by  temper- Jeffreys.     2906 
Commended-Falrfax  too  much  s.lO 
Defective  j.-Spiritual  lack.  844 

Independence  in  j.-Grant.         5094 
Perverted-Tax  of  Colonies.       5747 


876 


JUDGMENT-DAY— KNOWLEDGE. 


Prohibited  by  Queen  Elizabeth.  725 

See  CRITICISM  and  OPINIONS 

in  loe. 

J  UDGMENT-D  A  Y. 

Anticipated-Mahomet.  *3045 

Fear  of  j.-d.  by  S.  Johnson.      *3046 

JURIES. 
Coerced  by  Jeffreys.  *3048 

JURISPRUDENCE. 
Origin  of  j.-Roman.  *3047 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Monumental  work  of  Julian.  4 

Signs  in  Roman  j.  3985 

See  COURTS  and  LAW  in  loc. 

JURY. 

Determined  j. -Trial  of  7  Bps.  *3049 

Imprisoned  for  verdict.  ♦3050 

Limited-"  Three  days."  *3051 

Perverted  by  clergy.  *3052 

Unterrified  j.-Trial  of  Penn.  *3053 


Cross-reference. 

Corrupted  with  money-Eng. 

669 

JUSTICE. 

by  Combat-Gauls. 

♦3054 

Even  j.-Aristides. 

♦3055 

Exceeded-Baj  azet. 

•3056 

-Theophilus. 

♦3057 

"        -Emp.  Adrian. 

♦3058 

by  Force-Francis  Drake. 

♦3059 

Governmental  j.-Roman. 

♦3060 

Honored-Canute  the  Great. 

♦3061 

Impartiality  of  j.-Roman. 

♦3062 

"          "  "-Turks. 

♦3063 

"          "  "-Alexander. 

♦3064 

Mockery  of  j.-Papal. 

♦3065 

for  Money-Egyptians. 

♦3066 

"        "     -Jeffreys. 

♦3068 

Outraged-Jeffreys. 

♦3067 

Partiality  in  j.  professed. 

♦3069 

"        "   '-Agesilaus. 

♦3070 

Poetic  j. -Cardinal  Wolsey. 

♦3071 

Public  j.,  Origin  of. 

♦3072 

Satisfaction  of  j. -Mahomet. 

♦3073 

Systematized-Charlemagne. 

♦3074 

Tardy  j.-Rep.  of  Cromwell. 

♦3075 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Affection  surrendered  to  j.  3063 
Appeal  for  j.,  Vain-H.  VIII.  6069 
Claims  of  j.  met^Mahomet.  1436 
Failure  of  j.  in  punishment.  2754 
Granted-Demanded.  2872 

Haste  imperils  j.  3051 

Honored-Beneficial.  4531 

Importance  of  j.-Trial.  5705 

Outraged  by  treaty  of  peace.  4097 
Partiality  in  j.-Romans.  1261 

Poetic  j. -Normans  vs.  English.  1064 
Refused  by  courts-Persecution.  702 
Regard  for  j.  by  Puritans.  171 

.4       .»   i.  ^g  Popularity.      3861 
"       "  personal  j.-G.  Wash.   56 
Regarded-Capt.  John  Smith.      3803 
by  Reprisal-Cromwell.  4776 

Restored-Jeffreys'  court.  5796 

Retributive  j.-Nap.  at  Moscow.1055 
Sold  for  money-13th  century.  661 
Surrendered  to  Star  Chamber.  1255  I 


See  ARBITRATION. 
Rejected  by  Eng.-Napoleon.     ^278 


Confidence  in  a. -Barbarians.      2617 
Peace  by  U.  S.  vs.  Eng.  1595 

Settlement  by  a. -Ala.  claims.    4885 

JUSTIFICATION. 

Cross-reference. 
by  Works-M.  Luther.  6156 

See  ATONEMENT. 
Belief  of  Am.  Indians.  5158 

or  Vengeance- Am.  Indians.       4848 

See   VINDICATION. 

Audacious  v.-Bothwell.  ^5832 

See  CONVERSION  in  loc. 

KIDNAPPING. 

by  Governmeat-English.  ^3076 

KINDNESS. 

Religion  of  k.-Rev.  J.  Newton.^3077 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Conceals  faults-Hervey.  2465 

Crime  of  k.  to  criminal.  4466 

Reprimand  of  k.-Johnson.  4775 

of  Savages  to  Columbus.  2649 

Spirit  of  k.-Pope  to  Howard.  145 

See  FAVOR. 

Flattery  for  f.-Voltaire.  2825 

Ingenious  request  of  f .  4663 

Rejected-Responsibility.  1258 

Seductive  f.-Golden  rose.  2161 

See  TENDERNESS. 

with  Courage-Garibaldi.  ^5569 

"  Resoluteness-Cromwell.  ^5970 


Lack  of  t.-Mary  Stuart.  6041 

See  BENEVOLENCE  in  loc. 

KINDRED. 

Cross-reference. 
Confidence  of  k.  withheld.         6201 

See  KINSMAN. 
Lines  reversed  of  kinship-Inds.  2068 
Obligation  of  k.  to  Mahomet.      918 

See  RELATIVES. 

Responsibility  for  conduct  of  r.4570 

See  FAMILY  in  loo. 

KING. 

of  Fanatics-John  Baccold.       ^3078 
Infant  k.-James  of  Scotland.    ^3079 
"    "  -Henry  VI.  ♦3080 

Oddk.-G.  Washington-Siam.  ^3081 
Unkingly  k.-James  IF.  ^3082 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Degraded-Musician  or  m'n'rch.2666 
Distinguished  from  others.         2894 
Do-nothing  king  of  Siam.  3081 

God  the  king  of  Romans.  1328 

Jesus  the  honored  k.-Godfrey.  2671 
Lawless  k.  vs.  Loyal  man.  3357 

Mistaken  for  the  k.  1666 

Nominal  vs.  Real  k.-England.    2665 
Oface  of  k.  declined-Cromwell.  3868 
"       "  "         "  "  3189 

Sllghted-Louis  P.-incog.  in  Am.  217 
Young  k.  disciplined-Henry  VI.1620 
See  RULER  in  loc. 

KINGDOM. 

Cross-reference. 
of  Christ-Eternal  k.-Napoleorv.  3347 


KINGS. 

Unhappy  k.-William  III.  ♦308S 

See  KING  and  RULER  in  loc. 

KINSMAN. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Lines  of  kinship  reversed-Ind's.2068 

Obligation  of  k.-Kindness  of  M.  918 

See  FAMILY  in  loc. 

KISS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Honored  by  A.  Lincoln's  k.        610& 
Loss  by  a  k.,  Manlius'.  107 

in  Public-Roman  Consul.  107 

Royal  k.  rewarded  of  Edward  IV. 47 
of  Subjection-Popes  feet.  288* 

"  Welcome-Raleigh- Axe.  1244 

KISSES. 

Cross-reference. 
Sacred  k.-Crusaders.  5118 

KISSING. 

Husbands-Origin  of  k.  ♦3084 

KNEELING. 

to  God  only-Alex.  Munay.       ♦3085 

Cross-reference. 
Exposed  and  Ind'gn'tion  sh'wn.l587 

KNIGHTHOOD. 

Ceremony  of  k.-Chivalry. 


♦3086 


Cross-reference. 

Origin  of  order  of  k.-St.  John.    817 

See  CHIVALRY  in  loc. 

KNO\rL.EDGE. 

Desired-Samuel  Johnson. 
Eagerness  for  k.-Poet  Shelley. 
Happiness  by  k.-Socrates. 
Humility  for  k. -Divine, 
without  Learning-P.  Cooper. 
Limitations  of  k. -Aristotle. 
Progress  of  k.-Aristotle. 
Promotion  by  k.-Jared  Sparks. 
Sacrifices  for  k.-B.  Franklin. 

"       "       "-John  Fitch. 
Theft  of  k.-Stilpo. 


♦3087 
♦3088 
♦3089 
♦3090 
♦3091 
♦3092 
♦3093 
♦3094 
♦3095 
♦3096 
♦3097 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Cost  of  k.-Lottery-P.  Cooper.    3334 
Criminal  k. -Persecution.  4118 

Dangerous  k.  of  law.  3321 

Experimental  method  in  k.        3775 
False  k.  of  Aristotle.  2020 

Love  of  k.-Blalse  Pascal.  2324 

Opposition  to  k.-Catholicism-E.  735 
Perilous  pride  of  k.-B.'s  defeat.  97 
Pursuit  of  k.-Peter  the  Great.  2328 
Responsibility  comes  with  k.  4825 
of  k.-"Gunp.  p."2089 
Self-k.  by  adversity-Fred.  V.  84 
Unapplied-Chinese-Compass.  2978 
Valueless  k.  when  unapplied-C.  273 

See  EXPERIENCE. 
Guidance  of  e.-Disc.  of  S.  A.    ^1988 
Needless-Com.  Perry-Am.  R.   *1989 
Personal  e.  for  reformation.     ^1990 
Test  of  human  e  -S.  Johnson.  ^1991 


Benevolence  prompted  by  e. 
Gained  by  loss-Spaniards. 


4355 
2815 


LABOR— LAW. 


877 


Judgment  fr  m  e.-Father.         2108 
Lesson  of  e  -  '  Adversity,"        3277 
"       "    "-Napoleon  I.  4621 

Lessons  of  e.-Peter  Cooper.       1785 
"       "  "-Soldiers.  2814 

"  "  -Wm.  P.  of  O.  6194 
of  Poverty-Lessons-Johnson.  4355 
Sympathy  from  e  -S.  Johnson.  5493 
Untaught  by  e.-James  II.  4085 

"  "  "  -Crusaders.  4150 

See  EDUCATION  and  INTELLI- 
GENCE in  loo. 

L.ABOR. 

vs.  Capital-England.  *3098 

Degraded  by  charity.  *3099 

Deliverance  by  1.-"  Apron."  *3100 
Evening  l.-English  vs.  Irish.  *3101 
Expensive  l.-Geo.  Washington.  *3102 
Forced-Defence-Invasion.  *3103 
Honored-A.  Lincoln.  *3104 

by  Impressment-England.  *3105 
Lost-Audubon-Mice.  *3106 

Machinery  relieves  l.-Changes.*3107 
"  "-Mining.  *3108 
Misapplied-Chinese  wall.  ♦3109 

Oppressed  by  law-England.  *3110 
"  "  *3111 

"  -Fixed  wages.  *3112 

Profitless-Hand-l.-Cotton.  *3113 
ProIonged-14  hours.  *3114 

Reduced  by  machinery.  *3115 

Remarkable  l.-John  Wesley.  *3116 
Respected-Napoleon.  *3117 

Success  by  l.-Jamestown  Col.  *3118 
Wages  of  1.,  SmaU.  *3119 

"  "  "  Raising  opposed.  *3120 
Youthful  l.-Thurlow  Weed.      *3121 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abusive  l.-Horses.  455 

Agricultural  1.  honorable  for  R.  151 

"  "        "      -Service.156 

Appreciated-Oxen.  6154 

Clerical  1.,  Need  of.  931 

Degraded  by  charity.  3099 

Demoralized-Gold-seekers.  2388 
Despised-Cortez.  2391 

"  -Lacedaemoniana.  2536 
Hardships  in  l.-Miners.  4294 

Honored-Mother  of  Wash.  2786 
Little  children's  1.  in  factories.  804 
Memorial-Slave-Labrador.  1290 
Misapplied-Newton  an  alch'mlst.814 
Mu8ic  relieves  l.-Italy.  3753 

Neglected-Colony  of  Virginia.  1531 
In  Old  Age-Luther.  las 

"    "    "    -Herschel.  134 

Oppressed  by  avarice-London.  429 
Perseverance  in  1. -Minister.       3846 

"  "  useless  L  3847 

Prodigious-Caesar's  soldiers.  4484 
Promotes  thought-Bums.  1016 

Refusal  of  1.,  Patriotic.  8539 

Regular  royal-Louis  XIV.  3393 

Respected-Con.  Congress.  3539 

Revolt  against  L  by  Probus's  s.  310 
Reward  of  l.-Joyful-Lincoln.  3661 
Ridiculed-Demosthenes.  4424 

Value  by  l.-Sculpture.  3.34 

Wealth  by  l.-Peter  Cooper.  5975 
Wronged  by  law- Wealth.  4290 


See  TOIL.   • 
Contentment  in  t.-Abd'rnym"s.*5635 

Rewards  of  t.-Cyrus.  *5636 

See  WORK. 

Change  in  w.-Southey.  *6148 

Dignity  in  w. -Royalty.  *6149 

End  of  w.-Beda.  *6150 

Life-w.  of  Columbus.  *6151 

Silent  w.-S.  A.  Douglas.  *6152 


Charity  in  the  form  of  w.- J.  H.    780 
Noble  w.  of  dull  man.  2907 

Overwork-Fatal-Fulton.  1602 

Perfected  is  lasting- Virgil.         2341 
Posterity  considered  in  w.  3276 

Relieves  the  mind  in  advei  sity-S.  91 
Rewards  of  pious  w.-Mahomet.  862 
Survives  the  worker-Shakesp.  2585 
See  EMPLOYMENT  in  loc. 

LABORER. 

Honored-Abdolonymus.  *3122 

Impoverished-English.  •3123 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abused-Apprentices.  798 

"  "       overworked.  799 

Oppressed  by  legislation.  5665 

5666 

"  *'    Union  Soc.  5663 

Women  the  L-Savages.  2598 


liABORERS. 

Despised  by  Normans.  *3124 

Ignored-Magna  Charta.  ♦8125 

Cross-reference. 
Mutilated  by  Theodoric.  164 

See  APPRENTICES. 

Abused  by  labor  and  whipping.  798 

"       "  overwork.  799 

See  WORKERS. 

Wanted-Colonlsts.  ♦6153 

Worth  of  w.-Oxen.  +6154 

See  WORKMEN. 

Intemperance  injures  w.  2921 

Regard  for  w.-Church-building.  865 

See  EMPLOYMENT  in  loo. 

liAlUENESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Fever  brings  1.  to  W.  Scott.        2882 
Wounds  bring  l.-Timour.  6171 

See  CRIPPLE. 
Distinguished  c  -Timour.  615 

liAND. 

Division  of  I.-Beneflcial.  ♦3126 

Ownership  of  l.-England.  ^3127 

Unimproved  l.-England.  ^3128 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Limited  to  seven  acres  for  a.       152 

Monopoly  In  1.  Imperils  the  state.152 

"       of  1.  abolished.  3691 

"       -Plymouth  Colony.   3697 

Poverty  with  I.-U.  S.  4343 

Title  to  1.  disputed-Indlans.       4331 

See  LANDS  in  loc. 


liANDLORD. 

Cross-reference. 
Despotic  l.-Louls  Philippe. 
See  HOTEL  in  loo. 


724 


I4AIVDS. 

Hereditary  l.-Roman. 

See  LAND  in  loo. 

liANGUAGE. 

Adaptation  of  l.-Greek  andR. 
Contempt  for  l.-Battle  of  H. 
Importance  of  l.-Lycurgus. 
and  Manners-Romans. 

"       "     -Early  ages. 
Origin  of  1.  by  inspiration. 
Paradlslac-Perslan-Mahomet. 
Training  In  1. -Romans. 


♦3129 


♦3130 
♦3131 
*3137 
♦3132 
*3133 
♦3134 
*3135 
♦3136 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Actions  speak-Hurllng  a  spear.    41 
"  "   -"Cutting  popples."'48 

Beauty  of  1.  lost  by  translation.  659 
Brevity  in  l.-"I  came,  I  saw."  659 
Degrading  I.  In  controversy.  4594 
German  1.  "  created"  by  Luther.  761 
Memorials  in  l.-Names.  3568 

of  Paradise-Persian-Mahomet.  3990 
"  Piety  vs.  Profanity.  5802 

Pompous  1.,  Dr.  Johnson's.  4286 
Precision  in  use  of  1.  1476 

Savages  without  words  of  abuse.  22 
of  Symbols-Barbarians.  1954 

Unmeaning  1. of  social  interc'rse.708 
Wordless  1.  In  music.  3751 

See  WORDS. 
Backing  for  w.-Lysander.        *6144 
Hasty  w.-Henry  II.  ♦6145 

Origin  of  w.-"  Sandwich."  ♦6146 
Thrilling  w.-Bp.  Latimer.         ♦6147 

Disease  affects  use  of  w.  1640 

Hasty  w.-Contrltlon  for-H.  II.  2669 
Memorial  in  noble  w.  6147 

Verbiage  of  diplomacy.  1598 

See  SPEECH   in  loo. 

liASCIVIOUSNESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Pagan  worship-Dances.  2085 

Dances  of  12th  century.  1717 

See  LICENTIOUSNESS  in  loc. 
liAUGHTER. 
Cross-reference. 
Power  In  l.-Palmerston.  1311 

See  AMUSEMENT  and  HUMOR 
in  loc. 
liAW. 
Above  l.-James  II. 
Delay  of  l.-John  Hampden. 
Ignorance  of  l.-Romans. 
Levels  all-Emperor  Julian. 
Majesty  of  J. -Protection  of  h. 
Mockery  of  l.-Romans. 
Novice  In  l.-Patrick  Henry. 
Overturned  by  Charles  II. 
Partiality  of  l.-England. 
Sacrednesa  of  l.-Socrates. 
Supremacy  of  l.necessary. 
Suspended-Rome. 
Technicalities  of  l.-Pllgrlms. 
Unprotected  by  l.-Prots.  in  I. 
Without  l.-Britlsh  Cabinet. 


♦31.38 
♦3139 
♦3140 
♦3141 
*3142 
♦3143 
♦3144 
♦3145 
♦3146 
♦3147 
♦3148 
♦3149 
♦3150 
♦3151 
♦3152 


Disobeyed  by  Bunyan-Imprlson.SlS 
vs.  Duty-John  Bunyan.  4893 

Growth  of  1.  by  experience  of  n.  906 


878 


LAWS— LETTER. 


Independence  of  1. -President  J.  749 
and  Liberty  from  Rom'ns  and  G.909 
Majesty  of  l.-Justice.  3062 

Privileged  violation  of  l.-15th  c.  426 
Relaxed  for  revelry-Timour.  741 
vs.  Usage-Theft.  5754 

Broken  by  Emp.  Tarquinius. 
Disregarded  by  Am.  Colonies. 
Enforcement  of  l.-Good. 
Obsolete  l.-enforced. 
Printed  law-the  First-Eng. 
Proposal  of  l.-Athenians. 
Severe  1.  repealed. 
"    "-Egyptian. 
Sumptuary  l.-Romans. 


*3153 
*3154 
*3155 
*3156 
*3157 
*3158 
♦3159 
♦3160 
♦3161 
*3162 
•3163 
♦3164 


Suspension  of  l.-Lac'd'm'ni'ns 
Unwritten  1.  of  Spartans. 

Civil  vs.  Divine  l.-France.  4992 

Contradictory  l.-Persecution.  4126 
Defiance  of  l.-Criminals.  1299 

Defied-Pirate-Captain  Nutt.  4000 
Distorted  by  James  II.  1843 

Evasion  of  l.-Pericles.  1930 

Government  without  1.-Indians.2430 
Human  vs.  Divine  l.-England.  5998 
Impotent-against  Bribery.  1208 
1216 
Ineflfectlve-Prohibition  in  Ga.    4500 

"       -Abuses  in  Ireland.  4253 
Lawyers  enforce  or  break  1.       3170 
Obsolete  l.-Usury-Roman.         5757 
Partiality  in  executing  l.-Poor.  4297 
"  "  execution  of  1.        4009 

•'  "  enforcing  1.  1242 

In  Poetry-First  1.  4223 

Respected,  bad  l.-Dissenter.  3148 
Severe  l.-Capital  punishment.  4564 
Strained  by  accusers.  1934 

Sumptuary  1.  opposed.  3416 

"       -Dress.  961 

Superseded  by  necessity.  2447 

Surviving  the  1.  of  England.  1010 
Unexecuted-Corruption.  1254 

"         -Severe-Debts.        1465 
Unwritten  l.-Lycurgus.  5109 

"        "  -Assassins.  1136 

Bee  GOVERNMENT  and  LEGISLA- 
TION in  loc. 

IiAT¥YER. 

Ignorant  l.-Publius  Cotta.        *3165 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Changed  by  sermon.  1089 

Criminal  l.-Jeffreys.  1994 

Impudent  l.-Usef  ul-Jeflfreys.  2888 

Odium  of  client  given  to  1.  3861 

Preparatory  to  politioal  life.  83 

liAHTTBRS. 

Arts  of  Roman  1.  *3166 

Hatred  of  1.  by  Germans.  '3167 

Imprisoned  for  deceit.  *3168 

Patriotic  I.  of  N.  Y.,  yr.  1765.  *3169 

Special  l.-Reign  of  James  11.  *3170 

liAYMBN. 
Ignored-9th  century.  *3171 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Preachers,  Work  of-Methodi8t.3612 
Q%t-sacrifice  of  L-Methodist.      866 


LEADER. 

Matchless  l.-Henry  Clay. 
Noble  l.-John  Winthrop. 
Unnatural  1.-"  The  tail." 


♦3172 
♦3173 
♦3174 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Deserted-Geo.  Washington.  2308 

Duty  of  1.  on  the  field.  1269 

Natural  l.-J.  Smith.  4877 

Timid  1.  unsuccessful.  1222 

liEADfiRS. 

Change  of  1  ruinous.  •3175 


Cross-reference. 
Strange  1. -Crusaders-Goose. 


6451 


liEADERSHIP. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
without  Auchority-Ind.  Chief.  3780 

Blindly  folio  wed-Sheep.  3740 

Destitute  o  f  1.  -Charles  I.  1482 

Impaired  by  large  views.  4311 

Merit  required  for  1.  5765 

Natural  l.-Henry  Clay.  4277 

"     "       "  4310 

"       "-William  Wallace.  2560 

Omen  of  l.-Tarquin.  3176 

of  Public  opinion-Greeley.  4281 

Resignation  nobly  offered.  1274 

Resigned  after  failure.  2026 

See  GUIDE. 

Invisible  g.,  Constantine's.  •2492 

Unseen  g.,  Constantine's.  ^2493 

See  GUIDANCE. 

by  Dream-Cicero.  1722 

"      "       -Deliverers.  1724 

"  Good  genius-Good  men.  3706 

See  GENERAL  and  GREAT  MEN 

in  loc. 

liGARNING. 

Dishonored-James  II.  •SIT? 

Esteemed  by  Puritans.  ♦3178 

Honored  by  Timour.  ^3179 

Secular  1.  rejected.  ♦3180 

Superficial  I.  diffused.  •SlSl 

Wide  I.  of  Samuel  Johnson.  ^3182 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Influence  of  l.-Courtesan.  1256 

Misapplied-Discussion.  2170 

Needless-Plead  in  Latin,  2164 

Proficiency  in  l.-Egypt-Astron.  3530 
Progress  in  biblical  l.-Tyndale.   566 
See  EDUCATION  and  KNOWLEDGE 
in  loc. 

liEGACIES. 

Christian  1.  to  Church.  •SISS 

Eagerness  for  l.-Romans.         ♦3184 

Enriched  by  l.-Cicero.  *3185 

See  INHERITANCE  in  loc. 

liEGACY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
for  Churches-15th  century.  554 

of  Political  advice-Augustus.      100 

liEGISIiATION. 

Complicated  1.-"  Log-rolling."^3186 
Corruption  of  1. -Parliament.  ^3187 
Fanatical  l.-"Barebones  Par."^3188 
by  Packing-Oliver  Cromwell.  ^3189 
Bidicoled'BmisbiaAm.  Col.  *3180 


Special  l.-Emp.  Justinian.  ^3191 
Strange  l.-A.  Jackson  in  S"Date.^3192 
Suspended  1.-"  Eleven  years."  ♦Sigs 
Unintelligent  1. -Stamp  Act.      ^3194 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Bribery-Hated-Practised-W.666 
Caste  1.  in  England.  1734 

Controlled  by  bribery  of  Chas.  11.674 
Corruption  In  1. -Seeming.  2996 

Devices  In  l.-"Log-rolling."  4246 
Discussion  denied-England.  3233 
Education  required-Spartans.  1817 
Educational  1.,  Lycurgus'.  1808 

Illegal  by  exclusion  of  votes.  2422 
Impractical  1.  of  sp'c'lative  phil.4167 
Intimidation  of  l.-Paris  mob.  658 
of  Intolerance-Pilgrims-N.  Eng.591 
Obstructed  by  Bibulus.  3856 

"  "       "  3926 

Partiality  in  l.-Franks.  3273 

»  "  "-Prots.  and  Caths.1816 

Poor  oppressed  by  l.-England.  4296 

"  "  4336 

Poor  wronged  by  l.-England.     4290 
"  "        "  4292 

against  the  Poor-Game  law.  2277 
without  Prejudlce-SuccessfuL  2676 
Prevented  by  usurpation.  1303 

Prosperity  by  Solon's  1.  4359 

Religion  by  l.-Emp.  Gratlan.  4715 
Responsibility  in  1.  3158 

to  Restrain  vice-Gaming.  2275 

Retaliatory  against  Holland.  979 
Revengeful  l.-British-Boston.  990 
Shameful  l.-15th  century.  426 

Sumptuary  l.-England.  1735,  1736 
1733,  1734 
Timidity  in  l.-Conservatives.  1131 
Tyrannical  l.-Eng.-Am.  C'rnie8.4101 
"  "  "  Commons.  5738 
Wise  principle  in  l.-Solon.  3165 

liEGISIiATORS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Brlbed£5000  for  one  vote-Ir'l'nd.663 
"  -House  of  Commons-First.  664 
"  habitually-Scotch  lords.  665 
Corrupted  by  v.-M.  P.-Crom.  410 
Discharged  by  Cromwell-Rev.  410 
Terrifying  1.  by  a  demagogue's  m.40 

See  LOBBYIST. 

Successful  l.-M.  Crassus.  *3SSi& 

See  GOVERNMENT,  LAWS  and 

POLITICS  in  loo. 

liEGISIi  ATURE. 

Cross-reference. 
Godless-Parliament.  3828 

LEISURE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Art  requires  1.  2524 

Importance  of  1.  to  J.  Bunyan.     81 

liENITY. 

cellaneous  cross-references. 

Official  l.-Robert  Bums.  1552 

Ungrateful  for  I. -Innocence.  12 '  2 

LETTER. 

Decoy  l.-Am.  Revolution.  *3i'^'» 
(rom  Heaven-Pope's  letter.     ♦3208 


LETTERS— LICENTIOUSNESS. 


879 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 


1048 
1240 
5458 

77 


Annoying  l.-Warning-Alex. 
loterrupted-Bombshell. 
Mystery  to  American  Indians 
Postscript  to  1.,  Impor'ant. 

See  CORRESPONDENT. 
Burdensome  c.-C.'s  son-in-law.*1200 

liETTERS. 
Civilization  by  l.-Germans.      *3197 
Mystery  of  l.-Am.  Indians.      •3198 


3921 
4183 
2058 
4332 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Importance  to  history-Crom. 

Imposition  by  I  -Hoax. 
Postal  service  opposed. 
See  MAILS. 
Detained  by  Government.        *3386 

See  WRITING. 
Substitute  for  w.-Cords.  ♦6174 


Careless  W.-336  words  in  8'ntnce6219 
Obscure  style  in  diplomacy.       1598 
"       w.-Napoleon  I.  3962 

Offensive  style-Greeks.  3302 

Sublime  w.-"  Paradise  Lost."    3307 
See  LITERATURE  in  toe. 

Characteristic  l.-French.  *3199 

Contrasted-Eng.  and  France.  ♦3200 


Cross-reference. 

Fictitious  l.-Mary  wife  of  Wm.   788 

See  HUMOR  in  loo. 

Habitual  1.  of  Charles  II.  *3201 

See  LICENTIOUSNESS  in  loo. 

lilAR. 

Proverbial  l.-Dick  Talbot.       *3202 

See  LYING. 
Polite  1.  hurtful.  *3373 

See  DECEPTION  and  FALSEHOOD 

in  lac. 

lilBEL. 

Trials  for  l.-Wil)iam  Hone. 


♦3203 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Anonymous  l.-Milton.  1165 

False  accusation  of  1.  3049 

Indifferent  to  l.-Frederick  11.   5299 
Press  prosecuted  for  1.  4436 

4438 
See  CALUMNY. 
Instigated-Maximus  Fablus.     ^701 
Opposition  by  c.-Chas.  Wesley.*702 

1947 

3160 

1048 

r8.1939 


Bid  for  c.-Scotch  insurgents. 
Punished-Injuries  In  kind. 
Shameful  c.  of  physician. 
Victims  of  o.-Knlghts  Tempi' 

See  SLANDER. 
Defence  from  s.-Napoleon  I. 
from  Envy-John  Bunyan. 
Fine  from  8.-$500,(K)0. 
Opposition  by  s.-J.  Wesley. 
Persecutor's  s.-Constantine. 
of  Piety-Richard  Baxter's. 
Punished  by  James  I. 
Eewarded-Dick  Talbot. 
Victim  of  s.-Columbus. 


♦5170 
♦5171 
♦5172 
♦5173 
♦5174 
♦5175 
♦5176 
♦5177 
♦5178 


Abusive  s.  of  Nap.  by  Britons.      24 


of  Americans  by  Sam.  Johnson  214 
Inconsistency  of  s.-Nap.  I.  by  E.  24 
Shameful  s.  of  woman.  6034 

Victim  of  s.-Cromwell  "King."  3893 
"        "  "-Bolivar.  4044 

lilBERAIilTY. 

Cloak  of  l.-Commodus.  *3204 

in  Opinions-John  Wesley.  ^3205 
Uncertain  1.  of  Charles  I.  ♦3206 

See  BENEVOLENCE  and  GENER- 
OSITY in  loo. 

LIBERTIES. 

Demanded-Magna  Charta.       ^3207 

Lost-Mass.  Colony.  ^3208 

Unprotected-Irish  Prot'st'nts.^3209 

See  LIBERTY  in  toe. 


lilBEBTINE. 

Aged  l.-Louis  XV. 


♦3210 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Devices  of  l.-Appius.  8973 

Paradise  of  the  1.,  Mahomet's.  3992 

See  LICENTIOUSNESS  in  toe. 

lilBERTY. 

Celebration  of  l.-Paris.  ^3211 

Champion  for  1. -Lafayette.  ^3212 

Cloak  of  1.,  Criminal's.  ♦3213 

Defence  of  l.-Eng.  in  Ireland.  +3214 

Delusive  l.-Romans.  ♦3215 

Devotion  to  1. -Lafayette.  ^3216 

in  Disguise-Civilization.  ^3217 

Emblem  of  1,-Pole.  ^3218 

Endangered-Fugitlve  Slave  1.  *3219 

Enthusiasm  for  1. -Lafayette.  *3220 

Government  for  1. -Roman.  ♦3221 

Lost  by  Athenians.  ^3222 

Love  of  1.,  The  Dutch.  ♦3223 

Martyr  for  l.-Henry  Vane.  ^3224 

of  Mountaineers-by  Arms.  *3225 

Personal  1. -Habeas  Corpus.  ♦3226 
Proclamation  of  l.-Em'nc'p't'n*3227 

Protected  by  law-llth  cent.  ^3228 

by  Reaction-Wm.  the  Conq.  ^3229 

in  Religion-James  II.  *3230 

Religious  l.-Colony  of  Md.  ^3231 

Secured-Magna  Charta.  ^3232 

of  Speech  denied.-Commons.  ♦3233 

vs.  Tyranny-Boethius.  ^3234 

Unexpected-American.  ♦3235 

and  Union-Sources  of  1.  ^3236 

by  Vigilance,  British  1.  ^3237 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Absolute  l.-Am.  Indians, 
vs.  Assassination-Caesar's. 
Bestowed  by  slaves. 
Bold  endeavor  for  1. 
Caste  in  l.-Magna  Charta. 
of  Conscience-R.  Williams. 
"  '*         -Cromwell. 


3780 
4316 
6202 
5790 
3125 
1101 
1102 
1103 
1104 
3522 


Demagogue's  license. 

Devotion  to  l.-John  Brown.  3688 

"         "  "-Lafayette.  2225 

"        "  "  Lafayette's.  176 

Difference  in  l.-Say-Do.  5299 

Enthusiasm  for  1.  misjudged.  3042 

Fearless  champion  of  1.  3379 


Funeral  of  l.-Am.  Colonies. 

"       "  "-Stamp  Act. 
Joyous  l.-six  Burgesses. 
Land  of  l.-Penn.  Colony. 
vs.  Loyalty-England. 
Martyr  for  l.-T.  Hansford. 
Modern  1.  from  Germans. 
Opposed  by  Romanism. 


Perseverance  for  1.-N.  Haven. 
Plea  for  natural  1. 
vs.  Popery-History, 
of  Press  denied. 
"     "     defended. 
"     "    -Safety  by. 
Restored-IU-tlmed. 
Right  of  l.-Magna  Charta. 
Seeming  martyr  to  1. 
Treachery  to  l.-New  York. 
Truth  brings  1. 
Tyranny  called  l.-France. 
Vice  undermines  1. 
Watchful  for  l.-England. 

See  FREEDOM  in  loc. 


4071 
3525 
4639 
4087 
1696 
4063 
768 
4934 
4935 
494* 
4943 
4107 
4520 
4303 
4464 
4433 
4435 
1144 
4911 
6218 
4072 
5725 
573» 
3222 
1130 


lilBKARIES. 

Ancient  l.-Arabian.  ♦383» 

Subscription  1.  by  B.  Franklin.  ♦323» 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Destroyed-Alexandrian-T. 
Stolen  l.-Yale  College. 


598 
973 


LIBRARY. 

Destroyed  at  Alexandria.         ^3240 
"  "  Constantinople.  ♦3241 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Founder  of  circulating  l.-B.  F.  2331 
Gift  of  l.-John  Harvard.  2288 

Small  l.-Archbp.  of  Canterbury.3180 

LICENSE. 

Cross-reference. 

Legislative  1.  for  murder. 


327S 


LICENTIOUSNESS. 

Authorized  by  Mahomet. 
Fashionable  at  Milan. 
Literary  1.  of  John  Dry  den. 
Pontifical  1.  of  Clement  II. 
Prevalent  1.  of  Cavaliers. 
Regal  1.  of  Louis  XV. 
Ruinous  1.  of  Dagobert. 


♦3242 
♦3243 
♦3244 
♦3245 
♦3246 
♦3247 
♦3248 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abandoned  to  1.-Carlnus.  1701 

Accusation  of  l.-Shameful.  2066 
Allurements  to  l.-Napoleon  I.  3595 
Appeal  to  1.,  Woman's-Cleopat.605O 
with  Austerity-Spartans.  6137 

Blot  of  l.-Charles  II.  346» 

Cultivated-Sparta-Ruin.  6137 

Degraded  by  l.-Charles  II.  4973 
Dispensation  to  1.,  Mahomet's.  2588 
vs.  Education-England.  1803 

Encouraged  in  high  life.  3704 

Famous  for  l.-Bucklngham.  2416 
In  Heaven,  Mahomet's.  2540 

Lewdness  habitual-Charles  II.  3201 
in  Llterature-Relgn  of  Chas.  11.3320 


880 


LIFE. 


Notoriety  by  l.-Catiline.  1295 

in  Old  Age-Louis  XV.  3210 

Overruled-H.  VIII.-Ref  rm't'n.  1955 
Papall -John  XII.  4305 

Perils  of  l.-Conspirators.  4477 

Produces  crime-Murder.  1292 

Promoted  by  the  drama.  1717 

Public  l.-Spartan  baths.  6137 

Rebuked,  Associate's  1.  379 

Eepulsed-Resentment.  4800 

Ruin  by  1.  plotted.  2222 

Ruined  by  l.-Palaeologus.  4972 

Sanctified  by  marriage.  4714 

Shameless  l.-Louisa  Maria.  4490 
State  endangered  by  1.  6113 

Theatrical  l.-England.  55&4 

"         "-Romans.  5588 

"         "-Theodora.  4533 

Victim  of  l.-Edward  III.  4586 

See  ADULTERER. 
Advances  of  a.-P.  of  M.  Stuart.3342 
Blot  of  a.-Mahomet.  3242 

Confirmed  a.-James  II.  6222 

Devices  of  a.-Emp.Valentinian.2276 
Merciless  punishment  of  a.  3063 
Papal  a. -John  XII.  4305 

Reparation  by  marriage.  3458 

Royal-Edward  IV.-Wives  of  L.  47 
Self-confessed  a.-False.  5177 

Wife  wronged  by  husband.        6068 

See  ADULTERESS. 
Approved  by  husband.  4490 

Arts  of  the  a.-J.-C.  Sedley.  5054 
Bondage  to  a.-James  II.  5054 

Distinguished  a.-Pompadour.  3247 
Influential  a.-AspasIa.  1256 

Patriotic  a.-Falvia.  6097 

Respected  a.-Aspasia.  6084 

by  Restraints-Honoria.  3436 

Self-confessed  a. -Queen  of  Sp.  5125 
Strange  charm  of  a.-Sedley.  2842 
Successful  a.-Antonina.  4858 

Victim  of  a.-James  II.  6085 

See  ADULTERY. 
Excused  by  Gabriel-Mahomet's.  *63 
Punishment  for  a.-Exiled  by  J.  *64 
Shameless  by  nobility-15th  cent.*65 
Vengeance  for  a  -Pope  Jno.XII.*66 
Victim  of  a.-Peredeus.  *67 


See  LIBERTINE. 
Aged  l.-Louis  XV. 


♦3210 


Common  a.-Roman.  1295 

Confessed  for  divorce.  2188 

Diverted  evidence  of  a.  1949 

Emasculation  or  death  for  a.  3160 

Ilvidence  of  a.-Dlfficult.  1931 

in  High  life-Charles  II.  3470 

Oppressive  a. -Tyrant  GUdo.  5745 

Prerogative  in  a.-Mahomet.  4210 
Shameless  a.-Common-Europe.3243 

See  CONCUBINES. 

Passion  for  c.-Elagabalus.  960 

Power  of  Persian  e.  959 

See  COURTESAN. 
Influential  c.-A8pa8ia-Athens.*1256 


Reformed  c.-Theodora.  6996 

Tyranny  of  c.-Milo  the  athlete.5960 

See  INCEST. 
by  Marriage  of  relatives.  3454 

See  LEWDNESS. 
Habitual  1.  of  Charles  XL  ♦8201 


Devices  of  l.-Appius.  3973 

Paradise  of  l.-Mphammedan.  3992 

See  PROSTITUTE. 

Distinguished  p.-Theodora.  *4533 

Expensive  p.-Charles  II.  6083 

Honored  p.-Empress  Theodora.3191 

"         "-Goddess  of  Rea8on.4624 

Power  of  p.-Political-Louis  XV.6079 


"     "  "-Pompadour. 
Rule  of  p.-Poppaea. 

See  PROSTITUTES. 
Dress  of  p. -Luxurious. 
Rules  of  p.-Papal  chair. 
Wives  made  p.-Gothic. 
See  RAPE. 
Attempted  r.-Joan  of  Arc. 


6080 
4373 


4611 


1209 


*4616 


by  Stratagem- Valentinian. 

2276 

Vengeance  for  r.-Oath. 

5786 

Victim  of  r.  by  soldiers. 

6113 

War  caused  by  r. 

5910 

See  SEDUCTION. 

Avenged  on  Carinus. 

♦5073 

by  Promises-Henry  VIII. 

*5074 

Punishment  of  s.-Con8tantine.*5075 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Punished  severely-Aurelian.      4578 
Ruinous  scheme  of  s.  of  P.  67 

See  SENSUALITY. 
Imperial  s.-Commodus.  *5105 

Religious  s.-Pagans.  *5106 


Paradise  of  s.-Mohammedan.    3992 
See  MISTRESS  and  SEXES  in  loe. 

lilFE. 

Aim  in  1.,  Diogenes'.  *3249 

Ambition  of  1.,  J.  Milton's.  *3250 

Changes  in  l.-S.  Houston.  *3251 

"        "  "-Captain  Cook.  ^3252 

Attests  Character-Humble.  *3^3 

Choice  in  l.-Parable.  ^3254 

City  1.,  Love  of.  ^3255 

Degraded-Romans.  *3256 

Delusive  l.-Gibbon.  *3257 

Destruction  of  l.-Crusades.  *3258 

Farewell  to  l.-J.  Q.  Adams.  *3259 

Forfeited  by  neglect.  *3260 

Future  l.-Am.  Indians.  *3261 
Impediments  in  l.-S.  Johnson.*3262 

Indestructible-Am.  Indians.  *3263 

Influence  of  a  good  1.  *3264 

Inner  1.-"  Inner  voice."  *3265 

Insignificant  l.-Bibulus.  *3266 

Lengthened  one  fourth.  *3267 

Measure  of  1. -Charles  XIL  *3268 

Miserable  l.-Roman  slaves.  *3269 

Neglected-Robert  Burns.  ^3270 

Object  in  l.-Epicurus.  *3271 

Opening  in  l.-A.  Lincoln.  *3272 

Price  of  human  1.  *3273 
Protected-Geo.  Washington's.^3274 

Public  1.  for  others.  *3275 

Purpose  In  l.-John  Milton.  ^3276 

..        u  "_peter  Cooper.  ♦8277 

Qualification-Education.  *3278 

Rational-Roman  Emp.  Alex.  ^3279 

Regulated  by  Stoics.  ♦3280 

Rules  of  1.,  Swedenborg's.  ♦3281 

Secret  of  l.-Joslah  Quincy.  ♦8282 


Shortened-"  Artemus  Ward." 
Simplicity  of  l.-Backwoods. 
Start  in  l.-Alex.  Stephens. 
Successful  l.-Wash.  Irving. 
Training  for  l.-Josiah  Quincy. 
Uncivilized  l.-Am.  Indians. 
Unhappy  1.  of  S  Johnson. 
Useful  l.-Sir  H.  Davy. 
Value  of  l.-in  Gold. 
Vanity  of  l.-Belisarius. 
Vision  of  l.-Strong  and  weak. 
Wandering  l.-Tartars. 
Wasted  l.-Charles  II. 


*3S28» 
♦3284 
♦3285 
*3286 
*3287 
♦328? 
*328C 
*3290 
■►3291 
*329» 
♦329t 
♦3294 
♦329» 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abandoned  to  vice-Carinus.      1701 
Absolute  surrender  of  l.-Glad's.  103 
Accident  directs  1.  4652 

Ambition  of  1.  rebuked.  2471 

Amusement  an  aim  in  1.  1524 

Animal  l.-Regard  for  Buddhlsts.236 
Atrocious  1.  of  Nero.  4965 

Barbarous  l.-Am.  Savages.  4641 
Begging  for  l.-Monmouth.  5139 

of  Benevolence-Emp.  Titus.  4307 
Burdened  by  idleness.  2702 

Changed  by  bereavement.  A.  J.  105 
"  6086 

"  "  sermon-Lawyer.  1089 

Changes  in  l.-Prefect  John.  2212 
Charmed-Perils  of  Wm.  P.  of  0.3633 
Comforts  of  1.  renounced.  5677 

Consecrated  to  the  gods.  2864 

Contempt  for  l.-Martyr's.  3506 

Cut  off  early-Genius.  2323 

Defeated  1.  of  Burns.  2027 

Defects  seen  in  l.-Meditation.    1760 
Destroyed  by  pe8tilence-London.692 
"       -Caesar's  war.  5898 

"       -Attila's  war.  5899 

"       -Napoleon  I.  5900 

"       by  famine-One  third.2078 
Destruction  of  1.  by  earthquake.1759 
"  "  "-Immense.         5180 

"  "  '♦         "  5181 

Devoted-Fanatics.  3843 

"  to  others-Spartans.  4045 
Devotion  of  l.-Soldier8-Roman.3838 
Disappointments  in  1.  1607 

Diversity  in  l.-Nap.-Peasant.  187 
Duty  more  than  1.  2788 

Endangered  by  astrologers.  1953 
Enlarged  by  education.  1781 

Estimate  of  1.,  Low.  4844 

Estimated  by  accumulation  of  w.432 
Examined  after  death.  2252 

Exhibits  character-Plato.  1314 

Failure  in  l.-Emp.  Honorius.  1877 
Failures  in  practical  1.  2030 

of  Faith  for  temporal  good.  2035 
"      "-G.  Milller'8.  2037 

Forest  1.  of  Audubon.  8106 

Frivolous  1.  of  Grecians.  903 

Happiness  by  benefactions.  2358 
Happy  1.  without  wealth.  4886 

Hardships  in  l.-Mortality.  811 

Hidden  inner  l.-Wm.  P.  of  O.      4024 
Immoral  l.-no  Conscience.         1119 
Imperilled  by  assassins. -L.  Phll.360 
"        4.        "-Victoria.       861 


LIGHT— LOAN. 


881 


Imperilled  by  assassins-Cromw.  366 

"        370 

"       Caesar's  1.  1402 

Improyed  security  of  1.  4287 

Incomplete-Raphael  died  at  37.  348 

Indifference  to  human  l.-War.  1070 

Inner  vs.  Outer  l.-Poet  Young.  1670 

for  Life-Retribution.  4846 

Loss  of  1.-15  Years.  3106 

Lost  by  exposure-Bunyan.         1427 

"    "  "       to  wet-Wash.  1447 

Love  of  1.  in  old  age.  1408 

a  Mission-Stonewall  Jackson.    5228 

Mission  in  l.-Wm.  P.  of  O.  3633 

"      "  "  Sense  of.  3641 

Misspent  l.-Pillar  saints.  5012 

Money  for  l.-£15,000,00C.  30€T 

Monotonous  1.  of  monks.  217 

Narrowed  by  poverty.  8123 

Necessaries-Lyre-Sponge-Br'd.3748 

Planless  1.,  Milton's.  2107 

Pleasure-seeker's  1.  4637 

Precarious  support  of  1.  1674 

Preservation  of  own  l.-Crom.      821 

Preserved-Caesar's  soldiers.       5822 

Private  vs.  Public  l.-Mahomet.  4210 

Prolonged  by  virtue.  3714 

"       137  Years-Legend.     5212 

"       by  diet.  2176 

Pablio  vs.  Private  l.-Diverse.       788 

..       ..  «     "-Wm.  P.  of  0.121 

"       "  ••    "-Queen  Anne. 558 

Purpose  of  a  true  l.-Lincoln.     1309 

•♦        in  l.-Great-Milton.       2107 

Quiet  1.,  Preference  for  a.  3869 

Eace  for  1.  4602 

Eansom  for  l.-Alaric.  1145 

Kegrets  in  later  l.-W.  Scott.         19 

Resolving  vs.  Doing-Johnson.    1396 

Besult  of  l.-Winding-sheet.        2475 

Reversal  of  expectations  in  l.-S.  190 

Reverses  in  l.-Nicetas.  2211 

Review  of  1.  in  death-Grenville.  6.52 

Ruined  by  wrong-Napoleon.     2201 

Sacrifice  of  l.-Political.  5793 

"       to  save  l.-Shame.  3879 

Sacrificed  to  avarice-Workmen.  429 

"       "       -Soldiers.    433 

"         for  l.-Moors.  5968 

Sacrifices  to  save  1 .  -Property.     664 

Saved  with  reproach.  1238 

Saving  1.,  Joy  in-Lincoln.  536 

"    of  l.-Precedence  to.         3588 

"    1.,  Efforts  in-Arctio.         3332 

Sensational  overwrought-Rom.  103 

Shame  burdens  l.-Huss.  1964 

Shameful  1.  overlooked.  3177 

Shortened  by  drink-Alex.  2912 

♦*       "     -Galerius.    2925 

•♦  "       •»     -Louis  X.     2929 

"  ••       "     -Athalaric   2930 

"  ••       "     -Alexander.2931 

••  ••       "     -Douglas.     2937 

"  ••       ♦'      -Army.         2939 

M  u       .4  ..  2940 

•*  "       "     -Burns.         2954 

"  ♦•       "     -Poe.  2955 

"  by  neglect-Gibbon.   8260 

▼8.  Sincerity-Martyr  Huss.         1918 

Striking  out  in  l.-Pranklin.  638 

Success  in  l.-Boethlus.  891 


Surrendered  gladly-Defeat.       1494 

"  cheerfully.  1430 

"  nobly.  3820 

Transformed  by  education.       1797 

Turning-point  in  l.-Loyola.  758 

Unappreciated  by  Emp.  Severus.206 

Unsatisfactory  1.  of  ambitious  T.205 

Useful  sacrifice  of  1.-Telemachus.835 

Valued  more  than  honor.  5952 

Vanity  of  l.-Captive  king.  3292 

"       "  "-Testimony.  3382 

Vice  destroys  1.  4917 

Vicissitude  in  l.-C.  Jerome.         2521 

"  "  "-Columbus.         2473 

*•      In  L  of  Captain  J.  Smith.80 

"       "  "-Columbus.  2206 

"       "  "-Nobility.  2210 

"       of  l.-Isaac  Newton's.     108 

Views  of  L,  Diverse.  3316 

Wasted  In  battle  of  Fontenoy.      69 

Weary  of  l.-Marlborough.  245 

See  EXISTENCE. 
Memorials  of  e.-Eew  Indians.  3568 

See  IMMORTALITY. 
Belief  in  i.  by  Poet  Shelley.      *2745 
Faith  in  i.,  Arab's.  *2746 

Hope  of  i.-Walter  Raleigh.       *2747 

Belief  In  i.-Socrates.  8707 

'*       "  '•  strengthens.  1412 

of  Brutes  doubted-S.  Johnson.  680 
Burial  for  I.-Am.  Indians.  1425  j 

Confident  of  I.-J.  Bunyan.  1192 

Effective  Christian  doctrine-G.  834 
Preparation  for  I.  by  bravery.  1416 
Soul's  i.-Socrates.  5270 

Stimulates  courage,  Belief  in  1. 1424 
In  Work-Church-building-Mah.  864 
See  AGE  and  FUTURITY  in  loc. 

lilGHT. 

Contribution  of  l.-"Hang  out."*3296 
Introduced-London  streets.  *3297 
Opposed-Gas-London.  ♦3298 


Fame  in  l.-Limlted. 
Genius  in  l.-Tasso. 

"       "  "-Ariosto. 
"  "-Milton. 

"       "  "-J.  Dryden. 

"       '•  "-Shakespeare. 
Honors  of  l.-Milton. 
Importance  of  l.-Fame. 
Opportunity  in  l.-Alex.  Pope. 
Pleasures  of  l.-Chas.  J.  Fox. 
and  Poverty-Samuel  Johnson, 
Preservation  of  l.-Monkery. 
Profligate  l.-Eoglish. 
Recompense  of  l.-Alex.  Pope. 
Restoration  of  1. -Arabs. 
Ridiculed-Crusaders. 
Vicious  English  1. 


♦3304 
*3305 
*3306 
♦3307 
*3308 
*3309 
*3310 
*3311 
*8312 
*3313 
*3314 
*3315 
*3316 
*3317 
*3318 
♦3319 
♦3320 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Electric  1. -Columbus.  1853 

Truth-Inextinguishable  1.  6147 

See  MOON. 
Dwarfs  inhabit  the  m.  2658 

Influence  of  m.  discarded.         1224 
Testimony  of  m.  for  Mahomet.  3623 

See  SUN. 
Worship  of  the  s.-PersIans.     ♦5432 

Right  of  way  to  the  s.-DIog'neB.3415 

Utilized  in  war-Ancients.  353 

"     "  -Archimedes.       843 

lilGHTNING. 

Fear  of  1.,  Superstitious.  ^3299 

«'     "  "-W'sh'ngt'n's  mother^3300 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Death  by  l.-^sculapius.  4169 

Significant  l.-Sacri  flees.  4994 

lilONS. 

Cress-reference. 
Perilous  allies  aeainst  invaders.  174 

literature:. 

Conceit  in  l.-Later  Greeks.      ♦3302 
Effects  of  l.-MUitary.  ♦3303 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Age-John  Milton.  135 

Ambition  In  l.-John  Milton.  194 
Decadence  In  l.-Greeks.  2908 

Decline  in  L-Constantinople.  3241 
Dictator  in  l.-S.  Johnson.  1307 

Devotion  to  1.  In  death-Basda.  6150 
Earliest  Roman  l.-Drama.  1718 

Early  training  in  l.-B.  Franklin.  636 
Enduring  reward  of  l.-Scott.  190 
Enfeebled  effort  of  age-Milton.  135 
Feebleness  in  l.-Frederick  II.  4224 
Genius  in  l.-Roger  Bacon.  3775 

in  Heaven-Shakespeare's.  254^ 

Imitation  in  l.-Fametess.  274*} 

Indecency  In  l.-Ariosto.  3306 

Licentious  1.  of  J.  Dryden.  3244 
Low  state  of  l.-Age  of  Ch'rrm'ne.632 
Period  of  Arabic  1.  3238 

Popular  test  of  l.-Pilgrim's  P.  168 
Progress  of  civilization  by  1.  2339 
Sickness  by  devotion  to  1.  1639 

Style  in  l.-Ridlculous.  1167 

Unappreciated-Danes.  2715 

Warfare  in  l.-Bitterness  for  M.     2* 
See  AUTHORS,  BOOKS  and  SCHOOL 
in  loc. 

LITIGATION. 

Period  of  l.-15th  century.         *3321 


Cross-reference. 
Principle  more  than  money.      3139 
lilTTIiE  THINGS.    , 

Importance  of-Spanish  War.  ♦3322 


Cross-reference. 

Trifles  vitiate  service.  4685 

LITURGY. 

Opposed  by  Scots.  ♦3323 


6133 


Cross-reference. 
Opposition  to  l.-Scots. 

See  RITUALISM. 
Rejected-CathoUc-England.    ^4915 


Trifles  vitiate  service.  4685 

LOAN. 

Hopeless  1.  to  S.  Johnson.        ♦3324 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Refused  by  professed  friend.    2224 

of  Wife  to  friends-Spartans.      6137 

See  CREDITOR  and  DEBT  in  toe 


882 


LOBBYIST— MADNESS, 


IiOBB¥IST. 

Successful  l.-M.  Crassus.  *3325 

liONGEVITY. 

Causes  of  l.-John  Locke.  *3326 

by  Prudence-Peter  Cooper's.  *33a7 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
Secret  of  l.-Josiah  Quincy.        3282 

See  AGE  in  loo. 


Absent  L.-H.of  Commons. 
See  GOD  in  loc. 


*3328 


liOSS. 

Gain  by  l.-Hannibal.  *3329 

Irretrievable  1  -Sedgemoor.      *3330 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Irreparable  1  of  architectural  m.329 
Made  good  by  courage.  1247 

liOSSES. 

Disparity  in  l.-New  Orleans.    *3331 


Cross-reference. 

Made  good  by  courage.  1247 

See  BANKRUPTCY  and  DAMAGE 

in  loc. 

L.OST. 

Seeking  the  l.-Sir  J.  Franklin.  ?3332 

liOT. 

Choice  by  l.-Turkmans.  *3333 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Decision  by  l.-Columbus.  5864 

Selection  by  l.-Mahomet's  father. 795 

JLOTTKRY. 

Profitable  l.-Experlence-P.  C.  *3334 

See  LUCK. 
Days  of  I.-Ancient.  •3361 


Courage  under  ill-luck. 
Days  of  l.-Romans. 
Encouragement  for  good  L 
I.OVE. 

Abode  of  l.-"Agapemone." 
Accidental  l.-W.  Scott's. 
Active  l.-Christian. 
Battle  of  l.-Lovers. 
Changed  by  l.-Another  body. 
Conjugal  l.-Napoleon  I. 
Disappointment  in  l.-K. 
Infatuation  of  J.-M.  Stuart. 
Juvenile  l.-Napoleon  I. 
a  Necessity-Cannoneers. 
Passionate  1.  of  Shelley, 
vs.  Prudence-Agesilaus. 
Religion  of  l.-Napoleon  I. 
Romantic  l.-Geoffrey  Rudel. 

"         "  -S.  Johnson. 

"         "  -Shelley. 
Shadow  of  l.-W.  Irving. 
Supremacy  of  1. -Domestic. 


92 
1395 
6021 

♦3*35 
♦3336 
♦3337 
♦8338 
♦3339 
♦3340 
♦3341 
♦3342 
♦3343 
♦3344 
♦3345 
♦S346 
♦3347 
♦3348 
♦3349 
♦3350 
♦3351 
♦3352 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
VS.  Ambitlon-Napoleon-Jos.       104 
"  "  "        1699 

Controlled  by  Marlborough.  6052 
Fictitious  1.  of  Queen  Anne.  558 
First  1.  of  Robert  Burns.  4219 


at  First  sight-Garibaldi.  3480 

Gratitude  begets  1. -Ho ward.  3445 

Inspires  endeavor-Bums.  4219 

Lawless-Contagious  example.  2240 

Magnanimity  of  l.-Josephine.  2201 

Mission  of  l.-Pardon.  3998 

Respected-Humble  life-Nap.  187 

Sacrifices  of  l.-Wentworth.  2516 

Survives  abuse-Mrs.  Byron.  3465 

Transient-Sudden-Crockett.  3438 

Universal  l.-Ams.  excepted.  215 

Unreciprocated-Swedenborg.  123 

liOVER. 

Fallen  l.-Hernando  Cortez.  ^3353 

Fickle  l.-Robert  Bums.  ^3354 

Youthful  l.-Lord  Byron.  ^3355 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Artful-Cleopatra.  6136 

Blind  1.  of  Catherine  Sedley.      2S42 
Blinded-Marcus.  1675 

Ensnared-Antony  by  Cleopatra.  6136 


Pascinated-Wm.  the  Conq. 
"         -Robert  Bums. 
Female  1.,  Mahomet's. 

"       "-Honoria. 
Preservation  of  l.-Ariadne. 
Royal  1.  of  Lucy  Waters. 
Unsuccessful-Isaac  Newton. 
Visits  of  1.,  Dangerous. 
liOVEUS. 
Rival  l.-Je£ferson-Others. 


2583 
4219 
3473 
3476 
6051 
3470 
5992 
6049 

♦3356 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Religious-Sensual-England.       3335 
Restrained-Church  service.         853 

See  AFFINITY. 
by  Complement-Wm.  P.  of  O.    2234 
*'  Contrast- Anne-Churchill.     2228 
"         "       -Burnet-Halifax.     2231 

See  AMIABILITY. 
Savages-no  Words  for  abuse.       22 

See  FREE-LOVERS. 
Religious-Sensual-English.        3335 

See  PHILANTHROPY. 
Example  of  p.-J.  Howard.        ^4163 
Experimental  p.-J.  Howard.    ^4164 
Practical  p.-J.  Howard.  ^4165 


Devotion  to  p.-Georgia.  4502 

Gift  of  p.-Smithsonian.  1812 

See  AFFECTION  and  KISS  in  loc. 

L.OYAIiTY. 

Esteemed-Oliver  Cromwell  ^3357 
Unreserved-Widow  Windham.^3358 
Vigorous  1.  of  Bismarck.  ^3359 

Zealous  1.  of  Puritans.  ♦3360 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Disqualified  by  l.-James  II.       3549 
Distrusted-Romanists.  4946 

vs.  Liberty-Revolution.  1696 

Loving  1 .  to  Adrian.  4969 

Outward  1.  recommended.         3848 
Proof  of  1.,  Severe.  1364 

Sacrifice  of  l.-Woman.  1348 

See  FIDELITY  and  PATRIOTISM 
in  loc. 


I.  TICK. 

Days  of  1.,  Ancient. 


♦3881 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Courage  under  ill-luck.  92 

Days  of  l.-Romans.  1395 

Encouragement  for  good  1.        6021 

See  CHANGES  and  LOT  in  loo. 

liUSTS. 

Cross-reference. 
Licensed  by  Gabriel-Mahomet.     63 

See  LICENTIOUSNESS  in  loc. 

LiUXUBIES. 

Miscellaneous  cross- references. 

Comparative  l.-Scots-Eng.  1913 

Demoralizing  I.-Alexander.  5668 

Heaven's  1. -Mohammedan.  2540 

Rejected  by  Mahomet.  2672 

Repressed  by  sumptuary  1.  3161 

Warfare  against  1.,  Cassar's.  3162 

liUXlTRY. 

Dangers  of  l.-Purltans. 
Denled-Oxford  friars. 
Employment  of  the  poor. 
Evil  of  l.-Spartans. 
Excess  in  l.-Alexander. 
Misplaced  in  Roman  camp. 
Nauseous  l.-Tobacco. 
vs.  Poverty-Romans. 
Repudiated- Primitive  C. 
Senseless  l.-Roman  feast. 
Unsatisfying  l.-Balan. 


♦3363 
♦3364 
♦3362 
♦3365 
♦.3366 
♦3367 
♦3368 
♦3369 
♦3370 
♦3371 
♦3372 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abollshed-Vices  gone.  36.55 

Character  deteriorated  by  1.       4888 
Condemned,  Roman.  3884 

Corruption  by  l.-Rom'n  famllles.407 
Debased  by  l.-Vandals.  953 

Enervated  by  l.-Romans.  901 

Exhibition  of  1.  3383 

Increased  by  R.  aqueducts.  459,  460 
National  enervation  by  1.  4200 

Perilous  to  the  State-Cato.  266 

State  endangered  by  1.  5856 

Suppressed  by  disgrace.  4611 

See  EXTRAVAGANCE  in  loc. 

L.YING. 

Polite  1.  hurtful.  *3373 

See  LIAR. 
Proverbial  1  -Dick  Talbot.        *3202 

OTACHINERY. 

Benefits  of  m.-Clocks.  ♦3374 

a  Means-Samuel  Johnson.  ♦3375 

Triumph  of  m.-Brass  clocks.  ♦3376 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Genius  for  m.-Eli  Whitney.        3113 

Hallucination-Perpetual  mot'n.5168 

Importance  of  m. -Cotton-gin.   2988 

Intricate-Mechanical  birds.       3383 

Labor-saving  m.-Clocks.  2984 

Relieves  labor-Changes.  8107 

"  "    -Cotton-gin.         8115 

"    -Miners.  8108 

See  INVENTION  in  loe. 

MADNESS. 

Effective  m.  of  James  Otis.      *8877 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 

Courage  of  m. -Charles  XII.       1289 

See  ANGER  and  INSANITY 

in  loc. 


I 


MAGIC— MANNERS. 


883 


MAOIC. 

Belief  in  m. -Columbus. 

See  ALCHEMY. 
Books  of  a.  destroyed. 
Student  of  a.-Isaac  Newton. 

See  ASTROLOGY. 
Regard  for  a.-Roman  omens. 


*3378 


5976 
811 


♦385 


Crime  proven  by  a.  1953 

Faith  in  a.-Charles  II.  5442 

See  CHARM  in  loo. 

MAGNANIMITY. 

Admirable  m  of  H.  Vane.  *3379 

Noble  m.-General  Lee.  *3380 

of  Savages-Onondagas.  *3381 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Affection-Josephine  2201 

Appeal  to  m.,  Alexander's.  1588 

in  Forgiveness-Wesley.  2199 

"  Misfortune-Philip  II.  2028 

Sagacious  m.-Caesar.  5828 

in  Self-sacrifice-Alexander.  5095 
See  GENEROSITY  in  loc. 

MAGNIFICENCE. 

vs.  Happiness- Abdalrahmans.  *3382 
Oriental  m. -Constantinople.  *3383 
Royal  m.-Arcadius.  *3384 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Display  of  m.-Funeral  of  A.       4474 
"       "  "  -Aurelian.  4476 

"       "  "  -Cleopatra.  6050 

"       "  "-Wedding-Timour5987 
Excessive  m.-Constantine.         3903 
See  DISPLAY  and  MAJESTY 
in  loc. 

MAIDEN. 

Military  m.-Gregory's  d'ghter.*3385 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bravery  of  martyr  m.  4142 

Choice  of  m.-State-Elizabeth.  3435 
^     Demonized  m. -Boston.  1567 

Influence  of  m.-Joan  of  Arc.  1559 
Persistent-Strange- Joan  of  A.  1557 
Pitied-Jane  MacCrea.  5108 

Urged  by  State  to  marry-Eliz.   3435 

MAIDENS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Imported  for  marriage- Va.        3452 
Jealousy  of  m. -Fatal- Anima.     3004 

MAIIiS. 

Detained  by  Government.        *3386 

MAJESTY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Exaggeration  of  barbarian  m.  1956 

Impressive  by  display.  2421 

See  KING  and  MAGNIFICENCE 

in  loc. 

MAJORITY. 

Rule  of  m.-Condemned.  *3387 

Unconquerable  m.-Pr't'8t'nts.*3388 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
not  Bound  by  m.-(  lergy.  300 

Needless-Catiline's.  1201 

Reaction  of  m  -Eng.  politics.     4011 


Rule  of  m.-"  Annexing  Eng."    3619 

"     "  "  -Conscience  exc'pfd. 2431 

Subjugation  of  m.-Cromwell.    3618 

MAI.IGNITY. 

Parental  m.  of  Frederick  Wm.*8389 


Gross-reference. 

Unprovoked  m.  of  Eng.  beggars.499 

See  HATRED  in  loc. 


MAN. 

Civilized  m.,  Changes  in. 
Defined  by  Plato. 
Degenerated-Lost  arts, 
an  Honest  m.-four  Kings. 
Mission  of  m. -Stoics. 
Monster  m.-Napoleon  I. 
or  a  Mouse- Robert  Morris. 
Origin  of  m.-Indian's  cavern. 
Uncivilized  m -Am.  Indians. 


*3390 
*3391 
*3392 
*3393 
♦3394 
*3395 
*3396 
*3397 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Beasts  preferred  to  m.  3563 

Boy  makes  the  m.,  The.  6208 

Degraded  by  sin.  1088 

Duality  of  m..  Conflicting.  4690 

Handsome  m.-Gen.  R.  E.  Lee.  5282 
Monster  m.-Csesar  Borgia.  4225 
Moral  m.-Monster-Alexander.  1456 
-Caligula.  1352 
-Caracalla.  13.33 
-Catiline.  1295 
-C'nst'tineV.1362 
-Napoleon.  1529 
-Nero.  1287 

1347 
"  1359 

-Tlmour.         1337 
1368 

Only  a  m.-Menecrates.  5779 

Power  of  one  m.-Demosthenes.l856 
I'       "    "    "  -Napoleon.       1890 
Primitive  m.  a  poet.  4222 

Regretting  his  creation-Buny'n.ll92 
3094 
3095 
3096 
3252 
5339 
3407 


Self-made  m.-J.  Sparks. 
"         "  -B.  Franklin. 

"  -J.  Fitch. 
"         "  -Capt.  Cook. 
Tall  m.-Abraham  Lincoln. 
"     "  -Geo.  Washington. 
Terrified  by  one  m.-Napoleon.  4199 
Unique  m.-O.  Cromwell.  127 

Weak  point  in  great  m.  4224 

Worst  m.  in  history-Ph.II.of  Sp.902 

See  GIANT. 
Work  of  a  g.-Cleomedes.  1530 

See  GIANTS. 
Soldiers  of  Frederick  William.  3584 

See  GREAT  MEN. 

Courting  g.  m.  *3579 

Periods  of  g.  m.  *3580 

Providential.  *3581 

*3582 


Coincidence-Romulus  and  T.      967 

Dishonored-Columbus.  1648 

-Admiral  Blake.       1657 

Example  of  g.m.-Conversation.ll70 

Overpraised-Pompey.  4370 

Weakness  of  g.m.-D'mosth'n's.5959 

See  BODY,  GENIUS,  HUMANITY 

and  MIND  in  loc. 


MAN<EIJVRES. 

Ignored  by  Admiral  Nelson.     *3399 
See  STRATEGY  it,  loc. 

MANHOOD. 

Complete  m.,  Cffisar's. 
Deteriorated-Greeks. 
Evinced  in  Goethe. 
Exhibited-Taylor-Martyr. 
Forecast  of  m.-S.  Houston. 
Honest  m.-Cromwell. 
Model  m.-Geo.  Washington. 
Physical  m.-Geo.  Washington. 
Recognized-Ancient  Germans. 


Tested-Wm.  P.  of  Orange. 


*340G 
*3401 
*3402 
*3403 
*3404 
*3405 
*3406 
♦3407 
*3408 
*3409 
*3410 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

through  Adverslty-H.  Davy.  86 

Attained,  Celebration  of  m.  2500 

Correction  in  m. -Poetry.  4108 

Deficiency  in  m.-James  II.  762 

Insulted  by  gift  of  dress.  2900 

Measures  life-Bibulus.  3266 

Renounced-Emp.  Elagabalus.  960 

Sample  of  m.,  Opposite.  4172 

by  Self-reliance-Black  Prince.  1560 

Virtue  evinces  m.-Napoleon.  3595 

Weakness  of  m.-Vitellius.  3879 

Youth  determines  m.-Cooper.  6204 

MANIA. 

Popular  m.-Crusades. 


*3411 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

for  Criticism-Thackeray.  1310 

Popular  m.-Crusades.  1375 

for  Speculation-Eng.,  A.D.  1720.  5280 

"  "  -France.  5281 

-England.  5282 

"  -France.  5283 

"  Suicide-Wm.  Cowper.  5427 

MANKIND. 

Distrusted  by  Charles  II.  *3412 

Inequality  of  m.-S.  Johnson.  *3413 

Prosperity  of  m.-Period.  *3414 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Benefactors  of  m.-R.  Bacon.  1101 
Detested  by  m.-Caesar  Borgia.  4225 
Enthusiasm  for  welfare  of  m.-L  210 
Hatred  toward  m.-False  charge.  1358 
Regard  for  m.-Aristotle's  alms.  779 

MANIilNESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Appeal  to  m.,  Success  by.  1247 

Education  vs.  m.-Goths.  3303 

' -Greeks.  3319 

Lacking  m.-Effeminacy.  1829 

"-"M'gn'fic'nt  brate."1068 

"       "-D'Argens.  2237 

"-Office-holder.  2660 

Response  of  m.-De  Soto.  1691 

Tested-Failure  of.  2119 

See  COURAGE  in  loo. 

MANNERS. 

Blunt  m.-Diogenes.  *3415 

Changed-Romans.  *3416 

Effects  of  m.-Well-IU-bred.      *3417 
"      "  "  -S.  Johnson.  *3418 

Neglected,  Samuel  Johns^m's.  *3419 


884 


MANUFACTURERS— MARRIAGE. 


Pla-n  m.-G.  Fox,  Quaker.  *3420 
Unrefined  m.-S.  Johnson's.  *3421 
Urbane  m.  of  Charles  II.  *3422 


3132 
443 
4229 
2551 
2336 
3790 
3709 
2967 


Miscellaneous  cross-references 
Affected  by  language. 
Awkward  and  agile-Shelley. 
Blunt  m.  of  William  III. 
Brutal  m.-Frederick  II. 
Chivalrous  m.-Black  Prince. 
Contrasted- Athenians  vs.  L. 
Corrupted  m.  destroy  Rome. 
Deceptive  m.-Sunderland. 
Demoralized  by  bad  philos'phy  4194 
Eocentrio  m.-S.  Johnson.  2310 

"    "       "  2311 

Endangered  by  wealth.  3654 

to  Familiar  m.-J.  Hogg.  2061 

Imitation  of  m.-James  Hogg.  2061 
Plain  m.-Mrs.  Pres't  Jackson.  5215 
Simpliciiy  of  m.-Mother  of  W.  2786 
Training  in  m.,  Effective.  5670 

Unrefined  m.  of  Cromwell.  262 

Unrestrained  m.-Perilous.         2062 

See  ACTIOIS^S. 
Speak-War-Hurling  the  spear.    *41 
"     -Tarquin  cutting  tallest  p.  *42 
See  AFFABILITY. 
Falsehood  in  a.-Charles  II. 
See  AFFECTATION. 
Ridiculed  by  Thackeray. 
See  AUDACITY. 
Brazen  a.-Catiline. 
Deceived  by  a.  of  Napoleon, 
Desperation  of  a.-Indians. 


1678 

1506 

*392 
*393 
*394 


Presumptuous-Catiline. 
Success  by-Joan's  attack. 

"       "  -Pompey. 
Undaunted-Bothwell's. 
Women  of  Paris-Revolution. 
See  AWKWARDNESS, 
and  Agility-Poet  Shelley. 


Exhibited-Etiquette. 

See  DECENCY. 
Regard  for  d.-Young  Newton, 

See  DECORUM. 
in  Debate- American  Indians. 
Ministerial  d.-S.  Johnson. 
See  ETIQUETTE. 
Burdensome  e.-Edward  IV. 
Question  of  e.-Wash's  Ad. 
Restraints  of  e.-Anne. 


1201 
1906 
6210 
5832 
658 

*443 

1586 

*1472 

♦1483 
♦1484 

♦1925 
♦1926 
♦1927 


Awkwardness  of  e.  1586 

Disgusting  e. -James  II.  2590 

Important-Gen.  Washington.  4634 
Necessary-Washington-Howe.  1589 
Overdone-King  upset.  1586 

Quarrel  over  e.-Ludicrous.  750 

See  CUSTOM,  FASHION  and  MOD- 
ESTY in  loc. 

MANUFACTURERS. 

Exhibition-Boston  Common.  ♦3423 
Fostered,  Flemish  m.  ^3424 

Monopoly  in  m.-Hatters.  ^3425 

Restricted  by  government.       •3426 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Avaricious  m.-London,  1837.        429 
Benefited  by  protection-Eng.      979 


Co-operation  in  m.-Eng.  1195 

Enterprise  of  m.-Spinner's  mule.  535 

Independence  in-Am.  Colonie8.3914 

Monopolies  in  all  m.  3689 

Monopoly  in  m.-P.  Cooper.        3694 

"        "    " -Plymouth  Col.  3698 

"       "    " -N.  E.  Colonies.3699 

"       "    "-N.Amsterdam.3700 

Oppressed  by  legislation-N.  Eng.980 

Prohibited  in  Am.  Col.-Iron.      3154 

"       "     "   -Trap.     3190 

Protection  of  m.  needed.  352 

Silk  m.,  Delicacy  of.  2361 

Unpopular-Iron-England.  2165 

MARCHING. 

Prodigious  m  -Spartans.  ^3427 

MARINER. 

Famous  m.-Columbus. 

MARINERS. 

Cautious  m. -Portuguese. 

See  SAILORS  in  loc, 

MARKSMAN. 

Royal  m.-Emp.  Commodus. 


♦3428 


♦3429 


♦3430 


Cross-reference. 
Accurate  m.- Aster.  5104 

MARRIAGE. 

Ceremony  fr')m  Romans.  ^3431 

Cheap-Rev.  Alex.  Keith.  *3432 

Choice  in  m.  vs.  Appointment.  ♦3433 
Coercion  in  m.-Wm.  Wat.  *3434 
Declined-Queen  Elizabeth.  ^3435 
Denial  of  m.-Honoria.  ♦3436 

Detested-Mary  Stuart.  *3437 

Disappointment  in  m.-Cr"ck'tt.*3438 
Dishonored-Roman  Empire.  ♦3439 
Dowry  in  m.-Oxen.  ^3440 

Early  m.-Isabella-8  Years  old.^3441 
"       "  -Ayesha-9  Years.        ♦3442 
Encouraged  by  laws.  ^3443 

Excused-Henry  VIII.  ♦3444 

Extraordinary-John  Howard.  ^3445 
Forced  m.-Anne  to  Chas.  of  F.^3446 
Fortunate  m.-John  Adams.  ^3447 
Happy  m. -Peter  Cooper's.  *3448 
in  Heaven-Swedenborg.  ^3449 

Ill-chosen  m.-Catherine  of  R.  ^3450 
ni-mated  m.-Louis  XII.  of  F.  *3451 
Imported  for  m. -Virginians.  ♦34.52 
Inauspicious  m.,  A.  Jackson's. ♦3453 
Incestuous  m.-Ancients.  ♦3454 

Indecent  m.-Mary  Stuart.  ♦3455 
to  Industry-Sabines.  ♦3456 

Informal  m.-D.  of  Monmouth.  ♦aiS? 
Irregular  m.-Robert  Bums.  ♦3458 
Kingdom  for  m.-Godwln.  ^3459 
Loose  m.-Romans.  ♦3460 

Mediation  in  m.-I.  Newton.  ^3461 
Meekness  in  m.-Rumford.  ^3462 
Modes  of  m.-Romans.  ♦3463 

for  Money,  Cicero's.  ^3464 

"       "       -Byron's.  *3465 

"       ••       -Chivalry.  ^3466 

without  Money-Themistooles.^3467 
Morals  in  m.  disregarded.        ^3468 
"       "    "  needful.  ♦3469 

Name  by  m.-Charles  II.  ♦3470 

Promoted  by  Government.  ^3471 
Proposed  by  women.  ^3472 


by  Proxy-Anne  of  B. 

"       "    -Prince  Arthur. 

"       "     -Llewellyn. 
Recklessness  in  m.-Honorla. 
of  Relatives-Middle  Ages. 
Repeated-Julius  Caesar. 
Repetition  of  m.  condemned. 
Romantic  m.-Garibaldi. 
Second  m.  criticised. 
"        "  approved. 
Secret  m.-Spartans. 
Secured  by  auction. 
Selection  in  m.-Russians. 
Sensational  m.  of  M.  Luther. 
Splendid  m.  of  Prince  Rupert. 
Surprise  by  m.-John  Milton. 
Uncertain-Madam  or  mistress. 
Unendurable  m.-John  Milton. 
Unequal  m..  Treatment  of. 
Unfit  for  m.  a  reflection. 
Unhappy  m.  of  Shakespeare. 
Unsafe  m.-Mary  Stuart. 
Vow  of  m.-Capt.  Cook-15  yrs. 
Wicked  m.  of  Mary  Stuart. 
Worthy  m.-John  Adams. 


♦3473 
♦3474 
♦3475 
♦3476 
♦3477 
*3478 
♦3479 
♦3480 
♦3481 
♦3483 
♦3483 
♦3484 
♦3485 
♦3486 
♦3487 
♦348» 
,♦3489 
♦3490 
♦3491 
♦3492 
♦3493 
♦3494 
♦3495 
♦3496 
♦3497 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abstinence  from  m.-Ottoman.  2661 
Baseness  in  m. -Henry  VIII.  458 
Blighted  hopes  of  m.,Sw'deub'gs.l23 
Broken  engagement-Heart  b.  2534 
Caste  in  m. -England.  726 

Celebrated  in  simplicity  Jeff.  3026 
Celebration  of  m.-Timour.  741 

Competition  in  beauty  for  m.  3485 
Compulsory  m. -Early  Romans.  445 
Condemned  by  Priscillianists.  401 
Consolation  in  m. -Widow.  5993 
by  Contrast- Wm.  and  Mary.  1924 
Conversion  by  m. -Pocahontas.  4743 
with  Cowards  prohibited.  1280 

Degraded  by  divorces.  1702 

"         views  of  m.-Spartan8.6139 
Degrading  m.-Prostitute.  3191 

Discreditable  m.  prohibited.  44 

Disparaged-"an  intolerable  n.''  2065 
Disparity  in  m.-Rumford.  3462 

Encouraged  by  legislation-S.  446 
Ensnared  by  m.-Mary  Stuart.  .3455 
Estrangement  aft'r  m-W.and  M.1924 
False  promise  of  m. -Irene.  180 

Forced  m.-Wealthy  heiress.  3127 
for  Fortune-Bolingbroke.  2274 

Frequent  m.-9  Wives-Carinus.  1701 
Gifts  to  the  bride-Placidia.  2359 
Honored,  Disgraceful  m.-Nero.4373 
Impeded,  Clerical  m.  933 

Inequality  in  m.  resented.  1917 

Inter-m.  saves  the  State.  304 

Lovers  with  m.-Queen  Eliz.  2684 
Misery  of  jealousy  In  m.  3004 

for  Money-Assyrian's  auction.  3484 
"       "      -Vice  ignored.  8468 

Nuptials  celebrated-Shadowed.  28 
Octogenarian's  prod'ctive  m.-C.139 
Offer  of  m.-Humane.  3349 

Prevented  by  poverty-Newton's.  108 
Promoted  by  auction  of  girls.  3484 
Reflections  on  m.,  Cromwell's.  3293 
Regard  for  m.-Athenians.  4640 

Reparation  by  m.-R.  Burns.       3458 


MARRIAGES— MEANS, 


885 


Repugnance  after  m.-J.  Milton.6000 
Resented  by  son-in-law-Alberic.  507 
Sanctity  of  m.  protected.  1703 

Scandalous  m.  to  Both  well.  2188 
Second  m.,  Indecent.  6109 

Secret  m.  necessary-R.  Burns.  3458 
Shadowed  by  assassination  of  P.368 
Shameful  m.-Henry  VIII.  458 

Sinful  m.-Licemiousness.  4714 

Song  leads  to  m.-J.  Quinoy.  5262 
Sorrowful  m.,  Death  at.  5319 

Strife,  Conjugal- Viriplaca.  5361 
True  and  false  m  -Monmouth.  3457 
Unbiased  by  money-Spartans.  446 
Unconsummated  m.,Div'rce  forl698 
Unfortunate  m.-Count  R.  4593 

"  "  -J.Fitch-Vixen.6005 

Unhappy  m.-Sam  Houston.  3251 
Vice  disregarded  in  m.  3712 

See  BETROTHMENT, 
Early  b.-Sir  Robert  Peel.  *563 

See  BRIDE. 
Cold  welcome  to  b.,  Seeming.  3026 
Difficulty  interposed-Cerberus.  3338 
Gifts  for  b.-Gold-P.  stones.  2359 
Preparations  of  b.-Refinement.4642 
Remembered  b.-Josephine.  3340 
&  Reward  of  valor.  3385 

Waiting  fifteen  years  for-Cook.3495 

See  ELOPEMENT. 
Royal  e.-Philip  of  France.       *1858 


3350 


Proposed  to  Shelley. 

See  POLyOAMY. 
Fanaticism  tends  to  p. 
Justified  by  Milton. 
Permitted  by  Luther. 
Shameful  p.-Bothwell. 
Jnproductive  of  children. 

See  WEDDING. 
Brilliant  w.-Oriental.  *5987 

Present  for  a  w.-Slaves.  *5988 


3078 
3922 
4658 
2188 
4333 


Abandoned  by  intemperance.  2914 
Feast-Grandsons  of  Timour.  741 
Ridiculous  w.-Ancient  Rus8lan.ll24 

See  "WEDLOCK. 

Golden  w.  -Mercenary-Sp'rt'ns.  ♦sgSQ 

See  DIVORCE,  HUSBAND  and 

WIFE  in  loc. 

mARRIAOES. 

Mixed  m.  of  Romans.  *3498 

Roman  customs  in  m.  *3499 

OTARTYR. 

False  m.-Lord  Rochester.  *3500 

Sinful  m.-Churchill.  *3501 


Miscellaneevis  cross-references. 
Courage  of  m.-Latimer.  6147 

Honored-St.  Peter's  at  Rome.  4560 
to  Liberty  of  the  people-Vane.  3224 
Political  m.-Agis  the  Spartan.  1000 
Sufferings  prolonged.  4133 

Tender  distress  of  m.-Taylor.  2073 
Tyrant  changed  to  m.-Becket.  6145 
Unterrified  m.-Hugh  Peters.  2205 
Victory  of  m.  in  death.  4028 

fs.  Witch-Joan  of  Arc.  1950 

mARTYRDOIVI. 

Coveted  by  Mass.  Quakers.      *3502 
"        "  early  Christians.    *3503 


Devotion  to  m.-John  Knox. 
Eminence  by  m.-Thos.Becket, 
MARTYRS. 

Fanatical  m.-Donatists. 
First  English  m. 
Missionary  m.-Jesuits. 
Tortured  by  Nero-Christian. 
True  m.-Syrian  doctors. 


*3504 
*3505 

*3506 
♦3507 
*3508 
*3509 
♦3510 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
English  m.-Taylor-Latimer-C.  1233 
Miracles  of  Catholic  m.  3624 

Seed  of  the  Church-Scots.  4136 

See  PERSECUTION  in  loc. 

mARVEIiS. 

Age  of  m. -Greece.  *3511 
MASdUERADC:. 

Deadly  m.-Conflagration.  *3512 

MASSES. 

Aroused-English  Revolution.  *3523 

Overlooked  by  historians.  *3524 

Power  of  the  m.-Stamp  Act.  *3525 

«    a     " -Tea-party.  *3526 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Appeal  to  the  m.-Antony.  1975 

Courted  by  Caesar.  2798 

Degraded-Roman.  8256 

Enthusiasm  of  the  m.  601 

Fickleness  of  the  m.-Napoleon.  272 

"  "  m.-Death  of  Soc.  700 

"  "  the  m.  5991 

Ignored  in  government-Gauls.    721 

Jealousy  respecting  the  m.  723 

Patriotism  of  m.-Boston-Rev.     692 

Power  of  m.-Ridicule.  4895 

Rage  of  m.-Brutal-France.         2526 

Revenge  of  oppressed  m.-R.       427 

Ruled  by  the  m.-Valens.  913 

Sorrow  of  m. -Lincoln's  death.  2254 

Unappreciated  admiration  of  m.272 

See  PEOPLE  and  POPULARITY 

in  h'C. 

MASSACRE. 

Brutal  m.  by  Timour. 

Evidence-m.  of  Crusaders. 

General  m.  in  war. 

Immense  m.-70,000  Romans. 

by  Mob  in  Paris. 

of  Patriots  at  Boston. 

Prevented  at  Jamestown,  Va. 

Punished  by  m.-War. 

by  Treachery-Thessalonica. 

Wholesale  m.-300,000. 


*5214 
*3513 
♦3514 
*3515 
*3516 
*3517 
*3518 
*3519 
♦3520 
♦3521 


Miscellaneous  cross-refereneee. 

Brutal  m.  of  Caracalla.  1333 

of  Captives  by  Franks.  1334 

*'  Christlans-90,000  by  Chosroes.324 

Depopulated  by  m.-Bagdad.      1367 

Drink  causes  m.-Indians.  2940 

Immense  m.  by  Caesar.  5181 

"        "   "    Timour.  5894 

Inconsiderate  m.  by  Scythians.  1349 

Indignation  expressed-Crom.    4.539 

Inhuman  m.  of  workmen-Alaric.687 

"    "  "       -Attila.688 

by  Law-Lacedaemonian  slaves.  1365 

♦'  Persecutors-Catholics  vs.  P.  4123 

-Ireland-C.  vs.  P.4182 


Prevented  by  informer.  1006 

of  Protestants-Duke  of  Guise.     508 

"  "  -Com.  by  Pius  V.  588 

Religious  m.  by  Crusaders.        4705 

"         "   -Latins  by  Greeks.1363 

"         "   of  Hug'nots  in  Fla.855 

"         "    "  prisoners.  1360 

Small  beginning  of-"S.  Vesper8."29 

Terrible  m.-"8icilian  Vespers.  "1340 

Unprovoked-Jews  by  A.  6166 

in  War-Wallenstein.  6884 

"     "  -Paris,  A.D.  1418.  5885 

MASSACRES. 

Religious-French  Revolution.  *3522 

See  EXTERMINATION. 
War  of  e.,  Queen  Anne's.         ^1999 


by  Persecution-Albigenses.        4123 
of  Soldiers-Nervii-Maubeuge.   2130 

See  SLAUGHTER. 
Barbarous  s.-58,000  C'rtha'g'ns.*5180 
Exterminating  s.  of  Germans.  ♦5181 


Authorized  by  Jesuits.  1082 

in  Battle-Asians.  308 

"     "     -100,000  at  Fontenay.     920 

MASTER. 

Cross-reference. 

Absolute  m.  of  gladiators.  103 

See  RULER  in  loc. 

M  ATERl  A  I.ISM. 

Corrected,  Benj.  Franklin's.     *3527 


Cross-reference. 

Conscience  subservient  to  m.    1116 

MATERNITY. 

Miraculous  m.-Wife  of  Jas.  II. 
Passion  of  m. -Indian  squaw. 
See  MOTHER  in  loc. 

MATHEMATICS. 

Accuracy  in  m.-Egyptlans. 
Deficiency  in  m.-S.Americans. 
Genius  for  m.-Z.  Colburn. 
Precocity  in  m.-Z.  Colburn. 


♦3528 
♦3529 


♦3530 
♦3531 
♦3532 
♦3533 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Diversion  of  mind-Napoleon.     3826 

Genius  for  m.-Blaise  Pascal.      2324 

"        "    "-Caesar.  5053 

Precocity  in  m.-James  Watt.     4402 

MATRICIDE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Infamous  m.  by  Nero.  3743 

"     "    •'  1110 

MATTER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Impurity  of  m.-Gnostlcs.  5100 

and  Motion,  Universe  from.       1218 

MEANNESS. 
Hatred  of  m.-Thackeray.         ♦3534 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Beggarly  m.  of  Henry  III.  3664 

Governmental  m.-James  I.        1139 
Rewarded  by  James  II.  1005 

MEANS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Unsanctlfied  m.-Inquisltlon.      2878 

Unscrupulous  use  of  m.  3015 

See  INSTRUMENT  in  loc. 


886 


MECHANIC— MEN. 


MECHANIC. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Honored  in  child-Demosth'nes.3949 
Patriotic  blacksmith.  2811 


in;ECB[/%Nics. 

Despised  by  Plato. 
Disparaged-Lacedaemonians. 
Hereditary  m.-East  Indian. 
Patriotism  of  m.-Boston,  '74. 

"    "  -Phila.,  '74. 

"   " -Civil  War-E. 
"  "   "  -Apprentices. 

Practical  m.-James  Watt. 
Taste  for  m.-Isaao  Newton. 
Wages  of  m.-13th  century. 


*3535 
*3536 
*3537 
*3538 
*3539 
♦3540 
*3541 
*3542 
♦3543 
♦3544 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Dependence  on  m.-Cffisar.  1551 

by  Heredity-East  Indians.  3537 
Nation  of  m.-Dutch.  994 

Practical  knowledge  of  m.-P.  2328 

Pretended  m.-S.  Johnson.  4452 
Protected  by  legislation.  961 

vs.  Soldiers-Lacedaemonians.  5253 

Temptations  to  drink.  2933 

See  ARTISANS. 

Capture  of  a.-Silk-weavers.  *351 

Wages  of  a.-Enaland,  1680.  *352 
See  EMPLOYMENT  and  MACHIN- 
ERY in  loc. 


MEDDI^INQ. 

Destruction  by  flood  by  m. 
Reproved-Bishop  Burnet. 


*3545 
*3546 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Families-England.  4458 

Mischief  by  m.  5300 

Well-meant  m.-Hurtful.  3041 

See  INTERFERENCE, 
of  Novice-Bp.  Burnet.  3546 

Political  i.  res'nted-"Mon.  doct."209 

See  TALE-BEARING  in  loc. 

MEDIATION. 

Peculiar  m.  of  Swedenborg.     *3554 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ascetical  m.  of  monks.  357 

God  revealed  in  m.-G.  Fox.       1714 
Life  of  m.-Isaac  Newton.  1164 

Religious  m.-Samuel  Johnson.  1760 
"  "    needful.  4707 

Sabbath  m.-John  Fitch.  871 

See  INTERCESSOR, 
of  Innocence-Timour  rejects.    1337 
Life  saved  by  i  -Deserters.  536 

Woman's  I.-Queen  Philippa.       4639 

MEDICINE. 

Advance  in  m. -England.  *3550 

Aversion  to  m.-Washington.  *3551 

Discarded  m.  by  Napoleon  I.  *3552 

School  of  m.-First-Salemo.  *3553 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Confidence  in  m.-Alexander.     1048 
Dangerous  m.-Alexander.  5449 

See  QUACKERY. 
Experiment  in  q.-Cato.  *4587 

Superstitious  q. -King's  touch.  *4588 

See  CURE  in  loo. 


MEDITATION. 

Peculiar  m.  of  Swedenborg. 


*3554 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ascetical  m.  of  monks.  357 

God  revealed  in  m.-G.  Fox.       1714 
Life  of  m.-Isaac  Newton.  1164 

Preparation  for  usefulness  by  m.  81 
Religious  m.-Samuel  Johnson.  1760 
"  "  needfuL  4707 

Reveals  the  real  life.  1760 

Sabbath  m.-John  Fitch.  871 

See  THOUGHTFULNESS. 

Youthful  t.-Isaao  Newton.         6197 

See  CAUTION  and  REFLECTION 

in  loc. 

MEDIUM. 

Fraudulent  m.-Counterfelting.*3555 

See  AGENT. 
Ignored-Clarendou,  by  James  II.  98 

MEEKNESS. 
Christian  m.-Godfrey  de  B.      *3556 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Christian  m.  in  reproof.  2787 

Husband's  m.-Rumford.  3462 

Martyr's  m.-Taylor  at  stake.  679 

Philosophic  m.-Plato.  1314 

Power  of  Christian  m.  2350 

in  Reproof-Dr.  Taylor.  4779 

Victory  by  m.-Lycurgus.  3264 

See  MILDNESS. 

ni-timed  m.  to  N.  Y.  mob.  3646 

See  NON-RESISTANCE. 

Christian  n.-r.-Primitive.  *3822 

Evasion  of  n.-r.-S.  Johnson.  *3823 

Taught  by  Tories.  *3824 


Shameful-Chinese  Emperor.      1410 

See  CALMNESS  and  HUMILITY 
in  loc. 

MEIiANCHOIiY. 

Characteristic  m. -Aborigines. 
Depressed  by  m.-Charles  V. 
Excusable  m.-John  Milton. 
Inherited  m.-Samuel  Johnson 


Natural     "        "  " 

Philosophy  of  m.-Unf 'th'm'ble 
Religious  m.-George  Fox. 

"      "   -Puritans. 
Resisted  by  Samuel  Johnson. 
Royal  m.-Queen  Elizabeth. 


*3557 
*3558 
♦3559 
,*3560 
*3561 
♦3562 
*.3563 
*3564 
*3565 
*3566 
*3567 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Adversity  produces  m.-Young.  1670 

of  Bereavement-Jefferson.  2486 

Death  desired  in  m.  2619 

Hallucination  of  m.-Luther.  2506 

Marriage  relieves  m.  3480 

Misfortune  brings  m.  3632 

"           "          "  3559 

in  Old  Age -Elizabeth.  3567 

Religious  m.-H.  D.  Gough.  1179 

"          "-Nelson.  1189 

"          "  of  CromweU.  4718 

"          "  Anabaptists.  4719 

See  SORROW  in  "fcc 

MEMENTO. 

Cross-reference. 

Exasperating  m.  of  injury.  4861 


MEMENTOES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Affection  nourished  bym.-Scott.lll 
in  Bereavement-Precious  m.-S.  Ill 

MEMORIAL. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Delayed  till  death.  2625 

Epitaph-Mrs.  Gen.  Jackson.  6086 
of  Patriotism-Bunker  Hill.  4056 
Strange  m.-"  Sandwich."  6146 

Unworthy  of  m.-Andre.  2616 

of  Wickedness-Medal.  4541 

See  EUCHARIST. 
Blessing  in  the  e..  Spiritual.       5085- 

See  RELIC. 
Auspicious  r.-Holy  lance.         *4667 

See    RELICS. 

Bogus  religious  r.  *4668 

Fictitious-Magdalen's  girdle.  *4669 

See  MONUMENT  in  loc. 

MEMORIALS. 

Enduring  m.-Language.  *3568 

Odd  m.-"  Old  shoes."  *3569 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Destroyed-Priceless-Rom.  by  N.329 
Neglected  m.-George  II.  2717 

MEMORY. 

Blunders  of  m.-Goldsmith.  *3570 
Excellent  m.-S.  Johnson.  *35ri 

Extraordinary  m.-Poet  Shelley*3572 
"-William  III.*3573 
Marvellous  m.-Napoleon  I.      ♦3574 
Patriotic  m.-A.  Lincoln.  *35~5 

Trained  m.-A.  Lincoln.  •3576 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Age-Cato.  12S 

of  Bereavement-Wordsworth.  56ff 
Improved  m.  of  names-J'hnson.3778 
of  Names-Themistocles.  4315 

Pleasing  m.  of  mother.  2163 

Unappreciated-Themi?tocles.    2196 

See  REMEMBRANCE. 
Painful  r.  revived.  2645 

See  REMINISCENCE. 

Frequent  r.-A.  Lincoln.  ♦2678 

See  FORGETFULNESS  in  loc. 

MEN. 
Angelic  m. -Swedenborg. 
vs.  Animals.-Napoleon  I. 
Great  m.,  Courting. 

"     "    Periods  of. 

"     "    Providential. 


Imaginary  m.  of  America. 
Large  m.,  Brigade  of. 
Misplaced-James  II.-Raleigh, 
Self-made  m.-William  Pllt. 
Similarity  in  m.-Babes. 


♦3577 
♦3578 
♦3579 
♦3580 
♦3581 
♦3582 
♦3583 
♦3.584 
♦3585 
♦3686 
♦3587 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Born  to  rule-Englishmen.  198 

Contemptible  m. -Do-nothing  k.2916 
Diversity  in  m.-James  II  and  K.2903 
Equality  of  m.-Levellers.    1002,1003 
"  "  -Gnostics.  1001 

Interested  in  m.-Travellers.  6687 
Misjudged-Indians  by  English.  585 
Monster-Headless  m  .-African8.2792 


MEN— MIND. 


887 


Old  m.,  Suicide  of. 

Quality  of  m.  exhibited. 

Self-deified  m.-Greek  princes. 

Semi-demon  m.-Huns. 

of  Small  mind. 

Zeal  of  m.-Bell-ringer. 

See  MONSTER. 
Moral  m.- Alexander, 

"       "  -Caligula. 

"       "  -Caracalla. 

*'       "  -Catiline. 

"       "  -Constantino  V. 

"       "  -Napoleon 

"       *'  -Nero. 


"       "  -Timour. 

See  MAN  in  loc. 

OTEN  (Gbkat). 
Courting  g.  m. 
I'eriods  of  g.  m. 
•rovidential. 


1416 
3843 
3511 
1528 
1150 
1903 

1456 
1352 
1333 
1295 
1362 
1529 
1«87 
1347 
1359 
1337 
1368 


♦3579 
♦3580 
*3581 
♦3582 


Miscellaneous  cross  references. 
Coincidence-Romulus  and  T.       967 
Dishonored-Columbus.  1648 

-Ad.  Blake.  1657 

Jii^mpleofg.  m.-Conversation.ll70 
Overpraised-Pompey.  4370 

Weakness  of  g.  m.-D'mosth'n's.5959 
See  AGE  in  loc. 

iriERCHANTS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Enterprise  of  m.-John  Cabot.      981 

Patriotism  of  m. -Boston  Rev.     692 

See  BUSINESS,  COMMERCE  and 

TRADE  in  loc. 


OTERCY. 

Provision  for  m.-A.  Lincoln. 


♦3588 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Affection  without  mercy. 
Despised  by  Jeffreys. 
Lack  of  m.-Old  England. 
Odious  m.  of  James  II. 
Pleading  for  m.-Calais. 

See  PITY  in  loc. 

MERIT. 

Evidence  of  m.-Promotion. 
Force  of  m.-Poet  Terence. 
Ignorance  of  m.-Saracens. 
Nobility  by  m.-Napoleon  I. 
Partial  m.-8amuel  Johnson. 
Promotion  by  m. -Anglo-Sax. 
Supremacy  of  m.-Napoleon  I. 


3068 
2860 
3997 
4639 


♦3589 
♦3590 
♦3591 
♦3592 
♦3593 
♦3594 
♦3595 


Miscellaneous  cross  references. 
VS.  Adulation-Athenians.  5337 

Borrowed  m.  charged-Raphael.  445 
Combined  m.  of  Raphael.  446 

Crown  of  m.-Romans.  1325 

Encouragement  to  m.-Crown.  1324 
Honors  without  m.  3963 

"     for  m.-"  Win  spurs."     2630 
Less  than  money.  3671 

Mediocre  m.  despised  by  8helley.l97 
vs.  Merit-Moez.  3674 

Nobility  of  m.-Sentimental.       1917 


Overlooked-John  Adams. 
Persecuted  by  inferiors. 
Precedence  of  m.,  Small. 
Promotion  by  m. -Cromwell. 
"         "    "  -Spartans. 
Recognition  of  m.  by  Timour. 
Respect  for  m. -School. 
Rewarded  vs.  Rank. 
Royalty  of  m.-Cromwell. 
of  Saints-Transferred  by  pope, 
Success  by  m.-"Win  his  spurs. 

"  "  "  -A.  Johnson. 
Test  of  m. -Fight-Cerberus. 
Women,  Four  perfect. 

See  GOODNESS, 
of  God,  Infinite  g. 
Greatness  of  g.-C.  de'  Medici. 
Lasting  glory  of  Agesilaus. 
Respected-John  the  Good. 

See  WORTH. 
Moral  w. -Louis  IX. 


4314 
2055 
4398 
4512 
1822 
1367 
4891 
5033 
2320 
711 
'1560 
5416 
3338 
6076 

1423 

2477 
2363 
2618 

♦6170 


Eminence  by  w.-H.  Wilson.       1868 

Work  brings  w.-Oxen.  6154 

See  DISTINCTION  and  GENIUS 

in  loc. 

MESSENGER. 
Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Alarm-Paul  Revere.  5881 

"  Peace  respected-Peace  pipe.  4092 
Swift  m.-Wolsey  for  Henry  VIL1895 
Uninstructed  yet  instructive.        42 

See  AMBASSADOR. 
Ridioulous.a.-Voltaire  to  Fred.  II.  4 
Strange  a.-Joan  of  Arc.  2893 

See  AMBASSADORS. 
Bribed  by  Philip  of  Macedon.      671 

METAPHYSICS. 
Contempt  for  m.-Napoleon  I.  ^3596 


Cross-reference. 

Bewildering  m.-Infldelity.  2826 

See  MIND  in  loo. 

METHOD. 

Life  regulated  by  m.-J.  W'sley.^3597 

See  SYSTEM. 
Living  by  s.-Alfred  the  Great.  ♦5500 

in  Benevolence-J.  Wesley.  549 

"  "  -Old  England.    4295 

"  "  -John  Howard.  3650 

See  PLAN. 
Life  without  a  p.-Milton.  2107 

"    with  a  grand  p.-Milton.       194 

METHODISM. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Persecution  of  m.  in  England.    698 

"  '*    "    "  Ireland.      702 

Freedom  of  discussi'n-C'nf 'r'nce.705 

MIGHT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

makes  Right-Indians  robbed.    4331 

"  "     -Pedestrians.  5355 

MIIiDNESS. 

Cross-reference. 

Ill-timed  m.-New  York  mob.     3646 

See  GENTLENESS  and  LENITY 

in  loc. 

MIND. 

VS.  Body-Columbus.  ♦3598 

"       "  -Wm.  P.  of  Orange.    *2&m 


Entertainment  of  m.  at  meals.  ^3600 
Infirmities  of  m.,  Universal,  ♦seoi 
Surroundings  of  m.-Cr'mw'U.  ^3602 
Undeveloped-Countrymen.  ♦SOOS 
Undisturbed  by  anxiety.  ♦3604 

Versatility  of  m.-Queen  Eliz.    ♦3605 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Absence  of  m.-O.  Goldsmith.       609 
Absorbed  by  study-Shelley.  18 

Abstraction  of  m..  Art  in-W.  S.  19 
"  -Blunders  by  Newton.20 
"        -Dangerous-A.  21 

Achievement  of  m..  Brilliant.  1871 
Activity  of  m.  in  old  age.  1010 

Agitated  by  religion-Fox.  3564 

Agony  of  m. -Josephine.  1699 

Affects  the  body-Clark.  1181 

Anguish  of  m.-Nap.  at  Wat'rloo.3817 
Art  of  conti  oiling  m. -Sadness.  3561 
Ascendency  of  m.-Civilization.  5735 
Complex  action  of  m.-Nap.  1575 
Confused  by  a  trlek-"Button."  19 
Dejected-William  Pitt.  1515 

Diet  affects  m. -Mahomet.  2180 

Display  of  powers-Jefferson.  2305 
Diversion  of  m.-heals  melanch.  3561 
Diverted  by  amusement.  5138 

Dulness  overcome  by  study.       1776 
"       of  m.-Fogies.  2165 

"       "  "    in  boyhood.  640 

Employment  of  m.,  Noble-Nap.3826 
Fed-Body  unfed.  3794 

Food  makes  inequality  in  m.  4606 
Harmonious  m.,  Milton's.  2340 

vs.  Morals-Aspasia.  1256 

Morbid  m.  of  Benj.  Abbott.       1109 
"    "Constans.  1108 

Phenomena  of  m.,  Mysterious.  3761 
"    "  "  3762 

Polish  vs.  Morality.  3707 

Preparation  of  m. -Milton.  1014 

Pres«nce  of  m.  in  battle.  1608 

"         "    "-Margaret.  1045 

Reaction  of  m.  on  body.  1013 

Reviewed  in  a  diary.  1574 

Superior  to  surroundings  B'rns.lOlt^ 
Superiority  of  m.-Sculptor.  5056 
Supremacy  of  m.-Body-Nap.  198? 
Triumph  of  m.- Roger  Bacon.      697 

See  ABSTRACTION. 
Art  of  a.-''  Waistcoat  button."    ^19 
Blunders  by  a.-Newton.  ^20 

Dangerous  a.-Archlmedes.  ^21 


Absence  of  mind-Goldsmith. 
Aroused  from  a.-John&on. 
Philosopher's  a. -Archimedes. 
Youthful  a.  by  study-Newton. 
"       Study  of-Pascal. 
See  IMBECILITY. 
Intemperance  produces  I. 
Official  i.-Invasion  of  Canada, 
Ridicule  of  natural  i. 

See  METAPHYSICS. 
Contempt  for  m.-Nap.  1. 


609 
2310 
1905 
2100 
2324 

2916 
2025 
1566 

♦3596 


Bewildering  effect  of  m.-Infidel.2826 

See  PRECOCITY, 
Remarkable  p.-James  Watt.    ^4402 
"  "  -Alex.  Pope.      ^44' '3 


888 


MINISTER— MISSIONS. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Educational  p.-S.  Johnson.        1815 

of  Genius-William  C.  Bi-yant.    2329 

Juvenile  p.  of  Themistocles.        635 

in  Mathematics.  8632 

-Colburn.  3533 

Remai  kable  p.-Johnson-3  years.  793 

Youthful  p.  of  B.  Franklin.  636 

See  GEIJIUS.    IMAGINATION, 

MEMORY  and  THOUGHT 

in  loo. 

MINISTER. 

Miscellaneous '  cross-references. 
Conversion  from  vice.  2351 

Disgulsed-John  Bunyan.  1650 

Faithful  m.  commended.  8202 

"       vfords  of  m.  3437 

Hospitality  to  m.-Heartless.       2646 
Illiterate  m.-Eloquent.  4389 

Immoral  m. -Swearing.  3708 

Invention  of  m. -Power-loom.  2971 
Marriages  by  m.-Cheap,  6000  p.  3432 
Obedience  of  m.-Hopeless.  3845 
•«  "  -Dream-Bangs.3846 
Patience  of  m.  tried.  4033 

in  Politics-Rev.  John  BalL         4520 
Povert  y  of  m.-Luther.  4346 

Eeproof  by  m.-Anger.  2646 

Unscrupulous  m.-J.  Swift.         4016 

milVISTJBRS. 
Constrained-Mahomet.  *3607 

Discreet  m.-Pagans.  *3608 

Salaries  of  m.-£50  to  £72.         *3609 

'•       "    "  -Tobacco.  *3610 

Wives  of  m.-Duties.  *3611 

Work  of  m.,  Lay.  *3612 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bigoted  m.-Country  parsons.     2707 
Discouragements  of  m.-M'hm't.l630 
Fear  of  ridicule-England.  4416 

Hardships  of  early  m.  1149 

of  Idolatrous  w'rship.-Brahmin.2705 
Poverty,Benev'lence  of  m.  with.4346 

miNISTRT. 

Call  to  m.  by  a  text.  *8618 

.<    •»    a  _Three  tests.  *3614 

Early  m.-Kichard  Watson.       *3615 

Expelled  from-Rev.  S.  J'hns'n.*3616 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Activity  in  the  m.-Bp.  Coke.     1570 
Call  to  the  m.-Mother's-A.  J.     8796 
Discouragement  at  beginning.    264 
in  the  m.  4234 

Education  for  m.,  Benevolent.  1804 
Embarrassed  by  caste.-A.  Burr.  856 
Faithful  m.-"Hearme  athome."872 
Heavenly  m.-Rev.  J.  Tunnell.  2398 
Hindrance  to  m.-Dress.  1737 

Independence  of  m.-M'th'd'8ts.2787 
against  Intemperance.  2918 

Itinerant  m.,  Methodist.  3001 

Laborious  m.-John  Wesley.  8116 
Open  to  all  m.-Puritans.  4390 

Opposed  by  persecution.  4121 

Privations  in  the  m.  4472 

"  •'    "    '•  5000 

Rejected  by  unappreciative  p.  875 
Ridiculed-Puritan  laymen.  4391 
Salary  of  m.-400  8ermons-t4.      5000 


Secularized  vs.  Spiritual. 
Timidity  embarrasses  m. 

..  ;m,k. 

Travelling  m.-Whitefield. 
Uneducated  m.-Bunyan. 
Zeal  in  m.-John  Wesley. 
'*    "  "  -George  Whitefleld. 
See  AUDIENCE. 
Necessary  for  great  oratory. 
Speaker  impressed  by  a. 

See  CONGREGATIONS. 
Large  o.  of  John  Wesley. 
See  HEARERS, 
Unappreciative  h.,  Johnson's. 

See  HEARING. 
Released  from  h.-C"ngr'gation, 


4391 
1860 
2023 
2029 
1823 
6221 
6216 

3952 
4822 

*1066 

*2532 

*2533 


Determined  on  a  h.-Luther.  257 

Prevented  by  appetite-Cato.  266 

See  PULPIT. 

Conservatism  of  p.-Politics.  *4562 

Controlled  by  James  II.  *4563 

See  CLERGY  and  SERMON  in  loo. 

MINORITT. 

Power  of  m. -James  II.  *3617 

"  "  -Cromwell.  ♦3618 

Presumptuous  m.-Politics.  ♦3619 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
Rule  of  m.  attempted-Jas.  II.    2487 

miRACIiE. 

Fraudulent  m.-Weeping  Virgin^3620 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Apparent  m.- Walls  fall.  5824 

Constructive  m.-Wm.  P.  of  O.  4555 

Contempt  for  false  m.  3528 

Failure  of  expected  m.  2087 

Popular  m.-Coincidence.  965 

by  Saints  only.  5704 

of  Superstition-Persian.  1285 

"           -"  King's  Evil."  1380 

Supposed  m.-Joan  of  Arc.  2695 

miRACIiES. 

False  m.-Delphic  priests. 
"     "   Mahomet's 


by  Martyrs-Catholic. 
Modem  m.-Blaise  Pascal's. 
Monkish  m.-Legendary. 

See  SUPERNATURAL. 
Credulity  concerning  the  s. 
"        of  West  Indians. 
See  INSPIRATION  in  loo. 


♦3621 
♦3622 
♦3623 
♦3624 
♦3625 
♦3626 

8907 
6143 


MIRTH. 

Ill-timed  m.  of  O.  CromwelL    ♦3627 

See  HUMOR  in  loo. 

MISANTHROPIST. 

Cross-reference. 
Predictions  of  m.,  Gloomy.         5386 

MISER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Changed  by  prayer.  4386 

Misery  of  m.  by  S  Johnson.        425 

See  PARSIMONY. 
Costly  p.  of  James  IL  ^4008 


MISERY. 

Miscellaneous  cro^s-references. 
Delight  in  m.  of  others-Jeffreys.2862 
Infliction  of  m.-Arcadia.  448 

Reaction  of  m.  on  oppressors.  5737 
Royal  m.-Constantinople.  4949 

"      "  -Stuarts.  4951 

Splendid  m.-Roman  Emp.         2622 
See  SUFFERING  in  loo. 

MISFORTUNE. 

Born  to  m.-Charles  I.  ♦3628 

Cruelty  with  m.-Am.  Indians.  ^3629 
Fellowship  in  m.-L.  Bon'p'rte.^3630 
Overruled-Oliver  Goldsmith.   ♦3631 


Degrading  p.  of  Frederick  II. 
Reputation  for  p.,  False. 


4597 
1764 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Business  m.  overruled.  2969 

Comfort  in  m. -Mahomet  lives.  1568 
Courted-Battle  of  Fr'd'cksb'rg.5366 
Exasperation  in  m.  feared.  1267 
Greatness  in  m.-Comelia.  6072 

"        shown  in  m.-Caesar.  1491 
Heedlessness  brings  m.  2546 

Insulted  in  m.-James  II.  2905 

Interpreted  by  conscience.  1100 
Mitigated  by  courtesy.  1260 

Multiplied-Melancholy  by  m.  3556 
National  m. -Armada  fails.  2028 
Overwhelmed,  Suddenly-A.  3106 
Reversed  by  tact-Slave.  32 

Solace  in  m..  Music  a.  8748 

Wealth  by  others'  m.-Crassus.    683 

MISFORTUNES. 

Effect  of  m.-Fred.  the  Great.   ♦3635* 


Cross-reference. 
Multiplied  m.,  Melancholy  by.   855J> 
See  THE  UNFORTUNATE. 
Cross-reference. 
Banishment  for  the  u.  2218 

See    ACCIDENT,    ADVERSITY, 
BEREAVEMENT  and  CA- 
LAMITY in  loc. 

MISSION. 

in  Life-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.        ♦SesS 
Misjudged-Louis  Philippe.        ♦3634 

MISSIONARIES. 

Discoveries  by  m.-Catholic.  ♦3635 

Heroism  of  Jesuit  m.  ♦3686 

Zealous  m.-St.  Patrick.  ♦Sesr 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Cosmopolitan  m. -Jesuits.  8018 

of  Cruelty-Spanish  priests.         2861 
Heroism  of  Jesuits.  8608 


MISSIONART. 

False  m.-Cortez. 


♦8688 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Intentional  m.-Dr.  Coke.  639 

"  "  -Columbus.  841 

6151 

Revengeful  m.-Mahomet.  1468 

Unsuccessful  m.-Wesley  1123 

MISSIONS. 

by  Conquest  a  failure.  ♦8639 

Destroyed  in  Japan.  ^8640 

and  Science-Columbus.  ♦8641 

Successful  in  Japan.  ♦8643 


MISTAKE— MONEY. 


889 


to  be  8u8tained-M.  B.  Cox, 
Zeal  for  m.-Thomas  Coke. 


*3648 
♦3644 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
Providence  in  m.  in  Africa.        4554 

MISTAKE. 

Encouraging  m.-Colambus.      *3645 
See  ERROR  in  loo. 

mis  TRESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Charms  of  m.-Klng  John.  2618 

"       "  Cath.  Sedley.-Jas.II.2842 

J'asolnating  m.-C.  Sedley-J.II.  5054 

Heartless  m.-Cleopatra.  4227 

Infatuating  charms  of  m.-P,      2819 

m.-Mary  Stuart.     3342 

Tyranny  over  Milo  the  athlete.  5960 

Wife  wronged  by  m.  1133 

See  COURTESAN  in  loo. 

inoB. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Audacity  of  Paris  m.-Revolution.658 
iCalmness  amid  the  m.-Wesley.   698 
of  Fanatics  controlled  by  dem.     40 
Hostility  of  m.-Wesley.  702 

JVIistaken-Cinna  put  to  death.     372 
Terrifying  m.-New  York  draft.  3646 
See  RIOT  in  loo. 

MOCKERY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

.1  Agony  of  martyrs.  1358 

"  Extortloner-Rufinus.  427 

"  Religion-Emperor  Michael.    4723 

Taunt  of  women-Influence  of.  2504 

See  RIDICULE  in  loo. 

MODERATION. 

Cross-reference. 

in  Victory-General  Grant.  5825 

See  CONSERVATISM  in  loo. 

MODESTT. 

•Conspicuous-Ben j.  Franklin.  ♦3647 

of  Genius-Isaac  Newton.  *3648 

iHero's  m.-Garibaldl.  *3649 

TTnopposed-John  Howard.  ♦3650 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Blushing  young  man  hated.        6178 
of  Genius-Socrates.  3563 

Heroic  m.  of  Charles  XII.  1970 

Importance  of  m.-Cato  and  M.    107 
Noble  m.  of  Isaac  Newton.         1631 

See  PRUDERY. 

Puritanic  p.-Statuary.  830 

See  HUMILITY  In  loc. 

MONEY, 

Affection  shown  by  m.  ^3651 

■llhanged  value  of  m.  ^3652 
•Corrupted  by  m.-Govemment  *3653 

Dangers  of  m.-Spartans.  *3654 

'Debased  with  iron.  *3655 

iDeclined  by  Pope-Pension.  ♦sese 

JDepreciated-Clipped.  ♦3657 

"               "  ♦3658 

"         -Continental  m  ♦3659 

Dlsregarded-S.  Adams.  ♦3660 

"Earning  m.,  Lincoln's  first.  ^3661 

;    Expensive  m.-Obnoxious-C.  1.^3662 

tove  of  m.-Jews.  ♦3663 


Meanness  and  money.  ♦3664 

Paper  m.,  John  Law's.  ♦3665 

"      "    -Assignats.  ♦3666 

"      "    -Bankruptcy.  ^3667 

"      "    -Am.  Colonies.  *3668 

"      "    -Legal  tenders.         *3669 

Power  of  m.  in  politics.  +3670 

"       "    "  -SociaL  *3671 

"      "    "  -Buys  throne.       *3672 

Pressure  for  m.-Duo  d'  Orleans*3673 

vs.  Merlt-Moez.  ^3674 

"  Religion-Dutch.  ♦3675 

Rule  of  the  State.  *3676 

Serviceable-Incitement.  ♦3677 

Throne  for  m.-Roman.  ♦3678 

Use,  Valuable  by-S.  Johnson.  ^3679 

"  -Empire  with  m.  ♦3680 

Wanted  for  Crusade-Richard  I.  ♦3681 

Worthless  m.  enforced-Brass.  ♦3682 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Adulation  for  m.,  Author's.         498 
Affection,  Proof  of.  3651 

Atonement  in  m.-Crimes.  8291 

Blood  m.  by  persecution.  4128 

Burden  of  m.  3680 

Captivated  by  sight  of  m.  4478 

Condones  crime  of  pirates.  2434 
Corruption  m.  refused.  1097 

Coveted  by  Henry  III.  1264 

Curse  of  m.-"Downhisthroat."1265 
Declined  by  Gen.  Washington.  4058 
in  Diplomacy-Louis  XIV.  169 

Empire  bought-Roman.  3678 

"  "     with  m.-Roman.3876 

Enjoyment  in  m.-Twofold-J.  425 
or  Excommunication.  1976 

Friendship  confirmed  by  m.  2236 
Gift  of  m.  declined.  4882 

Gods  controlled  by  m.  4706 

Inferiority  of  m.-Fine  Art.  347 

Interest  on  m.  legalized.  2958 

Illegally  obtalned-James  L  61 

Justice  afforded  for  m.  3066 

for  Llfe-£15,000,000.  3067 

Lost  by  hidlng-S.  Johnson.         717 
Love  of  m.-Engllsh  politics.       3890 
"      "    "  tested.  2001 

Lovers  for  m.-Spartan.  5989 

Manliness  better  than  m.  3467 

Marriage  for  m. -Byron.  8465 

"         "    "    Cicero's.  3464 

"         "   "-Common.  3466 

"  "  "  -Divorced  wife.3460 
Office  bought  with  m.-England.3885 
Oracle  bought  with  m.  4707 

Popularity  by  m.-Sylla.  3877 

Power  of  m.-Substitutes  repent. 711 
"  "  "  "       827 

Powerless-Death.  1408 

"         to  bribe-AndrS.  1043 

Protection  of  criminal  by  m.  1210 
Raising  m..  Device  for.  620 

Relative  power  of  m.  1152 

Rivals  talent-Rome.  4920 

Sins  pardoned  for  m.  4309 

by  Speculation-Fisk  and  6onld.5279 
Tainted-Field  of  blood.  3067 

"  -Rejected-Canute.  3061 
Unappreciated  by  barbarians.  278 
Use  or  abuse  of  m.  5755 


Use  of  m.-Benevolence.  551 

Wasted  by  maladministration.  2995 
Wasteful  of  m.-Poet  Shelley.  4211 
Wisely  used-Economy.  3095 

See  AVARICE. 
Acquired  hablt-S.  Johnson.       ^425 
of  Clergy-15th  century.  ^426 

Contempt  for  a.  of  Rufinus.  ^427 
Corrupted  by  a. -Romans.  ^428 

Criminal-London  tailors.  *429 

Deception  of  a.-Henry  VII.  ^430 
Demands  of  a.-Henry  VII.  *431 
Glory  In  a.  Aged  Cato  the  Censor *432 
Official  a.-John  of  Cappadocia.*433 
Punished  a.  of  Crassus.  *43-l 

Royal  a.-Henry  VIIL  *435 

"       "-Wm.  the  Conqueror.    *436 
"-George  II.  ♦437 

Ruled  by  a.-Commodus.  *438 

Shameful  a.-Courtiers  of  J.  II.  *4.39 
Supremacy  of  a.-Confederates.*440 


Appeal  to  a.  of  James  I.  4478 

Confiscations  to  a.-Caligula.  1352 
vs.  Contempt-Romans.  5767 

Craze  of  a.-Gold-seekers.  2388 

Crimes  of  a.  suppressed.  3655 

Degraded  by  a.-Theodora.  1583 

Endangers  the  State.-England.  1615 
Enthusiasm  of  a.-Gold-seekers.2389 
Forgotten-Rebuilding  temple.  863 
Heartless  a.-Rome-Famine.  2079 
Incapable  of  a.-Alexander.  1673 
an  Instrument,  not  an  end.  3680 
Reputation  lost  by  a.-Demosth.  672 
Royal  a.-Maxlmin.  1049 

Shameful  a.-Courtiers  of  Jas.  11.607 
of  Slavery-English  prisoners.     5183 
Victims  of  a.-Gold-seekers.       2380 
"       "-Official.  2403 

War  by  a.-East  India.  5879 

with  Wealth-Pythius.  4881 

Woman's  a.-Court  of  James  11.6041 

See  BANK. 
Prejudice  against  national  b.    4409 

See  BANKERS. 
Plundered-Jewish-England.      ^449 
Prejudice  against  b.-Lombards.*450 


Injustice  to  b.-Charles  II.  2892 

Patriotic  b.-R.  Morris.  8659 

Prejudice  against  Jewish.  449 

See  BLACKMAIL. 

Contribution  justified.  2008 

See  CAPITAL. 

Conservative  o.-Clcero.  ^709 

a  Crime-Jews.  ^710 

Spiritual  c.  In  indulgences.  ^711 


vs.  Labor-English  weavers.  309(r 

See  CAPITALISTS. 

Extortionate  c.-Jews.  ^712 

Nation  of  c.-Jews.  ♦713 

See  COIN. 

Clipped  in  England-Money  d.  ^964 


710 


Clipping  of  c.  punished-Ed.  I. 

See  CURRENCY, 
in  Salt-Abyssinlans.  ♦1384 

See  MISER. 
Changed  by  prayer.  4886 

Misery  of  m.  by  S.  Johnson,        429 


890 


MONK— MOTHER. 


See  PARSIMONY. 
Costly  p.  of  James  II. 


*4008 


Degrading  p.  of  Frederick  II.  4597 

Eeputation  for  p.,  False.  1764 

See  SIMONY. 

Disgraceful  s.  of  Wm.  Penn.  2775 

Sale  of  popedom.  1203 

See  USURY. 

Inevitable-Rome.  *5757 

Law  of  u.-Romans.  *5758 

"    "  "  -LucuUus.  *5759 

Laws  against  u.  in  England.  *5760 
See  BRIBE,  ECONOMY,  EXTOR- 
TION, FINANCE,  GOLD 
and  "WAGES  in  loc. 

mONK. 

Cross-reference. 
Bold  deed  of  m.-Telemachus-G.835 

MONKERY. 

Early  progress  of  m.-Popul»r.*8888 
Origin  of  m.-Body  subdued.  *3684 
Success  of  m.^th  century.       *3685 

MONKS. 

Artistic  English  m. 
Wealthy  m.  of  Italy. 


*3686 

*3687 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Austerity  of  Egyptian  m.  397 

Beggary  promoted  by  m.  500 

Fanaticism  of  m.  3762 

Literature  preserved  by  m.  3315 
Military  m.-Templars.  1623 

Obedience  of  m.  3847 

Popularity  of  m.-9th  century.  3171 
Remarkable  fanaticism-Pillar  S.5012 
Surviving  their  usefulness.        5756 

MONOMANIAC. 

Rashness  of  m.-John  Brown.  *3688 

See  INFATUATION  and  INSANITY 

in  loc. 

MONOPOLIES. 

Encouraged-Charles  I.  *3689 

Unpatriotic-Oliver  Cromwell.  *3690 

MONOPOIiY. 

Abolished-Land  m.  *3691 

Commercial  m.  by  Charles  II.  *3692 
"  "  English  Col.  *3693 
vs.  Conscience-Peter  Cooper.  ^3694 
Exasperating  m.-Charles  I.  *3695 
and  Famine-Rome.  *3696 

Land  m.-Plymouth  Colony.  *3697 
of  Manufactures-England.  *.3698 
*'  "  "  *3699 

•'  •'  -Dutch.  *3700 

Powers  of  m.  in  United  States.*3701 
Reslsted-Governmental.  *3702 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

hi  Bibles-England.  576 

"  Houses-Marcus  Crassus.  683 

'*  Manufactures-English.  3425 

Newspaper  m.-Charles  II.  3814 

Ruinous  m. -Roman  Empire.  4956 

Women  again«t  m  -Soap.  6131 

MONSTER  (Moral.) 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Moral  m.-Alexander.  1456 

"      "-Caligula.  1362 


Moral  m.-Caracalla. 

1333 

"       "-Catiline. 

1295 

"       "-Constantine  V. 

1362 

"       "-Napoleon. 

1529 

"       "-Nero. 

1287 

t>                 «             4i 

1347 

«                 i.             .4 

1359 

"       "-Timour. 

1337 

.1 

1368 

MONUMENT. 

Miscellaueous  cross-references. 
of  Affection-Husband's  m.         6061 
Architectural  m.-St.  Peter's.      4660 
in  Architecture-Pericles.  1769 

"  Burial  concealed-River-bed.  687 
Declined  by  John  Howard.  4372 
in  Deeds-Justinian-Juri8prud'nce.4 
Deserved  m.-John  Cabot.  991 

Ghastly  m.-90,000  Heads.  5920 

Bemoval  of  m.  ingenious.  2846 

Ridiculous  m.,  Constantine's.  5780 
of  Vengeance-Nemesis.  5792 

See  MEMORIAL  in  loc. 

MOODS. 

Reaction  of  m.-\V  m.  Cowper.  *3703 

See  DISPOSITION  in  loc. 

MORAIilTV. 

Conventional  m. -Shelley's  f.  *3704 
Denied-Roman  C.  in  England.  *3705 
Philosophic  m.  of  Socrates.  *3706 
Preserves  the  State-Rome.  ♦3709 
"  •3710 

vs.  Refinement-Rome.  *3707 

Shallow  m.-Clerical.  *3708 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
In  Army  of  Cromwell.  5251 

Conspicuous  m.of  business  men. 691 
Decline  in  English  m.  2994 

Destruction  of  public  m.  4618 

Deterioration  of  Roman  m.  2065 
Devotion  without  m.  2732 

Doubtful  m.  of  slavery-Cortez  1106 
Indifferent  to  m.-Elizabeth.  1596 
Low  standard  of  m. -Bribery.  669 
in  Motive-Samuel  Johnson.  3734 
Needful  for  liberty.  8222 

"       to  the  State-Censor.       747 

"  "  "  "  -Romans.  428 
Object  of  Persian  religion.  4709 
Perfection  of  pagan  m.  4730 

Preserved  in  army-Gus.  XII.     4174 

"  "  convents.  1169 

Promoted  in  benevolence.  4163 
Reasonable  m.  of  Christianity.  2830 
Rejected  by  art-Debauched  R.  103 
Religion  the  fountain-R.  2370 

vs.  Religion  of  Artasires.  4724 

Standard  of  political  m.  4245 

Training  in  m.-Persian  youth.   1771 
Undermined  by  false  phll'8'phy.l713 
"  '   Jesuits.  1105 

Unmeritoriousm. -Monks.  1169 

See  VIRTUE. 
False  v.-Wlfe  of  Constantine.  *5838 
Political  v.-Lord  Rochester.  *5839 
Protection  of  v.-Romans.  *5840 
Public  v.-Emperor  Pertinax.  *5841 
Severity  in  v.-Stoics.  *5848 

Superior  v.-Phocion.  ♦5843 


Uncertain,  Natural  v.  ♦684* 

Austerity  in  stoical  v.  5842 

in  Conservatism-Halifax.  1132 

Conspicuous  v. -Canute.  3061 

bj  Contention-Spartans.  2522 

Distrusted  by  the  vicious.  3412 

False  V.  of  Messalina.  6064 

"     view  of  v.-Cynics.  5677 

by  Industry-Roman  army.  2812 

Influence  of  example.  3595 

Life  prolonged  by  v.  3714 

Losl^Suicide  of  Lucretia.  5786 

Needful  for  republican  gov't.  2455 

Overcome  by  strategem.  2276 

Pleasure  endangers  v.  4198 

Popularity  lost  by  v.-Vane.  4313 

Practical  v.  of  T.  Jefferson.  5371 

Punished  in  Valeria.  4800 

Restraint  o  f  v.- War.  4004 

Reward  of  v.-Self-applausp.  3249 

Shocked,  False  V -Peter  III.  600» 
above  Suspicion-Caesars  wife.  1942 

Vicious  v.-Patrioiism-Scots.  4076 

Woman's  v.-Roman.  584ft 
See  VIRTUES. 
Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Excess  in  heroic-Charles  XII.  1970* 

Imagimary  v.  of  ancestors.  1334 

Mixed  with  vices-Alexander.  1673 
See  CHARACTER  and  CON- 
SCIENCE in  loc. 

MORALS. 

by  Chastisemeni-Ed.  Rich.  ^3711 

Degraded-Aristocracy- Aust.  ♦3712- 

Examined-OfBcials-Athens.  *3713 

Exceptional-N.  E.  Colonies.  ^3714 

Ground  of  m.,  Diverse.  ♦3715 

Importance  of  m.  inPolltics.  *3716 

Rule  in  m.-Thales'.  ^3717 


MORTALITY. 

Remembered  before  battle. 


♦371& 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Religion  basis  of  m.  574» 

Reminded  of  m.-Philip.  111^ 

See  DEATH  fn  loc. 

MORTIFICATION. 

by  Failure-Castlemaine.  ♦3719- 

Hateful  m.-James  II.  ^3720 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Defeat-Montcalm.  1494 

by  "  -Horace  Greeley.  4281 
in  Disappointment-Henry  III.  1911 
of  Pride-Oliver  Goldsmith's.      2263 

»        u  a  a  4453 

"      '«           "           ••  4455 

See  DISGRACE  and  HUMILIATION 

in  loc. 

MOTHER. 

Honored,  Nero's  m.  ♦3721 

Humiliating  m.-Byron's.  ^3722 

Influence  of  m  on  Francis  I.  ♦3723 

Patriotic  m.-Spartan.  ♦8724 

"        "  -8.  Houston's.  ♦3725 

Power  of  m.-Napoleon's.  ♦3726 

"    "    »             .'  •3727 

Pride  of  m.-Comelia.  ♦3728 

Revenged  m.-Mrs.  Dustin.  ♦37S9' 


MOTHER-IN-LAW— MURDERER. 


891 


Baling  m.-Emp.  Alexander's.  *3730 
Sorrowful  m.-Indian's  c'ptive.*3731 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Affection  of  ro.  outr'ged  bylnd's.118 

Ambition  of  m.  gratified-Nero.  3721 

Ambitious  m.  of  Nero.  196 

Anxiety  for  son- Wordsworth's.  1668 

Assassinated  by  Nero.  1110 

Astounded-Matricide.  3743 

Beloved  after  death-Mrs.  C'wp'r.llO 

"       "     -W.  Scott's.  Ill 

Bereaved  of  a  m.-Sertorius.        113 

"       m.  consoled.  6072 

Cares  of  m.-Sallie  Ward.  2844 

Claims  of  m.,  Superior.  1705 

Cruel  m.-Irene  the  mother  of  L.  180 

Cruelty  to  m.-Caracalla.  1096 

Devoted  to  children-Luther's.    1820 

"  chUd-Indian.  3529 

Discerning  m. -Goldsmith's.        2301 

Dream  of  m.-Ed.  Rich.  3180 

Glad  m.  of  Washington.  6208 

Honored  in  children.  6059 

I         "       by  son-Theodoric.       2067 

f         •'       -Confucius.  5259 

'  Hopes  defeated-Ministry.  3796 

Independent  m.  of  W.  6054 

Longing  to  see  his  mother.,  P.     115 

Love  of  m.,  Superior- W.  P'nn's.3970 

"      "  "  -forgiving.  1273 

Malies  the  son.  3066 

"         "    man-J.  Quincy.         3287 

"         "       "  -Nero's.  13^(7 

Memory  of  m.-Pleasing.  2163 

Neglectful  m.-Nursing.  1193 

Outraged  by  cruelty  to  infant.    118 

Patriotic  m.  of  Pausanius.  5675 

Prayers  of  a  m.-Cartwright's.    1083 

"       "  "  -Henry  Boehm.      1086 

Precedence  of  m.-NapoIeon  I.  4950 

Regard  for  m  ,  Cromwell's.        2470 

"    tears  of  m.  4868 

Reproach  of  m.-Little  King.      1272 

Restrained  gently- Alexander's.  114 

Shameless  m.-Louisa  Maria.      2066 

I       "  "  Agripplna.  4369 

1        "  "  -Queen  of  Spain.    5125 

Teacher  of  children.  1789 

Tears  of  a  m.-C.  Marcius's  m.    6101 

"       "  "  "  -Alexander's.  114 

Vengeance  of  m.-H.  Dustin.      5790 

Wise  m.  of  J.  Wesley.  358 

See  PARENTS  in  loo. 

mOTHER-lN-IiAW. 

Hostility  to  ni.  in-1  -Milton's  d.*3732 

MOTHERS. 

Cruelty  of  Spartan  m. 
State  needs  good  m.-Nap. 
See  STEP-MOTHEE 
Power  of  s.-m.-Murder. 
See  MATERNITY  and  MATRICIDE 
in  loc. 

MOTION. 

Cross-reference. 
Perpetual  m.-Arkwright.  5168 

MOTIVE* 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Disguised  in  gov't.  8145 

Quality  determined  by  m.         3510 


1350 
3727 


4188 


MOTIVES. 

Higher  m.-Religious. 
Morality  in  m.-S.  Johnson. 


*3733 
*3734 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Conflicting  m.-Piety-Reverence.876 
Good  m.  defeated  by  bad  th'ori's.904 
Mixed  m.  inbenevolence-J'hns'n.521 

MOUNTAIN. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Difficult  passage  of  m.-Timour.l579 


Rebuked  by  Xerxes. 

MOUNTAINS. 

Benefit  of  m.-Africa. 


1028 


♦3735 


Cross-reference. 
Liberty  among  the  m. 

MOURNING. 

in  Bereavement,  Graded. 
National  m.-Death  of  Lincoln.  *3737 
Respectful  m.-Death  of  Wash.*3738 


8235 


*3736 


Cross-reference. 
Excessive  m.-Feasting  B'rb'ri'ns.BSS 

See  GRIEF. 
Conjugal  g.-Thos.  Jefferson.    *2486 
Fatal  g.-Artaxerxes.  *2487 

Public  g.-Fall  of  Jerusalem.     *2488 


Abstinence  in  g.-Wife  of  James.6068 

of  Affection-Daniel  Webster.      561 

Aged  by  g.-Andrew  Jackson.      105 

Angered  by  g.-Caracalla.  1096 

"       at  g.-Cambyses.  2881 

False  cure  for  g.-Promotlon.     2903 

Fatal  g.  of  James  V.  of  Scotland.306 
"    "-Dying  for  love.  3349 

"    "-Sudden  g.-Dr.  Mott.        8810 

Heart  broken  by  g.-Henry  II.    4005 
"  "        "   "  -Perronet. 

Madness  of  g.-Alexander. 

Overcome  by  g  -Josephine. 

of  Separation-Nap's  friends. 

Silence  of  g.-Napoleon  I. 

Solitude  for  g  -Confucius. 
See  REMORSE. 

of  Persecutors-Charles  IX, 

Royal  r.-Edward  IV. 


2534 
1428 
1869 
715 
5146 
5259 

♦4762 
*4761 


for  Forgery-De  Dlvion. 
Sudden  r.  for  murder- Alex. 

"     "  Ex'n  Joan  of  Arc. 
See  SORROW, 
a  Living  s.-Bad  son. 
Sentimental  s.-Xerxes. 


2192 
1744 
4021 
4137 

♦5267 
♦5268 


of  Ambition-Nap.  and  Josephine  104 
"  Bereavement- A.  Jackson.  105 
Crushed  by  parental  s.-H'nry  11.4005 
Mothers'  s.-Indian  war.  3731 

Parental  s.-Ruined  child.  794 

Touching  s.-Martyr  Taylor.       3073 
of  Women-Turks.  4356 

See  TEARS, 
of  Bereavement-Dan.  Webster.  561 
Fictitious  t.-Weeplng  virgin.  3620 
Fountain  of  secret  t. -Byron.  2535 
Power  of  maternal  t.  on  Alex.  114 
Refuge  of  emotion  in  t.-LincoIn.557  1 


3879 


Shameful  t.-Emp.  Vitellius. 

See  WAILING. 

Remedy  for  the  sick  Abyssin'ns.4759 

See  ADVERSITY,  BEREAVEMENT 

and  SUFFERING  in  loc. 

MULTITUDE. 

Fickleness  of  m.-O.  Cromwell.*3739 
Unreasoning  ID  .-Sheep.  *3740 

See  ASSEMBLIES. 
Interdicted-Religious-Eng.        *375 

See  ASSEMBLY. 

Immense-Centennial  year,  1876.4084 

"     -80,000  p.-Colosseum.     681 

Popular  a.  opposed.  2452 

Unwieldy-80.000  priests.  3833 

See  MASSES  and  NUMBERS  in  loc. 


MURDER. 

Atrocious  m.-Parmenio. 
of  Innocents-Richard  III. 


*3741 
*3742 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Atonement  for  m. -Money.  3273 

Diabolical  m.  of  A.  Lincoln.  373 
Duellist's  m.-A.  Hamilton.  1747 

Excusable-Persecution.  4122 

Government  provide  funeral-E.3160 
Indignation  at  m.  of  Becket.  3505 
Intentional  m.-Frederick  Wm.  3389 
Justifiable  m.  by  Capt.  J.  Smith.  80 
Justified  by  Jesuits.  3013 

Legal  m.-Execution  of  J.  of  Arc.  1726 
Licensed  by  legislation.  3273 

Mania  for  m.-King  Cambyses.    2881 
"      "      "  -Scott's  nurse.       2882 
Murder  for  m.-Rosamond.  1292 

Passionate  m.-Insanity-^sop.  4022 
Preparation  for  m.-Religious.  1107 
Reaction  against  m.-Caesar's.  4316 
Remorse  for  passionate  m.  4021 
Revenged  by  daughter.  6056 

Reward  for  m.-Necklace.  1343 

Shocked  by  Lincoln's  m.-So'ty.3810 
Slow  m.  of  Thos.  Overbury.  4226 
Vengeance  for  m.-Mary  Stuart.5784 


MURDERER. 

Painful  hospitality  to  a  m. 
Remor.-iC  of  m. -Alexander. 
Self-exposed  m.-Abbott. 
Smitten  of  God-Godwin. 
Wholesale  m.-Caracalla. 
See  ASSASSIN. 
Honored-Emp.  Caracalla. 

-Bothwell. 
Married  by  wife  of  victim. 
Motive  history  names. 
Religious  a.  of  Henry  III. 
Victim,  Mistake  of. 

See  ASSASSINS. 
Hatred  of  a.-Caesar's. 
Infamous  a. -Lincoln's. 
Religious  a.-Persia. 


2645 
1744 
1080 
2496 
1096 

1123 

2188 
3437 
2052 
1107 
9204 

♦372 
*373 


Deceived  by  Mahomet.  2495 

Justifled-H.  Dustin-Indian's.  3729 
Partisan  a.-Blue  and  green.  970 
Rebuked  by  f.  honors- Caesar's.  2251 
"  "  "  -Lincoln'8.2264 
Straggle  with  a.-Plzarro.  1068 

Terror  of-National  panlc-Kng.  3988 


892 


MURDERESS— NATION. 


See  ASSASSINATION. 
Attempted-Louis  Philippe. 
"       -Victoria, 

Conspiracy  for  a.-British  Cab. 
Deliverance  by  a. -Henry  III. 
Escape  from  a. -Lincoln. 
Fear  of  a.-Cromwell. 
General  a.  in  Ireland. 
Justified-Phillp  of  Greece. 
Patriotic  a.  of  Caesar. 
Peril  of  a.-Cromwell. 
Remarkable  a.-Cassar's. 


*360 
*361 
*362 
*363 
*364 
*365 
*366 
*367 
*368 
*369 
*370 
*371 


Ambition  provoked  a.  of  Ciesar.  184 
Attempted  a.  by  Jesuits.  3009 

"    "        "  3010 

1135 
2255 
4626 
3003 
3742 
1138 
4948 


Common-Reign  of  Wm.  I. 
Denounced  a.  of  Caesar. 
Disgrace  of  a.-Jamea  II. 
Failure  of  a.-Commodus. 
by  Gov't-Richard  III. 
Horrified  by  Cassar's  a.  • 
Plot  for  a.  of  Elizabeth. 
Political  a.-Duke  of  Gloucester.2162 
Reaction  of  a.  on  Henry  II.  6145 
Responsibility  for  a.-Henry  11.  2669 
Resort  to  a. -Nero-Mother.  1347 
Revenge  by  a.-.T.  Hamilton.  4861 
Scheme  of  a.  wholesale.  1140 

"        "    "  -Rosamond's.  67 

"        "   " -Catherine  deM.'s.6066 
Shocking  a.  of  Rizzio.  2687 

Terror  of  a.-Emp.  Augustus.     3891 

See  INFANTICIDE. 
Common  i.  by  mi^government.  2410 

See  MATRICIDE. 
Infamous  m.  by  Nero. 


3743 
1110 


See  PARRICIDE. 
Crime  of  p.  "  impossible." 
Punishment  of  p. 


*4006 
♦4007 


Youthful  p.-Boys  10  years  old.  1295 

See  EXECUTION,  MASSACRE, 

POISON  and  SLAUGHTER 

in  loc. 


MURDERESS. 

Murdered-Agrippina. 

MUSIC. 

Art  In  m.-Johnson. 
Condemned-Spartans. 
Imaginary-Dunstan. 
Love  of  m.-16th  century. 
Necessity-Vandals. 
Opposed  to  m.-Puritans. 
Political  power  of  m. 
Power  of  m.-Mary  Stuart, 
in  Strife-Charles  XII. 
Taste  for  m.-Italians. 
Unappreciated-Gen.  Grant. 
Undignified- Alciblades. 


*3743 

*3744 
♦3745 
*3746 
♦3747 
♦3748 
♦3749 
♦3750 
♦3751 
*3752 
♦3753 
♦3754 
♦3755 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Charms  of  m.-Savages.  8816 

Church  m.-Critic  of.  1304 

Devotion  to  m.-T.  Jefferson.  5371 

Difficulty  in  m.  met.  8979 

Exhilaration  by  m.  3753 

Fondness  for  m.-Cromwell's.  3178 

2j;norance,  Compensated.  34 


Impressive  m.  of  church-bells.  509 
Inspiration  In  m.-Wesley-Mobs.  698 

Laws  sung  to  m.  4223 

Passions  corrected  by  m.  4709 

Recreation  In  m.-Milton.  2498 

Relief  In  m.-Martln  Luther.  761 

Solace  In  misfortune.  3748 

Time,  Skill  requires.  1968 

Unpleasant  m.  for  rivals.  3356 

Unappreclated-Phlllp.  1968 

MUSICIAN. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Illustrious  m.-Homer. 
Neglected  m.-Starvation  of  E. 

See  SINGING. 
Friends  made  by  s.-Luther. 
Ridlculed-Plato's. 

See  SONG. 
on  the  Battlefield-Prussians. 

MUTIIiATIOIV. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Agriculturists  by  Theodorlc.  164 
by  Cowards-Romans.  5240 

Punishment  by  m.-Scots.  5791 

Revenge  by  m.-Coventry.  4857 

Selfm.  for  deception.  5348 

Soldiers  supported  by  State.      5243 

MUTINY. 

Courage  against  m.-Caesar.  *3756 
Cruel  m.-Henry  Hudson.  *3757 

by  Disappointment-Columbus.  *3758 
Reform  by  m.-British  Navy.  *1759 
of  Sailors-British  Navy.  ^3760 


2317 


1811 
1314 


3788 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Quelled  by  General  Jackson.      1963 
Sailors'  m.  -Columbu«.  1940 

Unparalleled  m.-Scottish  8'ld'rs.306 

See  SEDITION. 

Partisan  s.-"Blues  and  greens."5072 

See  DISLOYALTY  in  loc. 

MYSTERIES. 

Inexplicable  m.-S.  Johnson.      3761 


1530 
5455 
2186 
5458 
3198 
1521 


Miscellaneoiis  cross-references. 
of  Credulity-Sacred  Images.       1282 
Initiation  Into  heathen  m.  2864 

MYSTERY. 
Departure  of  Cleomedes. 
False  explanation  of  m. 
In  Food  supplies  for  all. 
Inexplicable  m.  to  Indians 
in  Letters  to  savages. 
Optical  delusion-Canaries. 
Perplexing  m.- J.  Smith's  watoh.5441 
Soul's  m.-Mahomet.  5271 

See  AUGURY. 
Book  of  a. -Chinese.  ^395 

Building  by  a.-Clty  of  Rome,     ♦sge 

See  COINCIDENCE. 
Alarming  c.-Gale-Earthquake.  *965 
Comforting  c.-Bibllcal  lesson.    *966 
Repeated-Theseus  and  Rom.     *967 
Strange  c.-Death  of  Adams-J.  *968 

"       "  -H.  Miller's  app'rltrn^969 


Marvellous  c.-Martyr.  4130 

In  Names-Bacon.  3775 

Remarkable  c.-Mysteriousvolce.256 
Strange  c.-Signals  alike.  1154 


See  PREMONITION. 
Accidental  p.-Charles  I.  ♦4419 

of  Death-Charles  V.  *4420 

"      "     -Lincoln's.  ^4421 

"      "  "  *4422 

See  MAGIC  and  ORACLE  in  loc. 


MYSTICISM. 

Methods  of  m.-Monkery. 


♦3762 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Monkish  m. -Asiatics.  357 

Prevalent  m.-Purltans.  2596 

MYTHS. 
Origin  of  m.-West  Indies.         *3763 

NAKEDNESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Philosopher's  n. -Persian.  2393 

Scandalous  n.-Fanatlc.  2094 

"         "  -Quakers.  3508 

NAME. 
Abandoned-Riddell. 
Aid  of  a  n.-Alexander. 
Change  of  n.-Robert  the  Devil, 
Detested-Jeffreys. 
Difference  in  n. -Unimportant. 
Falsified  n.-Odious  softened. 
Fearful  n.-Richard  I. 
Helpful  n.-Wash.  Irving. 
Posthumous  n.-CsBsar. 
Terrible  n.-Gen.  Jackson. 


♦3764 
♦3765 
♦3766 
♦3767 
♦3768 
♦3769 
♦3770 
♦3771 
♦3772 
♦3773 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Exalted  by  merit-Horace.  225 

Helpful  n.-Call  on  Solyman.       2662 
Power  in  a  n.-Solon.  5019 

Scorned-Adopted-Eng.  1900 

Trust  in  a  n.-Roman.  1144 

Wronged  In  n.-Columbus.  2054 

See  NICKNAME. 

Affectionate  n.  -"Little  c'rp'ral.4508 

Assumed-"  Trimmer."  1132 

See  FAME  in  loc. 

NAMES. 

Burdened  with  n.-the  Welsh.  ^3774 

Confidence  In  n.-R.  Bacon.  ^3775 

High-sounding  n.-Chinese.  ♦3776 

Influence  of  n .-"  King. "  ^3777 

Memorizing  n.-S.  Johnson.  ♦3778 

Unimportant-British  Navy.  ^3779 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Concealed-Titular  deities. 
Opprobrious  n.  forbidden. 
See  SIGNATURE, 
of  Ignorance-"Rude  mark." 
Remarkable  s.-Arabs. 


Forced  s.-Warrant  signed. 
Forged  oflacial  s.-Emperor. 
Power  of  B.-Insanlty. 

NATION. 

Characterlzed-Am.  Indians. 
Conceited  n.-Engllsh. 
Degenerate  n.,  Mohammedan. 

"  "  -Moors. 

"  "  -Eng..  yr.  1756. 

Heterogeneous  n.-Romans". 
Inconsiderate  n.  endangered. 
Prospective  n.-New  France. 


1513 
1166 

♦5130 
♦5137 

3627 
2193 
2879 

♦3780 
♦3781 
♦3782 
♦3783 
♦3784 
♦3785 
♦3786 
♦3787 


NATIONS— NERVOUSNESS. 


893 


Rescued-Prussia  at  Leuthen.  *3~88 
Shameful  n.- Spain.  *3789 


I  Hiscellaneoua  cross-references. 

F  Bankrupt  n.-France.  8667 

S  "         •'  -U.  S.,  yr.  1780.        3659 

Boastful  n.-Athenian.  S44 

Children  the  hope  of  the  n.-W.  809 
Composite  character  of  Am's.  771 
Deceived  by  one  man-T.  Oates.4213 
Degeneracy-Proof  of-Gruel.  2010 
Degenerate  n.-Eng. -Franklin.  1508 
"  "-English.  4979 

I  "   •       "-Hungarians.        1509 

"  "-Modern  Greeks.  1507 

Dependent  on  one  man.  2299 

Despondent- Valley  Forge.  2308 
Discouraged-Am.  Eevolution.  1541 
Disunited-Eng. -French  rulers.  726 
Divided  by  antipathy-Irish.  243 
"  caste-Engllsh-Irish.  727 
Dominated  by  foreigner.  2665 

"  "  one  mind.  2424 

Enlarged  by  conquests  of  C.  199 
Glory  of  n.d3parted-P'rtuguese.2362 
Honored  by  foreigners.  2617 

Impoverished-United  States.  4345 
Indebted  to  merchants.  981 

Inspired  by  one  man.  2560 

Lifted  by  one  man-Pitt.  3586 

Many  misfortunes  of  Spartans.  95 
Mourning,  n.  in-Lincoln's  d.  3737 
Obllterated-Phcenicians.  985 

Prejudice-French  vs.  England.  4413 
Prosperity  by  iron-England.  2998 
Prosperous  age  of  Roman  n. 
Providence  in  n.,  Lessons  of. 
Represented  well-B.  Franklin 
Ruined  by  rulers-Spain. 
Suffering  by  English  barons. 
Ungrateful  n.-Thebans. 

"         for  services.  2856 

Voice  of  the  n.,  False.  8742 

NATIONS. 
Contrasted-Athenians-L.         ♦STW 
Union  of  n.-Common wealth.    *3791 
Vanishing  n.-Algonquins.         *3792 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Alarm  of  n.-Napoleon.  4199 

Changes  in  fortune  of  n.-E.-P.  198 
Decline  of  European  n.-Catholic.735 
Enemies  of  all  n.-Jesuits.  3007 

Religion  of  n.  affects  the  State.  735 

See  NATIONALITY. 
Precedence  of  n.-P.  Henry.        4057 

See  REPUBLIC. 
inDecay-Romap.  *4782 

Presaged-John  Cabot.  *4783 

Ruled  by  one  will.  2444 

"     "     "      "  -Washington.2836 
Virtue  necessary  to  r.  2^5 

See  AMERICA  in  loc. 

NATUR  4  lilZATION. 

Cross-reference. 
of  Citizens  -Roman.  892 

NATURE  (Human). 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Aroused  by  abuse-Christian.     4033 

Ignored  for  principles.  4461 


3414 
4546 
2332 
5336 
8456 
2855 


Inconsistency  of  n.-James  n.  5723 
Universal  n.-Csesar  first.  4401 

NATURE  (Physical). 
vs.  Art-Samuel  Johnson.  *3793 

Demands  of  n.-Sleep-Newton.*3794 
Depreciated-Samuel  Johnson.  *3795 
Irrepressible- A.  Jackson.  *3796 
Misinterpreted-Providenoe.  *3797 
Relief  in  u.-Edmund  Burke.  *3798 
Secrets  of  n.-General  laws.      *3799 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Adoration  of  n.-Heavens.  2375 

Aid  of  n.-Indlan  hatchets.  2848 
Charmed  by  n.-Audubon.  1872 

Fondness  for  n.-Aubudon.         2321 

"  "  "-D.  Boone.  5257 
Interpreted  by  Heraclitus.  3563 
Love  of  n.,  Mussulman's.  3991 

Rights  of  n.  enforced-Nap.  I.  5210 
Science  conquers  n.  3800 

Subdued  by  austerity-Monks.  398 
Suppressed  by  Priscillianists.  401 
Suppression  of  n.-Monks.  3847 

Unattracted  by  n.-Le  Fleming.  341 
Worshipped  by  ancient  G'rm'ns.6164 

See  COLD. 
Affects  mind-Laplanders.  952 

Fearful  of  c.-Folly.  2025 

See  EARTHQUAKE. 
Destructive  ancient  e.  '1758 


Alarmed  by  e.-London.  1087 

Appalling  e.-Lisbon.  731 

See  EARTHQUAKES. 

Periods  of  ancient  e.  *1759 


Architecture  perilous  by  e.  338 

See  ECLIPSE. 
Alarm  from  e.,  Superstitious  a.  5441 

See  ELECTRICITY. 
Light  of  e.-Columbus,  2d  v.      ♦1853 


Discovery  in  e.-Strange-C.         2849 

Experiments  in  e.-B.  Franklin.  2847 

"  "-Young  S.         639 

See  MOUNTAINS. 

Benefit  of  m.-Africa.  *3735 

Liberty  among  the  m.  8225 

See  SEA. 
Passion  for  the  s.-Sir  Joim  F.  *5058 


Abandoned  in  the  a.  1144 

Attraction  of  s.-W.  Irving.  2734 
Attractions  of  the  s.-Crockett.  634 
Charmed  by  s.-Young  Cook.  3252 
Communication  by  the  s.  988 

Detested  by  Egyptians.  983 

Distrust  of  s..  An.  mariners'.  3429 
Fearless  of  the  s.-William  II.  649 
Health,  Restorative  of-Irving.  2531 
Origin  of  s.-Legend.  3545 

Overwhelming  s.-Lisbon  Earthq  731 
Punished  by  Xerxes.  1026 

"        "       "       -300  lashes.  320 
Surpassed  by  appetite.  2943 

See  SPRING, 
the  Period  for  poetry-Milton.    1014 


See  SUMMER. 

Land  of  s.-North  Carolina.       *543e 

See  DARKNESS,  ELEMENTS  and 

STORM  in  loc. 

NAVIGATION. 

Undeveloped-Romans.  *3800 

NAVY. 

Formidable  n.-Invincible  A.     *3801 
Need  of  a  n.-Peter  the  Great.  *3808 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Battle,  Fierce-Paul  Jones.  5365 

Demoralized  by  corruption.  1615 
Ignorance  commanding  n.  2718 
Immense-Roman  n.  2158 

Promoted  in  n.,  Favorites.        4487 
Promotion  in  n..  Unmerited.      3895 
Speedily  constructed-Csesar's.     89 
See  SHIPS  in  loc. 


NECESSITIES. 
Cross-reference. 
of  Ltfe-Ljrre-Sponge-Bi  ead. 


3748 


NECESSITY. 
Law  of  n.-Capt.  John  Smith.    *3803 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Development  by  n.  5795 

False  plea  of  n.  1123 

Mother  of  invention-J.  Fitch.  871 

"       "  the  useful  arts.  337 

Self-created  n.-Tobacco.  2575 
See  WANT  in  loc. 

NECROMANCY. 

Proof  of  n.-"Familiar  spirit."  *8804 
See  MAGIC  in  loc. 

NEGIiECT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Atonement  for  n.-Posth'mous.  3870 
Explained-Alexander.  4432 

Failure  by  n.-Cable.  2022 

of  Friend- Anaxagoras.  4778 

"  Helpers  by  Thebans.  465 

Life  lost  by  n.-Gibbon.  3260 

Mortifying  to  Adams-"Postage."35 
Responsibility  for  n.-Life.  3160 

NEORO. 

Blood  of  n.-Boston  massacre.  *3805 


Cross-reference. 
Preacher.Remark'ble  n.-"B.H."488a 

NEGROES. 

in  War-Am.  Colonies.  *8806 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Changing  to  n..  Fear  of.  954 

Hatred  toward  n.-N.  Y.  mob.  3646 
Plot  of  n.-burn-N.  Y.,  yr.  1741.  4214 
Wealth  among  n..  Seeking.  97?. 

NEIGHBOR. 

Cross-reference. 
Trespass  of  n.-Building.  8057 

NEPOTISM. 

Cross-reference. 
Opposition  to  n. -Cromwell.       8893 

NERVOUSNESS. 

Erinced-Samuel  Johnson.        *380? 


894 


NEUTRALITY— OATHS. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

in  Composing- Wordsworth.  1018 

Controlled  by  Southey.  5103 

Suffering  from  n.-B.  Pascal.  2741 

NEUTRAIilTlT. 

Enforoed-Louis  XVI.  *3808 

Nominal  n.-Alabama.  *3809 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Appreciated  by  Caesar.  1032 

Dangerous  n.-Religiou8.  1125 

Eraded-Expensive-England.  1595 
Firmly  maintained-G'v'mm'nt.2429 
Offensive  n.  of  U.  S.  170 

Political  n.-Infamous-Solon.     1230 

Fatal  n.-Dr.  Mott-Lincoln  d.  *3810 
Writer  of  n.-devices,  yr.  1709.  *3811 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Distressed  by  bad  n. -Lincoln.     247 
Good  n. -Haste-Gold.  1974 

Manipulated-Sertorius.  1479 

Shocking  n.-Fatal-Unexpected.l603 

NEl^SPAPSRS. 
Colonial  Am.  n.,  year  1740.       *3812 
Deprecated  by  Addison.  *3813 

Primitive  n. -English.  ♦3814 

Thought  directed  by  n.  *3815 


Miscellaqeous  cross-references. 

Attacks  of  n.-ignored-Llncoln.  1309 

Fabulous  accounts  in  n.  1978 

Want  of  n. -Preserve  liberty.      8237 

See  PRESS  in  loc. 

NEW  YEAR. 

Cross-reference. 

Eeflections,  N.  Y. -Johnson.       1896 

NICKNAME. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Affeotionate-"Little  Corporal."4508 

Assumed-Trimmer.  1132 

NIGHT. 
Activity  at  n.-Afrlcans.  *3816 

Desire  for  n  at  Waterloo.        *3817 


165 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

False  alarm  at  disturbanoe-P. 

of  Terror-London  panic.  8983 

Work-Johnson  writes  all  n.         404 

See  DARKNESS  in  loc. 

NOBIIiIT¥. 

of  Appearance-Numltor.  *3818 

Honored-Sthenis-Pompey.  *3819 

Patriotic  n.-SyUa.  *3820 

Eecognized-Louis  IX.  *3821 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

In  Abstinence- Alexander.  5095 

of  Ancestry  despised-Nap.  3592 

See  ARISTOCRACY. 

In  Battle-Roman.  *301 

Expense  of  a.-Bsmans.  *302 

Beaction  for  a. -Puritans.  *303 

Ruin  of  a.-Greeks.  *304 


Brutal  pleasures-Normans. 
Rule  of  a.-Burdensome-Va 

See  ROYALTY. 
Atrocity  of  r.-Constantinople.  •4949 


1832 
2448 


Maternal  r. -Napoleon  I.  *4950 

Miseries  of  r.-Stuarts.  *4951 

Overthrown  at  Milan.  *4952 

Rejected-Statue  of  Geo.  III.    ♦4953 
See  DIGNITY  and  EMINENCE 
in  loc. 

NON-RESISTANCE. 

Christian  n.-r.-Primltive  Ch.  ♦3828 
Evasion  of  n.-r.-S.  Johnson.  ♦3823 
Taught  by  Tories-England.     ♦3824 


Cross-reference. 
Shameful  n.-r.-Chlnese. 

NONSENSE. 
against  Nonsense. 


1410 


•3825 


Cross-reference. 

Preferred  to  wisdom.  2166 

See  FOLLY  and  HUMOR  in  loc. 

NOVELS. 

Contempt  for  n.-Napoleon  I.    ♦3826 
Reading  n.-Excitement.  ♦3827 

See  ROMANCE. 
Origin  of  the  word  r.  ^4928 


in  History-Pocahontas. 

"      "       -Pretty  feet, 
of  Love-Dropped  dead. 

"    "     for  Johnson. 
Perils  of  r.-Cortez  a  lover. 
Power  in  r.-Jane  MacCrea. 
in  Religion-Pocahontas. 
Spirit  of  r.-Richard  I. 
in  War-"For  God  and  Her." 

NOVEIiTY. 

Cross-reference. 
Architectural  n. -Composite. 

See  INNOVATION. 
Resented-Subjects  of  Peter. 


2674 
2583 
3348 
3349 
3353 
6108 
4743 
2460 
5929 


282 

♦2876 


Opposed-Highways.  4414 

"       to  l.-S.  Johnson.  2511 

See  ORIGINALITY. 

In  Authorship-Thomas  Jefferson.420 

"  Literature-Cooper.  2743 

See  INGENiriTY  and  PROGRESS 
in  loc. 

NUISANCE. 
Perpetuated-London  offal.      ^3828 

NUIililFICATION. 

Cross-reference. 
Failure  of  n.-United  States.       5329 

NUMBER. 

Small  n.  ridiculed.  ♦3829 

NUMBERS. 

Disparity  of  n.-Cortez  in  Mex.^3830 

"    "-Alex. -Xerxes.  *8831 

"   "-Maxentius-C.    *3832 

an  Obstacle-Persian  Magi.       *3833 

without  Victory- Agincourt.     ♦3834 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Appalled  by  n.  of  Darius's  army.466 
Confidence  in  n.,  Vain.  4380 

Conquest  by  n.-Timour.  309 

Deceptive-"A11  hog's  flesh."      3768 
Disdain  for  n.-Alaric.  1145 


Disparity  in  n. 

'•        "  "-Constantine. 

"         "  "  disregarded. 
Fearless  of  n.-Crusaders  at  C. 
Indifference  to  n.-Cromwell. 
Less  than  position. 
Quality  more  than  n. 
Weakness  In  n. -Agincourt. 

See  MINORITY. 
Power  of  m.-James  II. 
"       "  "  -Cromwell. 
Presumption  of  m. -Politics. 


460 

467 
5768 
1247 

645 

311 
2336 
3843 

471 

♦3617 
♦3618 
♦3619 


Rule  by  m.  attempted-Jas.  II.  2427 

See  ONE. 
Encouragement  by  o.-Battle.  ^3909 
Power  of  o.-Christian.  *3910 


Deliverance  of  England  by  o.    2187 

Dependence  on  one  man.  2346 

Nation  uplifted  by  one  man.      2424 

"  "         "     "      "  3586 

See  MAJORITY,  MULTITUDE 

and  QUALITY  in  loc. 


NUNS. 
Cross-reference. 
Virtue  untested. 

NURSES. 

Cross-reference. 
Attachment  of  n.,  Nero's. 

OATH. 

of  Allegiance  to  Mahomet. 

Constrained  o.-Harold  II. 

Evaded-Romans. 

of  Fidelity-Roman  soldiers. 

Horrible  o.,  Conspirator's. 

Sacred  o.-Harold  II. 

Test  o.-Protestant. 


1169 


6045 


♦3835 
♦3836 
♦3837 
♦3838 
♦3839 
♦3840 
♦3841 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Absolved  from  o.  by  Gabriel-M.  63 

Blind  o.-a  Secret  condition.  1079 

of  Devotion  to  death.  102 

False  o.,  Result  of.  1282 

Honored  by  Regulus.  5081 

Ofiftciai  o.,  Impressive.  2768 

OATHS. 

Strange  estimate  of  o.  ♦3842 

See  BLASPHEMY, 

by  Comparison  to  Christ.  195& 
Punishable  by  death-Maryland.4729 

See  PERJURY. 

Punishment  of  p.,  Judicial.  •411» 

Punished  with  death.  6219 

Shameful  p.-"Dick"  Talbot.  6082 

See  PROFANITY. 

Irrepressible,  Washington's.  ^4480 

Punished  by  Puritans.  ^4481 

Ruinous  p.-French  infidels.  ^4482 

Suppression  of  p.-C.  Wren.  ♦4483 


Clerical  p.-Wm.  Grimshaw.  3T08 
Female  p.-Queen  Elizabeth.  763 
vs.  Prayer-Andrew  Johnson.  4387 
Reproof  of  p.  resented  4033 

See  SWEARING. 
Admired-Gen.  Charles  Scott  ♦6485 


OBDURACY— OFFICE. 


895 


Reproof  for  s.-John  Bunyan.  *5486 


412 


Substitute  for  profane  s. 

OBOURACT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Oriminal  o.-Earl  of  Ferrers.  2539 

Immovable  o.  of  James  II.  2536 

obedience;. 

Absolute  o.  of  Carmathians.  *3843 

Angry  o.-Blaek  Prince.  *3844 

Ministerial  o.-Mahomet,  *3845 
"-Nathan  Bangs.  *3846 

Monkish  a.-Egypt.  *3847 

Outward  o.  to  laws.  *3848 

Perfect  Mohammedan  o.  *3849 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
^^thout  Aflfection-J.  H.'s  son.    806 
<3onditional  o.-Legality.  2890 

Exaction  of  o. -Howard.  411 

Exacting  o.  by  Wesley.  2199 

Lesson  of  o.  important.  5671 

Love  secures  o.  3352 

Obsequious  o.  of  clergy  to  J.  II.  922 
fitimulated-Disgrace-Soldiers.  1236 
Training  in  o.-Children.  1822 

of  Wife  to  husband.  5998 

"     "     -Mary  to  Wm.  HI.        2690 

See  SERVILITY. 
Disgraceful  s.-James  Bagge.    ♦5123 


^f  Flatterers-Romans.  305 

Oenius  for  s.-Bagge.  5123 

Required  by  tyrant-Sapor.         2527 
Shameful  s.-Roman  Senate.      4377 
■Shameless  s.  of  husband  of  Z.       68 
See  FAITHFULNESS  in  loo. 

OBJECTIONS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Ignorance-Columbus.  2712 

Puerile  o.  against  the  Bible.       580 

See  COMPLAINTS  and  SCRUPLES 

in  loc. 

OBSCURITY. 

Desired  for  evasion.  'SSSO 

OBSE<iUIOUSNICSS. 

Cross-reference. 
Deceptive  o.  to  Caesar.  2222 

OBSERVATION. 

Acute  o.-BIacksmith  and  C.  IL*8851 


Cross-references. 
Suggestions  from  o.-Rupert. 
Truth  by  Luther  at  Rome. 


1898 
53 


OBSTACIiES. 

Cross-reference. 
Overcome  by  perseverance-D.  8949 
See  DIFFICULTIES  and  HIN- 
DRANCES in  loc. 

OBSTINACY. 

Depraved  o.-App.  of  H.  VIII.  *3852 
Extraordinary  o.  of  James  II.  *3853 
Immovable  o.  of  James  II.  ♦3854 
Political  o.  of  James  II.  ^3855 


MlBceKaneous  cross-references. 
Argument  declined  by  o.  8049 

Assumed  o.-Dead  bodies.  2558 


against  Counsel-Charles  XII.  1239 
Creditable  o.  of  Samuel  Adams.  676 
Defect  of  o. -Milton.  2923 

Foolish  o.-Hasty  words.  2748 

Plea  of  o.- William  Penn-J.  II.  3548 
Refuge  in  o.-Amb.  of  Wm.  III.  750 
Religious  o.  against  p'rs'cut'rs.l558 
Subdued  by  magnanimity.  2199 
See  DETERMINATION  in  loc. 

OBSTRUCTION. 

Legislative  o.-Romans. 


♦3856 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 

Misguided©. -Scots.  975 

See  HINDRANCE,  OBSTACLES 

and  OPPOSITION  in  loc. 

OCCUPATION. 

Changes  in  o. -Peter  Cooper.     ♦3857 
One  o.  only-Weavers.  *3858 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Caste  in  o.-Egypt.  1486 

Chosen  o.  of  Grant- Farmer.      5880 
'*       "    "noblest  Romans-F.  159 
Delightful  o.of  Wash.-Farming.1873 
Honest  o.  required-Egyptian.    2809 
Ignoble  o.-Emperor  Gratian.     1007 
See  EMPLOYMENT  in  loo. 
OCEAN. 
Barrier  of  God.-Saracens. 
Enchanted  by  Alexander. 


♦3858 
•3859 


Cross-reference. 
Dangers  of  the  o.-Cartier.  6868 

See  SEA. 
Passion  for  the  s.-J.  Franklin. ♦SOSS 

ODDS. 

Cross-reference. 

Defiant  of  o.-Crusaders.  645 

See  MAJORITY  and  NUMBERS 

in  loc. 

odiuju. 

Accidental  o.-Earl  of  Str'fford.*3860 

Braved  by  J.  Adams.  ♦3861 

See  DISGRACE  in  loc. 

ODORS. 

Cleansed-Scotch  soldiers.  ♦8862 
Dangerous  o.-Smell  of  camels. ♦3863 

See  PERFUME. 
Delight  in  p.-Mahomet.  4210 

OFFENCE. 

Cross-reference. 

Trifling  o.  severely  punished.     4568 

See  CRIMES,  INJURIES  and 

INSULT  in  loc. 

OFFICE. 

Annoyance  in  o  -Romans.  ♦3864 
Appointment  to  o.-Jamea  11.  ♦3865 
Changes  in  o.-Turks.  ♦3866 

Conditions  foro.-CollegePres.*3867 
Declined  by  Cromwell.  ♦3868 

Dislike  for  o.-Amurath.  ♦3869 

Embarrassments  in  o.-Lincoln. ♦3870  | 
by  Favoritism-Buckingham.    ^3871 
Honorary  o.-John  Howard.      ^3872  | 
Honored  o.-Emperor  Trajan.  ^3873  | 
Love  of  o.-Lord  Rochester.      ♦3874 

Purchased-Emperor  Claudius.  ^8876 
"         Sylla.       ♦8877 


Qualifications  for  o.-Roman. 
Resignation  of  o.-Shameful. 

•<  "    "-Farcical. 

*'  "    "-Policy. 

"  "    "-Emp.  Sylla. 

Rich  men  for  o.-Carth'g'n'ns. 
Rotation  in  o.-Thebans. 

"  "  "-"Bite  deeper." 
Sale  of  o.-Eng.prison  wardens, 
Seekers  for  o.-Llncoln. 

Selection  for  o.-Greeks. 
Spoils  for  magnificence. 
Terror  in  o.-Emp.  Augustus. 
Unconditioned- Wm.  P.  of  O. 
Undesired-Cromwell. 
Unfitted  for  o.-J.  Adams. 
Unmerited-English  navy. 

"         -Greek  Emperor. 
Unsought- Abubeker. 


♦3878 
♦3879 
♦3880 
♦3881 
♦3882 
♦8883 
♦3884 
♦8885 
♦3886 
♦3887 


♦3889 
♦3890 
♦3891 
♦3892 
♦3893 
♦3894 
♦3895 
♦3896 
♦3897 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abandoned,  Presidential  o.  4234 
"  -Coercion  of  p.  o.  3525 
Abilities  command  o.-Richelieu.2482 
Accepted  piously-Thos.  More.  2372 
Age  for  o.  of  senator.  129 

Ambition  for  o.-Henry  Clay.  4247 
Attachment  to  o.-Clarendon.  8660 
Bachelors  excluded-France.  444 
Bought  by  corruption-England.  669 
Caste  in  o.-French  in  Eng.  726 

Character  more  than  o.  -T.  775 

Conciliating  power  of  o.-Adams.676 
Declined  after  injury.  2903 

Dignity  sustains  o.-Wa8hingt'n.l589 
Dismissal  fron  c,  Significant.  3866 
for  Display-English  sheriff.  3872 
Ecclesiastical  o.  sold.  923 

Endangered- Richelieu.  1474 

Expense  of  o.-Roman  Counts.  30i 
Happiness  in  o. -Trajan.  3873 

Honesty  disqualifies  for  o.         3039 
"       in  o. -Abubeker.  2605 

Humiliation  for  o.,  Disgraceful.  1248 
Intimidating  o.-Wm.  Pitt.  2299 

Life  in  public  o.-Adams.  2046 

Love  of  eccles.  o.-Chair  of  Peter.181 
Neglected-G.  II.  absent  from  Eng.9 
Perilous  o.-Rom.  Emperor.  2613 
Piety  a  qualification  for  o.  8696 
vs.  Private  life-Duties.  3275 

Promotion  in  o.,  Unexpected.  1610 
Proscribed  from  o.-Protestants.l996 
Public  o. for  public  wealStanton  116 
Purchased-Fatal  to  Julianus.  3678 
Recognition  of  o.  required.  4634 
Religious  test  for  o.-Md.  732 

'-Catholics.    734 

Resignation  of  o.-Charles  V.      2627 
"  "   "-Diocletian.      2626 

Resigned-Broken  spirit.  3558 

Sale  of  o.-Emp.  Commodus.  438 
Seeking  the  man-Claudius.  3676 
vs.  Soal-Choice  of  o.  1996 

Support  for  o.  coerced.  1997 

Threatened  loss  of  o.-Nero.  4369 
Unexamined  for  o.-Ad.  Blake.  2344 
Undeserved-English  navy.  1615 
Undeslred  VTith  infamy.  3033 

Unenjoyed-Bp.  Hall  abandoned.    2 


896 


OFFICER— OPINIONS. 


Unscrupulous  ambition  for  o.  807 
Unwortliy  of  o.-Chas.  the  Fat.  1199 
Vexatious  o.-Gov.  Canfield.  4107 
Wealth  necessary  in  o.  3872 

See  APPOIIJTMENT. 
Embarrassment  by  a.  of  A.       *274 
Humiliating  a.  of  Caesar  to  W.  *875 
Partisan  a.  of  Polk's  Adm'n.      *276 


1914 


Fictitious  a. -Rom.  Cath  Bp. 
See  APPOINTMENTS. 
Resented-Soldiers  of  James  V.  *306 

See  PRECEDENCE. 

Infinitesimal  p.-S.  Johnson.      *4398 

Quarrels  for  p.-Ambassadors.  •4899 

"         "    "-Greeks.  *4400 

Valued-Caesar.  *4401 


Declined  by  wounded  Nelson.  2568 
Guarded-Napoleon  vs.  Pope.  1326 
Ludicrous  regard  for  p.-Court.  750 
Quarrel  for  p.-Louis  XIV.  1671 

See  PRE-EMINENCE. 
Surpassing  p.-Geo.  Washington.1928 

See  PROMOTION. 
Eamed-General  Grant.  *4507 

Jocose  p.-NapoIeon.  *4508 

Loss  by  p.-Saturninus.  *4509 

Offensive  p.-Senators.  *4510 

Providential  p.-Queen  Eliz.  ♦4511 
Remarkable  p.-Cromwell.  *4512 
Unexpected  p.,  CromweU's.     ♦4513 


Alarming-Pertinax-not  Death.  165 
Changed  by  p.-Archbp.  Becket.  882 
Deserved  p.-Lannes  at  Lodi.  648 
Failure  by  p.-Soldlers.  5669 

Peculiar  p.-Cook  chief  engln'er.l289 
Ruined  by  p.-Young  Carinus.  1701 
Shameful  p.  by  disgrace.  1111 

Undeserved  p.of  an  adv'nt'r'r-V.494 
See  AMBITION,  POLITICS  and 
RULERS  in  loo. 

OFFICER. 

Detested-Lord  Clarendon.  ♦S898 
Dishonored -Lord  Clarendon.  ^3899 
Perfidious  o.-Juan  Rodriguez.^3900 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Defeated  by  bribes.  2434 

Example  of  public  o.  2013 

Ignorant  o.-Newcastle.  2716 

Stupid  o.-Col.  Jameson.  1553 

OFFICERS. 
Surplus  of  o.-Lincoln.  ^3901 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Complaints  of  o.,  Useless.  3143 

Contemptible  o.-Am.  Colonies.  4082 
Corrupted  because  of  small  pay.  669 
Incompetent  o.-Seamen.  5007 

Morals  of  o.  examined.  3713 

Multiplied-  Colony  of  Va.  1582 

Titles  of  o..  Pompous.  5628 

"       "  "  Significant.  5630 

"       "  "-Strange-Army.         5631 

OFFICIAIiS. 

Contemptible  o.-British  Col's.  ♦3902 

Superlative  o.,  Constantine's.  *3903 

See  POLITICS  and  RULERS 

in  loc. 


OFFICIOUSNESS. 

Offensive  o.-L'd  Buckingham.  ♦3904 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Conspicuous  o.-GrenvlUe.  1303 

Ruined  by  o.-Charles  I.  1483 

See  IMPERTINENCE. 
Counsellor's  I.  rebuked.  2284 

See  MEDDLING. 
Destruction  by  flood  by  m.      ^3545 
Reproved-Bishop  Burnet.        ^3546 


4458 
5300 
8041 


in  Families-England. 
Mischief  by  m. 
Well-meant  m.-HurtfuL 
OliD  AGE. 

Criticised-S.  Johnson.  ♦ISO 

Excitement  in  o.  a.-Harrison.    ♦ISl 

Health  in  o.  a.-Samuel  John8on.^l32 

Labor  in  o.  a.-M.  Luther.  ♦ISS 

"       "      "  -Sir.  W.  Herschel.^134 

Literature  in  o.  a.-J.  Milton.      *135 

Success  in  o.  a.-Cjesar.  ♦ise 

Vigor  in  o.  a.-Masinissa.  ♦137 

"      "      "   -J.  Wesley.  ♦138 

"     "     "  -Cato  the  Censor.  ^139 

"      "      "   -Palmerston.        ♦HO 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abandoned  in  o.  a.-Tartars.       3294 
"  "    "  -Am.Indians.3629 

Abused  In  o.  a.-Creditor.  1855 

Affection  In  o.  a.,  Fillal-Cowper.llO 
Avarice  in  o.  a. -Cato.  432 

Benevolence  in  o.  a.-Wesley.  549 
Brilliant  record  in  o.  a.-Adams.2046 
Consideration  for  enemies'  o.a.l712 
Courage  in  o.  a.-Bp.  Latimer.  12a3 
Cruelty  to  o.  a.-Xerxes.  5734 

Enthusiasm  in  o.  a.-T.  Coke.  3644 
Folly  in  o.  a.-Lovers-Elizabeth.2684 
Fortitude  in  o.  a.-Puritan.  1250 
Fortune  forsakes  o.  a.-Chas.  V.2208 
"  "  "     -L.  XIV.  2209 

Genius  in  o.  a.-Cowper.  2300 

in  Heaven-Youth.  6207 

Libertine  in  o.  a. -Louis  XV.  3210 
Life  destroyed  in  o.  a.  5956 

Love  of  life  in  o.  a.  1408 

Manliness  in  o.  a.-Bp.  Latimer.  6147 
Melancholy  in  o.a.-Q.Elizabeth.3567 
Mental  activity  in  o.  a.  1010 

Protected  by  o.  a.-Solon.  ♦Ml 

Quietude  necessary  in  o.  a.  3451 
Remedy  for-Fountainof  Youth.6196 
Reproof  of  o.  a.-Valuable.  2021 
Strength  in  o.a.-Wesley's  ser.  5854 
Vanity  in  o.  a.-Constantine.  5772 
"  "  -Q.  Elizabeth.  5775 
Vice  in  o.  a.-Antonlna.  1949 

See  AGED. 
Blessing  of  the  a.-Pope-J.  H.     ♦MS 

See  LONGEVITY. 
Causes  of  l.-John  Locke.  ♦3236 

by  Prudence -Peter  Cooper's.   *33Z7 

Secret  of  l.-Josiah  Quincy.         3288 

omEN. 

Ancient  o.-Romans.  ^3905 

Annoyed  by  o.-Charles  I.  *3906 

Presage  of  o.-Romans.  ^3907 

Terrorized  by  o. -Sailors.  ♦3908 


Aliscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bad  o.-Crom.  and  Charles  I. 
of  Greatness-Mahomet. 
Pleasing  o.-SkuU  found. 
Regard  for  o.,  Superstitious. 

"       "    "   by  Romans. 
Superstitious  o.-Meteor. 

See  ASTROLOGY. 
Regard  for  a.-Roman  omens. 


620» 
5132- 
3176. 
223r 
385- 
5454 

♦385 


Crime  proven  by  a.  1953 

Faith  in  a. -Charles  II.  5442- 

See  AUGURY. 

Book  of  a.,  Chinese.  *395r 

Building  by  a.-Clty  of  Rome.    *39&- 

See  EMBLEM  and  PREDICTION 

in  loc. 

OMISSION. 

Cross-reference. 
Significant  o.-Bible.  STT 

See  NEGLECT  in  loc. 

ONE. 

Encouragement  by  o.-Battle.  *3S0^ 
Power  of  o.-Christlan.  ♦39K 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Deliverance  of  England  by  o.     2187' 

Dependence  on  one  man.  2346- 

Nation  uplifted  by  one  man.      2424 

"  "         "      "        "  3586. 

OPINION. 

DIsgulsed-Fugitive-Charles  II. 
Growth  of  ©.-Independence. 
Popular  o.-erroneous. 

"      "   powerful. 

"      "   resisted. 
Prejudice  of  o.  in  history. 
Pride  of  o.-James  II. 
Subsidized,  Cicero's  o. 


♦3911 
♦391:i 
♦3913- 
♦8914 
♦3915 
♦3916. 
♦39ir 
♦3918. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Changed  by  observation-Luther  5* 

Changes  of  o.-Rebelllon.  1537 

Differs,  Public  o.-Duels.  1751 

Exhibited-Unspoken.  4217" 

Honestly  expressed-Judge.        30S9i 

Influenced  by  feeling.  5 1 4 

Overriding  public  o.-James  II.  1850^ 

Perverted  by  self-interest.  2776 

Popular  o.  expressed.  4812: 

4813. 

"  misjudged.  113S 

Public  o.  aroused-Feared.         2779 

"      "  -Cato's  Indep'nd'nce  of.397 

"      "  expressed-Felt.  2795 

"      "  expressed.  922 

"      "  mlsled-Mary  P.  of  O.    788. 

"      "  uneducated-Eng.         1116 

Reaction  of  Rom.  o.-TePrn'ohus.  835 

Rule  of  public  o.-Indians.  243* 

Subsidized  by  pension.  2776- 

Tested  by  practice-Bp.  Neile.       61 

OPINIONS. 
Character  in  o.-Cromwell.       ♦3919' 
Conceited-Jeff.  Davis.  ♦3920- 

Diverse  o.  of  Cromwell.  ♦SGai 

Erratic  o.  of  John  Milton.        ♦3922 
Infallible  o.-John  Milton.         *3923 


Miscellaneous   cross-references. 
Conduct  affected  by  o.  5748 


OPPONENTS— ORATORY. 


897 


Diverse  o.  of  life. 
Divided-Naturally. 
Liberality  in  o.-John  Wesley. 
4Self-rnterest  affects  o. 
Suppressed  expression  of  o. 

See  SENTIMENT. 
Ignored-Komans. 
Power  of  s.-Indians. 
Public  s.  vs.  Laws. 
"      "-Mary  Stuart. 


3316 
4018 
3205 
3490 


*5107 
♦5108 
*5109 
*5110 


Beroic  s.-Sergeant  Jasper.        2151 
vs.  Principle-Napoleon.  1917 

-Edward  IIL  4586 

"  "       -Slavery.  4912 

Public  s.  vicious-Scots.  1300 

ilespect  for  public  s.  n.-A.Burr.  856 
Suppressed. Sl'p'ng  with  corpse.5207 

See  SENTIMENTS. 

Irrepressible  s.-Napoleon  I.     *5111 

See  CENSURE,  CRITICISM  and 

POLITICS  in  loo. 

OPPONENTS. 

fiegard  for  o.,  Cromwell's.       *3924 
See  COMBAT,  ENEMY  and 
OPPOSITION  in  ioe. 

OPPORT  UNITY. 

Awaiting  o.-Cromwell.  ♦2925 

Lost  by  James  II.  *2926 

a  Lost  o.-Civil  War.  *2927 

Overlooked-Christina.  *2928 

Providential  o.-La.  bought.  *2929 
Waiting  for  o.-"Make  me  come*2930 


1069 
289 
2246 
1277 
1609 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 

Appreciated-Fremont  in  Cal. 

in  Architecture-London  fire. 

lmproved-"Clean  shirt  day." 

Lost  through  fear-Eomans. 

"    by  deliberation. 

"     "  diversion  of  attention.  1689 

"     "  discord-Scots.  306 

"     "  obstinacy-James  II.      3549 

Needful  to  genius-Oratory.        3952 

trtilized-Sherman's  m.  to  the  8ea.70 

Wisely  used-Purchase  of  La.     1078 


OPPOSITION. 

Benefits  of  o.-Christianity. 
of  Folly-"  Street  Lights." 
Help  by  o.-Persecution. 
Impolitic  o.-Taxation. 
Political  o. -President  Tyler. 
Prepared  o.-Politics. 
Proof  by  o -Reaction. 
Useless  o.  of  Goths. 


*8931 
*2932 
♦2933 
*2934 
*2935 
*2936 
*2937 
♦2938 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Conciliation  by  bribery-Adams.  676 
Courted-Quakers  in  New  Eng.  3502 
Female  o.  to  liturgy-Scots.  6133 
Foolish  o.  to  cotton  goods.  512 
Mutual  o.-Cato-Sciplo.  1899 

Obstructive  o.-Scots.  975 

Perseverance  In  o.  of  slavery.     147 
of  Prejudice  to  highways.  4414 

Provoked-Donatists.  8506 

by  Slander  of  Bunyan.  5171 

"       "        •*  Wesley.  5173 

*♦       "        "  Constantine.         5174 


Vice  in  o.  to  vice.  3002 

of  Wife,  Violent  o.  5168 

See  ADVANCE, 

by  Battle-Scott  in  Mexico.  ^68 

Heroic-Fontenoy.  *69 

Opportunity  for  a.  ^70 

or  Sufifer-Gettysburg.  ♦?! 

See  AGGRESSION. 
Success  by  a.-H.  IV.-Agincourt.471 

See  AGITATION. 

Perils  of  a.-Reformation.  *146 

Perseverance  in  a.-Antislav.  ^147 

Clairvoyant  a.-Swedenborg.       814 

915 

Embarrassment-J.  A.  b.  G.III.   274 

Needless-London  panic.  3983 

Patriotism  inflamed  by  a.  3525 

"  aroused  by  a.  4071 

Political  a.-England.  4242 

"       "  -opposed- Whigs.       4912 

Power  of  a.-Peter  the  Hermit.  1376 

Unseasonable  a.-Cato.  1899 

See  ANTAGONISM. 

Natural  a.-Protestant  and  C.  I.  243 

in  Personal  character-M.  L.        761 

-Queen  E.  763 

Unnatural  a. -Father-Son.  1064 

See  ATTACK. 
Inconsiderate  a.-Crusaders.      *390 
Unexpected  a.  from  above.       ^391 


in  Rear- Alarming.  2123 

Success  by  a.-Marathon.  467 

See  HINDRANCE, 
of  Criticism-A.  Lincoln.  99 

OfiQcial  h.-Fonseca-Columbus.  3900 

See  OBSTRUCTIONIST  in  loc. 
See  RESISTANCE. 
Popular  r.-Protestants. 

"       "  -Bostonians. 
Provoked  by  legislation. 
Wisdom  in  r.-Am.  patriots. 


♦4812 
♦4813 
♦4814 
♦4815 


Assurance  of  r.-"Daysof  b'ttle."319 
Presumptuously  provoked.        4461 
See  CONTROVERSY,  PERSECU- 
TION, POLITICS  and  WAR 
in  loc.   ■ 

OPPRESSION. 

Dangerous-"Don't  tre'd  o.  m."*3939 
Governmental  o.-Speech.  •  *3940 
by  Ignorance-Keign  of  Jas.  II.  ♦3941 
Eesisted-Tax  of  Henry  VIIL  *3942 
Royal  o.-Willlam  the  Conq.  ^3943 
Scandalous  o.-Ireland.  ^3944 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Amusements  conceal  o.-Rom.  8215 
Church  o.  in  collecting  dues.       868 
of  Creditor-Shocking.  1855 

Extravagance  brings  o.-Chas.  1.2011 
Limit  of  o.-James  II.  857 

by  Long  labor-England.  3114 

Reaction  of  o.  for  liberty.  8229 

See  INTOLERANCE, 
and  Immorality-Charlemagne.  ^2962 
Protestant  I.  to  Romanists.       ^2963 
Religious  i.-"  Tender  C's."       ^2964 


Conscientious  i.-England. 


1090 


Unexpected  i.  of  Pilgrims. 

See  TYRANNY. 
Cruelty  of  t.-Xerxes. 
Ecclesiastical  t.-Catholic. 
Emblem  of  t.-Bastile. 
Insurrection  against  t.-P. 
Legislative  t.-Long  Parli'm'nt. 
of  Liberty-French  Revolution. 
"       "     -Rev.  Tribunal. 
Parental  t.-Frederick  Wm.  I. 
Recompense  for  t.-France. 
Self-destructive  t.-Romans. 
Shameful  t.-Spaniards. 
Terrible  t.-GUdo. 


591 

♦5734 
♦5735 
♦5736 
♦5737 
♦5738 
♦5739 
♦5740 
*5741 
♦574a 
♦5743 
♦5744 
♦5745 


In  Amusement-Spaniards.  *5744 
of  Caste,  Social  t.  3491 

Displaced  by  t.-Virginia.  2443 

Ecclesiastical  t.-Exc'mm'nic'n.  4944 
Exasperated  by  t.-Slcllians.  1340 
in  Excommunication.  4944 

Household  t.  of  elder  brother.  2a31 

Legislative  t.-B.  Parliament.  3154 

Non-resistance  to  t.  3824 

Oppression  of  t.-Hope-Crime.  3234 

Reaction  against  t.-Rufinus.  427 

Resented-New  Eng.  Colonies.  990 
See  CRUELTY,  PEHSEOUTION 
and  SLAVERY  in  loc. 

OPTIMISM. 

Cross-reference. 

Disconcerted-Earthquake.         2437 

See  HOPE  in  loc. 


OR4CIiE. 

Corrupted- Athenian. 

♦3945 

Deceptive  o.-Grecian. 

♦3946 

"  -Delphic. 

♦.3947 

Equivocal  "  -Delphic. 

♦3948 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bought  with  money.  4707 

Deception  by  o.-Lysander.  2386 
Disregarded  by  Romans.  3905 

Valuable  o.-Rarlty.  5022 

ORATOR. 

the  Great-Demosthenes.  ♦3949 

Unsuccessful  o.-W.  Irving.       ^3950 

ORATORS. 

Audience  for  o.-William  Pitt.  ♦3952 
Dangerous  in  Parliament.  ^3951 
Despised  by  Samuel  Johnson.  ♦3953 
Disregarded  in  pulpit.  ^3954 

Taste  in  o.-Samuel  Johnson.    *8966 

ORATORY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Diflflcultles  in  o.-Demosthenes.  2021 
Illiterate-"  Black  Harry."  4389 

Perseverance  in  o.-Disraeli.  4151 
Preparation  for  o.-D'mosth'n's.4424 
Self-abnegation  In  o.-Demos.     5080 

See  ELOQUENCE, 
of  Action-Samuel  Johnson.      ♦1864 
"  Facts-Story  of  misery.  *1855 

Fear  of  e.-Demosthenes.  *1856 

Necessary-Romans.  •1857 


Artificial  e.,  Burke's. 


898 


ORDER— PANIC. 


and  Drink-Sheridan.  2952 

of  Earnestness-Peter  the  H.  1755 
Employed-Funeral  of  Caesar.  2255 
Money  stimulates  e.-Athenians.  672 
Persuasion  of  e.-Pericles.  4156 

ORDER. 

Importance  of  o.-Battle.  3830 

See  DECORUM. 
in  Debate- American  Indians.  *1483 
Ministerial  d.-S.  Johnson.        *1484 

ORDERS. 

Conflicting  o.-C  pt.  W'dsw'rth.*3956 
Neglected-Marshal  Ney.  *3957 

Simple  o.-Lord  Nelson's.  *8958 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Conflicting  o.-Rulers.  4907 

Disobedience  to  o.,  Wilful.  3773 

Fictitious  business  o.-Hoax.  2058 

Obedience  to  o.-Alarming.  3844 

"       required,  Only.  3846 

"       to  o.-Blind-Monks.  3847 

See  COMMAND  in  loo. 

OROAIVIZATION. 

Perfect  o.-^Society  of  Jesus.  *3960 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Effective  o.-Jesuits. 


8016 
3017 


See  PLANS  in  loc. 


ORIGIN. 

Hamble  o.,  John  Bunyan's.      *3959 

See  ANCESTRY  and  BIRTH 

in  loc. 

ORIGIN  A  lilTT. 

Cross-reference. 

In  Authorship-Jefferson's  D.  of  1.420 

See  INGENUITY  in  loc. 

ORNAinENT. 

Love  of  o.-American  Indians.  *8961 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
▼8.  Charity-Bishop  Acacius.         545 
Extravagance  in  o.-Palace  of  C.  335 
Love  of  o.,  Corrupted  by.  6108 

Sacrificed  to  piety-Roman.         6119 
vs.  Utility-S.  Johnson.  334 

Women's  love  of  o.-Romans.     3416 

See  BEAUTY. 
Common  b.  of  Flemings.  *492 

Personal  b.-Mahomet.  *493 

Promoted  by  b.-v^co.  Villiers.    *494 
Self-asserted  b.-Sylla.  *495 


Architectural  b.-Ionic  order.  281 

Arttetic  b.  of  Raphael's  work.  346 

of  Benevolence-Lincoln.  514 
Competition  in  b.  for  marriage.3485 

Dangerous  b.-Maiden.  4536 

"         "-Woman's-M.'t.  3242 

Vs.  Death-Garbage  or  park.  3828 

Effective  b.  of  Poppsea.  2819 

Endangered  by  a.-Women.  2211 

"   "-Virginia.  3973 

Fascinating  b.-Mary  Stuart.  6089 

Female  b.-Zenobia.  6055 

Flattered- Aged  Q.  Elizabeth.  2684 
Heartless  b.-Countess  of  Carllsle.109 


Helpful-Mediation.  3998 

Highly  estimated-Elizabeth.  4329 

with  Infamy-Nero.  196 

Perils  of  b.-Montfort.  1858 

Person  vs.  Character.  4624 

Prostituted  to  shame.  4533 

Simplicity  requisite  to  a  b.  281 

vs.  Utility-Architecture.  5761 

See  JEWELRY. 

Passion  for  j  .-Henry  VII,  *3023 


Extravagance  in  j.-Charles  I.  2011 

Treason  for  j.- Woman.  5698 

Bee  P£<;^JSLS. 

Worthless  to  tlie  l^rnonw  ITS! 

ORPHAN. 

Cross-reference. 
Successful  o.-A.  Hamilton.  185 

ORPHANS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Adopted  by  the  State-Soldier's.   68 
Hardships  of  o.  apprentices.        798 

ORTHODOXY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Blue  o.-"  Blue"  and  "  Green."    970 

Denied  for  office.  3500 

See  CREEDS  and  DOCTRINE 

in  loc. 

ORTHOGRAPHT. 

Excused-Napoleon  I.  *3963 

See  SPELLING. 
Bad  s.,  George  Washington's.  *5302 
Diverse  s.-Shakespeare.  *5303 


Error-Conquered  vs.  Concord.  1067 

OSTENTATION. 

Meritless  o.-Demaratus.  *3963 

Oriental  o.-Chosroes'.  *3964 

Rebuked  by  Parmenio.  *3965 

Ruinous  o.-Athemius.  *3966 

Vain  o.  of  Romans.  •3967 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Deceptive  o.-Feast.  3768 

Eagerness  of  o.  3967 

of  Greatness-Napoleon  I.  2480 

Military  o.  of  Darius.  4330 

Oriental  o.-Emp.  Angelus.  3896 

Rebuked-Barber.  1667 

Royal  o.-Constantine.  8903 

See  POMPOSITY. 

Expression  of  p.-S.  Johnson.  *4286 


in  Titles-Romans.  5628 

See  DISPLAY  in  loc. 

OSTRACISn. 

by  Ballot-Athenians.  *3968 

Evils  of  o.-Athenians.  ♦3969 

See  CASTE  in  loc. 

OUTCAST. 

for  Religion- William  Penn.      *3970 

OUTRAGE. 

Horrible  o.  of  Albion.  *3971 

Reaction  of  o.-Joan  of  Arc.  *3972 

Resented  by  parent.  *3973 


Cross-reference. 
Shameful-Columbus. 


1648 


See  EXASPERATION. 
Rashness  by  e.-Ethan  Allen.    *19eT 


Calmness  provokes  e.-Sccrates.  700' 
by  Inhumanity-Sepoys.  4847 

Intended-Mad  Cambyses,  2881 

in  Misfortune  feared.  1267 

Rashness  of  e.-Boston  m'ssacre.3517 
Uncontrollable  e.  of  W'shingt'n.4480 
See  ABUSE  and  INJURIES  in  loc. 

PAGANISH!. 

Injurious  by  vice.  ♦3974 

Overthrow  of  p.-Alaric.  ♦3975 

PAGANS. 

Inhumanity  to  p.  by  Christians.  105ft 


Cross-reference. 
Overthrow  of  p.-TheodosiuS.     2399 

See  HEATHEN. 

Conscience  unsatisfied.  2538 

Rights  of  h.  ignored.  247& 

PAIN. 

Cross-reference. 

Inured  to  p.-Children.  185(7 

See  SUFFERING  in  loc. 

PAINTER. 

Celebrated  Eng.-J.  Reynolds.  ♦897© 


Cross-reference. 
Invention  of  telegraphy  by  p.     2989 

PAINTING. 

niustrates-no  Information.      ♦3977 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Defects  in  Chinese  p.-Deformity.32» 
Imitation  in  p.-Servile,  15th  cent.34& 
Schools  of  p.-Plorence,  etc.        344 
Supremacy  in  p.-Raphael.  346 

See  PORTRAIT. 
Prohibited-Q.  Elizabeth's  p.     *432» 


Forbidden  by  Agetilaus. 


4449 


PAIiACE:. 

Soandalized-Marozia.  ♦3986 


Cross-reference. 
Humble  p.  of  Tartars. 


♦897a 


PANEGYRIC. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Corrected-Funeral  of  Julian.      2256 
Impressive  p.-Caesar's  funeral.  2255 

PANIC, 

by  Contraction  of  finances.  ^3979 

Financial-U.  S.,  1873.  ♦398» 

-England,  1847,  *3981 

Needless  p.-"  Popish  plot."  ♦3982 

Night  of  p.-Anarchy  in  Lond.  *3983 

Unexpected  p.-England,  1825.  ♦3984 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Artificial  cause  of  p.  2195 

Citizens'  p. -Paul  Jones  at  W,      645. 

Civil  War-Rome-Rubicon,  2117 

Defeated  by  p.-Agincourt.        3834 

*'  "  Nap.,  Financial  p.  5287 

Financial  p.-France.  2214' 

"       "-Eng.-Chas.  II.  2892 

"       "-France.  528e 


PANTOMIME— PAKTING. 


899 


PANTOMiniE:. 

In  Jurisprudence-Romans.        *3985 

See  GESTURES, 
the  Language  of  animals.  1854 

Ridiculed  by  Samuel  Johnson.      48 

PAPACY. 

Soandalized-Marozia. 


•3986 


Cross-reference. 

against  Liberty-Magna  Charta.  3207 

See  CATHOLICISM  in  loo. 

PAPER. 

Wealth  by  p.-Egypt.  *3987 

PARADISE. 

Drunkard's  p.- Ancient  Germ's. *3988 
Earthly  p.  in  Damascus.  *3989 

Language  of  p.-Perslan.  *3990 

Mussulman's  p.-Five.  *3991 

Sensual  p.  of  Mahomet.  *3992 

Strange  p.  of  Mahomet.  ♦3993 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Admission  to  p.  by  epilepsy-M.  1643 
Belief  in  p  -Persians.  2859 

for  the  Brave-Mohammedans.    656 
Brave  men  go  to  p.  1416 

"      "    "  "  1435 

Heroes'  bloody  p.-Pagans.         1417 
Letters  sent  to  p.-Gauls.  2258 

vs.  Perdition,  Which  ?  6141 

Qualifications  for  p.-"Good  for  e."32 
Visionary  p.  of  Crusaders.  2095 

See  HEAVEN  in  loo. 

PARADISE  liOST. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Compared  with  the  Iliad,  etc.    3307 
Preparation  for  p.-Years.  4108 

PARDON. 

Declined-American  patriots.  *3994 

"       by  the  innocent.  ♦3995 

Hopeless  of  p.-James  II.  ^3996 

Odious  by  considerations.  ^3997 

Plea  for  p.-Napoleon  I.  ♦3998 

Purchase  of  p.  of  sins.  ^3999 

without  Reformation.  *4000 

from  Sympathy- A.  Lincoln.  ^4001 

See  ABSOLUTION, 
in  Advance  by  Pope  Julius  II.     ♦ll 

Costly  a.  of  Palseologus.  ^12 
Desired  in  death  by  Charles  II.  ♦IS 

Penance  for  pope's  a.  2889 

See  ATONEMENT. 
Belief  of  American  Indians.       5158 
of  Vengeance-Am.  Indians.       4848 

See  RECONCILIATION. 

by  Explanation- Wm.  and  Mary.1924 

Impossible-James  II.  and  Pari.  3853 

Independence  better  than  r.      3912 

One-sided  r.-Firip^oca.  5361 

Superficial  r.-Orleans  and  B.     2695 

"-Dying-Fred.  II.    2202 

See  FORGIVENESS  in  loo. 

PARENT. 

Disappointed- John  Howard.   ^4002 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Affection  of  p.-O.  Cromwell.       995 

Anxiety  of  p.  for  children.  120 

Brutality  of  p.-Fred.  Wm.         3389 
.4        .i   ..       .«       "  6741 


Desperate  by  outrage  of  judge.3973 
Disappointed  in  daughter-J.II.  4005 
Disobedience  to  p.  justified.  417 
Distressed  p.-John  Howard.  122 
Grateful  for  safety  of  children.  119 
vs.  Husband-Queen  Mary.  2684 
Impartial  p.-Mr.  Dustln  andlnd.117 
Instructions  of  p.,  Abiding.  795 

Joy  in  success  of  children-Phil.  6 
Passion  of  p.-Confession.  4019 

Severity  of  Luther's  p.  4573 

Sacrifices  of  p.f  or  child.-Camel8.795 
Tyrannical  p.-Fred.  Wra.  I.        5741 

PARENTAGE. 

C  ross-reference. 
Fraudulent  claim  of  p.  8973 

See  PATERNITY. 
Inferred  by  conduct.  *4026 

PARENTS. 

Power  of  p.-Roman.  ^4003 

Sacrifice  of  p.-Chinese.  •4004 

Sorrow  of  p.-Henry  VIII.  ^4005 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Contrasted-Alex.-Andronicus.  2207 
Husband's  precedence  of  p.      2685 
Infanticide  by  p. -Poverty.         2410 
Legacy  of  p.  in  character.  897 

Reverence  for  p. -Ancients.        4869 
"   "-Filial-Alex.     4868 
Severe  government  of  p.-16th  c.  802 
Severity  of  Roman  p.  5124 

Visions  of  p.-Peter  Cooper.       4407 

See  ANCESTRY. 
Humble  a.  of  poet  Horace.        ♦225 
Ineffective  a.-Prince  Rupert.     ^226 
Unlike  a.-Orleans  princes.         ^227 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Barbarous  a.  of  Europeans.  2719 

Base-Witches  and  demons.  1528 
Character  from  a.-Q.  Elizabeth.  763 

"             "     "-Americans.  771 

Depraved-Nero's.  1532 

"          a.  confessed.  2066 

Disreputable  a.-John  XII.  4305 

Dlvine-Spurious-Silenus.  2386 

Genius  by  a.-J.  Milton.  2298 

Happiness  affected  by  a.  3560 

Humble  a.-N.  R.  Gabrini.  594 

"       "-Diocletian.  595 

Nobility  of  a.  despised-Nap.  3592 

Pride  in  honest  a.-Napoleon.  3592 

Selected  a.-Pilgrim  Fathers.  3173 

Unfortunate -Charles  I.  &628 

See  AFFECTION  (Filial). 

Enduring  f.  a.  of  I.  Newton.  *108 

of  William  Cowper.  ♦110 

"  W.  Scott.  ♦Ill 

"  Caius  Marcius.  ^112 

"  Sertorius  the  Roman  Gen.  ^113 

"  Alexander.  ♦IW 

"  Prisoner.  •US 


Alexander  the  Great.  774 

Force  of  a.-Son  of  Croesus.        5295 

See  AFFECTION  (Paeental). 
Destitute  of  a.-Fulk  the  Black.  ^106 
Impartial  a.-Mr.  Dustln.  *U7 

Maternal  a.  outraged  by  Ind's.  ♦US 


Parental  a.  of  S.  Wesley.  ^119 

"   "  L.  Stafford  at  t.  ♦120 

Zeal  of  a.-John  Howard.  ^122 


Country  vs.  Son-Spartan.  3724 

Disappointed  par'ntal-Henry  11.4005 
Family  vs.  Religious  a.  4184 

Grief  of  a.-Webster's  b.  561 

Imperishable  a.  for  the  dead.     560 
Misunderstood-James  II.  290S 

Nourished  by  mementoes-Scott.lll 
Paternal  a.-O.  Cromwell.  995 

without  Pity-Roman.  1355 

Subdued-Parental-Spartans.     1350 
Surrendered  to  justice.  3063 

Tested-Parental-Maurice.  1348 

Tortured  by  murderers.  1348 

Trial  of  a.-Bereavement.  4811 

See  CHILDREN,  FATHER,  HE- 
REDITY and  MOTHER  in  loc. 

PARK. 

Cross-reference. 
Transformaiion-St.  James  Sq.   3828 

PARRICIDE. 

Crime  of  p.  "  impossible."       ♦4006 
Punishment  of  p.  ^4007 


Cross-reference. 
by  Boys  ten  years  old. 

See  MATRICIDE. 
Infamous  m.  by  Nero. 


•1295 


3743 

1110 


PARSIMONY. 

Costly  p.  of  James  II.  ^4008 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Degrading  p.  of  Frederick  11.    4597 
Reputation  for  p.,  False.  1764 

See  MISER. 
Changed  by  prayer.  4386 

Misery  of  m.  by  S.  Johnson.        425 
See  COVETOUSNESS  and  ECON- 
OMY in  loc. 

PARTIAIilTY. 

MiscsUaueous  cross-references. 

Application  of  law.  3146 

Evinced  by  James  II.  4009 

to  Friends,  Judge's  p.  8069 

of  Public  opinion-Sackville.  3043 

in  Punishment-Romans.  4574 
Religious  p.-Royal  proselyte-C.  839 

Resented-Speaker  Polk's  p.  1257 

Ruler's  p.  for  friends.  3070 

See  NEPOTISM. 

Opposition  to  n.-Cromwell.  3893 

PARTIES. 

Difference  In  English  p.  *4010 

Independence  of  English  p.  ^4011 

Natural  in  politics-Two  p.  ^4012 

Opposite  p.  among  Romans.  ♦4013 

Passion  of  p.-Romans.  ^4014 

Value  of  English  p.  *4015 


Cross-reference. 

in  Politics  needed  for  liberty.    4268 

See  POLITICS  in  loo. 

PARTING. 

Cross-reference. 

Sad  p.-Lincoln-Citizens.  4559 

See  DEPARTURE  in  loo. 


900 


PARTISAK— PATRIOTISM. 


PARTISAN. 

by  Contagion-Parliamentary.  *4017 
Kffective  p.-Rev.  J.  Swift.       *4016 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
VS.  Mediator-James  IL  8547 

in  Politics-Riglit  or  wrong.        4264 

PARTISANS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Appointment  of  p.-Pres't  Polk.  276 
Bitterness  of  p.-Politics.  4235 

Hurtful  influence  of  p.  1694 

Judges-Jeffreys'  court.  4102 

Overruled-Mexican  War.  276 

Protected  by  p.-Sylla.  3882 

Eeign  of  p.-Blue-Green.  970 

See  DEMAGOGUE  and  DIVISION 
in  loc. 

PARTY. 

Oianged,  Honorably-Falkl'nd.*4018 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Confessed  injudiciously-Andr6.1043 

Controlled  by  p.  4162 

See  POLITICS  in  loo. 

PASSION. 

Parental  p.-John  Locke.  ♦4019 

Passion  corrected  by  p.-Nap.I.*4020 
Savage  p.,  Alexander's.  *4021 

Simulated  becomes  real.         *4022 
Violent  p.  of  S.  Johnson.  *4023 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
for  Adventure-Conquest  of  Fla.  75 

Ashamed  of  p.-Julian.  5296 

for  Books-Dr.  Harvey.  628 

"       "     -Washington  Irving.  626 

Constant  p.  against  France.  2654 

Contagion  of  political  p.  4017 

for  Drink-Edgar  Allan  Poe.  2955 

*'  Hunting-Andronlcus.  4204 

"         "       -Malek-Sultan.  4197 

for  Nature- Audubon.  2321 

in  Politics-Roman.  4014 

"Eesentment-Maximin.  4800 

for  Sailor's  life-W.  Irving.  626 

Victim  of  p.-Love  of  Shelley.  3345 

PASSIONS. 

Concealed- Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  *4024 
Controlled  by  p. -Fred.  Wm.    *4025 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Affected  by  civilization.  785 

Childish  p.-Blalse  Pascal.  791 

Controlled  by  lowest  p.  960 

"  "  Geo.Washlngton.3406 

**  "  p.-Henry  VIII.     3852 

Discipline  of  the  p.-Persians.  1770 
Indulgence  of  p.  unrestrained.  269 
Infatuated  by  p. -for  queen.       2062 

'•  *'  "  -Antony.  6067 

Music  corrects  the  p.  4709 

Ruined  by  p,-Antony.  6050 

Susceptible  to  tender  p.  3355 

Tyranny  of  p.-Glldo.  5745 

Vicious  p.-Elagabalus.  960 

See  ANGER,  EMOTION  and  LI- 
CENTIOUSNESS in  loc. 

PATENT. 

Useless  protection-Cotton-gin.  2991 


PATERNITY. 

Inferred  by  conduct. 

See  PARENTS  in  loc. 

PATIENCE. 

Abnsed-Pericl  es' . 
Christian  p.  of  martyrs. 
Endeavor  of  p.-Wm.  P.  of  O. 
of  Genius-Mag.  telegraph. 
Nobility  in  p.-Alexander. 
Success  by  p.-Study. 
Tried-Christian's  trials. 


•4086 


♦4027 
*4028 
♦4029 
*4030 
*4031 
♦4032 
*4033 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
VS.  Dinner-Philosopher.  1592 

Victory  of  p.-Lycurgus.  3264 

See  ENDURANCE. 
German  e.-Am.  Rev.-Soldiers.fl883 


Trained  to  e.-Spartans.  1822 

See  CALMNESS  and  FORTITUDE 

in  toe. 

See  SUBMISSION. 

Humiliating  s.-Richard  II.        ♦5381 

of  Soul-Penitential  s.  ♦5382 

Exacting  s.-James  IL  248 

Humiliating  s.-Captive  Emp.    8197 
Prayer  of  s.-Socrates.  4557 

Soul's  s.  to  God.  5382 

See  SELF-CONTROL. 
Remarkable  s.-c.-Duke  Fred.  ♦5083 


Abandoned-C.  J.  Fox.  5806 

in  Exoitement-G.  Washington.  3406 
Power  over  others  by  s.-c.  3595 
Sleep  at  will-Napoleon  I.  5205 

in  Suppressing  indignation.  5693 
"  "  resentment.       4804 

Weakness  in  s.-  c.  confessed.     5091 
See  RESIGNATION  and  PERSE- 
VERANCE in  loc. 

PATRIOT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Neglected  in  age-John  Adams.     35 
Patriot  vs.  Relative.  40 

PATRIOTISM. 

Abandoned  by  James  II.  ♦4034 
Affecting  p.  of  Maria  Theresa. ^4035 

Aroused-Am.  Revolution.  *4036 

Courage  of  p.-Scots.  *4037 
»        "  " -English  people.  *4038 

Dead-Romans.  '4039 

in  Death-Younger  Pitt.  ^4040 

"     "     -John  Hampden.  *4041 

Deeds  of  p.-Garibaldi.  *4042 

Determined  p.-Virginia.  ^4043 

Disgusted-General  Bolivar.  ♦4044 

a  Duty-Lacedaemonians.  ♦4045 

"    "    -Lord  Nelson.  ♦4046 

Educated  p.-Romans.  ^4047 

Effect  of  p.-DutGh.  ^4048 

Enthusiasm  of  p.-B.  Arnold.  ^4049 

Exasperated-Mass.  Colony.  ^4050 

Extinguished  in  France.  ^4051 

Faith  in  p.  of  people.  ^4052 

Finance  and  p.-R.  Morris.  ♦4053 

Indifferent  p..  Gibbon's.  ^4054 

Longing  of  p.-Pilgrims.  ^4055 

Memorial  of  p.-Bunker  HilL  ^4056 

National  p. -Patrick  Henry.  ^4067 


without  Pay-G.  Washington.  *4058 
Possibilities  of  p.-Am.  Col's.  *4059 
Preservation  of  p.-Sp. Armada.*4060 
Pretended  p.hides  8coundrel8.*4061 
Public  p.  of  Spartans.  *4062 

Punished-Thomas  Hansford.  +4063 
Remembered- Athenian.  *4064 

Response  of  p.-G.Wa3hington.*4065 
Sacrifices  of  p.-Thos.  Nelson.  *4066 
"  "-Reb.  inVa.  *4067 
Self-sacrificing  p.-Italian.  *4068 
Steadfast  p.  of  Pomponius.  *4069 
Stimulated-Queen  Elizabeth.  *4070 
Stirred  by  Stamp  Act.  *407l 

Surrender  of  p.-N.  Y.M'rch'nts.*4072 
Unseeming  p.  of  Sertorius.  ^4073 
Unselfish  p.  of  Bismarck.  ^4074 

"  "  General  Reed.  *4075 
Vicious  p.  of  Scotchmen.  *4076 
Violent  p.-Stamp  Act.  ^4077 

of  Woman-"  Capt.  Molly."  ^4078 
"       "       -Lydia  Darrah.         ^4079 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Admired  by  Lafayette.  2564 

Appeal  to  p.-Maria  Theresa.  6075 

Aroused-Govemment  dete8ted.2412 

by  Stamp  Act.  3525 

Banker's  p.-Robert  Morris.  3659 

of  Capitalists-Robert  Morris.  4872 

Coercion  of  p.-Tories.  963 

Commended  by  Wm.  Pitt.  480t 

Degraded  by  Charles  II.  169 

Determination  of  p.-Johnson.  4357 

Development  of  p.  by  L.  2347 

Distinguished- Wm.  Wallace.  2560 

Duty  of  p.-Solon's  law.  1230 

"      "  the  citizen-Plato.  891 

Energy  of  p.-Putnam.  1894 

Enervated  by  pleasure.  4195 

»          "  4200 

Enraged  by  corrupt  ruler.  3678 

"       -Mexicans.  4088 

Enthusiastic  p.-"  Ring  ring."  1902 

"-Romans.  1609 

Example  of  p.-Boston-Rev.  1968 

Exceptional-Earl  of  Angus.  5746 

Excessive  p.-Inhumanity.  1350 

Exertions  of  p.-Bp.  Gosselin.  937 

Expressed  by  indignation.  2795 

"         -Benefits  refused.  990 

Extinguished-Roman  p.  4252 

False  p.-Csesar's  assassins.  1141 

"     " -Divorce  of  Josephine.  1699 

Female  p.-Am.  Rev.-Boston.  6129 

"       "  of  Goths.  6128 

"      "-Mary  Lindley.  6115 

in  Finance-City  of  L.  2136 

Generosity  manifests  p.  2298 

Heroic  p.-General  Bayard.  2566 

'*      " -Sergeant  Jasper.  2151 

History  perpetuates  p.  3575 

Humiliating  surrender  of  p.  1978 

Ignored  in  vengeance.  6101 

Indignant  p.-Mexlcans.  2491 

Insensible  to  p.-Charles  II.  2244 

of  Lawyers-Am.  Revolution.  3169 

Manifested  at  funeral.  2257 

Mechanics'  p.-Boston.  3538 

•'          ""-Civil  War.  3540 

"  "-Eng.  Revolution.3041 


PATRIOTS— PEOPLE. 


901 


Mechanics'  p.-Phila.  363 

of  Merchants-Eev.  War.  984 

Morality  needful  for  p.  1527 

Morals  preserve  p.  3710 

Motive  to  p.  in  home  love.  113 

Nobility  of  p.-Captain  Hale.  1430 

Overlooked  in  non-resistance.  3824 

Political  p.  of  O.  Cromwell.  204 

Popular  p.  expressed.  3915 

Popularity  sacrificed  to  p.  4319 

Prompt  p.-"Minute  men."  4423 

Religion  inspires  p.  4727 
Reproached-"Thou  art  not  B."  369 

Resentment  of  p.  4802 

"  "-Chatham.  4801 
Reward  of  p.-Wash.'s  journey.  2099 

Rewarded  by  a  crown.  1329 

Sacrifice  to  p.  by  Josephine.  1869 
Sacrificed  for  profit-Capitalists.  709 

"         to  jealousy-Scots.  306 

"          "  resentment.  306 

Sacrifices  of  p.-Holland.  1503 

Sailors'  p.,  American.  1660 

of  Sailors-English.  5009 

Self-abnegation  of  p.  5081 

Self-denial  of  p.-Am.  Rev.  4816 

Slandered-Conspiracy-Danby.  1137 

Supremacy  of  p.-Bolivar.  893 

Surrendered  to  bigotry.  3549 

Tainted-Lord  Russell.  675 

Terrified  by  p.-Henry  III.  2397 

Tested-Samuel  Adams.  676 

Training  in  p.-Spartans.  1817 

War  arouses  p.,  English.  5882 

In  War-England.  5923 

"    "  -Am.  Revolution.  .5924 

of  Woman-Pausanias.  3724 

"        "      -Houston's  mother.  3725 

Woman's  p.-Mother  of  P.  3724 

"  Women-Am.  Colonies.  3914 

of  Young  men-P.  Henry  in  Va.  6183 

"       "         "  -Rebellion.  6182 

PA.TKIOTS. 

Massacre  of  p.-Boston.  3517 
See  COUNTRY  and  LOYALTY 

in  loo, 

PATRON. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abandoned  shamefully.  1485 

Dependence  on  p.  1004 

Helpful  to  young  Luther.  1811 

Noble  p.-Isabella-Columbus.  4182 

PATRONAGE. 

Age  of  p.-Anglo-Saxon. 
Division  of  p.-James  II. 
Governmental  p.-Am.  Col's. 
Ill-timed  p.  of  Chesterfield. 
Immense  p.-U.  S.  Centennial. 
Partiality  in  p.-James  II. 


*4080 
*4081 
*4082 
♦4083 
*4084 
*4085 


Cross-reference. 
Proselytes  by  political  p. 
See  FAVORS. 
Independent  of  f.-Diogenes. 
Rejected-Tyrants-Sylla. 
Solicited,  To  be-Alexander. 
Transient  effect  of  f.-Anne. 


3415 


4796 
1030 


PEACE. 

Choice  of  p.-Roman  Emperor.  •4088 
Commonwealth  of  p.,  Penn's.  *4087 


Disgraceful  p.-Montezuma. 
Evidence  of  p.-England. 
Fear  of  p.,  Pompey's. 
Joys  of  p.- War  of  1812. 
Messengers  of  p.-Am.  Indians. 
Perpetual  p.  by  French  treaty, 
Pledges  of  p.,  Wm.  Penn's. 
vs.  Pride-Thebans. 
Principles  of  p.,  Christian's. 
Provoking  p.  of  Utrecht. 
Signal  for  p.-Peace-pipe. 
Truce  for  p.-"  Truce  of  God." 
Unusual  p.-600  years. 


♦4088 
♦4089 
♦4090 
♦4091 
♦4092 
♦4093 
♦4094 
♦4095 
♦4096 
♦4097 
♦4098 
♦4099 
♦4100 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Arbitration-U.S.  and  Eng.     1595 
Conquests  of  p.,  Cromwell's.     8480 
"  "   "  -Purchase  of  L.  1079 

Devotion  to  p.-Theodoric.  201 

Endangered  by  neglect.  4228 

False  mediation  for  p.-Penn.     3548 
"     messenger  of  p.-Julius  II.  934 
Impossible  with  Philip  II.  of  Sp.902 
Liberty  the  price  of  p.  2218 

Mediation  for  p.  declined  by  E.  279 
National  p.  greatly  desired.  87 

Oath  against  p.,  Romans.  3842 

Option  of  p.  by  Xerxes.  2221 

Patriotism  survives  p.  4060 

Promotes  prosperity.  993 

Religious  p.,  Seeking-Wesley.  1122 
by  Temporizing-James  TI.  3548 
Treaty  of  p.-Absurd-Ghent.  5902 
Triumphs  of  p.-Fine  Arts-Greece.339 
Unpatriotic  p. -Capitalists  of  R.  709 
Wise  p. -Opposition  vain.  3938 

See  ATONEMENT, 
Belief  of  Am.  Indians.  5158 

of  Vengeance-Am.  Indians.       4848 

See  RECONCILIATION. 
by  Explanation- Wm.  and  Mary.1924 
Impossible-James  II.  and  Pari.  3853 
Independence  better  than  r.      3912 
One-sided  r.-  Viriplaca.  5361 

Superficial  r.-Orleans  and  B.      2695 
"-Dying  Fred.  IL      2202 
See  CONTENTMENT  in  loo. 

PE.%CE-MAKER. 

Cross-reference. 
Successful  p.-m.-W.  and  Mary.  5998 

See  ARBITRATION. 
Rejected  by  Eng.-Napoleon.     ♦279 


Confidence  in  Barbarians.  8617 

Peace  by  U.  S.  vs.  England.       1595 
Settlement  by- Alabama  claims.4825 

PEARIiS. 

Cross-reference. 
Worthless  to  the  ignorant.         2783 

PECUIiATION. 

Cross-reference. 
Official  p.-Small  pay.  669 

PECUIilARITIES. 

Cross-reference. 
Religious  p.-Puritans.  4732 

See  SINGULARITY. 
Motive  for  s.-DIogenes.  ♦5162 


by  Contrast  In  luxurious  times.  897 
Sensation  by  s.  .    6098 


PEDESTRI A  NS. 

Cross-reference. 
Military  p.-Spartan  soldiers.      3427 

See  TRAMPS. 
Philosophic  t.-Cynics.  ♦6677 

See  WALKING. 
Benefit  of  w.-Alexander.  ♦5876 


33 


Misstep  retrieved  by  tact. 

PENAIiTY. 

Excessive  p.-Death.  •4101 

Partisan  p.-Devonshire.  ♦4108 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Death  p.  for  all-French  Rev.     5739 
Excessive  p.-Debt-England.      4351 

See  CONFISCATION. 
Avaricious  c.-Emp.  Maximin.  ♦1049 
Religious  c.-A.d'Albuquerque.^l050 


of  Property  of  cowards-Rom.   1275 

See  FINE. 
Nullified  by  Eliot.  ♦2138 


3232 
3241 


Limited -Magna  Charta. 
Self-imposed  f.-Emp.  Julian. 

See  FLOGGING. 
Comfort  under  f. -Christian.     ♦2159 
Excessive  f. -Titus  Gates.  ♦2160 


Brutality  in  f.,  Jeffreys'.  2862 

Common-Servants-Ch.-Wives.  2860 

Triple  f.-Real  and  false.  2754 

See  CRIME,  EXECUTION  and 

PRISON  in  loo. 

PENANCE. 
Failure  of  p.  experiment.         ^4103 
Royal  p.-Henry  II.  ^4104 


Cross-reference. 
a  Substitute  for  piety-Jas.  XL 


762 


Cash  basis  for  p.-Indulgence.  2800 

Estimated  in  lashes.  2800 

Rigorous  p.-Monkery.  3684 

Substitute  In  suffering  p.  2800 

Transient  p.-James  II.  1133 

Voluntary  p.-Johnson.  1662 

PENITENCE. 
Royal  p.-Theodosius. 


♦4105 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Exhibited-Royal-Henry  II.        2669 
Expressed-Martin  Luther.         1178 
Hypocritical  p.-Sunderland.      1186 
True  p.-F.  Garretson.  6388 

See  REPENTANCE  in  loo. 

PENITENT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Rejeoted-PaJaeologus.  19 

Superstitious  p.-Fulk  the  Black.  106 

PENSION. 

Cross-reference. 
Bribery  by  p.-Samuel  Adams.     676 

PEOPIiE. 

Spirited  p.  of  New  England.    ♦4106 
"Unreasonable  "  p.-N.  Hamp.^4107 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Appeal  to  the  p.-Citizen  Genet.a433 


902 


PERFECTION— PERSUASION. 


Common  p.  distrusted-Bibl  e.       579 

"         '•  "  "  580 

Disfranchised  by  Puritans.  691 

Distrust  of  the  p.-Gov.  of  N.  Y.5418 

Faith  in  the  p. -Am.  Revolution.4052 

•'     "   "   "-Elizabeth.  4070 

Indifference  toward  p.-GrOv't.    16©1 

Misrepresented-'Not  one  tenth."10 

Narrow  p.-Bristol.  3606 

See  MASSES  in  loo. 

See  HUMANITY,  MAN  and  RACE 

in  loc. 

PERFISCTION. 

by  Development- J.  Milton.      *4108 


344 


Cross-reference. 
Difficult-Schools  of  painting. 

PERFIDY. 

Eesented-Constable  Bourbon.*4109 


Cross-reference. 

Rewarded  by  government.         3673 

See  TREACHERY  in  loc. 

perfume;. 

Cross-references. 
Delight  In  p.-Mahomet.  4810 

Substituted  for  food.  5779 

FERIIi. 

Familiar  p.  forgotten. 
Pleasure  in  p.-Wm.  P.  of  O. 


*4110 
*41H 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Alarming  p. -Spanish  Armada.  3801 
Escape  from  p.  by  boldness.      5817 
Fearless  of  p.-Wm.  P.  of  O.       3633 
Fictitious  p.-Popish  plot.  4213 

Pleasure  in  p.,  Boyish.  2122 

Unconscious  p.-Captain  Cook.  1519 
Dnity  by  common  p.  5750 

PERILS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Personal  p.  of  Capt.  J.  Smith.       80 
in  Primitive  llfe-G.  Washington.   76 
Unexpected  p.-Bombardm't-S.  462 

See  ADVENTURE. 
Courageous-Lieut.  Cushtng.        *73 
Daring  a.-Napoleon  I.  *74 

Passion  for  a.-Conquest.  *75 

Primitive  a.,  Geo.  Washington's.*76 
Spirit  of  a.-Wm.  Parry.  *77 


Love  of  a.-Young  Lincoln.         3272 
Youthful-Romantlc-Cortez.       3353 

See  ADVENTURERS. 
Disappointed-Theodoric  and  G.  *79 
Numerous  with  Capt.  J.  Smith.  *80 


Eemarkable-De  Soto's  ex.  1986 

Successful  a.-three  Men.  1076 

See  ADVENTURESS. 

Remarkahle-Pope  Juan.  6039 

Successful-Lady  Reves.  1171 

See  ALARM. 

Needless-Pertinax  made  Emp.  *165 

Eellgious  a.  of  Luther.  ♦166 


«f  Conscience-Ben j.  Abbott.  1109 

Messenger  of  a.-Paul  Revere.  5881 

Nations  in  a.  of  Napoleon.  4199 

Quieted  by  Scripture.  1087 


Religion  promoted  by  a.-Luther5861 
Superstitious  a. -Europeans.  5439 
Unexpected  a. -Rome-Geese.  1961 
by  Vision-Brutus.  5846 

See  DANGER  and  HERO  in  loc. 

PERJURY. 

Punishment  of  p.-Judicial.       *4112 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Death  for  p.-Egyptians.  3160 

Eminence  in  p.-Titus  Gates.  4213 
Flogging  for  p.-Titus  Gates.  2160 
Justified  by  necessity-Jesuits.  2044 
Punished  with  death.  5219 

Shameful  p.  of  "Dick  "  Talbot.6032 
Suspicion  of  p.,  Popular.  1938 


PERSECUTION. 

Arian  p.  of  Catholics. 
Artful  p.  by  Julian. 
Bloody  p.  in  Ireland, 
of  Catholics  in  Md. 

"        "        "  Ireland. 

"         "         "  Scotland. 
Catholic  p.  of  Huguenots. 
Compared-Mass.  vs.  Neth'l'ds, 
of  Covenanters-Meetings. 
Cruel  p.  of  Jews,  year  1189 
Exterminating  p.of  Albig'nses, 
by  Goths-Christians, 
of  Heretics-English. 
Impolitic-Huguenots. 
Ineffective  p.  of  Wycllffe. 
of  Jews  in  France, 
by  the  Persecuted-Quakers. 
Powerless-English  Martyrs. 
by  Protestants-English, 
of  Protestants-Ireland. 

"  "  -France. 

"  "  -Vaudois. 

by  Puritans  in  Mass. 
Reaction  of  Mary's  p. 
"        "  p.-Joan  of  Arc. 
"        "  "-Puritans. 
Sectarian  p.  in  Scotland. 
Selfishness  in  p.-Nero. 
Severe  p.-Claverhouse  in  S. 
Shameful  p.-Scotland. 
Superstition  in  p.-Pagans. 
Terrible  p.-Huguenots. 
"       "-Vaudois. 


*4113 
*4114 
♦4115 
♦4116 
♦4117 
♦4118 
♦4119 
♦4120 
♦4121 
♦4122 
♦4123 
♦4124 
♦4125 
♦4126 
♦4127 
♦4128 
♦4129 
♦4130 
♦4131 
♦4132 
♦4133 
♦4134 
♦4135 
♦4136 
♦4137 
♦4138 
♦4139 
♦4140 
♦4141 
♦4142 
♦4143 
♦4144 
♦4145 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Apostasy  during  p.-Christian.     252 
from  Bigotry-Pope  Pius  V.  588 

Boy's  p.-Terror  of  Cowper.  797 
Catholic  p.  of  Huguenots  in  Fla.  855 
of  Christians  by  Diocletian.  843 
Cruelty  to  Protestants-Ireland.  1336 
Defeated-Early  Cbristians.  574 

Encouraged  by  court-Ireland.  702 
Failure  of  p. -Guises.  4617 

Firmness  in  p.-John  Bunyan.  318 
for  Hire-Dutch  Protestants.  8675 
Inhuman  p.  of  Covenanters.  656 
Loss  to  the  persecutor.  2555 

Opposition  by  p.-Methodists.  5020 
by  the  Persecuted-New  Eng.  1166 
Pretext  for  p.-Queen  Mary.  6073 
for  Profit-English  Jews.  4178 

Prosperity  amid  p.-Thos.  Lee.   1671 


Purifies  the  Church.  4394 

"  "  453C 

"       "  "     -Macaulay.  874 

Relief  from  p.  by  conversion.    1179 

Resisted-Scotch  Presbyterians.  1558 

Shameful  joy  in  p.-Pope.  4541 

"       p.-Covenanters-A.       656 

Suffering  from  p.-Martyr  Taylor.679 

See  INQUISITION. 
Abominable  in  Spain.  *2877 

Romish  i.  in  France.  *287i 


Ignorance  directing  i.  2721 

Truth  outraged  by  i.  5727 

See  MARTYRS  in  loc. 

PERSEVERANCE. 

Admirable  p.  of  Columbus. 
Continued  p.-A.  Lincoln. 
Earnest  p.  in  battle, 
vs.  Force-Irresistible. 
Obstinate  p.-Crusaders. 
in  Oratory-Disraeli. 
Rewarded -John  Fitch. 
Scotch  p. -Samuel  Johnson. 
Success  by  p.-C.  Goodyear. 


♦4146 
♦4147 
♦4148 
♦4149 
♦4150 
♦4151 
♦415& 
♦4152 
♦4154 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Adversity-G.  Washington.     1788 
"  Discouragement-Mahomet.  3845 
"  Don't  give  up  the  ship."  2570 

of  Mahomet-three  Years.  1184 

Religious  p.-Pillar  Saints.  5018 

Success  by  p.-Demosthenes.      5403 

See  OBSTINACY. 
Depraved  o.-App.  of  H.  VIII.  ♦3858 
Extraordinary  o.  of  James  II.. ♦3853 
Immovable  o.  of  James  II.       ♦3854 
Political  o.  of  James  IL  ♦3855 


Argument  declined  by  o.  3049 

Assumed  o.-Dead  bodies.  2558 

against  Coun?el-Charles  XII.  1239 
Creditable  o.  of  Samuel  Adams.  676 
Defect  of  o.-John  Milton.  2923 

Foolish  o.-Hasty  words.  2748 

Plea  of  o.-William  Penn-J.  II.  3548 
Refuge  in  o.-Amb.  of  Wm.  IIL  750 
Religious  o.  against  p'rs'eut'rs.  1558 
Subdued  by  magnanimity.  2199 
See  FORTITUDE  in  loo. 

PERSISTENCE. 

Undeviating  p.-Columbus.       ^4155 


1899 


Cross-reference. 
in  Anlmosity-Cato. 

PERSON. 

Charm  of  p.-Chas.  Edward.  2832 
Magnetized  by  p.-Napoleon  I.  2833 
Manly  p.-Caesar.  3400 

Service  by  p.  not  by  proxy.  101 

Uncouth  p.-Samuel  Johnson.     3263 

PERSONA  lilTlT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Debate-Samuel  Johnson.       1457 
Women  denied  p.-Romans.        8499 

PERSUASION. 

Eloquence  in  p. -Pericles.  ♦4156 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Divinity  in  p.-Themistocles.      i 


PERTNESS— PIETY. 


905 


3ffective-Joan  of  Arc.  1557 

Bee  ENTREATY  and  PETITION 

in  loo. 

PERTNESS. 

Cross-reference. 

Offensive  p.  of  woman.  3485 

See  IMPUDENCE  in  loc. 

PERVERSITY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
I^atural  p.-Chas.  the  Bad. 
Youthful  p.- Wordsworth. 
See  OBSTINACY. 
Depraved  o.-App.  of  H.  VHI.  ♦3852 
Jlxtraordinary  o.  of  James  II.  *3853 
Immovable  o.  of  James  II.       *3854 
Political  o.  of  James  II.  *3855 


1669 
1668 


Argument  declined  by  o.  3049 

Assumed  o.-Dead  bodies.  S558 

.against  Counsel-Charles  XII.  1239 
•Creditable  o.  of  Samuel  Adams.  676 
Defect  of  o.-Milton.  2923 

Foolish  o.-Hasty  words.  2748 

Plea  of  o.-Willlam  Penn-J.  II.  3648 
Kefuge  in  o.-Amb.  of  Wm.  III.  750 
ileligious  o.  against  p"rs'cufrs  1558 
•Subdued  by  magnanimity.  2199 
See  DEPRAVITY  in  loc. 

PESSIMISTS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Error  of  p.  evils  are  old.  126 

National  English  p.-Bankruptcy.451 

PESTILENCE. 

Devastating  p.-England.  *4157 

Sapid  p.-Rome.  *4158 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Benevolence  during  p.-C.  8018 

Desolating  p.-London.  1540 

Destructive  p.-N.  E.  Pilgrims.     957 
Infection  of  p.-Plague.  2821 

Prevented  p.-Sanitary  laws.      3550 

See  PLAQUE. 
Desolating  p.-Widespread.       *4190 
Destructive  p.-Romans.  *4191 

PETITION. 

Denied-Anti-slavery.  *4159 

Immense  p.-5,706,000  sign't'res.*4160 
Jlight  of  p.-Abolitlonists.  *4161 

Tender  p  for  life.  *4162 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Defence  of  right  of  p.-Adams.  2046 
Earnest  p.-Pardon  by  Nap.  3998 
Misdirected-Mother  of  Darius.  2220 
Rejected  p.  of  college  fellows.  2890 
Useless  to  obdurate  James  II.    2536 

PETITION  ERS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Determined-Successful.  1613 

Female  p.-Puritans.  6124 

Terrorizing-Gord  on's  mob  to  P.    40 
Welcome  p.-A.  Lincoln.  8588 

PETITIONS. 

Cross-reference. 

filood  of  p.-Parliament.  8523 

See  ENTREATY  in  too. 


PETS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Singular-Scott's  pig  and  hen.      232 
Women's  dogs  condemned  by  C.233 

phantom:. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Alarmed  by  p.-Theodoric.         1115 

Pursued  by  p. -Murderer.  1108 

See  GHOST    in  loc. 

PHILANTHROPY. 

Example  of  p.-J.  Howard.  *4163 
Experimental  p.-J.  Howard.  *4164 
Practical  p.-John  Howard.      *4165 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Devotion  to  p.-Georgia.  4502 

Gift  of  p.-Smithsonian.  1818 

See  BENEVOLENCE  and  LOVE 

in  loc. 

PHILOSOPHER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Assumptions  of  p.-Aristotle.  2020 

Demoralized  by  pride.  4370 

Pioneer  p.-Newton.  2295 

Simplicity  of  p.-Diogenes,  1151 

Weakness  of  p.  -Johnson.  1592 

PHILOSOPHERS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Credulity  of  seven  p.  1281 

Doubts  of  p.-Academics.  1713 

Ridiculed-"  Savans  and  asses.  "6019 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Advantage  of  p.-Fortitude.      *4166 
Speculative  p.-Impracticable.  *4167 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
VS.  Christianity-Epicurean.  4202 
Dark  p  -Obscure-Heraolitus.  3563 
Demoralizing  manners-Rom.  4194 
Enthusiasm  for  p.-Archimede8.1905 
Experimental  p.  vs.  Authority.  3775 
Fascination  of  p.-Amurath  II.  3869 
Female  devotion  to  p.-Hypatla.  6078 
Impracticable  p.  rejected.  6018 

Mental  p.-Contempt  for-Nap.    8596 
Optimistic  p.  rebuked.  2437 

Superficial  p.-Sophists.  5733 

Unappreciated-Cato.  1011 

See  ^STHETICISM. 
Brutality  of  R.  in  exhibitions.    *102 
Realistic  ae.  "  "  "  "  *103 

Contempt  of  se.-Greeks  c.  by  R.  776 

See  STOICISM. 
Admired-Southey.  *5341 


Seeming  s.  of  Wm.  P.  of  O. 


121 


PHYSICIAN. 

Empirical  p..  Successful  *4168 

Mythological  p.-.(Esculapius.    *4169 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Bombastic  p.-Menecratec  618 

Intimidated  by  danger.  1048 

Invention  by  p. -Pit  iron.  2985 

Neglected  by  Gibbon.  3260 

Practice  lost  by  religion.  1036 

Quack  p.-Charles  II.  4588 

Sacrifices  of  p.-Benevolenoe.  540 


Studious  p.-Dr.  Harvey. 
Vanity  rebuked-Menecrates. 


628 
5779 


PHYSICIANS. 

Commlngling-Death  of  C.  II.    *4170 
Disagreement  of  p.-Charles  n.*4171 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Predictions  of  p.-Failure.  3599 

Quackery  punished-Cato's.  458? 

Rivalry  of  p.-Systems.  5385 

See  SURGEONS. 

Barbers  the  s.-16th  century.  456 

Insensibility  to  sufferings.  193 

See  SURGERY. 

Brave  s.-Duke  Leopold.  *5464 

Skill  in.s.-Dr.  V.  Mott.  *5465 

PHYSICIUE. 

Proof  by  p. -Ambassador.  *4172 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Feebleness  of  p.  overcome.       8599 
Perfect  p. -American  Indians.      811 

See  ATHLETE. 
Remarkable  a.-Thracian.  *388 

Royal  a.-Henry  II.  *389 


Moral  weakness  of  Milo.  5960 

Strong  a.-Father  of  Jefferson.   5358 
"       "  -George  Washington.  5359 
See   BODY  in  loc. 


PIETY. 

Claims  of  p.-Crusaders. 
Manly  p.-Gustavus  XII. 
Ostentatious  p.-Saladin. 
Practical  p. -Persians. 
Private  p.-Crom well's, 
for  Profit-Persecution, 
in  Public  life- William  Cecil, 
by  Reactlon-S.  Johnson. 
Reward  of  p. -Mohammedan. 
Sacrifices  of  p.-Isabella. 
Sincere  p.-Cromwell. 
Supremacy  of  p.-N'tural  affec. 


♦4173 

♦4174 
♦4175 
*4176 
♦4177 
♦4178 
♦4179 
♦4180 
♦4181 
♦4182 
♦4183 
♦4184 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Champion  of  p.-Cromwell.         3921 
Claims  of  p.  mistaken.  4173 

Commended  by  parent.  5076 

Complimented-Miracle.  5704 

Conspicuous  p.-Plllar  Saints.  5012 
Constant  p.  of  Oswald.  515 

Diplomatic  p.-N.  a  M'h'mm'd'n.2693 
Evinced  by  conduct-Pagan.  3608 
Humane  influences  of  p.  1317 

Libertines-Louis  XIV.  4144 

Military  p.-Cromwell's  soldiers.4385 

"      "    of  English  Puritans.  4390 
Mistaken  p.-Pilgrimages.  5981 

by  Natural  powers.  1202 

Offensive  p.-Expulsion.  1663 

Public  p.  enforced-New.  Eng.  6163 
Qualification  for  office.  2696 

Reward  of  p.-Cardinal  Wol8ey.4644 
Ridlculed-Puritanic  p.  4890 

Slandered-John  Wesley.  5173 

*'         -Richard  Baxter.        5175 

of  Soldiers'  p.-Crora  well's.         5250 
..         »  I.  5251 

"       "  "-Puritans  430O 


904 


PILGRIMAGE— PLEASURES. 


of  Soldiers'  p.-Puritans.  4378 

Strange  p.-Crusaders.  5163 

So  Truce  for  p.-Mahomet.  4381 

Uniquelyexpressed  by  Johnson.6169 
Unsatisfying  p.  in  obs'rvanc€8-L.166 
In  War-Joan  of  Arc.  5925 

of  Woman-Pulcheria.  5835 

"  Women-Roman.  6119 

Works  of  p.-Pulcheria.  5835 

See  CHRISTIANITY  and  RELIGION 
in  loc. 


3569 


PIIiGRIMAGE. 

Cross-reference. 
Memorials-Old  shoes. 

See  CRUSADERS. 
Numerous  C.-Six  millions.        *1375 
Origin  of  C.-Peter  the  Hemlit.  *1376 


Sinners  for  C.-First  Crusade.  *5163 

See  CRUSADB8. 

Craze  of  C.-Sacriflces.  9dll 

Credulity  of  C.  5850 

Loss  of  life-Two  million.  3258 


PILGRimiS. 

Cross-reference. 
Bigotry  of  p.-New  England. 

PIRACY. 

Ancient  English  p. 


591 


♦4185 


Cross-reference. 
National  p.-Eng.  and  France. 

PIRATES. 

Connivance  with  p. -Gov't. 
Period  of  p  -Romans. 


♦4186 
*4187 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Conniving  with  p.-Romans.        1298 
"  "    "  -English.         2434 

Contempt  of  p.-Roman.  1144 

Government  indifferent  to  p.-E.2440 
Impunity  of  p.-Bribery.  1210 

Tribute  to  p.-Algerine.  5711 

See  BUCCANEER. 
Excused-Sir  Francis  Dralte.        902 

PITY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
False  p..  Oppressor's.  2692 

Insensible  to  p.-Timour.  1337 

Manifested-Abdallah.  2289 

Moments  of  p. -Cruel  caliph.  2773 
Pleasure  marred  by  p.  5320 

Punishment  for  p.-Dr.  Batement.540 
Restrained  by  fear-Heretics.  2557 
Reversed  for  injurer.  4188 

after  Self-protection.  1161 

Unnatural  to  man- Johnson.       1353 
Victim  of  his  own  p.-Goldsmith.543 
Withheld-Suffering-Tyrant.       1357 
"       by  Romans.  1355 

Woman's  p.  for  foundling.  781 

See  COMPASSION  in  loc. 

PLAGIARISM. 

a  Felony-Hayward.  *4189 

PliAGVE. 

Desolating  p. -Wide-spread.  *4190 
Destructive  p.-Romans.  *4191 

See  PESTILENCE. 
Devastating  p.-England.  *4157 


Rapid  p.-Rome. 


♦4158 


Benevolence  during  p.-C.  3018 

Desolating  p.-London.  1540 

Destructive  p.-N.  E.  Pilgrims.  957 

Infection  of  p.-Plague.  2821 

Prevented  p.-Sanitary  laws.  3550 

PliAN, 

Life  without  a  p.-Milton.  2107 

"    with  a  grand  p.-Milton.  194 

PL.ANS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Ambition-Robert  Guiscard.    200 
Interference  with  p.,  Meddler's. 3546 
Largeness  of  p.,  Constan tine's.  2492 

See  METHOD. 
Life  regulated  by  m.-Wesley.  *3597 

See  SCHEME. 
of  Assassination-Wholesale.  1140 
Assassination,  Rosamond's  s.  of.  67 
-Catherine  de  M.6066 
of  Benevolence-Colony  of  Ga.  4299 
"  "  -Woman's  s.       4192 

Visionary  s.-Railways.  4610 

See  STRATAGEM, 
of  Loyalty- Woman.  1348 

Oath  by  s.-Harold  II.  3840 

in  Retreat- Washington.  4842 

of  Vengeance-Shipwreck.  1347 

Virtue  overcome  by  s.-Rape.     2276 

See  STRATEGY. 
Despised-Persians.  ♦5352 

Needful  s.-Columbus.  *5353 


vs.  Numbers-H.  Cortez.  3830 

See  SYSTEM. 
Living  by  s.-Alf  red  the  Great.  *5500 


in  Benevolence-John  Wesley.     549 

"  "  -Old  England.    4295 

"  "  -John  Howard.  3650 

See   ORGANIZATION  and  PLOT 

in  loc. 

PliEA. 

Cross-reference. 

for  Mercy-Burgesses  at  Calais.  4639 

See  ENTREATY  in  loc. 

plb:asure:. 

in  Benevolence-Howard's.  *4192 

before  Business-Henry  VIII.  *4193 

Demoralizing  p.-Romans.  *4194 

Devotion  to  p.-Tarentines.  *4195 

"         "  "  -Alexander.  *4196 

Extravagance  in  p.-Malek.  *4197 

Harmless  p. -Johnson.  *4198 
Interruption  of  p.-Talleyrand.*4199 

Passion  for  p. -Athenians.  *4200 

Perilous  p.-Frederick  V.  *4201 

Pursuit  of  p. -Epicurus.  *4202 

in  Sinning-S.  Johnson.  *4203 

Vitiated  by  p.-Andronicus.  *4204 

Watering-place  p.-England.  *4205 

Wearisome  to  Charles  II.  *4206 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abstinence  from  p.-Religious.   5077 
Agricultural  p.-"N'ar'rHeaven."156 
Attractions  of  p.-Nature-Art.     341 
in  Battle-Nelson.  5915 

'  BIood-shedding-Romans.       1341 


in  Combats-Romans.  974 

"  Crueity-Flaminius.  1355 

"       "     -Youth-Spartans.  1365 

"     united  with  p.  1701 

"       "     -Criminals.  2860 

Devoted  to  p.,  Communists.  8335 

Duty  vs.  Pleasure-Senators.  5326 

Expensive  p.-Goldsmith.  2273 

in  Food  f.  rejected- Pascal.  4681 

"    "      '•  -Dyspeptics.  5424 

not  Happiness-S.  Johnson.  14 

Harmful  devotion  to  p.-Greeks.  910 

Life  devoted  to  p.-Charles  IL  3295 

"   for  p.-Epicurus.  3271 

in  Literature-Charles  Fox.  3313 

Masquerade-Deadly  p.  in.  3512 

in  Misery  of  others-Jeffreys.  2862 

Misjudged  p.  in  wealth.  5970 

in  Music  prohibited-Puritans.  3749 

Object  in  life.  5646 

Opposed  pel'  se,  by  Puritans.  222 

Oppressive  p.  of  Wm.  the  C.  3943 

Pain  follows  vicious  pleasure.  2268 

Paradisaic  p.-Mohammedan.  3992 

Perilous  p.  pursued.  4110 

"        "  Taste  for-Wm.  of  0.4111 

Postponed-"  What  then  ?"  1071 

Rejected  by  austere  monks.  402 

"         "  Blaise  Pascal.  4681 

in  Rural  life-Poet  Horace.  153 

"     "       "  -E.  Burke.  3798 

Rural  p.-Cyrus.  5636 

"      "-Domestic-Scott.  2592 

"      "  -Horticulture.  2637 

"      "  -Napoleon  I.-Exile.  2638 

Sin  in  p.-Early  Christians.  3370 

Theatrical  p.  preferred.  341 

Transient  p.,  Sacrifices  for.  22tO^ 

Unlawful  p.,  Shame  after.  2C64 

Unmarred  by  disappointment.  3438 

in  Vice-Epicureans.  5801 

Vicious  p.-Reaction  of  virtue.  3246 

in  War-Franks.  5916 

"   "    -Alani.  5917 

Watering-places-England.  595^1 

5955 

in  Wine-Gauls.  6010 

PliEASURES. 

Condemned  by  Puritans.  *4207 

Expensive  p.-Metropolitan  R.  *4208 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Sense-Mohammedan.  *4209 

u      .»  ..  #4210 

Wasteful  p.-Shelley's.  ♦423 1 


Cross-reference. 
of  Sin  bring  shameful  misery.     378 

See  DISSIPATION. 
Philosopher's  d.-S.  Johnson.    *1683 
Youthful  d.-Edgar  Allan  Poe.  *1684 


Clerical  d.-OId  England.  925 

"  *«  -Eighteenth  century.  941 
Despondency  removed  by  d.  5449 
Reaction  of  d.-Cartwright.  1083 
Shortens  life-"  ArtemusWard."3283 

See  ENTERTAINMENT. 
Genius  for  e.-iEmilius.  *1902 


Rewarded  with  contempt.         1883 


PLEDGE— POLITICIANS. 


905 


See  MUSIC. 
Art  In  m.-Johnson. 
Condemned  by  Spartans. 
Imaginary  m.-Dunstan. 
Love  of  m.-16th  century. 
Necessity- Vandals. 
Opposed  to  m.-Puritans. 
Political  power  of  m. 
Power  of  m.-Mary  Stuart, 
in  Strife  for  Charles  XII. 
Taste  for  m.  by  Italians. 
Unappreciated  by  Gen.  Grant. 
Undignifled-Alcibiades. 


*3744 
*3745 
*3746 
*3747 
♦3748 
♦3749 
*3750 
*3751 
*3752 
*3753 
*3754 
*3755 

3816 
1304 
5371 
2979 
3178 
.  34 
509 


Charms  of  m.-Savages. 
Church  m.,  Critic  of. 
Devotion  to  m.-T.  Jefferson. 
DifiBculty  in  m.  met. 
Fondness  for  m.,  Cromwell's. 
Ignorance  of  m.  compensated. 
Impressive  m.  of  church  bells. 
Inspiration  in  m.-Wesley-Mobs.  698 
Laws  sung  to  m.  4223 

Passions  corrected  by  m.  4709 

Recreation  in  m.-Milton.  2498 

Relief  in  m.-Martin  Luther.        761 
Time,  Skill  in  m.  requires.  1968 

Unpleasant  m.  for  rivals.  3356 

See  PRODIGALITY. 
Checked  by  instruction.  ♦4478 

Encouraged-Ruinous.  *4479 

See  PROFLIGATE. 
Royal  p.-Queen  of  Spain.         *4490 

See  REVELRY. 

Christmas  revelry-Italy-France.850 

See  AMUSEMENTS,  HAPPINESS  and 

SPORT  in  loc. 

PLEDGE. 

Temperance  p.-Father  M'thew*4212 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
fnfamously  broken-Proctor.     2817 
Sacred  p.-  Embalmed  b.  1462 


PLOT. 

Fictitious  p.-"  Popish." 
Imaginary  p.-"  Negro." 


*4213 
♦4214 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Assassin's  p.-Q.  Elizabeth.         4948 

Exposure  of  p. -Massacre.  1006 

Infamous  p.-Gunpowder.  3013 

See  CONSPIRACY  in  too. 


PLUNDER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
Lawful  p.  of  Jews. 
Soldiers  supported  by  p. 
Wealth  by  p.-Francis  Drake. 

See  BOOTY. 
Division  of  b.-Trojan  War. 

See  SPOILS. 
Abundant  s.-Romans. 

"  "  -Constantinople 

Dedication  of  s.-Pious. 
Division  of  s.-Arabs. 


449 

633 

3059 

♦633 

♦5314 
♦5315 
♦5316 
♦5317 


A'^iindant  s.-Blake-Spaniards.  2131 
Corrupted  by  s.-Romans.  1298 

Demoralized  by  s.-Scots.  5387 

Sustained  by  s. -Confederates.   1063 


POET. 

Respected-Pindar. 
Terrorizing  p.-Robert  Bums. 


♦4215 
♦4216 


8307 
3308 
1305 
3593 
1325 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Critloised-Tasso. 

"       -Ariosto. 
-Milton. 

"       -Dryden. 

"       savagely-Byron. 
Despised-Churchill  by  J. 
Honored-Coronation  of  p. 
Impracticable- Voltaire  an  amb.     3 
Incensed-Voltaire.  3002 

Late  in  lif e-Cowper.  2300 

MIsjudged-Qray  by  Johnson.  2322 
Patient  p.-Seven  years-Virgil.  2341 
Popularity,  Sudden-Terence.  3590 
Precocious  p.-Alexander  Pope.4403 
Preparation  of  p.-Milton.  5373 

"  "       "  5374 

Prophetic  p.- Virgil.  4524 

Sensitive  p.-Dionysius.  1313 

Unwelcome-"  Bet  Flint  seeks  J."37 
Youthful  p.  •Precocious-Bryant.2329 

POETRT. 

Bad  p.  criticised. 
Heartless  p.-Gray's. 
Inspiration  for  p.-Bums. 
Pathos  in  p.-Dante. 
Power  of  p.-Welsh. 
Primacy  of  p.-Creation. 
Utility  of  p.-Ancients. 
Weakness  for  p.-Frederiok  U. 

C  ross  -ref eren  ces. 
Ambition  in  p.-Milton. 

Development  in  p.-Mllton. 
Failure  in  p.,  Early-Shelley. 
Father  of  p.-Homer. 
Genius  in  p.-Mllton. 
Moods  for  p.-Milton. 
Reformation  of  abuses  by  p. 
Punishment  in  song-Burns. 
Variable  quality  of  Milton's  p. 

POISON. 

Slow  p.-Thomas  Overhury. 
Well  applled-CBBsar  Borgia. 


♦4217 
♦4218 
♦4219 
♦4220 
♦4221 
♦4222 
♦4223 
♦4224 


3250 
3276 
4108 
2314 
2317 
3307 
1014 
3098 
4216 
2335 

♦4226 
♦4225 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
for  Poison-Rosamond.  1292 

Prepared  for  suicide.  3632 

Warning  of  p.-Alexander.  1048 

POISONING. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Protected  by  p.-Nero.  1347 

Punished  by  boiling.  1339 

Unprotected  from  p.-Antony.    4515 


POISONS. 

Study  of  p.-Cleopatra. 

POLICE. 

Inefficient  English  p. 
Use  of  p.-Wm.  P.  of  O. 


♦4827 


♦4228 
♦4229 


See  DETECTIVE. 
Harmless  d.-Robert  Burns.       ^1552 
Stupid  d.-Col.  Jam's'n-Andr6.^1553 
Useful  d.,  Cicero's.  ♦1554 


Conniving  d.-Robert  Bums.     ^1972 

POLICY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Destructive  military  p.  317 

vs.  Principle-Religion.  4734 

POLITENESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Burdensome  p.-Hand-shaking,  2509 
Characteristic  p.  of  Mahomet.     801 
Death-bed  p.  of  Charles  n.         3422 
with  Destitution.  2650 

Disagreeable  p.,  Caesar's.  3400 

Distinguished  for  p.,  ^mllius.  1902 
Ignored  by  politicians.  3864 

Intentional  p.-Regent  of  China.1035 
Kind  p..  Sailor's.  6021 

Mark  of  p.-Gluttony.  263» 

Rule  of  p. -Johnson.  1592 

Trespass  on  p.-Criticism.  1312 

to  Women -Sabines.  6116 

See  APOLOGY. 
Degrading  a.  demanded  by  J.II.^248 


Assassin's  a.-Caracalla.  1123 

Doubtful  a.-Marriage  of  H.VIII.458 
Weak  a.  for  ingratitude.  2857 

See  COURTESY. 
Denied  to  Speaker.-J.  K.  Polk.^1257 
Forfeited  byBp.  of  Winch'st'r.*1258 
Marked  o.-Peculiarity  of  Eng.  *1259 
to  Unfortunates-Black  Prince.^1260' 


and  Cruelty  of  Black  Prince. 
Devotion  to  c.-Knights. 
Embarrassing  c.-Goldsmith. 
Heartless  Roman  c. 
Infidels  denied  c. 
Insensible  to  claims  of  c. 
Scant  c.  remembered. 

See  ETIQUETTE. 
Burdensome  e.-Edward  IV. 
Question  of  e.-Wash.'s  Ad. 
Restraints  of  e.-Anne. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Opposition  to  p.-England.  1130 

Original  p.-England.  1301 


Awkwardness  of  e. 
Disgusting  e.-James  II. 
Important-Gen.  Washington. 
Necessary- Washington-Howe, 
Overdone-King  upset. 
Quarrel  over  e.,  Ludicrous. 
See  GALLANTRY. 
Inconsiderate  g. -Goldsmith. 
Proof  of  g.-Female  rulers. 

See  CHIVALRY  in  loc. 

POLITICIAN. 

Artful  p.-Pompey.  ♦4280 

"  -Cromwell.  ♦4231 


779 
1121 
4335 
2643 
2831 
2644 
4083 

♦1925 
♦1926 
♦1927 

1586 
2590 
4634 
1589 
1586 
750 

♦2263 
♦2264 


Cross-reference. 
Masterly  p.-Rlchelieu. 

See  POLITICS  in  loo. 

POLITICIANS. 

Cross-reference. 
Counsels  of  p..  Ruinous. 


■906 


POLITICS. 


POIilTICS. 

Abuse  in  American  p.  ♦4232 

Alliance  in  p.-William  Pitt.  *4233 
Anger  iu  p.-J.  Adams.  *4234 

bitterness  in  p.-Van  Buren.  *4235 
Candidates  in  p.-Roman.  *4236 

Changes  in  p.-Eng.Revolution.*4237 
"        "  "-Restoration.        ♦4238 
■Clerical  p.-James  II.  ^4239 

Compromise  in  English  p.  ^4240 
Contradiction  in  p.-Taylor.  *424l 
Controversial  p. -England.  *4242 
jCorrapted-Roman  "  treats."  ♦4243 
"  -Reign  of  Chas.  II.  ^4244 
"  "        "      "       "     +4245 

"Devices  in  p.-"  Log-rolling."  *4246 
Disappointments  in  p.-H.  Clay.^4247 
Dislike  for  p.-S.  Johnson.  ^4248 

Disrelished.-Gibbon  in  Pari.  ^4249 
Duplicity  in  p.-Leo  X.  ♦4250 

Eminence  in  p.-Van  Buren.  *4251 
Eschewed-Romans.  *4252 

Failure  of  p.-Poor  Ireland.  *4253 
Forgiveness  in  p. -Napoleon  I.  ^4254 
<3enerou8  p.-William  Penn.  ♦4255 
Hypocrisy  in  p.-Augustus.  *4256 
Idealist  in  p. -John  Milton.  ♦4257 
Insincerity  in  p.-James  II.  ^4258 
Judas  in  p.-R.  Ferguson.  ^4259 

^ismanaged-Wm.  of  Orange.  ^4260 
Misplaced-ln  Camp.  ♦4261 

Modified-Reign  of  James  II.  ^4202 
Parties  in  p.  needed.  ^4263 

Partisan  p.-S.  Johnson.  ^4264 

Power  in  p.-"  King-Maker."    ^4265 
"  "  -Charles  J.  Fox.     ♦4266 
Trayer  in  p.-S.  Johnson.  ^4267 

Preaching  p.-Puritans.  ^4268 

'*  "  under  Cromwell.^4269 

"  "  -J.  Mayhew.  ^4270 

"  "-Connecticut.        ^4271 

"  "-Friars.  ^4272 

•♦  "-Reign  of  Chas.  11.^4273 

without  Principle-Pr'f  essi'nal.  ^4274 
Reverses  in  p.-Tyler's  Adm'n.  ^4275 
Revulsion  toward  p.  ♦4276 

Sagacity  in  p. -Henry  Clay.  *4277 
in  Saloons-Reign  of  Charles  11. ♦4278 
Selfishness  in  p.-Romans.  ^4279 
Trifles  in  p.-Whigs  and  Tories.^4280 
Vexation  in  p.-H.  Greeley.  ♦4281 
^V  oman  in  p.-Charles  II.  ^4282 

TToung  men  in  p.  disdained.     *4283 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abandoned  for  literature.  8313 

Abuse  brings  success  in  p.  25 

Alienation  of  friends  in  p.  3934 

in  the  Army-Polk's  Admini8tr't'n276 
Arrogance  in  p..  Clerical.  920 

"         *♦    "         "  4929 

Asperity  In  p.-Polk.  1257 

Assessments  in  p.-Maxentias.  376 
Balance  of  power  in  p.-Europe.4363 
Bravely  maintained  Rep.  p.  1250 
Bribery  in  p.-English.  662 

"       "  "  punished.  1214 

**  -Universal-England.  1212 
Cant  in  p.-Samuel  Johnson.  708 
•Capital  in  p.-Conservatlve-Rom.709 
Caution  In  p.-Unooln-Barber.     788 


Changes  in  p.-James  II.  2118 

Changing  p.-"  Bobbing  John."  759 
Children  involved  in  p.-M.  reb'n.803 
Church  in  p.-James  II.  3388 

Clergy  la  p.-Preachlng. 

"      "  Irish  p. 
Clerical  zeal  in  p.-England. 
Compromise  in  p.-Missoari 
"  "   "-Slavery. 


3051 
1814 

938 
1017 
1020 
1021 
1022 
1126 
4012 
1127 
1132 
4013 
1137 

663 


Conservatism  in  p.-CecU. 

"  '•    '-England. 

"  "  "-Excessive 

*'  "  "-Trimmers 

Conservatives-Romans. 

Conspiracy  in  p.,  Ruinous. 

Contested  with  money-Irish. 

Corrupted  by  bribery-English.    669 

"  '•       "     -Athenlans.667 

"        English  p.  5332 

Corruption  in  p.-Catiline.  6193 

"  "  "-Demosthenes.  672 

"         dominant  in  p.         3876 

"         of  voters-Roman.     1211 

Debate  of  p.-Challenge-L.-D.      755 

Defeated  in  p.-Llncoln.  1488 

Deficiency  in  p.-Charles  XII.      1970 

Delusion  In  p.-Stamp  Act.  1522 

Denunciation  in  p.-Jeflferson.    3929 

Devices  In  p.-Generoslty.  4381 

"   "-Roman.  1156 

' 8936 

Directed  by  newspapers.  8815 

Disgrace  In  p.-J.  Adams.  4314 

Dissimulation  in  p.-Charles  I.    1676 
»•   "-Newcastle.  1679 
Education  in  p.-Spartan  youth.  894 
"  •'  "  by  newspapers.3813 

Eschewed  by  first  newspapers.  3812 
Exposure  of  means-Nero.  1347 

Freaks  in  p.-Orockett  elected.  4322 
Genius  for  corrupt  p.-Lord  N.  667 
Habitual  corruption  of  Scotch  1. 665 
Heedlessness  in  p.-Alarming.  3786 
Honesty  in  p.  1207 

Immoral  p.  personified.  1594 

Independence  in  p.-Trimmers.  1132 
Ingratitude  in  p.-Gr.Democr'cy.2855 
"  "  "-James  II.         2854 

Insincerity  in  p.  dangerous.  4090 
Insults  in  p.-Wm.  Pitt.  2899 

Invention  affects  p.-Cotton-gln.2988 
Lobbyist  in  p.-M.  Crassus.  3325 
Ministers  and  p.-Rev.  J.  Ball.  4520 
Mistake  in  p.-New  England.  5696 
Money  in  p.-Electioa  of  Sylla.  3877 
"  "  "  decllned-Douglas.  673 
Morals  necessary  In  p.  3716 

Neutrality  in  p.,  lafamous.  12.30 
OfiQce-seeking  in  p.-Lincoln.  3887 
Opposition  in  p.  removed.  676 

Orators  in  p.bought  with  money  .671 
Partisan  p.-Polk's  Admlnlstr't'n.276 
Politeness  Ignored  in  p.-Cloero.3864 
Popularity  seeking  In  p.  4013 

"        in  p.,  Vicious.  4374 

and  Poverty-Romans.  4348 

Preparation  for  p.  by  study  of  1.  83 
Radicals  In  p.-England.  4012 

Reaction  in  p.-Van  Buren^s  Adra.51 


Reformation  In  p.  impossible.  1001 

Religion  and  p.  4735 

Religious  pretence  In  p.  1186 

Resentment  extinguishes  p.  4109 

Revenge  In  p.-Aarou  Burr.  1747 
Reward  In  p.-J.  Adams'  po8tage.35 

Rivalry  in  p.-Halifax.  4919 

Satires  in  p.  popular.  3203 

Science  and  p.-Caesar.  5053 
Silence  In  p.  by  bribery-Demos.  672 
Slander  In  p.-Bollvar. 
Socialism  in  p.,  Roman. 
Songs  in  p.,  Power  of. 


Success  in  p.-S.  A.  Douglas. 
Surprise  In  p.-Sylla. 
the  Theatre  a  power  In  p. 
Trick  in  p. -Statue  crowned. 
Vascillatlon  in  p. 
Visitors  by  p.,  Burdensome. 
Woman  In  p.-Henrietta. 
Woman's  influence  in  p. 


4044 

5218 

5263 

3750 

207 

3882 

1536 

1323 

5331 

3864 

4282 

6079 

6080 

"  "  "  6081 

"  "  "  6084 

Women  in  p.-CIcero's  wife.       6130 

"       "  " -Revolution  by.      6121 

Women's  work  In  p.-Romans.  8416 

Youthful  Interest  in  p.-Bryant.  2329 

See  CANDIDATE. 
Dead  c.-Daniel  Webster.  ^703 

Dignified  c.-Thomas  Jefferson.  ^704 

See  CONSTITUENTS. 
Honesty  toward  c.-Bribe.  1207 

See  DEMAGOGUE. 
Changeful  d.-Buckingham.      ♦1524 
Class-Rome-Votes.  ♦1525 

First  d.-Menestheus.  ^1526 

Marks  of  the  d.  ♦1527 


Dangerous  d.-R.  Ferguson. 
Guided  by  sagacity-England. 
Rule  of  d.-Augustus. 
Shameless  d.-Catiline. 
Subdued  by  threatening-G.  G. 

See  DEMAGOGUES. 
Business,  Politics  a  d. 
Dangerous  d. -Socialistic. 


4259 

4274 

4256 

«J92 

40 

4244 
5218 


Disgraceful  work  of  d.-d'th  of  S.7C0 
Legislation  of  d.-Rome.  1156 

Rule  of  d.-French  Republic.       3522 

See  ELECTION. 
Close  e.  of  John  Adams.  ♦ISS? 

Coercion  in  e.-S.  Adams.  ♦ISSS 

Expenses-Treating  in  Eng.  ♦1839 
Frustrated-John  Howard.  *184Q 
of  Grace-Cromwell.  ♦1841 

Resented-Pres.  of  Magd'l'n  C.  ♦1842 
Scandalous  e.-Intimidation.  ♦1843 
Tie  e.-Jefferson-A.  Burr.  ^1844 

Timely  e.  of  grace-R.  Newton  ^1845 
Unanimous  e.  of  WasUngton.  ♦1846 
Unique  e.  of  Spartans.  ♦1847 

"   "  Capt.  J.  Smith.     ♦1848 
Vociferous  e.-Emp.  Pompey.  *18i9 

Defeat  at  e.  consoled.  4063 

"       mortifylng-J.  Adams.    4314 

Impoverished  by  e.-Cha>!.  IV.    4353 

See  ELECTIONS. 
Farcical-Reign  of  Jam^s  II.     *18o0 


POLYGAMY— POSITION. 


907 


*Tee  e.-Wm.Prince  ot  Orange.  *1851 
Venal  e.-Parliament,  a.d.  1768.*1852 

See  VOTE. 
'Only  one  v.-Cromwell.  *5855 

Power  of  one  v.-Sparta.  *5856 

"     "    "    "-Marathon.      *5857 


Basely  given-Rochester.  3875 

Complimentary  v.,  Lincoln's.  1488 
Declining  always  to  v.-A.  J.  3192 
Emphatic  v.-Stone  ballot.  1556 

Minority  v.  elects  Lincoln.  3870 
One  decisive  v.-Impeachment.  2750 
Ostracism  by  v.-Athenians.  3968 
Unanimous  v.  for  lnd'pend'nce.2790 

See  VOTERS. 
Bribe  for  v.  disguised. 
Bribed-£5000  for  one-Ireland. 

"     by  public  money-N. 
■Church-members  the  only  v. 
Coerced-English  v. 
Disf ranchised-Catholics  in  Md 

See  VOTES. 
Soliciting  v.-Grenville.  *5858 


662 
663 
667 
881 
662 
732 


by  Bribery  of  German  princes.  668 
Oharacter  controls  v.-Wash.  2836 
Coerced  by  Communists.  1276 

Controlled  by  force-Cromwell.  3189 
Corrupt-"  Credit  Mobilier."  2996 
■for  Dead  candidate- Webster.  703 
Excluded  by  Cromwell.  2422 

Independent  English  v.  4011 

Influencing  v.-Women.  2416 

Majority  to  rule-United  States.3387 
Perseverance  in  seeking  v.  4153 
Resentment  at  v. -James  n.       2890 

See  VOTING. 
•for  Christ-Roman  Senate.        *5859 

POIi¥GA]HY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 


fanaticism  tends  to  p. 

3078 

Justified  by  Milton. 

3922 

Permitted  by  M.  Luther. 

4658 

■Shameful  p.-Bothwell. 

2188 

CTnproduotive  of  children. 

4333 

See  CONCUBINES. 

Passion  for  e.-Elagabalus. 

960 

Power  of  Persian  c. 

959 

POMP. 

Oriental  p.,  Royal. 

*4285 

in  Private  life-Wallensteln. 

♦4284 

741 


Cross-reference. 
Asiatic  p.-Wedding-Timour. 

poMPOSinr. 

Expression  of  p.-S.  Johnson.  *4286 


Cross-reference. 

In  Titles-Romans.  5628 

See  DISPLAY  and  PRIDE  in  loc. 

POOR. 

Benefited  by  civilization.  ♦4387 

Burdened  for  the  rich.  ^4288 

Children  of  the  p.  *4289 

Conspiracy  against  the  p.,Leg.^4290 
Decrease  of  p.-England.  *4291 

Discrimination  against  the  p.  ^4292 
Dwellings  of  the  p.-Cellars.  ^4293 
I^st  laws  for  the  p.  ^4295 


Hardships  of  p.-Miners. 
Oppressed  by  law. 
Oppression  of  the  p. 

Refuge  for  the  p.-Georgia. 
Remembrance  of  the  p. 


♦4294 
*4296 
*4297 
*4298 
*4299 
*4300 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abuse  of  p. children- Apprentlces.798 

"      "   "        "  "  799 

Amusements  denied  to-Quolts.4296 

Asylum  for  the  p.-Colony  of  Ga.532 

Bad  food  of  the  Irish  p.  1510 

Benevolence  to  the  p.-Mrs.  F.     519 

"    "    "-LadyH.   520 

Care  for  Mohammedan  p.  2652 

Charity  of  the  p.-Foundling.       781 

Cheap  luxury  for  the  p.-R.baths.460 

Devotion  to  the  p.-Huntingdon.  546 

Discrimination  against  the  p.      579 

"    "       586 

Enslaved-England.  5194 

Excluded  from  p.-Office.  3883 

False  friends  of  p.-Demagogue.l525 

Food  of  English  p.  2181 

Generosity  to  the  p.-Cimon.         529 

"  Guests  of  God  "-Mahomet's  p.  524 

Laws  applied  to  the  p.  3155 

Legislation  against  the  p.  2277 

Luxury  of  the  r.  benefit  the  p.   3362 

Munificent  benevolence  to  the  p. 547 

Oppressed  by  bigotry-Jas.  II.     528 

"  *'  capital-Tailors.      429 

"  "  clergy.  4936 

"  "  government. 


3103 
3105 
3110 
4253 
S450 
4528 
4321 
3074 
2290 
4298 
193 


"  "  laws. 

"  "  nobility. 

Oppression  of  p.  resisted. 
Overlooked-Arab's  p. 
Popularity  with  the  p. 
Precedence  of  p.  in  court 
Remembered  by  the  p. 
Revolt  of  the  p.-Rome. 
Rights  of  the  p.  disregarded 

"     ignored-Magna  Charta.  3125 
Schools  for  p.,  Ragged.  5044 

5045 
Speculators  oppress  the  p.  5284 
Sympathy  for  the  p.-Lincoln.  5497 
Trespass  of  the  rich  on  the  p.  3057 
Vengeance  of  p.  on  oppressors.5289 
Wrongs  of  p.-Am.  Indians.  4331 
See  POVERTY  in  loo. 


POPE. 

Superseded  by  Henry  VIII. 
Supremacy  of  p.  beneficial. 


♦4301 
♦4302 


Kiscellaneous  cross-references. 

Cruelty  of  p.-Gregory  XII.  4541 

Devotion  to  the  p.,  Entire.  3016 

"  Gregory  VII.  2889 

Insolent  p  -Gregory  XIII.  2887 

Licentiousness  of  Cement  VI.  3245 

Simony  of  p.-Virgilins.  5152 

POPUIiARITY. 

Dangers  of  p.-Pompey.  ♦4306 

Deserved-Emperor  Titus.  ^4307 

Doctrinal  p. -Armenian.  ♦4308 

Evil  p.-Sale  of  indulgences.  ♦4309 


without  Fame-H.  Clay. 

Hindered-Halifax. 

Just  p.  of  Caesar. 

Loss  of  p.-Henry  Vane. 

Lost  -John  Adams. 

Means  of  p.-Themistocles. 

Misj  ud  ged-Caesar's. 

Necessary-Henry  I. 

Reaction  of  p.-Lafayette's. 

Sacrificed-Lafayette. 

by  Simplicity-Charles  II. 

Sought-Cimon. 

Strange  p  -David  Crockett. 

Tide  of  p.-Monmouth. 

Vanity  of  p.,  Cromwell's. 

Vicious  p.,  Nero's. 


♦4310 
♦4311 
♦4312 
♦4313 
♦4314 
♦4315 
♦4316 
♦4317 
♦4318 
♦4319 
♦4320 
♦4321 
♦4322 
♦4323 
♦4324 
♦4385 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abused-Citlzen  Genet.  2429 

Benevolence  for  p.  4321 

Departing  p.-G.  Washington's.  2308 

Depreciated  by  p.-Science.  2102 

Endangered  by  great  p.  3969 

Exposed-John  Adams.  3861 

Fickle  p. -Cromwell.  3739 

Fickleness  of  p.-Cromwell.  5991 

vs.  Honesty-F.  North.  3040 

Loss  of  p.-Wllllam  Pitt.  8952 

"    "  "  deplored-Cicero.  4370 

Lost  by  a  pension- Wm.  Pitt.  1515 

"  -Restless-Pitt.  2012 

MIsjudged-Caesar's.  1138 

Money  brings  p.-Sylla.  3877 

of  Nonsense-Diogenes.  2168 

by  Opposition- William  Hone.  3203 

Patriotism  Ignored  for  p.  4252 

Peculiarity  brings  p.  3953 

a  Reproach-Claudius.  3876 

Reward  according  to  p.  5872 

Sacrificed  to  vanity-Pitt.  5632 
"          "  ambition- W.  Penn.2841 

"        by  vices-Byron.  2057 

Temporary  p.  of  Queen  Anne.  1030 

Trick  for  p.-Augustus.  3880 

' 3881 

Vicious  p.,  Treasurer's.  4374 

Waning  p.-Tyler's  Adm'n.  4275 

See  REPUTATION  in  loc. 

POPUIiATION. 

Changes  of  p.-Constantinople.^4326 

Extension  of  p.  Westward.      ^4327 

"  "  "  "  ♦4328 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Criminal  p.  of  Rome.  385 

Decimated  by  pestilence.  4157 

Exterminated  by  plague.  4190 

"  4191 

"  "  pestilence.        4548 

Unmerited  by  Edward  IV.  gay  k.  47 

PORTRAIT. 
Prohibited-Elizabeth's.  ^4329 


Cross-reference. 
Forbidden  by  Agesilaus. 
POSITION. 
Value  of  p.-Battle  of  Issus. 


4449 


♦4330 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Better  than  numbers.  2336 

Coveted-Post  of  peril.  1232 


908 


POSSESSION— POWER. 


See  RANK. 
Plea  for  social  r. -S.  Johnson.  ♦4612 
See  DISTINCTION  and  PROMO- 
TION in  loo. 


POSSESSION. 

Right  of  p.-Indlans. 


*4331 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Accidental  omen  of  p.-Duke  Wm.33 

Final  p.  a  grave.  2467 

See  PROPERTY  in  loo. 

POSTAGE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Burdensome  p. -Scott.  2048 

Complimentary  p.  to  ex-Pres'ts.   35 

POST-OFFICE. 

Opposed-England.  *4332 

POSTERITY. 

Denied  to  Mahomet.  *4333 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Need  of  p.-"Continuation  of  h.''800 
Reproach  of  p.  feared  by  C.  I.    1500 

"        "    "       "    -Strafford.120 
Vain  labors  for  p.  of  W.  Scott.    190 

See  DESCENDANTS. 
Degeneracy  of  modern  Greeks.  1507 
Sufferings  and  ruin  of  Caesar's  d.2075 

See  HEREDITY, 
of  Disposition-Frederick  II.     *2551 
Failure  of  h. -Howard's  father. *2552 


of  Character-Charles  I.  3628 

Contradicted-Orleans  princes.  227 

of  Crime-Caesar's  family.  2072 

Cruelty  by  h.-Nero.  1347 

"  "      "  2072 

of  Disposition-Frederick  11.  2551 

*'          "          -Melancholy.  3560 

"          "          -Nero.  5260 

Failure  of  h.-Cromwell's  son.  5957 

of  Genius- Watts.  2315 

"     -Blaise  Pascal.  2324 

in  Government-Monarchy.  2451 
"  "  -Female  line-I.  2458 
Incompetence  by  h.-Gold8mith.4342 

in  Mechanics-East  Indian.  3537 

of  Profession  in  Egypt.  4486 

*'  Shameles-npss-Ferdinand.  2066 

POVERTY. 

a  Blessing-Ministerial.  *4334 

Blessings  of  p.-Pasoal.  *4335 

Crime  of  p.  in  law.  *4336 

Devices  in  p.-Goldsmith.  *4337 

vs.  Extravagance.  *4338 

Genius  in  p.-Isaac  Newton.  ♦4339 

Happiness  with  p.-Grant.  ^4340 

Honorable  p.-Ad.  Blake.  *4341 

Inherited-Goldsmith.  *4342 

of  Inventors-Goodyear.  ♦4343 

"         "         -Howe.  ^4344 

Land  p.-United  States.  ^4345 

Ministerial  p.-Bp.  Asbury.  ^4346 

Overestimated-S.  Johnson.  ^4347 

and  Politics-Romans.  ^4348 

with  Prlde-S.  Johnson.  ^4349 

Protected  by  p. -Caledonians.  ^4350 

Punishment  of  p.-England.  *4351 

Rldiculed-Scots-Johnson.  ^4352 


Royal  p.-Emp.  Charles  rv. 

♦4353 

"      "  -Baldwin  II. 

♦4354 

School  of  p.-S.  Johnson. 

♦4355 

Sorrows  of  p.,  Woman's. 

♦4356 

Spirit  with  p.-S.  Johnson. 

♦4357 

a  Tyrant-Workmen's. 

♦4358 

Unknown  in  Athens. 

♦4359 

and  Vice-England. 

♦4360 

Virtuous  p.-Am.  Indians. 

♦4361 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Absence  of  p.-N.  Eng.  Colony.  3714 
Badge  of  p.-Dlsgulsed-Gems.  3100 
Benefactor  rewarded  with  p.  2334 
Benevolence  with  p.-Goldsmith.543 
"  "  seamstress.        525 

by  Benevolence  misapplied.  553 
"  "  "  500 

Children  the  treasures  of  p.  812 
Choice  of  p.-Wesley.  5978 

Cities  exhibit  p.-Rome.  889 

Clerical  p.-England.  924 

"      "  "  929 

"      «  "  939 

"      "  "  940 

Coercion  of  p.-Adrlans.  2387 

Contented  with  p.-S.  Adams.    3660 
Contentment  with  p.-Diogenes.ll51 
"  "      "  5635 

Degraded  p.-Roman  masses.  3256 
Degradation  of  p.-Ireland,  1510, 1511 
Deprivations  of  p. -Geo.  Wash.  1788 
•'  "  -A.Lincoln.  1787 
Desplsed-Napoleon.  5033 

Disguised  by  show  of  wealth.  3966 
False  relief  for  p.-Public  labor.  553 
Genius  in  p.-Homer.  2317 

"    rising  from  p.-Franklin.  2331 
Hardships  of  p.-Youth.  3121 

"  "  "  -Laborers.  3123 

Honesty  with  p.  a  marvel.  1207 
Humiliating  p.-Beggars.  2210 

Impatience  with  p.-Dryden.  2469 
Impediment  of  p.-R.  Burns.  596 
Increased  by  unwise  ben'  vornce.533 
Independence  in  p.  5942 

"  "  "-Stilpon.         5982 

Inventor's  p.-John  Fitch.  2990 

Labor  in  p.  by  Cinclnnatus.  157 
Life  narrowed  by  p.  3123 

beside  Luxury-Romans.  3369 

Marriage  impeded  by  p.  5989 

or  Principle- Protestant  clergy.  787 
Proof  of  honesty-Solplo.  1948 

Protected  by  p.  from  war.  1072 

Reputation  protected  byp.-ATls.766 
Struggle  with  p.-Johnson.         3314 

"       in  p.-Lincoin.  6213 

Trials  of  p.  by  Isaac  Newton.  108 
by  Vice-England.  4360 

Voluntary  p.  for  8cience-F'rad'y.537 

"  "    "  religion-Wesley.518 

Vow  of  p.-J.  Wesley.  518 

"     "  "  -Mahomet.  524 

See  ALMS. 

for  Stmgglers-Sir  Walter  Scott.  90 

See  BEGGAR. 
Honorable  b.-Martin  Luther.    ^497 
Literary  b.-English.  ^498 


Religious  b.-M.  Luther.  445ft 

Royal  b.-Henry  III.  1264 

1266 
Ruler  made  a  b.-John  of  C.  2212 
Unknown  among  Am.  Indians.  667 

See  BEGGARS. 
Malicious  b.-England  16th  cent.  ♦49& 
Professional  b.-Monks.  ♦SOO 

Punlshed-England-Whlpped.    ^501 
"        -England-Slavery.      ♦502 
Scheme  for  b.-Count  Rumford.+503 


Cruelty  toward  Scotch  b.  5893 

Headquarters  for  b.-London.  1293 

NobUlty  reduced  to  b.  2210 
Numerous-One-fifth-England.  4360 

Prevented  by  law-Solon.  4359 

Punishment  of  b.-England.  270a 

See  VAGRANTS. 

Imposition  of  v.-England.  ♦5763- 


Branded-England.  SOi 

Professional  v. -Bavaria.  503- 

See  BENEVOLENCE,  CHARITY 

and  POOR  in  loo. 


POWER. 

Authority  by  p.-Charles  II. 

♦4362- 

Balance  of  p.-Origln. 

♦4363 

"       "  "  -Europe. 

♦4364 

Boast  of  p.-Pompey. 

♦4365 

Humble-Roman. 

♦4366- 

Personal  p. -Napoleon. 

♦4367 

"        "          " 

♦4368 

Threat  of  p.,  Agrippina's. 

♦4369 

Use  of  p.  for  freedom. 

♦4370 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

beyond  Capacity-George  III.     2879^ 

by  Comblnatlon-the  Poor.         1688 

Dangerous  to  liberty.  3219 

by  Good  and  evil  mixed.  3015 

Love  of  p.  by  Irene.  180 

Might  makes  right-Wm.  III.      4903 

"  "    -Cromwell.  4904 

"  "    -Earls.  4902 

Monarch  of  the  world-Timour.  195 

Moral  p.  in  conscience.  1109- 

Official  p.-Roman  Censor.  746 

Personal  p.  of  Bothwell.  1171 

"        *'  -Cromwell-Moral.    132» 

"        "  -Spanish  Inqul8iti'n.2877 

Resigned-General  Bolivar.         4044 

in  Ridlcule-Publlc.  4895. 

"       -Reformation.  4897 

"       "       -Revolution.  4898- 

"  Wealth-Philip.  4885 

See  COERCION. 
Patriotic  c.  of  Tory  Tim.  Paine.  ^963 


an  Imprrssive  b.-"An  old  S." 


90 


Fictitious  c.-Mary  Queen  of  S.  2188 
of  Government  by  finances.  2404 
"  Juries-Star  Chamber.  3050- 

"  Jury  by  Jeffreys.  3048. 

Moral  c.  of  Sunderland.  1997 

Profession  in  life  by  c.  4485 

Repentance  by  c.-Failure.  4396 
Signature  by  c.-Magna  Charta.3207 

See  DOMINION. 
Boundless  d.-Roman.  ♦I?!* 

Proofs  of  d.-Persians.  ♦I?!! 

See  FORCE. 
Distinguished  by  f .-'  H'mm'r."*218r 


PRACTICE— PREACHING. 


909 


Fictitious  f.-Mary  Queen  of  S.  *2188 


-vs.  Conscience-Subjugation. 
Divinity  in  f  .-Ttiemistocles. 
ys.  Perseverance-Illustration. 

See  ENERGY. 
•€omplimented-Napoleon  I. 
Expression  of  e.-Gen.  Grant. 
Individual  e.-Rienzi. 
Military  e.-Emperor  Trajan, 
of  Patriotism-Israel  Putnam. 
Success  by  e. -Cardinal  Wolsey, 
Surpassing  e.  of  Mahomet  II. 


2964 
2387 
4149 

*1890 
♦1891 
*1893 
*1893 
*1894 
♦1895 
*1896 

952 

1609 

1033 

2025 

Personal  e.-Chas.  the  Hammer.2187 

See  STRENGTH. 
■Consciousness  of  s.-Alex. 
Physical  s.-Peter  Jefferson. 

"       "-Washington. 
■toy  Piety-Cromwell. 

See  VIOLENCE. 
Error  of  v. -Christians. 


by  Climate-Hungarians, 
in  Disaster-Romans. 
Expressed  by  Caesar. 
Lack  of  e.  brings  disaster. 


♦5356 
*5358 
♦5359 
♦5357 

*5884 


Argumentative  v.  from  w'kness.299 
Paternal  v.-Prederick  II.  3389 

Reaction  of  v.-Becket-H.  TI.  6145 
-Savage  v.  of  Fred.  William.  1672 
for  Violence- Agrippina.  2072 

See  AUTHORITY  and  BULER 
in  loc. 

PRACTICE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Expert  by  p.-Jeffreys.  1994 

Expertness  by  p.-Horsemen.     2634 

See  EXPERT. 
4)y  Practice-Jeffreys.  *1994 

Physical  e.-Henry  II.  389 

See  EXPERTS. 
Unappreciated-Frederick  II. 


PRAISE. 

Demoralized  by  p. -Cicero. 
Extravagant  p.,  Cicero's. 
Offensive  p.-John  Howard. 
Servile  p.  of  Nero. 
Undisceming  p.  rebuked. 


3041 

*4371 
•4372 
♦4373 
♦4374 
♦4375 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Beneficial  p.  awakens  ambition.  195 
Corrected  by  criticism.  2256 

Discriminating  p.  in  R.  triumph.150 
to  God  for  victory.  8788 

Most  valued-M.'s  mother's  p.     112 
«ong  of  p.-Battlefield.  3788 

Traffic  in  p.-Dedication  of  books. 498 

See  ADULATION. 
Official  a.  of  Chas.  I.  by  Finch.    ^60 
Rebuked  of  James  I.-s.  m.  ♦ei 

Ridiculous  a.  of  H.  VIIL-r.  b.  g.  *62 


for  Money-Dedication  of  books.498 

See  APPLAUSE. 
Ancient  Germans'  a. -Clashing.  ^270 
Consequence  of  a.-Inspiration.  ^271 
Indifference  to  a.-Napoleon.     ♦272 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Distrusted  by  Cromwell.  8739 

Presumption  from  a.  ^70 


See  COMPLIMENT. 
False  c.-Robert  Burns's  toast.  ♦lOOg 
Graceful  c.  of  Wm.  P.  of  O.      ♦1010 
Misappropriated-Cato.  ♦lOll 


Burdensome-Office-Cicero.  3864 

by  Confidence-Caesar.  1041 
Contemptuous  c.-"Smallest  f."  741 

for  Hospitality-Gluttony.  2639 

Public-Alexander-Napoleon.  2232 

See  EULOGIUM. 

Sublime  e.  of  Washington.  ^1928 

See  FLATTERY. 

Artful-Captive  Zenobia.  ^2152 

False  f.  of  Henry  VIII.  ♦2153 

Fulsome  f .  of  James  I.  *2154 
Irritating  f .  of  Fred,  the  Great.^2155 

Resented- Alexander.  ♦2156 

Rewarded,  Excessive  f.  ^2157 


1471 
305 
2657 
2825 
60 
5971 


Deception  by  f.-Rochester. 
Develops  servitude-Romans. 
Embarrassment  by  f.-Caesar. 
for  Favor- Voltaire. 
Fulsome  f.  of  Charles  I. 
Wealth  by  f. -Legacies, 
of  Woman's  beauty-Elizabeth.  2684 
See  FAME,  HONORS  and  WORSHIP 
in  loc. 

PRATER. 

Brief  p.,  Busy  man's, 
at  Death,  Samuel  Johnson's  p, 
before  Fighting-Eng.  Rev. 
of  Gratitude-A.  Lincoln. 
Helpful  p.-A.  Lincoln. 
Necessity  of  p.-Mahomet. 
Refuge  in  p.-G.  Washington. 
Refused,  Cromwell's  p. 

"       for  James  II. 
Soldier's  p.,  Cromwell's. 
Subdued  by  p.-Samuel  Hick, 
and  Swearing-A.  Johnson. 


♦4376 

♦4.377 
♦4378 
♦4379 
♦4380 
♦4381 
♦4382 
♦4383 
♦4384 
♦4385 
♦4386 
♦4387 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Answered  by  Apoplexy.  1093 

"          for  Cart  Wright.  1083 
"          -Geo.  Miiller-Money.  525 

"               "          "           "  526 
"          -Mother's  p.-Boehm.l086 

Answers  to  p.-Geo.  MuUer.  1604 
Appreciated-Colonial  Congress.  564 

Bigotry  denies  p.  at  burial.  590 

"       prevents  union  in  p.  587 

Brings  food-Geo.  MflUer.  2035 

Call  to  p. -Mohammedan.  510 

Childish  pranks  in  time  of  p.  801 

Comfort  in  Lord's  p.  8403 

for  Conviction  of  sin.  1188 

Credit  of  p.  disputed.  875 

in  Death,  Cromwell's  p.  1434 

"       "      Luther's  p.  1433 

"       "      Mahomet's  p.  1432 

Defective  p.,  Soldier's.  2369 

False  p.  of  plunderers.  1559 

of  Gratitude,  Silent  p.  4379 

"          "        -Eye  restored.  2017 

Hindered  by  temptation.  1181 

Husbandman's  p.  4710 

Last  p.  of  CromwelL  831 

Listening  for  answers.  995 

Market  price  of  masses  and  p.  610 


at  Meals-Pagans.  4710 

for  Ministering  spirit.  5312 

New  Year  p.-Johnson.  6177 

Pleasure  In  p.,  Mahomet's.         4209 
Politician's  p.-Johnson.  4267 

Poor  man's  p.-M.  Luther.  4346 

Private  p.  contlnued-Cromwell.4177 
Protection  by  p. -Miner.  4556 

Refuge  in  p.,  Parental-S.Wesley.  119 


Refused  to  martyr. 
Refusing  p.-Capital  crime. 
Ruinous  p.  for  water, 
of  Rulers-William  Cecil. 
Salvation  through  p. 
Sublime  p. -Lord's  p.-Nap. 
of  Submission-Socrates, 
for  War  and  misery. 

PRATERS. 
Attendance  at  p. -J.  Quincy. 


4130 
4384 
6022 
4179 
1193 
2830 
4557 
5927 

♦4388 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Daily  p.  necessary-Napoleon.  1818 
Divided  in  p.-Caths.,  Prots.  2093 
Needless  p.-D'liver'nce  of  pope.2692 
Unanswered  through  c"mp'88'n.3249 
vs.  Usefulness-Agriculture.  6155 
See  WORSHIP  in  loc. 

PREACHER. 

Cross-reference. 
Remarkable  p.-"B!ack  Harry."  4389 

PREACHERS. 

Lay-p.-Puritans.  +4390 

'*    "  "  ^4391 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Monotonous  English  p.  3954 

Political  p.  rebuked  by  J.  II.      4239 
Untrained  p.-Quakers. 


1908 


PREACHING. 

a  Crime  in  Scotland.  ^4392 

"  Duty-John  Bunyan.  ♦4393 

Genuine  p.-Purltans.  ^4394 

to  Please-Dangerous.  ♦4395 
Profitless  p.-" Hung  in  chains."^4396 

by  Women-Samuel  Johnson.  ♦4397 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Arrested  for  p.-Wm.  Penn. 
Awakening  p.-B.  Abbott. 
"         "  -Asbury. 
"         "  -John  Bunyan. 
"         "  -John  Wesley. 
Courage  for  p.-G.  Ouseley. 
Excitement  by  p.-Methodists. 
Imprisoned  for  p.-J.  Bunyan. 
Liberty  of  all  in  p. 
Personal  p.-Seeming. 
"        "-Resented. 
Plain  p.-Queen's  dress. 
Politics-Puritan  p.-England. 
*'       forbidden-England. 
"       -Puritans  of  Mass. 
"  *'  "  Conn. 

"       commanded. 

-Reign  of  Charles  H. 
Sermons-42,500  by  J.  Wesley, 
vs.  Silence  of  monks, 
by  Women- Wesleyans. 

See  SERMON. 
Long  s.-6i8hop  Burnet. 


3053 
1080 
1179 
1085 
1089 
1243 
4703 
2764 
5638 
1189 
1234 
1738 
4268 
4269 
4270 
4271 
4272 
4278 
142 
1168 
6138 

♦Bin 


910 


PRECEDENCE— PRESS. 


Queer  s.,  Bishop  Turner's.       *5118 

Impressive  s.-2  Hours- Whitrid.6216 
Infuriated  by  J.  Knox's  s.  4653 

Life  changed  by  a  s.  1089 

Mockery  of  s.  arrested.  4901 

See  SERMONS. 
Soporific  s.-Bishop  Latimer's.  *5119 


Many  s.-Geo.  Whltefield-18,000. 6216 
See  CLERGY  in  loo. 

precedence;. 

Infinitesimal  p.-S.  Johnson.     *4398 

Quarrels  for  p.-Ambassadors.  *4399 

"  "    "-Greeks.  *4400 

Valued-Caesar.  *4401 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Declined  by  wounded  Nelson.  2568 
Guarded-Napoleon  vs.  Pope.     1326 
Ludicrous  regard  for  p.-Court.  750 
Quarrel  for  p.-Louis  XIV.  1671 

See  DISTINCTION  in  loc. 

PRECEDENT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Establishing  p.-Napoleon  I.       4905 

Bight  by  p.-Napoleon  I.  4905 

See  EXAMPLE  in  loc. 

PRECIPICE. 

Cross-reference. 
Cast  down  p.,  Perjurer.  4112 

PRECOCITY. 

Remarkable  p.-James  Watt.    *4402 
'•  "  -Alex.  Pope.      *4403 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Educational  p.-S.  Johnson.        1815 
of  Genius-William  C.  Bryant.     2329 
Juvenile  p.  of  Themlstocles.        635 
in  Mathematics.  3532 

"  "  -Colbum.  3533 

Remarkable  p.-Johnson-3  Yrs.  793 
Youthful  p.  of  B.  Franklin.         636 

PREDESTINATION. 

Belief  in  p.-Wm.  P.  of  OiaQge.*4404 
"      "  "-Scandinavians.       *4405 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Extreme  view  of  p.  4384 

Timely  p.-Bef ore  birth.  1845 

PREDICTION. 

Editorial  p.-Civll  War.  *4406 

Parental  p.  for  Peter  Cooper.  *4407 
Realized-New  York.  *4408 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Augury-Birds-Building-Rome.    396 
of  Bankruptcy-National.  451 

Equivocal  p.-Delphic  oracle.     3948 
Foolish  p.-J.  Dryden.  5049 

Fulfilled-J.  Fitch-Steamboats.  2306 
Oracular-Nero  to  kill  his  mother.  196 
-Sylla-Reins  of  gov't.  495 
Political  p.-Am.  Revolution.  1.599 
Popular  political  p.-False.  1985 

Reallzed-Diffusion  of  the  Bible.  578 
See  PREMONITION  and  PROPHECY 
in  loc. 


PRE-EMIN  ENCE. 

Surpassing  p. -Gto.  Washington.  1928 
See  DISTINCTION  and  EMINENCE 

in  loc. 

PREGNANCY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Disgraceful  p.  of  Honoria.         3436 
Miraculous  p.,  Contempt  for.     8528 

PREJUDICE. 

Commercial  p.-NationalBank.*4409 
Deluded  by  p.,  Public.  *4410 

in  History-DionysLus.  *4411 

Investigation  with  p.-Julian.  *4412 
National  p.-France  and  Bug.  *4413 
Opposition  of  p.-Roads.  *4414 

against  Progress-Iron.  "'4415 

Reaction  of  p.-Methodism.  *4416 
Sectional  p.-North  and  South.*4417 
and  Superstition-Lepers.  *4418 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Appeal  to  p.,  Vain.  4332 

against  Bankers-Jews.  449 

"  "       -Lombards.         450 

of  Caste-Parliament.  729 

Evidence  of  p.-James  II.  1945 

"         required,  Slender.       4214 
against  Foreigners-Columbus.  2055 

"  "         -Egyptians.  2189 

"  "        -Language.  3131 

in  Food-Scots-England.  1913 

of  Ignorance-Ministry.  875 

vs.  Invention-Se  wing-machine.2765 
Judgments  of  p.-Nap.  I.  by  Eng.  24 
against  Newspapers-Addison.  3813 
Opinion  affected  by  p.  3916 

Popularity  by  gratifying  p.  4233 
Utilized-Jesuit  missionaries.  395 
Warps  judgment-Reput't'nof  0.767 

See  BIGOTRY. 
Disclalmed-Cont.  Congress.      "=587 
Papal  b.-Plus  V.  *588 

Protestant  b.-Scotland.  *589 

Puritanic  b.-English  Puritans.  *590 
Strange  b.-American  Puritans. *591 


in  Benevolence-James  II.  528 

Blinded  by  b.-James  II.  4085 

Clerical  b.-Country  parson.  2707 

Display  of  b.-James  II.  1996 

Foolish  b.  of  James  II.  317 

Harmonious  b.-Bristol.  3606 

Mortified  by  benevolence.  3720 
Protestant  b.-C.  disfranchised.  732 

Rebuked-Dr.  Arnold's  plea.  733 
Religious  b.-Turk  vs.  Persian.  5070 

Rule  of  b.-James  II.  3549 

PREMONITION. 

Accidental  p.-Charles  I.  *4419 

of  Death-Charles  V.  *4420 

"       "    -Lincoln's.  *4421 

"       "             "  *4422 

See  PRESENTIMENT. 

True  p.-John  Howard.  *4430 

See  OMENS  in  loc. 

PREPARATION. 

Constant  p.-"Mlnute-men."     *4423 
for  Oratory-Demosthenes.       *4424 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Literary  p.-Mllton  for  Par'dlse  L.194 


Long  p.  for  Paradise  Lost.         4108> 
Neglect  of  p.-Edmund  Burke.       49 

See  FORETHOUGHT. 

Impulse  more  reliable.  2767" 

See  ORGANIZATION,  PLAN  and 

PREMEDITATION  in  loc. 

PREROGATIVE. 

Royal  p.-Etup.  Severus.  *442&^ 

"       "-James  n.  *4426 

See  PRIVILEGE  in  loc. 

PRESRYTERIAMSM. 

Despised  by  Charles  II.  *442r 

PRESBYTERIANS. 

C  ross-reference. 
Dislike  for  p.,  Milton's.  1103 

PRESENT. 

Declined  by  William  Pitt.         *4428- 
Perplexlng-Mazarln.  *442a 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Delightful  p.-Portralt  of  the  k.  404* 

of  Food  rewarded.  4431 

"      "   -Ada  to  Alexander.        6876 

See  PRESENTS  in  loc. 

PRESENTIJnENT. 

True  p.-John  Howard.  *4430 

See  PREMONITION  and  OMENS 

in  loc. 

PRESENTS. 

Bring  presents.-"Pudding."     ♦4431' 
Solicitation  of  p.-Alex.  *443a 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Destroyed-Tyrant-Sapor.  2527 

Misapplied-Montezuma.  1685 

Solicited  by  royal  beggar.  1266r 

See  GIFTS  in  loc. 

PRESERVATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Remarkable  p.  of  Mahomet.      1023 
Requirement  forp.-C'mm'n'sts.lOOS 
Strange  p.  of  Rome-Geese.         1961 

See  DELIVERANCE  in  loc. 

PRESS. 

Defended,  Liberty  of  p.  *443a 

Education  by  the  p.-E.  A.  Poe.*4434 

Freedom  of  p.,  Safety  by.         *4435 

"        "  "  -Liberties.  *4436 

«         "  "  -Fred.  II.  '►4437 

"         "  "  -N.  Y.,  yr.  1734.  "-4438 

Political  p.  feared-England.     *4439 

Power  of  p.  feared-England.  *4440 

Progress  of  American  p.  *4441 

Responsibility  of  p.  *444a 

See  NEWS. 
Fatal  n.-Dr.  Molt-Llncoln  d.    *3810 
Writer  of  n.  devices  of  yr.  1790. '►3811 


Good  n.-Haste-Gold.  1974- 

Manlpulated-Sertorius.  1479 
Shocking  n.-Fatal-Unexpected.l60a 

See  NEWSPAPERS. 

Colonial  Am.  n.,  year  1740.  •3812 

Deprecated  by  Addison.  *3813' 

Primitive  n.-English.  '►3814 

Thought  directed  by  n.  '"3815 


Attacks  of  n.  ignored-Linooln.  130ft 


PRESTIGE— PRIDE. 


911 


Fabulou*  accounts  in  n.  1973 

Wane  of  n.-Preserve  liberty.      3237 

PRESTIGE. 

C  ross-reference . 
Disregard  for  family  p.  2069 

PBF.SUOTPTION. 

Foolish  p.-fimperor  Petrarch.  *4443 
Reward  of  p..  Indignity.  *4444 

Mlscellaneou'*  cross-references. 

Papal  p.  resented.  946 

Ridiculed  by  Purthians.  1712 

of  Success-Capt.  Lawrence.       2570 

Successful  p.  of  tbi'«e  men.        1076 

of  Youth-Nasica.  2814 

"       "    -Pompey.  6310 

"    -Louis  Xn?".  6209 

See  ARROGANCE. 

Answered-Charles  V. 

Childish-Xerxes-Fetiers-Sea. 

Insulting  a.-Attila. 

"        "  -Charles  V, 


Boastful  a.-Disabul  the  Turk. 
Clerical  a.  ia  politics. 

Lofty  a.  of  Attila. 

National  a.-English. 

Peril  in  a.-Braddoct's  defeat. 

See  CREDULITY. 
of  Philo8ophers-Strange-S. 
Religious  c.-Priestcraft. 
of  the  Sick-16th  century. 
Superstitious  c.-Romans. 

'*  "  -Persian  Magi. 


Excess  of  c.-Mohammedans. 
of  Fanatics-Crusaders. 
Gold-seekers  c.-Signs-Spiders. 
of  Hatred-Origin  of  Huns. 

"  Superstition-Mystery. 

"  "  -Am.  Indians. 

"  "  -First  Crusade. 

"  "  -N.  E.  Colonies. 

"  Timidity-Negro  plot, 
brings  Unbelief-Miracles. 
Victim  of  o.-Cotton  Mather. 

See  SELF-CONFIDENCE. 
Coronation  of  self-Napoleon. 

See  RISK. 
Assumed  by  Alex.'s  physician. 

See  VENTURE. 
Instructive  v.  of  Franks. 


♦319 
*320 
*321 
•319 

384 
920 
4929 
322 
323 
97 

*1281 
♦1282 
*12a3 
♦1284 
*1285 

8622 
5850 
5141 
1528 
5447 
5448 
5451 
5453 
4214 
3626 
1567 

1321 
1326 

1048 

*5795 


Heroic-Sherman's  march  to  the  8.70 

See  CONFIDENCE  and  PRETEND- 
ER in  loc. 

PRETENDER. 

Honored-Michael  the  Greek.    *4445 


6223 


♦4446 


Cross-reference. 
Birth  of  p.-J.  F.  E.  Stuart. 

PRETENDERS. 

Numerous  p.-Turkish. 

PRETENSION. 

Mlicellaneous  cross-references. 
Contempt  for  p.-Pirates.  1144 

"  "    '•  -Alario.  1145 


See  IMPOSITION. 
Artful  i.  of  Alexander. 
Ofloial  i.-Punishment  of  c. 


*2753 

*2754 


and  Enthusiasm-Mahomet. 
Exposed-Weeping  virgin. 

"  Oracles-Grecian. 

"       "     -Delphic, 
by  Postage  expense-Scott. 
Supposed  i.-Child  of  James  II 
on  "Verdant  countryman. 
See  IMPOSTOR. 
Contemptible  i.-Lambert  S. 
Deceived  by  i.-Perkin  W'rb'ck, 

"         "  "-Monmouth. 
Punished-Duke  of  Monmouth. 
Reproved  by  General  Grant. 


1468 
3620 
3946 
3947 
2048 
3913 
1231 

*2755 
*2756 
*2757 
*2758 
*2759 

Blasphemous  i.-Titus  Gates.  5018 

See  IMPOSTORS. 

Power  of  i.-Barbarlans.  2261 

See  IMPOSTURE. 

Political  i.-Voice  in  the  wall.  *2761 

Rewarded-Titus  Gates.  *2760 


Duplioated-Titus  Gates. 

See  HYPOCRISY. 
Brazen  h.-Pope  Adrian  VI. 
Diplomatic  h.-Napoleon  I. 
Exposed-Religious-Charles  II 
in  Friendship-Rival  dukes. 
Invited-Puritan  Parliament. 
Religious  h.-Rival  dukes. 
"        "  -Roman  philos. 


*2051 

*2692 
♦2693 
*2694 
♦2695 
♦2696 
♦2697 
♦2698 


Political  h.-Augustus.  4256 

Religious  h.-Charles  II.  4711 

See  HYPOCRITE. 

Accomplished  h.-"  Dick"  T.  ^2699 

Epitaph  of  the  h.-Alexius.  2700 

See  QUACKERY. 

Experiment  in  q.-Cato.  ♦4587 
Superstitious  q.-King's  touch.  *4588 

See  SHAMS. 

Military  s.-Am.  Revolution.  ^5126 


Ridiculed-Affectation.  1506 

See  DECEPTION  in  loo. 

PRETEXT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

for  Banishment  of  French  Caths.448 

819 

1186 

6069 

6009 

428 

430 


Commercial  p.-Lysander 
Conscience  a  p.-Sunderland. 
for  Divorce-Henry  VIII. 
"  "    -Peter  m. 

Flimsy  p.  for  war.-Romans. 
"      Extortion-Henry  VIII 
Religion  a  p.-Bibulus.  3856 

Religious  p.  for  vice-Mahomet.     63 
"         "  of  James  II.  577 

See  EXCUSE  in  loc. 

PRICE. 

Cross-reference. 

Change  in  p.-Manhattan  Island.2997 

See  PURCHASE  in  loc. 

PRIDE. 

Absence  of  p.  in  Caesar.  ^4447 

Characteristic  p.-E.  Seymour.^4448 
Concealed  by  humility.  +4449 

Defensive  p.-Samuel  Johnson.^4450 


Folly  of  p.,  Destructive.  ^4451 

Humiliated-Samuel  Johnson.  ♦4453 
Mortified-Oliver  Goldsmith.  ♦4453 
of  Rivalry-Cicero's.  ♦4454 

Sacrifices  for  p.,  Goldsmith's.  ♦4455- 
Subjugation  of  Luther's  p.  *445& 
Vainglorious  p.  of  Henry  VIII.^4457 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Boastful  p.-Disabul  the  Turk.     384 
vs.  Charity-Newton.  4339 

Competition  of  p.-Extr'v'g'nce.201» 


2674 
332: 
1684 


4492^ 
1587 
4104 
28ia 
2820 


Covering  humility-Becket. 
Destructive  p.-Palaces  and  e, 
Dissipation  removes  p.-Poe. 
Downfall  of  p.-Julian. 
Endeavor  spurred  by  p. 
Humiliated  by  promotion. 
Humiliation  of  p.-Penance. 
Industry  sacrificed  to  p. 
Infatuation  of  p.-James  II. 
Injured  by  sympathy-W.  Scott's.  92 
Money  to  gratify  p.  3679 

Mortification  of  p.-Goldsmith.  226a 
Mortified  by  rival-S.  Johnson.  4450 
National  p.  aroused.  244* 

Ofifended-Portrait  of  Elizabeth.4329' 
vs.  Peace-National-Thebans.  4095 
Poverty  with  p.-Johnson. 
Resentment  of  wounded  p. 

"  "  criticism. 

Sorrowful  p.-Johnson. 
of  Vice-Gambling. 
War,  Cause  of-England. 
Wounded  by  indifference. 
"  "   precedence. 

See  CONCEIT. 
Changeless  c.-Cicero's. 
Foolish  c.-Xerxes-Shackle. 
Literary  o.-Thomas  Paine. 
Silly  c.-Xerxes- Mountain. 


4349* 
2012 
4217 
1662 
2272- 
3005. 
1515- 
1671 

♦1025. 
♦1026- 
♦1027 
♦102& 


Artistic  0.  of  Nero.  827 

Danger  of  c.-Braddock's  defeat.  97 
National  c.-English-French.      4603 
"   of  English.  3781 

Personal  c.  of  Jefferson  Davis.  3930- 
Political  0.  of  James  II.  4958 

Removed-"  Invulnerables."       5242" 

See  EGOTISM. 
Caste  e.-Young  Byron.  ♦1832 

Characteristic  e.  of  J.  Adams.  ♦1833 
Contrast  in  e.-Caesar  and  Cio.  ♦1834 
of  Genius-Oliver  Goldsmith.  ♦1835 
Royal  e.-James  II.  ♦1836. 


Outraged-Cicero's  e. 

2873 

Rebuked  by  Plato. 

5778 

See  OSTENTATION. 

Meritless  o.-Demaratus. 

♦3963 

Oriental  o.-Chosroes'. 

♦3964 

Rebuked  by  Parmenio. 

♦3965 

Ruinous  o.-Anthemius. 

♦3966 

Vain  o.  of  Romans. 

♦3967 

— 

Deceptive  o.-Feast.  8768 

Eagerness  of  o.  3967 

of  Greatness-Napoleon  1.  8480 

Military  o.  of  Darius.  4830 

Oriental  o.-Emp.  Angelas.  3896 

Rebuked-Barber.  1667 

Royal  o.-Constantine.  !)M06 


913 


PRIEST— PROCRASTINATION. 


See  SELF-CONCEIT. 
Braggart's  s.-c.-Royalist  in  N. 
Folly  of  s.-c.-Bajazet-Gout. 
Personal  majesty  of  Sapor. 

See  VANITY. 
Excessive  v.-Diocletian. 
Folly  of  v.-Madman. 
Foolish  v.-Ferguson. 
-with  Greatness-Queen  Eliz. 
Eebuked-'  Fine  Coat." 

"       -Goldsmiths. 

"       -Artaxerxes'. 

"       -Menecrates'. 
Eidiouloas  v. -Monumental. 
Victim  of  V. -Alexander. 


Y.  613 

611 
441 

*5772 
*5773 
*5774 
*5775 
*5776 
*b777 
*5778 
*5779 
*5780 
*5781 


■of  Ambition-Grant-Alfonso.  2621 
Architectural  v.-Pyramids.  2365 
5647 
in  Benevolence-Johnson.  521 

■Clerical  v.  in  erecting  St.  Sophia.864 
Covered  with  rags.  5677 

of  Earthly  possession.  2379 

Flattered-Charles  I.  by  Finch.  60 
Hindrance  of  v. -John  Adams.  3894 
Homage  to  v.  of  Greek  emperors,59 
"       "    "  "  Diocletian.  26 

of  Honors-Queen  Mary.  2619 

"  Life-Captive  king.  3292 

In  Old  Age-Constantine.  5772 

"  "  "  -Queen  Elizabeth.  5775 
Perilous  v. -Emperor  Julian.  ■  3678 
of  Popularity-Cromwell.  4324 

Prevents  success-Timotheus.  2213 
Eebuked-Buckingham's.  3904 

"       -Demaratus.  3963 

Sensitive  v.-Voltaire's.  2155 

Victimized  by  Pompey.  5 

See  DiaNITT  in  loc 

PRIEST. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
vs.  Christ-Pardon.  4103 

of  Infidelity-Robespierre.  4482 

See  PRIESTS. 
Interference  of  p.-Meddling.    *4468 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Banished  from  Ireland.  4117 

High  regard  for  p.-Ferdinand.    921 

Tyranny  of  p.,  Infuriating.         1340 

See  CATHOLICISM  and  CLERGY 

in  loc. 

primogeniture;. 

Disregarded  in  Old  Testament. *4459 
See  INHERITANCE  in  loc. 

PRINCIPI^X:. 

■Importance  of  p.-Tax  on  tea.  *4460 

PRINCIPIiES. 

Limited  p.-James  II.  ♦4461 

Weight  of  independence.         *4462 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Destitute  of  p.-T.  Cranmer.       1018 
Expressed  by  action.  6169 

without  Restraining-C.  J.  Fox.  5806 
▼s.  Sentiments-Puritans.  2038 

See  MOTIVE,  OPINIONS  and  SIN- 
CERITY in  loc. 


PRINTING. 

Beginning  of  p.-Almanac.  *4463 

Restricted-Punishment  for.  *4464 

Suspicion  of  magic.  *4465 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Genius  developed  in  p.-oflQce.    2331 
Opposition  to  p.-Va.  Colony.    1810 
Prohibited  in  Virginia  by  C.  II.  3941 

See  BOOKS. 
Burned  by  hangman.  *623 

Dearth  of  b.-England.  *624 

Divine  b.-Zendavesta.  *625 

Enchanted  by  b.-W.  Irving.  *626 
Forbidden  b.-England.  *627 

Passion  for  b.-Dr.  Harvey.  *628 
Publication  of  b.  restricted.  *629 
Rejected-Mllton's-C's.,  etc.  *630 
Religious  b.-Samuel  Johnson.  *631 
Scarcity  of  b.-Europe.  *632 


Ambition  aroused  by  b. 
Boys  Influenced  by  b. 
Burned-Alchemist's  b. 
Condemned-Rule  for  b. 


3268 
2734 
5976 
3240 


Dedication  of  b.  to  patrons.  498 
Destruction  of  all  b.-T.  Paine.  1027 
Devil  tested  by  b.-C.  Mather.  1567 
Helpful  b. -Wesley-Luther.  1122 
Thorough  study  of  b.-Bunyan.  81 
Valuable  when  scarce.  632 

See  NEWSPAPERS. 
Colonial  Am.  n.,  year  1740.       *3813 
Deprecated  by  Addison.  ♦3813 

Primitive  n.-English.  ♦3814 

Thought  directed  by  n.  ♦3815 


Attacks  of  n.  ignored-Lincoln.  1309 

Fabulous  accounts  in  n.  1973 

Want  of  n.-Preserve  liberty.     3237 

See  PRESS  in  loc. 

PRISON. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bible  in  the  p.-7  Bishops.  966 

Blessing  to  J.  Bunyan-Study.  81 
Labor  in  p.-Raleigh.  1139 

Mismanagement  in  p.-England.2125 
Unhealthy  English  p.-Howard.  4164 

PRISONER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Associates  make  p.,  Bad.  3631 

Cruelty  to  p.-Garibaldi  in  S.  Am.230 
Happy  p.-John  Nelson.  4999 

Home-sick  p.venturesome-Nap.  115 
Innocent  p.  outraged-Cormb's.l646 
Noble  p.-Columbus.  2473 

Political  champion  p.-L'f  y'tte.  3212 
Self-surrendered  p.-Honest.      2618 

PRISONERS. 

Cruelty  to  p.-England.  ♦4466 

"    "_"  The  Fleet."  ♦4467 

Enslaved-Indian.  ♦4468 

Extortion  from  p.-"  Fleet."  ^4469 


Miscellaneous  cros8-reference». 

Abuse  of  p.  -Bridewell.  1302 

"       "  "  -Lesson  of.  1990 

"       "  "  -Disease.  2863 

Abused-"  Ducking."  1385 

Benevolence  to  p.-Hpward.        516 


Benevolence  to  p.-Debts  paid.  1459 

Capture  of  40,000  p.  by  Nap.  469 

Contaminate  each  other.  5804 

Cruelty  to  p.-Crucified.  1331 

"       "    "-England.  1346 

"    "-Black  Hole.  1356 

for  Debt-England.  1459 

Enslaved-English  rebels.  5193 

"       -English  criminals.  5194 

Extortion  of  fees-England.  2125 

Honored  by  Black  Prince.  1260 

Inhumanity  to  p.  4845 

4860 

"  "  _"  The  Fleet."  4469 

"  "-England.  5183 

Protection  of  p.-Habeas  Corpus.S226 

Rebellion  of  p.-Howard.  541 

Slaughter  of  p.-Barbarians.  5180 

Slavery  of  p.  by  Romans.  5185 

Voluntary  p.-Nap.'s  friends  715 


PRISONS. 

of  Tyranny-France. 

See  IMPRISONMENT. 
Long  i.- John  Bunyan.  ♦2764 


♦4470 


Honorable  i.-Diocletian's  per.     843 

Shameful  1.  of  innocent  children.803 

See  CAPTIVITY  and  CRIMINALS 

in  loc. 

PRIVACY. 

of  Conversation-Lac'daemn'ns.  4471 

See  ISOLATION. 

Safety  by  i.-German  States.      ♦3000 

See  SOLITUDE  in  loc. 

PRIVATEER. 

Cross-reference. 
Suooessful-Sir  Francis  Drake.   8069 

PRIVATEERS. 

Cross-reference. 

Successful  p.-Am.  Revolution.  2150 

See  PIRATES  in  loc. 


PRIVATIONS. 

Ministerial  p.-J.  Wesley. 


*447« 


See  ADVERSITY,  FAMINE  and 
POVERTY  in  loc. 

PRIVILEGES. 

Pre-eminent  p.-Scotland.         ♦4478 
See  OPPORTUNITY  in  loc. 

PROBI.E1I. 

Cro?s-reference. 

Difficult  mathematical  p.  85S2 

See  MATHEMATICS  in  loc. 

PROCESSION. 

Funeral  p.-Alexander's.  ^4474 

Royal  p.-Greek  emperors.  ^4475 

Triumphant  p.-Aurelian.  ♦4^76 


Cross-reference. 
Honors  of  triumph-Pompey. 


5719 


PROCIiAlTIATION. 

Cross-reference. 
Memorable  p.-Emancipation.     822T 

PROCRASTINATION. 

Fatal  p.  of  Archias.  •4477 

See  DELAY  in  loc. 


PRODIGALITY— PROMPTNESS. 


91» 


PRODIG  A  IiIT¥. 

Checked  by  instruction.  *4478 

Encouraged-Kulnous.  *4479 

See  DISSIPATION. 

Philosopher's  d.-S.  Johnson.  *1683 

Youthful  d.-E.  A.  Poe.  *1684 


Clerical  d.-Old  England.  925 

"  "Eighteenth  century.  941 
Despondency  rerfioved  by  d.  5449 
Reaction  of  d.-Cartwright.  1083 
Shortens  life-"Artemus  Ward."3283 

See  PROFLIGATE. 
Royal  p.-Queen  of  Spain.  *4490 


Clerical  p.-Pope  John  XII.  4305 

Marriage  of  p.-Byron.  8465 

See  EXTRA VA6ANCE  in  loe. 

PROFANITY. 

Irrepressible- Washington's.  ♦4480 

Punished  by  Puritans.  *4481 

Ruinous  p.-French  infidels.  *4483 

Suppression  of  p.-C  Wren.  *4483 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Clerical  p.-Wm.  Qrimshaw.       8708 
Female  p.-Queen  Elizabeth.        763 
vs.  Prayer-Andrew  Johnson.     4387 
Reproof  of  p.  resented.  4033 

See  BLASPHEMY. 
by  Comparison  to  Christ.  1958 

Punishable  by  death-Maryland.4729 

See  SWEARING. 
Admired-Gen.  Charles  Scott.  *5485 
Reproof  for  s.-John  Bunyan.  *5486 


412 


Substitute  for  profane  s. 

See  DESECRATION  in  loc. 

PROFESSION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Heredity  of  p.  in  Egypt.  4486 

Indiscreet  religious  p.  1099 

Vain  p.,  Cowards-Gelimer.         1268 

See  PRETENSION  in  loo. 

PROFESSIONS. 

Cross-reference. 

Failure  in  p.-Goldsmith.  2030 

See  EMPLOYMENTS  in  loc. 

PROFITS. 

Eagerness  for  p.-Tobacco.        *4489 

See  GAIN. 
or  Lose-Tlmour's  demand.       *2262 

See  BUSINESS  in  loo. 

PROFIilGAClT. 

Cross-references. 
Abandoned  to  p.-Emp.  Car'nus.1701 
Reaction  of  p.-Puritans.  899 

PROFIilGATE. 

Royal  p.-Queen  of  Spain.  *4490 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Clerical  p.-Pope  John  XII.         4305 

Deed  of  the  p.  surpasses  the  sea.266 

Marriage  of  p.-Byron.  3465 

See  PRODIGALITY  in  loo. 

PROGRESS. 

Checked-Family.  *4491 

by  Competition-Isaac  Newton.*4492 

"  Development-Farmers.       *4493 


Feeble-Syrians-Egyptians.  ^4494 

Hopeless-Polar  Sea.  *4495 

Human-Germany.  *4496 

Ignored-Charies  I.  *4497 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Age  of  P.-1485  to  1514.  912 

"     "  "  -13th  century.  142 

"     "  "  -Reform  ation-D.- Art.    143 

of  Civilization  by  experiments.   906 

"  "  -Britons.  911 

"  "  -European.  912 

"  "  -Grecian.  910 

"  "  -England.  4287 

Delayed-Soclal  p.  of  Russians.    907 

Difficult  in  fine  art.  345 

Discouraging  p.-Plymouth  Col.  1534 

Expectation  exceeded.  6186 

in  Knowledge- Aristotle.  3093 

Limited  by  ignorance.  1204 

in  Longevity-One  fourth-Eng.  8267 

"  Manufactures-Clocks.  3374 

Moral  p.-Slave-trade.  5203 

by  Observation-Crusades.  5680 

Opposed-Gas-light.  8298 

"      -Post-office.  4332 

"      -Highways.  4414 

"      -Manufacture  of  Iron.  4415 

"      -Stage-coaches.  6684 

Opposition  to  p.  vain-London.     890 

"  "  "  -Postal  service.4332 

"  "  "  -Inventions.      2980 

"  "  "  -Lights.  3932 

"  "  "  -Railroad.  4610 

in  Philosophy-Baconian.  5049 

Prejudice  against  p.-Sewing-m.2765 

by  Religion-Colonization.  4789 

In        "       -"  More  truth."        4738 

"        "       -Mahomet.  4740 

Slow  p.-Travel-Am.  Colonies.    5688 

Social  p.-Barbarians-Swift.       1565 

"      "  -Cities.  5354 

"      "       "  5355 

Springs  of  human  p.  4532 

Sudden  p.  in  fine  art.  349 

in  Travel  expedited-Rome.        5684 

"  Vice-Commodus.  1364 

See  DEVELOPMENT. 
Social  d.-Lombards.  *1565 


of  Genius-Periods.  2297 

Inventions  by  d.-Steam-engine.6732 
Perfection  by  d.-Paradise  Lost.4108 

See  IMPROVEMENT. 
Opposed-Sewing-machines.      ♦2765 
Repressed,  Social  i.-England.  ^2766 


Agricultural  i.  opposed.  1129 

"          "in  Germany.  1377 

Forestalled-Conservatives.  1126 

Period  of  architectural  I.  286 

Prevented  by  legislation.  3110 
8111 

Self-Improvement,  Mental.  1776 

See  INNOVATION. 

Resented-Subjects  of  Peter.  ♦2875 


Opposed-Highways.  4414 

"       to  i.-S.  Johnson.  2511 

See  SELF-IMPROVEMENT. 
Related- Arkwright-50  Years.     1775 


Difficulties  in  s.-i.-A.  Lincoln.    1787 

Successful-G.  Washington.        1788- 

See  REFORM  and  REVIVAL  in  loc. 

PROHIBITION. 

Colonial  p.  in  Va.  ♦4498- 

Incipient  p.  in  N.  J.  ♦4499' 

Ineffective  p.  in  Ga.  +4500 

Plea  for  p.-Am.  Indians.  ^4501 
Protection  by  p. -Colony  of  Ga.^4502: 

Resisted-Am.  Indians.  ♦4503 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Amusements-Eng.  Puritans.  222" 
"  Begging  by  Solon.  4359- 

"  Commerce-Spartans.  989 

Legal  p.  of  silks  and  cottons.       961 
of  Rum-Am.  Ind's.  4976- 

"  Wine-Women-Locrian  law.   6011 
'*      "    -Roman  women.  6014 

See  LAWS  (Sumptuabt). 
Sumptuary  l.-Romans.  +8161 
♦3162 


Simiptuary  1.  opposed. 
"  "  -Dress. 

PROMISE. 

Cross-refereace. 
Forced  p.  of  Galileo. 

PROMISES. 

Broken  p.-Queen  Mary's.  ^4604 

Deceptive  p.  to  heretics.  ♦4505- 

Regard  for  p.-Romans.  ♦4606 


3416 
961. 


678r 


Cross-reference. 

Refused  bycandidate-Jeffer8on.704 

See  COVENANT  in  loc. 


♦4507 
♦4508- 
♦4609 
♦4510 
♦4511 
♦4612 
♦4513 


PROMOTION. 

Eamed-General  Grant. 
Jocose  p. -Napoleon. 
Loss  by  p.-Saturnlnus. 
Offensive  p.-Senators. 
Providential  p.-Queen  Eliz. 
Remarkable  p.-Cromwell. 
Unexpected  p.,  Cromwell's. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Alarming-Pertinax-not  Death.   165 

Changed  by  p.-Arohbp.  Becket.  882 

Deserved  p.-Lannes  at  Lodi.       648 

Disgraceful  p.,  Jeffreys'.  2888 

Failure  by  p.-Soldiers.  5669 

by  Honesty-Pompey.  2606 

"  Knowledge-J.  Sparks.  3094 

"  Merit-not  ancestry.  3592 

"      "    -Saxon  chiefs.  3594 

without  Merit-Justinian  n.       4961 

Neglected-Resented.  4799 

Peculiar  p.-Cook  chief  engine'r.l239 

Resented  by  hissing.  1564 

Ruined  by  p.-Young  Carinus.    1701 

Shameful  p.  by  disgrace.  Ill  1 

Undeserved  p.  of  an  adv'nt'r'rV.494 

"  "  "  favorites.        2110 

See  PRE-EMINENCE  and  OFFICE 

in  loc. 

PROMPTNESS. 

Success  by  p.-Charles  XIL       ^4514 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Necessary -Evil-doers.  188& 

Preparation  forp.-Minute-men.5881 


914 


PROOF— PROTECTOR. 


See  PUNCTUALITY. 
Characteristic  p.-J.  Q.  Adams.  4388 

See  ENERGY  in  loc. 

PROOF. 

■of  Good  inteutions-Cleopatra.  *4515 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Demanded  of  divinity.  1691 

of  Relision-Constantlne's.  4524 

Sophistical  p. -Either  side.  5733 

PROPERTY. 

Conservatism  of  p.  *4516 

Hereditary  p. -Romans.  *4517 

■Ownership  of  p.-Production.  *4518 

Titles  to  p.  reversed.  *4519 

Tyranny  of  p.-Communism.  *4520 

Wrongs  of  p.-English  law.  *4521 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Distributed  by  luxury.  3362 

Distribution  of  p.-Beneflts.  3126 
■Government  for  p.-England.  4351 
Hoarded  and  squandered-O.  p.  227 
Insecurity  of  p.-Loans.  2011 

Loss  of  p.  by  Sir  Walter  Scott.      91 
"    "  "  vs.  Children-S.  We8ley.ll9 
Lost  by  drink.  2943 

Quarrels  for  p.,  Family.  3732 

Sacrifice  of  p..  Patriotic.  4066 

"  "         "  4067 

Taluechanged-New  York.  5769 
Wife  bequeathed  as  p.  5995 

of  Wife  for  her  husband.  3465 

Wronged  of  p..  Widow.  4521 

See  COMMUNISM. 

American  c.-Colonists.  *998 

Eqality  by  c.-Lycurgus.  *999 

"  "  -Spartans.  *1000 

Vicious  c.-Reign  of  Kobad.     *1001 


of  Families-Spartans.  808 

in  Food-American  savages.  2649 

"  Land  by  early  Romans.  152 

Restoration  of  c.-Cleomenes.  2445 

See  COMMUNISTS. 

Conspicuous  c.-"  Levellers."  *1002 

Dangerous    "              "  *1003 


In  Diet-Spartan  tables.  2182 
Pleasure-seeking  c.-England.     3335 

Power  of  c.-Paris.  1276 

See  LAND. 

Division  of  1.,  Beneficial.  *3126 

Ownership  of  l.-England.  *3127 

Unimproved  l.-England.  ♦3128 


Limited  to  seven  acres  for  a.       152 
Monopoly  in  1.  imperils  the  state.152 
"  of  I.  abolished.  3691 

-Plymouth  Colony.  3697 
Poverty  with  l.-United  States.  4345 
Title  of  1.,  Disputed-Indians.     4331 

See  LANDS. 

Hereditary  l.-Roman.  *3129 

See  MONEY  and  WEALTH 

in  loc. 

PROPHECIES. 

•Sustained,  Scripture  p.-Jews.  *4522 

PROPKECT. 

False  p.-Empires.  *4523 

fJnconsclous  p.-Vlrgil.  ^4524 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  America's  future-Lafayette.  210 
"         "  "     -Stormont.    212 

Fictitious  p.-Confucius  of  C.        395 

See  PREMONITION. 

Accidental  p.-Charles  L  *4419 

of  Death-Charles  V.  *4420 

"       "    -Lincoln's.  *4421 

♦4423 

PROPHET. 

Cross-reference. 
False  p.-Peter  the  Hermit.         2090 


PROPHETS. 

Great  p.,  The  Four. 


*4525 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

False  p.-Levellers.  1003 

"      "  -Reformation.  2088 
See  PREDICTIONS. 

Editorial  p. -Civil  War.  *4406 

Parental  p.  for  Peter  Cooper.  *4407 

Realized-New  York.  *4408 


Augury-Birds-Building-Rome.    396 
of  Bankruptcy-National.  451 

Equivocal  p.-Delphic  oracle.      3948 
Foolish  p.-J.  Dryden.  5049 

Fulfilled-J.  Fitch-Steamboats.  2306 
Oracular-Nero  to  kill  his  mother.  196 
"  -Sylla-Reins  of  gov't.  495 
Political  p.-Am.  Revolution.  1599 
Popular  political  p.,  False.  1985 

Realized -Diffusion  of  the  Bible.  578 

PROPRIETOR. 

Nominal  p.-George  I.  ^4526 

PROPRIETORS. 

Bondage  of  p.-Peruvians.         ♦4527 
See  PROPERTY  in  loc. 

PROPRIETY. 

Cross-reference. 
Ignored-Minlsterial.  1737 

See  DECORUM. 

in  Debate-American  Indians.  ^1483 

Ministerial  d.-S.  Johnson.        *1484 

See  DIGNITY  and  MODESTY 

in  loc. 

PROSECUTION. 

Cross-reference. 
Malicious  p.-Unsuccessful.        8203 

PROSEIilTTE. 

Cross-reerence. 
Conciliated  by  relaxation  of  d.   839 

PROSE  liYTES. 

Cross-references. 

Zeal  for  p.,  Monks'.  8683 

See  CONVERT  in  loe. 

PROSPECTS. 

Cross-reference. 

Enjoyable  p.-Scotland.  1228 

See  FUTURE  in  loc. 

PROSPERITY. 

Children  bring  p.-Arabs.  ♦4528 

Dangers  of  p.-Phlllp.  ^4529 

Destructive  to  Christianity.  ^4530 

by  Government-Rlenzi.  ^^531 

Springs  of  p.-Desire.  *4533 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Age  of  national  p.-Roman.         3414 

Changed,  National  p.  suddenly.3984 

Deceptive  p.-"  All  Is  well."       5951 

Endangers  the  Church-England. 858 

National  p.  by  commerce.  978 

"    "  iron-England.      2998 

Spoiled  by  p.-Pizzaro.  1068 

Stimulated  by  necessity-Dutch.  994 

See  POPULARITY,  RICHES  and 

SUCCESS  in  loe. 

PROSTITUTE. 

Distinguished  p.-Theodora.      ♦4533 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Expensive  p.-Charles  II.  6083 

Honored  p.- Empress  Theodora.3191 

"       "  -Goddess  of  Reason.  4624 

Power  of  p.,  Political-Louis  XV. 6079 

*'  "  -Pompadour.  6080 

Rule  of  p.-Poppaea.  4373 

PROSTITUTES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Drees  of  p.,  Luxurious.  4611 

Rule  of  p.-Papal  chair.  3986 

Wives  made  p.,  Gothic.  1209 

See  COURTESAN  and  LICEN- 

TIOUSNESS  in  loc. 

PROTECTION. 

of  Industry-Clashing.  ♦4534 

"  Manufacturers-England.  *4535 

by  Secrecy- Athanasius.  ♦4536 

for  the  Weak-Georgia.  *4537 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Armor-Battle  of  Brenneville.461 
Bible  p.-John  Knox-Queen  M.     581 
by  Charms-Numa.  782 

"       "       -"Agnus  Dei."  783 

"  Climate-Ethiopians.  956 

Costly  and  futile-Chinese  wall.    295 
Divine  p.  of  Geo.  Washington.  3274 
"      "  sought.  .3718 

Feeble  p.-Mlles  Standlsh-6  Men.  313 
Hurtful  p.  of  property  by  H.  701 
Impartial  p.  of  children-Dustin.  117 
Ineffective- Arrows  at  Hastings.  391 
National  p.  made  necessary-C.  172 
of  Peace-Am.  Ind.'s  peace  pipe.4092 
"  Providence- Wm.  P.  of  O.       4555 

See  PRESERVATION. 
Remarkable  p.  of  Mahomet.       1023 
Requirement  for  p.-C'mm'n'sts.l003 
Strange  p.  of  Rome-Grcese.         1^1 

See  REFUGE. 
Sanctuary  for  r.-15th  century.  ^4659 
Secured  in  America.  ♦4660 


Failure  of  r.-Earthquake-D.sbon.731 
in  Prayer  from  adversity-G.  W.  4382 
"      "         "  "        -A.J.  4387 

Temple  of  r.-Founding  of  Romc.387 
See  DEFENCE  m  loc. 

PROTECTOR. 

Needed-Protestants.  ♦4538 

Strong  p.-Cromweli.  ^4539 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Motto  of  p.-"  I  will  maintain."  1506 
Safety  by  p.-Anglo-Saxons.        4080 
of  Protestants-Cromwell.  4542 


PROTECTORS— PUNISHMENT. 


915 


PROTECTORS. 

false  p.-Unchained  lions.  174 

PROTEST. 

Rebuked  for  p. -Coustantine.     1896 

PROTEST  ANTISM. 

Advance  of  P. -France.  *4540 

Overthrow  of  P.-Huguenots.    *4541 
-Protectors  of  P.  -English-S.       *4542 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Beneficial  to  Eng.  vs.  Cath'llcism.735 
Champion  of  P.-Cromwell.         3921 
Champions  against  P.-Jesuits.  3960 
Checked  by  Jesuits.  3017 

Expulsion  for  P.  3616 

Rejected  in  death  by  Charles  n.   13 
Suppression  of  P.  in  Ireland.       312 

PROT  EST  A  NTS. 

Bigotryof  P.-Ex'c"tion  of  Mary  S.589 

Blemished  by  persecutors.  1166 

Champion  of  P.-Wm.  P.  of  O.    1505 

Deceived  by  Charles  II.  906 

Defender  of  P.-Cromwell.  4539 

Intolerance  of  P.-Eng.  2963 

Persecuted  by  Caths.  in  Ireland.  1336 

"  "  Albigenses.  4123 

"  "  Callis-Ireland.     4115 

t.  i.       41  »  4J32 

"  "    France.  4119 

"  "         "  4126 

"  "         "  4133 

4134 

Persecution  of  P.  in  Scotland.  4136 

"  "  "    "  France.     4144 

"  "    "        "  4145 

3675 

3209 

3151 


vs.  Protestants-Dutch. 
Terrified-Defenceless-Ireland. 
XTnprotected  by  law-Ireland. 

PROTESTATION. 

Absurd-Timour.  *4543 

PROTESTATIONS. 

Characteristic-Celts.  *4544 

PROVIDENCE. 

Deliverance  by  p. -Columbus.  *4545 
Delivering  p. -National.  *4546 

Detention  of  p.-Cromwell.  *4547 
Directing  p.-Pilgrims  to  N.  E.  *4548 
Disposed  of  p.-Pilgrims.  *4549 

•Crifts  of  p. -Socrates.  *4550 

In  History-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  *4551 
"       "     -Plymouth  Colony.  *4553 
H^atlonal  p.-England.  *4553 

Overruling  p.-Misslons.  *4554 

Protecting  p.-Wm.  P.  of  O.  *4555 
Special  p.-Miner  saved.  *4556 

Submission  to  p.-Socrates.       *4557 
Trust  in  p.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.*4558 
"      "    "  -A.  Lincoln's.  *4559 

Vindication  of  p.-Persecution.*4560 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Angry  p.-Death  by  lightning.    3299 
Deliverance  by  p.-Dream.  1724 

Delivering  p.-Wesley  from  fire.  119 
Dependence  upon  p.-Lincoln.  4380 
Facilities  of  p.-Gout  of  Bajazet.611 
Faith  in  p.-Latimer.  6147 

•Great  men  come  by  p.  8581 


In  History  of  America. 
"       "       "  James  II. 


902 
4551 
4553 
3787 
3929 

902 


"       "       "  New  England. 

"       "       "  "  New  France.' 

"       "       "  Purchase  of  La. 

"  "  "  Spanish  wars. 
Impressive  p.  in  opening  of  Am.211 
Intimations  of  p.-Am.Republic.4783 
in  Inventions- Watt  and  A.  2987 
Misjudged-Calamity-Sin.  3797 

National  p.-Domain  of  Texas.  1517 
Obedience  to  p.-Cromwell.  4383 
Orderings  of  p.-S.  Houston.  3251 
Recognized  by  Elizabeth.  4511 

See  DESTINY,  FATE  and  GOD 
in  Iric. 

PROVOCATION. 

Dangerous  p.-Rebellion.  753 

See  EXASPERATION. 
Rashness  of  e.-Ethan  Allen.     *1967 


Calmness  provokes  e.-Socrates.  700 

by  Inhumanity-Sepoys.  4847 

in  Misfortune  feared.  1267 

See  RESENTMENT  in  loc. 

PROIVESS. 

Military  p.-Belisarius.  ♦4561 

See  BRAVERY  in  loc. 

^ROXT. 

Cross-reference. 
Insuflcient-Augustus.  101 

See  REPRESENTATIVE. 
Punished  in  r.-King  of  Eng.     *4773 


Efficiency  by  means  of  r.  8833 

Personality  lost  in  r.  416 

Silent  r.-A.  Jackson-Congress.  3193 

See  SUBSTITUTE  in  loo. 

PRUDENCE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Longevity  by  p.-Locke.  3326 

vs.  Love-Agesilaus. 
Military  p.  felt,  not  seen. 

See  CONSERVATISM 
Cured-Peter  the  Great. 
Dangers  of  c.-Dr.  Arnold. 
Described-Robert  Cecil. 
Excessive  c.-Reign  of  Chas.II.*1127 
Foolish  c.-Anti-progressive.  *1128 
Non-progressive  c.-Duke  of  N.*1129 
"  "-Mines-Eng*1131 

Opposition  of  c.  to  police.         *1130 
Political  c.-Lord  Halifax.         *1132 


3346 
1693 

*1124 
*1125 
*1126 


of  Capital-Romans.  709 

Characteristic  c.-Halifax.  5717 

of  the  Church-Presumed-Jas.  11.857 


Impossible-Man  or  mouse. 
Opposition  of  c.  Light, 
of  Property-owners. 
"  Pulpit,  Political  c. 
Ruinous  c.-Monmouth. 

See  CARE  in  loc. 

PRUDERV. 

Cross-reference. 
Puritanic  p.-Statuary. 

See  MODESTY  in  loo. 

PUBIilSHERS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Mistakes  of  p. -Books  rejected. 
Restrained  by  English  law. 
See  BOOKS  and  PRESS  in  loo. 


3396 
3932 
4516 
4562 
1222 


830 


629 


PUGILIST. 

Cross-reference. 
Amateur  p.-Palmerston. 


131} 


PUNCTUAIilTY, 

Cross-reference. 
Long  characteristic  p.-Quincy.  4388 

See  PROMPTNESS  in  loc. 


PUNISHMENT. 

Capital  p.-English  code. 
Deserved-Titus  Oates. 
"        -Mourzoufie. 
Effective  p. -Prompt. 
Excessive  p.-Ed.  Floyd. 
Ineffective  p.-Capital-Eng. 
of  Innocent-China. 
"         "       -Children, 
in  Kind-Theseus. 
Parental  p. -Luther. 
Partiality  in  p.-Romans. 
Retaliation  in  p. -Visigoths. 
Rule  of  p.-Romans. 
Severe  p.  necessary. 
Severity  in  p.-Aurelius. 
Terrible  p.  by  vipers. 


*4564 
♦4565 
♦4566 
♦4567 
♦4568 
♦4569 
*4570 
♦4571 
♦4572 
♦4573 
♦4574 
♦4575 
♦4576 
♦4577 
♦4578 
♦4579 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Adulterer-Exile. 

"  Adultery,  Severe  p. 

"  Avarice-Crassus. 
for  Begging-England, 
by  Boiling  to  death-Poison. 
Brutal  p.-Prance. 
by  Cats-Torture. 

"  Contempt-Impostor, 
of  Cowards-Lacedsemonians. 
by  Crucifixion,Modem  p.-India. 
Cruelty  in  p.  of  Andronicus. 
Daily  p.  of  slaves. 
Delight  in  p.-Old  England. 
Deserved  but  misapplied. 

"        p.-Hand  in  flames, 
by  Disgrace-Barrel. 

Disgraceful  p.  bravely  met. 
Excessive  p.-Laws  of  Draco. 
Fictitious  p.-Deception. 
Freaks  for  p.-Caligula. 
Hastened  by  omitting  trial. 
Horrifying  execution-Rebels. 

111  proportioned  p.-Quakers. 
Ineffectual  p.  for  idleness. 
In  Kind-"  Gold  down  throat." 

"    "    -Rosamond. 
Merciless  p.  of  adulterer, 
by  Mutilation-Scots, 
of  Parricide-Romans. 

"  Perjury-Romans-Death. 
Petulant  p.-Romans. 
Pitiless  p.-England. 
Posthumous  p.-Body  burned. 
Post-mortem  p.-Corpse. 

of  Poverty-England. 

"  Rebels-Quartered. 
Reformatory  p.-Lycurgus. 
of  Representatives-King, 
by  Retaliation- Arson. 
Satisfaction  in  p.-"  Hand." 


64 
8160 

434 
2703 
1339 
6648 
4803 
2755 
1280 
,1331 
1357 
1366 
2860 
2212 
1233 
1647 
1745 
1242 
3159 
2754 
1352 
3820 
4630 
4631 
3502 

502 
1265 
1292 
3063 
5791 
4007 
4112 
5096 
1346 

572 
4850 
4851 
4C36 
4351 
1345 
8264 
4773 
2772 
1249 


916 


PURCHASE— RANK. 


of  Seducer,  Terrible  p. 
Severe  p.  of  beggars. 

"    "  -Laws  of  Egypt. 
In  Substitutes-Pirates. 
by  Torture-English  in  Scot. 
"       "       -Garibaldi. 
Unmerciful  p.-Burning. 
Vengeance  in  p.-Janaes  II. 
by  Vipers, 
for  Witchcraft-Salem. 


"  "  -England. 

Withheld  by  gentleness. 

See  CHASTISEMENT. 
of  Children-Scourge. 


5075 
2703 
3160 
1210 
5649 
5650 
1950 
1364 
4579 
6025 
6026 
6028 
6027 
2394 

♦784 


Humiliating  c.  Goldsmith's.     2664 
Ineffective  c.-Young  W.  1668 

Moral  effect  of  c. -Salem  witch.  845 
Morality  improved  by  c.  3711 

Passionate  c.  deplored.  4019 

See  HELL. 
Necessary-Prest.  A.  Jackson.  *2547 
Temporary  h.-Mohammedan.  *2548 


Fear  of  h.-Samuel  Johnson.       1423 

See  PURGATORY. 
Compensations  of  p.-Moham.  *4580 
Mohammedan  p.-Punishment.*4581 


Belief  in  p.-Ancient  Persians.    2259 
Mohammedan  p.-Seven  hells.    2548 

See  REPROACH. 
Escape  from  r. -Napoleon  I.      ♦4777 
Gentle  r.-Anaxagoras.  *4778 


Aroused  by  r.-Brutus.  369 

Bribery  of  Demosthenes.  672 

Desperation  from  r.-Valens.       913 

Irritating  r. -Johnson  by  Miss  S.  215 

Life  saved  in  r.  1238 

Mutual  r.-James  11.  1119 

Nobly  received-Alexander.       4031 

for  Pusillanimity-Justinian.      1238 

See  DISGRACE,  EXECUTION, 

PENALTY,  PRISON  and 

REVENGE  in  loo. 

PFRCHASX;. 

Aggravating  p.  of  own  com.     2006 

Defeated- Arbitrary-Louis  XrV.2785 

See  BUSINESS  in  loo. 

PURGATORY. 

Compensations  of  p.-Moham.  *4580 
Mohammedan  p.-Punishment.*4581 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Belief  in  p.-Ancient  Persians.    2259 
Mohammedan  p.-Seven  hells.    2548 

See  HELL. 
Necessary-Prest.  A.  Jackson.  *2547 
Temporary  h.-Mohammedan.  ^2548 


Fear  of  h.-Samuel  Johnson. 


1423 


PURITAN. 

Description  of  the  p.-England.*4582 

PURITANISM. 

VS.  Chivalry-New  England.      *4583 
Peculiarities  of  p.-England.     *4584 


PURITANS. 

Despised  by  inferiors.  *4585 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Antipathy  to  fine  arts.  330 

vs.  Aristocracy-England.  303 

Character  of  the  P.,  Grand.  4731 
Christmas  festivities  changed.  851 
Church  attendance  req'ir'd  by  P.853 
Peculiarities  of  the  P.  4732 

Preachers,  Lay-English.  4390 

Reaction  against  P.  5802 

Ridicule  of  P.-England.  1147 

Representative  P.-O.  Cromwell.  907 
Scruples  of  P.-Arts.  1114 

PURITY. 

Sentimental  p.-Edward  III.      *4586 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Bravery  of  p.  -Joan  of  Arc.        1727 
Religion  of  p.,  Persian.  4176 

See  CHASTITY, 
and  Civilization  opposed.  *785 

Invincible  c.-R.  Gen.  Belisarius.*786 
Rare-Roman  maidens.  *787 


by  Coercion-Matilda.  5862 

Ignored  by  Spartans-Ruin,        6137 

See  CLEANLINESS. 
Mission  for  c-Cath.  Wilkinson.  531 


Soap  rebellion- Women.  6131 

See  CONSECRATION  in  loo. 

quacks:ry. 

Experiment  in  q.-Cato.  *4587 

Superstitious  q.-King's  touch. *4588 

QUAKERS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Benevolence  of  English  Q.  5191 

Excellence  of  Q.-G.  Pox.  5749 

Honesty  of  Q.  diary.  2604 

Non-resistance  of  Q.  3823 

Persecution  of  Q.-Mass.  4129 

"    "      "  4135 

Society  of  Q.  preferred.  2603 

Unity  of  Q.  in  sentiments.  5730 

CtUAIilFICATION. 

Deficient  q.-Philip.  *4589 

See  ABILITIES  in  loc. 

QUALITY. 

More  than  quantity-War.  *4590 

"        "  "  "  *4591 

Tested  by  swords.  *4592 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
More  than  numbers-War.  3831 

"       ..  »  «  3832 

"       "  "        -Cromwell.  311 

Selected  for  q.-Magi.  3833 

Wanting  in  q.-Men-War.  3843 

See  CHARACTER  in  loc. 

QUARREIi. 

Conjugal  q.-Count  Rumford.  *4593 

Degrading  q.,  John  Milton's.  *4594 

Needless  q.-Duel.  *4595 

Provoked-Samuel  Johnson.  *4596 

Shameful  q. -Frederick  II.  *4597 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Brawl,  Destiny  by.  27 

Magnanimity  settles  q.  219ff> 

Pretext  for  q. -Romans.  428 

Shameful  q.-Queen  of  Spain.  5125 

QUARREI^S. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Amusements  bring  q.  2019 

Characteristic  q.-Germans.  1697 

Fraternal  q.,  Disgraceful.  239 

for  Precedence -Ambassadors.  4399 

"          "           -Greeks.  4400 

Useful  boyish  q.  179 

See  CONTENTION  and  STRIFE 

in  loo. 

QUESTIONS. 

Test  q.,  Alexander's.  *4598 

Unanswered-Simonides.  *4599 

See  PROBLEM. 

Difficult  mathematical  p.  3532 

RACE. 

Antipathy  of  r. -Irish.  *4600 

Dislike  of  r.-Scotch.  *4601 

for  Life-Prisoner.  *4602- 

Pride  in  r.-S.  Johnson.  *4603 

Ridiouled-Scots  by  Johnson.  *4604 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Antipathy  of  Irish  in  Ireland.      24$^ 
Despised-Irish  by  British.  727 

Effeminate  r.-Egyptian.  4494 

Hatred  of  r. ,  Irish.  2069 

RACE  (Contest). 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

for  Life,  A  r.  4602 

Roman-Blue  and  Green.  970 

RACES. 

Amalgamation  of  r.-England  *4605 
Inequality  of  r.-Celts-Saxons.*460& 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Diversity  of  r.-Eng.  vs.  Dutch.  4106 

Enmity  of  r.-Old  England.  1900 

Jealousy  of  r. -French-Irish.       1221 

See  ANCESTRY  and  MAN  in  loc. 


RAID. 

Successful  r.-Stoneman's. 

RAIIiWAY. 

First  English  r. 
Stow  r.-First  English. 


*460r 


*4608 
*4609 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Direct  r. -Russian.  1601 

Great  Pacific  R.  R.  1901 

Politics  harmonized  by  r.  295T 

RAIIiWAYS. 

Underestimated  by  P'rliam'nt.*4610 


Cross-references. 
Important  to  the  State.  5888 

Need  of  r.  illustrated.  982 

RAIMENT. 

Restricted  by  Zaleucus.  *4611 

See  CLOTHES  in  loc. 

RANK. 

Plea  for  social  r.  by  Johnson.  *46ia 

See  CASTE  and  DISTINCTION 

in  loc. 


RANSOM— RECANTATION. 


917 


RANSOM. 

eatemal  r.-£5000. 
Willing  r.~Richard  II. 


*4613 
*4614 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Immense  r.  of  Darius  for  queen.  186 
for  a  Life-Alaric.  1145 

Price  of  r. -Louis  IX.  1520 

Prodigal  r.  explained.  2705 

See  DELIVERANCE  in  loo. 

RAPACITY. 

Royal  r.  of  Henry  III.  *4615 

See  COVETOUSNESS  in  loc. 

RAPE. 

Attempted  r.-Joan  of  Arc. 


*4616 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
•by  Stratagem- Valeutlnian.        2276 
Vengeance  for  r.-Catherine.      5786 
Victim  of  r.  by  soldiers.  6113 

War  caused  by  r.  5910 

RAPTURE. 

Cross-reference. 
of  Martyrs-Scots-Iron  boots.     2098 

See  ECSTASY. 
Religious  e.-John  Bunyan.        *1768 

RASCAIilTV. 

Cross-reference. 

•Genlas  for  r.-Sir  James  Bagge.  5123 
See  VILLAINY. 

Heward  of  v.-Titus  Gates.        *6831 
See  DISHONESTY  and  IMPU- 
DENCE in  loc. 

RASHNESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Apparent  r.-Young  Alex.ride8  B.    6 
'Childish  r.-Frederick  II.  5752 

of  Exasperation-E.  Allen.  1967 

in  Generalship-Hood.  3175 

"  Love  for  woman.  8476 

Perilous  r.-Boethius.  3234 

Provoked  to  r.-Valens.  913 

See  HEEDLESSNESS. 
Xioss  by  h.,  Goldsmith's.  *2546 


3786 


4455 


Alarming  political  h. 

See  IMPRUDENCE. 
Characteristic  i.-Goldsmlth. 

See  RECKLESSNESS. 
of  Desperation-Napoleon-Lodi.  648 
Example  of  r. -Napoleon.  647 

-of  Necessity- William  II.  649 

See  RISK. 
Assumed  by  Alex  's  physician.  1048 

See  VENTURE. 
Instructive  v.  of  Franks.         *5795 


ilerolo-Sherman's  march  to  the  s.70 
See  DANGER  in  loc. 

REACTION. 

from  Excess-Persecution.         ♦4617 

Moral  r. -Restoration  of  C.  II.  ^4618 

"     "  -Puritanism  to  sin.       ♦4619 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Anger-Peter  the  Great.         5091 
"      "     -Alexander.  1744 

"  Assassination-Caesar's.  4316 

"  Cruel  legislation-Ireland.       4118 
■"  Cruelty-Nero's  persecution.  1.358 


of  Excess-English  revolution.  1969 
"  Extravagance-Example  of  C.  397 
Governmental  r.-"  Stamp  Act.  "2448 
of  Injustiee-Becket  vs.  H.  II.  6145 
"  Insult-Rebellion.  2900 

against  Labor-Probus's  soldiers.310 
Natural  r. -Cleanliness- Watts.  917 
of  Opposition-Religious.  3933 

"  Oppression-Liberty.  3229 

"  Persecution-Queen  Mary's.  4136 
"  "  -Joan's  death.     4137 

"  "  -Puritan's.  4138 

Piety  by  r.  of  sins.  4180 

Political  r.-Van  Buren's  Admin.   51 
"-Harmful.  3547 

of  Popularity-Lafayette.  4318 

"  Prejudice-Eng.  Meth.  4416 

"  Public  opinion-Cavaliers-P.  399 
Religion  by  r. -James  II.  6222 

Social  r.  against  Puritans.  303 

Unexpected  r.-James  II.  315 

Vice  by  r.  of  discipline.  5802 

See  RESENTMENT  and  REVENGE 
in  loc, 

READING. 

Effects  of  r.-Lincoln.  ^4620 


Cross-reference. 
Fascination  of  Dr.  Harvey,         628 

See  BOOKS  in  loo. 

RE  ADI  NO- Rooms. 

Necessary-Nap.  I.  ^4621 

REAIilTlT. 

Power  in  r.-Cromwell.  *4622 


Cross-reference. 
VS.  Shams-O.  Cromwell. 

See  TRUTH  in  loc. 


izr 


REALIZATION. 

Joys  of  r.-Columbus.  ^4623 


REASON. 

Worship  of  r.-Fr.  Rev. 


♦4624 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
VS.  Experience-Stealing.  298 

Goddess  of  r.  vs.  Faith.  2370 

and  Religion-All  ages.  1512 

RE.4SOIVING. 

Cross-references. 
Abandoned  for  action.  1480 

by  Analogy-8.  Johnson.  680 

See  ARGUMENT. 
Possible-Stealing  defended-J.  *298 
Reserved  a.  -Vlolence-Johnscn.^299 
Useless  a.  of  James  II.  to  c.       *300 


Abandoned  for  resentment, 
by  Abuse-S.  Johnson. 
Deceptive-Sophists. 
Declined  by  obstinacy. 
Possible  against  art. 
Powerless  with  bigots. 
Readiness  in  a.-Sophists. 
Trained  in  use  of  a.-Romans. 
Useless-Johnson . 

"       with  James  II. 
See  DEBATE. 
Personality  In  d.-8.  Johnson. 


2610 
2904 
2283 
8049 
3793 
2721 
5733 
1857 
3825 
8863 

♦1457 


See  DISCUSSION. 
Agreement  in  d.  neo'ss'ry-C.  11.3911 
Candor  in  d.,  Ecclesiastical.  705 
Importance  of  d. -Stamp  Act.  3194 
Repressed  by  gov't-Religious.  573 
Suppressed- Authors  punished.  2040 

See  DISCUSSIONS. 
Foolish  d.-Perlcles-"Dead  h."  2170 
Unprofltable,Verbal  d.-Stoics.  1294 

REBEIililON. 

Constructive  r. -Maximilian.  ♦4625 

Prevented  r. -Scotland.  ♦4626 

Small  r.-Rhode  Island.  +4627 

Soap  r.-England.  *4628 

Whiskey  r.-Pennsylvania.  *4629 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Army  against  bad  food.         1963 
Catholic  r.  in  Maryland.  5642 

Causes  of  r.-Confederacy.  5888 

Disgrace  from  r.-Clarendon.  1537 
Forced  to  r.-Parl.  by  James  II.  3853 
Forfeiture  of  p.  by  rebellion.  439 
Hostility  to  r.-Pompey.  377 

Incipient  r.-Am.  Revolution.      3525 
"        "  -Boston  Tea  Party.  3526 
from  Insult-Persians.  2900 

Sin  of  r.  taught.  3824 

of  Slaves-Romans.  5200 

Soap  r.-Women.  6131 

against  Tyranny-Jacquerie.  5737 
Vengeance  after  r. -Peter.  2875 

See  DISLOYALTY  in  loc. 

REBELS. 

Punished  with  Monmouth.       ♦4630 
"  "     Temugin.  ♦4631 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Denounced  as  r.,  Falsely-Ind's.  4331 
Punishment  of  r.-Henry  VIII.    1345 

REBUKE. 

Gentle  r.  by  Caesar.  ♦4632 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Adulation  by  James  I.  61 

"  Assumption-Bp.  Coke.  2787 
"          "          -Buckingham's.  3904 

"          "          -Demaratus.  3963 

Honest  r.-Aristides.  4374 

of  Ostentation-Barber.  1667 

Patriotic  r.-John  Eliot.  3904 

Savage  r.-Fred.  the  Great.  1772 

of  Vanity-"  Fine  Coat."  5776 

"     -Goldsmith's.  5777 

"       *'     -Dlouyslus.  5778 

"       "     -Menecrates.  5779 

Withdrawn-Reward.  1895 

See  REPRIMAND. 

Fictitious  r.-Lafayette.  ^4774 

of  Kindness-Johnson.  ^4776 

See  REPROOF, 

Meekness  in  r.-Dr.  Taylor.  ^4779 

Undeserved  r.-Dr.  Arnold.  ^4780 

Undisturbed  by  r.-G.  Wash.  ♦4781 


Death  by  r.,  Tetzel's. 
Desired-Good  Emp.  Julian. 
Sagacious  r.,  Wife's. 

RECANTATION. 

Impossible-Martin  Luther.       ♦4638 


5296 

4881 


918 


RECKLESSNESS— RELATIVES. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Formal  r. -Unreal-Galileo.  5627 

Eefused-Luther.  1092 

"     by  Hooper.  1233 

Eepeated  6  times-Bp.  Cranmer.1249 

See  RETRACTION  in  loc. 

REC  K  li  ESSNESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Desperation-Napoleon-Lodi.  648 

Example  of  r.-Napoleon.  647 

of  Necessity- Wm.  II.  649 

See  RASHNESS  in  loc. 

RECOGNITION. 

Eequired,Offlcialr.-Wshi'gt'n.*4634 

Cross-reference, 
of  Deceased  friends.  1398 

RECOMPENSE. 

Honorable  r.  for  loss-Lincoln.  ♦4635 

Cross-reference. 
Personal  r.,  not  by  proxy.  101 

See  REPRISAL  and  REWARD  in  loc. 

RECONCIIilATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Explanation-Wm.  and  Mary.1924 
Impossible-James  II.  and  Pari.  3853 
Independence  better  than  r.      3912 
One-sided  r.-F?npiaca.  5361 

Opportunity  for  r.  lost-J.  II.      3926 
Sacrifice  for  r.-Life.  1427 

Superficial  r. -Orleans  and  B.     2695 

"         "  -Dying  Fred.  II.     2202 

See  CONCILIATION. 

by  Favors-Anne  of  Austria.     *1030 

Policy  of  c,  Caesar's.  *1031 

vs.  Threatening-Caesar.  *1032 


One-sided  c.-Lord  Howe.  3995 

"       "     "-Gen.  Patterson.     3994 

See  PEACE  in  loc. 


RECORD. 

Mutilated  r.- Parliament. 

See  HISTORY  in  loc. 


4636 


RECOVERT. 

Cross-reference. 
Triumph  denied  to  mere  r.  150 

See  RESTITUTION. 

Conscientious  r.-Cromwell.      *4828 

See  CURE  in  loc. 

RECREATION. 

Excessive-"  Gentlemen."         *4637 
Extravagant-Bajazet.  ♦4638 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Degraded  by  r.-Romans.  220 

Discomfort  in  r.-Fashion.  2184 

in  Music-Milton.  8498 

"     *'     -M.  Luther.  761 

Simple  r.  of  Puritans.  2596 

See  HOLIDAY. 
Perverted-Christmas  a  fast-day .4704 

See  RELAXATION. 

In  Humor-A.  Lincoln.  2678 

Laughter,  Importance  of.  8137 

See  AMUSEMENT  and  HUMOR 

in  loc. 

REDEMPTION. 

Price  of  r.  of  Calais.  ^4639 


See  ATONEMENT. 
Belief  of  Am .  Indians.  51 58 

or  Vengeance-Am.  Indians.       4848 

See  RANSOM. 

Paternal  r.-£5000.  ♦4613 

Willing  r.-Richard  II.  ^4614 


Immense  r.  of  Darius  for  queen.  186 
for  a  Life-Alaric.  1145 

Price  of  r. -Louis  IX.  1520 

Prodigal  r.  explained.  2705 

REDRESS. 

Cross-reference. 

Excessive  r.-Knights.  2866 

See  REVENGE  in  loc. 

REFINEMENT. 

Characteristic  r.-Athenians.  ^4640 
Mis  judged- American  Indians.  ♦4641 
Eecommended-Bridal.  *4642 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Absence  of  r.-Diogenes.  3415 

Prejudices  of  r. -Greeks  vs.  R.     768 
See  CIVILIZATION  and  POLITE- 
NESS in  loc. 

REFIiECTION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Change  of  feeling  by  r.  2199 

Wisdom  by  r.-Goldsmith.  6017 

See  MEDITATION  in  loc. 

REFORM. 

Civil-Service  r. -Alfred. 
Needed-Rom.  society. 


♦4647 
♦4648 


531 


Cross-references. 
Humble  r.-Cath.  Wilkinson. 
Rldlculed-Calendar  changed.      696 

REFORMATION. 

Political  r.-Romans.  *4649 

Silent  social  r.  *4660 

Violent  religious  r.  ^4651 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Beginning  of  r. -Martyrs.  1233 

Difficult  Social  r.-Irish.  719 

Fanaticism  endangers  r.  2084 

Governmental  need  of  r.-Eng.    127 

Hopeless  of  r.-James  II.  3853 

"        "  "  -Poor  Ireland.      4253 

Impossible  by  Anglican  Ch.         880 

"        Political  r.-Sparta.  1000 

in  Manhood-Aristotle.  6192 

by  Mutiny-English  Navy.  3759 

Opposed  by  ?elf-interest-L.         267 

Pardon  without  r.-Cap't  Nutt.  4000 

Perseverance  in  r.by  Ab  rti'nistsl47 

by  Ridicule-Peter.  1124 

Sudden  r.-Romans-RIenzI.  1892 

Transient  r.  of  James  II.  6084 

Vile  origin  of  Eng.  Refonnati'n.l955 

of  Wayward  son.  637 

"  "  6214 

Wisdom  in  speedy  r.  3702 

Women  aid  in  r.-Scots.  6133 

Youthful  r.-D.  Crockett.  637 

See  REPENTANCE  and  REVIVAL 

in  loc. 

REFORMER. 

by  Accldent-Tho".  Clarkson.  ^4652 

Impetuous  r.-John  Knox.  ^4653 

Impracticable  r.-Carlyle.  ♦4654 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Discouraged-Peter  the  Great.    5091 
Forsaken  by  the  people-Arnold.  879^ 
Raillery  at  r.,  Drinkers'.  2944. 

REFORMERS. 

Corrupted  religious  r.  ♦4655 

English  r.-18th  century.  ♦4656 

False  r. -Seneca.  ♦4657 

Self-condemned  r.-Polygamy.  ^4658 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Age  of  English  r.  5221 

Partiality  of  r. -England.  5226 

REFUGE. 

Sanctuary  for  r.-15th  century.  ♦4659 
Secured  In  America.  ♦4660 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Failure  of  r.-Earthquake-Lisbon.73I 

In  Prayer  from  adversity-G.  W.4.3821 

-A.  J.4387 

Temple  of  r.-Founding  of  Rome.387 

See  ASYLUM, 
of  Refuge-Rome.  *38r 


Poor  man's-Colony  of  Georgia.  532 

See  SAFETY  in  loc. 

REFUSAIi. 

Contemptuous  r.-Claudius.  ♦4661 

Disdainful  r.-Caled.  ♦4662 

Happy  r.,  Alexander's.  ♦4663 

Insincere  r.-Themistocles.  ♦4664 

REGAIilA. 

Dislike  for  r.-Napoleon.  751 

REGRETS. 

Death-bed  r.-Wolsey.  4644 

"     awakens  r.  2198' 

See  SORROW  in  loo. 

REIGN. 

Longest  r.-72  Yrs.-Louls  XIV.  ♦466& 


Cross-reference. 

Infamous  r..  Short,  fatal.  8678 

See  GOVERNMENT  and  RULER 

in  loc. 

REINFORCEMENT. 

Dangerous  r.-Em;grants  to  Va.^4666; 

See  ALLIES  in  loc. 

REJOICING. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Dellverance-Montfort.  6042" 

Premature  r.-Fatal.  1603 

"-"  Land  1  Land.! "  1605 

See  ECSTASY. 
Religious  e.-John  Bunyan.         1768 

See   JUBILEE. 
National-British,  year  1809.      ♦8032- 

See  RAPTURE, 
of  Martyrs-Scots-Iron  boots.     2098 

See  JOY  in  loc. 

RELAPSE. 

Religious  r.  prevented-Death.    1336 

Spiritual  r.  impossible.  1841 

See  APOSTASY  in  loc. 

RELATIVES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Benefit  of  good  r.-Emp.  Aurellns.SS* 
Responsibility  for  conduct  of  r.4570 
Sacrificed  to  ambition  of  T.        198 


RELAXATION— RELIGION. 


919 


See  KINDRED. 
Confidence  of  k.  withheld.        6801 

See  KINSMAN. 

Lines  reversed  of  kinship-Inds.  2068 

Obligation  of  k.  to  Mahomet.       918 

See  FAMILY  in  loo. 

REIiAXATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
in  Humor-A.  Lincoln.  2678 

Laughter,  Importance  of.  3137 

See  RECREATION. 
Excessive  r.-"  Gentlemen."      *4687 
Extravagant  r.-Bajazet.  *4638 


Degraded  by  r.-Romans.  220 

Discomfort  in  r.-Fashion.  2184 

Simple  r.  of  Puritans.  2596 

See  AMUSEMENT  and  HUMOR 

in  loo. 

REJLIO. 

Auspicious  r.-Holy  lance. 
R£IiICS. 

Bogus  religious  r. 
Pictitious-Magdalen's  girdle. 
Factitious  r.  -Profitable. 
"  "  -Religious. 


Honored-Religious  r. 
Sacred  r. -Numerous. 
Superstitious  regard  for  r. 
"Virtue  of  Christian. 


*4667 

*4668 
*4669 
*4670 
*4671 
*4672 
*4673 
♦4674 
♦4675 
*4676 
♦4677 
♦4678 
♦4679 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Blood  of  Christ-Sweat.  1282 

Confidence  of  safety  by  r.  1047 

Cross  recovered-Heraolius.  1319 

Cure  of  r.-Sacred  thorn.  3625 

Destruction  of  priceless  r.  329 

Honored-Spike-Crown.  1321 

Manufacture  of  r.  1226 

Misleading-Alex.  2753 

Oath  on  r.,  Sacred.  8840 

REIilEF. 

Cross-reference. 
Desire  for  r.,  Vain-Napoleon.    8817 

RGIilGION. 

Ambition  in  r.-False.  ♦4680 

Austerity  in  r.-Blaise  Pascal.  ♦46«1 

Benefits  of  r.-Civilization.  ♦4683 

Bond  of  r.-Scotch  Covenant.  ♦4683 

Burdened  by  r.  in  Ireland.  ♦4684 

Burdensome  r.-Trifies.  *4685 

Champion  for  r.-J.  Milton.  ♦4686 

"          "   "-Irreligious.  ♦4687 

Changed  for  money-Chas.  II.  ^4688 

and  Commerce-Codfish.  ^4689 

Conflict-Duality  of  man.  *4690 

Confusion  in  r. -James  II.  ^4691 

Consolation  of  r. -Charles  I.  ^4692 
Contradicted  by  inconsistency  ^4693 

Courage  by  r.-James  II.  *4694 

Decline  of  r.-S.  Johnson.  ♦4695 

Devotion  to  r.-Columbus.  ♦4696 

Discord  in  r.-Egyptlans.  ♦4697 

Disguised -Pagan,  ^4698 

Diverse  views  of  r.-Romans.  ^4699 

Duplioitv  in  I  .-Jam°s  IL  ^4700 


Effects  of  r.-Puritanism  vs.  E.*4701 
Effort  in  r.-M.  Luther.  ♦4~02 

Excitement  in  r.-Early  Meth.  ^4703 
Extremes  in  r.-Puritans.  ♦4704 

'«        "  "  -2d  Crusade.      ^4705 
Folly  in  r.-Pillar  Saints.  ♦4706 

Qenerosity  in  r.,  False.  ^4707 

and  Gold-Pagan.  ^4708 

Graded-Pagan.  ^4709 

Husbandman's  r.  ^4710 

Hypocrisy  in  r.-Charles  11.       ^4711 
Impediments  to  r.-Geo.Mflller.^4712 
Insulted  by  Emp.  Henry  IV.     *4713 
-Louis  XV.  *4714 

by  Legislation-Romans.  *4715 

Legislation  against  r. -Jesuits.  ♦4716 
Licensed  in  Eng.by  King  John.  ♦471 7 
Melancholy  r.-Cromwell.  ♦4718 

"  "-Anabaptists.     ^4719 

Misplaced-Military.  ♦4720 

Misunderstood-Puritan's  r.      +4721 
"  by  Pope's  legate.^4722 

Mockery  of  r.-Emp.  Michael.  *4723 
vs.  Morality-Armenian.  ^4724 

Motives  in  r..  Heathen.  ^4725 

Natural  r.  of  Pagans.  ^4730 

Needful  to  the  State,  Morality. *4726 

"        "    "        "  *4727 

Occasion  of  r..  Mystery.  ^4728 

Oppressive  r.-Colony  of  Md.  ♦4729 
Paradoxical  r.of  Puritans-N.E.^4731 
Peculiarities  in  r.-Puritans.  ^4732 
Persecution  of  r. -Reign  of  J.II.^4733 
of  Policy,  Changeful  r.  ♦4'^34 

and  Politics-Ancient  Romans.^4735 
Power  of  r.-Druids  in  Britain.  ^4736 
Preparatory  r.-West  Indies.  ^4737 
Progress  in  r.-More  truth.        ♦4738 

"  by  r.-Colonization.  ^4739 
Progressive  r.,  Mahomet's.  ^4740 
Revolution  in  r.-Britain.  ^4741 

Ridiculed-England-Catholic.  ^4742 
Romance  in  r. -Pocahontas.  ^4743 
Ruled  by  r.,  Darius.  ^4744 

Sacrifices  for  r.-Wm.  Penn.  ^4745 
Savages'  r.-West  Indies.  ^4746 

Secularized-Henry  IV.  ^4747 

Signs  of  r.-Mahomet.  ^4748 

Simple  r.-Scandinavians.  ^4749 

State  r.-Colony  of  Va.  ^4750 

Statesman's  r.-Bismarck.  ^4751 
a  Successful  r.,  Mahomet's.  ^4752 
Suppression  of  r.-Jews.  ♦4753 

Thoughtless  r.-S.  Johnson.  ^4754 
Toleration  in  r.-S.  Johnson.  ^4755 
Vacillation  in  r.-Charles  IL  ^4756 
Value  of  r.  to  the  State.  ^4757 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abjured  in  fear-Regrets.  1336 

Advancement  by  strange  means.586 
in  Agriculture-Persians.  160 

6155 
Ambition  corrupts  r.  3642 

Animals  respected  In  r.-B.  236 

Antagonisms  in  r.  of  sects.  231 

in  Architecture.  292 

Art  favored  by  r.  8686 

Assassins'  r.-Persia.  874 

Austerity  in  r.-St.  Francis.        3364 
"        "   "-Pascal.  4681 


Austerity  in  r.-Pillar  Saints.  470« 

"  '•        "  "  5012 

"         "  "-Ineffective.  4770 

"         "  "-Rev.  Bramwell.  5085 

••         ••  "-Wesley.  1123 

"         "  "-Puritans-Eng.  4207 

"        "  "  Reaction  from.  4618 

"  ..  ..         ..  4319. 

"   "-Hair  shirt.  2373 

"         of  Pascal.  4a3& 

Awakening  to  duty  of  r.  4834 

Blessing,  a  Corrupt  r.  1204 

Bloody  r.  of  Pope  Pius  V.  588 

Books  promote  r.-S.  Johnson.     631 
Brutal  r.  of  Gauls.  4996- 

Brutality  sanctioned  by  Rom.  r.  10* 
in  Camp-Cromwell's  army.  89& 

Caricatured  by  fanatics.  855 

Caste  in  r.-Pythagoras.  4709 

41      ..  i>  -Persian  vs.  Turk.      5070 
of  Ceremony,  Knights'  r.  2866 

Change  of  r.  derided.  1,536 

"       "   '•  distrusted.  1036> 

Changed  for  a  pension.  2469' 

Changeful  r.-James  IL  1133 

Civilization  promoted  by  r.-M.    736 
Claims  of  r.  vs.  Family.  2071 

Classes  in  r.-"  Vulgar,"  "Asc'tic"359 
Cloak  of  tyranny.  1196 

Comfort  in  bereavement  by  r.   1453 
Compromise  in  r.-Jesuits.  3014 

no  Compromise  in  r.-Mahomet.4381 
Compromised  by  politics.  3640 

-Sinner.  3712 

Concealed  by  false  profess.-C.  II.  13 
"  "      "  "  "    772 

Confidence  in  r  ,  Sinner's.  4387 

Conquests  by  peace.  3639 

Conservatism  in  r.  1125 

"  "  "  4394 

4395 
Conspicuous  r., "Stonewall"  J. 's5228 
Contempt  for  r.  of  Lady  H.  546 

Controversy  in  r.-Romans.         1168 
prohibited-Jas.  II.  4563 
Corrupted  by  vice- Pope.  3245 

"  "  pleasure.  3335 

'*  "  gambling.  2275 

Corruption  in  r.-Pope  Alex.  VI.  670 
Courage  inspired  by  r.  1440 

Craze  in  r.-Crusaders.  3411 

Credulity  in  r.-Relics.  1282 

Crimes  covered  with  r.  1106 

Cruelty  aiding  r.-Persecution.   2555 
"       In  r.-Cru?aders.  1360 

"       "  "  -Sects.  1363 

of  Cruelty-Scandinavians.  1417 

Deception  in  r.breeds  contempt.362G 
"         " "  Pagan.  3621 

Decline  of  r.-R'st 'ration  of  C.II.4618 
"       "   "  "         «'    "  461S 

Degraded  by  controversy.         1168 
Development  In  r.-Methodism.   705 
Devotion  to  r.,  Entire-Jesuits.  3960 
'•         "  "       "  8565 

"         "  "-Sinners.  5738 

"  "  "  and  chivalry.  3086 
Ditacultles  vs.  Comfort  in  r.  2382 
Discussion  restrained  in  r.-J.II.3230 
Disease  affecting  r.-Mahomet.  1643 
Disgrace  of  r.-Extreraisls.         208^ 


•920 

RELIGION. 

Dlsgraced-"Kirke's  Lambs  " 

5245 

Inhumanity,  R.  a  pretext  for. 

2861 

Reform  by  r.,  Silent. 

4650 

**        by  fanaticism. 

3502 

Injured  by  hypocrites. 

2696 

Reformation  by  r..  Violent. 

4651 

Dishonored  by  credulity. 

3626 

Insanity  by  r.-Wm.  Cowper. 

2883 

Reformers  of  r..  Corrupted. 

4655 

Dissembled  by  apostate  Julian.  1681 

Inspiration  from  r.-Battle-N. 

464 

Rejected- Amusement  welc'med.216 

Diversity  in  r.,  National. 

842 

"         of  r.-Cromwell's  men.311 

Renunciation  of  Christian  r. 

251 

Duel  In  defence  of  r. 

1750 

Inspires  enterprise-Columbus 

1881 

Restored  to  France. 

3726 

Duties  supreme-Joan  of  Arc. 

1557 

vs.  Intemperance. 

2944 

of  Revelry- Abyssinlans. 

832 

Ecstasy  in  r.-Bunyan. 

1768 

Intolerance  in  r.n.-Protestants.2963 

'•  Revenge-Clovis  for  Christ. 

824 

"     -Martyr  in  "boots." 

8098 

"          to  sects. 

2964 

Ridicule  of  r.  punished. 

4896 

Education  in  r.  necessary. 

1807 

Intolerant  r.  of  John  Knox. 

4959 

"       "  "-Lawyer. 

1089 

<>        ..  "-Napoleon. 

1818 

of  Kindness-John  Newton. 

3077 

Ridiculed-Catholic  r.-Scots. 

4136 

Emotions  moved  by  r. 

4882 

Liberality  in  r.-Cromwell. 

3924 

Sacrifices  for  r. -Women. 

6119 

Enthusiasm  for  r.-Cruaades. 

1375 

"          of  opinions  In  r. 

8205 

"          "  "  -Wm.  Penn. 

8970 

>•           it   <i  -Pilgrimage. 

5981 

Licentiousness  cloaked  by  r. 

1088 

Scandalized  by  adultery. 

4305 

"  "  -^oan  of  A. 

1906 

of  Love-Gospel  of  C.-Nap. 

3347 

"          "   Tetzel. 

4309 

"           "   "-Quakers. 

1908 

Maintained  by  law-England. 

2556 

"          "   prostitutes. 

3986 

Equality  in  r.-Crom  well's  s'ld'rs.  764 

Materialism  rejected  for  r. 

3527 

"          "   Simony. 

1203 

"        of  men  in  r. 

1916 

Means-Abominable-Inqulsiti'i 

1.2878 

of  Self-denial-American  Inds. 

5084 

Erratic  views  in  r. 

3922 

Melancholy  in  r.-G.  Fox. 

3564 

"  Self -worship-Caligula. 

1353 

Evidence  of  r. -Benevolence. 

545 

Mixed  r.  of  Roman  pirates. 

4186 

Sensual  r.  of  Mahomet. 

4210 

«i         i>  <i  _j)angerou3. 

1950 

vs.  Money-Dutch. 

3675 

"      "-Mohammedan. 

3992 

*'         "  " -Secondary-J. 

1951 

Money  power  In  r. 

1097 

Sensuality  of  Pagan  r. 

5106 

"         "  "  in  signs. 

1320 

Morality  proceeds  from  r. 

8706 

Sinners  love  for  r. 

3501 

Evidences  of  r.-Puritans. 

2696 

belittled  r.-Monk. 

2732 

"       r.,  A-JamesIL 

6222 

Exemplified  in  army  life. 

5232 

without  Morals-Churchill. 

1111 

Slavery  abolished  by  r. 

5196 

Experience  of  r.-A.  Lincoln. 

830 

Motive  Important-Johnson. 

3784 

Soldier's  r.  in  camp-Hastings. 

484 

Expressed  in  architecture. 

292 

Murder  sanctioned  by  r. 

1107 

"        "    makes  superior. 

2038 

Extremes  in  r.-Purltans. 

1114 

Necessary-Failure  of  ath'ism-F.2370 

of  Solitude-Monks. 

357 

False  love  for  r. 

870 

Needed  by  the  people-Napoleon.  509 

"       "       -J.  Wesley's  escape 

.   858 

"     spirit  in  r.- Vengeance. 

5927 

Needful  for  good  soldiers. 

4591 

State  benefited  by  r. 

4656 

Family  refuge  in  r.-Sorrow. 

2073 

"       to  the  State-Fr. 

5087 

"    protected  by  r. 

5328 

"     r.,  Impressions  of. 

796 

Negative  r.  of  Thos.  Carlyle. 

4654 

"     r.  in  Virginia-Episcopal. 

2443 

"     r.-Mahomet's. 

2070 

Neglect  of  r.  rebuked. 

6158 

"    needs  r.-Germans. 

1697 

Fanatical  r.-Mohammedan. 

3993 

Nommal  r.-Cor'ez-Inea. 

1176 

by  Statecraf t-Cath.  to  Calvinlst.  27 

"         "  of  Quietists-A. 

357 

*'       '■  -Constantlne. 

1177 

Strange  conception  of  r. 

5436 

Fanaticism  in  r.-Monkery. 

3683 

Oath  on  relics,  Sacred. 

3840 

Strength  by  r.-Cromwell. 

5857 

tt          it  tt       It 

3684 

Offensive  r.  of  austere  monks. 

402 

Strife  respecting  r. -Great  ref. 

146 

"          "  "       " 

8685 

Offtce  lets  than  r. 

3867 

"       about  r..  Public. 

1536 

"          "  "-Joan  of  Arc. 

2086 

Opposition  to  r.,  Thoughtless-J.  681 

Stylish  r.  for  gentlemen. 

4427 

of  Fear-M.  Luther's  training. 

823 

Oppressed  by  laws-Catholic. 

2968 

Success  by  compromise-Show 

3022 

'*    "    -John  Bunyan. 

1084 

Outward  vs.  Inward  r.-Pagan 

2085 

Sufferings  for  r.-Persecution. 

2557 

Folly  of  Pagan  r.-"  Cats." 

2172 

♦'       "         *'-Erasmu8.826 

Superior  to  passion-Wesley-M 

.   698 

Forced  converts  to  r. 

1185 

Patient  suffering  for  r. -Martyr.  4028 

Superstitious  confidence  in  r. 

1047 

"     r.-Protestant. 

942 

Persecuted-Earnest  r. 

4999 

Supremacy  of  r.-Joan  of  Arc. 

417 

"     -Emp.  Adr'nic's  made  a  m.l7 

"       but  unsubdued. 

1558 

Sympathy  in  r.-Puritans. 

5498 

Formality  an  obstacle  to  r. 

858 

Personal  effort  in  r.-Lincoln. 

830 

Taught  by  women-Goths. 

6103 

Frauds  in  r. -Grecian  oracle. 

3946 

Political  r. -Great  Lama. 

2376 

Test  for  oflQce-James  IL 

8867 

Freedom  in  r. -Colony  of  Md. 

231 

in  Politics-Md.  Colony. 

732 

Tested  by  benevolence-Cripple.  550 

"       of  conscience  in  r. 

1166 

"     -Catholic  Relief  Bill. 

734 

Theatres  originating  in  r. 

43 

'VS.  Gentility-Offence. 

2656 

Popular  r.-Jesuits. 

3014 

Theoretical  and  destructive. 

1050 

Government  str'ngth'n'd  by  r.- 

P.399 

Popularized-NInth  century. 

8171 

Traitor  to  r.  dishonored-Bp.  Hall.  2 

Hateful  r.  of  bigots. 

5068 

Power  of  r.  in  army-Puritans. 

5249 

Trals  test  r.-Rev.  J.  Nelson. 

4033 

it     it    ti       ti 

5069 

tt       it  it    »     tt             ti 

5250 

Trifling  in  Luther's  observations.  53 

of  the  Heart-M.  Luther. 

1486 

It       it  tt    it     it             it 

5251 

True  ambition  is  in  r. 

2879 

Heroism  by  r.-Roundheads. 

3540 

"       "  "    "     "             " 

5254 

Truths  essential  to  r.-Iincoln. 

830 

Home  training  in  r. 

1819 

"       "  "-Joan  over  captains 

.   412 

Tyranny  in  forced  r. 

1190 

"     r.  of  Cromwell. 

3919 

Pretence  in  r.-Crasade. 

2803 

Unchaste  r.  of  Pagans, 

1675 

Honored  on  the  scaffold. 

1441 

Pretext  of  r.-Bibulus. 

8856 

of  Vice-Paganism. 

3974 

Hostility  of  Turks  to  Moslems 

1 

Profession  of  r.,  Unworthy. 

1132 

Violence  in  reforming  r. 

6133 

Humane  influence  of  r. 

5195 

Profligate  head-Alex.  IIL 

5010 

In  War-Scots-Puritans. 

5821 

Humility  needful  to  r.-Cross. 

1319 

and  Progress-Columbus.     , 

6151 

Wealth  sacrificed  to  r.-We8ley.5978 

Ilypocriay  in  r.-James  IL 

869 

Promotes  morality-Chastity. 

787 

"       endangers  r. 

5966 

"  "  -Chas.  IL 

5691 

Promotion  of  r.  by  assassination.367 

Zeal  for  r..  Misdirected. 

6220 

vs.  Immorality. 

1119 

Proofs  of  r.,  Strange. 

4524 

"       "   "  punished. 

221 

Inconsistency  in  r.-Fulk  the  B 

.    106 

Prophets  of  r.,  Four  great. 

4525 

"      "   "  -False-Partisans. 

4017 

"              "  "  -Crusaders. 

3411 

Protestant  vs.  Catholio-Benefits.735 

See  ADORATION. 

Independence  in  r. -Puritans. 

2792 

Proved  true  by  prayer. 

2032 

Human  a.-Greek  Emperor's. 

*59 

Independent  in  r.-B.  Franklin 

2824 

Public  profession  intended.-L 

8-29 

ludifference  In  r. -Charles  II. 

2794 

Radicalism  in  r.-Knox. 

4653 

Indiffereat  which  r. 

6159 

Reaction  of  sin-James  II. 

6222 

Cross-reference. 

Influence  of  r. -Force  of  oh'ract 

'r.575 

'       against  Puritan  r. 

2994 

Human  a.  of  Diocletian. 

fH 

RELIGION. 


See  APOSTASY. 
Open  a.  of  Romanus. 
Primitive  a.  by  persecution. 


*2ol 
*252 


Discreditable-Protestant,  1936 

Encouraged  by  law-Maryland.  4116 
Explained-Inconsistency.  2774 

Reaction  of  forced  converts  to  a.920 
Required  of  oflSoer.  1471 

See  APOSTATE. 
Honored  unwisely.  3177 

Siiameful-Justus.  1359 

See  APOSTATES. 
Forgiven  by  primitive  C.  *253 


Malice  of  a.-Knlghts  Templars.  1939 

44       44   44  -Julian's.  254g 

See  APOSTLE. 

Last  a.-Mahomet.  2589 

See  ATHEISM. 

-Concealed-Romans.  2668 

Tried-Rejected-France.  2370 

See  ATHEISTS. 

Nation  of  a. -No.  4737 

See  ATMOSPHERE. 

Convulsions  by  a.-Oracle.  3947 

See  ATONEMENT. 

Belief  of  Am.  Indians.  5158 

or  Vengeance-Am.  Indians.  4848 

See  AUSTERITY. 

Example  of  a.-Younger  Cato.  *397 

Monkish  a.  in  Egypt  *398 
vs.  Profligacy-Stuarts  restored. *399 
Religious  a.-Rev.  JohnNewton.*400 

"         "-Priscllliantsts.  *401 

"         "-Monks,  A.  D.  370.  *402 


Amusements  suppressed  by  P.  222 
Hurtful  a.-Unnecessary.  1169 

Imagination  inflamed  by  a.  2090 
with  Licentiousness-Spartans.  6137 
Reaction  against  a.-Puritans.  303 
Refuge  in  a.,  Melancholy.  3563 

Religious  a.-St.  Francis.  3364 

"       "  -Puritans.  4207 

"  -Pascal.  4681 

"  -Pillar  Saints.  4706 

5012 

*'    ineffective.  4770 

"  -Rev.  Bramwell.       5085 
fa  Virtue-Stoical.  5342 

See  AWAKENING. 

I  "Spiritual  a.-Bunyan.  II80 

<>  44  14 

569 
*•  "  -Terrible-Bunyan.  6166 
"       "  -Martin  Luther.  1178 

•'-Terrifying- Nelson.  1189 
**  "        -Bunyan.ligi 

**  -A.  Clark.  1181 

"  -Bartley  Campbell.    4103 
"-H.  D.  Gough.  1179 

**  Misery  In.  1193 

"  -Melancholy-Fox.      3564 
"  by  Prayer.  1188 

"  Unhapplness  by.        1192 
S«e  BAPTISM. 
Proorastinated-Christlan  pros.   453 

Second  b.-Roger  Williams.  454 

Trust  in  b.- Vices.  4724 

See  BAPTISTS. 

Pioneer  of  B.-Roger  Williams.  *454 


I      „ 


921 


See  BIBLE. 
Adaptation  of  the  B.-Col.  Cong.*564 
Comfort  from  the  B.-Captive.  *565 
Diffusion  of  the  B.-Tyndale.  *566 
Discoveries  in  the  B.-Luther.  *567 
Dlsplaced-By  gloves-H.  VIIL  *568 
Doubted-J.  Bunyan's  struggles.  *569 
the  First  American  B. -Eliot's.  *570 
Gift  of  B.  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  *571 
Imperilled  by  the  B.-R.  Hunne.*572 
Incendiary  B.-Bookseller"s.  *573 
Indestructible-Persecution.  *574 
Influence  of  the  B.-Cromwell.  *575 
Monopoly  In  the  B.-Brlt.  pub's.  *576 
Omitted-Coronatlon  of  J.  II.  *577 
People's  B.-Wycliffe.  *578 

Prohibition  of  the  B.-England.  *579 
'*  "  "  "  -Necessary.580 
Protected  by  the  B.-J.  Knox.  *581 
Reverence  for  the  B.-Indians.  *585 
Searching  the  B.-"Bible  Moths."*583 
Senses  in  the  B.-Three  senses.  *583 
Stimulates- Persecution  of  S.  J.  *584 

Bound  by  the  B.-Luther.  1092 

Civil  gov't  by  B.  rule.-Conn.  2454 
Civilization  advanced  by  the  B.  836 
Comfort  for  prisoners.  966 

"  from  the  B.-Cromwell.  555 
Destitute  of  B.-Young  Miiller.  4712 
Direction  in  duty  by  B.  3613 

Divinity  of  B.-Denial  a  crime.  2.556 
Encouragement-Earthquake.  1087 
Inspires  courage-Covenanter.  656 
Interpretation  of  B.,  Strict.  3823 
Interpreters  of  B  ,  False.  2493 

Opposition  to  the  B  -Tyndale.     566 
"         "    "    "-Catholic.     568 

.4        »        .4  44  5.3 

"         "    "    "  "  577 

Political  abuse  of  B.  5118 

Power  of  its  historical  books-L.  166 
Reading  of  B.,  Ostentatious.       4175 
"       "   "    forbidden.  *586 

Revealed  in  new  light.  1768 

Rule  in  civil  gov"t-Conn.  Col.  881 
Strength  from  B.-Cromwell.  1444 
Surrender  of  B.,  Painful.  3616 

Tribute-"  Is  literature  itself."  81 
Unattractive-Condemnation.     5753 

See  BIGOTRY. 
Disclaimed- Cont.  Congress.       *587 
Papal  b.-Pius  V.  *588 

Protestant  b.-Scotland.  *589 

Puritanic  b.-Engllsh  Puritans.  *590 
Strange  b.-Amerlcan  Puritans.  *591 


in  Benevolence-James  II.  528 

Blinded  by  b.-James  II.  4085 

Clerical  b.-Country  paraoB>  2707 
Display  of  b.-James  II.  1996 

Foolish  b.  of  James  IL  317 

Harmonious  b.-Bristol.  3606 

Mortified  by  benevolence.  3720 

Protestant  b.-C.  disfranchised.  732 
Rebuked-Dr.  Arnold's  plea.  733 
Religious  b.-Turk  vs.  Persian.  5070 
Rule  of  b.-James  IL  3549 

See  BLASPHEMY, 
by  Comparison  to  Christ.  1958 

Punishable  by  death-Maryland.4729 


See  CONSECRATION, 
for  Conflict-Knights.  *1181 

without  Faith-  John  Wesley.    *1128 

Ceremony  of  c.-Knights.  3086 

for  Conquest-Grecian  youth.     6179 
of  Spoils,  Pious  c.-Aurelian.       5316 
to  benevolence.  529 

for  War-Janizarles.  5255 

See  CONVERSION. 
Clear  0.  of  John  Bunyan.  *1175 

Demanded  of  Peruvians-P.  •1176 
Intellectual  c.-Constantlne.  *1177 
Peculiar  c.  of  Martin  Luther.  *1178 
Remarkable  c.  of  H.  D.  Gough.*1179 
"  *'  "John Bunyan. *1180 

"  "  "  Adam  Clark.  *1181 

Results  of  c.  of  Constantlne.  *H82 
Sudden  o.-Methodlsts.  *1183 

Anxiety  of  c.  for  Indians.  5909 

Change  by  c.-Benjamln  Abbott.1109 
Changes  enemy  to  friend.  2646 

Conduct  changed  by  c.  1109 

by  Cruelty-Spanish  priests.  S861 
Evidenced-"  Strangely  warm."  1122 
Ignored  In  Church-membership.  878 
by  Marriage-Pocahontas.  4743 

Means  of  c.-A.  Lincoln.  5708 

"       "  "  -Humble-Tract.        5652 
Necessary  to  the  State.  1807 

Proof  of  c.-Indlan.  3518 

Published  by  newsmonger.  2400 
Sudden  c.  of  brigands-Joan.  1559 
from  Vice-Ministry.  2351 

Woman's  work  in  c.  6094 

See  CONVERSIONS. 
Slow  0.  of  Mahomet.  *1184 

by  Sword  of  Charlemagne.       *1185 

See  CONVERT. 
Renegade  c.-Lord  Sunderland.*1186 

Vicious  c.-Dryden  a  Catholic.  3244 
Zealous  Mohammedan  o.  1184 

See  CONVERTS. 
by  Cruelty-Huguenots.  4119 

Executed-lncas  by  Spaniards.  1175 
False  c  by  compromise.  3023 

Saved  by  murderlng-Irlsh.  1336 
Seeking  c.  a  duty.  1663 

Spurious  c.-Worldly.  453 

Tested  by  persecution.  4124 

Unholy  zeal  for  c.-Baptized  or  d.l99 

See  CONVICTION. 
Popular  c.-Joan  of  Arc.  ♦1187 

Prayer  for  c.-George  MflUer.  *1188 
of  Sin-John  Nelson.  *1189 


of  Sin-Distressing  c.-Bunyan.    6166 

See  CONVICTIONo. 

Maintalned-Mass.  Colony.        *1I90 

Realistic  c.-John  Bunyan.        ♦ligi 

Strong  c.  of  John  Bunyan.       *119^ 

"        •  -Clear  conversion,     ♦ligs 

Honesty  in  c.-Willlam  Penn.     2603 
Painful  c.  of  conscience.  1180 

"      "  "  "  1181 

Power  of  religious  c.-Puritans.  5249 
Realistic  religious  c.-Bunyan.    1180 

See  DEDICATION. 
Changed-Blblia  Polyglotta.      *1485 
True  religious  d.-Chnrch.         ♦I486 


to  God-Knights. 


llTl 


922 


REMEDIES— REMEMBRANCE. 


to  God-John  Wesley.  1122 

Indifferent  d.  of  temple.  6159 

See  DEVOTION. 
Absolute  Mohammedan  d.  *1568 
Commendable  d.  of  St.  Amb.  *1569 
Entire  d.  of  Bp.  Thomas  Coke.*1570 
Ministerial  d.  of  Thomas  Lee.  *1571 
Self-sacrificiDg  d.-Belisarius.  *1572 

Absolute  d.  of  life.  3843 

to  Amusement-Angelus.  3896 

"  Banner-Mohammedan.  2567 

Blind  d.  of  Persian  assassins.  374 

External  d.  to  the  pope.  2675 

Filial  d.-Seeking  pardon.  3998 

Reward  of  d.-Qaribaldi's.  4042 

Secret  of  d.-Money.  2705 

Servant's  d.  to  mistress.  5120 
of  Soldiers-Swedes  to  Chas.  XII.  1239 

Soldier's  d.  to  standard.  3838 

to  Study-Young  Napoleon.  6876 
Terrible  oath  of  d.  bygladlators.lOS 

of  Wife  -Lafayette's.  4318 

"  Woman-H.  Wentworth.  2516 

"       "       -Mrs.  Unwin.  2883 

to  Women-Knights.  2866 

See  FAST. 

Religious-Early  Methodiots.  ♦2105 


Christmas  changed  to  a  f.-P. 

851 

Health  by  f.-Napoleon. 

3552 

Preparation  by  f.-Knighthoo( 

.3086 

Vision  of  God  by  f.-Am.  Ind. 

2383 

Voice  of  God  by  f.-Joan. 

23&1 

See  FASTS. 

Religious  f.  of  Abyssinians. 

832 

See  FRAUD  (Rklioious). 

"  Departed  spirit." 

2353 

Religious  f  .-Images. 

1282 

"         "-Weeping  virgin. 

3620 

"        "-Grecian  oracle. 

3946 

**        "-Holy  Lance. 

4667 

"        "-Relics. 

4668 

M              •>           >t 

4669 

U              «t            (» 

4670 

••                 4t              4< 

4671 

M                 W              li 

4072 

<t                 tt              <t 

4673 

it                 l(              t» 

4674 

«i                 U              l« 

4675 

%l                tl             «• 

4676 

Spiritualistic  f.-"  Knock." 

3555 

See  HEAVEN. 

Carnal  h.,  Mahomet's. 

*2540 

Division  of  h.-Swedenborg. 

♦2541 

Materialistic  h.,  Boswell's. 

♦2542 

Views  of  h.-Adaptation. 

♦2544 

Visited  by  Mahomet. 

♦2544 

Warrior's  h. -Scandinavians. 

*2545 

Approaching  near  to  h.-Taylor.3403 
Children  In  h.-Swedenborg.  6207 
or  Hell-John  Bunyan.  1085 

Infants  in  h.-Swedenborg.  2818 
Letter  from  St.  Paul  to  Pepin.  3196 
Nearness  to  h.  in  sickness.  6131 
Visited  by  Mahomet.  3623 

Women  in  h. -Mahomet.  8992 

See  HELL. 
Necessary-Prest.  A.  Jackson.  •2547 
Temporary  h.-Mohammedan.  *2648 

Fear  of  h.-Samuel  Johnson.      1423 


See  HYPOCRIST. 

Brazen  h.-Pope  Adrian  VL  *2692 

Diplomatic  h.-Napoleon  I.  *2693 
Exposed-Religious-Charles  II.  *2694 

in  Friendship-Rival  dukes.  +2695 

Invited-Puritan  Parliament.  ^2696 

Religious  h.-Rival  dukes.  *2697 

"        "  -Roman  philos.  *2698 


Political  h.-Augustus. 
Religious  h.-Charles  II. 

See  IMMORTALITY. 
Belief  in  i.  by  poet  Shelley. 
Faith  in }.,  Arab's. 
Hope  of  l.-Walter  Raleigh. 


4256 
4711 

♦2745 
♦2746 
*2747 


8706 
1413 


1425 
1192 
834 
1416 
5270 


Belief  in  l.-Socrates. 

"       "  "  strengthens, 
of  Brutes  doubted-S.  Johnson. 
Burial  for  i.-Am.  Indians. 
Confident  of  i.-Bunyan. 
Effective  Christian  doctrine-G. 
Preparation  for  i.  by  bravery. 
Soul's  i.-Socrates. 
Stimulates  courage,  Belief  in  i.  1424 
in  Work-Church-building-Mah.  864 

See  INDULGENCE, 
to  Sin  by  penance.  2800 

See  INDULGENCES. 
Cargo  of  i.-Papal.  •2801 

Papal,  by  Tetzel.  *2802 

Sale  of  i.-Church-bullding.        *2803 


of  Appetite,  Degraded  by.  386 

"       '*       -Shameless.  260 
"       "       -Voraciou8-Johns'n.2183 

Sale  of  i.,  Tetzel's.  5164 

to  Sin-Pope  Leo.  5156 

See  INQUISITION. 

Abominable  in  Spain.  *2877 

Romish  i.  in  France.  *2878 


Ignorance  directing  1. 
Truth  outraged  by  i. 

See  MIRACLE. 
Fraudulent  m.-Weeping  V. 


Apparent  m.- Walls  fall. 
Constructive  m.-Wm.  P.  of  0. 
Contempt  for  false  m. 
Failure  of  expected  m. 
Popular  m.-Coincldence. 
by  Saints  only, 
of  Superstition-Persian. 
"  "  -"King's  evil.' 

Supposed  m.-Joan  of  Arc. 
See  MIRACLES. 
False  m.-Delphic  priests. 
"     "    Mahomet's. 

by  Martyrs-Catholic. 
Modem  m. -Pascal's. 
Monkish  m.- Legendary. 


8721 
5727 

•3620 

5824 
4555 
3528 
2087 
965 
5704 
1285 
1380 
2895 

♦3621 
•3622 
•3633 
•3624 
•3625 
•3626 


Unconscious  p.-VIrgil. 


*4624 


See  PREDESTINATION. 
Belief  in  p.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.*4404 
"      "  "  -Scandinavians.      *4405 


Extreme  view  of  p. 
Timely  p.  before  birth. 

See  PROPHECY. 
False  p.-Emplrea. 


4384 
1845 


*4623 


of  America's  future-Lafayette.  210 
"  "  "     -Stormont.  218 

Fictitious  p.-Confucius  of  C.      395 

See  PURGATORY. 
Compensations  of  p.-Moham.  *4580 
Mohammedan  p.-Punlshment*4581 


Belief  in  p.-AncIent  Persians.    2250 
Mohammedan  p.-Seven  hells.    2548 

See  REDEMPTION. 
Price  of  r.  of  Calais.  •4639 

See  RESURRECTION. 
Hinted  by  ancients.  483a 


Belief  in  r.- American  Indians.  2659 

See  REVERENCE  (Religious). 
Religious  r.-Pagans.  ^4870 


for  Animals-Egyptians.  2171 

"  Clergy  excessive-Ferd.  H  921 
Excessive  religious  r.-Pagans.  4870 
Foolish  r.-Sacred  goose-Goat.  5451 
for  Relics-Religious.  4678 

4678 
Restraint  of  r.-Repairing  temple.876 
Superstitious  r.  for  the  Bible.     685 

See  RITUALISM. 
Rejected-Catholic  r.  in  Eng.    •4915 


Trifles  vitiate  service  in  r. 

4686 

See  SAINT. 

Austere  s.-Francis. 

8364 

Bioody  s.-SIglsmond. 

4188 

Fanatical  s.-Simeon  Stylltes. 

4706 

"        "        «•           " 

60ia 

vs.  Heretic-Joan  of  Arc. 

1726 

Useful  s.,  Zoroaster's. 

6155 

See  SAINTS. 

Canonized  by  pope. 

•5010 

Marks  of  s.-Joan  of  Arc. 

•5011 

Pillar  s.-Slmeon  Stylltes. 

•5012 

Worship  of  s.  introduced. 

•5013 

by  Austeritv-Monks.  4oa 

Fanaticism  of  s. -Monkery.         3683 
Pillar  s..  Folly  of.  4706 

Reign  of  s.-Fanatics.  2092 

See  CATHOLIC,  CHRIST,  CHRISTI- 
ANITY, CHURCH,    CLERGY, 
CREEDS,  DEPRAVITY, 
IDOLATRY,  MARTYRS,  METHOD- 
ISTS, MYSTERIES,  NUN,  ORACLE, 
PERSECUTION,  SECTS,  SIN  and 
"WORSHIP  in  toe 

REMEDIES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Nature's  r.-Air,  sunshine,  etc.  3691 
Quack  r.-Superstitlon.  1283 

REMEDT. 

by  Force-Chinese. 
Strange  r.-Wailing. 

Miscellaneous  cross-reference*. 
for  the  Demonized. 
Superstitious  r.-Pestilence. 
"  "  -Religious. 

reheitibraivce. 

Cross-references. 
of  Insult  by  Cyrus. 
Painful  r.  revived. 

See  MEMORY  in  Ue. 


•4758 
•4759    3 

156» 
6448 
5455 


2901 
864» 


REMINISCENCE— RESEMBLANCE. 


923 


SEISINISCENCS:. 
Frf  quent,  A.  Lincoln's.  2678 

kejuorse:. 

Pepseoator'8  r.-Charles  IX.      *4760 
Royal  r.-Bdward  IV.  *4761 

Miscellaneous  erosa-references. 

Assassin's  r.-Nero.  1110 

of  Conscience-Charles  I.  1118 

of  Ingrate  son-Richard.  1634 

Murderer's  r.-Constans  II.  1108 

Benegade's  r.-Argyle.  5209 

"Victim  of  r.-CIotaire.  1361 

RENEGADC:. 

Shameful  religious  r.  1186 

See  APOSTATE. 

RE>01¥]V. 

for  Honesty-Aristides.  *4762 

of  Infamy-Erostratus.  *4763 

Literary  r.-Samuel  Johnson.  *4764 

Noble  r.-Perlcles.  ♦4765 

Miscellaneoui  cross-reference. 

by  Architecture-Pericles.  1768 

See  HONORS  in  too. 

RENT. 

Refused  by  anti -renters.  *4766 

REPARATION. 

for  Disloyalty-Atonement.      *4767 


Cross-  references. 

Death-bed  r.  of  Mahomet. 

1401 

ti        11  >t        It 

1436 

Enforced-Jews  wronged. 

3060 

InsuflScient  r.  for  insults. 

2868 

Sacred  heralds  to  demand  r. 

41 

REPARTEE. 

Apt  r.  of  J.  Wesley. 

*4768 

REPENTANCE. 

Attractlve-M.  Luther. 

♦4769 

Ineffective  r.,  Whltefield's. 

♦4770 

Publio  r.-John  UnderhilL 

♦4771 

Sudden  r.-S.  Johnson. 

♦4772 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Apostate  Christians.  253 

by  Coercion,  Failure  of  r.  4396 

Death-bed  r.  of  Wolsey.  4644 

"  "  -Wm.  the  Conq.    1415 

on  Death-bed- William  II.  1091 

Kctltious  r.-Caracalla.  1096 

"        "-Pirates.  1144 

by  Flagellation-James  11.  1133 

•without  Restitutlon-PalsBologus.  12 
Substituted  by  money-Indulg.    711 


fiuperfloial  r.-James  II. 
Transient  r.  of  Antony. 

See  AWAKENING. 
¥pirltual  a.-John  Bunyan. 


1133 
4646 


1180 
569 
5166 
1178 


"-Terrlble-Bunyan 
"-Martin  Luther. 
"-Terrifying-Nelson.  1189 
"  "        -Bunyan.1191 

•'-A.  Clark.  1181 

"-Bartley  Campbell.    4103 
"-H.  D.  Gough.  1179 

"-Misery  in.  1193 


Spiritual  a.-Melancholy-Fox.     35e4 
"        "   by  prayer.  1188 

"        "   Unhappiness  by.     1192 
See  CONVERSION,  PENANCE  and 
PENITENCE  in  loc. 

REPRESENTATIVE. 

Punished  in  r.-King  of  Eng.     ^4773 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Efficiency  by  means  of  r.  3833 

Personality  lost  in  r.  416 

Silent  r.-A.  Jackson-Congress.  3192 

See  AGENT. 

Ignored-Clarendon  by  James  II.  98 

See  SUBSTITUTE  in  loo. 

REPRIMAND. 

Fictitious  r.-Lafayette.  ^4774 

of  Kindness-Johnson.  •4775 

Cross-reference. 
Public  r.  of  Roman  censor.  747 

REPRISAIi. 

Honest-Cromwell.  *4T76 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Precedent  for  r.  4905 

Right  of  r.-Arabs.  4926 

REPROACH. 

Escape  from  r.-Napoleon  I.  ♦4777 

Gentle  r.-Anaxagoras.  ♦4778 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Aroused  by  r.-Brutus.  369 

Bribery  of  Demosthenes.  672 

Desperation  from  r.-Valens.  913 
Irritating  r.-Johnson  by  Miss  S.215 

Life  saved  in  r.  1238 

Mutual  r.-James  II.  1119 

Nobly  received- Alexander.  4031 

for  Pusillanimity-Justinian.  1238 

See  DISGRACE,  DISHONOR  and 
SLANDER  in  loc. 

REPROOF. 

Meekness  in  r.-Dr.  Taylor.  ^4779 

Undeserved-Dr.  Arnold.  ^4780 

Undisturbed  by  r.-G.  Wash.  ^4781 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Age,  Valuable  r.  2021 

Apt  r.  for  effect.  6030 

Death  by  r.,  Tetzel's.  1888 

Desired-Good  Emp.  Julian.       6896 
of  Meddler,  Delicate  r.  3546 

Sagacious  r..  Wife's.  4881 

by  Satire-S.  Johnson.  622 

of  Wife-Mrs.  Geo.Washington.  4781 
See  CENSURE  and  REBUKE 
in  loc. 

REPURIilC. 

in  Decay-Roman.  ^4782 

Presaged-John  Cabot.  ♦4783 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Providential  intimation  of  r.      4783 
Ruled  by  one  will.  <iMA 

"      ' -Wa8hington.2836 

Virtue  the  basis  of  r.  2455 


REPUTATION. 

Blemished-Napoleoa  I. 
Changeful  r.,  Robert  Burns. 
Deceptive  r.-Charles  XII. 
Evil  r.-Ireland. 
False  r.-Aristides. 
Fictitious  r  -Gen.  Chas.  Lee. 
Field  for  r.-Washington. 
Mixed  r.,  Alexander's. 
Preserved,  Lincoln's, 
for  Probity-Cato. 
Stained  r.,  William  Pitt's, 
for  Veracity-James  II. 


♦4784 
♦4785 
♦4786 
♦4787 
♦4788 
♦47S3 
♦479.) 
♦47S1 
♦4792 
♦4793 
♦4794 
♦4795 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Accidental-Van  Buren's  Admin.  51 

Blot  on  r.,  One-William  Penn.    607 

"     "    "  Caesar's  captives.        608 

Borrowed-Washington  Irvicg.  8771 

Buried  with  the  person.  1397 

vs.  Character-Lycurgus.  32C4 

Confidence  in  r.-Cicero.  1025 

Contempt  for  r..  Deceptive.       5162 

Contradictory  r.-Robert  the  D.  3766 

Cost  of  social  r.-Estimate.         3671 

Deceptive  r.-Commodus.  5743 

Delayed,  John  Milton's.  2325 

Destroyed  by  avarice-Demosth.  673 

Destruction  of  r.  necessary.       1950 

Disregarded-Effr'nt'ry  of  "B.  F."37 

Envied-Aristldes.  1910 

False  r.  given-Henry  VIII.         2153 

"      "  of  wealth.  5979 

Good  r.  at  home-Lincoln.  1488 

Guarded-Athenian  judges.         30;^ 

for  Honesty-G.  Washington.     2611 

Honorable  r.-Emperor  Titus.     4307 

Indifferent  to  r.-Catlline.  392 

Lost  by  avarice-Demosthenes.    672 

Maligned-Charles  We&ley.  702 

Mixed  r.-Washington  Irving.     3771 

Overestimated-Napoleon.  5503 

"  -Pompey.  5 

"  -Gen.  Chas.  Lee.  4789 

Questioned-Honesty-King  J.     2618 

vs.  Reality-James  I.  2154 

Rescued  by  history-Cromwell.  2577 

Restored,  Cromwell's.  3075 

Sacrificed-Tool  of  tyranny.        3548 

"        for  money-Chas.  I.     3662 

Shameful  r.-Dick  Talbot.  3202 

Spur  to  valor.  5767 

by  Success- Washington.  5408 

•'        "       -Yorkshire.  5409 

Time  for  growth-J.  Milton.       3310 

Unjust  r.  for  avarice-Joseph  II.  778 

Wronged  by  rival.  1911 

See  DISTINCTION  in  loc. 


RECIUEST. 

Waiting  for  a  r.-Alexander. 
See  ENTREATY  in  loc. 


•4T9Q 


RESEMBLiANCE. 

Startling  r.-i  hri>^t-Ca;sar.         ♦479T 

See  IMITATION. 
Fameless  i.-Fenimore  Cooper. ^2743 
Unappreciated  in  art.  ^2744 


of  Genius-Columbus's  egg. 
vs.  Invention-Red  Man. 
of  Manners- J.  Hogg. 


2316 
2909 

mi 


«34 


RESENTMENT— RESTRAINT. 


tn  PaintlDg,  Servile-lStli  cent.  343 
Skill  by  i.  ia  fine  arts-Angelo.  345 
"  "  "  "  "  "  -Italy.  349 
See  COUNTERFEIT. 
Preserved  by  a  c.-'  Sacred  b."*1225 
Relics  manufactured  by  an  A.*1226 
Signature-Consul  Antony.        *1227 


Imposed  upon  Goldsmith. 
See  DISGUISE  in  loc. 

RESENTMENT. 

Cruel  Alexander. 
Infamous-Benedict  Arnold. 
Passionate-Maximin. 
of  Patriots-Lord  Ciiatham. 
Public-Am.  Colonists. 
Savage-Theodore  Lascaris. 
Withhfcld-Eobbery. 
of  Wrongs-Irishmen. 


2601 


♦4798 
*4799 

*4800 
*4801 
♦4802 
*4803 
*4804 
♦4805 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Appeased  with  kisses.  3084 

Disdained-Louis  XII.  2200 

Dishonorable-Treason.  4109 

Diverted  by  amusement.  8204 

Expressed  forcibly.  2891 

of  Flattery-Alexander.  2156 

Foolish  r.  of  Xerxes.  1026 

Infidels  treated  with  r.  2831 

of  Insult  by  Bismarck.  3359 

Opportunity  for  r.-Clovis  I.  409 

Patriotism  sacrificed  to  r.  306 

Premature-Bishop  Burnet.  5363 

Vain-Breaking  the  arrow.  391 

Withheld  by  fear-Alexius.  757 
See  REVENGE  in  loc. 

RESERVE. 

Social  r  -S.  Johnson.  *4806 

See  HUMILITY  and  MODESTY 

in  loc. 

RESIDENCE. 

fctolerable  r.-London.  *4807 

See  DWELLINGS. 

Plainness  in  d.-Lycnrgus.  ♦1754 

See  FAMILY  and  HOME  in  loc. 

RESIGNATION. 

Coercion  by  r.  of  oflce.  ♦4808 

Easy  r.-A.  Lincoln.  ^4809 

Serene  r.-Oriental.  ^4810 

Strength  for  r. -Bereavement.  *4811 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Commission  ignored.  4049 

■"  Offloe-Parclcal-Augustus.      3880 
*'     "     forced-Tory.  963 

**     "    -Sylla.  3882 

*<■     »    -Tyler's  Cabinet.  3935 

Official  r.  rejected  by  Lincoln,  S.116 
"       "  -Honorable-Bolivar.    893 
Policy  in  r.-Augustus.  3881 

Shameful  r.-Emp.  Vitellius.       3879 

See  SUBMISSION. 
Humiliating  s.-Rlchard  II.       ♦5381 
•of  Soul-Penitential  s.  *5388 


S)xacting  s.-James  II.  248 

eumillating  s.-Captive  Emp.  2197 

Prayer  of  s.-Socrates.  4557 

Soul's  8.  to  God.  5382 
See  PATIENCE  in  loc. 


RESISTANCE. 

Popular  r. -Protestants.  *4812 

"       "  -Bostonians.  *4813 

Provoked  by  legislation.  ^4814 

Wisdom  in  r.-Am.  patriots.  ♦4815 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Assurance  of  r.-"Daysof  b'ttle.''319 
Provoked,  presumptuously.       4461 

See  DEFENCE, 
a  Bondage-Fall  of  Verona.       *1498 
Brave  d.  of  Count  Gerontins.  ^1499 
Declined  by  Charles  L  ^1500 

Frail  d.  at  Waterloo.  ♦ISOl 

Heroic  d.  of  La  Rochelle.         ♦loOS 
Patriotic  d.  of  Holland.  ^1503 

Savage  d.-Babylonians.  ♦1504 


Delay  needful  for  d.  5175 

Exhibitions  of  self-defence-Eng.218 
Impossible-Trial  of  Dr.Bateman.540 
Neglected-Constantinople.  605 

Noble  d.-Slege  of  Metz.  2208 

Omitted  on  Sabbath-Jews.        4985 
Self-defence  at  Londonderry.      927 
"  in  argument.  1857 

See  OPPOSITION  in  loc. 


RESOLUTION. 

Success  by  r.-Am.  patriots. 


•4816 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Moral  r.  of  M.  Luther.  1092 

Success  by  r.-Gen.  Fremont.  1069 
Unsurpassed  in  r.-Pizarro.  1068 
Weakness  of  r..  Moral.  5054 

See  DETERMINATION. 
Asserted-"Sword  shall  give  it.^1555 
Emphatic  d.-Stone-My  ballot. ^1556 
Fixed  d.-Joan  of  Arc.  ^1557 

Obstinate  d  -Scotch  Presb.'s.  ♦ISSS 
Strange  d.-Joan  of  Arc.  ^1559 

for  Success-"  Win  his  spurs."  ♦1560 
Want  of  d.-Philip  of  France.  +1561 
Youthful  d.-Alcibiades.  ^1562 


Ambitious  d.  of  Alex.  Hamllton.185 

Resolute  d.-Luther  to  Worms.  1241 

Success  by  d.-Wadsworth.         3956 

See  ENERGY  in  loc. 


RESOURCES. 

Cross-reference. 
of  Qenius-CsBsar's. 


2383 


RESPECT. 

Beneficial-Samuel  Johnson.     *4817 


Cross-reference. 
Withheld  from  Bishop  Hall.  2 

See  HOMAGE. 
Disgusting  h.  of  James  II.        *2590 
Unsurpassed,  S.  Johnson's.      *2591 


Refused  by  Crusader.  891 

to  Vanity  of  Diocletian.  26 

"       "       "  Greek  emperors.       59 

See  KNEELING, 
to  God  only-Alex.  Murray.       ♦3085 


Disgusted  by  king's  k.  2590 

S«e  COURTESY  and  REVERENCE 

in  loc. 


RESPONSIRIL.ITY. 

Accepted-Bishop  Sancroft.  ♦4818 
Assumed  by  Jefferson.  ^4819 

Awed  by  r.-Cont.  Congress.  *4820 
Evaded-J.  Wildman.  ♦4821 

Impressed  by  r.-Pericles.  ^4822 

Individual  r.-Frederick  II.  ♦4823 
by  Indulgence-Wm.  P.  of  0.  ♦4824 
Knowledge  gives  r.-Ala.crms.*4825 
Official  r.-Julian.  ♦4826 

of  Po wer- A nti  slavery.  ^4827 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Anxiety  of  »•  -A.  Lincoln.  247 

Author's  r.-Regrets.  1249 

Changes  character- Vespasian.  2845 
Confession  of  r.-Sthennis.  3819 

of  Demagogue- Vengeance  on  G.  40 
Denied,  Vainly-Monmouth.  5139 
Division  of  r. -Charles  I.  1118 

"        "  "-Dead  horse.  2170 

in  Government-Clarendon's  C.  50 
Impressed  by  r.-Lincoln.  4559 

"  *' sense  of  r.-Lincoln. 511 

Insensible  to  r.-Judges.  5138 

Misplaced-Children  punished.  803 
on  One  man-Justinian.  1238 

of  Position-Arrest  of  Bunyan.  318 
Prayer  prompted  by  r.  5298 

Remote  r.-Booth-Dr.  Mott.  .3810 
Sense  of  r.  wanting-Nero.  1347 

"      "  "-Rubicon.  1480 

See  FIDELITY  in  loo. 

REST. 

by  Change  of  occupation-Nap.  2330 
"  "  "  work-Southey.  6148 
in  Country-life-Burke.  3798 

Denied  to  ambitious  Mah'm't.II.202 
Soul  longing  for  r.  2538 

See  CONTENTMENT, 
in  Gardening-Dloclfetian.  ^1148 

under  Hardships-John  We8ley.^ll49 
Inferior  c.-Samuel  Johnson.  ♦IISO 
with  Poverty-Diogenes.  ♦1151 

Price  of  c.-Napoleon  I.  ♦1152 


Possession  of  7  acres-Romans.    152 
Postponed-"  What  then  ?"  1071 

with  Poverty-Abdolonymus.      5685 
without  Riche«-Phoeion.  4882 

See  IDLENESS,  RELAXATION 
and  SLEEP  in  loc. 

RESTITUTION. 

Conscientious  r.-Cromwell.      ♦4828 

See  RECOVERY. 
Triumph  denied  to  mere  r.  150 

RESTRAINT. 

Difficult-Martin  Luther.  ♦4829 

Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
of  Etiquette-Distasteful.  1927 

Gentility  favored  by  r.- Johnson.2348 
Hateful  to  wild  men.  4503 

by  Rudeness  of  rebukes.  8418 

See  SELF-COMMAND, 
against  Fear-William  III.  *50S2 

See  ^*ELF-CONTROL. 
Remarkable  s.-c.-Duke  Fred.  ^5083 


Abandoned-C.  J.  Fox.  5806 

In  Excitement-G.  Washington.  340G 


RESULTS— REVERSES. 


925- 


Power  over  others  by  s.-c.  3595 

Sleep  at  will-Napoleon  I.  6205 

In  Suppressing  indignation.  5693 

"          "            resentment.  4804 

Weakness  in  s.-  c.  confessed.  5091 

See  SELF-POSSESSION. 

Brave  s.-p-Admiral  Le  Fort.  *5091 


in  Danger-Charles  XII.  1840 

See  SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
Basis  of-Virtue-Intelligence.    *5087 
Capacity  for  s.-g.-Mass.  *5088 

Faculty  of  s.-g.-Romans-Eng.  *5089 
Withheld-Colony  of  Virginia.  *5090 
See  SELF-DENIAL  and  HIN- 
DRANCE in  loo. 

RKSUIiTS. 

Decisive  r.-Ad.  Nelson.  *4830 

Far  reaching  r. -Nationality.     *4831 


5811 


Cross-reference. 
Dlsproportloned  to  cause. 

RESURRECTIOIV. 

Hinted  by  ancients.  *4833 


Cross-reference. 
Belief  in  r.-Amerlcan  Indians.  8259 

RETAIilATION. 

Popular  r.-Va.  Colonists.  ♦4833 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Penalty  of  r. -Mussulman.  1916 

In  Punishment- Visigoths.  4575 

"  War.-Burnlng  of  Washingt'n.  716 
Withheld  by  Moh'mmedan  m'st'r.38 
See  REVENGE  in  loc. 

RETIREMENT. 

Beliglous  r.  of  Wm.  Cowper.    *4834 

See  PRIVACY. 
of  Conversation-Greeks.  *4471 


Inspected-Cromwell's  p. 

Respected  by  Napoleon  I. 

"  "  Caesar. 

See  RETREAT  in  loc. 


4177 
8680 
2865 


RETORT. 

Crushing  r.-8.  Johnson.  *4835 

Sarcastic  r.-King  Richard.       *4836 

See  REPARTEE  in  loc. 

RETRACTION. 

Decllned-Bajazet 
Refused-Alex.  H.  Stephens. 
See  RECANTATION. 
Impossible-Martin  Luther.       *4633 


*4837 


Formal  r.-TJnreal-Galileo.  5627 

Refused-Luther.  1092 

"       by  Hooper.  1233 

Repeated  6  times -Bp  Cranmer.1249 

RETREAT. 

Hasty  r.-Battle  of  spurs.  *4839 

'       "      "  ♦4840 

Impossible  at  Xeres.  ♦4841 

Masterly  r.-Battle  of  Brooklyn. ^4842 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Hasty-Santa  Anna- Wooden  leg.  68 
Impossible-Rotundity  of  earth.  2712 


Impossible-Boats  burned.  1074 

"        -French  Revolution.  5401 
"        -Chained.  1543 

Misjudged  by  Pompey.  5828 

Necessary-Fred,  the  Great.  1831 
Reconsidered-Henry  IV.- A.  4'''1 
Sorrowful  r.  of  Washington.  1541 
Success  by  r.-Scythians.  1073 

Unavoidable-Holland  flooded.  1503 
Unexpected  and  dangerous  r.    1645 

RETRIBUTION. 

Begun-Jusiice  Jeffreys.  ^4843 

OverlookeJ-Napoleon  L  ^4844 

Sanitary  r.-"Black  Assize."  ^4845 

Sense  of  r.-Chas.  II.  ♦4846 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Fear  of  r. -James  IL  2118 

Legal  r.-Wolsey.  3071 

Life  for  life.  4846 

See  REVENGE  in  loo. 

REVELATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Dream  to  Cicer.>.  1722 

"  Dreams  to  Indians.  1723 

Fahe  r.-Persian  religion.  1285 

Sin  permitted  by  r.-Mahomet.  8242 
See  BIBLE  and  INSPIRATION 
in  loc. 

REVELRY. 

Cross-reference. 

Christmas  r. -Italy-France.  850 

See  PLEASURE  in  loc. 

REVENGE. 

Bloody  r. -Sepoy  Rebellion.  ^4847 
Characteristic  r.-Am.  Indians. ^4848 
Condescension  of  r. -Maria  T.  ^4849 
on  the  Dead-Concini.  ^4850 

"    "       "    -Cromwell.  ^4851 

Declined-Mathew  Hale.  ^4852 

Determined-Mary  Stuart's.  ♦4853 
Dishonorable  r.,  Alexander's.  ^4854 
Female  r.-Parysatis.  ♦4855 

Honored-Ancient  Germans.  ♦4856 
Ignoble  r. -Mutilation.  ^4857 

Implacable  r.-Antonina.  ^4858 

Ingenious  r.-Picture.  ^4859 

of  Injustice-Jail-fever.  ^4860 

Personal  r.-James  Hamilton.  ♦  4861 
"        "-Napoleon  L  ♦486<J 

Savage  r.,  Husband's.  ^4863 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Assassination-Hamilton.       4861 
Base  r.,  of  Chas.  II.  1657 

Beneath  r. -Impostor.  2755 

Challenged  by  Gurdun.  1245 

by  Confessing  crime.  1347 

Dedicated  to  r.,  Knights.  2898 

on  Descendants-Jeffreys.  3767 

Eagerness  for  r.  on  Jeffreys.     4843 
Excessive  r.-Honor-Arabs.        2896 
Foolish  r.-Chas.II.-CromweU's  b.685 
"       "  -Self- injuring.  2749 

Husband's  r.  on  the  a.  John  XII.  66 
Ignored  by  Caesar.  8865 

for  Injustice-Philip  as8as9inated.368 
Mother's  r.-Hannah  Dnstin.  3789 
Nature's  r.  for  Inhumanity.  2863 
Passion  for  r.-"Cap'tn  Molly."  4078 


Savage  r.-Judge  Cone.  4838 

Wars  of  r.  Am.  Ind.'s.  5928 

Wife's  r.-Rumford's.  4593 

of  Woman  outraged.  6096 

for  Wrong  unrighted.  305& 
See  RETALIATION,  RETRIBU- 
TION and  VENGEANCE. 
in    loc. 

REVENUE, 

Ancient  r.-Romans.  ♦4864 

from  In jusi  ice-Turks.  ♦«65 

Mismanaged-George  III.  ♦4860 


Cross-reference. 
from  Drink,  State  r. 

See  FINANCES  in  loc. 


2940 


REVERENCE. 

Excessive  r.-Wm.  Pitt.  ^4867 

Filial  r. -Alexander.  *4868 

for  Parents-Ancients.  ♦4869' 

Religious  r.-Pagans.  ♦4870 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
for  Animals-Egyptians.  2171  > 

"  Clergy  excessive-Ferd.  II.     921  ■ 
Excessive  religious  r.-Pagans.   4870, 
Foolish  r.-Sacred  goose  r.-Goat.5451 
for  Relics-Religious  r.  4676.< 

"  "  "  4678 

Restraint  of  r.-Repairing  temple.876 , 
Superstitious  r.  for  the  Bible.      585 

See  AWE. 
Effect  of  a.-Persian  king.  *441 

Silence  of  a.-Battle  of  the  Nile.^44a   ! 

See  HOMAGE. 
Disgusting  h.  of  James  II.        ♦2590 
Unsurpassed-S.  Johnson's.       ♦2591' 

Refused  by  Crusader.  891 

to  Vanity  of  Diocletian.  26' 

"       "       "  Greek  emperors.  5d, 

See  KNEELING, 

to  God  only- Alex.  Murray.  ♦.3085 


Disgusted  by  king's  k. 

See  WORSHIP  in  loc. 

REVERSES. 

Benefits  of  r.-English. 


2590' 


♦487» 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
in  Llfe-Nicetas.  2211/ 

See  REACTION, 
from  Excess-Persecution.        ^4617 
Moral  r.-Restoration  of  C.  n.  ♦4618 
"      "  -Puritanism  to  sin.       ♦4619 


of  Anger-Peter  the  Great.  5091 

"      "     -Alexander.  1744 

"  Cruelty-Nero's  persecution.  1358 
"  Excess-English  revolution.  196ft 
"  Extravagance-Example  of  C.  397 
against  Labor-Probus's  soldiers.310 
Natural  r.-Cleanllness- Watts.  917 
of  Opposition-Religious.  393» 

"  Oppression-Liberty.  322* 

Piety  by  r.  of  sins.  418ft 

Political  r.-Van  Buren's  Admin.  51 
of  Public  opinion -Cavaliers-P.  89» 
Social  r.  aeainst  Puritans.  803 

Unexpected  r.-James  II.  81S 


-926 


REVERIE— RING. 


See  VICISSITUDES. 

InLlfe-Eng.  nobility.  2210 

"    "  -Columbus.  2473 

•*    "  -C.  Jerome.  2521 

See  ADVERSITY  and  DEFEAT 

in  loo. 

REVBRIE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Discovery  by  r.-Gravitatlon.     2295 

Lost  in  r.-Samuel  Johnson.        2310 

See  IMAGINATION  in  loo. 

REVIVAL. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Of  Art  in  Italy.  344 

••    "    •*  15th  century.  845 

••     "    "  Italy.  ?48 

•♦  Civilization  in  E.,A.D.1485-1514.912 
•*    Education  in  Europe.  912 

See  CONVERSION  in  loo. 


REVOIiT. 

Suppression  of  r.-Soldiers. 

See  INSURRECTION. 
Suppressed-Am.  Revolution. 

See  MUTINY. 
Courage,  against  m.-Ca6sar. 
Cruel  m.-Henry  Hudson, 
by  Disappointment-Columbus. 
Reform  by  m.-British  navy, 
of  Sailors-British  navy. 


♦4872 

1136 

♦3756 
*3757 
*3758 
*3759 
*3760 


Quelled  by  General  Jackson.     1963 
Sailors'  m.,  Columbus'.  1940 

tTnparalleled  m.-Scottish  8'ld'rs.306 
See  REBELLION  in  loe. 
RGVOIiUTION. 
by  Contagion-Am.  and  France. *4873 
Instantaneous  r.-Puritans.       *4874 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

by  Accident-Maiden  insulted.  29 

Climate  promotes  r.  951 

Conspiracy  for  r.-Cleomenea.  2445 

Contempt  prepares  for  r.  8902 

Diplomatic  r.-Nap.-Spain.  1656 

Inaugurated  by  Cromwell-P.  410 

Literary  r. -Thomas  Palne's.  1027 

Liturgy  brings  r. -Scots.  3323 

by  Oppression  of  the  poor-R.  2450 

Plot  for  r. -Vicious.  1140 

Provoked  by  legislation.  980 

"         "  imprudenceof  C.I.  413 

tlnrecognized  by  Louis  XVI.  277 
See  REBELLION  in  loc. 

REVOLUTIONS. 

Injustice  brings  r.  *4875 

Eetrogradive  r.-Rest'n  of  C.II.  *4876 

REWARD. 

Destitute  of  r.-J.  Smith.  *4877 

of  Gratitude-Gen.  Grant.  *4878 

Unexpected  r.-Alexander.  *4879 


RICH  (The). 
Duty  of  the  r.-Epaminondas.  *4880 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Declined  for  patriotic  effort.      4042 
In  Future  life- Mahomet's.         3733 
Genius  without  r.-Milton.  422 

Inadequate  r.  for  war.  1072 

Ridiculous  r.  for  tidings  of  Geo.II.9 
Wronged  in  r.-E  Whitney.        2991 
See  RETRIBUTION  and  TVAGES 
in  loc. 


Cross-reference. 
Government  favors  the  r. 

RICHES. 

Avarice  with  r.-Pythius. 
In  Contentment-Phocion. 
Despised-Ottomans. 
Joy  in  r.,  Sudden. 
Power  with  r.-Philip. 
Slighted-Solon. 
Superseded-Greclans. 
Tendency  of  r.,  Degrading. 
Uncertainty  of  r.-Dionysius. 


3103 

*4881 
♦4882 
♦4883 
♦4884 
♦4885 
♦4886 
♦4887 
♦4888 
♦4889 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Glorified  by  Cato  the  Censor.      432 
Use  of  r.,  True-Pythius.  4881 

Vanity  of  r.-God  needed.  2379 

See  GOLD. 
Craze  for  g.-Emigrants  to  Am.^2388 
Delusion  of  g. -Londoners.       ^2389 

"        "   "  -Spaniards.        ^2390 
vs.  Labor-Cortez.  ♦2391 

Rubied  by  g.-J.  A.  Sutter.        ^2392 


Captivated  by  g.-Demosthenes.  672 
Corrupted  by  g.-Spartans.  5856 
Crop  of  g.-Dream.  2523 

Delusion  of  g.-Jamestovra.  2807 
Delusive  hopes  of  g.  1984 

Exciting  discovery-Ca.  1974 

Punishment-Melted  g.-Crassus.  434 
Sought  by  I.  Newton-Alchemist.814 
Value  of  g.-Indian's  estimate.     457 
See  GOLD-SEEKERS. 

Delusion  of  g.-s  at  Jamestown.  2807 
i»        u    I.     u  i<  8388 

♦•        "    "  -Londoners.  2389 

"        •'    "  -Spaniards.  2390 

it        ti    ..  ii  2735 

«•        "    "  -California.  2392 

.<        t<    <i  -Visionary.  1984 
See  WEALTH  in  loo. 

RIDE. 

Cross-reference. 
Hard  r.-90  Miles-Mary  Stuart.   6100 

RIDICULE. 

Changed  by  merit-Puritans. 
Conquered  by  Napoleon  I. 
Cures  cowardice- Arab. 
Defended  by  r.-Caesar. 
of  Greatness-Julian's. 
Public  r.  of  Irish  agents. 
Punished-Religion. 
Reformation  by  r.-Laws. 
Revolution  by  r.-Wales. 
Unconscious  of  r.-George  III. 
Unfelt-Dlogenes. 
Warning  in  r.-Whitefield. 


♦4890 
♦4891 
♦4892 
♦4893 
♦4894 
♦4895 
♦4896 
♦4897 
♦4898 
♦4899 
♦4900 
♦4901 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Butt  of  r.-D'Argens.  2237 

"    "  "-Goldsmith.  2601 

of  Dignity-Kiag  upset.  1586 

"  Enemy-Tigranes.  3829 

Exposure  to  r.-Columbus.  2587 

Failure  of  r.-Burke.  49 

Fear  of  poets'  r.-Bums.  4216 


Fear  of  r. -Clergy.  4416 

of  Humiliation-Painful  r.  3719 

Improvement  under  r.-Plato.  1314 
better  than  Indignation.  5773 

Ineffective  r.-Eng.  Methodists.  4666 
Mutual-Fred.  II.  and  Voltaire.  3 
Office  of  r.-Shame-Error.  3246 

Opposed  by  r. -Demosthenes.  2021 
of  Poverty-Scots-Johnson.  4352 
"  Reform-Calendar  changed.  696 
Reform  by  r. -Peter  the  Great.  1124 
of  Religion  of  Catholics.  4742 

"  Sanctimony  in  advertisements.96 
Unexpected  r.-B.'s  dagger  scene.  49 
Victim  of  r.-Goldsmlth.  2664 

Weapon  against  infidelity.         2830 

See  DERISION. 
Public  d.  at  theatre- Walker.    ♦1536 


Conquered  by  perseverance.  4154 

See  MOCKERY. 

of  Agony  of  martyrs.  1358 

"  Extortloner-Rufinus.  427 

"  Religion-Emperor  Michael.  4723 
Taunt  of  Women-Influence  of.  2504 

See  SNEER. 

Sarcastic  s.  at  Demosthenes.  672 

Sneer  for  s.-Colonel  Tarleton.  2908 

See  CONTEMPT  in  loc. 

RIGHT. 

of  Might-English  earls.  ^4908 

"      "     -William  III.  ^4903 

"      "      -Sword.  ^4904 

by  Precedent-Napoleon  I.  +4905 

and  Wrong-Boundaries.  ^4906 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Might-Conquest.  1098 

vs.    "     -Am.  Revolution.  5924 

of  Reprisal- Arab  robbers.  4926 

Unquestioned,  yet  false.  5747 

See  ETHICS. 

Boundaries  In  e.  4906 

See  CONSCIENCE  in  loc. 

RIOHTS. 

Asserted-Wm.  Wadsworth.  ^4907 
Ignored-Chas.  II.  ^4908 

Importance  of  r.-Squatter  S.  ^4909 
Maintenance  of  r.  by  exercise.  ^4910 
Petition  of  r.-Parliament.  *4911 
Sentimental  r.-Political.  *4912 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Asserted-Am.  Indians.  4331 

Character  by  maintaining  r.         768 

Compromised,  Legal  r.  248 

Defence  of  r.-Don't  tr'd  on  me.  3939 

"       "  Imperial  r.-Cer'mony.756 

Demanded,  Legal  r.-Penn.         3053 

Denled-Subjugated  Irish.  3944 

Determination  to  maintain  r.     2785 

"  "  have  r.  3235 

Natural  r.  of  man.  4520 

Unequal  r.-Purltans-Indlans.     1859 

Women's  r.  demanded.  6093 

See  JUSTICE  and  LIBERTY  in  loc. 

RING. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Gift  of  r.,  Joy  by-Napoleon.       2358 
Stratagem  by  r. -Adulterer.        8276 


EIOT— RULER. 


92'J 


RIOT. 

Night  of  r.-Fllght  of  Jamea  IL*4913 


Cross-reference. 
Condemned  by  Washington. 


4953 


RIOTS. 

Cross-reference. 
Christmas  r.-Puritans.  8915 

See  MOB. 
Audacity  of  Paris  m.-Revolution.658 
Calmness  amid  the  m.-Wesley.  698 
of  Fanatics  controlled  by  dem.  40 
Mistakon-Cinna  put  to  death.  372 
Terrifying  m.-New  York  draft.  3646 
See  msUKRECTlON  in  loo. 

RISING. 

Early  r.  of  Washington.  •4914 

See  EARLY-RISINO. 
Sleepiness  from  e.-r.  5206 

RISK. 

Cross-reference. 
Assumed  by  Alex.'s  physician.  1048 

See  ADVENTURE. 
Courageous  a.-Lieut.  Gushing.    *7S 
Daring  a. -Napoleon  I.  *74 

Passion  for  a.-Conquest.  ^75 

Primitive  a.,  Geo.  Washington's. *76 
Spirit  of  a.-Wm.  Parry.  *77 


Outwitted-"  Button"-W.  Scott.    19 
Threat  of  r.-Nero-Britannicus.  4369 


Love  of  a.-Young  Lincoln.         8272 
Youthful  a.-Romantic-Cortez.  3353 

See  ADVENTURER, 
Bom  a.-Uernando  Cortez.  *78 


Dream  of  an  a.-Count  de  B,        188 
Honored-Geo.  Villiers  by  Jas.  1. 494 
"       -Disgraceful  a.  2416 

See  ADVENTURERS. 
Disappointed-Theodoric  and  Q  ♦79 
Numerous  a. with  Capt.  J.  Smith.*80 


HemarkaUe  a.-De  Soto's  ex. 
Successful  a.-Three  men. 
See  VENTURE. 
Instructive  v.  of  Franks.  •5795 


1076 


Heroio-Sherman's  march  to  the  s.70 
See  DANGER  and  GAMBLINQ 

*  in  loc. 

RlTUAIilSM. 

Eejeoted-Catholio-England.     •4915 


Cross-reference. 
Trifles  vitiate  service.  4685 

RIVAI^. 

Successful  r.-Mary  Q.  of  Scots. *4916 
Unsuspected  r.-a  Brother.        *4917 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abuse  of  r.  in  politics.  25 

Ambitious  r.  against  Wash.  188 

Authority  in  religlon-H.  VIII.  4301 
Bitterness  toward  r.-Clay.  4247 
Dangerous  r.  to  royalty.  4284 

Dislike  of  r.-Cicero.  4454 

Hateful  r..  Wife's.  6068 

Jealous  of  r.-O.  Goldsmith.        4453 
"      "  "  -S.  Johnson.  4450 

Mortifjring  success  of  r.  doctor.4168 


RIVAIiRT. 

Business  r.-Steamboat. 
an  Obstacle-Politics. 
Successful  r.-Rlzzio. 
of  Talent  vs.  Money-Rome. 
Unsuspected  r.-Brothers. 


•4918 
*4919 
•4916 
*4920 
♦4917 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
of  Physicians-Diverse  systems.  5385 

See  COMPETITION. 
Fame  by  o.-Discoverers.  2047 

Progress  by  c.  4492 

Unworthy  c.-Poet  vs.  Puppets.  1835 

RIVAIiS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Combat  of  r.-Thebans.  8884 

Defeat  of  r.  by  Jefferson-Lover8.3356 

Discord  in  gov't  by  r.-Acre.       2415 

Female  r.-Ootavia  vs.  crop'tra.6136 

Jealous  of  r.  -Brothers.  1626 

'*       "  "-S.  Johnson.  4450 

"       "  "-Robespierre.  4482 

Wife  vs.  Concubine  r.  6109 

See  JEALOUSY  in  loo. 

ROADS. 

Improvement  of  r.-England.    •4921 

ROBBER. 

Honored-Jermack.  ^4922 

ROBBERS. 

Honored-Claude  Duval.  *4923 

Hunting  r.-Bloodhounds.  *4924 

Success  of  r.-Reign  of  Chas.  11.  •4925 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Confidence  in  r.  rewarded.        1045 
State  plundered  by  r.  2417 

ROBBERY. 
Excused  by  Arabs.  ^4926 

Royal  r.-Henry  III.  ^4927 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Inhuman  r.  of  Moslems  by  Turks.  1 


Legalized  r..  Speculators. 
Partial  r.  unresented. 

See  BUCCANEER. 
Excused-Sir  Francis  Drake. 
See  PIRACY. 

Ancient  English  p. 


6279 
4804 


902 


•4185 


National  p.-Eng.  and  France.     986 

See  PIRATES. 
Connivance  with  p.-Gov't.       *4186 
Period  of  p.-Romans.  ^4187 


Conniving  with  p.-Romans.        1298 

"  "    "  -English.         2434 

Contempt  of  p.-Roman.  1144 

Government  indifferent  to  p.-E.2440 


Impunity  of  p.-Brlbery. 
Tribute  to  p.-Algerine. 

See  THEFT  in  loo. 

ROMANCE. 

Origin  of  the  word  r. 


1210 
6711 


•4928 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
In  History-Pocahontas.  2574 

"       "     -Pretty  feet.  2583 


of  Love-Dropped  dead. 
"    "    for  Johnson. 
Perils  of  r.-Cortez  a  lover. 
Power  in  r.-Jane  MacCr«a. 
In  Religion-Pocahontas. 
Spirit  of  r.-Richard  I. 
in  War-"  For  God  and  Her." 

ROMAN  ISm. 

Civil  assumptions  of  R. 
Deliverance  from  R.-Prayer. 
Display  of  r.-Priests. 
Hatred  of  R.-Protestants. 
Insulted  by  Protestants, 
against  Liberty-Magna  Charta. 

Oppression  of  R.-the  Poor. 

Patronized  by  James  II. 

Relief  in  R.-S.  Johnson. 

and  the  State-Sixtus  V. 
"     "       •»   -Boniface  VIIL 
"     "       »    -Innocent  IIL 

VS. '  " 


"     *'       "    -England. 
•4     t<       «i    -Assumption. 

ROMANISTS. 

Allegiance  of  R.-Oath. 
Denounced-Cromwell. 
Plot  of  R.  assassination. 

See  CATHOLICS  in  loo. 

RO¥AL.TY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Atrocity  of  r.-Constantinople. 
Maternal  r.-Napoleonl. 
Miseries  of  r.-Stuarts. 
Overthrown  at  Milan. 
Rejected-Statue  of  Geo.  III. 
See  KING  in  loc. 


834k 
8349 
8353 
5108 
4743 
2460 
5989 

•4929 
•4930 
♦4931 
*4932 
*4933 
♦4934 
*4935 
•4936 
♦4937 
•4938 
•4939 
♦4940 
♦4941 
*■  2 
•4943 
•4944 
•4945 

•4946 
•4947 
•4948 


•4949 
•4950 
•4951 
•4952 
•4968 


RUDENESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-referenced. 
OfiBce  of  r.-Restrain  vice.  8417 

Superficial  r.-Johnson.  3418 

with  Wisdom-Diogenes.  3415 

See  AWKWARDNESS, 
and  Agllity-Poet  Shelley.  ^443 


Exhibited-Etiquette, 

See  INSULT  in  loo. 

RUIN. 

Impressive  r.-Rome. 
Inevitable  r.-Dllemma. 
National  r.  by  expansion. 

1580 

♦4954 
•4958 
•4958 

Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 

by  Extravagance-Cato.  2014 

See  CALAMITY  m  loo. 

RUIiER. 

Capable  r.-Kildare.  ^4957 

Conceited  r.-James  II.  •4958 

Embarrassed  r  -Prince  of  W.  *4959 

Excellent  r.-Saladln.  ^4960 

Foolish  r.-Justlnian.  *4961 

Great  r.-Alfred  the  Great.  ♦4962 

"      "  -Charles  MarteL  ♦4963 

"     "  -Canute.  •4964 

Horrible  r.-Nero.  *4965 

Independent  r.-James  I.  •4966 

Monster  r. -Mahomet  III.  ^4967 

Natural  r.-General  Grant.  ♦4968 


928 


RULERS— SACRIFICES. 


Popular  r.-Emperor  Adrian.  *4969 

"       "-Charlemagne.  *4970 

Righteous  r.-Danlsh  king.  *4971 

Ruinous  r.-PalaeoIogus.  *4972 

Shameless  r.-Charles  II.  *4973 

Spirited  r.-Charies  XII.  *4974 

Superior  r.-Henry  VIL  *4975 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Acknowledged,  Artfully.  2152 

of  All-Child-Themistocles.  792 

Arbitrary  r.-Terrifying-F.  Wm.ie?? 
Arrogant  r.-Timour.  1143 

Atrocious  r.-Emp.  Caracalla.  1333 
Araricious  meanness  of  r.  8664 

"  r.  -Prefect  Rufinus.     427 

Careless  r.-Frederick  V.  4201 

Character  security  for  r.  8253 

Chosen  by  lot-Turkman's.  8333 

Coerced  by  captors-Mexican.  4088 
Contempt  for  r.-Charles  I.  3523 

Contemptible  r.-Emp.  Angelus.3896 
**  "-James  I.  2428 

••  "-Charles  I.  3628 

••  "-Charles  IV.  Sp.4490  . 

Corpse  of  Constantine.  2838 

Demoralizing  r.-Nero.  4.373 

Despicable-Philip  II.  of  Spain.     902 
Disgraceful  r.-Henry  III.-B'gg'r  1266 
"         '*-E.  IV.,  Voluptuous.47 
"         "-Pres't  College.      3177 
Effeminate  r.-Claudius.  3876 

Energetic  r.-Emp.  Trajan.  1893 
Equality  of  peep  e  with  r.  3238 

Exasperating  r.  denounced.  3523 
Feeble  r.-Cromwell's  son.  5957 

Folly  of  r.  overruled.  4553 

6entleness-Excessi7e-Ch'rIlaus.2394 
Government  without  a  r.-Rom.2613 
Pereditary  r. -Ridiculous.  2451 

fgnominious  r  -James  II.  3653 

Illiterate  r.-Elder  Justin.  2730 

Imagination  the  r.  of  men.  2739 
Impartial  r.-Son-Turk.  3063 

"  "-Emp.  Julian.  3141 

Independent  by  degradation.  1 69 
Incompetent  r.-James  11.  762 

Inconsiderate  r.-James  II.  3853 
lafantile  r.-Henry  VI.  790 

Insane  r.-Cambyses-Persian.    2881 
*'       "-George  III.-Nine  yrs.  2884 
"       "       "        " -St'mp  Act.2879 
••      "-Changeful-Ch'ries  VI.3513 
Insolent  r.-James  II.  2890 

jfast  purpose  of  r.-Canute.  3061 
Naturi.1 1.  -Cromwell.  3921 

"      "-Indian  chief.  415 

Neglectful  r.-Emp.  Theodoslus.1878 
Obnoxious  r.-Tory-N.  Y.  4077 

Obtuse  r.-Self-destructive.  2427 
Outrageous  r.-Wm.  the  Conq.  3943 
Partiality  of  r.-Religlous-J.  n.  4009 
Partisan  r.-James  II.  3926 

Popularity  of  r.  diminished.  4044 
Prepared  r. -Peter  the  Great.  2328 
Pusillanimous  r.  slain.  2491 

Bash  r.-Drunken-War.  1624 

Reflections  in  death,  C'mrrting.2395 
Remarkable  r.-Cromwell.  2327 

Responsibility  of  r.  4826 

Eidiculed-Offended-Hadrian.    6029 


Ruinous  r.-Obstinate  James  II.  3549 
Safety  of  virtuous  r.  8873 

Self-disgraced  r.-Montezuma.    4088 

"  -government  of  r.-Nap.  I.    8595 
Shameless  r.-Mary  Stuart.         4916 
"  "-CommodusL  B105 

Skilful  r. -Richelieu.  2424 

Spiritless  r.-Unworthy-Rlch.  n.5381 
Support  of  r.,  Enthusiastic.  4035 
Unhappy  r.-Maximus.  183 

Unqualified  r.-Honorius.  1877 

Unrighteous  r.-Charles  II.  4908 

Vicious  r.-Emp.  Carinus.  2629 

Virtuous  r.-Pertinax.  5841 

Wife  r.  of  husband-Belisarlus.  2686 

I.     »  X       u        -Garrick.       1683 

Woman  rules  the  r.-James  II.    2842 

"       "       "  -Nero.      4373 

"    the  ruler-Lady  Fairfax.  5994 

RULERS. 

Change  of  r.-"Pontiac's  War."*4976 

Many  r.-six  Emperors.  *4977 

Precise  parental-Howard.       *4978 

Responsibility  of  r.-Charles  II.*4979 

"  "  "-British.      ♦4980 

Terrifying  r.-Roman.  *4981 

Uneducated-"Crowned  ass."  *4982 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Age  of  evil  r.-Roman  Empire.     124 
Anomalous  female  r.-England.2264 
Antagonistic  r.  multiplied.         2415 
Atrocious  r. -Successive.  4949 

Dangerous  r. -Decemvirs.  2409 

Deception  of  Roman  r.  3837 

Destroyed  by  subjects-Scots.  2414 
Duplicated-N.  J. -Ten  years.  2408 
Female  r.  opposed-Knox.  6074 

God-honoring  r. -Lincoln's  c.  4379 
Piety  of  r.  needful.  4179 

Responsibility  of  r.-Roman.  4086 
Ruinous  to  Spain.  .5336 

Too  many  r.-Napoleon  I.  4808 

Unhappiness  of  r.-Caesar.  5413 

Women  r.  of  men-Cato.  6138 

See  AUTOCRAT. 
Military  a.-Pompey.  *423 

Royal  a.-Henry  VIIL  *424 

See  KING, 
of  Fanatics-John  Baccold.      *3078 
Infant  k.-James  of  Scotland.  *3079 
"      "  -Henry  VI.  ♦3080 

Odd  k.-G.  Washington-Siam.  ^3081 
Unkingly  k.-James  II.  ^3082 

Degraded-Musician  or  m'n'rch.2666 
Distinguished  from  others.  2894 
Do-nothing  k.  of  Slam.  3081 

God  the  k.  of  Romans.  1328 

Jesus  the  honored  k.-Godfrey.  2671 
Lawless  k.  vs.  Loyal  man.  3357 

Mistaken  for  the  k.  1666 

Nominal  vs.  Real  k.-England.  2665 
Office  of  k.  declined-Cromwell.3868 

"       "  "         "  "        3189 

Slighted-Louis  P.-Incog.  in  Am. 21 7 
Young  k.  disclpllned-Henry  VI.1620 

See  AUTHORITY,  GOVERNMENT 
and  OFFICER  in  loo. 

RUIiES. 

Cross-reference.  . 
Independence  of  r.-Success.     1247 


RUMORS. 

Welcomed  r.-Death  of  Cha8.II.*4983 


Cross-reference. 

Panic  produced  by  r.  8982 

Bee  REPORT  in  loo. 

RUN  A  \r  AY. 

Distinguished  r.-Pizarro.  ^4984 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 

from  Abuse  of  parent.  8-389 

Arrested-David  Crockett.  634 

Reformed-David  Crockett.  637 

from  School-Garibaldi.  5027 

Successful-B.  Franklin.  638 

"         -Samuel  Houston.  905 
See  FUGITIVE  in  loo. 


SARRATH. 

Defenceless  on  the  S.,  Jews. 
Desecrated  by  nobility. 

"        -London. 
Desecration  by  law. 
Misspent,  Last  S.-Charles  II. 
Observance  enforced. 
Privacy  on  the  S.-Wash. 
Rejected  in  France. 


♦4985 
*4986 
♦4987 
*4988 
*498» 
*4990 
♦4991 
♦499* 


Cross-reference. 
Amusements  on  the  S.-E.in  1593.224 

See  SUNDAY. 
Burdensome  to  S.  Johnson.      *5SS^ 

SARRATH-RREAKING. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Amusements-Eng.  games.      224 
-Lond.,yr.  1141. 4987 
Denouncement  of  S.-b.p'nish'd.204O 
Law  requiring  S.-b.  4988 

by  Nobility.  4986 

SACRAMENT. 

Inconsistency  with  s.-Joan.     ^4993 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Sacrilegious  s.  of  hypocrites.     2697 

Test  for  civil  office.  3841 

"    of  s. -Beneficiaries.  628 

See  EUCHARIST. 

Blessing  in  e..  Spiritual.  5085 

See  BAPTISM  in  loo.  it 


Consumed  by  lightning. 

♦4994 

Human  s.-Arabs. 

♦4995 

"      "  -Gauls. 

♦4996 

"     "  -Swedes. 

♦4997 

"     "  -Romans. 

♦4998 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Human  s.,  Oath  with.  883f 

tor  Life,  Moor's  s,  5968 

of  Life.  Political  s.  6793 

Religious  s.  of  natural  pleasure.  40* 
to  Save  life,  Shameful  s.  3879. 

of  Wealth,  Religious  s.-We8ley.5978 

SACRIFICES. 

Christian  s.-John  Newton. 
Ministerial  s.-Thos.  Smith. 


♦4999 
♦5000 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
for  Education  at  fifty  years.       1775 
*♦  "         -Colonists.  177» 


SACRILEGE— SCHOLAR. 


929 


for  Education-Harvard.  1791 

"         of  Luther.  1820 

"         -Wm.  Penn.  1767 

"         -Yale  College.  1783 

Human  s.-Ancient  Germans.  6164 

"       "-Druids.  1374 

'•       "  of  Druids.  6162 

of  Love,  Wentworth's  s.  2516 

Parental  s.  for  education.  1777 

of  Piety-Queen  Isabella.  4182 

for  Pride,  Goldsmith's.  4455 

"  Keligiou,  Wm.  Penn's.  4745 
See  SELF-DENIAL  and  SELF- 
SACRIFICE  in  loc. 

SACRIIiBlGE!. 

Infamous  a.-Hakem  the  Turk.  'SOOl 

Sectarian  s.-Catholics.  *5002 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Grave  opened-Death.  2471 

Holy  places  of  Jerusalem-C.        824 

See  DESECRATION. 
Horses  stabled  In  St.  Paul's-C.    860 

8«e  SABBATH-BREAKING. 
by  Amusementa-Eng.  games.      224 
'  "  -Lond.,yr.  1141.4987 

Denoancement  of  S.-b.p'nish'd.9040 
Law  requiring  S.-b.  4988 

by  Nobility.  4986 

SAFETY. 

Public  8.  by  Gothic  hostages.   *5005 
Selfish  8.  -Darius .  *5004 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Ashamed  of  s.-Gen.  in  battle.  1269 

by  Boidness-Cortez.  2653 

in  Counsel-Battle.  1221 

Dishonorable  s.-Mazimln.  2060 

Indifference  to  personal  s.  1391 

Neglect  of  personal  s.-CsBsar.  1402 

Sea  ASYLUM. 

of  Refuge-Rome.  ♦387 


Poor  man's-Colony  of  Georgia.  532 

See  REFUGE. 
Sanctuary  for  r.-15th  century.  ♦4659 
Secured  In  America.  ^4660 


Failure  of  r.-Earthquake-Lisbon.731 
In  Prayer  from  Adversity-G.  W.4382 
"       "         "  "  -A.  J.  4387 

Temple  of  r.-Pounding  of  Rome.387 

SAGACITY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Political  8.-Henry  Clay.  4275 

"        "-Prof  essional  polifn.4274 

See  SKILL. 

Misapplied  s.-Perpetual  m'tl'n.^5168 

Proof  of  s.-Rothsohild.  ^5169 


Marksman's  s.-Commodus.        8430 
"  "  -Crockett.  4322 

See  EXPERT  in  loc. 

SAIIiOR. 

Great  s.-Cabot.  ♦5006 

Youthful  s.-Sir  Francis  Drake.  ♦SOO? 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Brave  s.-Farragut  at  maintop.    486 
Intentional  s.-Young  Irving.     2784 


Intentional  s.-Wash.  Irving.        626 
Renowned  s.-Admlral  Blake.     2345 

SAILORS. 

Destitution  of  Eng.  s.-Chas.  II.  +5008 
Patriotic  s.-English.  *5009 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Avoided  by  Egyptians. 
Deliverance  of  sufferings. 
Destitute  of  s.-Russia. 
the  First  s.-Phoenicians. 
Impromptu  s.-English  navy. 
Mutiny  of  s.-Cruel-Hudson. 
"       «'  "-English  navy. 


3029 
3802 
985 
1615 
3757 
3759 
3760 
1660 
1519 
3908 
1853 


Patriotic  s.-American. 
Peril  of  s.-Captain  Cook. 
Superstition  of  s.,  Columbus'. 
"  "   "  -St.  Elmo. 

See  NAVIGATION. 
Undeveloped-Romans.  ♦3800 

See  NAVY. 
Formidable  n.-Invincible  A.    ♦3801 
Need  of  a  n.-Peter  the  Great.  ^3802 


Battle,  Fierce-Paul  Jones. 
Demoralized  by  corruption. 
Ignorance  commanding  n. 
Immense-Roman  n. 
Promoted  in  n.,  Favorites. 
Promotion  in  n..  Unmerited. 
Speedily  constructed-Caesar's 

See  VOYAGE. 
Celebrated  v.  of  Greeks. 
Preparation  for  v.-Church. 


5365 
1615 
2718 
2158 
4487 
8895 


♦5867 
♦6868 


Fatal  V. -Youth  to  labyrinth,      6051 

Prevented,  Happily-Goldsmith.3681 

See  PIRATES,  SEA  and  SHIPS 

in  loc. 

SAINT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Austere  s.-St.  Francis.  8364 

Bloody  s.-Sigismond.  4188 

Changed  to  a  s.-Loyola.  758 

Fanatical-Simeon  Stylites.  4706 

"  5012 

vs.  Heretic-Joan  of  Arc.  1726 

Useful  s.-Zoroaster's  s.  6155 

SAINTS. 

Canonized  by  pope.  ♦SOlO 

Marks  of  s.-Joan  of  Arc.  ♦SOU 

Pillar  s.-Simeon  Stylites.  ♦5012 

Worship  of  s.-Introductlon.  ♦SOW 


402 


Cross-references. 
by  Austerity-Monks. 
Fanaticism  of  s.-Monkery.         8683 
Pillar  8.,  Folly  of.  4706 

Reign  of  s.-Fanatics.  2092 

See  CHRISTIANS  and  RELIGION 
in  loc. 

SAIiARY. 

Supplementary-Eng.  offtcials  ^5014 
See  "WAGES  in  loo. 


SAI,T. 

Cross-reference. 
Currency  In  s.- Abyssinia. 


1964 


SANCTUARY. 

Cross-reference. 
Refuge  in  s.-15th  century. 
See  CHURCH  in  loc. 

SARCASm. 

Merited-Leave  the  Thames. 


4669 


♦6015 


Cross-reference. 
Retort  of  8.-Rlchard  I.  483« 

See  IRONY. 
Apostate's  hatred  shown.  2549 

Invader's  apology  to  Caesar,        250 

See  MOCKERY, 
of  Agony  of  martyrs.  1368 

"  Extortioner-Rufinus.  427 

"  Religion-Emperor  Michael.  4728 
Taunt  of  Women-Influence  of.  2504 
See  INSULT  and  RIDICULE 
in  loc. 

SATIRE. 

Cross-reference. 
Stinging  s.-Beneficial.  1305 

See  BURLESQUE. 

by  Caricature-Pope-England,    4933 

Christmas  festivities-Italy-F.     860 

See  RIDICULE  in  loc. 

SAVAGES. 

Ancient  s.  of  Germany.  ♦SOie 

Gentle  s.-Natlves  of  St.  Thos.  ♦5017 

See  INDIANS  (Amzbioan). 
Deluded  by-"Most  gentle  and  l."36 
Embraced  by  painted  I.-G.  54 

Plea  for  protection  of  L  4537 

SAVIOUR. 

False  s.-Tltus  Gates.  ♦SOlS 

In  a  Name-"  Solon."  ♦6019 

See  CHRIST  in  loe. 

SCANDAL. 

Victim  of  s.-Charles  Wesley,    ♦eiae 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Opportunity  for  s.-A.  Jackson.  8453 
Religious  s.-Prostitutes,  3988 

Unsusceptible  to  s.  2588 

SCANDALS. 

Ecclesiastical  s.-Romans.        ♦6021 
See  CALUMNY,  DISGRACE,  LICEN- 
TIOUSNESS and  SHAME 
in  loc. 

SCARCITY. 

Value  by  s.-Sibyliine  books.    ♦5028 

SCEPTICS. 

Superstitious  s.-Earl  of  S.        ♦5023 

SCEPTICISM. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Prejudice  charges  s.  4418 

Punished  by  fanatics.  8078 

Unwarranted  s.-Atlantlc  cable.2210 

See  INFIDELITY  in  loo. 

SCHEME. 

of  Assassination-Wholesale.      1140 
Assassination,  Rosamond's  s.  of  67 
"  -Catherine  de  M.6066 

of  Benevolence-Colony  of  Ga.   4299 
"  "  Woman's  8,       4192 

Visionary  s.-Railroads.  4610 

SCHOLAR. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Comparative  s.-17th  century.      624 
Eminent  s.-Petrarch.  621 


030 


SCHOLARS— SCIENTIST. 


SCHOIiARS. 

Mlsoellaneous  cross-references. 
Expulsion  of  s.  by  James  II.  1998 
tadependence  of  s.-James  II.  2890 
Misjudgment  of  s.-Pilg.'sProg.  168 
Bivalry  of  s.-Isaao  Newton.  179 
"  "  "-W.  Soott-"Button."19 
See  STUDENT. 
Belated-Charlemagne.  *SS67 

Jolly  of  8.-01iver  Goldsmith.   *5369 
Koyal  8.-Charlemagne.  *5368 


Close  s.-John  Milton.  6211 

Precocious  s.-Alexander  Pope.  4403 
Pride  stimulates  s.-Newton.  4493 
Pugilistic  s.-Hugh  Miller.  2468 

Royal  8.-Queen  Elizabeth.  6098 
Eules  Ignored  by  s.  2664 

See  STUDENTS. 
Patriotisai  of  s.-Am.Rev'lution.40r2 

See  STUDIES. 
Ancient  s.-Italy.  *5370 

See  STUDY. 
Devoted  to  3.-T.  Jefferson.      *5371 
t.        ..  "-prest.  Madison.  *5372 

Preparation  by  s.-J.  Milton.    *5373 
it  «   41  .«       "  •5374 

«»  »   "-Napoleon  I.*5375 

In  Death-Sea-chart.  1445 

Devotion  to  s.-Young  Nap.  4891 

Dislilie  for  s.-Robert  Fulton.  5024 

Humble  s.  of  Burns.  1016 

Incentive  to  s.-Emalation.  5023 

Passion  for  s.-Blaise  Pascal.  2324 

Perseverance  in  s.-Caesar.  1491 

Plan  of  8.  vs.  Plan  of  Battle.  2330 

Prolonged  s.-AU  night-Milton.  1014 

Success  by  continued  4.  4032 

SCHOIiARSHIP. 

Defective  s.  of  Robt.  Falton.  *5034 

by  Emulation-Charles  XII.       *5025 

Revised  s.  of  Arabs.  *5026 

See  EDUCATION,  KNOWLEDGE, 

SCHOOL  and  STUDEilT 

in  loo. 

SCXEOOIi. 

Aversion  toward  s.-GaribaUi. 
Caste  in  s.-Harvard. 
Discipline  ia  s.-S.  Johnson. 
Everywhere-Socrates. 
of  Observation-H.  Miller. 
Perils  of  s.-Edgar  A.  Poe. 
Trials  at  s.-Napoleon  I. 


*6027 
*5028 
•5029 
♦5030 
*5031 
*6032 
•5033 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Discipline-Inconsiderate.  2714 

Examination  of  s.-Napoleon  I.  3596 
Humiliation  at  s.-Byron.  3722 

Medical  s.,  The  first.  3553 

See  COLLEGE. 
VS.  Capital-Location  of  Yale.    *973 


Disgraced  in  President.  3177 

Rebellion  in  c.  justified.  248 

•Struggles  in  c.-S.  Johnson.  261 

See  INSTRUCTION. 

Dangerous  1.  of  enemy.  3729 

by  Defeat-Peter  the  Great.  1493 

"  Example-Siege  of  Rome.       1961 

"       "        -Divinity  of  the  Son.825 


by  Failure-Mlnucius.  2026 

Need  of  i.-Petrarch.  621 

Needed  with  authorlty.-How'rd.411 
Popular  i.  by  architecture.  287 

See  KNOWLEDGE. 
Desired-Samuel  Johnson.         *3087 
Eagerness  for  k.-Poet  Shelley.  *3088 
Happiness  by  k.-Socrates.        *3089 
Humility  for  k.-Divine.  *3090 

without  Learning-P.  Cooper.  *3091 
Limitations  of  k.-Arlstotle.  *3092 
Progress  of  k.-Arlstotle.  *3093 

Promotion  by  k.-Jared  Sparks. *3094 
Sacrlfioea  for  k.-B.  Frankliis.  *3095 
**  •'   "-JohnFitck.    *309€ 

Theft  of  k.-8tllpo.  *3097 


Cost  of  k.-Lottery-P.  Cooper.    3334 
Criminal  k.-Persecution.  4118 

Dangerous  k.  of  law.  3321 

Experimental  method  in  k.        3775 
False  k.  of  Aristotle.  2020 

Love  of  k.-Blaise  Pascal.  2324 

Opposition  to  k.-Catholicism-E.  735 
Perilous  pride  of  k.-B.'s  defeat.  97 
Pursuit  of  k.-Peter  the  Great.  2328 
Responsibility  comes  with  k.  4825 
of  k.-"Gunp.p."2089 
Self-k.  by  adversity-Fred.  V.  84 
Unapplied-Chinese-Compass.  2978 
Valueless  k.  when  unapplied-C.  273 

See  LEARNING. 
Dishonored-James  II.  *3177 

Esteemed  by  Puritans.  *3178 

Honored  by  Tlmour.  *3179 

Secular  1.  rejected.  *3180 

Superficial  1.  diffused.  *3181 

Wide  1.  of  Samuel  Johnson.     *3182 


Influence  of  l.-Courtesan.  1256 

Misapplied-Dlscusslon.  2170 

Needless-Plead  in  Latin.  2164 

Proficiency  in  1.-Egypt-Astron.3530 
Progress  in  biblical  l.-Tyndale.  566 

See  TEACHER. 
Punished  by  scholars.  *5536 

Relation  of  t.-Arlstotle.  *5537 

Responsibility  of  t.-Alex.  *5538 

Value  of  t.  to  Alexander.  *5539 


Crime  to  be  a  Catholic  t.  2963 

Devoted  to  youth-Baeda.  6150 

Honored-Aristotle.  3278 

Ingenious  t.-Ell  Whitney.  88 

Maternal  t.-Llncoln's  mother.  1789 

Remarkable  t.-Hypatla.  6078 

Severe  t.-Wrongheaded.  2714 

Valuable  t.-Arlstotle  to  Alex.  1813 

See  TEACHERS. 

Pay  of  t.-Athenians.  *5540 


Parental  t.  of  Mrs.  Adams.  3497 
Tyrannical  t.,  Martin  Luther's.  1793 

See  TRAINING, 
for  Greatness-Alexander.        *5668 
Lack  of  military  t.  *5669 

Lasting  effect-Walter  Scott.  *5670 
by  Obedience  of  Spartans.  *5671 
Physical  t.  of  Romans.  *5672 

Success  without  t.-Wm.  of  O.  *5673 


for  Manhood-Themiatocles. 


635 


Military  t.,  Importance  of.         1981 
Misapplled-Galllenus.  1830 

Success  without  special  t.  138 

of  Voice  by  Demosthenes.  5853 

See  EDUCATION  and  SCHOLAR 
in  loc. 

SCHOOIi-DAlTS. 

Happy  s.-d.  of  S.  Johnson.       *5034 

SCHOOIi-GIR  LS. 

Cross-reference. 
Captured  by  s.  g.-Napoleon  I.  2358 

SCHOOL-IiIFE. 

Tedious  s.-l.-Shakespeare. 
Temptations  of  s.-l.-W. 

SCHOOLMASTER. 

Imitated-Willlam  Cowper. 
vs.  Soldier-Wellington. 

See  TEACHER  in  loc. 

SCHOOIiS. 

Appreciated-Mass.  Colony. 
Beginning  of  s.-N.E.Colonles. 
Chrlstlanlzed-Roman. 
Excellence  in  Athenian  s. 
Perverted  to  Romanism. 
Ragged  s.-London. 

"       "-Portsmouth. 
Struggle  for  s.-James  II. 


♦5035 
*5035 


♦5037 
♦5038 


♦."iOSg 
*504(> 
*5041 
*5042 
♦5043 
*5044 
♦5045 
♦5046 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Art  established  by  C'nst'nt'ne.354 

"    "    Three  s.  346 

Dangers  at  s.-Isaac  Newton.  379 

of  Painting-Florence,  etc.  344 

*'  Vice-Saloons.  5803 

"     "   -Prisons.  5804 

SCIENCE. 

an  Ally  in  war.  *5047 

Contributory  to  art.  *5048 

Experimental  s.-Baconian.  *5049 

Infatuated  by  8.-Pllny.  *5050 

Magic-like- Ad.  Drake.  *5051 

Patron  of  art-Navigation.  *5052 

and  Politics-Caesar.  *5053 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Advanced  by  commerce.  OT 

Allied  to  art.  3530 

vs.  Blble-Columbus.  5055 

in  Boyhood-Robt.  Stephenson.  639 

Contempt  of  pretentious  s.  2034 

Defect  of  s.-Mllitary  caution.  653 

Devotion  to  s.-Faraday.  537 

False  8.,  Aristotle's.  6015 

Fashionable  s.-Charles  II.  2102 

Ignorance  of  s.-Columbus.  2712 

Madman's  s.-Sun  4  miles  d.  2083 

Nature  surmounted  by  s.  3800 

Need  of  teachings  of  s.  2713 

Progress,  Age  of-Gallleo.  1632 

Religion  advances  s.  3641 

Respect  for  s.-Demetrius.  6215 

Uncertainties  of  s.,  Medical.  3599 

Worship  of  s.-Tlmour.  6178 

Youthful  experiments  in  s.-S.  639 

SCIENTIST. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Deranged  by  curiosity.  1383 

Failure  of  s.  In  experiment.  1992 

Youthful  s.-Newton-Wind.  1993 


SCOFFER— SELF-DESTRUCTION. 


931 


SCOFFER. 

Cross-reference. 

VacUlating  8.-Charles  11.  4756 

See  RIDICULE  in  loo. 

SCOURGING. 

Ineffective-James  II.  *5054 


Cross-reference. 
Self-inflicted  s.-James  II. 


1133 


SCRIPTURE. 

Misused  against  Columbus.      *5055 


1087 


Cross-reference. 
Qnieted  by  s.,  Mind. 

See  BIBLE  in  loc. 

SCRUPI^ES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Affected  s.  of  Richard  III.  3742 

Hypocritical  s.-James  II.  1133 

Sacramental-Enemies.  2697 

Temple  robbed-Misfortune.       1100 

SCUIiPTOR. 

Mental  s.-Socrates. 
NobOity  in-"Eternalize  fame.' 

See  STATUARY. 
De«(t?oyed-Ruin  of  Paganism. 
Mutilated  by  Romans 
Unappreciated-S.  Johnson. 

See  STATUE. 
Honored  by  s.-Cato. 
Immense  s.-Apollo. 


*5056 
'*5057 

331 
327 
334 

*5337 
♦5338 


SEA. 
Passion  for  the  s.-J.  Franklin. *5058 

See  OCEAN. 
Barrier  of  God-Saracens.  ♦3858 

Enchanted  by  Alexander.        *3859 


Dangers  of  the  o.-Cartier. 


5868 


SEA-BATHING. 

Unappreciated  in  England.      *5059 

SEAIi. 

Importance  of  s.-British.         *5060 


Cross-reference. 
Lost  and  found-Great  Britain.  5788 

SECESSION. 

Planned  in  New  England. 


*5061 


Cross-reference. 

Mistaken  plea-Yulee  of  ria.      2579 

See  SEPARATION  in  loc. 

SECRECY. 

Deception  ia  s.-Hutchinson.    *5062 
Impenetrable  s.-Napoleon  I.    *5063 

SECRET. 

Burdensome  s.-Josephine.       *5065 
in  Woman's  care-Cato.  *5064 


Cross-references. 
Impossible  to  preserve  s.-Iny't'n.535 
Inviolable  s.  of  confessional.     2089 
Preservation  of  s.  by  murder-B.  687 

SECTARIAN. 

The  wind  a  "  popish  "  s.  ♦5066 

SECTARIANISM. 

in  Death-Mary  Queen  of  Scots.^5067 
Narrow  s.  of  Scots.  ♦5068 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Military  s.  of  James  II.  812 

"       "   "       •'     ♦*  317 

Zeal  of  James  II.  6222 

SECTS. 
Aversion  among  s.  ^5069 

Differences  in  s.-Turk-Persian.  ^5070 

"  "  magnified.      ^5071 


Cross-reference. 

Animal8repre8eiitings.-Airg'ry.231 

See  CREEDS  in  loc. 

SECURITY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

for  Debt-Invisible-Poem.  1460 

"      "    -Embalmed  body.         1462 

See  SAFETY. 

Public  8.  by  Gothic  hostages.   ♦SOOS 

Selfish  s.-Darius.  +5004 


Ashamed  of  s.-Gen.  in  battle.  1269 

by  Boldness-Cortez.  2653 

in  Counsel-Battle.  1231 

Dishonorable  s.-Maximin.  2060 

Indifference  to  personal  s.  1391 

Neglect  of  personal  s.-Caesar.  1402 

See  PRESERVATION. 

Remarkable  p.  of  Mahomet.  1023 

Requirement  for  p.-C'mm'n'8ts.l003 

Strange  p.  of  Rome-Geese.  1961 

See  PROTECTION  in  loc. 

SEDITION. 

Partisan  8.-"Blues  and  G."       +5072 
See  RIOT  in  loc. 

SEDUCTION. 

Avenged  on  Carinus.  ♦SOTS 

by  Promises-Henry  VIII.  ^5074 

Punishment  of  s.-Constantine.^5075 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Punished  severely- Aurellan.      4578 
Ruinous  scheme  of  s.  of  P.  67 


SEEKING. 

for  God-Cromwell. 


♦5076 


SEIiF. 

Conquest  of  s.-Mahomet.  ^5077 

First-Honors.  ^5078 

Mastery  of  s.-Alfred  the  G.  *5079 

SEIiF-ABNEGATION. 

in  Oratory-Demosthenes.  *5080 

Patriotic  s.-a.-Regulus.  *5081 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Patriotic  s.-a.-Spartans.  4062 

Religious  s.-a.-Islamism.  3849 

"  -J.  Wesley.  1122 

See  ABNEGATION. 

Self -a.  of  M.  Luther.  ♦S 

See  SELF-SACRIFICE  in  loo. 

SELF-COMMAND. 

against  Fear- William  III.        ♦SOSa 

SEIiF-CONCErr. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Braggart's  s.-c.-Royallst  in  N. Y.  613 

Folly  of  s.-c.-Bajazet-Gout.        611 

Personal  majesty  of  Sapor.         441 

See  CONCEIT  in  loo. 


SEIiF-CONFIDENCE. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Coronation  of  self-Napoleon.    1321 

"  "    "  "  1320 

See  CONCEIT  and  PRESUMPTION 

in  loo. 

SEIiF'CONQUEST. 

Cross-reference. 
by  Abstinence-Mahomet.  5077 

SELF-CONTROIi. 

Remarkable  s.-c.-Duke  Fred.  ♦5083 

Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
Abandoned-C.  J.  Fox.  5806 

in  Excitement.-G.  Washington.  3406 
Power  over  others  by  s.-c.  3595 
Sleep  at  will-Napoleon  I.  5205 

in  Suppressing  indignation.  5693 
"  "  resentment.        4804 

Weakness  in  s.-c.  confessed.      5091 

See  SELF-POSSESSION. 
Brave  s.-p.-Admiral  Le  Fort.    ♦SOgi 


in' Danger-Charles  XII.  1240 

See  SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
Basis  of-Virtue-Intelligence.    *5087 
Capacity  for  s.-g.-Mass.  *5088 

Faculty  of  s.-g.-Romans-Eng.  *5089 
Withheld-Colony  of  Virginia.  *509O 
See  CALMNESS  in  loc. 

SEIiF-DENIAIi. 

Conception  of  s.-d.-Am.Ind.'s.*5084 
Unavailing-Rev.  Bramwell.      *5085 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Benevolent  s.-d.-J.  Wesley.         518 
"  -Mrs.J.Fletcher.519 
"  "  -O.  Goldsmith.    543 

Christian  s.-d.-Primitive.  3370 

Preserves  religion-Macaulay.      858 
Religious  8.-d.-Ascetics.  359 

See  SELF-ABNEGATION  and  SELF- 
SACRIFICE  in  loc. 

SEIiF-DESTRUCTION . 

Working  for-Making  arms.     ^5086 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
for  Science-Crater  of  Etna.       1383 
Terrible  s.-d.  of  Cimbrians.        1550 

See  SUICIDE. 
Averted  s.-Napoleon  I.  *5420 

Cause  of  s.-Samuel  Johnson.  *5421 
Cowardice  of  s.-Am.  Indians.  *5422 
Deterred-Benjamin  Abbott.  ^5423 
Dyspeptic's  escape  by  s.  ^5424 

Escape  by  s.-Demosthenes.  ♦5435 
Glorification  of  s.-StoIos.  ^5426 

Mania  for  s.-William  Cowper.  ^5427 
Philosophic  s.-Marcus.  ♦5428 

Remorseful  s.-Mrs.  Shelley.     ^5429 


Attempted  by  Cowper.      2691,  2883 

at  Command  of  ruler.  3843 

by         "         -forty  Wives.  1410 

of  the  Defeated  Cimbrians.  1550 

for  Disgrace-Lucretia.  5786 

Fanatic's  s.-Religious.  3506 

Intentional  s.-Youthful  W.  1668 

Intimidated-Nero.  1270 

Paradise  gained  by  s.  1416 


'«32 


SELF-ESTEEM— SERENADE. 


Preparation  for  s.-Shelley.  3345 

"    "-Fred.  IL  3632 

Prevented  s.,  Alexander's.  4021 

Ref age  from  famine  in  s.  2015 

"        "    adversity  In  s.  5420 

Eequired-ex-Officer-Turk.  3866 

Soldier's  s.-Roman.  1404 

»'        "-Antony.  1405 

Temptation  to  s.-Melancholy.  1179 

SEIiF-ESTEKin. 

Unhappy  by  s.-e.-Cicero.  4454 

See  CONCEIT  in  toe. 

SEI^  F-EX  AmiN  ATION. 

Cross-reference. 
Call  tos.-e.-Crier-Alex.'8p'rce.3279 

SEIiF-GOVERNMENT. 

Basis  of- Virtue-Intelligence.  *5087 
Cs^acity  for  s.-g.-Mass.  ♦5088 

Faculty  of  s.-g.-Romans-Eng.  *5089 
Withheld-Colony  of  Virginia.  *5090 
See  CALMNESS  and  SELF-DENIAL 
in  loc. 

SEIiF-imPROVEMENT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Belated-Arkwright-50  Years.     1775 

Difficulties  in  8.-i.-A.  Lincoln.    1787 

Suocessful-G.  Washington.         1788 

See  STUDENT  in  loc. 

SEIiF-INDULGENCE. 

Cross-reference. 

Buinous  s.-i.-Fox.  6806 

1      See  INTEMPEKANCE,  LICKN- 

TIOUSNESS  and  LUXURY 

in  loc. 

SEIiFISHNESS. 

Petulant  s.-Roman  nobles.       *5096 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Counsels  of  s.  rejected.  6004 

Developed  by  commerce.  992 

Greedy  clerical  s.  944 

In  Politics-Romans.  4279 

"       ••  ••  4252 

*•       "       -S.  A.  Douglas.  107 

Beign  of  s.  in  Ireland.  4253 

"      '•  "-War  of  Roses.  6227 

See  RAPACITY. 

Royal  r.  of  Henry  III.  *4615 

See  AVARICE,  COVETOUSNESS 

and  ENVY  in  loc. 

SELF-POSSESSION. 

Brave  s.-p.-Admiral  Le  Fort.    *5091 


1340 


Cross-reference. 
In  Danger-Charles  XII. 

See  CALMNESS  in  loc. 

SEIi  F-PRESERV  ATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
fcy  Assassination-Marcia.  1591 

an  Excuse- Assassin's.  1123 

First,  pity  afterward.  1161 

4)y  Forgery  and  fraud.  1542 

SEIiF-PROTECTION. 

First  in  War.  ♦6093 

See  DEFENCE  and  PROTECTION 

in  loc. 

SEIiF-RELIANCE. 

Ilxcellence  in-De  Liancourt.   ♦5093 
tliiooess  by  s.-r.-Cien.  Grant.    •5094 


See  SELF-CONFIDENCE. 
Coronation  of  self-Napoleon.    1321 
"    »  »  13JJ6 

See  INDEPENDENCE  in  loc. 

SEIiF-REPROACH. 

Cross-reference. 

of  Ingratitude-Charles  I.  1118 

See  REMORSE  and  REPROACH 

in  loc. 

SELF-SAC  KIFICE. 

Magnanimity  of  s.-s.-Alex.       ♦5095 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
of  Affection-Soldiers.  1578 

in  Benevolence-J.  Howard.         548 
"  "  -J.  Wesley.  549 

Benevolent  s.-s.  of  Jesuits.  3018 
Needless  s.-s.-Lord  Nelson.  1391 
Nobility  of  s.-s.-Burgesses  of  C.4639 
Patriotic  8.-s.-Am.  Revolution.  4066 
"         "  -Bismarck.  4074 

"         "  -Italian  citizen.     4068 
See  SACRIFICE,  SELF-ABNEGA- 
TION and  SELF-DENIAL 
in  loc. 

SENSATION. 

Public  s.-Captain  J.  Smith.      *5097 
See  EXCITEMENT  in  loo. 

SENSATION  A  LISTS. 

by  Singularity-Johnson.  *5098 

See  FANATICS  in  loc. 

SENSATIONS. 

Cross-reference. 
Thirst  for  new  s.-Nero.  1287 

SENSE. 
Effect  of  good  B.-Joan  of  Arc.  ^5099 

See  TACT. 
Lack  of  t.-John  Adams.  ♦5501 

Natural  t.-Henry  Sidney.  ♦5502 


Bewarded-Careless  slave. 
Superstition  overcome  by  t. 


32 
31 
33 

See  DISCRETION  and  PRUDENCE 
in  loc. 

SENSIBILITIT. 

to  Defect-Philip.  ^5104 

Exquisite  s.-O.  Goldsmith.  ♦5102 

Nervous  s.-Southey.  ♦SIOS 

See  DELICACY. 

Essential  to  pleasure-Vice.  8320 

of  Feehng-0.  Goldsmith.  5102 

SENSITIVENESS. 
Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
to  Criticism-Newton.  1164 

"       "         -Voltaire.  2869 

"  Insult,  Excessive,  Tyrant.  2527 
Natural  s.,  Excessive-Roberts.  1860 
of  Vanity-Voltaire.  2155 

See  SENSIBILITY  in  loc. 

SENSUALITY, 

Imperial  s.-Commodus.  ♦eiOS 

Religious  s.,  Pagan's.  ♦5106 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Disguised  by  sentimentality.       785 
Paradise  of  s.-Mohammedan.    3992 
Victim  of  8.  and  indulgence-J.IL763 


SENTENCE. 

Cross-reference. 

Suspended  fifteen  years.  1139 

See  PENALTY  in  loc. 

SENTIMENT. 

Ignored-Romans.  ♦5107 

Power  of  s.-Indians.  ♦5108 

Public  s.  vs.  Laws.  •5109 

"      "-Mary  Stuart.  ♦5110 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Heroic  s.-Sergeant  Jasper.         2151 
vs.  Principle-Napoleon.  1917 

"  "       -Edward  in.  4586 

"  "       -Slavery.  4913 

Public  8.,  Vicious-Scots.  1300 

Respect  for  public  s.  n.-A.  Burr.  856 
Suppressed-Sl'p'ng  with  corpse.5207 

SEPARATION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Necessary- Army  of  James  II.     815 
Punishment  by  s. -Adulterers.       64 
Safety  by  s.-Early  Germans.      3000 

See  EXCOMMUNICATION. 
or  Money-Papal.  ♦197ft 

Terrors  of  e.-Greek  Church.  i* 

See  EXILE. 

Happily  ended-Cicero.  1658 

Honored  e.-Lafayette.  4318 

Long  e.-"  The  Pretender."  6223 

Provision  in  e..  Generous.  8641 

See  EXPULSION. 

of  Scholars-Fellows  of  M.  C.  *100-i 


of  Aliens  from  United  States.  167 
Deserved  e.-Bribery-Sir  J.  N.  660 
Humiliating  e.  from  Lincoln.  B34 
from  Mlnistry-S.  Johnson.  8616 
Vigorous  e.-Bribery  resented-D.fl73 
Wronged  by  e.,  Minister.  1061 

See  ISOLATION. 
Safety  by  i.-German  States.     *3000 

See  PRIVACY. 
of  Conversation.  ^4471 


4177 
2620 


Inspected,  Cromwell's  p. 
Respected  by  Napoleon  L 

"  "  Caesar.  8865 

See  SECESSION. 
Planned  in  New  England.        ♦SOei 


Mistaken  plea-Yulee  of  Fla.      2579 

See  ABANDONMENT.  CASTE 

and  DIVISION  in  loc. 

SEPULCHRE. 

Kissing  the  Holy  Sepulchre. 


♦5112 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Interesting  s.  of  Jesus-C'mb's.  6151 
Magnificent-Empress  of  India.  6061 

SEPULCHRES. 

Economy  in  s.-Athenians.        ♦SllS 

SEPULTURE. 

Preparation  for  s.-Spartans.    ^5114 

See  BURIAL  and  CRUSADES 

in  loc. 

SERENADE. 

Response  to  s.-Lincoln.  *5115 


SERFAGE— SICKNESS. 


933^ 


serfagb:. 

Burdens  of  s.-Eng.-13th  cent.  *5116 
See  SLAVERY  in  loc. 

SERMON. 

Long  s.-Bishop  Burnet.  *5117 

Queer  s.,  Bishop  Turner's.        *5118 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Impressive  s.-2  Hours-WhitTld.6216 
Infuriated  by  J.  Knox's  s.  4653 

Life  changed  by  a  s.  1089 

Mockery  of  s.  arrested.  4901 

SERMONS. 

Soporific  s.-Bishop  Latimer's.  *5119 


Cross-reference. 

Many  s.-Geo.Whitefield  18,000.  6216 

See  CLERGY  in  loc. 

SERVANT. 

Devotion  of  s.-Maria.  ♦5120 

Useful  s.-Godolphin.  *5121 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Devoted  s.  of  John  Howard.     4430 
Mistaken  for  a  s.-Philopcemen.  258 

SERVANTS. 

Cross-reference. 

Absolute  power  over  8.-T.prince.408 

See  EMPLOYMENTS  in  toe. 

SERVICE. 

Demorallzed-Eng.  naval. 


♦5122 


Cross-reference. 
Per8onal,not  by  proxy- A'gustus.  101 

SERVICES. 

Cross-references. 
Gratuitous  s.-Gen.Washington.4038 
of  Lafayette  and  Kalb  declined.  176 
Rewarded  with  ingratitude.      4877 

See  USE. 
or  Abuse  of  money.  ^5755 

See  USEFULNESS. 
Survival  of  u.-Monks.  ♦5756 


Rewarded  by  dinner.  2393 

See  UTILITY, 

vs.  Beauty- Walter  Scott.  *5761 

Value  by  u.-Bag  vs.  Pearls.  2723 

SERVIIilTV. 

Disgraceful  s.-James  Bagge.  ^5123 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Flatterers-Romans.  805 

Genius  for  s.-Bagge.  6123 

Required  by  tyrant-Sapor.         2527 
Shameful  s.  of  Roman  Senate.  4373 
Shameless  s.  of  husband  of  Z.       63 
See  DEGRADATION  and  SYCO- 
PHANCY in  loo. 

SEVERITY. 

Disgraceful  s.-James  Bagge.    ^5123 
Parental  s.-Roman.  ♦5134 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
for  Cowardice-Brother's.  1273 

Cruel  s.-Aurelian.  4578 

Governmental-Edward  Floyd.  4568 


Merciful  s.,  Cromwell's.  4577 

Parental  s.-Luther's  father.  4573 

Reaction  of  s.-Aurellan.  1542 

"         '♦  "-Commodus.  1591 

Success  by  s.-Peter  the  Great.  2875 
See  CRUELTY  in  loc. 

SEX. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Architectural- lonic-Female-D.  281 
Deplored  by  Mary  Stuart.  6100 

Disgrace  to  both  sexes.  1651 

Dishonored  by  vice.  960 

in  Heaven-Swedenborg.  3449 

SEXES. 

Cross-references. 

Commingling  of  s.,  Ruinous.      6137 

Equality  of  s.,  Religious.  6124 

Intercourse  of  s.  prohibited.        593 

See  FLIRTATION. 
Dangerous  f.  with  Caesar's  wife.1652 
See  LICENTIOUSNESS  and  MAR- 
RIAGE in  loc. 

SHADOW. 

Cross-reference. 
Terrified  by  a  s.-Bucephalus.         6 

SHAME. 

Consummate  s.-Ferdinand.      ^6125 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Burdens  life-Martyr  Hubs.         1964 
by  Drlnk-Ofiacials.  2947 

Heredity  of  l.-Ferdlnand.  2066 

Immortal  s.  of  Jeffreys.  2862 

Indifference  to  s.-Common  vlce.3243 
Indifferent  to  s.-Charles  II.  3470 
for  Ingratltude-Thebans.  2855 

Insensible  to  s.-Henry  VIII.         458 
"  "  "  -Feversham.       4602 

Life  of  s.  overlooked.  3177 

National  s.-Eng.-Relgnof  Ed.  III.87 
Overwhelming  s.-Roman  army.2662 
••  "  -Traitor.  2795 

Punishment  by  s.-Alexander.  2148 
Vice  without  s.-Nobility.  65 

See  INFAMY. 
Posthumous  l.-Emperor  C.       ^2816 
Stain  of  p.,  Massacre-Gen.  P.  ^2817 


by  Assassination-J.  W.  Booth.  873 
Conspicuous  for  i.-Commodus.  5743 
Deserved  i.-Titus  Gates.  4565 

Exposed-Spartan  bachelors.  446 
for  Money-Charles  11.  4688 

Overlooked-Pompadour.  8712 

Renown  of  l.-Erostratus.  4763 

Remembrance  of  l.-"Boilman."]364 
Reward  of  i.,  Assassin's.  2052 

See  MORTIFICATION, 
by  Fallure-Castlemaine.  ♦STig 

Hateful  m.-James  II.  ^3720 


of  Defeat-Montcalm.  1494 

by  "  -Horace  Greeley.  4281 
in  Disappointment-Henry  in.  1911 
of  Pride-Oliver  Goldsmith's.  2263 
'«    "  «'  "  4453 

"    "  "  •'  4455 

See  DISGRACE.  LICENTIOUS- 
NESS  and  SCANDAL  in  loc. 


SHIELD. 

Cross-reference. 
Preservation  of  s. 


5093 


SHIPS. 

Nation  without  s.-Egyptlan.       983 

See  BOATS. 
Extemporized  b.  of  skins.  2383 

See  FLEET. 

Immense-Powerless-H'racl'an.  *2158 

See  SAILORS  in  loc. 

SHIPWRECK. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Planned  by  Nero.  1347 

"       "       "  2819 

SHOEMAKER. 

Cross-reference. 
Illustrious  s.-Henry  Wilson.       1868 

SHOCTINO. 

V8.  Sllence-Trojans-Greeks.     *5127 

APPLAUSE. 
Ancient  German's  a.-Clashlng.  *270 
Consequence  of  a  -Inspiration.  *271 
Indifference  to  a.-Napoleon.     *272 


Distrusted  by  Cromwell. 
Presumption  from  a. 

See  CHEERING. 
Effective-"  Yelling  regiment."  ♦789 

SHREW^DNESS. 

Cross-reference. 
Saved  by-Harmozan.  1469 

See  SAGACITY. 

Political  s.-Henry  Clay.  4275 

"       "-Professional  politrn.4274 

See  TACT. 

Lack  of  t.-John  Adams.  ♦5501 

Natural  t.-Henry  Sidney.  ♦SSOa 


3739 
2570 


Rewarded-Careless  slave.  32 

Superstition  overcome  by  t.  31 

sa 

SICK  (The). 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Charity  for  the  s.-Tetzel.  1888 

Credulity  of  the  s.-Audley.         1283 

SICKNESS. 

Cured  by  gifts-England.  ♦5128 

Friends  in  s.-S.  Johnson.  ^5189 

Information  In  s.-Arlstotle.  ♦5130 

Saintly  s.-J.  W.  Fletcher.  ♦5131 


Miscellaneous  cross-ro  f^'  rcnces. 

an  Apology  for  weakness.  12441 

Benevolence  In  time  of  s.-H.  54ft 

"           "  s.-Perllou8-C.  65JW 

Blessing  In  s.-Pascal.  -433* 

by  Climate-N.  E.  Pilgrims.  9Sr 

"  Disappointment.  310ft 

Feigned  by  Demosthenes-B.  C7a 

Friend  in  s.-Samuel  Johnson.  SIS* 

Gifts  cure  s.  6128- 

Helpful  friend  In  s.-Wm.  III.  822* 

Improvement  by  s.,  Luther's.  16G 

Invited-English  prisons.  4164 

Labor  In  s.-Baeda.  6150 

Love-8.  fatal.  a349 

"     "-Shelley.  8350 

**    developed  In  marriage.  3445. 


934 


SIGN— SINCERITY. 


Recovery  by  resolution.  1977 
Reformation  in  s.-Abstin'ce  of  w.l6 

Resolution  made  in  s.  1576 

Saved  by  apoplexy-Rev.  N.  1093 

Vow  in  s.,  Religious.  5863 
See  DEATH,  DISEASE,  MEDI- 
CINE and  PHYSICIAN 
in  loo. 

SIGN. 

of  Destiny-Mahomet's  s.  *5132 

Cross-reference. 

of  Talent,  Mathematics  a  s.  6506 

SIGNS. 

Faith  in  s.-Gold-seekers.  *5141 

Need  of  s.  by  ignorance.  *5142 

Significant  s.  of  the  times.  *5143 

Welcomed  by  Columbus.  *5144 


Cross-reference. 
in  Jurisprduence,  L'ngu'ge  of  s.3985 

See  AUGURY. 
Book  of  a.,  Chinese.  *395 

Building  by  a.-City  of  Rome.     *396 

See  BANNER. 
Devotion  to  b.-Mohammedan.  2567 
Inappropriate  b. -Paschal  Lamb.5245 
of  Industry-"  Leathern  apron.  "2811 
Influence  of  b. -Mexican.  4088 

Rescued  by  valor-Cadiz.  651 

Shocking  b.-Mary  Stuart.  &110 

Significant-"Don't  tr'd  on  me."3939 

See  BRANDING, 
of  Criminals-London.  1296 

See  EMBLEM. 
Significant  e.-Turk- Wolfe.       •1861 


of  Character-Wolfe-Turk 

"  Defiance-Rattlesnake. 
False  e.-"  Paschal  Lamb.' 
of  Industry-"  Leathern  apron. 

"  Inferiority-Jackal. 

"  War-Rattlesnake, 

*•  Wisdom-Physician-Serpent 

See  FLAG. 
Desplsed-U.  S.,  year  1812. 
Devotion  to  f.-Serg'nt  Jasper. 


1861 
3939 
6245 

"2811 
2167 
5901 

.  4109 

*2150 
*2151 

753 


Dangerous  display  of  f. 

See  OMEN. 

Accidental  o.-Duke  William.         31 

"  fell.    33 

See  OMENS. 

Ancient  o.-Romans.  *3905 

Annoyed  by  o.-Charles  L  *3906 

Presage  of  o.-Romans.  *3907 

Terrorized  by  o.-Sailors.  *3908 


Regard  for  o.,  Superstitious.  2237 

"       "    "  by  Romans.  385 

SIONAI<. 

for  Action-Alexander.  *5133 

Mistaken  s.-Guido.  *5134 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

for  Action- Alexander's  s.  5133 

Disregarded  by  Nelson.  1904 

Waiting  the  s.  of  Freedom.  1903 


SIGNALS. 

Ancient  s.-G  reeks. 


♦5135 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Communication  by  s.-Lights.     4089 
Remarkable  coincidence  in  s.     1147 

SIGNATURE. 

of  Ignorance-"  Rude  mark."  *5136 

Remarkable  s.-Arabs.  ♦5137 

Responsible  s.-Judges.  *5138 

'*  "-Monmouth's.  *5139 

Symbolic  s.-Am.  Indians.  *5140 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Forced  s.-Warrant  signed.         3627 
Forged  official  s.-Emperor.        2193 
Power  of  s.-Insanity,  2879 


SIIiENCE. 

Enjoined-Alexander. 

*5145 

of  Grief-Napoleon  I. 

*5146 

in  Misfortune-Pompey. 

*5147 

Necessary-Plunderers. 

*5148 

Public  S.-S.  Johnson. 

*5149 

Treasonable  s.-England. 

*5150 

Miscellaneous  cross  references. 

in  Adversity-Pompey.  5147 

Alienation  by  moody  s.  1924 
of  Awe-Explosion  of  the  l'Ori'nt.442 

"    "    -Battle  of  the  Nile.  442 

"    "    -Continental  Congress.  4820 

Capable  of  s.-"  No  tongue."  2966 

vs.  Criticism-Johnson.  1312 

Excused -Conversational.  1172 

Expressive  s.-Philoxenus.  1313 

Forbidden  by  duty-Mahomet.  3tj07 

of  Humiliation-Romans.  2662 

"  Ignorance-"  Bendleather."  1173 

Impossible-George  Fox.  5306 

Impressive  prayer  in  s.  4379 

Rebuked  by  s.-Luther.  257 

in  Religion-Pythagoras.  4609 

in  Season  of  peril -A.  Lincoln.  99 

vs.  Shouting-Soldiers.  5127 

in  Sickness  imposed.  1644 

Speechless  s.  of  gratitude-P.  1152 

Success  by  s.-Theodora.  3485 

Successful  s.-John  Lock.  5305 

of  Vexatlon-Sancroft.  2694 

Working  in  s.-S.  A.  Douglas.  6152 

See  DUMB. 

Delivered-Son  of  Croesus.  6295 

SIMONY. 

Debauchee's  s.-King  Philip.      *5151 
Papal  s.-Virgilius.  *5153 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 
Sale  of  popedom.  1203 

SIOTPLICITY. 

Difflcult-S.  Johnson.  *5153 

Preserved  by  Joan  of  Arc.  *5154 

Royal  S.  of  Julian.  *5155 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Architecture-Doric.  294 

Happiness  by  s.-Quakers.  2518 

Life  of  s.,  Private-Mahomet.      2672 
"     "  "        "  "  2673 

Popularity  by  manners.  4320 

"  "  s.-Adrian.  4969 

Republican  s.-Thos.  Jefferson.  2770 
Requisite  in  architectural  l)e'ty.  281 


SIN. 

Indulgence  for  money.  *5154 

Overlooked-S.  Johnson.  ♦5157 

Remedy  for  s.-Am.  Indians'.    ♦5158 
Unpardonable  s.-Wm.  Cowper.+515» 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Burden  of  8.-Geo.  Fox.  3564 

"       "  "  -Cromwell.  3565 

"       ♦'  "  -Penance.  4103 

in  Cities-Lincoln.  899 

Conviction  of  s.-J.  Nelson.  1189 

Detested  by  Wm.  Gassaway.  1088 

of  Disobedience-Monks.  3847 

Dramatized,  Adam's  s.  1717 

Melancholy  sense  of  s.  1179 

Painful  sense  of  s.-Bunyan.  1084 

"       "  "-Clark.  1181 

Pardon  of  s..  Evidence  of.  3999 

Permission  to  s.-Jesuits.  1105 

Permitted  by  revelation.  3242 

Pleasure  of  s.-Johnson.  4203 

Pleasures  of  s.-Bunyan's.  1085 

Prayer  for  conviction  of  s.  1188 

Remorse  for  s.-James  II.  1133 

"         "    "-Bunyan.  1180 

Statement  of  s.,  Offensive.  2656 

Struggle  with  s.-M.  Luther.  6156 

Uncorrupted  by  s.-Pelagians.  1202 

Unhappiness  by  s.-Bunyan.  1191 
Unpardonable  s.-Fancied  by  C.  2883 

Youthful  sin  atoned.  1663 
See  SINNER  in  loo. 

SINCERITY. 

Attractions  of  s.-Wm.  and  A.  ^5160 

Power  in  s.-Caesar.  ♦5161 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Distrusted,  Augustus's  s.  1687 

Impossible-Habit  of  Chas.  I.  2041 

vs.  Life-Martyr  Huss.  1918 

Proof  of  s.-Mahomet.  3607 
Self-depreciating  s.  of  Bunyan.  1192 

Simplicity  of  s.-Cromwell.  4183 

Unequivocating  s.  of  Huss.  1918 

See  CANDOR. 

Christian  c.  in  discussion,  *705 

See  FRANKNESS. 

Brave  ministerial  f.  1243 

Noble  f. -Confession.  3819 

Straightforward  f.,  Lather's.  1092 

See  INTEGRITY. 

Recognized-Samuel  Adams.  676 

Reputation  for  i.-Aristides.  4788 

"            "    "-Cato.  4793 

"            "   "-Lincoln.  4792 

See  INTENTION. 

Evidence  of  good  i.  4515 

Guilt  by  i.-Betrayal.  8381 

See  MOTIVE. 

Disguised  in  gov't.  8145 

Quality  determined  by  m.  8510 

See  MOTIVES. 

Higher  m.-Religious.  ^3733 

Morality  in  m.-S.  Johnson.  *3734 


Conflicting  m.-Piety-Reverence.  876 

Good  m. defeated  by  bad  th'ori'8.904 

Mixed  m.in  benevolence-J'hns'n.521 

See  CONSCIENCE  and  HONESTY 

in  loG. 


SINGING— SLEEP. 


935 


SINGING. 

Friends  made  by  s.-Luther.  1811 

Ridiculed,  Plato's  s.  1314 

See  MUSICIAN. 

Illustrious  m.-Homer.  2317 
Neglected  m.-Star\ration  of  E.  4338 

See  SONG. 

Enamoured  by  s.-J.  Quincy.  *5263 

Political  s.-England.  *5263 


on  the  Battlefield-Prussians.     3788 

SINGULARITY. 

Motive  for  s. -Diogenes.  *5163 

See  PECULIARITIES. 
Keligious  p.-Puritans.  4733 

SINNER. 

Cross-reference. 
Despised  s.-Aaron  Burr.  856 

SINNERS. 

Crusade  of  s.-lst  Crusade.        *5163 

SINS. 

Deliverance  by  indulgences.  *5164 

of  Otliers-J.  Bunyan.  *5165 

Tormenting  s.-J.  Bunyan.  ♦5166 


Cross-reference. 
Financial  equlvalent-Tetzel. 

See  CONFESSION. 
Death-bed  c.-Shameful. 
■Governmental  c.  of  weakness 
Honorable  c,  Forgiveness  by. 

"         "of  wrong. 
Humble  c.-Bishop  Cranmer. 
Manly  c.  of  inability. 
Misused-Criminals. 
•Quasi-c.  refused-Huss. 
Shameful  c.-Bribery-Bacon. 
Threat  of  c,  Terrifying-Nero. 

See  DEPRAVITY. 
hy  Descent-Nero's. 
Evidence  of  d.-S.  Johnson. 


Age  of  excessive  d.-Romans. 
"     "  d.-Introduction  of  C. 
Destructive  d.  of  Nero. 
Inclination  of  d.-Eating. 
with  Intellectual  power, 
liocality  of  d.  concentrated. 

Parental  d.  confessed-C.  IV. 

See  INDULGENCE. 
•to  Sin  by  penance. 

See  INDULGENCES. 
Cargo  of  i.,  Papal. 
Papal  i.  by  Tetzel. 
rSale  of  i.-Church-building. 


4309 

1081 
2463 
,  3819 
4643 
1349 
2026 
5833 
1918 
1213 
1.347 

♦1538 
*1533 

124 
124 
329 
4203 
1669 
1293 
1299 
2066 

2800 

*2801 
*2802 
*2803 


of  Appetite-Degraded  by.  368 

"       "        -Shameless.  260 

"       "        -"Voracious-Johns'n.2183 

Authority  for  papal  i.  827 

Saleofi.,  Tetzel's.  5164 

u      »..         .4  4309 

to  Sin-Pope  Leo.  6156 

•Spiritual  i..  Origin  of.  711 

See  CONVERSION,  CRIME,  RE- 
PENTANCE and  WICKED- 
NESS in  loc. 

SISTER. 

Comforting  s.,  John  Bunyan's.  *5167 


SKILIi. 

Misapplied-Perpetual  motion.  ^5168 
Proof  of  s.-Rothschild.  *5169 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Marksman's  s.-Commodus.        3430 

'*  «'  -Crockett.  4322 

See  ABILITIES  and  INGENUITY 

in  loo. 


SKULIi. 

Cross-reference. 
Ominous  discovery  of  s. 

SliANDER. 

Defence  from  s.-Napoleon  I. 
from  Eovy-John  Bunyan. 
Pine  from  s.-$500,000. 
Opposition  by  s.-J.  Wesley. 
Persecutor's  s.-Constantine. 
of  Piety-Richard  Baxter's. 
Punished  by  James  I. 
Rewarded-Dick  Talbot. 
Victim  of  8. -Columbus. 


3176 


*5170 
*5171 
*5172 
*5173 
♦5174 
♦5175 
♦5176 
♦5177 
♦5178 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abusive  s.  of  Nap.  by  Britons.      84 
of  Americans  by  Sam.  Johnson.  214 
Inconsistency  of  s.-Nap.  I.  by  E.  24 
Shameful  s.  of  woman.  6034 

Victim  of  s.-Cromwell  "King."3893 
"       "  "-Bolivar.  4044 

See  CALUMNY. 
Instigated-Maximus  Fabius.      ^701 
Opposition  by  c.-Chas.  Wesley.^703 

Bid  for  c.-Scotch  insurgents.  1947 

Punished-Injuries  in  kind.  3160 

Shameful  c.  of  physician.  1048 
Victims  of  c.-Knights  Templars.1939 

See  DEFAMATION. 

Punished-Titus  Oates.  *1487 

See  LIBEL. 

Trials  for  l.-William  Hone.  ♦3203 


Anonymous  l.-Milton.  1165 

False  accusation  of  1.  3049 

Indifferent  to  i.-Frederick  II.  5299 

Press  prosecuted  for  I.  4436 

"             "            "  »  4438 


SLANDERS. 

Vile  s.  against  primitive  Ch. 


♦5179 


SliANG. 

Familiarity  with  s.-Palmerston.l311 

SliAVGHTER. 

Barbarous  s.-58,000  C'rth'g'n's.^5180 
Exterminating  s.  of  Germans.  ^5181 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Authorized  by  Jesuits.  1082 

in  Battle-Asians.  308 

"     "      -100,000  at  Pontenay.     920 

See  MASSACRE  in  loo. 

SLAVERY. 

Antiquity  of  s.  ♦5182 

Avarice  of  s.-English.  ♦5183 

Begianings  of  s. -Georgia.  ♦5184 

of  Captives-Romans.  ^5185 

in  England-A.D.  1215.  ^5186 

Introduced  in  Virginia.  ^5187 


Mitigated-Athenian.  ♦5188 

'*       -Romans.  ^5189 

Natural  to  Turks.  ^5190 

Opposed  by  Friends.  ^5191 

Prevalence  of  s.-Rome.  ♦5192 

of  Prisoners-England.  *5i93 

Punished  by  s.-England.  ^5194 

Repulsive  s.-England.  ^5195 

Unchristian  s.  in  England.  ♦5196 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abolition  of  s..  Struggle  for.  4161 

Affection  in  s.-Pompey.  2253 

Captives  sold  into  s. -Caesar.  608 

Cowards  punished  by  s.-R.  1275 

Cruelty  of  s.-Helots.  1365 
Death  preferred  to  s.-Chinese.  1960 
"     of  American  s.-Llncoln.  3227 

Debtors  sold  into  s.-Romans.  1465 

Desperate  defence  of  s.  4159 
Doubt  respecting  morality  of  s.1106 

Escape  from  s.  by  murder.  80 

Galling  s.  of  Peruvians.  4527 

Hatred  to  s.-Rash-J.  Brown.  8688 

Imperilled  by  s.-American  C.  3806 

Indian  s.-Labrador.  1290 

Labor  degraded  by  s.  3536 
Opposition  to  s.  by  Abolitionists. 147 

Poor  sold  into  s.-England.  509 

Sold  into  s.-Plato.  748 
Suppressed  s.-Boston,year  1701 1S59 

to  Wealth-Peruvians-Illus.  5983 

Wretched  s.  of  Helots.  1366 
See  CAPTIVITY  in  loc. 

SLAVES. 

Angelic  s.-the  English. 
of  Disbelievers- Virginia. 
Docility  of  s. -Civil  War. 
Rebellion  of  s.-Roman. 
White  s.  in  Virginia. 


of  Ceremony-Constantlne. 
"        "         -Ambassadors. 
Condition  of  Anglo-Saxon  s. 
Fidelity  of  s.  of  Cornutus. 
Imperilled  by  s.-Rome. 
Sale  of  aged  s.-Inhumauity. 

SLAVE-TRADE. 

Opposed-Continental  Coag.     ^5202 
Respected-New  York,  yr.  1661.^5203 


♦5197 
♦5198 
♦5199 
♦5200 
♦5201 

752 

750 

720 

6351 

4366 

S85» 


Conscienceless  conduct-Eng. 
by  Pirates-Romans. 

SLEEP. 

Benefit  of  s. -Disposition, 
at  Command  of  Napoleon  I. 
Deficient  in  s.-Josiah  Quincy. 
Exceptional  s.  of  Sir  W.  Scott. 
Perilous  s.  of  Columbus. 
Surprising  s.  of  Argyle. 
Transient  s.  of  Napoleon  I. 
Undisturbed- Washington. 


1116 

4187 

♦5204 
♦5205 
♦5206 
♦5207 
♦5208 
♦5209 
♦5210 
♦5211 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Afraid  to  sleep- War.  645 

Awakening  prevents  s.,  R'rg'us.4103 
Command  of  s.  by  J.  Wesley.  138 
Denied  to  ambitious  Mahomet  11.203 
Diminished  by  study.  5372 

Disturbed  by  envy-Themistooles^89 


936 


SLEEPERS— SOLDIERS. 


Disturbed  by  fear-Cromwell's  s.  366 

Expelled  by  anxiety-Lincoln.  247 

Painful  s.-Wesley.  1149 

In  Sanctuary,  Good  s.  6119 

Supernatural  results  of-False.  1285 

Undisturbed  by  care.  5356 
See  DREAM  in  loc. 

SliEEPERS. 

the  Seven  s.-Legend. 
In  the  Temple  Inc. 

Besented  by  Timour. 


*5212 
*5213 


•5214 


Cross-reference. 
Punished  with  death-Bejoces.  1584 

SniOKER. 

Female  s.-Mrs.  Jackson.  *5215 

SItlUGGIilNe. 

Fined  in  England. 


•"6816 


Cross-reference. 
Preyention  of  s.,  Ineffective.     1552 

SNEER. 

Cross-references. 

Sarcastic  s.  at  Demosthenes.       672 

Sneer  for  s.-Colonel  Tarleton.  2902 

See  CONTEMPT  in  loc. 

SNOBS. 

Cross-reference. 
Hatred  for  s.-Thackeray.  8534 

See  PRETENSION  in  loc. 

SOCIABII^ITY. 

Cross-reference. 
iTant  of  s.-English  people.        4806 

See  AFFABILITY. 
Falsehood  in  a.-Charles  II.        1678 

See  AMIABILITY. 

Savage-no  Word^  fur  abuse.         22 

See  COMPANIONS,  FRIENDS  and 

SOCIETY  in  loc. 

soci^iiiism. 

Dlustrated-S.  Johnson.  *5217 

Political  s.-Caius  Gracchus.  *5218 

See  COMMUNISM. 

American  c.-Colonists.  *998 

Equality  by  c.-Lycurgus.  *999 

"         "  "  -Spartans.  *1000 

Vicious  c-Reign  of  Kobad.  *1001 


of  Families-Spartans.  808 

in  Food-American  savages.  2649 

*'  Land  by  early  Romans.  152 

Restoration  of  c.-Cleomenes.  2445 

See  COMMUNISTS. 

Conspicuous  0.-"  Levellers."  •1002 

Dangerous     "           "  *1003 

In  Diet-Spartan  tables.  2182 

Pleasure-seeking  o.-England.  3336 
Power  of  c.-Paris.  1276 

SOCIETY. 

Bond  of  s.-Egyptians.  *5219 

Degraded  s.-Cowper'8  time.  *5220 
Deliverance  of  s.-Reformers.  ♦5221 
an  Effective  8.-Knights  of  St.  J.*5222 
Opposition  to  s.-Shelley.  *5223 

Orderly  s.-Plymouth  Colony.  *52a4 
Beaction  of  s.-Rome.  *6285 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abandoned-Incorrigible  vice.    3563 
Advance  of  s.-Eugland.  4291 

Ambition  in  s.-Goldsmith.  1172 

Benefactors  of  Eng.-Reform'rs.4656 
Benefit  of  s.- William  Cowper.  4834 
Brutalized  by  art-Romans.  103 

Caste  in  English  s.  933 

in  Cities-three  Blessings  of  s.  893 
Compassionless  8.-01d  England.2860 

"  '*      "  "       2863 

Confusion  in  s.-Clvil  War.  1696 

Crime  committed  against  s.  3072 
Degeneracy  of  Roman  s.  4648 

Degraded  Roman  s.  3256 

"        by  poverty-Irish.        1510 
1511 
Demoralized  by  low  passions.     269 

"  in  ^^pain.  2877 

Discord  in  s.-Litigations.  3321 

Disparaged  by  grand  architect.  460 
Diverse  interests  of  s.  1690 

Endangered  by  antagonisms.      243 

"  by  its  wrongs.         3269 

Enemies  of  s.-Tramps.  499 

Enemy  of  human  s. -Napoleon.  1529 
Governed  without  law-Indians.2430 
Imperilled  by  demagogues.        1525 

"        "  "  1526 

"  "  vices-London.  1299 
Inhumanity  of  s  -Foundlings.  807 
Interests  inter  wo  ven-Art'xer'es.  154 
Modem  better  than  formerly.  126 
Moral  changes  in  s.  2994 

Outcasts  in  s.-Pariah.  3537 

Overthrown  by  vicious  faotions.970 
Punished  for  injustice.  2863 

Reformation  of  neglected  s.  936 
Regulation  of  s.-Censors.  747 

Religion  binds  s. -Catholicism.  735 
Repressed-England.  2766 

Respects  money  vs.  merit.  3671 
Restraints  in  s.  necessary.  2449 

Revenge  on  s.,  Gladiator's.  1235 
Revolutionized-Ireland.  3151 

Transformation  of  s.  byfreedom.213 
Unbeliever  in  s. -Dangerous.  3412 
Union  of  s.-IUustration.  4298 

Unity  of  American  Indians.        677 
Vices  of  8.  in  high  life-Nap.       3243 
"       " "  "      "      "  -Pomp.     3247 
"       " "  ••      "      "  -Dgob'rt.3248 
"       " "  "      "      "  -England.1039 
Vicious  s.-High  Romans.  1295 

"      "-Bacchanalians.  5798 

See  ARISTOCRACY,  COMPANIONS 
and  FAMILY  in  loc. 

SOIiDIER. 

Christian  s.-"  Stonewall  J. 
Cruelty  and  courtesy  of  s. 
Ignorant  s.-James  II. 
Natural  s.-Cromwell. 
Remarkable  s.-R.  E.  Lee. 
Spirited  s.-Puritan. 
Wonderful  s.-Hannibal. 


♦5228 
•5229 
•5230 
•5231 
•5232 
•5233 
•5234 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Clerical  s. -Prior  John.  835 

"     "  -Pope  Julius  IL  934 

"     "  -Bp.  Gosselln.  937 

Doubtful  s.-First  battle.  SO02 


Greatest  Roman  s.-Caesar.  4312 

Honored-Fallen  s.  4064 

Indignity  to  s.-Jealousy.  2900 

Moral  estimate  of  s.-Drake.  90a 
Overrated-General  Chas.  Lee.  4789 
Persistent  s.-Mohammedan.  2567 
Poor  8.  described.  6178 

Prayer  of  s.-J.  Astley.  4376 

vs.  Schoolmaster.  5038 

Success  of  s.-Remarkable-C.  4512 
Terrifying  s.-Nap.  leaves  Elba.  4199 
Virtuous  s.-Rom.  Gen.  B'lisarius.78& 
Volunteer  when  needed-W.  406& 
"  "-Capt.  M."407& 

SOIiDIERS. 
Choice  s.-Riflemen.  *5235. 

Colonial  s.-New  England.  *52S6. 
Dauntless  s.-Franks.  *5237 

Defensive  s.-Greek  Empire.  *5238- 
Disobedient  s.-English.  *5239 

Fearful  s.-Romans.  *5240' 

Graves  of  s.  decorated.  *5241 

Invulnerable  s.-Asiatics.  *5242 

Maimed-Supported  by  gov't.  *5243: 
Marked-Hand-Face.  *5244 

Misnamed-"  Kirke's  Lambs."*  5245' 
Model  8.,  Cromwell's.  *5246 

Nation  of  s.-Gauls.  ♦524r 

Notorious- Wilson's  Zouaves.  *5248 
Odd  8.,  Cromwell's.  *2249 

Piety  of  s.-Cromweirs.  *5J50 

"       "   "  "  *5251 

Poor  s.  described.  *5252 

Professional-Lacedasmonians.  *5253 
Quality  of  s.-Cromwell's.  *5254 
Terrible  s.-Janizaries.  *5255 

Unqualified  s.  of  Charles  II.     *5256, 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Athletic  s.-Roman.  1827 

Burdened  s.-Roman.  2520 

Cheering  of  s.-"  Rebel  yell."  789> 
Controlled  by  gentleness.  1559' 

Courage  or  disgrace.  1236- 

Degraded  to  citizens- Caesar's.  3755^ 
Desertion  of  s.-Plunder.  2417 

Devotion-Swedes  to  Chas.  XII.  1239- 
Discipline  of  s.-Severe-G.  XII.  4174 
Enthusiasm  of  Confederate  s.  1907 
Exasperated  by  s.-Patriots.  3517 
Female  s.  of  Crusade.  6142- 

"      "-Mussulmans.  6141 

"      "-Dahomey.  6140- 

vs.  Followers-Persians-G.  3831 

Inexperienced  s. -Mistakes.  2813 
Inferior  s.-Irish-James  II.  317 

Irritated  by  precedence.  440O 

Marching  of  s. -Remarkable.  8427 
Misplaced  s.  in  navy.  271S 

Orphans  of  s.-Ed.  by  State.        4064 

"       "    "  adopted  by  S.  5& 

Piety  of  Eng.  s.-Puritans.  4390 

Poor  impressed  as  s.,  The.  4298 

Praying  s.-Engllsh  Revolution.  437& 

"      "  -of  Cromwell's.  4385. 

Provision  for  veteran  s.-R.  177 

Quality  better  than  quantity.    4690 
4591 
Religious  s.-Cromwell's.  764 

Remarkable  s.-Caesar's.  4484 


SOLITUDE— SPECTRE. 


937 


Revolt  of  s.-Am.  Rev.-Dlet.       4872 
Eule  of  s.-Cromwell.  2433 

»•      "  "  "  4874 

Saocessful  in  early  life.  6187 

Suffering  of  s.-Valley  Forge.      2308 
Superstition  of  English  s.  5460 

Supported  by  booty-Trajan  W.  633 
Valuable  s.-Napoleon's  aides.    2834 
See  ARMY  and  WAR  in  loo. 

SOIilTVDB. 

Delight  in  s.-Daoiel  Boone.      *5257 
Moroseness  by  s.-Chrysostom.*5258 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abuse  of  s.-Quietist8-Asiatic8.    357 
Attractions  of  s.-J.  Wesley.        358 
for  Grief-Napoleon.  1489 

Love  of  s.-Mahomet.  1643 

Melancholy  from  s.,  Indian.      3557 

See  ISOLATION. 
Safety  by  i.-German  States.     *3000 

SON. 

a  Devoted  s.-Confuclus.  *5259 

like  Mother-Nero.  •5260 

Reconciling  s.-Themistocles.  ♦5261 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Affectionate  s.-Wm.  Cowper.      110 

"  "-Walter  Scott.       Ill 

'*  •' -Calus  Marcius.     112 

•'  "-SertorlustheR.G.113 

*•  "  -Alexander.  114 

*•  *'  -Alexander  the  G.774 

**  "  -Napoleon  I.  115 

**  "  -Crassus'.  5295 

Antipathy  of  s.-J.  Howard's.       122 

Ashamed  of  his  mother.  3722 

Birth  of  s.,  Joy  by.  4529 

vs.  Country-Spartan.  3724 

Destroyer  of  mother-Nero.        1347 

Disinherlted-Religion-Penn.      3970 

Disobedience  expiated.  1562 

Dutiful  s.  in  manhood.  3723 

"     "-Alexander  the  Great.8730 

Filial  ambition  of  Caius.  112 

Grateful  s.-Napoleon  I.  3727 

"       "  -Nero.  3721 

Illegitimate  s.  honored.  8470 

Ingrate  8.-Matricide-Nero.        3743 

"     "-Nero.  1110 

"      "-Infamous.  3713 

Mother  makes  the  son.  2066 

Reformed  by  running  away-C.    637 

Rejected  by  father-Wm.  Penn.  4745 

Shameless  s.-Prince  Ferdinand.5125 

Wayward  s.  reclaimed.  6214 

SONG. 

Enamoured  by  s.-J.  Quincy.     *5262 
Political  s.-England.  ♦5263 

on  the  Battlefield.  8788 

See  MUSIC  in  loo. 

SONS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Ingrate  s.  of  Henry  II.  1634 

' 4005 

Pride  In  s.,  Mother's-Comelia.    8728 
See  CHILDREN  in  loo. 


SOPHISTRY. 

Cross-reference. 

Answers  of  s.-Alexander.  4598 

See  ARGUMENT  and  DEBATE 

in  loo. 

SORCERT. 

Condemned-Eng.,  year  1440.  ♦5264 

Pear  of  s.-Joan  of  Arc.  ♦5265 

Punished  by  Henry  VL  ^5266 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Belief  in  s.  by  Romans.  1284 

vs.  Discipline-Russians,  1493 

Work  of  s.-Joan  of  Arc.  2894 

See  DELUSIONS  in  loo. 

SORROTir. 

a  Living  s.-Bad  son.  ♦5267 

Sentimental  s.-Xerxes.  ♦5268 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Ambition -Nap. and  Josephine.104 
"  Bereavement-A.  Jackson.       105 
Crushed  by  parental  s.-Henry  11.4005 
Mothers'  s.-Indian  war.  3731 

Parental  s.-Ruined  child.  794 

Touching  s.-Martyr  Taylor.       2073 
of  Women-Turks.  4856 

See  ANGUISH. 
Prolonged  a.-Garibaldi.  ♦230 

Conjugal  a.  of  Josephine.  104 

Mental  a. -Napoleon- Waterloo.  8817 
Murderer's  a.-Alexander.  1744 

See  DISTRESS. 
Abstinence  in  d.  3063 

Amusement  followed  by  d.  28 

Public  d.  utilized  for  gain.  683 

See  HOME-SICKNESS. 

Sorrows  of  h.-s.-Chin'se  women.5712 

Victims  of  h.  s.-Pizarro's  men.    820 

See  ADVERSITY,  MELANCHOLY 

and  MOURNING  in  loo. 

SOUIi. 

Divinity  of  s.-Pythagoras.  +5269 

Immortality  of  s.-Socrates.  ♦5270 

Mystery  of  the  s.-Mahomet.  ^5271 

NobUlty  of  s.-Darius.  ^5272 

Seat  of  the  s.-Pineal  gland.  ^5273 

Superiority  of  s.-William  HL  ^5274 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Alarm  for  8.-H.  D.  Gough.  1179 

"        "    "-Bunyan.  1191 

Liberated  by  conversion.  1175 

"          "          "     -Luther.  1178 

»          "          "     -Gough.  1179 

"  «  "     -Bunyan.  1180 

••          *♦          "     -Clark.  1181 

i<               .4              4»  1193 

Neglected  for  the  world.  6158 

"        -Care  for  others.  6222 

Unrest  of  longing  s.  2538 

Unsatisfied  with  works.  6156 

SOULS. 

Cross-references. 

Indifiference  to  needs  of  s.  9<4 

Lost  clerical  s.  932 

Love  of  s.-Sacrifices.  1663 

See  IMMORTALITY. 
Belief  in  i.  by  Poet  Shelley.     ♦2746 


Faith  in  I.,  Arab's. 

Hope  of  l.-Walter  Raleigh. 


♦2746 

♦2747 


Belief  in  l.-Socrates.  8706 

"       " "   strengthens.  1413 

of  Brutes  doubted-S.  Johnson.  680 
Burial  for  l.-Am.  Indians.  1425 

Confident  of  i.-Bunyan.  1192 

Effective  Christian  doctrine-G.  834 
Preparation  for  I.  by  bravery.  1416 
Soul's  l.-Socrates.  5270 

Stimulates  courage,  Belief  In  1. 1424 
In  Work-Church- building-Mah.  864 

See  SPIRITS. 
Communication  with  s.-S.        ♦5308 

"  ♦5.309 

Intercourse  with  8.-PlatonIsts.^5310 
Lying  s.-Swedenborg.  ♦5311 

MInistering-Samuel  Johnson.  ♦SSlg 


Communion-Swedenborg.  1442 

"  with  conditioned.  3554 

"  "   s.-Swedenb'rg.914 

Manifestations,  Fraudulent.      3555 

"  of  s.-John  Dee.  3804 

Possessing  horses.  5460 

Visit  from  an  evil  s.  -Luther.      2506 

See  GHOST  in  loo. 

SOVEREIGN. 

American  s.-Gen.  Grant.  ♦5276 

Claims  of  s.-S  word  of  Mars.     ♦5276 

See  AUTOCRAT. 

Military  a.-Pompey.  ^428 

Royal  a.-Henry  VIII.  *424 

See  RULERS  in  loo. 

SPEAKERS. 

Cross-reference. 

Hobbies  of  s.-Cato-Scipio.  1899 

See  ELOQUENCE  in  loo. 

SPECIAIiT¥. 

Success  by  s.-Emp.  Maximlan.^5277 

See  EXPERT, 
by  Practice-Jeffreys.  ^1994 


8041 


Physical  e.-Henry  II. 

See  EXPERTS. 
Unappreciated-Frederick  EL 

See  SKILL. 
Misapplied  s.-Perp'l  motion.    *6168 
Proof  of  8. -Rothschild.  ♦eieQ 


Marksman's  s.-Commodus.        8430 
"  "  -Crockett.  4822 

See  ABILITIES  and  PRE-EM- 
INENCE in  loo. 

SPECTACIiE. 

Magnificent  s.-Cleopatra. 


♦5278 


Cross-references. 
Contemptuous  s.-Bachelors-Sp.  446 
Humiliating  s.-Catillne  deserted.  392 
Influence  of  s.-Cotton.  512 

Shocking  s.-Caesar's  robe.  1975 

See  DISPLAY  in  loo. 

SPECTRE. 

Cross-reference. 
Terrifying  s.-Brutuss  vision.     5846 

See  APPARITION. 
Belief  in  a.-Samuel  Johnson.     *256 
False  a.-"Three  knights."  *2&4 


938 


SPECULATION— STATE. 


Paneled  a.  of  Theseus. 


of  the  Dead-Hugh  Miller. 
Startling-"Evil  genius." 

SPECUIiATION. 

Endangered  by  s.-"Black  F." 
Epidemic  of  s.-Eng.,  yr.  1720. 
Imperilled  by  s.-Rascality. 
Mania  of  8.-rranoe. 

"       ♦'  "  -England. 
Oppression  by  s.-  France. 
Prevention  of  s.-Legislation. 
Euinous  s.-"  Mississippi  S." 


*255 


1120 

*5279 
*5280 
*5281 
*5282 
*5283 
*5284 
*5285 
*5286 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Era  of  s.- John  Law.  2134 

Heartless  s.  of  confederates.  440 

Period  of  s.-Van  Buren's  Ad.  3979 

Euined  by  s.-France.  2214 

Ruinous  s.-Panic  of  1873.  8980 

See  LUCK. 

Days  of  L-Ancient.  *3361 


Days  of  1. -Romans. 
Encouragement  for  good  1. 


1395 
6021 


SPECUIiATORS. 

Defeat  of  s.-Napoleon  I.  *5287 

Pernicious  s. -Virginia.  *5288 

Eevenge  on  s.  by  poor.  *5289 

spsEca. 

Brevity  in  s.-Gen.  Grant.  *5290 

"  "      "  "  *5291 

Dissembling  s.  of  Chosroes.      *5292 
Earnest  s.  of  John  Milton.        ♦5293 
Irrepressible  s.-Lady  Fairfax.  *5294 
•'  "  -Son  of  Croesus*5295 

Passionate  s.-Emp.  Julian.  *5296 
Plainness  in  s.-Athenians.  *5297 
Ettsponsibility  for  public  s.  ^5298 
Toleration  of  s.-Frederick  11.  *  5299 
TJnrestrainable  s.-Meddllng.  *5300 
Worthy  s.-Canonchet.  *5301 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Abusive  s.  of  Luther.  1159 

Complacently  regarded-Ad'ms.l833 
Confused  by  ridicule-Demos.  2021 
Freedom  of  s.  in  Parliament.  2219 
Imprudent  a.  of  consuls.  1029 

Inopportune  s.-Icasla.  3485 

Liberty  of  s.  denied-England.  3223 
Miraculous  s.-Cath.  martyrs.  3624 
Produced  from  abdomen.  2658 

Eidiculed-First  s.-Dlsraeli.  4151 
Short  s.  of  A.  Lincoln.  5115 

Suppressed,  Free  s.-England.    3940 
"  Dying  man's  B.        1441 

See  LANGUAGE. 
Adaptation  of  l.-Greek  andR.*3130 
Contempt  for  1. -Battle  of  H.     *3131 
Importance  of  l.-Lycurgus.      *3137 
and  Manners-Romans.  *3132 

"  "       -Early  ages.  *3133 

Origin  of  1.  by  inspiration.  *3134 
Paradisaic-Persian-Mahomet.  *3135 
Training  in  l.-Romans.  *3136 


Actions  speak-Hurling  a  spear.    41 

"       "       -^"Cuttingpoppie8."42 

Beauty  of  1.  lost  by  translation.  659 


Brevity  in  L-"  I  came,  I  saw."  659 
Degrading  1.  in  controversy.  4594 
German  L  "  created"  by  Luther. 761 
Memorials  in  l.-Names.  3568 

of  Paradise-Persian-Mahomet.  3990 
"  Piety  vs.  Profanitv,  5802 

Pompous  1.,  Dr.  Johnson's.  4286 
Precision  in  use  of  1.  1476 

Savages  without  words  of  abuse.  22 
of  Symbols-Barbarians.  1954 

Unmeaning  1.  of  social  interc'rse.708 
Wordless  1.  in  music.  3751 

See  WORDS. 
Backing  for  w.-Ly  Sander.         *6144 
Hasty  w.-Henry  11.  *6145 

Origin  of  w.-"  Sandwich."  *6146 
Thrilling  w.-Bp.  Latimer.         ^6147 

Disease  affects  use  of  w.  1640 

Hasty  w.-Contritlon  for-H.  IL  2669 
Memorial  in  noble  w.  6147 

Verbiage  of  diplomacy.  1598 

See  CONVERSATION,  ELO- 
QUENCE and  PREACH- 
ING in  loc. 

SPELLING. 

Bad  s.,  George  Washington's.  *5302 
Diverse  s.-Shakespeare.  *5303 


Cross-reference. 
Error-Conquered  vs.  Concord.  1067 

See  ORTHOGRAPHY. 
Bad  o.  excused-Napoleon  I.     *3962 

SPIES. 

Ensnared  by  s.-Ostragoths.      ^5304 
Shameless  s.-John  Locke.        ^5305 


Cross-reference. 
Victims  of  s.-Theodora's. 


1344 


SPIRIT. 

Impelling  S.-George  Fox.         ♦5.306 

Teachings  of  the  S.-Quakers.  ^5307 

See  HOLY  SPIRIT  in  loc. 

SPIRITS. 

Communication  with  s.-S.       *5308 

"   "  "       ♦ssog 

Intercourse  with  B.-Platonists.^5310 
Lying  s.-Swedenborg.  ♦SSll 

Ministering-Samuel  Johnson.  ♦5312 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Communion-Swedenborg.  1442 

*♦  with  conditioned.  3554 

♦'  "   s.-Swedenb'rg.914 

Manifestations,  Fraudulent.       3555 

"  of  s.-John  Dee.  3804 

Possessing  horses.  5460 

Visit  from  an  evil  s.-Luther.      2506 

See  APPARITION. 
Belief  in  a.-S.  Johnson.  ♦256 

False  a.-"  Three  knights."         ^254 
Fancied  a.  of  Theseus.  ^255 


1120 


of  the  Dead-Hugh  Miller. 
Startling  a.-"  Evil  genius. 

See  GHOST. 
Improvised  g.-Goldsmith.        ♦2353 


Apparent  g.-Eev.  Tunnell.        2398 


See  GHOSTS. 
Belief  in  g.-Samuel  Johnson    *2354 
Fear  of  g.,  Siamese.  ♦2351 

See  PHANTOM. 
Alarmed  by  p.-Theodorlc.  1115 

Pursued  by  p.-Murderer.  1108 

See  SPECTRE. 
Terrifying  s.-Brutus's  vision.     5848 


SPLENDOR. 

Palatial  s.-Timour. 

♦5313 

See  DISPLAY  in  loc. 

SPORT. 

Magnificent  Orientals. 

♦5318 

Thoughtless  s.-Marriage. 

♦5319 

Unenjoyed  s.-M.  Luther. 

♦5320 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
VS.  Agricultural  progress.  1128 

Devotion  to  s  ~Emp.  Gratlan.    1007 
"  huutlng-Wm.  the  C.3943 
Hunting  slaves  by  youth.  1365 

Marksman-David  Crockett  a.    4322 

See  MARKSMAN. 
Eoyal  m.-Emp.  Commodus.     ♦3430 


Accurate  m.-Aster.  5104 

See  AMUSEMENT  and  PLEASURE 

in  loc. 


SPRING. 

Cross-reference. 
Period  for  poetry-Milton. 

SPY. 

an  Infamous  s.-Tempter. 


1014 


♦5381 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
Arrested-Major  Andr6.  1043 

Honored-Andre's  memorial.      2616 
Suspicion  created  by  s.,  False.  5350 
Unsuspected  s.-Altred  the  G.     6826 
See  DETECTIVE  in  loc. 

STAGNATION. 

Intellectual  s. of  m'dern  Greeks.2908 


STARVATION. 

Depopulated  by  s.-Italy. 

See  FAMINE  in  loc. 

STATE. 

Bereavement  of  s.-Ep'm'n'd' 
Endangered  by  criminals, 
an  Honored  s.- Virginia. 
Neglected  by  citizens. 
Protection  of  s.-Education. 
Security  of  s.-Educatlon. 
Rights  of  s.-Nullificatlon. 
"       "  "  -Taxation  '76. 


♦5322 


s.^5323 
♦5324 
♦5325 
♦5326 
♦5327 
♦5328 
♦5329 
♦5330 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Authority  over  s.-Pope.  2887 

"  of  Church  over  the  s.  920 

Autocracy  in  s.-"The  8.  Is  mys'lf. 2407 
Burdened  by  Cathollclsm-E"r'pe.735 
Children  of  the  s.-S'ldiers  orph'ns.58 

"  for  the  s.-Spartans.  808 
or  Churcb-Choice-Ireland.  4118 
Corruption  destructive  to  the  s.3783 
Education  needful  to  the  s.  6087 
Endangered  by  Jesuits.  8019 

"  •«       "  8020 

u  «       •«  8021 


STATESMAN— STRIFE. 


939 


Endangered  by  communists.  1003 

»•           "  vice.  1140 

Generosity  to  s.,  Suspicious.  2286 

Humbled  before  the  Church.  2889 

Imperilled  by  avarice-Romans.  428 

"        "  corraption-Athen.671 

»         "  vice-Gaul.  2417 

"        "    "   -London.  2449 

Infidelity  imperils  the  s.  2829 

Intemperance  endangers  s.  2949 

Inventors  serve  the  b.  2991 

Morality  preserves  the  s.  3709 

"              "             "  "  3710 

Preserved  by  education.  1821 

Eeligion  needful  to  the  s.  4726 

"              '♦       "    "  "  4727 

"              "       "    "  "  4757 

"   preserves  the  s.  5087 

"   serves  the  s.-Cr'mwell.2381 

Romanism  to  rule  the  s.  4929 

"         "    ««      "    "  4934 

w         4i    a      4.    ..  4935 

M             <i      <l        »4      44  4939 

M             44      44        4<      4>  4940 

•»                 44       44           44        .4  494^ 

M                 44       44           44       44  4942 

•♦         *♦    "      "    »  4943 

4i                 44       44           44        44  4944 

41                 44        «           44        44  4945 

Saved  by  inventors.  2983 

State  endangered  by  avarice.  1615 

Supremacy  of  the  s.-Becket.  882 

Trained  for  service  of  s.  1600 

Vice  endangers  the  s.-Catiline.  6193 

"          "          s.-Va.  Colony.  4666 

Woman  saves  the  s.-Fulvia.  1140 
See  PATRIOTISM  in  loc. 

STATESMAN. 
Dangerous  8.-Chas.Town8end.*5.331 
Degeneracy  of  English  s.  ♦5332 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Intriguer,  not  a  8.-Sunderland.2967 
"Unsuccessful  s.-Talented-B.     2343 

STATESinEANSIIlP. 

Contemptible  s.  -Napoleon  III.*5333 
Foolish  s.-James  II.  *5334 

National  s.-Wm.the  Couqu'r'r.*5335 
Ruinous  s.-Spaniards.  *5336 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Blunder  of  s. -Taxing  Colonies.  2406 
Imagination  addressed  in  s.       2740 
Masterly  8. -Cromwell.  2313 

Results  of  8.-Cromwell.  2327 

Scandalous  s.-British.  5061 

Wise  s.  of  Jefferson.  3929 

Woman's  s.-Queen  Caroline.      2683 
See  DIPLOMACY  in  loc 

STATUAKY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Destroyed-Ruin  of  Paganism.     331 
Mutilated  by  Romans.  327 

Unappreciated-S.  Johnson.         334 

See  SCULPTOR. 
Mental  8.-Socrates.  *5056 

Nobility  in-'  'E  ern  alize  f  ame ."  *5057 

STATUE. 
Honored  by  s.-Cato.  *5337 


Immense  s.-Apollo. 
Lofty  s.-Linooln. 


*5338 
*5339 


Cross-reference. 

Representative  of  character.       934 

See  LAW  and  LEGISLATION 

in  loc. 

STEAMBOAT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Experiment  with  first  s.  1602 

Incredulity  respecting  the  s.     2306 
Prediction-Successful  s.  2307 

STEAMBOATS. 

First  s-  in  England.  *5340 

STEAM-ENGINE. 

Cross-reference. 
Prejudice  opposed  the  s.-e.        4410 

STEP-MOTHER. 

Cross-reference. 
Power  of  s.-m.-Murder.  4188 

STIGMA. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Injustice  of  s.  on  Cicero.  2873 

Shameful  s.  of  bribery.  5963 

See  DISGRACE  and  REPROACH 

in  loc. 

STOICISM. 

Admired-Southey. 


*5341 


Seeming  s.  of  Wm.  P.  of  Orange.121 

See  INDIFFERENCE  in  loc. 


STONE. 
Sacred  s.  at  Emesa. 
44     44  44  jiecca. 


Cross-reference. 
Sacred  s.-Elagabalus-Rome. 


*5342 
♦5343 


2085 


STORM. 

Destructive  s.  in  England.  *5344 

Terrible  s.  -Reign  of  Chas.  L  *5345 

Unequalled  s.-Robert  Bums.  ♦5346 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Calmness  in  s.-Moravians.         2111 
Disregard ed-Celebrat ion  of  lib.3211 
Lesson  of  s.-"  Steadyl"  2147 

Loss  by  s.-A.  Lincoln.  4635 

Memorable  s.-Death  of  Crom.     965 
Terrific  s.-Columbus.  1155 

Terrifying  s.-Awakening-L.       5661 
Vows  made  in  s.-Columbus.       5864 

See  HURRICANE. 
Ominous  h.-Death  of  Crom.     ^2680 

See  LIGHTNING. 
Pear  of  1.,  Superstitious.  ^3299 

44     4.  ".w'shingt'n's  mother. ♦3300 


Death  by  l.-^sculapius.  4169 

Significant  1. -Sacrifices.  4994 

See  WIND. 
Dependence  on  w.-Wm.P.  of  0.1862 
Experiment  with  w.-Newton.    1993 
Sectarian  w.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.5066 

STRANGERS. 

Chilled  by  s.  at  St.  Kilda.         ^5347 
See  FOREIGNERS  in  loc. 


STRATAGEM. 

Credible  s.  of  Persians.  *5348 

Dishonorable  s.-Spaniards.  ^5349 

Success  by  s. -Georgia.  *5350 

44        44  "-cornutus.  ♦^SSl 

Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
of  Loyalty- Woman.  1348 

Oath  by  s.-Harold  II.  3840 

in  Retreat-Washington.  4842 

of  Vengeance-Shipwreck.  1347 

Virtue  overcome  by  s.-Rape.     2276 

See  AMBUSCADE. 

Perils  of  a.-Braddock's  defeat     97 

See  CONSPIRACY  in  loc. 

STRATEGY. 

Despised-Persians.  ^5352 

Needful  s.-Columbus.  *5353 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

VS.  Numbers-H.  Cortez.  3830 
Victory  by  S.-W.  Scott-"Button."19 

STREETS. 

Darkness  of  s.  of  London.  ^5354 

Filthy  s.  of  London.  *5355 

STRENGTH. 

Consciousness  of  s.-Alex.  ♦5356 

Physical  s.-Peter  Jefferson.  ♦SSSS 

"        "-Washington.  +5359 

by  Piety-Cromwell.  ♦58S7 

See  ATHLETE. 

Remarkable  a.-Thraclan.  *388 

Royal  a. -Henry  11.  ♦389 


Moral  weakness  of  Milo.  5P60 

Strong  a.-Pather  of  Jefferson.   5358 

"      '*  -George  Washington.  53.59 

See  ATHLETES. 

Early  training  of  a.-Persian.      1770 

"  "        "  "  -Spartans.   1817 

Education  of  a.-Roman.  1778 

Military  a.-Roman.  1827 

Trained  a  -Roman  soldiers.       5672 

See  FORCE  in  loc. 

STRIFE. 

Choice  in  s. -Louis  XIV.  ♦5360 

Conjugal  s.-Reconciliation.  ♦53361 
Family  s.-Abominable.  *5362 

Premature  s.-Bishop  Burnet.  ♦5363 
Responsibility  for  s.-James  II. ♦5364 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Love  of  s.-English  ancestors.     5878 
Music  in  s.-Charles  XII.  3752 

Needless  s.-Battle  of  N.  Orleans.487 
Provoking  s.  by  young  knights.  191 
Reign  of  s.-English  barons.        2456 

See  ANTAGONISM. 

Natural  a.-Protestant  and  C.  I.  243 

in  Personal  character-M.  L.        761 

"      -Q.  Eliz.    763 

Unnatural  a.-Father-8on.  1064 

See  CONFLICT. 
Bootle.es  c.-Bunker  Hill.  +1060 

Land  of  c. -Kentucky.  *1061 

Rule  of  c.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange,  ♦loea 
Self-sustaining  c. -Spoils.  ^1063 

Unnatural  c.-Wm.  I.  the  N.  ♦1064 
Unprepared  for  c.-Greeks.       *1065 

Inglorious  c.-Commodus.  5828 


940 


STRUGGLE— SUCCESS. 


Sentimental  c. -Earth  and  sea.  970 
Sham  c.-Battle  of  Brenneville.  461 
the  Spiritual  vs.  Animal-Man.  4690 
Unequal  c  -Pizarro-Assassins.  1068 
"        personal  c.  4838 

See  CONFLICTS. 
Mental  c.  in  religious  dnty-Joan.417 

See  FIGHTING. 
in  Death-Persians.  *2129 

Desperate  f. -Three  out  of  600.  *2130 
and  Pra>  ing- Admiral  Blake.    •2131 


Boys  f.  at  school-I.  Newton.       179 
Ineffective  f.  at  "  Island  No.l0."483 

See  SEDITION. 

Partisan  8.-"Bluesand  green8.'"5072 

See  BATTLE,  CONTEST.  HATRED 

and  OPPOSITION  in  toe. 

STRUGGIiE. 

Pierce  B.-Paul  Jones.  *5365 

Hopeless  s.-Battle  of  Fred.       *5366 

See  CONTEST  in  loo. 

STUDENT. 

Belated-Charlemagne.  *5367 

Folly  of  s. -Oliver  Goldsmith.  *5869 

Boyal  s.-Charlemagne.  *5368 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Close  s.-John  Milton.  6211 

Impecunious  s.-M.  Luther.  497 

Precocious  s.-Alexander  Pope.  4403 
Pride  stimulates  s.-Newton.  4492 
Pugilistic  s.-Hugh  Miller.  2468 

Eidiculed-"Blble  Moths."  583 

Royal  s.-Queen  Elizabeth.  6098 

Roles  ignored  by  s.  2664 

STUDENTS. 

Cro88-reference. 
Patriotism  of  8.-Am.Rev'lution.4072 

STUDIES. 

Ancient  s.-Italy.  *5370 

STUDY. 

Devoted  to  s.-T.  Jefferson.       ♦5371 

..        K  .'_pre8t.  Madison.  *5372 

Preparation  by  s.-J.  Milton.     *5373 

a  .<    i.  »       ..  #5374 

"  "    "-Napoleon  I.*5375 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Absorbed  in  s.-Newton.  3794 

Blindness  by  s.-J.  Milton.  604 

In  Death-Sea-chart.  1445 

Devotion  to  s.-Young  Nap.  4891 
Dislike  for  s.-Robert  Fulton.  5024 
Humble  s.  of  Bums.  1016 

Incentive  to  s.-Emulatlon.  5025 
Neglected  s.  by  young  Newton.  179 
Passion  for  s.-Blaise  Pascal.  2324 
Perseverance  in  s.-Caesar.  1491 

Plan  of  s.  vs.  Plan  of  battle.  23.30 
Private  s.-Early  and  late-Davy.  86 
Prolonged  s.-AU  night-Milton.  1014 
Success  by  continued  s.  4032 

Thorough-Bunyan  In  prison.         81 
See  EDUCATION  and  SCHOOL 
in  loc. 

STUPIDITY. 

Hopeless  s.  of  James  I'.  •5376 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Improvident  s.-Gold-seekers.  2807 

Insult  of  s.-Jamcs  II.  2903 

Mistake  of  s.-Bag  vs.  Pearls.  2723 

Official  s.-Newcastle.  2716 

"       "           "  2717 

"       "-Traitor-Arnold.  1553 

Traveller's  s. -Crusaders.  2724 

STYIiE. 

Adaptation  of  s.-M.  Luther.     *5377 
See  FASHION  in  loc. 

SUBJUGATION. 

Intolerable  s.  by  Irish  troops.  *5378 
Oppressive  s.  by  Mahomet  II.  *5379 


Cross-reference. 
Resented  by  Bishop  Mark.  883 

See  SUPPRESSION. 
Failure  of  religious  s.  2554 

of  Heresy  by  law-England.        2556 
"  Indignation  by  Napoleon.     5693 
"  Resentment  to  robbery.         4808 
See  CONQUEST  in  loo. 

SXTBLimiTY. 

Influence  of  s.-Pyramids. 


♦5380 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Essentials  of  s.  in  architecture.  294 
"  "  "  Gothic  a.         296 

SUBMISSION. 

Humiliating  s.-Richard  II.        ^5381 
of  Soul-Penitential  s.  ^5382 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Exacting  s.-James  II.  248 

Humiliating  s.-Captive  Emp.    2197 
Prayer  of  s.-Socrates.  4557 

Soul's  8.  to  God.  5382 

SUBORDINATION. 

Cross-reference. 
Example  of  s.-Peter  the  Great.  1965 

SUBSISTENCE. 
Cross-reference. 
Indicated-"  Spoon  in  cap." 

SUBSTITUTE. 

Happy  s.-Persecution. 


5631 


♦5383 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Declined,  Advocate's  s.  101 

for  Husband,  Wife  a  s.  4078 

SUBSTITUTES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Punished  in  s.-Pirates.  1210 

"         "  "-Cowards.  1446 

in  Suffering  penance.  2800 

SUCCESS. 
Changes  by  s.-Columbus.         ♦5384 
Dangerous  s.-Rivalry.  ^5385 

"-Alcibiades.  ♦5386 

Dangers  of  s. -Demoralization. ♦5387 
Delusive  s.-Charles  Goodyear.^5388 
Deserved-Ben j.  Franklin.  ♦5389 
a  Disaster-Queen  Anne's  war.^5390 
by  Dupllclty-Louis  XI.  ♦5391 

Encouraging  s.-Battle  of  T.  ^5393 
Fortunate  s.-Emp.  Honorius.  ♦5393 
Genius  for  s.-Frederick  II.       ^5394 


by  Gentleness-Missionaries.  ♦539S 
vs.  Happiness-Cyrus.  ♦5396. 

Jealousy  of  s.-Columbus.  *5S^ 
Joys  of  s.-Columbus.  ♦SSg* 

Lines  of  s.-General  Grant.  ^5399 
Misunderstood-Hannibal.  ♦5400 
a  Necessity -French  Rev'rtion.*.5401 
Overruled-Alexander.  +5402 

by  Perseverance-D"m'sth'nes.^540S 
Premature  s.-Chas.  Goodyear.^5404 
Proof  of  s.-Elias  Howe.  ^5405 

Remarkable  8.- Civil  War.        ♦5406 
"-Goethe.  ^5407 

Reputation  by  8.-Washington.^5408 
"  "    "-E.  Yankees.  ♦5409 

Steps  to  s.-Dr.  Morton.  ^5410 

Surprising  s.-Romans.  ^5411 

vs.  Tactics-Napoleon  I.  ♦5412 

Unenjoyed  by  Caesar.  ♦5413 

Want  of  s.-General  Grant.  ^5414 
by  Weakness-British.  ^5415 

Well-earned  s.-A.  Jackson.       ♦5416. 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Adversity  precedes  8.  8& 

by  Advertising-John  Law,  2134 

Afraid  of  s.-Engllsh  ministry.  1752: 

in  Age,  Caesar's  s.  1-36 

by  Aggression-Marathon:  467 

"            "        -Joan  of  Arc.  65S 

"  Audacity-Pompey.  6210 
Boldness  brings  s.-Joan  of  Arc.  1906 

Caution  with  s.-Llncoln.  1046 

by  Changes  of  business.  3857 

"  Charity-John  Howard.  513 

Christianity  a  remarkable  s.  848 

Conditionally  desired-Burns.  1009 

Confident  of  s.-Napoleon.  1042 

Contingencies  of  s.  1155 

by  Courage-Fred,  the  Great.  1247 

'•  Deception  in  politics.  1596 

after  Defeat.  2023 

Delighted  by  business  s.  690 

Depreciated,  Tailor's  s.  5777 

Diplomacy  of  s.-Napoleon.  2693 

in  Early  life-Chinese  Gordon.  6187 

"      "       "  -^lohn  Newton.  6185 

"      "       "  -Timour.  6184 

Easy  and  great  s.-Pompey.  5816 

Emotions  by  s.-Newton.  1871 

Energy  brings  s.-Wolsey.  1895 

Evil-doers  s.  uninferrupted-F.  106 

Expensive  s.-Bunker  Hill.  1060 

Failure  of  s.-Reproach.  2321 

after  Failure-Demosthenes.  2021 

or  Failure-Nelson.  4830 

False  presumption  of  s.  1603 

by  Genius-William  Pitt.  8586 

God-given  s.-A.  Lincoln.  4569 

Hurtful  s.-Asiatics-Romans.  3416 

Imperilled  by  s.-Athenians.  465 

Impressive  s.-Caesar.  2302 

by  Impulse-Sylla.  2767 

Jealousy  poisons  s.  1911 

Joys  of  s.-Columbus.  4623 

by  Labor-Jamestown.  3118 

Little  things  necessary  to  s.  3322 
Measured  by  aggresslon-R'mans.150 

Necessary-Boats  burned.  1074 

Perilous  s.-Lottery.  3334 

by  Perseverance-Goodyear.  4154 


SUFFERING— SUPERSTITION. 


941 


Presumption  begets  s.-Three  in.l076 

Ijegets  Presumption.  2370 

without  Principles-Cranmer.  1018 

Remarkable  s.-Conquest  of  C.  1069 

of  Right- Am.  Revolution.  5924 

or  Ruin-"  Bring  a  head."  2262 

by  Sacrlfioe-Mental-Jones.  1776 

•'  Severity-Peter  the  Great.  2875 

Silences  unbelievers.  2306 

Soldier's  remarliable  s.-P.  2285 

by  Speoialty-Maximian.  5277 

Spoiled  by  talking.  5148 

Stimulation  of  s.-A.  Lincoln.  3661 

brings  Success-Rothschild.  5169 

Talent  without  s.-Goldsmith.  2030 

Unappreciated-Gold-seekers.  1636 

Unenjoyed  by  Napoleon  L  5827 

iby  Unexpected  activity,  1491 

"Vanity  prevents  s.  2213 

by  Wickedness,  False  s.  4541 

an  "  -Fredegonda.  6109 

See  POPULARITY,  PROSPERITY 
and  VICTORY  in  loo. 

SUFFERING. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Brotherhood  in  s.-Nelson.  S568 

from  Brutality  of  enemies.  679 

of  Explorers-Spaniards.  2390 

Extremity  of  8.-"Black  Hole."  1356 

'by  Plogging-Titus  Gates.  2160 

Fortitude  in  s.-Mexicans.  714 

Indifference  to  s.  of  others-S.     193 

Lesson  of  s. -Sympathy.  1990 

of  Patriots  at  Valley  Forge.  8308 

Spiritual  s.-Bunyan.  1180 

"        "-Adam  Clark.  1181 

"        "-Bunyan.  1192 

Superior  to  s.-Philip.  5945 

Victory  in  s.-Martyr.  4028 

In  War-Famine.  5933 

"    "    -Fredricksburg.  5918 

"    "    -Siege  of  Rouen.  5904 


SUFFERINGS. 

Unspeakable  a.-Dr.  Mott. 

See  AGONY. 
Crucifixion-"  Higheet  lUus."     *148 


♦5417 


Delight  in  gladiators'  a.  102 

Indifference  to  a.,  Inhuman.  1362 

Pleasure  In  a.  of  dying.  1368 
Mental  a.-Josephine's  divorce.  1699 

Mocked-Martyrs.  1358 

See  ANGUISH. 

Prolonged-Garibaldi.  *230 


•Conjugal  a.  of  Josephine.  104 

Mental  a.-Napoleon- Waterloo.  8817 
Murderer's  a. -Alexander.  1744 

See  CROSS. 
Emblems  of  the  Christian  c.     *1317 
Protection  of  the  c.-Roman  L.  *1318 
Recovered-Holy  relic  from  P.  ♦ISig 
Victory  by  the  c.-Constantlae.*1320 


•Charmed  o.-"  Agnus  Dei."  783 

Fraudulent  c.-Relics.  4672 

Peace  by  the  blood  of  ■  he  c.  1175 

Precious  relics  of  the  c.  4672 

Relic  of  the  c.-Nails-Spear.  1047 

Rival  c.-" Indulgence  Cross."  827 


Saved  by  the  c.-Whitefield.  4770 
True  c.  captured  by  Persians.  324 
Victory  by  sign  of  c.-Con.  1721 

See  CRUCIFIXION. 
Modem  c.  in  India.  ♦ISSl 


Agony  of  c,  Great. 
Honored  after  c.-Jesus. 


148 
1321 


See  MISERY. 
Delight  in  m.of  others-Jeffreys.2862 
Infliction  of  m.-Arcadia.  448 

Reaction  of  m.  on  oppressors.  5737 
Royal  m.-Constantinople.  4949 

"     "  -Stuarts.  4951 

Splendid  m.-Roman  Emperor.  2622 
See  ADVERSITY,  CALAMITY, 
CRUELTY,  PERSECU- 
TION and  TORT- 
URE in  loo. 


SUFFRAGE. 

Perils  of  universal  s. 
Universal  s.-Virginia. 


♦5418 
♦5419 


Cross-reference. 

Restricted  to  church  members.  691 

See  ELECTION  in  loc. 

SUICIDE. 

Averted  s.-Napoleon  I.  ♦6420 

Cause  of  s.-Samuel  Johnson.  ^5421 
Cowardice  of  s.-Am.  Indians.  *5422 
Deterred-Benjamin  Abbott.  *5423 
Dyspeptic's  escape  by  s.  *5424 

Escape  by  s.-Demosthenes.  ^5425 
Glorification  of  8.-Stolc3.  *5426 

Mania  for  s.-WUliam  Cowper.  ♦5427 
Philosophic  8.-Marcu8.  *5428 

Remorseful  s.-Mrs.  Shelley.     ^5429 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Attempted  by  Cowper.       2691,2883 

at  Command  of  ruler.  3843 

by       "          -Forty  wives.  1410 

of  the  Defeated  Cimbrians.  1550 

for  Disgrace-Lucretia.  5786 

Fanatic's  s. -Religious.  3506 

Intentional  s.-Youthful  W.  1668 

Intlmidated-Nero.  1270 

Paradise  gained  by  s.  1416 

Preparation  for  s.-Shelley.  3345 

•'    "  -Fred.  XL  3632 

Prevented  s.-Alexander's.  4021 

Refuge  from  famine  in  s.  2015 

"          "    adversity  in  s.  5420 

RequIred-ex-Offlcer-Turk.  3866 

Soldiers'  8.-Roman.  1404 

"        "  -Antony.  1405 

Temptation  to  s. -Melancholy.  1179 

SUMMER. 

Land  of  s.-N.  Carolina.  ♦6430 

SUOTOTONS. 

Exasperating  s. -Black  Prince. ♦6431 

SUN. 
Worship  of  the  s.-Perslans.      ♦5432 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Right  of  way  to  the  s.-Diogene8.3415 
Utilized  in  War-Ancients.  353 

"       "     "   -Archimedes.      843 


SUN  DAT. 

Burdensome  s.-S.  Johnson.      *5433 
See  SABBATH  in  loo. 

SUNDAY- SCHOOIiS. 

Farmer's  s.-s. -England.  ♦5434 

Fruit  of  s.-s.-England.  ♦6435 

SUPERIORITY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Contrasted-Greeks  vs.  Romans.  903 

Manifold  s.-Genlus  of  Nap.        2319 

See  DISTINCTION  in  loc. 

SUPERN  ATUR  Ali. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Credulity  concerning  the  s.        3907 
"       of  West  Indians.  6143 

SUPERSTITION. 

Absurdity  of  s.-Papal.  ^5436 

Aid  of  s.-Charles  II.  ♦5437 

"    "    "-Athenians.  ^5438 

Alarm  of  s. -Europe.  ♦5439 

Appeal  to  s.-Constantlofl.  ^5440 

"     "  "  -J.  Smith.  ^5441 

and  Astrology-Chas.  II.  ♦5443 

Beneficial  s.-Pestilence.  ^5443 

Common  s.-England,  1642.  ^5444 
Controlled  by  s.-West  Indian8.*5445 

Cowardice  of  s.-Mexlcans.  ♦5446 

Credulity  of  s.-Genius.  ^5447 

"          "  "-Am.  Indians.  ♦5448 

Depressed  by  s.-Alexander.  ^5449 

from  Ignorance-Germans.  ♦5450 

Incredible  s.-First  Crusade.  ♦5451 

Inhumanity  of  s.-Sylla-  ^5452 

Inventions  of  s.-Eclipee.  ♦5453 

Omens  of  s.-Meteor.  ^5454 

Religious  s.-Cures.  ♦5455 

Removed-Egyptians.  ^5456 

Ridiculous  8.-Epyptlans.  ^5457 

Safety  by  s.-John  Smith.  ♦5458 

of  Scholars- Year  1653.  ♦6459 

"  Soldiers-Spirits.  ♦5460 

vs.  Wisdom- Julian.  ♦6461 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Alarm  of  s.-Europeans.  6439 

Ancient  s.-Beglnning  a  city.  897 
Animal's  vision-Angel.  1250 

Burden  of  s.-Pagan  worship.  4870 
Confidence  by  religious  s.  1047 

"  of  s.-Gordian  knot.  1581 

Conviction  of  s.-Luther.  1178 

Corrected-"  Black  day."  1395 

Credulity  of  s.-Augury.  2907 

Cures  of  s.-"  King's  evil,"  1379,  1380 
Death  by  lightning.  8299 

Deceived  by  s.-"  Sacred  fawn."1479 
Degrading  s.-Romans-Omens.  385 
Delayed  by  s.-Spartans.  467 

in  Dreams- American  Indians.  1723 
Fears  of  Romans.  1284 

Folly  of  s.-"  Squeaking  rat."     4685 
"      "  "-Demonized.  1566 

Foolish  s.-"  Friday."  2237 

of  GenIu?-Signs-Johnson.  2338 

Growth  of  s.-Worship  of  Im'g"8.6165 
of  Idolaters-Image  broken.  693 
Ignorance  feeds  s.-Savages.  8198 
of  Ignorance-Spaniards- Ang'Is.6143 
Inhumanity  of  s. -Lepers.  4418 

"  "  "  -Sylla.  5463 


942 


SUPPER— SYMBOLS. 


Marvel  of  s.-Voice.  3909 

Medical  s.-Death  of  Chas.  II.    4171 
Overcaution  against  a.  1114 

Overcome  by  tact.  31 

"  "  '•  -DukeWm.  33 
Overthrown  with  Paganism.  2399 
Perilous  s.  of  Pagans.  4143 

Power  over  brutal  s.-Fulk.  106 

"       of  s.-Joan  of  Arc.  1559 

and  Prejudice- Lepers.  4418 

Religious  s.  of  Persians.  1285 

Remedy  of  s.-Am.  Indians.         1642 
Remedies  of  s.-Quackery.  1283 

vs.  Reverence-Indians-Bible.      585 
Sailors'  s. -Electric  lights.  1853 

of  Sceptics-Restlessness.  5023 

Sinner's  s.-James  II.  762 

of  Soldiers-English.  5460 

Spirit  communications.  3803 

Strength  of  s.-Mohammedans.  1378 
Victim  to  folly  of  s.-Salem.  845 

See  CREDULITY, 
of  Philosophers-Strange  c.       ♦1281 
Religious  c.-Priestcraft.  •1282 

of  the  Sick-16th  century.  *1283 

Superstitious  c. -Romans.         *1284 

"  "  -Persian  Magl.*1285 


Excess  of  c. -Mohammedans.    *3622 

of  Fanatics-Crusaders.  5850 

Gold-seekers  c.-Signs-SpIders.  5141 

of  Hatred-Origin  of  Huns.  1528 

'  Superstition-Mystery.  5447 

'  "  -Am.  Indians.      5448 

'  "  -First  Crusade.    5451 

'  "  -N.  E.  Colonies.  5453 

'  Tlmldlty-Negro  plot.  4214 

brings  Unbelief-Miracles.  3626 

Victim  of  c.-Cotton  Mather.      1567 

See  BIGOTRY  and  FANATIC 

in  loc. 

SUPPER. 

Cross-reference. 

Preparation  for  Antony's  s.         265 

See  EATING  and  FEAST  in  loc. 

SUPPIilANT. 

Abject  s.-Lord  Rochester.       *5462 
See  PETITION  in  loc. 

SUPPORT. 

Cross-reference. 
Needed-Battle  of  Fontenoy.         69 

SUPPRESSION. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Failure  of  s.-Rellglous  opinion8.2554 
of  Heresy  by  law-England.        2556 
"  Indignation  by  Napoleon.      5693 
"  Resentment  at  robbery.         4804 

See  SUBJUGATION. 
Intolerable  s.  by  Irish  troops.  *5378 
Oppressive  s.  by  Mahomet  II.  *5379 


Resented  by  Bishop  Mark.  883 

See  CONQUEST  in  loc. 

SUPREMACY. 

Meritorious  f«.-17th  cntury.     ^5463 
See  PRE-EMINENCE  in  loc. 

SURGEONS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 
Barbers  the  8.-16th  century.        456 


Insensibility  to  sufferings.  193 

SURGERY. 

Brave  s.-Duke  Leopold.  *5464 

Skill  In  s.-Dr.  V.  Mott.  *5465 

See  PHYSICIAN  in  loc. 

SURPRISE. 

Mutual-American  Revolution.  *5466 
Success  by  s.-Col.  Barton.        *5467 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Bold  s.-Paul  Jones  at  Whit'h'v'n.644 

Deceiver's  s.-Rellcs  disclosed.  3840 

Destructive-St.  Clair  by  Indians.  56 

"        -British  privateers.    323 

Happy  s..  Garibaldi's.  4042 

"    "-Lucanlan.  6049 

at  Marriage  of  Milton.  3488 

Prevented  by  warning-Wash.    4079 

Success  by  8.-Hannah  Bustln.  3729 

II       it  "_caesar.  2771 

"       "  "-Cortez.  3830 

Successful  s.-Tlconderoga.         5766 

"       "  at  Fort  King.  394 

See  AMBUSCADE. 

Perils  of-Braddock's  defeat.         97 


SURRENDER. 

to  Death-Boges. 
Demanded-Ethan  Allen. 
Disgraceful  s.-Manchester. 
Final  s.-Civil  War. 
Impossible  s.-The  Old  Guard. 
Indignant  s.-P.  Stuy  vesant. 
Prevented-Charter  Oak. 


♦5468 
*5469 
*5470 
♦5471 
*5472 
♦5473 
♦5474 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Infamous  8.-10,000  Scots  to  509  E.306 
of  Life,  Cheerful  s.  1430 

"    "  "     "-Defeat.         1494 

"    •'    -Nobles.  3820 

Refusal  to  s.,  Determlned-G.     1372 
Unconditional  s.-Ft.  Donelson.  1891 

See  SUBMISSION. 
Humiliating  s.-Rlchard  II.        *5S81 
of  Soul-Penitential  s.  ^5382 


Exacting  s. -James  II.  248 

Humiliating  s.-Emp.  of  Russia.  2197 
Prayer  of  s.-Socrates.  4557 

Soul'ss.  toGod.  5382 

See  CONQUEST  and  DEFEAT 
in  loc. 

SURVEYOR. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Illustrious  s.-Geo.  Washington.  6198 
Unsuccessful  s.-A.  Lincoln.  83 

SURVIVOR. 

Cross-reference. 
Solitary  soldier-English.  5935 

SUSPENSION. 

Financial-Bank  of  England.     ^5475 

See  BANKRUPTCY  and  FAILURE 

in  loc. 

SUSPICION. 

Above  s.-Caesar's  wife.  ♦5476 

Clamorous  s.-Free  Masons.  ^5477 

of  Consplracy-Constantlne.  ♦5478 

Dlverted-Emperor  Nero.  ^5479 

-King  of  Portugal.  ^5480 


Effect  of  s.-Emp.  Commodus.  ♦5481 
Perilous  s.-Emperor  Nero.  ♦5488 
Sown  in  war.  ♦5483 

Weakness  of  s.-Diony8lu8.       ^5484 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Apfteal  to  Alexander's  s.  1048 

from  a  Dream-Antigonus.         2523 
Exposed  to  s.-Philotas.  3741 

Overconfidence  begets  s.  3528 

Sectarian  s.- Jesuits.  1475 

Slender  men-s.  of  Caesar.  263 

Victim  of  s.-"  The  Pretender."  6223 
See  JEALOUSY  in  loo. 

S\¥EARING. 

Admired-Gen.  Charles  Scott.  *5485 
Reproof  for  s.-John  Bunyan.  *548d 

Cross-reference. 

Substitute  for  profane  s.  418 

See  OATH  in  loc. 

StVimCMING. 

Cross-reference. 
Saved  by  s.,  Columbus.  4545 

Sl¥INDIiER. 

Royal  s.-Henry  VI.  ♦5487 

"     "       "      VIIL  ♦5488 

"     "-Richard  I.  ♦548» 

See  FRAUD  in  loo. 

SIVORD. 

VS.  Banner-Joan  of  Arc.  ^5490 

in  Religion-Mahomet.  ^5491 

Worship  of  the  s.-Scythians.  ♦5492 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Challenged  by  the  s.-Cor'natlon.890 
Decided  by  s.-Gordium  Knot.    1581 
Government  by  the  s.-Crom.     4904 
of  Mars  discovered.  527ff 

Mightier  than  pen-Fred.  II.       4324 
Power  by  s.,  Caesar's.  1555 

"      of  s.-Cromwell.  3618 

Title  by  the  s.  4902 

Wooden  s.-Eamest  hand.  1767 


SIVORDS. 

Cross-reference. 
Changed  into  fetters. 


1499 


SYCOPHANCY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Clerical  s.-Dlvlne  right.  3052 

Commended-Johnson.  3579 

of  Courtiers  to  James  II.  3528 

Influence  lost  by  s.-Penn.  2841 

See  SERVILITY. 
Disgraceful  s.-James  Bagge.    ♦5123 


of  Flatterers-Romans.  305 

Genius  for  s.-James  Bagge.  5123 

Required  by  tyrant-Sapor.  2527 

Shameful  s.-Roman  Senate.  4373 

Shameless  s.  of  husband  of  Z.  65 
See  FLATTERY  in  Ico. 

SYMBOLS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Dominion  denied.  2891 

Far-fetched  s.-Pagan.  2959 

Inauguration  by  s.  2769 

See  SIGNS  in  loc. 


SYMPATHY— TEACHERS . 


943 


SYMPATHY. 

by  Experience-S.  Johnson. 
Freaks  of  s.-Napoleon  I. 
for  the  Friendless-A.  Lincoln. 
Mutual  s.-Napoleon  I. 
for  Poor-A.  Lincoln. 
Religious  s.-Puritans. 
Unmanned  by  s.-Columbus. 


♦5493 
*5494 
*5493 
♦5496 
*5497 
♦5498 
♦5499 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Beggars  arts-London.  1293 

Denied  offenders-Old  England. 2860 
Eccentricity  of  s.-Napoleon  L  3578 
Enraged  by  s.-Fred.  William.  3389 
Female  s.-Joan  of  Arc.  6104 

"      "-Lucy  Hutchinson.      6105 
Power  of  s.-Pardon.  4001 

Prayerful  s.-Wife  of  Martyr  T.  679 
Suffering  in  s.-Dr.  Mott.  5417 

Various  forms  of  s.  for  W.  Scott.  92 

See  COMPASSION. 
Discreditable  c.-James  IL        *1005 
Female  c.-Indian  girl.  *1006 


Appeal  to  o.-Six  burgesses.  4639 
Destitute  of  c.-Indian  women.  2074 
for  Failure  in  life-Burns.  2027 

Woman's  characteristic  c.         6045 

See  KINDNESS. 
Religion  of  k.-Rev.  J.Newton. *3077 


Conceals  faults  -Hervey.  2465 

Crime  of  k.  to  criminal.  4466 

Reprimand  of  k. -Johnson.  4775 

of  Savages  to  Columbus.  2649 

Spirit  of  k.-Pope  to  Howard.  145 

See  MERCY. 

Provision  for  m.-A.  Lincoln.  *3588 


3062 


Affection  without  m. 

Despised  by  Jeffreys.  3068 

Gratitude  for  sparing  m.  1 19 

Lack  of  m.-Old  England.  2860 

Odious  m.  of  James  IL  3997 

Pleading  for  m.-Calais.  4639 

See  PITY. 

False  p.,  Oppressor's.  2692 

Insensible  to  p.-Timour.  1337 

Manifested-Abdallah.  2289 

Moments  of  p.-Cruel  caliph.  2773 

Pleasure  marred  by  p.  5320 
Punishment  forp.-Dr.Batement.540 

Restrained  by  fear-Heretics.  2557 

after  Self-protection.  1161 

Unnatural  to  man-Johnson.  1353 
Victim  of  his  own  p.-Goldsmith.543 

Withheld-Suffering-Tyrant.  1357 

"        by  Romans.  1355 

Woman's  p.  for  foundling.  781 

See  BENEVOLENCE  in  loc. 

SYSTEM. 

Living  by  s.-Alfred  the  Great.  *5500 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Benevolence-John  Wesley.     549 
"  "  -Old  England.    4295 

'*  "  -John  Howard.  3650 

TACT. 
Lack  of  t.-John  Adams.  ♦5501 

Natural  t.-Henry  Sidney.  *5502 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Rewarded-Careless  slave.  32 

Superstition  overcome  by  t.         31 

33 
See  SKILL  in  loc. 


TACTICS. 

Cross-reference. 
VS.  Success-Napoleon  I. 

See  STRATEGY  in  loo. 


5412 


TAILORS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Oppression  of  t.  by  man'f'ct'r'r8.429 
"  "  "  "  "  1839 

TAIiEBEARERS. 

Cross-reference. 
Mischievous- Volt'ire'scriti'ism.3002 

See  GOSSIP, 

Serviceable  for  publication.     *2400 

See  INFORMERS  in  loo. 

TAIiENT. 

without  Character-Fred.  II. 
Discovery  of  t.-Napoleon  I. 
Education  of  t.-Alexander. 
Indications  of  t.-Mathematlcs, 
Lack  of  t.-Confederate  gens. 
Overestlmated-Napoleon  I. 
Untaught  t.  of  Z.  Colburn. 


♦5503 
♦5504 
♦5505 
.*5506 
♦5507 
♦5508 
♦5509 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
VS.  Character-Lord  Byron.         2057 
Developed  by  criticism.  1305 

Misapplied-Ruler.  4509 

Money  rivals  t.-Crassus.  4920 

without  Success-Goldsmith.      2030 

TAIiENTS. 

Misjudged-Charles  XII.  ^5510 

See  ABILITIES  and  GENIUS 

in  loc. 

TALISOTAN. 

Belief  in  t.-W.  Indians.  ^5511 

See  CHARM. 
Protecting  c.-Thunder  and  1.     ^782 
"  "-Agnus  Dei.  ^783 

TARDINESS. 

Punished  with  death.  5247 

See  DELAY  in  loo. 

TARIFF. 

Protection  by  t.-First  Cong.     ^5512 

TASTE. 
Conditioned-Climate.  ^5513 

for  Literature-Alexander.        +5514 

TASTES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Architectural  t.  differ.  281 

Differ-Nature-Art-Johnson.        341 

Opposite  t.  in  art-Chinese-G.      328 

Overcoming  t.-Young  Irving.     626 

Peculiarity  in  t.-S.  Johnson.       834 

See  OPINIONS  and  SENTIMENTS 

in  loc. 

TAX. 

on  Consumption-Eng.  Col.  ♦5515 

Enormous  t.-Henry  VIII.  ♦5.'il6 

Excise  t.,  Disturbance  by.  ^5517 


Extortionate  t.-One  third.  4358 

Principle  represented  by  t.  4460 

Resisted  by  litigation.  3139 

Significant  of  dominion.  4910 

TAXATION. 

Exemption  from  t.-Clergy.  ♦SSIS 

Inevitable  t.-Romans.  ^5519 

Odious  t.-Stamp  Act.  ^5520 
by  Representatives-Am.  Rev.  ^5521 

Resisted-Ulegal  t.-N.  H.  ^5522 

Ruinous  t.  in  France.  ^5523 

by  Stamps-Am.  Colonies.  ^5524 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Burdensome  t.-Army.  5986 

Entitles  suffrage-Virginia.         5419 
Right  of  t.  unchallenged.  5747 

TAXES. 
Destructive  t.,  Constantino's. 

"  to  agriculture. 

Disturbances  from-France. 
Legislated,  British  t. 
Merciless  to  agriculture. 
Multiplied-Romans. 
Odious  t.  on  "chimneys." 
Oppressive  t.-Roman. 

"  "-New  York. 

Rebellion  against  t.-Duties. 
Ruinous  t.-France. 


♦5525 
♦5526 
♦5527 
*5528 
♦5529 
♦5530 
♦5531 
♦5532 
♦5533 
♦5534 
♦5535 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Educational  t. -Harvard.  1825 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Agriculture  burdened  by  t.  154 

"   "  155 

Burdensome  ecclesiastical  t.  4684 
Clerical  t.  imposed.  946 

Costly  t.-Stamp  Act  for  £60,000.  506 
Exemption  of  parent  of  four  c.  446 
Exhausted  by  t.-England.  2000 

Gov'rnm'nt  restrained  in  t.-U.C  5330 
Natives  exempt  from  t.-Itali'n8.722 
Oppressive  t.  of  Henry  VIII.  3942 
Poor  bear  the  t.  of  rich.  4288 

Rebellion  against  t.-France.      3200 
"  "       whiskey  t.       4629 

War  burdens  with  t.  5886 

See  EXCISE. 

Laws,  First  English.  ^1971 

Unexecuted-Robert  Burns.      ♦1972 

See  TRIBUTE  in  loc. 

TEACHER. 

Punished  by  scholars.  ♦5536 

Relation  of  t.-Arlstotle.  ^5537 

Responsibility  of  t.-Alex.  ♦5538 

Value  of  t.  to  Alexander.  ♦5539 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Crime  to  be  a  Catholic  t.  2963 

Devoted  to  youth-Baeda.  6150 

Honored-Aristotle.  8278 

Ingenious  t.-Eli  Whitney.  88 

Maternal  t.-Lincoln's  mother.  1789 
Remarkable  t.-Hypatia.  6078 

Severe  t.-Wrongheaded.  2714 

Valuable  t. -Aristotle  to  Alex.    181S 

TEACHERS. 
Pay  of  t.-Athenians.  ♦5540 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Parental  t.  of  Mrs.  Adams.         3497 
Tyrannical  t.,  Martin  Luther's.  1793 


944 


TEARS— THEATRE. 


See  SCHOOLMASTER. 

Imltated-Willlam  Cowper.       *5037 

vs.  Soldier- Wellington.  *5038 

See  INSTRUCTION  in  he. 

TEARS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Bereavement-Dan.  Webster.  561 
Fictitious  t.-Weeping  virgin.  3620 
Fountain  of  secret  t.-Byron.  2535 
Power  of  maternal  t.  on  Alex.  114 
Refuge  of  emotion  in  t.-Lincoln.557 
Shameful  t.-Emp.  Vitellius.       3879 

See  WAILING. 
Remedy  for  the  sick- Abyssin'ns. 4759 

See  WEEPING. 

for  Joy-Citizens  of  London.       3031 

See  MOURNING  in  loc. 

TECHNICAIilTIES. 

Strenuous  for  t.-Lincoln.         ^5541 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
iBTalldating  t.-Plymouth  pat.  3150 
"  "-Jurisprudence.  8985 

TBETH. 

Cross-references. 

Coercion  by  drawing  t.  2001 

Kaowledge  of  t.  imperfect.       2020 

TEIiEORAPH. 

Valuable  to  the  state. 


*5543 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Cable,  P.  Cooper's  Atlantic.      5984 
Failure  of  t.  by  neglect.  2022 

Invention  of  electric  t.  4030 

Scepticism  overcome.  2216 

TEMPER. 

Command  of  t.-Themi8toclea.  ^5543 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Aroused  by  bad  dinner.  1592 

Obstacle  of  t. -Jeffreys.  2906 

Violent  t.-Martin  Luther.  4829 

TEmPERAMENT. 

Changeful  t.-Henry  II.  *6544 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Sanguine  t.  of  J.  Wesley.  138 

Weather  affects  t.  949 

See  DISPOSITION  in  loc. 

TEMPERANCE. 

Allies  of  t.-Tea  and  coffee.      *5545 

of  Athletes-Grecian.  *5546 

Beginning  in  t.-First  org.         "^5547 

German  t.-Respected  by  C.      •5548 

and  Justice-Philip.  *5549 

by  Legislation-Spartans.  ♦SSSO 

Legislation  against  t.-C'ngr'8S.*5551 

"         fort-England.       ♦5552 

*'  "  "-Protect  the  p.*5553 

Mechanical  t.-"  Pegs  in  cup."  ♦5554 

and  Politics-"  Drink  his  s."      ^5555 

Possible-English  prohibition.  ^5556 

Practical  t.  of  Napoleon  I.       ^5557 

by  Prohibition-London.  ♦5558 

"  Reaction-Examples.  ♦5559 

"         "       -Cyrus.  ♦5560 

Reformation-Father  Mathew.  ♦5561 

Religious  t.,  Mahomet's.  ♦5562 


Standard  of  T.-G.  Washington. ^5563 
Strict  t.  of  Mohammedans.       ♦5564 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Commended  and  practlsed-C.  8400 
In  Diet-John  Howard.  1576 

by  Legislation-England.  2951 

Prolongs  life-John  Locke.  3326 

"  "  -Joslah  Qulncy.     8282 

Religious  t.  of  Mohammedans.  5077 

See  ABSTINENCE. 
Certainty  by  a.-S.  Johnson.        '14 
Prudential  by  experience.  *16 

Twofold-Wine  and  water.  ^17 


Necessary-"  One  glass."  2955 

Nobility  in  a.-Alexander.  6095 

Self-conquest  by  a.-Mahomet.  5077 

See  PLEDGE. 
Temperance  p.-Father  Math'w^4212 


Infamously  broken-Proctor.     2817 

Sacred  p.-Embalmed  b.  1462 

See  INTEMPERANCE  in  loo. 

TEMPIiARS. 

Cross-reference. 
Origin  of  t.-Monks-Jerusalem.  1625 

See  KNIGHTHOOD. 
Ceremony  of  K.-Chivalry.        'aoSC 

See  KNIGHTS. 

Origin  of  Order  of  K.  of  St.  John.817 

See  CHIVALRY  in  loo. 

TEMPLE. 

Furniture  of  Jewish  t.  *5566 


Cross-reference. 

Protected  by  miracle.  3621 

TEMPTATION. 

Dlsmlssed-Martyr  Hooper.       ^5566 
Intentional-Samuel  Johnson.  ^5567 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Avolded-Groves  of  Daphne.       5106 
Courting  t.-Bribery  of  Demosth.672 
Depressed  by  t.-Bunyan.  4753 

Enticement  of  vicious  women.  8243 
Eyes-t.  avoided-Monks.  402 

Oppressed  by  t.-J.  Bunyan.  569 
Overcome,  Revenge-J.  Nelson.  4033 
la  School-llfe-Wllberforce.  6036 
by  Spy,  Infamous  t.  5321 

Superior  to  t.- Virtuous  Bellsar's.786 

TEMPTATIONS. 
Morbid  t.-John  Bunyan.  ♦5568 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference. 

Enticement  of  t.-Vlce.  8248 

See  DEVIL  in  loc. 

TENANTS. 
Regard  for  t.-J.  Howard. 


♦5571 


Cross-reference. 
Regard  for  t.-John  Howard.       780 

TENDERNESS. 

with  Courage-Garibaldi.  ♦5569 

"   Resoluteness-Cromwell.   ♦5570 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Bereavement  punished.         1352 

Lack  of  t.-Mary  Stuart.  6041 

See  SYMPATHY  in  loc. 


TERROR. 

vs.  Happiness-Damocles.  *557a 

Reign  of  t. -France.  *5573 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Assasslns-Emp.  Augustus.  8891 

"  Consclence-Constans.  1108 

"          "        -Benj.  Abbott.  1109 

"          "        -Nero.  1110 

"          "        -Theodoric.  1115 

by  Earthquake-London.  1087 
Government  by  t.-Henry  VIII.  1345 

Needless  t.  of  superstition.  3908 

by  Storm-London.  6845 

TEST, 

for  OfBce,  Religious  t.  ♦6574 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Benevolence  a  t.  of  religion.        650 
of  Bigotry  In  benevolence.  528 

"  Confidence-Alexander.  1048 

"  Demonized  damsel.  1567 

"  Parental  affection-Maurice.  1348 
Religious  t.  for  civil  ofBce.         3841 
See  EXPERIMENT  and  TRIAL 
in  loo. 

TESTIMONY. 

Christian  t.-John  Bunyan.  ^5575 

Imaginative  t. -Columbus.  ♦6678 

Trial  of  t.-Mlddle  Ages.  ♦6577 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Death-Montrose.  1448 

Disreputable  t. -Titus  Oates.      4213 
by  Torture-England.  5651 

See  TRADITION. 
Worthless  t.-Cromwell.  *56(i7 


Supreme  faith  In  t.-Jews. 

2036 

See  WITNESS. 

Abuse  of  w.,  Jeffreys'. 

♦6081 

False  w.-Dlck  Talbot. 

♦6083 

"      "  -Titus  Oates. 

♦6083 

of  the  Spirit-J.  Wesley. 

♦6084 

Discreditable  w.-Trlal  of  B.  540 

False  w..  Confusion  of.  2198 

Murder  of  w.  by  Calllas.  2871 
Shameless  ingrate  w.-Burton.   2850 

See  WITNESSING. 

for  Christ-Early  Christians.  ^6035 

See  EVIDENCE  i?i  loc. 

THANKS. 

Expressed-Samuel  Johnson.  ♦5678 


Cross-reference. 
Refused,  Customary  t.-Polk.      1257 

THANKSGIVINO. 

Duty  of  t. -Neglected.  ♦5579 

Threefold-Thales.  +5580 

for  Victory-Spanish  Armada.  ♦5581 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Heartless  t.  for  food.  924 

Parental  t. -Escape  from  b'm'ng.812 

Psalm  of  t.-Victory  of  Dunbar.  5821 

See  GRATITUDE  and  PRAISE 

in  loc. 

THEATRE. 

Corrupted-English  t.  *658« 

Dangers  of  t.-S.  Johnson.         •6688 


THEATRICALS— TITLE. 


945 


Licentiousness  and  t.  *5584 

Opposition  to  t.-Dr.  Dawson.  *5585 

"  "  "   punished.  *5586 

Restored-Eng.  Restoration.  *5587 

and  Sensuality-Roman  t.  ♦5588 

Vicious  t.-Engllsh.  *5689 

"       "        "  *5590 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Degenerated-Reliffious  origin.      43 
Immoral  and  destructive-R.        103 
Pleasure  In  t.  341 

Political  power  of  t.  1536 

Shameful  exhibitions.  4533 

THEATRICAIiS. 

la  Churches-Biblical.  *5591 

Condemned  by  Solon.  *5592 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Impressive  religious  t.-Milton.    195 
Preparation  for  t.-Colosseum.    681 

See  FARCE. 

Victim  of  pirates'  f.  1144 

See  DRAMA  in  loo. 

THEFT, 

Adroit  t.-Gylippus.  *5593 

Cautious  t.-Spartans.  *5594 

Educated  for  t.-Spartans.  *5595 

Punishment  for  t.-Prince.  ♦5596 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Accusation  of  t.-Malicious.       1081 
Arguments  to  defend  t.-J.  298 

Brotherly  t.  of  marriage  agr'm't.l23 
of  Crown  of  England.  1327 

no  Disgrace  among  Scots.  1300 

Ownership  by  unconvicted  t.  2874 
Punishment  by  "barrel."  1647 

School  of  t.-"  Devil's  acre."  1293 
Supposititious  t.-Stoics'  theory.  1294 
Training  in  t.-London.  1291 

See  ROBBERS  and  THIEVES 
in  loc. 

THEOCRACY. 

American  t.-Jews-Puritans.     ♦5597 

THEOL.OGY. 

Difficulties  in  t.-Infinite  Deity.^5598 
Effects  of  t.-Cromwell.  ^5599 

Philosopher's  t.-Anaxagora8.  ♦5600 
"  "  -Plato.  ^5601 

"  "  -Stoics.  •5602 

Bidlcalous  t-Egyptian.  ^5603 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Character  moulded  by  t.-C.'s.      778 
Imagination  in  t.-Gnostics.        5100 
Maintained  by  law.  4729 

Subtleties  in  t.  vs.  Person  of  C.   826 

THEORETICAIi. 

▼8.  Practical- Webster  VS.  Clay.  *5604 
See  IDEAL  in  loc. 

THEORY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

False  t  -Aristotle.  6015 

TB.  Practice-Philosophy.  4370 

"         "       -Seneca.  4657 

See  IDEAL  in  loc. 


THIEVES. 

Protection  by  law-England. 


♦5605 


THIRST. 

Cross-reference. 
VS.  Royalty-Choice. 


5952 


THOUGHT. 

Conditioned  by  respiration,  ^5606 

Flexibility  of  t.-Julian.  ♦5607 

Food  for  t.-Observation,  ♦5608 

Suggested-Robert  Peel.  ^5609 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Carefulness  in  t.-S.  Johnson.       708 
Co-operative  t.,  Inventor's.        2987 
Development  of  t.-Gravitation.2295 
Develops  t.,  Invention.  2975 

Growth  of  t.-Invention.  2981 

Seed-thought  of  telegraphy,       2989 
Walking  quickens  t  -Nap.  I,      1575 

See  INTELLIGENCE  in  loc. 

THOUGHTS. 

Serious  t.-S.  Johnson.  •5610 

See  MEDITATION, 
Peculiar  m.  of  Swedenborg,     ♦3554 


Ascetical  m.  of  monks. 

357 

God  revealed  in  m.-G.  Pox. 

1714 

Life  of  m. -Isaac  Newton. 

1164 

Preparation  for  usefulness  by 

m.  81 

Religious  m. -Samuel  Johnson 

.  1760 

"         "  needful. 

4707 

Reveals  real  life. 

1760 

Sabbath  m.-John  Fitch, 

871 

See  MEMORY. 

Blunders  of  m.-Goldsmith. 

♦3570 

Excellent  m.-S.  Johnson. 

♦3571 

Extraordinary  m.-Poet  Shell'y 

.♦3572 

"  -William  III.  ♦3573 

Marvellous  m.-Napoleon  I. 

♦3574 

Patriotic  m.-A  Lincoln. 

♦3575 

Trained  m.-A.  Lincoln. 

♦3576 

In  Age-Cato.  128 

of  Bereavement-Wordsworth.  560 
Improved  m.  of  names-J'hnson.3778 
of  Names-Themistocles.  4315 

Pleasing  m.  of  mother.  2163 

Unappreciated-Themlstocles.    2196 

See  REFLECTION, 
Corrected  by  r.-S.  Johnson.     ^4643 
Death-bed  r.,  Wolsey's.  ^4644 

Delicate  r. -Irish.  ^4645 


2199 


•4646 


Change  of  feeling  by  r. 

See  REFLECTIONS. 
Melancholy  r. -Antony. 

See  REMEMBRANCE. 
Painful  r.  revived.  2645 

See  REMINISCENCE. 
Frequent  r.-A.  Lincoln.  ♦2678 

See  IMAGINATION  an«  INTELLI- 
GENCE in  loc. 

THOUGHTFUIiNESS. 

Cross-reference. 

Youthful  t.-Isaac  Newton.         6197 

See  THOUGHTS  in  loo. 

THREAT. 

Cross-reference. 
for  Threat-Ethan  Allen. 


1967 


THREATS. 

Governmental  t.-Wolsey.         •5611 
Ridiculed-Napoleon  I.  5612 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

VS.  Conciliation-Cassar.  1033 

Humiliating  t.,  Timour's.  1143 

Ill-timed  t.-of  James  II.  3855 

Indignation  at  t.-Patriots.  2795 

Ridiculed  by  Alario.  1145 

Unexecuted-Bajazet-Gout.  611 

THRONE. 

Cross-reference. 
by  Bribery-Emperor  Chas.  V.     668 
Magnificent  golden  t.-Persia.      959 

THUNDER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Affection  produced  by  t.  107 

Charm  for  t.-"Onions,  hair,  p."  782 
Religious  alarm  from  t,  166 

TIME. 

Changes  by  t.-S.  Johnson.  ♦5613 

Detention  of  t.  desired-Nap.  ♦5614 

Estimate  of  t.-Napoleon  I.  ♦5015 

Investment  of  t.-Napoleon  I.  *5616 

Purchase  of  t.,  Valuable,  *5617 

Saved-Washington.  *b618 

Systematized-Petronius,  ♦5619 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Changes  of  t.-J.  Adams  to  Eng.  274 
Haste  of  t.  desired-Napoleon.   3818 
Lost-73  Days  in  calendar,  6176 

"     by  caution.  342!> 

Methodically  used  by  Wesley.  3597 
Misspent  by  "Pillar  Saints."  5012 
Unchanged  by  t.-Art  in  Egypt.  342 
Value  of  t.-Napoleon.  1665 

Valued  by  Cromwell.  1200 

See  CALENDAR. 

Corrected  by  Julius  Csesar.       ♦696 

"  "   Roger  Bacon.       ^697 

See  NEW  YEAR. 

Reflections,  N.  Y.-Johnson.       1396 

TIMES. 

Unfavorable  t.-18th  century,   ♦5620 


Miscellaneous  cross-reference*. 
Deteriorated-Croaking.  1315 

Disparaged-Croaking.  1316 

Favorable  for  the  Advent  72 

Unpropitious  t  -Van  Buren's  Ad.  51 
See  AGE  in  loc. 

TIMIDITY. 

in  Qovemment-ConstaBtine.   *5621 
See  FEAR  in  loc. 

TITHES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Enforced  collection  of  t.-Eng.     868 
Voluntary  t.  of  Saxons.  884 

TITLE. 

Authorized-Temugin.  ♦5623 

Indifference  to  t.-Napoleon  I,  ^5623 
Nominal  t.-I>ance  in  Am.  ^5624 
Papal  t.-Africa  to  Portuguese.  ♦5626 
Pompous  t.-Romans.  ♦5628 

Sale  of  t.-James  IL  ♦5629 

Significant  t.-State.  ♦6630 

Strange  t.-Army.  ♦5631 

Superfluous  t.-William  Pitt.  ♦5638 
by  Sword-Scottish  barons.  ^5627 
Terrible  t.-"Scourge  of  God."  ^5626 
Undeserved  t.-Degrees.  ♦5633 


946 

TOAST— TREACHERY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Defiant  of  t.-Martyrs. 

3502 

Lasting  effect-Walter  Scott. 

♦5670 

Boa8tful-"Lord  of  the  seven  c.'"384 

"      "  "        " 

3503 

by  Obedience  of  Spartans. 

♦5671 

Demanded  by  Cromwell. 

2623 

Deserved  by  Titus  Gates. 

4665 

Physical  t.  oi  Romans. 

♦5672 

Far-fetched  t.-Cortez. 

1176 

Devices  of  t. -English  barons. 

2456 

Success  without  t.- Wm.  P.of  0.^5673 

Necessary- Washington-Howe.  1589 

by  Executioners-Parysatis. 

6048 

Only  a  t.-Klng  of  Jerusalem. 

1077 

Fortitude  in  t.-Am.  Indians. 

1426 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

by  Production-Property. 

4518 

of  Martyrs  by  Nero. 

3509 

for  Manhood-Themlstocles. 

635 

"  possession-Property. 

4519 

"       "         "  Arians. 

4113 

Military  t..  Importance  of. 

1981 

Ridfculous  t. -Papal  bull. 

2287 

Medical  t.-Death  of  Chas.  II. 

4171 

Misapplied-Galllenus. 

1830 

by  Siword  of  Mars-Attila. 

5276 

Overcome  by  religion. 

2098 

Success  without  special  t 

136 

Vanity  inflated  by  t.-Menecrates.618 

by  Persecutors-to  Irish  P. 

1336 

of  Voice  by  Demosthenes. 

6S53 

See  HONORS  in  loc. 

of  Prisoners-Buried  to  neck. 

1368 

See  DISCIPLINE  in  loo. 

TOAST. 

Prolonged  t.  of  martyrs. 

4133 

TRAITOR. 

Cross-reference. 

Testimony  by  t.-Mexican  Emp.  714 

Political  t.-Mr.  Huske. 

♦5674 

H»bltual-"God  bT'ss  Gen.  Wa8h."65 

See  CRUELTY  in  loo. 

Punished  by  mother. 

♦5675 

TOBACCO. 

*5634 

TOURISTS. 

Cross-reference. 
Irrepressible  t. -American. 

TOURNAMENT. 

8059 

Shameless  t.-Sunderland. 

♦5676 

Opposed  by  James  I. 

Miscellaneous  cross-reference 
Indignation  toward  t.-Am.  Re 

s. 

Miscellaneous  croas-referencc 

V.2795 

Enthusiasm  for  t.-Va. 

4489 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Infamy  of  t.-Name  changed. 

3764 

Ministers  paid  in  t.-Va. 
Wives  for  t.-Jamestovim,  Va. 

8610 
6036 

of  Chivalry-Edward  I. 
Splendid  t.  by  Henry  II.  of  F. 

815 
28 

for  Revenge-Corlolanus. 

See  TREACHERY  in  tec. 

6101 

"      secured  with  t.-Va. 

3452 

TRACT. 

TRAMPS. 

TOIIi. 

Contentment  in  t.-Abd'l'nym' 

Cross-reference. 

Philosophic  t. -Cynics. 

♦5677 

i.*5635 

Power  of  religious  t. 

5652 

See  IDLENESS  in  loc. 

Ke wards  of  t.- Cyrus. 

♦5636 

TRACTS. 

TRANCE. 

See  LABOR  in  loc. 

Effective  religious  t.-Coke. 

♦5652 

Continuous-Swedenborg. 

♦5678 

TOIiERANCE. 

Cross-reference. 

TRANCES. 

Impracticable,  Religious. 

♦5687 

Punishment  for  dlss'minatingt.1242 

Punished  for  t.-Ellz.  Barton. 

♦5679 

TOLERATION. 

TRADE. 

TRANSFORMATION. 

Apostle  of  t.-Roger  Williams. 

*5638 

Contempt  for  t.-S.  Johnson. 

*5653 

Cross-reference. 

Commended  by  Cromwell. 

*5639 

Illicit  t.-American  Colonies. 

*5654 

of  Society-"Fountaln  of  Youth. "214 

Condemned  by  Puritans. 

*5640 

Inhuman  t.-Slave-trade. 

♦5655 

TRAVEL.. 

Edict  of  t.-First  in  France. 

*5641 

Laws  for  t.,  Sumptuary. 

♦5656 

Benefits  of  t. -Crusaders. 

♦5680 

Forgiitten  by  Puritans. 

♦5642 

Over-reaching  in  t. -Egyptians.  *5657 

Dangers  of  t.-Swedenborg. 

♦5681 

Partiality  in  t.-CromwelL 

*5643 

Regulated-Fixed  prices. 

♦5658 

Difficulties  of  t.-England. 

♦5682 

Popular  t.-Cromwell. 

♦5644 

"       -Emperor  Julian. 

♦5659 

Effects  of  t.-Emulatlon. 

♦5683 

Remarkable  t.-Tamerlane. 

*5645 

"        -England. 
Tricks  of  t.-England. 

♦5660 

Expedlted-Romans. 

♦5684 

♦5661 

"          -Stage-coach. 

♦5685 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Defended  by  Cromwell.              1103 
by  Indifference,  Religious  t.       4699 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Competition  in  t.-Denied.          3689 
4.             ..  li        «                    3g92 

Indifference  to  t. -Antoninus. 
Objects  In  t.-to  see  Men. 
Slow  t.-Stage-coach. 

♦6686 
♦5687 
♦5688 

TOMB. 

of  Pleasure-seeker-Sardanap. 

♦5646 

8693 

Suppression  of  t.-Coaches. 

♦5689 

Conscience  in  t.-Peter  Cooper.  3694  | 

Degraded  by  t..  Empress. 

1583 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

. 

Cross-reference. 

Honesty  in  t.,  Laws  for. 

2217 

Benefits  of  t.-Luther  to  Rome 

5S 

Character  expressed  in  t. 

1905 

Profits  in  t.,  Great-Flrmus. 

3987 

Difficulties  in  t.-Old  England. 

4921 

TOMBS. 

See  MERCHANT  in  loo. 

Health  by  t.-Wash.  Irving, 

2531 

Heedlessness  in  t,-Goldsmlth 

8546 

Empty  t.-Pyramids. 

♦5647 

TRADES. 

Honors  by  t,-Anglo-Saxon, 

720 

See'BURIAL  in  loo. 

Cross-reference. 

Impeded  by  bad  roads. 

982 

TOOLS. 

Hereditary  t.-India. 

3537 

Need  of  t.  for  education. 

240 

Cross-reference. 

See  EMPLOYMENT  in  loc 

In  Old  Age-J.  Wesley. 

138 

Good  t.,  Importance  of. 

1551 

TRADES-UNION. 

Outfit  for  t.,  Improvident. 

2476 

TORMENT. 

Cross-reference. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

, 

Pleasure  of  t.-Good  inns. 

2876 

Objection  to  t.-u.-Caste. 

♦5662 

by  Water-Uncivilized  mode. 

988 

jBinner's  t.-Bunyan. 

5166 

Opposition  o#t.-u.-JamesWatt.*5663  | 

In  Wilderness-Washington. 

76 

See  SUFFERING  in  loc. 

Oppressive  t.-u.-James  Watt. 
Prohibited-England. 

♦5664 
♦5665 

See  JOURNEY  in  loo. 

TORTURE. 

♦5666 

TREACHERY. 

of  Criminals  in  France. 

*5648 

TRADITION. 

Worthless  t.-Cromwell. 

Base  t.-Phllip  VI. 

♦6690 

punishment  by  t.-Boot. 
Terrible  t.-Garibaldi. 

*5649 
*5650 

*5667 

Consummate  t.-Charles  II. 
Gold  for  t.-Benedlct  Arnold. 

♦5691 
♦6692 

Testimony  by  t.-J.  Howard, 

*5651 

3. 

Cross-reference. 
Supreme  faith  In  t.-Jews. 

2036 

Message  of  t.-Emp.  Alexander. ♦5693 

Miscellaneous  cross-reference 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

. 

Barbarous  t.  by  Indians. 

3508 

TRAINING. 

Conquest  by  t.-Sextus  over  G. 

42 

of  Captives  by  Thuringians. 

1334 

for  Greatness- Alexander. 

♦5668 

in  Court-Criminal. 

8833 

Confessions  by  t.-Inquisltlon. 

2877 

Lack  of  military  t. 

♦5669 

Diplomatic  t.-Engllsh. 

1752 

TREASON— TRUTH. 


947 


Disguised-Caesar's  assassins.  1478 

"        -Friendship.  2343 

of  Friend-Brutus  vs.  Caesar.  2852 

"       "    -Francis  Bacon.  2857 

Friendship's  t.-Dick  Talbot.  3202 

Infamous  t.-Am.  Revolution.  1136 

"         "-Pausanias.  3724 

Ingrate's  t.-Burton.  2850 

Massacre  by  t.  3520 

National  t.-England  to  France.  986 

Office  by  t.-Eteocles.  3884 

Official  t.  to  Columbus.  3900 

Proof  against  t.-Belisarius.  2128 

*'       "-Patriot.  4068 

Proposal  of  t.  rebuked.  4075 

Proverbial-"  Word  of  a  king."  2041 

Shameful  t.-Agathocles.  1538 

Thwarted  by  exposure.  3518 

Umpire's  t.-Edward  I.  5746 

See  APOSTASY. 

Open  a.  of  Romanus.  *261 

PrimitiTe  a.  by  persecution.  *252 


Discreditable  a.-Protestant.  1936 
Encouraged  by  law-Maryland.  4116 

Explained-Inconslstenoy.  2774 
Reaction  of  forced  converts  to  a.920 

Required  of  officer.  1471 

See  APOSTATE. 

Honored  unwisely.  3177 

Shameful  a. -Justus.  1359 

See  APOSTATES. 

Forgiven  by  primitive  C.  ♦853 

Malice  of  a.-Knights  Templars.  1939 

"       "   "  -Julian's.  2549 
See  BETRAYAL. 

Cfnintentional  b.-Missionary.  8381 

TREASON. 

Cry  of  t.-Patrick  Henry.  *5694 

Defiued-England.  *5695 

Incipient  t.-War  of  1812.  *5696 

Punishment  of  t. -Romans.  *5697 

Retribution  of  t. -Romans.  *5698 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Atrocious  crime  of  t.  4576 

a  Pretext  for  extortion.  2007 

by  Resentment-Bourbon.  4109 

"  "  -C.  Marcius.        6101 

Tarnished  by  t.-B.  Arnold.         2569 
See  DISLOYALTY  in  loo. 

TREASURE. 

Hope  a  t.-Alexander.  ♦5699 

TREASURER. 

Cross-reference. 
Complaints  rebuked- Aristldes.  4374 

TREASURES. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Affection's-Mera^nt'es  of  m'th'r.lll 

Children  the  poor  man's  t.  119 

Enduring  t.  in  fine  arts-Nap.       349 

TREATS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Election  t. -Costly-England.       1839 
Exacted-English  prisons.  5804 

Prisoner's  t.-Bridewell.  1302 

Temptation  In  t.-Builders.         2933 

TREATY. 
an  Observed  t  -Wm.  P.  and  I.  ^5700 


Cross-reference. 
Obscurity  desired  in  t.-Nap. 

TREE. 

Dellvering-Louls  VII. 


3860 


♦5701 


Cross-referenee. 
Famous  t.-Charter-oak.  1882 

See  FOREST. 
Attractions  of  the  f.-S.  Houston.905 
Charm  of  the  f  .-Home.  3288 

Life  in  the  f.-Audubon.  3106 

Protection  of  f .-Manufactur6rs.2165 

TRESPASS. 

Cross-reference. 

Revenge  for  t.,  Severe.  3057 

See  OFFENCE  in  loo. 

TRIAI<. 

Abandoned-S.-Africanus.  +5702 
by  Combat- Assize  of  J*r'8'lem.*5703 
Fellowship  in  t.-Napoleon.  ^5707 
Improvement  under-Lincoln.  *5708 
by  Ordeal-Flre.  ♦5704 

Right  of  t.  disregarded.  ^5705 

Severe  t.-John  Bunyan.  ♦5706 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Affection-Bereavement.        4811 
Attorney,  Accused  his  own.      3203 
by  Combat-Gauls.  3054 

of  the  Dead  for  heresy-Hunne.  572 
Defence  unheard  in  t.  3071 

"       -Unpopular-Attomey.3861 
Equity  in  t.-Aristldes.  3055 

Explained-"  Win  his  spurs."  1560 
Faith  tested  by  t.-Muller.  20-37 

Hastened-In  justice.  3051 

Impartiality  in  t. -Alexander.  3064 
Injustice-Trial  of  Bateman.  540 
Mockery  of  t.-Cranmer.  3065 

"         "  "-Niclas.  8070 

"        "  "-William  Penn.     3053 
Outrageous  t.-Rumbold.  1246 

Protracted  t.  for  20s.-H'mpden  3139 
Sham  t.-Pr.  Rev.  tribunal.  5739 
Unjust  t.-Inquisltors.  2877 

See  COURT  and  TEST  in  loo. 

TRIALS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of;Childhood-Cowperp'rs'cuted.796 
Inventor's  t.-John  Fitch.  2990 

Manhood  evinced  by  t.  3410 

Omitted,  Hastily-Sylla.  3820 

Three  remarkable  t.-Wm.  Hone.3203 
See  ADVERSITY  and  HARDSHIPS 
in  lac. 

TRIRUTE. 

of  Friend  shlp-Melanohthon'8.  ^5709 
Scorned-U.  S.  to  France.  ^5710 

Shameful  t.  to  pirates.  ^5711 

in  Women-Tartars.  ^5712 

Cross-references. 

in  Children  of  Tartars  to  Huns.  813 

Welcome  to  t.-"  Ditch."  4444 

in  Women-Chinese  t.  to  Hans.  5712 

See  TAX  in  loc. 


5661 


TRICK. 

Miscarried-Perslan  t. 


♦6718 


TRICKS. 

Cross-reference. 
in  Trade-England. 

See   IMPOSTOR  i7i  loe. 

TRIFIiES. 

Effect  of  t.-Battle.  ♦5715 

Power  of  t.-Social  life.  ♦5716 


Miscellaneous  cross-referenoet. 

Contentment  with  t.-Men.  1150 

Contests  from  t.-Stamp  Act.  606 

"          "     "-Roman  Rev.  507 

Discussion  of  t.,  Useless.  1800 

Importance  of  seeming  t.  1501 

Magnified  in  government.  2459 

Preserved  by  t.-Spider's  web.  2377 

TRirtlMER. 

Political  t.-Halif  ax.  ♦en? 

See  CONSERVATISM  m  loe. 

TRIUiUPH. 

Fleeting  t.-Napoleon. 
Honors  of  t.-Pompey. 


♦6718 
♦6719 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
over  Death- Wolfe.  ♦1468 

Joyful  t.-Washington*8  j'umey.2099 
Joys  of  t.  unappreciated-Nap.     278 
Procession  of  t.-Belisarius.        8292 
See  CONQUEST  and  VICTORY 
in  loc. 

TROPHY. 

Cross-reference. 
Valueless-Santa  Anna's  wooden  1.68 

TRUCE. 

the  Holy  t.-Mohammedan. 


♦5780 


Cross-reference. 
Oratorical  t.  of  Edmund  Burke.   49 


Cross-reference. 
of  God  in  France. 


4099 


TRUST. 

Miscellaneous  cross-refereaces. 

in  Providence-Wm.  P.  of  O.  4658 

"       -A.  Lincoln.  4559 
See  FAITH  in  l«c. 

TRUTH. 

Boldness  in  t.-J.  Howard.  ♦5781 

vs.  Falsehood-S.  Johnson.  ♦5728 

"  Fiction-James  II.  ♦5723 

Honored-Frederick  II.  ♦ST^ 

Liberty  by  the  t.-Luther.  *67^ 

Moral  t.  from  within.  ♦5786 

Outraged  by  inquisition.  ^5727 

Perilous  t.-Romans.  ♦5728 

Perversion  of  t.-Hablt.  ^5729 

Power  of  t. -Speculative.  ♦5780 

Vitality  of  t.-Polltlcal.  ♦5781 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Antagonism  of  t.  4827 

Carelessness-Falsehood.  2043 

Conquests  of  t.  by  agitation.  146 

Conscience  for  t. -Authorship.  1249 

Demanded  in  sickness.  1429 

Fidelity  to  t.-Eng.  martyrs.  1233 

Figurative  t.-Luther's  son.  2543 

vs.  Patriotism-Soots.  4076 

Power  of  t.-Clarkson.  4652 

Sacrifice  for  the  t.-Father.  1348 

Self-devotion  to  the  t.  1946 

Standards  vary.  1125 


948 


TRUTHS— VALUES. 


Strict  regard  for  t.  3373 

Successful  in  conflict.  4435 
Supports  itself  without  oratory.3954 

Weakened  by  jesting.  3006 

See  VERACITY. 

Questioned-False  inference.  3917 

Reputation  for  v.-James  II.  4795 

TRUTHS. 

Preparatory  t.-Inventions.       *5738 
Uncertain  t. -Sophists.  ♦5733 

TUMOR. 

Cross-reference. 
Sacred  t. -Mahomet's. 

TYRANNY. 

CTaelty  of  t.-Xerxes. 
Ecclesiastical  t.-Catholic. 
Emblem  of  t. -Bastile. 
Insurrection  against  t.-P. 
Legislative  t.-Long  Parli'm'nt. 
of  Liberty-French  Revolution. 
*'       "     -Rev.  Tribunal. 
Parental  t.-Frederick  Wm.  I. 
Recompense  for  t.-France. 
Self-destructive  t.-Romans. 
Shameful  t.-Spaniards. 
Terrible  t.-Gildo. 


1378 


*5734 
*5735 
*5736 
*5737 
*o738 
*5739 
*5740 
*5741 
*5742 
*5743 
*5744 
*5745 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

In  Amusement-Spaniards.  5744 

of  Caste,  Social  t.  3491 

Displaced  by  t.-Virginia.  2443 
Ecclesiastical  t.-Exc'mm'nic'n.  4944 

Exast)erated  by  t.-Sicilians.  1340 

In  Excommunication.  4944 

Household  t.  of  elder  brother.  2a31 

"  "      "           "  638 

Legislative  t.-B.  Parliament.  3154 

Non-resistance  to  t.  3834 

Oppression  of  t. -Hope-Crime.  3834 

Reaction  against  t.-Rufinus.  427 

Resented-New  Eng.  Colonies.  990 

uripire:. 

Dangerons-Edward  I.  *5746 

UNANIMITY. 

In  Wrong-doing-Am.ColonIes.*5747 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Evidence  of  collusion.  1262 

Political  u.-Waah.-Every  vote.  1846 

See  AGREEMENT  in  loc. 

UNBGIilEF. 

by  Intercourse-Christians.  *5749 

"  Peril-Reign  of  James  II.  ♦5750 

Primitive  u.-Christian.  ♦5751 

Vicious  u.-Samuel  Johnson.  *5748 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
vs.  Faith-Contrasted.  2229 

"  Fanaticism.  2083 

See  INCREDULITY. 

of  Friends-Mahomet's  family.  6201 

Popular  I.-Robert  Fulton.  2306 

See  DOUBT  and  INFIDELITY 

in  loc. 

UNBEIilEVERS. 

Cross-reference. 

Silenced  by  success.  2306 

See  INFIDELITY  in  loe. 


UNCIiE. 
Cross-reference. 
Cruelty  of  u.-Richard  IIL 


3742 


UNFORTUNATE  (Thb). 

Cross-reference. 

Banishment  for  the  u.  2313 

UNION. 

by  Intercourse,  Christian  u.  ^5749 

"  Peril,  National  u.  ^5750 

Primitive  Christian  u.  ♦5751 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
In  Battle-Blind  John-Crecy.        297 
"       "    -Locked  shields.  2237 

by  Commonwealth  of  nations.  3791 
Dangerous  u.-Vice.  1140 

or  Death-American  Colonies.  3535 
In  Distress- Worship.  2144 

with  Diversity -Di'd'tian  and  M.2402 
Encouragement  by  u.-Pilgrims.l627 
False  u.  with  wife.  3434 

Federal  u.-Origin  of  Am.  3236 

Imperfect  of  u.-13  States.  1987 

Incongruous  u.-Marriage.  3490 

by  Intercourse-U.  States.  5888 

of  Love-"Two  souls  one  body. "3339 
National  u.  difficult-Irish  and  B.727 
Necessary  u.  of  patriots.  2510 

by  Oppression  of  rulers.  3289 

Peril  brings  u.-Invasion.  4060 

Promoted  by  assemblies.  2278 

Unite  or  flght-Eng.  vs.  Holland.  979 

See  COMMUNION. 

with  God-Oliver  Cromwell.       ^995 

by  Likeness-John  Milton.  ^996 

Unity  by  c.-Oliver  Cromwell.    ^997 

See  AGREEMENT.  ALLIANCE 

and  BROTHERHOOD 

in  loc. 

UNITY. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

by  Association-Fox-Cromwell.  5749 

"  Intercourse-Europe.  4302 

"  -United  States.    2957 

National-Founders  of  Rome.     3785 

See  ALLIANCE  in  loc. 

UNRUIilNESS. 

Childish  u.-Frederiek  II.  *5752 

See  INDEPENDENCE  in  loc. 

UNSEIiFISHNESS. 

Cross-reference. 

Heroic  u.-Wounded  Nelson.       2568 

See  GENEROSITY  in  loc. 

UN\¥ORTIIINESS. 

Oppressed  by  sense  of  u.-B.      ♦5753 

Cross-reference. 
Sense  of  sinner's  u.  1088 

USAGE. 

not  Law-Ecclesiastical.  ♦5754 

See  CUSTOM  in  loc. 

USE. 
or  Abuse  of  money.  *5755 

USEFULNESS. 

Survival  of  u.-Monks.  ^5756 

Cross-reference. 

Rewarded  by  dinner.  2393 

See  EMPLOYMENT  and  SERVICES 

in  loc. 


USURPATION. 

Cross-reference. 
VS.  Usurpation-Cromwell. 


130S 


USURY. 

Inevitable-Rome.  ♦5757 

Law  of  u.-Romans.  *5758> 

"    "    "-Lucullus.  *5759 

Laws  against  u.  in  England.     ♦5760 

UTILITY. 

vs.  Beauty-W.  Scott.  ♦5761 


Cross-reference. 
Value  by  u.-Bag  vs.  Pearls. 

See  USE  in  loc. 


272» 


VACATION. 

Cross-reference. 

Prolonged  v.  resented-G.  II.  In  G.  9 

See  RECREATION  in  loc. 

VACC1NA1  ION. 

Discovery  of  v.-Jenn*^  •.  ♦576» 

VACIIiliATjON. 

Cross-reference. 
Political  v.-"Bobbing  John."      759- 

See  INDECISION. 
of  Timidity-Conspirators.         ♦2778 
in  Wrong-doing-James  II.        ♦2779 

See  FICKLENESS. 
of  Affection-Countess  of  C.  109' 

"         "        -D.  Crockett.  3438 

Characteristic  f. -Queen  C.  3928. 

Lover's  f. -Robert  Burns.  3354 

VAGABOND. 

Cross-reference. 

False  accusation-C.  Wesley.        702: 

See  BEGGAR  in  loc. 

VAGRANTS. 

Imposition  of  v.-England.        ♦576» 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Branded-English  beggars.  50* 

Professional  v.  in  Bavaria.  50* 

See  BEGGAR  in  loc. 

VAIiOR. 

Military  v.-Derar  the  Saracen.^5764 
Mutual  V. -Ancient  Germans.  ♦5765 
Proof  of  v.-Ticonderoga.  -  ♦576& 
Spur  to  v.-Reputatlon.  ^5767 

Wonderful  v.-Constantine.      ^5768 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Badge  of  v.-Wounds.  6172 

"      "  "         "  6171 

Banner  rescued  by  v.  at  Cadiz.    651 

Discretion  better  than  v.-C.  V.  163T 

See  COURAGE  in  loc. 

VALUE. 

Change  In  v.-New  York.  ♦5769' 

"       "  "-T.  purple.  ^5770 

Miscellaneous  cross-references.  ( 

Depreciated  v.-Clipped  coin.  964 
Fictitious  V. -Mississippi  sch'me.5286 
by  Scarcity-Iron.  2999 

VALUES. 

Conventlonal-Weit  Indians. 

See  WORTH. 
Moral  w.-Louis  IX. 


Eminence  by  w.-H.  Wilson. 
Work  brings  w.-Oxen. 


5771 

♦6170 

186S 
6154 


VANDALISM— VICES. 


949 


VANDAIilSM. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  Beggars-England.  502 

■Clerical  v.  of  Theodosius.  598 

Deprared  v.  of  Nero.  329 

Panatical  v.  of  Puritans.  330 

VANITY, 

Excessive  v.-Diocletian. 
J"olly  of  v.-Madman. 
Foolish  v.-Ferguson. 
•with  Greatness-Queen  Eliz. 
Eebuked-"  Fine  Coat." 

"       -Goldsmith's  v. 

"       -Artaxerxes'  v. 

"       -Menecrates'  v. 
Hldiculous  v.-Monumental. 
Victim  of  v.-Alexander. 


*5772 
♦5773 
♦5774 
*5775 
*5776 
*5777 
*5778 
*5779 
*5780 
*5781 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

•of  Ambition-Grant- Alfonso.  2621 

Architectural  v.-Pyramids.  2365 

5647 

In  Benevolence-Johnson.  521 

Clerical  v.  in  erecting  St.  Sophia.859 

Covered  with  rags.  5677 

of  Earthly  possession.  2379 

Flattered-Charles  I.  by  Finch.  60 

Hindrance  of  v.-John  Adams.  3894 

Homage  to  v.  of  Greek  emperors.59 

"       "    "  "  Diocletian.  26 

•of  Honors-Queen  Mary.  2619 

"  Life-Captive  king.  3292 

In  Old  Age-Constantine.  5772 

"    "      "  -Queen  Elizabeth.  5775 

Perilous  v.-Emperor  Julian.  3678 

of  Popularity-Cromwell.  4324 

Prevents  success-Timotheus.  2213 

Eebuked-Buckingham's.  3904 

"       -Demaratus.  3963 

Sensitive  v.-Voltalre's.  2155 

Victimized  by  Pompey.  5 

See  BOMBAST. 

Rebuked-"  Jupiter  "  M.  *618 

Eidiculous  b.  of  James  II.  *619 

See  CONCEIT,  EGOTISM  and 

PRIDE  in  loo. 

VASSALAGE. 

Humiliating  v.  of  Charles  II.    *5782 
See  SLAVERY  in  loo. 


VEGETARIAN. 

Trials  of  v.-RItson. 


*5783 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Health  sought  by  v. -Howard.    1576 
Successful  v.-B.  Franklin.         3095 

VEGETARIANS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Necessity-English.  3181 

Religious  v.- Austere  Prisclirists  401 

"       "  -Persians.  1001 

VENGEANCE. 

Cry  for  v. -Mary  Stuart.  *5784 

"    "   "  -Murderers.  *5785 

Demanded-Sextup.  *5786 

Diabolical  v. -J.  W.  Booth.  *5787 

Foolish  v.-Jamcs  II.  *5788 

of  God,  Appeal  to  the  v.  *5789 
Maternal  v.  of  Hannah  Du9tin.*5790 

Merciless  r.  of  James  II.  *5791 


Monument  for  v.-Athenians.    *5792 
Passionate  v.-Berkeley.  *5793 

for  Vengeance-"  Roses."         *5794 


Miscellaneous  cross-references, 
on  Adulterer-Pope  John  XII.  66 
Appeal  to  v.-CaBsar's  robe.  1975 
or  Atonement- Am.  Indian.  4848 
Contemptible  v.  of  James  I.  3628 
Cruel  V.  of  Parysatis.  6048 

Eagerness  for  v.  on  Caesar's  m.  378 
Exquisite  cruel  v.-Basil.  1342 

Ferocious  female  v.-Hlnd.  6056 
of  Government  on  rebels.  4630 

Husband's  v.  on  seducer.  5073 

Personal  v.-Savage-Gallienus.  1370 
Posthumous  V.  on  a  corpse.  2558 
Pretext  for  v  -Mary  Stuart.  6073 
for  Rape,  Oath  of  v.  5786 

Remembrance  of  v.-Darlus.  2901 
Sacrifice  to  v.-Straflford-Chas.1. 822 
Swift  V.  for  insult  to  betrothed.  29 
Terrible  v.  on  enemies-Sicily.  1340 
"        "-Tlmour-Bagdad.      1367 

"       -Siwas.        1368 
by  Treachery  to  country.  6101 

Unreasoning  popular  v. -G.-p.  p.l945 
See  RETALIATION  and  REVENGE 

in  loc. 

VENTURE. 

Instructive-Franks.  ♦5795 

See  RASHNESS. 
Apparent  r.- Young  Alex,  rides  B.  6 
Childish  r.-Frederick  II.  5752 

in  Generalship-Hood.  3175 

"  Love  for  woman.  3476 

Perilous  r.-Boethius.  3234 

Provoked  to  r.-Valens.  913 

See  RECKLESSNESS. 

of  Desperatlon-Napoleon-Lodl.  648 

Example  of  r.-Napoleon.  647 

of  Necessity-William  II.  649 

See  CHANCE,  DANGER  and 

GAMBLING  in  loc. 

VERACITY. 

Cross-references. 

Questloned-False  inference, 
Reputation  for  v.-James  II. 

See  PERJURY. 
Punishment  of  p.,  Judicial.      ^41 12 


3917 
4795 


Punished  with  death.  5219 

Shameful  p.-"  Dick  "  Talbot.     6032 

See  FALSEHOOD  and  TRUTH 

in  loc. 

VERJDICT. 

Welcome  v.,  Delamere's.  *5796 

See  SENTENCE. 
Suspended  fifteen  years.  1189 

See  PENALTY. 
Excessive  p.-Death.  ♦4101 

Partisan  p. -Devonshire.  +4102 

Death  p.  for  all-French  Rev.      5739 
Excessive  p.-Debt-England.      4351 

VERmiN. 

Cross-reference. 
in  Beard-"  Populous  "-Julian.  2501 

VESPERS. 

Cross-reference. 
Bloody  v. -Maiden  insulted-S.       29 


VETO. 

Power  of  v.-Romans. 

VICE. 

Concealed-Bacchanalians. 
Disqualified  for  v.-English. 
Patron  of  v.-Henry  III. 
Pleasure  in  v.-Epicureans. 
by  Reaction  from  Puritanism 
Schools  of  v.-Drinking-places 
"       "  "  -Prisons. 


*5797 

♦5798 
♦5799 
♦5800 
♦5801 
♦5802 
.♦5803 
♦5804 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abandoned  to  v.-Army.  4196 

Absence  of  visible  v.  3714 

Advantage  of  v.-Corruption.  2434 

in  Age-Antonlna.  1919 

Attraction  of  v.-Mary  Stuart.  1171 

Bondage  to  v.-James  II.  6084 

Concealed  by  vice.  2699 

Concentration  of  v.-London.  1299 

Conversion  from  v.-Ministry.  2357 

Covered  by  baptism.  4724 

Desperation  by  v.-Catiline.  1140 
Destructlve-Caracalla  and  Geta.239 

of  life.  4917 

Deteriorates  character.  3412 

Disadvantage  of  v.-Colonlsts.  2435 

Endangers  the  State.  1140 
Exposure  of  v.  of  M.  P.  byCrom.410 

Family  destroyed  by  v.  4373 

Fear  of  v.-Nuns.  1169 

Gilded  by  gentility.  2349 

Government  sustained  by  v.  2409 

Greatness  blemished  by  v.  2484 

in  High  life-Napoleon.  3243 

»•    "       "  -Pompadour.  3247 

"    "       "  -Dagobert.  8248 

"    "       "  -England.  1039 

Honored  by  v.-Emp.  Carinus.  2629 

"    "-Nero.  4325 

"       in  Aspasia.  1256 

Led  into  v.-Howard's  son.  378 

Levels  caste-Gamblers.  2267 
Life  abandoned  to  v.-Carinus.  1701 

Overlooked  by  woman.  3712 
"          "    Maria  Theresa.  4849 

"           shamefully.  8177 

Poverty  by  v.-England.  4360 

Private  v.  vs.  Public  virtue  1347 

Progression  in  v.-Commodus.  1354 

the  Religion  of  Pagans.  3974 

Restraints  of  v.-Legislation.  2275 

Reward  of  v.-Death.  1292 

"       *'  "  -Infamous  disease.  378 

Shameless  v.  of  nobility.  65 

State  endangered  by  v.-C.  6193 

Undermines  civil  liberty.  8222 

Vice  opposing  v.  8008 

Views  of  v.,  Conduct  like.  5748 

VICES. 

Dishonored  for  v.-Eiagabalus.^5805 
Victim  of  v.-Chas.  J.  Fox.        ♦SSOO 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abandoned  because  of  v.  3563 

Aggregation  of  v.-London.  766 

Beneficial  to  the  public.  4476 

Combination  of  v.  -Cleopatra.  6065 

Condoned  by  generosity-S.  8043 

Destroy  life.  4917 


950 


VICTIM— VIRTUE. 


Eschewed  by  Gen.  Lee,  Small  v.5232 
Exposed-Members  of  Par.  4874 

Freedom  from  v.-Jefferson.       5371 
Euined  by  v.-Palaeologus.  4972 

See  GAMBLERS. 

Association  with  g.  dangerous.  2273 

Debts  of  g.  honored.  2614 

CI       >•  "-Precedence  in.  1463 

See  GAMBLING. 

Degraded  by  g.-Charles  Fox. 

"  "  "  -Sunderland. 

"  "   " -Coffee-house8.*2267 

Escape  from  g.-Wilberforce.    *2268 
Fashionable  g. -Folly. 
Losses  by  g.-Gibbon. 
Passion  for  g.-Eng.  gentry. 
Pride  In  g.-High  life. 
Ruinous  g.-Oliver  Goldsmith.  *2273 

"       "  -English  gentry.      *2274 
■Universal  g.-Crusaders.  *2275 

Vice  of  g.-Prolific.  *2276 


*2265 
♦2266 


*2369 
*2270 
*2271 
*2272 


Memorial  of  g.-"Sandwich." 
Ruinous  g.-Edgar  Allan  Poe. 

See  FALSEHOOD. 
Confirmed  in  f  .-Charles  I. 
Governmental  f. -Napoleon  I. 
Growth  of  f.  by  carelessness. 
Justified  by  Jesuits. 

"        "   SamuelJohnson. 


Diplomacy  of  Elizabeth. 

by  Lying  spirits-Swedenborg. 

Pious  f.  of  loyalty. 

vs.  Truth-Samuel  Johnson. 

See  FLATTERY. 
Artful  f. -Captive  Zenobia. 
False  f.  of  Henry  VIII. 
Fulsome  f .  of  James  I. 
Irritating  f.-Fred.  the  Great. 
Resented- Alexander. 
Rewarded,  Excessive  f. 


*6146 
*6195 

*8041 
*2042 
*2043 
*2044 
♦2045 

1596 
5311 
1348 
5722 

♦2152 
*2153 
♦2154 
*2155 
♦2156 
*2157 


Deception  by  f. -Rochester.  1471 
Develops  servitude-Romans.  305 
Embarrassment  by  f.-Cassar.  2657 
for  Favor- Voltaire.  2825 

Fulsome  f.  of  Chas.  T.  by  Finch.  60 
of  Royalty-Charles  I.  by  Finch.  60 
Wealth  by  f  .-Legacies.  5971 

of  Woman's  beauty-Elizabeth.  2684 

See  PROFLIGATE. 
Royal  p. -Queen  of  Spain.         *4490 

Clerical  p.-Pope  John  XII.  4305 
Marriage  of  p.-Byron.  3465 

See  INTEMPERANCE  and  LICEN- 
TIOUSNESS in  loc. 

VICTIOT. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Adultery-Peredeus.  67 

Mistake  of  v. -Assassin's.  2204 

of  Rape  by  soldiers.  6113 

VICTIOTS. 

Miecellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Avarice-Gold-seekers.  2389 

"        "       -Official.  2403 


VICTORIES. 

Endangered-Federal  v. 


*5807 


of  Genius-Frederick  II. 
Succession  of  v.-Napoleon. 


Cross-reference. 
End  of  Roman  v.-Goths. 

VICTORY. 

Bloodless  V.  of  Pizarro. 
Costless  v.-Roman. 
Costly  v.-Constantlus. 
Decisive  v. -Saratoga, 
by  Enthusiasm-Saratoga. 
Expensive  v.-Pyrrhus. 
by  Fortune-Pompey. 
"  Generalship-Princeton. 
Genius  for  v.-Cromwell. 

"       "     "  Caesar. 
Honorable-Alexander. 
Inexpensive  v. -Dunbar. 
"  "-Caesar's. 

Inglorious-Commodus. 
Miraculous  v.,  Apparently. 
Moderation  in  v.-Grant. 
Opportunity  for  v.-Alfred. 
Preparation  for  v. -Napoleon 
Presumed  v.,  Pompey's. 
Unfortunate  v. -Manassas. 
Victims  of  v. -Indians. 


♦5808 
*5809 

4366 

*5810 
♦5811 
*5812 
*5813 
♦5814 
♦5815 
*5816 
*5817 
*5818 
♦5819 
*5820 
*5821 
*5822 
♦5823 
♦5824 
♦5825 
*5826 
I.*5827 
*5828 
♦5829 
*5830 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Accident-Mascezel.  5134 

Announcement  of  v. -Brevity.      659 
a  <.   "-Perry.       1989 

Anticipated,  Defeat.  3367 

"Awful  thing  in  the  world."  .5809 
of  Christian's  faith- Vane.  2039 

Complete  v.-Frederick  II.-R.  477 
Costly  v.-Death  of  Ep'minondas.468 
or  Death-Fred  at  Leuthen.  1236 
"      "  "    vs.  Austrians.      1247 

"      "       Tarik.  4841 

Depreciated  unless  aggressive.  150 
Determination  for  v.-noEscape.l264 
"  "-Col.  M.  650 
by  Determination-Nelson.  1904 
Disappointment  with  v.  1606 

Flank  movement  secures  v.  5821 
Fool's  v.-Drinking  most.  2912 

Inexpensive  v.-Henry  IV.-A.  471 
Lost  by  folly.  930 

a  Necessity-Normans.  1922 

Peril  from  v.-Overconfidence.  1044 
Period  of  v.-English-Ed.  III.  1075 
Remarkable  succession.  2285 

Unexpected  v.-Henry  IV.-A.  471 
not  Utilized  by  Hannibal.  5400 

See  CONQUEST  and  TRIUMPH 
in  loo. 

VICIIiA^NCE!. 

Cross-reference. 
Needful  for  liberty.  3237 

See  WATCHFULNESS. 
Safety  by  w.-Indians.  *5950 


Need  of  w. -Columbus. 

5208 

VIQOR. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

in  Age-Mas!nissa. 

137 

"    "  -John  Wesley. 

138 

"    "       "          " 

5854 

"    "  -Cato  the  Censor. 

139 

"    "  -Palmerston. 

140 

VIIiIiAlMV. 

Reward  of  v.-Titus  Gates.        *5831 
See  RASCALITY  in  loc. 

VINDICATION. 

Audacious  v.-Bothwell.  "'583^ 

See  ACQUITTAL. 
Joyful  a.  of  seven  Bishops.        3081 

VINDICTIVENESS. 

Prelatical-Archbishop  Sharpe.*5833 

See  HATRED  and  REVENGE 

in  loc. 


VIOIiENCE. 

Error  of  v.-Christians. 


*5884 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Argumentative  v.  from  w'kness.299- 
Paternal  v.-Frederick  IT.  3389 

Reaction  of  v.- Becket-H.IL  6145 
Savage  v.  of  Frederick  Wm.  1672 
for  Violence- Agrippina.  30721 

See  FORCE  in  loc. 


VIRGINITY. 

Dedicated-Pulcheria. 
Faith  in  v.-Joan  of  Arc. 
Sacred-Joan  of  Arc. 


♦58.35. 
*583'> 
*583r 


461* 


Cross-reference. 
Regard  for  v.-Superstitlous. 

See  CHASTITY, 
and  Civilization-Opposed.  *785 

Invincible  c.-R.  Gen.  Beli8arius.*786 
Rare-Roman  maidens.  *787 


by  Coercion-Matilda.  5862; 

Ignored  by  Spartans-Ruin.         6137 

See  GIRLS  and  MAIDEN  in  loc. 


VIRTUE. 

False  v.-Wife  of  Constantine. 
Political  v.-Lord  Rochester. 
Protection  of  v.-Romans. 
Public  v.-Emperor  Pertinax. 
Severity  in  v.-Stoics. 
Superior  v.-Phocion. 
Uncertain,  Natural  v. 


*5838 
*5839 
♦5840 
♦5841 
♦5842 
♦5843 
♦5844 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Austerity  in  stoical  v.  5842 

in  Conservatism-Halifax.  1132 

Conspicuous  v.-Canute.  3061 

by  Contention-Spartans.  2522 

Distrusted  by  the  vicious.  3412 

False  V.  of  Messalina.  6064 

"     view  of  V. -Cynics.  5677 

by  Industry-Roman  army.  2812 

Infiuence  of  example.  3595 

Life  prolonged  by  v.  3714 

Lost-Suicide  of  Lucretia.  5786 

Needful  for  republican  gov't.  2455 

Overcome  by  stratagem.  2276 

Pleasure  endangers  v.  4198 

Popularity  lost  by  v.-Vane.  4313 

Practical  v.  of  T.  Jefferson.  5371 

Punished  in  Valeria.  4800 

Restraint  of  v.-War.  4004 

Reward  of  v.-Self-applause.  3249 

Shocked,  False  v.-Peterin.  6009 

above  Suspicion-Caesar's  wife.  1942 

Vicious  v.-Patriotism-Scots.  4076 

Woman's  v.-Roman.  5840 


VIRTUES— WAR. 


951 


VIRTUES. 

MUcellaneous  cross-references. 
Bxcess  in  heroic-Charles  XII.    1970 
Imaginary  v.  of  ancestors.         1334 
Mixed  with  vices- Alexander.     1673 

See  CHASTITY, 
and  Civilization-Opposed.  *785 

Invincible  c.-R.Gen.Belisarius.  *786 
Eare-Roman  maidens.  *787 


by  Coercion-Matilda.  5862 

Ignored  by  Spartans-Euin.  6137 

See  COURAOE,  FIDELITY,  MO- 
RALITY »'»d  TEMPERANCE 
in  loc. 

VISION. 

Fanciful  v.-Phantom  city.  *5845 

Horrible  v.-  Marcus  Brutus.  *5846 

Spiritual  v.-Swedenborg.  *5847 

of  War-Btnnibal.  *5848 


Miwellaneous  cross-references. 

Auspicious  V.-"  Holy  Lance."  4667 

Child'  i  V.  of  future-Cromwell.  2474 

of  CcnQueror-Solyman.  2562 

"  the  Cross  by  Constantine.  1320 

Delusive  optical  v.-Canaries.  1521 

Fnith's  V.  of  the  cross.  1175 

Tanatic's  v.-"  Plough  the  e."  1003 

>f  Genius-Columbus.  2344 

"  God-American  Indians.  2383 

Illusive  v.-Blaise  Pascal.  2741 

by  Imagination-J.  Bunyan.  2733 

Instructed  by  v.-Constantine.  5440 
of  Invisible  guide-C'nst'ntine's.2492 

Prompted  by  v.-P.  Cooper's  f.  4407 

Remarkable  v.  verifled-S.  915 

of  Saints-Joan  of  Arc.  2384 

Startling  v.  -Poet  Shelley.  2736 

"      "           "  2738 

Timely  v.  of  Mahomet.  665 

of  Wealth,  Deceptive.  5985 

Woman  transformed  In  v.  6106 

VISIONS. 

Eflfective-Joan  of  Arc.  *5849 

Fictitious-Amurath.  *5850 

See  APPARITION. 

Belief  in  a.-Samuel  Johnson.  *256 

False  a.-"  Three  knights."  *254 

Fancied  a.  of  Theseus.  *255 


of  the  Dead-H.  Miller. 
Startling  a.-"  Evil  genius." 

See  GHOST. 
Improvised  g.-Goldsmith.         *2353 


1120 


Apparent  g.-Rev.  Tunnell.         2398 

See  GHOSTS. 

Belief  in  g.-Samuel  Johnson.  +2354 

Fear  of  g.,  Siamese.  *2855 

See  TRANCE. 

Continuous-Swedenborg.  ♦5678 

See  TRANCES. 

Punished  for  t.-Eliz.  Barton.  *5679 

See  DREAMS  and  SPIRITS  in  loc. 

VISITOR. 

Welcome-Lafayette. 


VISITORS. 

Cross-reference. 
Irrepressible  v.- Tourists. 


*5851 


2059 


VOICE. 

Powerful  v.-General  Knox.  *5852 
Training  of  v.-Demosthenes.  *5853 
Well-preserved  v.-J.  Wesley.  *5854 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

of  God  in  the  soul.  995 

Inner  v. -Benjamin  Abbott.        5423 

"     "-Disdained.  3265 

"     "  Luther's.  1178 

"     "-Message  by  Quakers.   5730 

"     "  Rule  of-Fox.  5726 

Lost  by  bribery-Demosthenes.    672 

Mysterious  v.-Columbus.  1881 

"  in  wall.  2761 

"  "  to  Romans.  3909 

Obedience  to  the  inner  v.  3845 

Within,  The  v.-Geo.  Fox.  5306 

See  ELOQUENCE  and  SPEECH 

in  loc. 


VOLUNTEER. 

Cross-reference. 
Welcome-Ali-Mahomet. 


6201 


VOLUNTEERS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Adventurous  v.-Conquest  of  Fla.  75 
Choice  of  v.-Soldiers.  5766 

Daring-Blowing  up  the  ram  A.     73 
for  Self -sacrifice-Calais.  4639 

VOTE. 

Only  one  v.-Cromwell.  *5855 

Power  of  one  v.-Sparta.  *5856 

"     "    "    "-Marathon.  *5857 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Basely  given-Rochester.  3875 

Complimentary  v.,  Lincoln's.  1488 
Declining  always  to  v.-A.  J.  3192 
Emphatic  v. -Stone  ballot.  1556 

Minority  v.  elects  Lincoln.  3870 
One  decisive  v.-Impeachment.  2750 
Ostracism  by  v. -Athenians.  3968 
Unanimous  v.  for  Ind'pend'nce.2790 

VOTES. 

Soliciting  v.-Grenville. 


*5858 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Bribery  of  German  princes.    668 
Character  controls  v.-Wash.      2836 
Coerced  by  Communists.  1276 

Controlled  by  force-Cromwell.  3189 
Corrupt-"  Credit  Mobilier."  2996 
for  Dead  candidate- Webster.  703 
Excluded  by  Cromwell.  2422 

Independent  English  v.  4011 

Influencing  y. -Women.  3416 

Majority  to  rule-United  States.3387 
Perseverance  in  seeking  v.  4153 
Resentment  at  v.-James  II.       2890 

VOTING. 

for  Christ-Roman  Senate.        *5859 
See  ELECTION  in  loc. 

VOW. 

of  Gratitude-Lincoln.  *5860 

Sudden  v. -Martin  Luther.        ♦5861 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
of  Gratitude-Lincoln's.  5860 

"       -Unjust  V.  5866 


Manifested-Beard  uncut. 

490 

Religious  v.-Columbus. 

1881 

"         " 

3641 

Remembered  fifteen  years. 

3499 

Wicked  v.-Mahomet's  father 

795 

VOWS. 

Forced  v.-Convent. 

♦5862 

Religious  v.  in  sickness. 

♦5863 

"        "-Columbus. 

♦5864 

"        "        " 

♦5865 

Unjust  V.  are  null. 

♦5866 

Cross-reference. 

Religious  v.  of  Jesuits.  3960 

See  DEDICATION  in  loc. 

VOYAGE, 

Celebrated  v.  of  Greeks.  ♦5867 

Preparation  for  v.-Church.      ♦5868 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Fatal  v.-Youth  to  labyrinth.  6051 
Prevented,  Happily-Goldsmith.3631 

See  SHIPWRECK. 

Planned  by  Nero.  1347 

"       "       "  2819 

W^AGES. 

Advanced  in  England.  ♦5869 

Exorbitant  w..  So-called.  *5870 

Legal  w. -England.  *5871 

by  Popularity-Charioteers.  ♦5872 

Small  w.-15th  century.  *5873 

"      "  -England.  ^5874 

"      "  -13th  century.  ♦5875 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Artisan's  w.  in  England,  yr.  1680.352 

Clerical  w.,  Low.  924 

Compulsory  w.  of  laborers.        3111 

of  Dishonor-"  You  eat  me."      2350 

in  Drink-English  farmer.  2956 

Fixed  by  law-England.  3112 

Increase  of  w.  opposed.  3120 

Small  w.-18th  century.  3119 

"      "  -13th  century.  3544 

See  FEE. 

Extortionate  f.  of  jailers-P.     ^2125 

See  REWARD  in  loc. 

W^AITING. 

Cross-reference. 

Weariness  in  w. -Etiquette.        1925 

See  DELAY  in  loc. 

W^AIiKING. 

Benefit  of  w.-Alexander.  ♦5876 

See  PEDESTRIAN  in  loo. 

W^ALIi. 

Cross-reference. 
Stupendous  Chinese  w.  295 

W^ANDERING. 

Cross-references. 

Life  of  w.-Tartars.  8294 

Lost  by  w.-Labyrinth.  6051 

See  EXILE  and  FUGITIVE  in  loc. 

W^ANTS. 

Fewness  of  w.-Diogenes.         ♦6877 

Cross-reference. 

Few  w.-Diogenes  to  Alex.         1161 

See  POOR  and  POVERTY  in  loo. 

W^AR. 

Ancestor's  love  for  w.~Eng.     ♦5878 
by  Avarice-East  Indian.  ♦5879 


952 

WARFARE— WATER. 

Aversion  to  w.-Gen.  Grant. 

*5880 

Authority  necessary  in  w. 

406 

Interference  of  novice. 

3548 

Bs^inning  of  w.-Am.  Rev. 

*5881 

"               "          "   " 

414 

Neglected-Diversion-Caesar. 

1689 

Beneficial  to  ctiaracter. 

*5882 

Avarice  causes  w.-East  India. 

5879 

Timely  w.-Wash.  by  woman. 

4079 

Blessings  of  w. -Progress. 

♦5883 

Beginnings  in  w. -Great  cannon.  707 

Unexpected  w.-Scripture. 

4901 

Brutality  in  w.-Pillage. 

*5884 

Bootless  w.  with  Russians. 

1153 

Unmoved  by  w. -Alexander. 

1048 

"    "  -30  Years'  War.*5885 

Burdens  of  w.-Fred.  the  Great 

.1765 

See  ADMONITION. 

Burden  of  w.,  Continuous. 

*5886 

Cause  of  w.,  Insignificant. 

3005 

Disregarded-Gen.  Braddock. 

♦56 

Cause  of  w.,  Small. 

♦5887 

"      "   "  Remote-Mrs.Green.3113 

See  CAUTION. 

Causes  of  w.-Rebelllon. 
Civil  w.-Greek  Empire. 

♦5888 
♦5889 

"      "    "       "     -Cotton-gin.2988 

Needed-Abraham  Lincoln. 

♦738 

Chivalry  in  w. 

OiO 

Civilization  by  w.-Britain. 

*5890 

It        li  (t 

818 

Excessive  c.-Military  science. 

653 

Compensations  of  w.-30  Years.*5891 

Civil  War-Social  confusion. 

1696 

Necessary  c.-Abraham  Lincoln.1046 

Contempt  of  w.-"Hangman.' 

♦5892 

Climate  produces  w. 

952 

Needless-Macedonian  soldiers 

.    654 

Cruelties  of  w. -Scotland. 

*5893 

Constant  W.-500  Years. 

4100 

Rejected-Braddock's  defeat. 

97 

Cruelty  in  w.-Timour. 

*5894 

Cruelties  of  ancient. 

1334 

Removed  by  compass. 

3429 

"       "  "  -Antioch. 

♦5895 

Cruelty  in  w. -Babylonians. 

1504 

WARS. 

Declaration  of  w.-Romans. 

*5896 

"       "  "  -Cffisar. 

1372 

Occasion  of  w.-Religion  and  C.^5949 

Degraded-a  Trade. 

*5897 

"       "  "        " 

1224 

See  BATTLE-CRT. 

Destructive  w.,  Caesar's. 

♦5898 

"       "  "-Napoleon. 

1351 

of  Ciusaders-"God  wills  it." 

2385 

"           "  -Attila. 

♦5899 

•«       "  "-Tlmour.         1867 

1368 

"  Puritans-"  God  is  with  us." 

464 

"            "  -Napoleon. 

*5900 

Debt  by  w.,  National-U. States.  1461 

See  BATTLEFIELD. 

Emblem  of  w.,  Indian. 

♦5901 

Declaration  by  hurling  spear. 

41 

Fruitful  b.-Blood-fattened. 

♦488 

Ended  absurdly-U.  S.-Eng. 

*5902 

Destruction  of  Carthage. 

1059 

See  BATTLES. 

Enemies  in  w. -Hunger. 

*5903 

"           "  property. 

1051 

Decisive  b.-Fif  teen. 

♦489 

Famine  by  w.-Innocent. 

*5904 

Devices  in  w.-Napoleon. 

1158 

See  ARMY,  BATTLE,  HEROISM, 

Famous  in  w.-Wm.  of  N. 

*5905 

Engineers  in  w.,  Help  of. 

1897 

MASSACRE  and  WEAPONS 

Futile  w.-England  and  Spain 

*5906 

Famine  by  w.-Athens. 

2076 

in  loo. 

"      "  -Seven  years. 

*5907 

"       "   "  -Canada. 

2082 

W^ATCHFUIiNKSS 

Glory  in  w.-Am.  Indians. 

*5908 

*'       "   "  -Rome. 

2079 

Safety  by  w.-Indians. 

♦5950 

vs.  Gospel-Massachusetts. 

*5909 

Fire  applied  in  w.-Louis  XIV. 

2142 

for  Honor-Trojan  W. 

*5910 

in  Heaven-Scandinavians. 

2545 

Cross-reference. 

Incapacity  for  w.-Loudoun. 

*5911 

Increases  crime-England. 

1286 

Need  of  w.-Columbus. 

♦5208 

Inhumanity  in  w.-Romans. 

*5912 

Inevitable-Arbitration  rejected.  279 

See  VIGILANCE. 

Injury  by  Civil  w. 

♦,5913 

Intemperance  causes  w. 

2941 

Needful  for  liberty. 

8237 

Instinct  for  w.-Napoleon. 

♦5914 

Jealousy  in  w.,  Ruinous. 

1221 

W^ATCHMAN. 

Love  of  w.-Lord  Nelson. 

*5915 

Justifiable  w.  for  civilization. 

902 

Mistaken- Am.  Revolution. 

♦5951 

"     "    "  -Franks. 

*5916 

Justified-Freedom-Religion. 

2131 

See  POLICE. 

"     "    "  -The  Alani. 

*5917 

Opposed  by  commerce. 

993 

Ineflficient  English  p. 

♦4228 

Miseries  of  w.-Rebelllon. 

*5918 

Patriotism  vs.  Munitions. 

4052 

Use  of  p.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange. 

♦4229 

"       "   "-Desolation. 

*5919 

for  Plunder-Corrupted  Romans.428 

Monument  of  w.-SkuUs. 

*5920 

Position  in  w..  Value  of. 

4330 

Opposition  to  p.-England. 

1130 

Murderous  w.-Towton. 

*5921 

Pretence  for  w.-Agincourt. 

471 

Original  p.-England. 

1301 

Partisan  w.-Caesar  and  P. 

♦5922 

Pretext  for  w.-Darius. 

1073 

See  DETECTIVE  in  loe. 

Patriotism  in  w.,  Defensive. 

*5923 

"       "    "  -Romans. 

428 

WATCH- W^ORDS. 

"        "  *'  -Am.  Rev. 

♦5924 

Progress  of  civilization. 

912 

Cross-reference. 

Piety  in  w.-Joan  of  Arc. 

*5925 

Prolonged  500  years. 

1549 

Contrast  in-Puritan  cavalier. 

5818 

Politicians  in  w  -Romans. 

*59-26 

Provocation  for  w. -Privateers 

.   323 

See  BATTLE-CRY. 

Prayed  for,  Miseries  of  w. 

*5927 

Quality  better  than  numbers. 

3831 

of  Crusaders-"  God  wills  it." 

2385 

Propensity  for  w.-Am.  Ind. 

*5928 

Religion  in  w.-Admiral  Blake. 

2131 

"  Puritans-"  God  is  with  us." 

464 

Romance  in  w  -30  Years. 

♦5929 

Robbery  of  the  weak. 

2476 

WATER. 

of  the  Roses-England. 

*5930 

Science  an  ally  in  w. 

5047 

Need  of  w. -Kingdom  for. 

♦5953 

Solitary  survivors  of  w. 

*59.35 

Settled  by  combat. 

3884 

Overflow  of  w.-Alban  Lake. 

♦5953 

for  Spoils-Athenians. 
Study  of  w.,  Honorable. 

*5931 

Stench  of  camels  useful. 

3863 

*5932 

Trifles  bring  w.-Am.  Rev. 

506 

Miscellaneous  cross-references 

Sufferers  by  w..  The  innocent. *5933 

Uncertainties  in  w. 

4406 

Emblem  of  dominion-Persians 

.1711 

Supplies  in  w.-2d  Crusade. 

*5934 

Watfihwords  in  w.  contrasted 

2038 

Introduction  of  w.-Plymouth. 

5051 

Terrors  of  civil- Wellington. 

*59.36 

Woman  leading-Joan  of  Arc. 

228 

Luxury  in  w.-Roman  baths. 

459 

Toleration  in-Mohammedans 

.  *5937 

WARFARE. 

Unequal-Am.  Revolution. 

See  AQUEDUCTS. 

Trained  for  w.-Franks. 

*5938 

♦5946 

Benefits  of  a.-Rome. 

459 

Trophies  of  w..  Ghostly. 

*5939 

'*       '*   "       *' 

460 

Uncertainties  of  w.-Rebellion.*5940 

TWARNING. 

Introduction  of  a.-PIymouth. 

5051 

"             "   "  -Am.  Rev 

♦5941 

of  Danger-Richard  I. 

*5947 

See  BATH. 

Unhindered,  King  Philip's. 

*5942 

Ineffective  w.-Cassar. 

♦5948 

Health  restored  by-Napoleon. 

3552 

Waste  of  w.-Devastation. 
Wealth  by  w.-Peter  Cooper. 

♦5943 
•5944 

Involuntary-Prison  b. 
Licentious-Sexes-Spartan. 

1385 

Mlscelianeous  cross-references 

6137 

Wounds  In  w.-Philip. 

♦5945 

Accepted,  Girl's  w.,  by  Linooln.6102 

Perilous  b.  of  Alexander. 

1048 

Admonition  disregarded. 
Disdained-a  Woman's  w. 

56 

"       "-Young  Arnold. 
Renewlng-Fountain  of  Youth 

2122 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

6110 

6196 

of  Ambition-Charlemagne. 

199 

Disregarded  by  Nero's  mother 

.   196 

See  BATHS. 

"        -Fred,  the  Great 

208 

Effective  w.  to  officials. 

8036 

Common  b.  of  Romans. 

♦459 

Arts  In  w.- Ancients. 

353 

Felon's  w.  to  manufacturers. 

512 

Magnificent  b.  of  Romans. 

♦460 

WATERING-PLACES— WIDOW. 


95S 


See  DELUGE. 

by  Meddling-Tradition.  3545 

Tidal  d.-MediteiTanean.  1758 

See  OCEAN  in  loc. 

'WATERING-PLACES. 

Rustic  w.-p.-England.  *5954 

Uninviting  w.-p.-England.  *5955 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Pleasures  of  w.-p.-Old  Eng.       4205 
Suspicious  diet-Dog-England.  2184 

irCAK. 

Destroyed-Ancient  Germans.  ♦SQSe 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Champion  for  the  w. -Byron.      2242 
Protection  of  the  w. -Indians.     4537 
Unpitied  by  Indians.  3888 

WEAKIVESS. 

Criminality  of  w.-R.  Cr'mwell.*5957 
by  Enlargement-Empire.  *5958 

of  Great  men-Deraosthenes.     *5959 
Moral  w.-Milo  the  athlete.       *5960 


Miscellaneous   cross-references. 
In  Adversity-Cicero.  4370 

of  Anger-Philip.  5104 

by  Division-Roman  Empire.       1695 
"       "        -Ancient  Germans.  1697 
Excusable-Raleigh-Scaffold.      1244 
I        Exposed-Idolatry.  5456 

of  Spirit-Justinian.  1238 

by.Sympathy  C'lumb's  unm'n'd.5499 

See  EFFEMINACY. 
Royal  e.  of  Elagabalus.  *1829 


Age  of  e.-English.  3784 

Charged  falsely-Jealousy.         2900 
Honored  for  e.-Buckingham.     3871 
"       in  Claudius.  3876 

See  FATIGUE. 
Insensible  to  f.-Mary  Stuart.     6100 

See  IDIOT. 
Supposed  i.-Young  Johnson.     8309 

See  IMBECILITY. 
Intemperance  produces  i.  2916 

Oflacial  i.-Invasion  of  Canada.   8025 
Ridicule  of  natural  i.  1566 

See  WEARINESS. 

in  Bereavement-James  Watt.     562 

"  Pleasure-seeklng-Charles  II.  4206 

Unconscious  of  w.  from  labor- W.  148 

See  COWARDICE  and  FOLLY 

in  loo. 

"WEAIiTH. 

Conservation  of  vr.-England. 
Corrupting  w.-Religion. 
by  Corruption-Clarendon. 
Cost  of  w.-S.  Johnson. 


Dangerous  to  piety-J.  Wesley 
Despoiled  of  w.-Cromwell. 
Destroyed  for  safety. 
Enormous  w.-Turks. 
Failure  of  w.-8.  Johnson, 
by  Flattery-Rome. 
Genius  for  w.-Crassus. 
Hopes  of  w.-Lincoln. 
Immoderate  w.-Romans. 
by  Labor-Peter  Cooper. 
Perils  of  w.-Diocletfan. 


*5961 
*5962 
*5963 
*5964 
*5965 
.*5966 
*5967 
*5968 
*5969 
*5970 
*5971 
*5972 
*5973 
*5974 
♦5975 
*5976 


Relative  w.-N.  Y.,  yr.  1678.  *5977 

Repudiated  by  J.  Wesley.  *o978 

Reputation  for  w.-Justinlan.  *5979 

Rural  w.-J.  Cantacuzene.  *5980 

Scheme  of  w.-Boniface  VIIL  *5981 

Slavery  to  w.-Spaniards.  *59S3 

Visionary  w.-Soto.  *5985 

Well-secured  w.-Stilpon.  *5982 

Wise  use  of  w.-P.  Cooper.  *5984 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Affection-Johnson.  4347 

Art  patronized  by  w.  3655 

Avarice  with  wealth-Pythius.  4881 
Benevolent  use  of  w.-Orleans.  227 
Burdensome  w.-Iron  money.  3655 
vs.  Character.  4788 

In  Children-S.  Wesley's.  119 

Communistic  distribution  of  w.  999 
Comparative  w.-C.  Jerome.  690 
Concealment  of  w.,  Dangerous  3663 
Consecrated  to  Religion.  1570 

Conservatism  of  w.-War.  5913 

"  by  w. -Jeffreys.     5961 

Conscience  vs.  w.-Penn.  4255 

Conspiracy  of  w.-Poor.  4290 

by  Corruption  declined-S.  A.  D.  673 
Crime  to  possess  w.  3067 

"  of  possessing-France.  3673 
by  Crimes  of  Pirates-Romans.  1298 
Criminal  w.  of  Verres.  1210 

Deceptive-Dirt  vs.  Gold.  2388 

Defies  laws-Romans.  3143 

"  "    -Solon.  3155 

Degradation  for  w.  992 

Devoted  to  education.  1828 

Discarded  by  Mahomet.  524 

'*         "  J.  Wesley.  518 

'•  for  science-Faraday.  537 
Duty  of  benevolence,  Special.  4880 
Extorted  by  Richard  II.  8007 

Fictitious  w.-Speculators.         2214 
"  "  -Speculation.         5282 

5283 
by  Flattery-Legacies.  5971 

"  Gambling-John  Law.  2272 

Imperils  the  State-Romans.  152 
by  Legacies,  Cicero's  w.  3185 

Levelled  by  luxury.  316I 

by  Misfortune  of  others-C.  683 

OfBce  monopolized  by  w.  3883 

Opportunity  for  w.  neglected.   2606 
"    "  "  2607 

Opportunities  for  w.  Ignored.  5843 
by  Oppression  of  poor-Church.  4936 
Persecuted  for  w.  in  France.  3673 
by  Plunder-Pizarro.  1068 

"  "  -Francis  Drake.  3059 
Proof  of  w.  for  taxation.  2003 

by  Rapacity-Court  ladies.  6123 
Renounced  by  St.  Anthony.  1569 
Sacrifices  for  w.  5955 

Sinful  use  of  w.-Rome.  3369 

Sought  in  legacies.  3184 

Tainted  wealth-Roman's.  992 

Use  of,  Wise-Medici.  2477 

by  War-P.  Cooper.  5944 

Zone  of  w.-Columbus.  972 

See  GOLD  and  RICHES  in  loc. 

WEAPONS. 

Needless-Civil  War.  *6986  I 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

from  Foes-American  Rev.  1889' 

Inferior  w.-Copper  and  tin.       8999^^ 

See  SWORD  in  loc. 

W^EARINESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
in  Bereavement-James  Watt.     568" 
"  Pleasure-seeking-Charles  II.  4206- 
Unconscious  of  w.from  labor-W.W? 

See  FATIGUE. 
Insensible  to  f.-Mary  Stuart.     6100 

TTEATHER, 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Croaking  against  the  w.  1316 

History  depends  on  w.  1862 

Life  lost  by  exposure  to  w.-B.   1427 
"    "         "   -Washington.  1447 
Providential  change  in  w.         4555 
See  CLIMATE  in  loc. 

TFEAVEKS. 

Cross-reference. 

Importance  of  w.  of  silk.  351 

W^EDDING. 

Brilliant  w.-Oriental.  *5987 

Present  for  a  w.-Slaves.  ♦5988 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abandoned  by  intemperance.    2914 

Feast-Grandsons  of  Timour.       741 

Ridiculous  w.-AncIent  Russian.1124 

See  MARRIAGE  in  loc. 

W^EDLOCK. 

Golden  w.-Mercenary-Sp'rt'ns.*5989 

W^EEPING. 

Cross-reference. 

for  Joy-Citizens  of  London.       3031 

See  TEARS  in  loc. 

W^EIiCOOTE. 

Grateful-Wife  of  James  II. 
Public  w.-to  Cromwell. 


♦5990 
*5991 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Cold  w.  to  bride,  Seeming.         3027 
Comforting  w.  to  James  IL        5990 
Joyful  w.-Return  of  Columbus.2206 
Public  w.  to  Lafayette.  2225 

See  HAND-SHAKING. 

Weariness  of  h.-s.-Gen.  Grant.  *2509 

See  HOSPITALITY  in  loc. 

W^ICKEDNESS. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Honored-Dick  Talbot.  5117 
Ineffective  w.-Massacre  of  St.B.4641 

Misery  from  w.-Mary  Stuart.  3496 

Misnamed  piety-Persecution.  4541 

Monster  in  w.-Mahomet  III.  4967 

Recompensed  by  w.  3743 

Retribution  for  w. -Jeffreys.  •  4843 

Reward  of  w.-Misery.  4855 

Rewarded-Mourzoufle.  4566 

Triumphant  w.-Fredegonda.  6109 

Unexcelled  w.-Nero.  4965 

by  Weakness-Commodus.  1354 

W^IBOW^. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Benevolent  w.  punished.  656 

Noble  son  of  a  w-  G.  Wash.       6198 

See  BEREAVEMENT  and  DEATH 

in  loc. 


954 


WIDOWER— WITNESS. 


iriDOWER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Foolish  third  marriage-Milton.  3732 

Hasty  marriage  of  w.  3481 

Many  times-Twenty-two  w.      6038 

Marriage  of  young  wife  by  w.   3441 

"         *'  w.-Ill-mated.  3451 

Second  marriage  approved.       3482 

See  BEREAVEMENT  and  DEATH 

in  loc. 

\¥ID01¥H00D. 

Consolation  offered  in  w.-N.    *5992 

WIFE. 

Abandoned  by  poet  Shelley.  *5993 
Authority  of  w.-Lady  Fairfax.  *5994 

Bequeathed  by  Athenians.  *5995 

Counsels  of  w.-Theodora.  *5996 

Energetic  w.-Margaret  of  A.  *5997 

Generous  w.  to  Wm.  P.  of  O.  *5098 

Ilonored  w.-Mrs.  Jackson.  *5999 

Rebellious  w.-J.  Milton's.  *6000 

Remembered-Washington.  *6001 

-S.  Johnson.  *6002 

True  w. -Queen  Mary.  *6003 

Unhappy  w.-J.  Seymour.  *6004 

and  Vixen-Mrs.  Fitch.  *6005 

Warrior's  w.-Galta.  *6006 

Winning  w.-Queen  Mary.  *600r 

Worthy  w.-Calphurnia.  *6008 

Wronged  w. -Catherine  11.  *6009 

Miscellaneous  cross  references. 
Abandoned  vixen-John  Fitch.  1876 
Adultery  forgiven  by  w.  3242 

Affection  of  w.-Josephine.  104 

"  for  w.-A.  Jackson.  105 
Affections  moved  by  thunder.  107 
Ambitious  w.  of  General  Gates.  203 
Avenged  by  assassination.  4861 
Beloved  w.  of  Prest.  Jackson.  105 
Bondage  of  Roman  law.  1707 

Broken-hearted  w, -Josephine.  104 
Brutality  to  his  w.  106 

Burden,  a  Rejected.  3459 

Chosen  in  childhood-Rob't  Peel.563 
Claims  of  w.  vs.  State.  3275 

by  Coercion-William  Watt.  3434 
Complimented  by  second  mar.  3482 
Dangerous  w.-Mary  Stuart.  3494 
Deceased-Ministering  spirit.  5312 
Dependence  on-"  Have  I  dined  ?"18 
Deserted  by  Shakespeare.  3493 

Devoted  w.  of  Martyj  Taylor.     679 
"-Captivlty-L'fy'tte.  4318 
Discreet  w.  rules  her  h.  3352 

Disguised  in  man's  dress-Spar.  3483 
Dishonored  by  Mahomet.  63 

"  "  concubine.  6109 

Dissembling  w. -Faustina.  1675 

Dominion  of  w.-Bellsarlus.  2686 
Equal  In  intellect-Adams.  3497 

Faithful  w.-Mary  P.  of  Orange.  788 
False  union  with  w.  3444 

Helpful  w.-Mrs.  A.  Johnson.  5416 
Humiliation  of  w.,  Self.  4658 

Husband  vs.  Brother.  6099 

Impoverished  of  fortune.  3465 

Insulted  by  making  love.  2416 

Loan  of  a  w.-Spartans.  6137 

Xoss  of  w.-James  Watt.  562 

Noble  virtues  remembered.        6076 


Noble  purpose  of  w.-Theste.     6099 
Obedient  w.-Mary  to  William.  2690 
"       to  husband.  5998 

Opposition  of  w.,  Violent.  5168 

Parent  vs.  Husband-Mary.  2685 
Rebuked  for  avarice.  1583 

Remembered  in  public  life.  2597 
Reproof  of  w.-Mrs.  W'8hing't'n.4781 
Rival  opposed  to  w.  6136 

Rivalled  by  concubine.  6109 

Ruler  of  husband-George  II.  2683 
Ruling  husband-Garrick.  1683 

"       w.-Rumford's.  3462 

"       "  -Princess  Anne.  2328 

Sagacious  reproof  of  w.  4881 

Sale  of  w.  legalized-Roman.  1706 
Secured  with  tobacco.  3452 

Shameful  w.-Mary  Stuart.  4916 
Slave  of  Roman  husband.  3499 

Substitutes  her  husband.  4078 

Supplanted  by  new  love.  3345 

Supported  by  w.-S.  Adams.  6058 
Unscrupulous  w.-Agdpplna  5260 
Vice  of  w.  disbelieved.  4858 

Virtue  above  susplclon,Caesar's.l942 
Well  dressed-Pleasurable.  1732 

Wise  counsel  of  w.-Josephlne.    178 
Wronged  of  property-widow.    4521 
•*        by  mistress.  1133 

•'  "  husband-Ad'lterer.6068 
See  BRIDE. 
Cold  welcome  to  b..  Seeming.  3026 
Difficulty  Interposed-Cerberus.  3338 
Gifts  for  b.-Gold-P.  stones.  2359 
Preparations  of  b.-Refinement.  4642 
Remembered  b.-Josephlne.  3340 
a  Reward  of  valor.  a385 

Waiting  fifteen  years  for- Cook.  3495 

See  POLYGAMY. 
Fanaticism  tends  to  p.  3078 

Justified  by  Milton.  3922 

Permitted  by  Luther.  4658 

Shameful  p. -Both  well.  2188 

Unproductive  of  children.  4333 

See  MARRIAGE  and  WEDDING 
in  loc. 

TI^IIiL. 

Miscellaneous  cross  references. 
Control  of  the  w.-Cato.  6064 

Weakness  of  w.  in  Burns.  246 

See  CHOICE,  DECISION  and  STUB- 
BORNNESS in  loc. 

\riIiLS. 

Cross-reference. 
Influenced  by  spiritual  advisers.554 

See  LEGACIES  in  loc. 

1¥I!VD. 

Dependence  on  w.-Wm.P.of  0. 1862 
Experiment  with  w.-Newton.  1993 
Sectarian  w.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.5066 

\rilVE. 

Charm  of  w.-Gauls.  *6010 

Danger  In  w. -Ancients.  *6011 

Deception  in  w.-S.  Johnson.  *6012 

Defended-Samuel  Johnson.  *6013 

Forbidden-Samuel  Johnson.  *6014 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Deception  in  w.-Samuel  Johnson. 14 
Pleasure  in  w.,  not  happiness-J.  14 

See  INTEMPERANCE  in  loc. 


1¥I1VTER. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Changed  to  autumn-Calendar.    696 
Dreary-Famine-Mass.  Colony.  2002 
Terrible  w.-N.  E.  Pilgrims.  957 

WISDOM, 

False  w.  of  Aristotle.  *6015 

with  Ignorance-Aristotle.  *6016 

Occasional  w.-S.  Johnson.  *6017 

Practical  w.-Socrates.  *6018 

Ridiculed-Savans.  *6019 

Source  of  w.-Folly.  ♦6020 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
by  Adversity-Fred,  the  Great.      84 
"  "       -Romans.  85 

"  "       -Dlonysius.  4889 

Best  w.-Knowing  self.  3089 

Folly  preferred  to  w.-Dlogenes  2168 
by  Humility-Statesmen.  2676 

Tested  by  questions.  4598 

See  DISCRETION. 
Better  than  valor-Charles  V.      1637 


2432 
3352 


Ruler  without  d.-Charles  II. 
Wife's  d.  rules  husband. 

See  WIT. 
Dangerous  w.-Claudlan.  *6029 

Quick  w.-Woman's-Charles  L*6030 


Failure  in  w. -Goldsmith.  3570 

Ready  w.-John  Wesley.  4768 

Saved  by  Intercessor's  w.  4663 

See  INTELLIGENCE,  KNOWL- 
EDGE and  LEARNING 
in  loc. 

WIT. 

Dangerous  w.-Claudlan.  *6029 

Quick  w,  Woman's-Charles  I.  ♦6030 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Failure  in  w.-Goldsmith.  3570 

Ready  w.-John  Wesley.  4768 

Saved  by  intercessor's  w.  4663 

See  HUMOR  in  loc. 

W^ITCH. 

Suspected  w.-Esqulmau.  *6023 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Burned  as  a  w.-Joan  of  Arc.     1726 
Cured  by  flogglng-Salem.  845 

a  Suspected  w.-Duchess  of  O.    3512 
"       "  "-Quaker  in  N.  E.  4129 

H^ITCHCRAFT. 

Alleged  w. -Salem.  ♦6024 

Epidemic  of  w.-Salem.  ♦6025 

Malice  in  w.-Salem.  ♦6026 

Punished  w.-England.  ^6027 

"  -Salem.  ♦6028 

W^ITCHES. 

Cross-reference. 

Descendants  of  w.  and  demons.  1538 

See  DELUSIONS  in  loc. 

WITNESS. 

Abuse  of  w.,  Jeffreys'.  ^6031 

False  w.-Dick  Talbot.  ♦eosa 

"       "-Titus  Gates.  ♦6033 

of  the  Spirit-J.  Wesley.  ♦6084 


WITNESSING— WOMAN. 


955 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Discreditable  w.-Trial  of  B.         540 
False  w.,  Confusion  of.  2192 

Murder  of  w.  by  Calllas.  2871 

Shameless  w.  ingrate-Burton.  2850 

IFITNBSSING. 

for  Christ-Early  Christians.      *6035 
See  EVIDENCE  in  toe. 

WIVES. 

Market  for  w.- Jamestown.  *6036 

Numerous-Artaxerxes.  *6037 

Survival  of  w.-Widower.  *6038 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

in  Common-Ancient  Britons.  911 

Ministers'  w..  Duty  of.  3611 

Plurality  of  w.-15th  century.  65 

Prostitution  of  Gothic.  1209 

Eights  of  Mohammedan.  6134 

Wisdom  of  w.-Eeconciliation.  2689 

See  CONCUBINES. 

Passion  for  c.-Elagabalus.  960 

Power  of  Persian  c.  939 

WOMAN. 

Adventurous  w.-Pope  Juan.  *6039 
Ambitious  w.-Princess  Sophia.  *6040 
Avaricious- Wife  of  James  II.  *604l 
Bravery  of  Jane  de  Montford.*6042 
"  Mrs.  Purefoy.  *6043 

Charity  of  Laeta.  *6044 

Compassion  of-Nero's  nurses.  *6045 
Converts  by  w.-Clotilda.  *6046 

at  Court-Lady  Hamilton.  *6047 
Cruelty  of  w.-Parysatis.  *6048 

a  Custodian  of  man.  *6049 

Dangerous  w.-Cleopatra.  *6050 

Device  of  w.-Ariadne.  *6051 

Dominion  of  w.-S.  Jennings.  *6052 
Energetic  w.-Wash.'s  mother.  *6053 
Executive  w.-Wash.'s  mother.*6054 
Extraordinary  w.-Zenobia.  *6055 
Ferocious  w.-Hind.  *6056 

Firmnes-s-Theodora.  *6057 

Forgotten-Mrs.  S.  Adams.  *6058 
the  Greatest-Madame  de  Stael.*6059 
Helpful  w.-Isabella.  *6060 

Honored  w.-Tomb.  *6061 

Indiscreet  w.-F.  Jennings.        *6062 
Infamous  w.-L'dy  Castrmaine.*6063 
"  "  -Messalina.  *6064 

"  "  -Cleopatra.  *6065 

"  -Catherine  de  M.  *6066 
Infatuated  by  w.-Antony.  *6067 
anInjuredw.-Wife  of  Jame3ll.*6068 
Injustice  to  w.-Henry  VIII.  *6069 
Invention  of  w.-Silk-weaving.  *6070 
Mi-erable-Sarah  Jennings.  *6071 
in  Misfortune-Cordelia.  *6072 

Monstrous  w.-Queen  Mary.  *6073 
Opposed-Queen  Mary.  *6074 

Patriotic  w. -Maria  Theresa.  *6075 
Perfect  w.-Cadijah.  *6076 

"  -Q.  Mary  (Wm.  III).*6077 
Philosophic  w.-Hypatia.  *6078 

In  Politics-King's  mistress.  *6079 
"       "     -Pompadour.  *6080 

"  "  -Lady  Castlemaine.  ♦6081 
Power  of  w  -Cleopatra.  *6082 

"  " -Queronaille.  *60&3 

"        "  "  -A'pasia.  *6084 


Power  of  w. -Catherine  Sedley.*6085 
Praise  of  w.-Mrs.  Jackson.  *6086 
Protected  by  w.-Pocahontas.  *6087 
Remarkable  w.-Thejiah.  ♦6088 

"  -Mary  Stuart.  *6089 
Rescued  by  w.-Chas.  II.  ♦6090 

Restraints  of  w.-S.  Johnson.  ♦6091 
Revengeful  w.-Assassination.  *6092 
Rights  of  w.-Early  Romans.  *6093 
Rule  of  w.-Marguerite.  ^6094 

"  "  "  -Mary  Queen  of  S.  *6095 
Sagacious  w.-Timuclea.  ^6096 

Saved  by  w.-Fulvia.  ^6097 

Scholarly  w.-Q.  Elizabeth.  ♦eogs 
Spirited  w.-Theste.  *6099 

'•  -Q.  Mary  (Stuart).  +6100 
Supremacy  of  w.-Veturia.  ♦eiOl 
Taste  of  w. -Advice  to  Lincoln.^6102 
Taught  by  w.-Christianity.  ^6103 
Tenderness  of  w.-Joan  of  Arc.^6104 
"    "  -L.  H.  ♦eios 

Transformation  of  w.-Vision.  ♦610G 
Value  of  w.-Placidia.  ^6107 

Weakness  of  w.-Mary  of  M.  ^6108 
Wickedness  of  w.-Fredegonda.*6109 
Wise  w.-Artemisia.  *6110 

Worshipped-Joan  of  Arc.  ♦eill 
Wronged  in  property.  ^61 12 

Zeal  of  w.  for  Monmouth.        ♦eilS 

"    "    "  -Devonshire.  ^6114 

Misce'laneous  cross-references. 

Abused-James  II.  1094 
Aroused-Market  women  of  P.    658 

Audacious  w. -Licentious.  1949 

Avarice-Court  of  James  II.  803 
Beautiful-'  All  are  queens  here. "  492 

Beauty  of  w.  prostituted.  4533 

"       exhibited- Cleopatra.  5278 
of  w.,  Effective-Poppaea2819 

Bpnevolent  scheme  of  w.  4192 

Bible  prohibited  w.-England.  579 

Blood-thlrsty-Constantlna.  1343 

Capricious  w.-Q.  Christina.  3928 

Captivated  by  w. -Mahomet.  63 

Champion  for  women.  6135 

Charity  of  w.,  Wonderful.  781 

"   "-Lseta.  6044 
Charms,  Strange-Cath.  Sedley.  2842 

"       for  King  John.  2618 

Christian  devotion  of  w.  1663 

Communistic  w.-Paris.  1933 

Community  of  w.-Gnostlcs.  1001 

Compassion  of  w.-Indian.  1006 

Cruelty  to  w. -Jeffreys'.  2862 

"       "    "-Clotaire.  1373 

Dangerous  w. -Rosamond.  67 

Deceptive-Vicious-Antonlna.  4858 

Depraved  w.-Catherine  II.  1458 

Desperate  w.-Marcia.  1591 

Destructive  influence  of  w.  2819 

Devoted  loyalty-Windham.  3358 
Devotion  of  w.-Mrs.Unwin  to  C.2883 

"         "  -H.  Wentworth.  2516 

"  w. -Self-Servant.  1348 

"         to  w.,  Knights.  191 

Disgraced  by  adultery.  3436 

Disguised  as  man-Christina.  3928 

Dishonored  w.-Ruin  of  J.  II.  6113 

Distrusted  by  Cato.  5064 

"          '*  Napoleon  I.  5065 


Education  of  w.  neglected.         624 

Fascinating  w.-IIeartless.  109 

b.-Mary  Stuart.       6089 

"  "-Zenobia.  6055 

Fickleness-Countess  of  Carlisle.  109 
Fictitious  w.-Elagabalus.  960 

Flattery  appreciated-Eliz.  2684 
Fortitude  of  w.-Martyrs.  4142 

Heartless-Countess  of  Carlisle.   109 

"        w.-Cleopatra.  4227 

Helpful  w.-Ursula  Cotta.  1811 

Honored  by  Persian  kings.  959 

Ignoble  w.-Extortlng  money.  607 
I u dependent-Mrs.  Washington .2786 
Indifferent  to  w.  3350 

Indignation  smothered.  3712 

Infamous  poisoner-Rosamond.  1292 
Infatuating  charms  of  w.  2819 

w.-Mary  Stuart.     3342 
Influence  of  injured  w.  5716 

•'  evil  w.-C.  Sedley.  5054 
Influential-Courtesan-Aspasia.  1256 
Ingenuity  of  w.-Dr.  Cole.  5-383 

Insulted-Dick  Talbot.  5177 

Intercession  of-Queen  Philippa.4639 
Irrepressible-Lady  Fairfax.  5294 
Leadership  of  w.-"Stop  that  b."658 
Love  of  w.,  Reckless.  3476 

"       "  glory  in  w.  3729 

Marriage  proposed  by  w.  3472 

"    "  3476 

Monster,  Moral-Theodora.         1344 

"  Detestable-Agrippina.  2072 
Obsolete  labor  of  w.-England.  355 
Passion  of  w.,  Maternal.  3529 

"      for  jewelry.  5698 

Patriotic  appeal-Theresa.  4035 

"  "       of  Elizabeth.    4070 

w.-"Captain  Molly."   4078 

"  "  -Lydia  Darrah.  4079 
Patriotism  of  Pausantas.  3724 

Personality  denled-Romans.  3499 
Pertness  of  w.,  Offensive.  3485 

Piety  of  w.-Pulcheria.  5835 

Pious  sacrifices-Isabella.  4182 

Pitiless  w.-Queen  Mary.  6041 

Plain  manners-Mrs.  Jackson.  5215 
in  Politics-Henrietta.  4282 

Power  of  w.-Mistress.  1133 

Property  of  w.  for  Husband.  3465 
Quick  wit  of  w.  6030 

Reformed-Courtesan  Theodora.5996 
Remarkable  w.-Joan  of  Arc.  5437 
Respect  for  w. -Executioners.    4141 

"  "  "  -Elevates  men-G.  902 
Revenge  of  w.,  Degrading.         4849 

"       Passion  for.  4853 

"       of  w.,  Cruel-Parysatls.4855 

"       for  exposure-A.  4858 

Rule  of  w.-Poppaea.  4373 

"     "  "  -Fairfax.  5894 

Rullng-Rumford"s  wife.  3462 

Saves  the  State-Fulvia.  1140 

Self-made  w.-Mrs.  Adams.  3497 
Sex  deplored  by  w.-M.  Stuart.  6100 
Shame  of  w.  overlooked.  3712 

Shameful  w. -Louisa  Maria.  2066 
Shameless  w.-Rosamond.  67 

Slandered-Anne  Hyde.  6032 

Sorrows  of  w.-Turks.  4356 

Spirited  w.-Craven  husband.      1248 


956 


WOMEN— WORLD. 


Spirited  w.-Lady  Fairfax.  110 

Subordinate  to  man-Wm.  III.  3892 

Suffers  by  intemperance.  2914 

Suggestion  of  w. ,  Valuable.  31 13 

Supposed  to  be  an  angel.  228 

Sympathy  of  w.  #6105 

"           "    "  -Joan  of  Arc.  6104 

Tact  of  w.-Queen  Caroline.  2683 

Taunt  of  w.,  Influence  of.  2504 
Tyranny  over  Milo-Courtesan.  5960 

Ugly-faced  w.-Meg  Murray.  3434 

Unprincipled-Nero's  mother.  1347 

Vengeance  of  w.-Theodora.  1344 

Vice  of  w.  overlooked.  4849 

Vicious  w.-Poisoner.  4226 

Virtue  of  w.-Roman.  5840 

"    "    doubted-Mary  S.  2062 

Violent-Queen  Elizabeth.  763 

vs.  Woman-Poppsea.  4373 

Work  in  conversions.  6094 

Worshipped-Minerva.  5438 

Zeal  of  w.,  Patriotic-Flag.  887 


"WOOTEN. 

Co-operation  of  w.-Am.  Rev. 
Courtesy  to  w.-Early  Romans. 
Culture  of  w.  unappreciated. 
Degraded  by  Roman  law. 
Devotion  of  w.-R.  matrons. 
Ferocious  w.-Barbarians. 
In  Government-Revolutions, 
and  Government- Injuries. 
Hard-hearted  w.-Court  of  J.  II. 
Heroic  w.-Soclal  reform. 

"        "  -Flora  McDonald. 
Honored- Ancient  Germans. 
Injustice  to  w.  by  nobility. 
Insults  of  w.  for  cowards. 
Patriotic  w.-Am.  Revolution, 
in  Politics-Cicero's  wife- 
Power  of  w.-Soap  rebellion. 
Preaching  by  w.-Wesley. 
Reform  by  w.-Church. 
Eights  of  w.-Mohammedan. 

"       "    "-A.  Hutchinson. 
Rivalry  of  w.-Cleopatra. 
Ruined  by  w.-Spartans. 
Rule  men-Cato  says. 
Testimony  of  w.-Tarquinia. 
Warriors  of  w.-Dahomey. 
n         »  "-Arabian. 
"        "  "-Second  Crusade. 


*6115 
♦6116 
*6117 
♦6118 
*6119 
♦6120 
*0121 
*6122 
*6123 
♦6124 
*6125 
*6126 
*6127 
♦6128 
*6139 
*6130 
*6131 
*6132 
*6133 
*6134 
*6135 
*6136 
*6137 
*6138 
*6139 
*6140 
♦6141 
♦6148 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

All  surrendered  to  Mahomet.  2588 

Athletic  training  of  Spartan  w.1817 

Beauty-Dangerous-Mahomet.  3242 

"       endangers  them.  2211 

"      "     "  3973 

'•      "     "  4803 

"      "     "  4536 

"       coveted  by  w.-Eliz.  4329 

"       endangered  by  w.  1858 

"       common-Flemings.  492 

Branded  on  the  cheek.  5791 

Community  of  w.-Persians.  1001 

Compassion  shown  by  w.  6045 

Compassionless-Am.  Indians.  2074 

Competition  in  beauty.  3485 

Contented  with  trifles.  1150 

Cowards  despised  by  w.  3725 


Cruelty  to  captive  w. -Franks.  1334 

Degraded  among  Romans.  1706 

"  standard  of  w.  1803 

Devotion  to  w. -Knights.  2866 

Discrimination  against  w.-B.  1385 

Dishonored  by  divorce  laws.  1700 

"       "  '•  1702 

"  "  -Mahomet.  4210 

Disparaged  by  drinkers.  2924 

Disrespect  for  w.-Fred.  Wm.  1672 

Dress  restricted  by  law.  4611 

Elusive-Indian  fable.  3397 

Enemies  of  woman.  3243 

Enraged  in  war-Clmbrlans.  1550 

Enticements  of  vicious  w.  3243 

Equality  of  w.  in  religion,  6124 

Fury  at  disguised  man.  1652 

Gallantry  to  w.-Eng.  ruler*.  2264 

Gentility  of  w.  by  restraint.  2348 

in  Heaven-Mahomet.  3992 

Honored  by  Am.  Indians.  2068 

Imitation  of  w.-Theseus.  2126 

Indignation  at  disguised  man.  1651 

Influence  of  abandoned  w.  6222 

"  "  w.-Mistresses.  4487 

Intoxicated  w.-Noblllty  of  Eng.2932 

Labor  of  royal  w.  6149 

the  Laborers-Savages.  2598 

Obedience  of  Chinese  w.  1410 
Opposition  of  w.-"  Hot  water. "4107 

Ornaments,  Love  of-Romans.  3419 

"  "       "  -Indians.  3961 

Patriotism  of  w.-Am.  Colonies.3914 

Preaching  of  w.-IU-done.  4397 

Protection  for  w.  6217 

Rebellion  of  English  w.-Soap.  4628 

Ruin  plotted  through  w.  2222 

Soldiers  In  w. -Crusaders.  6142 

"       "   "  -Mussulmans.  6143 

•'       "    "-Dahomey.  6140 

Success  of  degraded  w.-Eng.  1803 

Suffer  by  intemperance.  2921 

Tribute  in  Chinese  w.-Huns.  5712 

Vice  of  men.  Indifferent  to.  3468 

Wine  prohibited  w. -Ancient.  6011 

"  "  "  -Romans.  6014 

Wise  pacification  by  w.  2689 
Zeal  of  w.,  Religious-Quakers.  4129 

See  ADVENTURESS. 

Remarkable  a.-Pope  Juan.  6039 

Successful  a.-Lady  Reves.  1171 

See  CONCUBINES. 

Passion  for  c.-Elagabalus.  960 

Power  of  Persian  c.  959 

See  LICENTIOUSNESS.  MAIDEN, 

MARRIAGE  and  MOTHER 

in  loe. 

irONDEK. 

Superstitious  w.-West  Indian8.*6143 

See  MIRACLE  and  MYSTERY 

in  loc. 

WORD. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Power  of  a  w.-Adam  Clark.       1181 
"       "  Mahomet's  w.-Moon.3623 

l¥ORDS. 

Backing  for  w.-Lysander.  ♦6144 

Hasty  w.-Henry  II.  ^6145 

Origin  of  w.-"  Sandwich."  ^6146 

Thrilling  w.-Bp.  Latimer.  ♦6147 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Disease  affects  use  of  w.  164C 

Hasty  w. -Contrition  for-H.  II.  2669 
Memorial  in  noble  w.  6147 

Verbiage  of  diplomacy.  1598 

See  WATCH-WORDS. 

Contrast  in  w. -Puritans  and  C.  5818 

See  LANGUAGE  in  loc. 


l¥ORK. 

Change  in  w.-Southey. 

♦6148 

Dignity  in  w. -Royalty. 

♦6149 

End  of  w.-Beda. 

♦6150 

Life-w.  of  Columbus. 

♦6151 

Silent  w.-S.  A.  Douglas. 

♦6152 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Charity  in  the  form  of  w.-J.  H.   780 
Noble  w.  of  dull  man.  2907 

Overwork-Fatal-Fulton.  1602 

Perfected  is  lasting -Virgil.  2341 
Posterity  considered  in  w.  3276 
Relieves  the  mind  in  adver8ity-S.91 
Rewards  of  pious  w.-Mahomet.  862 
Survives  the  worker-Shakesp.  2585 
See  EMPLOYMENT  and  LABOR 
in  loc. 

l^ORKERS. 

Wanted-Colonists.  ♦6153 

Worth  of  w.-Oxen.  ♦6154 

IVORKmEN. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Intemperance  injures  w.  2921 

Regard  for  w.-Church-building.  865 

See  APPRENTICES. 

Abused  by  labor  and  whipping.  798 

"       "  overwork.  799 

See  ARTISANS. 

Capture  of  a.-Silk-weavers.        ^351 

Wages  of  a.-England,  year  1680.  ♦SSa 

See  LABORER. 
Honored-Abdolonymus.  ^3122 

Impoverished-English.  ^3123 


Abused-Apprentices.  798 

"  "  overworked.79» 

Oppressed  by  legislation.  5665 

5666 

"  "  Union  Soo.  5663 

Women  the  l.-Savages.  2598 

See  LABORERS. 
Despised  by  Normans.  ^3124 

Ignored-Magna  Charta.  ♦3125 


Mutilated  by  Theodoric.  164 
l¥ORK.S. 

Good-Zoroaster.  ^6155 

Justification  by  w. -Luther.  ♦6156 

TirORIiD. 

Origin  of  w.-Thales. 


♦6157 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Abandoned  for  a  convent-L.       16ft 

Renounced  for  Christ.  2538 

"  by  Bernard.  2670 

•'  "  Monks.  3683 

"  "        "  3684 

"  "  Ascetics.  359 

Renouncement  of  the  w.  p'stp'd.453 
See  CREATION. 

Theory  of  c.-West  Indians.        2709 


WORLDLINESS— YOUTH. 


957 


^¥ORI.I>IiINE:SS. 

Rebuked-Socrates.  *6158 

See  AVARICE  and  FASHION 

in  loc. 

WORSHIP. 

Apostates  from  w.-Samarit'ns, 
Cheerful  w.  in  adversity. 
Constrained  w.-Heathen. 
Dreadful  w.-Druids. 
Enforced-N.  E.  Puritans. 
Idolatrous  w.-Anolent  Ger. 
of  Images-Early  Church. 
Perilous  w.-Jerusalem. 
Retreat  from  w.-Je£f.  Davis, 
of  Sclence-Timour. 
Substitute  for  w.-Sentiments. 


*6159 
♦6160 
*6161 
*6162 
*6163 
♦6164 
*6165 
♦6166 
♦6167 
*6168 
♦6169 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Amusement  in  Pagan  w.-R.        846 
of  Animals  by  Egyptians.  4697 

Calamity  unites  in  w.  2144 

•Capital  crime  in  Scotland.  4392 

of  Christ  the  Son-Illustrated.  825 
•Crime  of  w.-Scots.  4121 

-Cruelly  in  w.-Druids.  1374 

False  w.-Arlstotle.  5273 

Folly  in  w.-Sacred  goose-Goat. 5451 
Heathen  w.-Brahmin.  2705 

Hindrances  overcome  w.  4733 

Horror  mingled  with  w.  4630 

Idolatrous  w.-Roman.  2085 

Ignorance  in  honest  w.  2374 

In  Ignorance,  True  w.-Am.  Ind.2378 
Interference  in  w.  resented-F.  508 
at  Mecca-Mohammedan.  5343 

Misdirected  w.-Picture  vs.  C.  2730 
Pagan  w.  copied  by  Christians.  2731 
of  Personal  Christ-Erasmus.  826 
Prescribed-England,  year  1664.  375 
Protection  of  Legislature.  3301 

of  Reason-French  Revolution.  4624 
Restrained-Puritans.  4138 

of  Sacred  stone-Elagabalus.  5342 
"  Saints  Introduced.  5013 

"  Self-Callgula.  1353 

Sun  w.  by  Persians.  5432 

Tenderness  in  w.-Joan  of  Arc.  2116 
Trifles  in  Pagan  w.  4870 

Toting  to  determine  w.  5859 

of  Woman  by  chivalry.  6111 

See  ADORATION. 
Human  a.-Greek  emperor's.        *59 


Suman  a.  of  Diocletian.  26 

See  DEIFICATION, 

of  Caesar-Romans.  2657 

"  Heroes-Ancient  Greeks.  3511 

"  Self-Alexander  in  India.  2753 

See  HOMAGE. 

Disgusting  h.  of  James  II.  *2590 

tJnsurpassed-S.  Johnson's.  *2591 


Ref  ttsed  by  Crusader.  891 

io  Vanity  of  Diocletian.  26 

"       "       "  Greek  emperors.  59 

See  KNEELING. 

to  God  only- Alex.  Murray.  *3085 

Disgusted  by  king's  k.  2590 

See  LITURGY. 

Opposed  by  Scots.  *3323 


Opposition  to  l.-Soots. 


6133 


♦4817 


See  RESPECT. 
Beneficial-Samuel  Johnson. 

See  RITUALISM. 
Rejected-CathoUc-England.    *4915 


Trifles  vitiate  service.  *4685 

See   CHURCH.    DEVOTION,   IDOLA- 
TRY, PRAYER,  PREACHING  and 

REVERENCE  in  loo. 

\rORTII. 

Moral  w.  of  Louis  IX.  *6170 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Eminence  by  w.-H.  Wilson. 

1868 

Work  brings  w.-Oxen. 

6154 

See  EXCELLENCE  in  loc. 

\|r©UNDS. 

Honorable  w.-Timour. 

*6171 

"          "  -Sertorius. 

*6172 

"          "  -in  Front. 

•6173 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
from  Friends-' '  Stonewall  "J.    2226 
Honorable  w.-Persians  at  Petra.643 
Indifferent  to  w.-Philip.  5945 

See  MUTILATION, 
of  Agriculturists  by  Theodorio.  164 
by  Cowards-Romans.  5240 

Punishment  by  m.-Scots.  5791 

Revenge  by  m.-Coventry.  4857 

Self-m.  for  deception.  5348 

Soldiers  supported  by  State.     5243 

WRATH. 

Cross-reference. 

Victim  of  w.-Jews-Antiochus.  6166 

See  HATRED  and  STRIFE  in  loo. 

WRETCHEDNESS. 

Cross-reference. 

by  Conflagration  of  Rome.         1058 

See  CRUELTY  and  SUFFERING 

in  loc. 

W^RITING. 

Substitute  for  w.-Cords.  *6174 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Careless  W.-336  W'rds  in  s'nt'nce6219 
Obscure  style  in  diplomacy.       1598 
"       w.-Napoleon  I.  3962 

Offensive  style-Greeks.  8802 

Sublime  w.-"  Paradise  Lost."   3307 

See  CORRESPONDENT. 
Burdensome  c.-C.'s  son-in-law.  *1200 

See  FORGERY. 
Confessed-Deed.  *2192 

Convenient  f. -Emperor  C.  ♦2193 
Delusive  f.-Wm.  P.  of  Orange.  *2194 
Perilous  f. -French  oflftcer.        ♦2195 


Hands  cut  off  for  Egypt.  3160 

Life  saved  by  f.  5713 

Preservation  by  f.-Assassin.  1542 

Shameful  f.-Antony.  1227 

See  LETTER  and  LIBEL  in  toe. 

W^RONG. 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Neither  give  nor  take  w.  2872 

Suffering  w.  vs.  Doing  w.  4188 

See  INJURIES  in  loc. 

'  IfEAR. 

Lengthened  by  Caesar.  ^6176 

New  y.-Impresslve.  ^6177 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Beginning  changed.  1129 

Calendar  changed-Csesar.  696 

Reflections  of  new  y.  1396 

YOUNG  MAN. 

Unpromising  y.  m.-Pale.  *6178 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

Ambitious  for  discovery. 

Converted-H.  D.  Gough. 

Dangerous  y.  m.-Catiline. 

Dissipation  kills  "  Ward." 

Generous-Ben j.  Franklin. 

Genius  in  y.  m.-Raphael. 

"     manifested  in  y.  m. 

"     shown  early-Newton, 
tt  ii         tt  it 

"         "     -Peter. 
Gratitude  of  y.  m.-Marriage. 
Honored-Henry  Clay. 

"       by  ofiflce-Houston. 
Ingenious-Ell  Whitney. 
Intrepid-Son  of  Margaret. 
Marriage  helps  fortune. 

"        -Ill-chosen- Widow. 

"  "         -Shak'sp're 

Maturity  of  mind  in  y.  m. 
Misjudged  idleness  of. 
Opening  for  y.  m.-Providential 
Patriotism  of  y.  m.-Timour. 
Perils  of  y.  m.-Gambllng. 
Profligate-Emperor  Carinus. 
Ruined  by  assoclates-H.'s  son. 

"       "    drink-Poe. 
Successful  y.  m.-Com.  Perry. 

YOUNG  MEN. 

Conquest  by  y.  m. -Colonies. 
Deeds  of  y.  m.-Napoleon. 
Energetic  y.  m. -Brutus. 
Patriotism  of  y.  m.-Civil  War. 
"  "     "  -Stamp  Act. 

Success  of  y.  m.-Timour. 
Triumphant-Isaac  Newton. 
Visions  of  y.  m.-J.  Adams. 
Work  of  y.  m.-Chinese  Gordon, 


1633 
1179 
1140 
8283 
2290 

346 
5673 
2295 
2303 
2328 
3445 
4277 
3451 
88 
1237 
3447 
3462 
3493 

420 
3634 
1874 
89 
2268 
1701 

378 
2914 


♦6179 
♦6180 
♦6181 
♦6182 
*6183 
♦6184 
♦6185 
♦6186 
♦6187 


Miscellaneous  cross-references. 
Adventurous  spirit-J.  Smith.        80 
Benevolence  toward  y.  m.  780 

made  Citizens- Ancient  Germ'ns.3408 
Courage  of  y.  m.-AlI.  1184 

Death  of  y.  m.  of  genius.  2323 

made  Enemies-Clarendon.  4283 
Enthusiasm  of  M.  B.  Cox.  3643 

Helped  by  reading-room.  4621 

Interest  in  the  struggles  of  y.  m.l87 
Manhood  recognized-Germans.3409 
in  Politics  disdained.  4283 

Pride  of  y.  m.-S.  Johnson.  1662 
Spirited-Poverty-Patriotic.        4357 

YOUNG  PEOPIiE, 

Cross-references. 
Devoted  to  Bacchus.  1038 

Sacrificed-14  Yearly-Crete.  6051 
to  Save  y.  p.  from  Minotaur.     6051 

YOUTH. 

Ardor  of  y.-Lafayette.  ♦6188 

Attractive  y.-Mahomet.  ^6189 

Backwardness  in  y.  ♦6190 


958 

ZEAL. 

Capacity  in  y.-G.  Washington.  *6191 

Devotion  to  y.,  Teacher's. 

6150 

Ruined,  Undisciplined  y. 

1618 

Corrected-Aristotle. 

♦6192 

Discouragements  overcome. 

3312 

Sacrifices  in  y.-Knowledge. 

3095 

Corrupted  by  Catiline. 

*6193 

Dissolute  y.-Hernando  Cortez. 

78 

Sadness  of  y.,  Melancholy. 

3562 

Enemies  in  y.-Wm.  P.  of  0. 

*6194 

Earnings  of  y.,  First-Lincoln. 

3661 

Scepticism  of  y.  cured. 

2824 

Folly  of  y. -Edgar  Allan  Poe. 

*6195 

Educated  in  patriotism.-Spart 

.   894 

Selected  In  a  dream. 

1722 

Fountain  of  y.-Florida. 

*6196 

Fearless  y.-Benedict  Arnold. 

2122 

Spirited  y.-Alberic  the  Roman.   507 

Genius  in  y.-Isaac  Newton. 

*6197 

Fidelity  in  y.  rewarded-Drake.  5007 

Study,  Devoted  to-Napoleon. 

4891 

Hardships  in  y.-G.  Washington.*6198 

Folly  of  y.  considered. 

2062 

"      in  y.-Isaac  Newton. 

2100 

"         "  "-C.  Jerome. 

♦6199 

"       "  "  -Goldsmith. 

5369 

Surprising  y.-Charles  XII. 

4786 

"         "  "-A.  Lincoln. 

♦6200 

Foreshadows  the  man. 

3404 

Teacher  of  y.  imitated 

5037 

Hope  in  y.-Mahomet. 

♦6201 

Foundation  in  y.,  Good. 

5389 

Temptations  in  school. 

5036 

Humble  y. -Romulus. 

♦6202 

Fountain  of  y.  in  free  instit't'ns.  213 

Tested-"  Win  his  spurs." 

1560 

an  Index-Charles  I. 

♦6203 

«'         "  "  not  found. 

1607 

Trained  to  cruelty. 

1365 

Manhood  out  of  y.-P.  Cooper.  *6204 

Friend  of  y.-Peter  Cooper. 

1785 

"       11        11 

1366 

Mental  basis  In  y.-Gibbon. 

♦6205 

Happy  y.-School-days. 

5034 

"       for  war-Franks. 

593& 

Neglected-Peter  the  Great. 

♦6206 

Hypocritical  y.-Augustus. 

4256 

Training  from  y. 

4601 

Perfecting  y.-Swedenborg. 

♦6207 

Impressions  in  y.-Wm.  P.  of  0. 2762 

Trials  in  x.-Napoleon. 

5033 

Preparation  in  y. -Washington. *6208 

"           "  "  -Cruelty. 

2774 

Truant  y.-Garibaldi. 

5026 

Presumption  of  y.-Louls  XIV 

♦6209 

Impressiveness  of  y.-Demosth 

3949 

Verdancy  of  y.-Goldsmith. 

3631 

Regard  for  y.-"  Rising  Sun." 

♦6210 

Instructed  in  laws. 

3164 

See  CHILD  in  loc. 

Studious  y.-John  Milton. 

♦6211 

Invention  in  y.-"Mule." 

2986 

Training  of  y.-Persians. 

♦6212 

Knowledge  in  y.,  Thirst  for. 

3096 

ZEAIi. 

Unpromising  y.-A.  Lincoln. 

♦6213 

Labor  in  y.-Thurlow  Weed. 

3121 

in  Art-Pro togenes. 

♦6215 

Wildness  In  y.-George  Miiller 

♦6214 

Life-plan  made  in  y.-Milton. 

3250 

Christian  z.-G.  Whitefield. 

♦6216 

Lover  in  y. -Napoleon. 
"      "  "-Byron. 

3343 

Encouraged-A.  Lincoln. 

♦6217 

Miscellaneous  cross-references. 

3355 

Imprudent  z. -Puritans. 

♦6218 

Abilities  shown  in  y.  by  Alex. 

6 

Marriage  in  early  y. 

3440 

Ineffective  z.,  John  Milton's. 

♦6219 

in  y.  of  Scipio. 

129 

"        "     "     "-Isabella. 

3441 

Misdirected  z.,  Religious. 

♦6220 

Ability  in  y.  of  Charles  XII. 

144 

"        "      "      "-Mahomet. 

3442 

Punished  z.-Charles  Wesley. 

♦6221 

Adversity  in  y.  overruled. 

1785 

Mathematician  in  y.-Colburn. 

3533 

Sectarian  z. -James  II. 

♦6222 

"         "  "-G.  Washington.  1784 

"  "       " 

3533 

Unrewarded-Pretender. 

♦622a 

»         >i  >i  ti            11 

1788 

1787 

"             "  "-Pascal. 
Mechanical  taste  in  y. 

2324 
3543 

"         "  "-A.  Lincoln. 

Miscellaneous  cross-reference 

i. 

Affections  of  y.-Isaac  Newton.   108 

Ministry  in  y.-R.  Watson. 

3615 

of  Affection,  John  Howard's. 

122 

Ambition  in  y.-Themistocles. 

189 

Misgovernment  of  y.,  Howard's. 411 

in  Benevolence-John  Howard 

.    541 

"         "  "  study-Jones. 

1776 

Neglected  education  of  y. 

1808 

of  Christians-Primitive  Church.  834 

"  "-Charles  XII. 

3268 

"         -Ruined-E.  A.  Poe. 

5032 

Church-b'ilding  z.-J'wish  t'mple.86a 

Blemished  by  gray  hair. 

2499 

Objection  to  y.  removed. 

144 

"              "-St.  Sophia. 

865 

Brave  in  death-Covenanter. 

656 

"         "  "       "        by  votes.  129 

Convert's  z.-Ali-Mohammedan.  1184 

"     y.-Black  Prince-15  years.  470 

Observation  in  y.-H.  Miller. 

5031 

Excessive  z.  for  religious  pros 

.    19» 

Choice  in  y. 

32.54 

Offences,  Lingering  regrets  for 

-S.19 

Intolerant  z.  of  Bishop  Mark. 

883 

Compulsion  of  y.-Combe. 

4485 

Passion  for  sea-Franklin. 

5558 

Ministerial  z.  of  Dr.  Coke. 

539- 

Conspiracy  of  y. -Roman. 

3839 

Precocious-Wm.  P.  of  Orange. 

5673 

Pretended  z.-Charles  II. 

2215- 

Conversation,  Instructed  by. 

2182 

Presumption  in  y.-Louis  XIV. 

6209 

Religious  z.of  women-Quaker8.412» 

Conversion  changes  evil  y. 

2351 

"            "  "  -Nasica. 

2814 

Woman's  z.  in  religion. 

6133 

Corrected  in  later  life-MuUer 

878 

•*           of  y.-Pompey. 

6210 

"        "    "  reform. 

6124 

Curiosity  in  y.-A.  Lincoln. 

3272 

Promotion  in  y.-Alexander. 

1813 

"        "   "  politics. 

6114 

Destruction  of  Gothic. 

5003 

Protected  by  good  relatives-A 

.   382 

in  Worship-England. 

473* 

Determination  in  y. 

1563 

Purpose  of  y.  executed. 

3277 

See  EARNESTNESS  in  loc 

• 

Note.— To  obtain  the  fullest  use  of  this  index,  the  reader  will  follow  cross-references  to  the  various 
topics  in  the  index  rather  than  in  the  body  of  the  work.  For  example :  Under  Zeal  are  the  words  "  See  Earnest- 
ness in  loc.,"  i.  «.,  See  Earnestness  in  the  index  where  a  collection  of  topics  nearly  synonymous  with  "Zeal" 
and  "Earnestness  "  may  be  found. 


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